Text

Testimony of DE Guy,Rr Pavey,Jh Marshall & J Yoytek Supporting State of Oh Petition to Intervene in Proposed Waste Burial Plan.Related Info Encl.W/Certificate of Svc. Related Correspondence
	ML20207F380
Person / Time
Site:	Davis Besse
Issue date:	07/17/1986
From:	Van Kley J; OHIO, STATE OF
To:	;
References
	CON-#386-044, CON-#386-44 ML, TAC-60875, NUDOCS 8607220529
	Download: ML20207F380 (130)
	v • d • e

_

, L'

v RELATEDCottu w uiGaf a

~

usbc'U A N M 21 p10;39

$0'[nn % w BR tk?]'"W!

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Before Administrative Judge Helen F. Hoyt In the Matter of )

TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY, ET AL. ) Docket No. 50-346-ML (Davis-Besse Nuclear Power )

Station, Unit No. 1)

Waste Disposal Permit )

PREFILED TESTIMONY OF INTERVENOR STATE OF OHIO I

Dk DO K 0 6

l 3

gElAIED COMMESNUM4 EU e- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 9555c k_)g NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSI Before Administrative Judoe' Helen F. Hoyt Of SECRGhr Y In the Matter of ) kgnhINchR"#CI B

S TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY, ET AL. ) Docket No. 50-346-ML (Davis-Besse Nuclear Power )

Station, Unit No. 1)

Waste Disposal Permit )

PREFILED TESTIMONY Attached for prefiling is the direct testimony of Donald E.

Guy, Richard R. Pavey, John H. Marshall, and John Voytek, Jr.

The State reserves any right it may have to call additional witnesses during its case in chief should Toledo Edison's prefiled testimony contain newly obtained evidence not i previously disclosed to the State.

! It should be noted that the majority of the information requested by pages 5-7 of the Order of May 30, 1986 is knowledge available only to Toledo Edison. Therefore, the State was unable to address all of these questions. The State's prefiled testimony addresses those questions for which the State presently has information.

Respectfully submitted, ANTHONY J. CELEBREZZE, JR.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF OHIO i

Ym 7M JAqK VAN KLEY gf-EDWARD LYNCH SHARON S. SIGLER Assistant Attorneys General Environmental Enforcement Section 30 East Broad Street, 17th Floor Columbus, Ohio 43266-0410

(}

e -

---.---.-,---,_-..-,.-m,,,---__, - , , , - , . - , - - . . , , - - , . _ , . -.. _

O CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that a true copy of the foregoing Prefiled Testimony was sent via regular U.S. Mail, postage prepaid this /fAGE day of July, 1986 to the following:

Helen F. Hoyt, Esq.

Administrative Judge Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel, EW-439 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 Jay E. Silberg Save Our State Shaw, Pitman, Potts & Trowbridge Consumers League of Ohio 1800 M. Street, N.W. Arnold Glessier Washington, D.C. 20036 5005 S. Barton Lyndhurst, Ohio 44145 Terry J. Lodge i

618 N. Michigan St., Suite 105 Genevieve S. Cook j Toledo, Ohio 43624 25296 Hall Drive Cleveland, Ohio 44145 Western Reserve Alliance I

c/o Donald L. Schlemmer Docket & Service Section 1616 P Street, N.W. Office of the Secretary Suite 160 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comm.

Washington, D.C. 20036 Washington, D.C. 20555 J#dK VAN KLEY Assistant Attorney General O

DIRECT TESTIMONY OF DONALD E. GUY, JR. , GEOLOGIST, OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES, DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Donald E. Guy, Jr. , being duly sworn, states as follows.

QUALIFICATIONS--

My employment with the Division of Geological Survey began in March 1973. Since then I have been assigned to the Lake Erie Section, where I have been involved in geologic studies in all of the lakeshore counties. This involvement has included collection, compilation, and interpretation of data related to shore-erosion processes, shore-recession rates, lake levels, ,

nearshore bathymetry, nearshore sediment, and sub-bottom sediment. In addition to being the principal compiler of recession-line maps for the Ohio lakeshore, I have authored or co-authored 14 publications and 12 presentations for professional meetings.

I received a BA in geology from Earlham College in 1971 and an MS in geology from Bowling Green State University in 1983.

My MS thesis dealt with the origin and evolution of Bay Point, a sand spit located on Lake Erie at the mouth of Sandusky Bay.

My professional affiliations include membership in the American Shore and Beach Preservation Association, the International Association of Great Lakes Research, the Ohio Academy of Science, and the Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

TESTIMONY--

Introduction - My testimony addresses questions 4 and 5 in the Memorandum and Order issued 29 May 1986 by Helen F. Hoyt, Administrative Judge. These questions are What is the observed flooding frequency at the waste burial site., and What soil erosion from storms has been actually observed at or near the disposal site?

Before beginning my discussion of flooding and erosion, I would like to provide some elevations for reference and perspective in the ensuing discussion.

The ground elevation at the proposed disposal site is 575 feet (USGS).

Extensive flooding occurred during a storm on 14-16 November 1972. During this storm, northeast winds set up the lake to 577.5 feet (USGS) at Toledo and to 576.9 feet (USGS) at Marblehead.

The level at Davis-Besse probably was midway between the elevations for Toledo and Marblehead, or about 577.2 feet (USGS). The elevation of the lake prior to the storm was about 573.7 feet (USGS).

O

2

% Elevation of the 10 , 50 , 100 , and 500-year

(~J s_ floods, as calculated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1977), are 576.3 feet (USGS), 577.2 feet (USGS), 577.5 feet (USGS), and 578.2 feet (USGS),

respectively.

A 500-year flood, with an elevation of 578.2 feet (USGS), would flood 23,000 acres of Ottawa County.

Flooding -- Low lying areas along the .lakeshore are flooded whenever the elevation of the lake rises above the elevation of the land surface. These rises in elevation of the lake may be long term, intermediate term (annual) , or short term. Long-term changes and intermediate-term changes involve changes in lake volume due to long-term and annual changes in precipitation, run off, and evaporation. Short-term changes involve displacement of water in the basin, but no change in volume. The most significant short-term changes are due to wind stress. During a storm, winds push water to the downwind side of the lake causing lake level to be set up. When the wind stress abates ,

a seiche (inertial return surge) occurs.

Long-term changes in lake level take place over many years in response to climatic changes . For example, mean annual lake level has risen 4.5 feet since 1934. Over this same time period, annual precipitation in the Great Lakes basin has increased by two inches.

At present, lake level continues on an upward trend that began in 1965. Annual mean lake level reached a record high of 574.2 feet (USGS) in 1973, and then dropped slightly during

~

the late 1970's. In 1985, the lake rose again; the annual mean for 1985 was 574.1 feet (USGS). Between 1973 and 1986, lake level has remained more than 1.5 feet above its long-term mean.

This prolonged period of abnormally high levels results from excessive precipitation over the Great Lakes basin in 15 of the last 18 years. Throughout this period, low lying areas near Davis Besse have been flooded.

Periodicity of long-term changes in lake level is a much debated topic. Laymen speak of "20-year" cycles, and researchers have analyzed lake level records in search of cycles. One study, a spectral analysis of Great Lakes water levels by Cohn

( and Robinson (1976), revealed the presence of prominent cycles

! with periods lasting 1, 11, 22, and 36 years. Extreme high lake levels occur when the peaks of these cycles coincide. The I analysis by Cohn and Robinson (1976) predicted that in the late 1970 s lake level would drop slightly from the record high of 1973 and then return to record-high levels in the mid 1980's.

This predicted pattern matches the general pattern of lake level changes recorded during the past decade and gives credence to the prediction that the lake will rise to even higher levels in the mid 1990's. If the lake rises in the mid 1990's, flooding due to long-term changes in lake level will reoccur. After the Q mid 1990's, peaks in the cycles will be out of phase and lake levels should begin to drop, i )

3

(')

K-As noted earlier, precipitation in the Great Lakes basin has increased gradually since the Dust Bowl Era of the 1930's.

Dr. Frank Quinn (NOAA, GLERL) feels that precipitation for the past 50 years has been below normal and that precipitation is just now reaching a level normal for the Great Lakes region.

If this is the case, then the present trend of rising lake level will continue and low lying areas will remain flooded.

Annual lake level changes occur in response to seasonal variations in precipitation, run off, and evaporation. Although the magnitude of change varies from year to year, the ' average change from mid-winter low to mid-summer high is about 1. 2 feet .

Changes in monthly mean lake level through the course of the.

year record this annual cycle. In some years the maximum monthly mean may be quite high. In June 1973, the mohthly mean level was 575.0 feet (USGS), the same elevation as the proposed disposal site. In June 1986, the monthly mean level was 575.2 feet (USGS), 0.2 feet above the elevation of the proposed disposal site. If long-term mean lake level remains abnormally high, there is a good probability that the maximum monthly mean in any given year will exceed or be within inches of 575 feet (USGS).

Short term changes in lake level last a few minutes to a few' days. The mo't s significant of these short term changes are those due to storm winds. Of particular concern in western Lake Erie are set ups produced by northeast winds.

There is no periodicity to storm set ups in western Lake Erie, although there is a higher incidence of set ups between September and May. An analysis of storm set ups at Toledo was performed by Carter (1986) . Between 1939 and 1980, set ups exceeding i foot occurred 1-7 times per year, and 95% of these s set ups occurred between September and May. Forty-seven percent of the set ups were 2-3 feet in height, and 15% were 3-4 feet in height. The height of set up showed no temporal pattern and no correlation with lake level.

In contrast to the lack of periodicity in set ups, seiches (the inertial surges of water which occur when storm winds subside) do have fairly regular periods. Along the long axis of the lake, seiches have a period of 14 hours1.62037e-4 days 0.00389 hours 2.314815e-5 weeks 5.327e-6 months . Seiches along l

the long axis occur after northeast winds have set up the lake I at Toledo.

Long-term and annual changes in lake level are presently producing flood conditions along low lying areas in western Lake Erie. However, it is the short-term changes caused by northeast storm winds that produce the most devastating floods.

The best documented recent flood occurred on 14-16 November 1972.

Many areas of Ottawa County, including the Davis-Besse site were l

flooded. " Widespread flooding took place where waves and high water breached dikes protecting low-lying areas. State Route 2, near the entrance to Sand Beach, was barely passable more than a day after the storm. The elevation there is about 575 feet . . . .

f'sl x

1

4 The ground was covered by water to a depth of several feet for

(~) many days." (Carter, 1973) During the first day of the storm

'/

- Davis-Besse was inaccessible for a day, and this prevented Davis-Besse officials from assessing damage at the site (Sandusky Register, 15 November 1972).

The Carter report indicates that the flood water from the November 1972 storm could not percolate through the clay soils.

This, however, does not necessarily mean that the water was unable to percolate into the ground water through joints and non-clay materials in the soil (see the testimony of Richard Pavey). Among factors contributing to slow drainage of flood water from the Sand Beach area following the storm are high precipitation during the months preceding the November 1972 storm and the low relief. Precipitation at Toledo was 117% of normal, about 5.3 inches above normal, during the 1972 water year (October 1971-September 1972) . During September 1972 precipitation was about 305% of normal and during November precipitation was about 150% of normal. This high precipitation saturated the ground so that little or no flood water could be absorbed. Much of the land near Sand Beach, and in fact all around the Davis-Besse plant, is nearly flat. As a result, surface water (flood water) ran off slowly.

The maximum lake level reached during the November 1972 storm is only about 2.0 feet above present lake level; therefore, a storm with a set up of 2.0 feet would produce a lake elevation similar to that which caused major flooding in 1972. There have been at least 20 such set ups since November 1972, and they normally occur 1-2 times per year.

The 500-year flood level would be reached if lake level was set up 3 feet above present lake level, or 4.7 feet above the mean lake level of the past 13 years. Set ups of 3 feet occur every 2-3 years, and set ups of 4.5-5.0 feet occur about once every 33 years (Pore, Perrotti, and Richardson, 1975).

Erosion - Soil erosion (shore erosion) occurs when waves attack the shore. As the shore erodes, the shore or shoreline recedes.

The following examples of shore erosion and damages occurred during storms within the past two decades.

On 14-16 November 1972, a severe storm with strong northeast winds struck Lake Erie. During this storm, waves attacked the shore with sufficient force to move 200 pound blocks of concrete.

"In areas such as Sand Beach. . . , waves cut into san /. and clay banks for as much as 10 feet, partially destroying the natural barriers and eroding much valuable land" (Carter, 1973). At

" Sand Beach, waves carried so much sand over protective dikes, dunes, and seawalls that roads were covered by up to 3 feet of sand," and wave attack was so severe that dikes were breached (Carter, 1973). Breaching of dikes was not confined to just the

1akeshore. At Toussaint Wildlife Area, located on the Toussaint

. River about 3.5 miles upstream from the Davis-Besse site, 300 feet of dike was destroyed. This damage is described in a Damage Survey Report prepared on 21 December 1972 by Daniel R. Stowers

(]) (ODNR) .

I J

5 Data are unavailable to quantify recession of the Davis-Besse shoreline during a single storm event. However, data are

({)' available (Benson, in preparation) to quantify recession of the Davis-Besse shoreline between 1968 to 1973, a period during which there were four major northeast-wind storms. These storms occurred on 4 July 1969,14-16 November 1972, 16-17 March 19 73, and 8-9 April 1973. Between 1968 and 1973, the Davis-Besse shoreline receded 20-60 feet , the range in recession rates was 4.0-12.0 feet per year and the weighted-average recession rate was 7.1 feet per year.

Erosion due to single storm events (northeast-wind storms) has been measured at two sites near Davis-Besse. One site is located on the south shore of upper Sandusky Bay, about 15 miles to the southeast, and the other site is located on the south shore of Maumee Bay, about 17 miles to the west. The shore at both sites is a low-relief bank, 7 and 2 feet high respectively, composed of glaciolacustrine clay. The Sandusky Bay site receives relatively low amounts of wave energy durin wind storms because the fetch (open water distance) tog northeast-the I northeast is only 2 miles. The Maumee Bay site receives moderate to high amounts of wave energy during northeast-wind storms because the 32-mile fetch to the northeast enables the wind to ' generate large waves . At both sites northeast-storm

, winds set up the lake.

At the Sandusky Bay site, the bank face retreated 1.5,1.7, and 1.8 feet during storms of 4 April 1976, 24-25 April 1976, and 6-7 August 1976, respectively (Carter and Guy, in preparation). This erosion occurred at a relatively low energy site during storms which had a maximum lake level and a wind l set up 1-2 feet lower than the November 1972 storm. The erodible

! nature of the glaciolacustrine clay is illustrated by these erosion rates.

! Measurements made at Maumee Bay by J.A. Fuller (ODGS) record the amount of erosion that took place during a storm on 5-6 April 1982. The measurements were made within 20 feet of the shoreline and show that erosion lowered the surface of the i undisturbed glaciolacustrine clay 0.8 feet (10 inches). The storm which caused this erosion had a maximum lake level and a wind set up comparable to the November 1972 storm.

Summary - The Davis-Besse site has low relief, erodible shore materials, and a history of flooding. These factors suggest that the proposed disposal site is located in a geologically hazardous area. Dikes both existing and under construction will probably prevent flooding and erosion during most storms but during a severe storm, such as the November 1972 storm, these dikes could be breached. It should be emphasized that the 1972 flood was only a 50-year-flood event. If dikes failed during a 500-year flood event, which would be one foot higher than the November 1972 storm, the disposal site would be flooded along with 23,000 acres of Ottawa County. Flooding of and erosion at the proposed disposal site could disperse waste material over a O wide area. Therefore, burial of waste material at Davis-Besse's proposed site is ill advised, l

l 1

6 REFERENCES CITED--

() Benson, D.J., in preparation, Lake Erie shore erosion and flooding, Ottawa County, 0 hic: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Report of Investigations.

Carter, C.H., 1973, The November 1972 storm on Lake Erie: Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Information Circular No. 39, 12 p.

1986, Frequency, magnitude, and duration of storm surges at the west end of Lake Erie: International Association of Great Lakes Research, 29th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Toronto, Ontario, p. 28.

Carter, C.H., and Guy, D.E., Jr., in preparation, Lake Erie shore erosion: a detailed field study of processes and rates in the wave erosion zone, 1976-1980.

Cohn , B . P . , and Robinson , J .E. , 1976, A forecast model for Great Lakes water levels: Journal of Geology, v. 84,

p. 455-465. -

Pore, N.A., Perrotti, H.P., and Richardson, W.S., 1975, Climatology of Lake Erie storm surges at Buffalo and Toledo:

NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TDL-54, 28 p.

. U.S . Army Corps of Engineers , 1977, Report on Great Lakes open-coast flood levels: Federal Insurance Administration, Department of Housing and Urban Development, 9 p.

(i-nx 5 ' << i. .y ,

Donald E. Guy, Jr.

Sworn to before me this 17th day of July,1986 ak .- luu SHELEYi CARRCU, Notaty hiiic State of Ohio My Comnnssion Egres Jufy 12,1990 0

t

]

DIRECT TESTIMONY OF RICHARD R. PAVEY, GEOLOGIST, ODNR, DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY I am here today as a representative of the State of Ohio, in support of the State's petition to intervene in the waste burial plan proposed for the Davis-Besse site. My objective is to show the Commission that Toledo Edison's minimal, oversimplified presentation of the burial site's geology represents a fatal flaw in accurately assessing groundwater flow paths and the potential environmental effects resulting from this proposed plan.

My professional specialty for the past eix years has been the study of glacial sediments. This experience has included the examination of these sediments in six Midwestern states, including detailed thesis work using modern research techniques which led to my Master of Science degree in geology at Purdue University in 1983. Since then, I have been employed by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Division of Geological Survey. My work involves detailed field and laboratory research in the glacial sediments of north-central Ohio. In this capacity, I have examined, in inch-by-inch detail, hundreds of exposures and excavations in glacial material, and thus I probably have a better working knowledge of this area's glacial and glaciolacustrine sediment deposition than any other geologist in the region. Based on my experience, I was recently promoted to coordinator of the Survey's glacial geology group of seven geologists.

O 1

t It is this experience with the region's geology that caused immediate concern upon my initial reading at Toledo Edison's application for a waste disposal site at Davis-Besse. The company's assumption is that approximately 20 feet of

" impermeable" glacial sediments cover and protect the highly permeable bedrock. Toledo Edison's description of the sediments as a "glaciolacustrine deposit" over a "till deposit" is so oversimplified that it defies refutation. There is no specific data to refute, since no specific site work has been done. The geology of a site must be well-known before one can determine groundwater flows and water tables. Therefore, since properly collected and described data does not exist, I will describe the potential characteristics of the glacial sediments i that may be found at the site and their potential impact on what could be multiple groundwater flow paths and multiple groundwater tables, based on my site-specific knowledge of the region which brackets the Davis-Besse site in all directions.

This area was covered by at least six distinct ice advances, leaving at least six distinctly different till deposits. A till deposit consists of sand, stones, and other l

l materials deposited by glaciers as they advanced. In i

i near-shore, shallow-bedrock areas like Davis-Besse's site, at l least two or more tills are generally found. The tills are I

often separated by lake- or river-deposited sediments which I will describe later. Exposures of these tills almost always contain prominent, closely-spaced open joints, along which O ter rto - 261- 11o- i- ortea taaic tea av ruetv-dro a f

.--.--v-,-m-.~r-m--- ----~~.-,,,-,v---. ,,,-,,-,-.,-.-e, .m ,-_,------~~-------,,,-v

/" oxidized zones bordering the joints in the otherwise gray mass V]

of till. These joints are dominantly vertical, but can trend in any direction. They are often the sites of modern water seeps and springs, and are a source of water table recharge.

In fact, the top of the totally saturated zone in these joints represents a water table.

The . individual till units are non-homogenous entities.

They often contain coarse sand and gravel lenses, pipes, or seams that were formed by water that melted at the bottom of a glacier during till deposition. This water, under high pressure due to the weight of the ice, was squeezed to the edges of the glacier. As the water was forced to the edges, it washed away the finer-grained constituent of the till, creating paths in the soil. These highly permeable paths through the till can now serve as groundwater flow paths.

Besides containing till deposits, the Davis-Besse area also contains glaciolacustrine, or lake, sediments.

Glaciolacustrine s'ediments were deposited between each ice advance in this region, since this land was a basin bounded by the watershed divide to the south and west and the next-advancing ice sheet to the north and east. These lake-deposited sediments are less compacted than the glacial tills, which were compressed by the weight of a mile-thick ice-sheet.

Sediments deposited by a glacial lake (glaciolacustrine deposits) vary from nearly-impermeable pure clay to cobble deposits with pores big enough to thread a garden hose through

1 them. Fine-grained sediments, such as clay, were deposited in deep, still water. At progessively shallower depths, the coarser materials, from silt through sand to gravel, were deposited. Wave-eroded sand, gravel, or cobbles were emplaced near the lake shores, their location being dependent on wave energy and the availability of erodible source materials. All of these sediments are present along the modern Lake Erie shores. Each sediment . is commonly found in the area formerly 3

covered b'y the glacial lakes, in which the Davis-Besse site was contained. In addition, streams flowing northward into the glacial lakes eroded upland tills and bedrock, providing coarse material for delta, estuary, and floodplain deposition in or near the lakes.

At least a dozen lakes at different elevations occupied the Erie basin following the last ice advance that covered the Davis-Besse site. At least once, and probably several times between ice advances, the site was an area of potential caarse-grained, permeable shoreline sediment deposition as lake levels dropped to and below modern Lake Erie. In addition, the Toussaint River may have deposited floodplain, delta, or estuary materials (silt, sand, or gravel) from upland erosion sources. Thus, there are several available mechanisms for deposition of thin, discontinuous, interconnecting layers in the glaciolacustrine deposits that are coarser and more permeable than clay. In addition, the low lake levels below modern Lake Erie provided a setting for the drying and O ae iccetioa or the riae-steiaea eai eate. watca eroaucea cracks and joints in these deposits that could allow a high groundwater flow.

All of the permeable pathways discussed above may be thin l and could have been missed by Toledo Edison's superficial investigation of the site's glacial sediments. However, nearly all of the water flow and recharge of the bedrock and intermediate water tables is probably through these interconnected paths.

Toledo Edison contends that the geological characteristics

. of the site were determined in ' conjunction with reactor licensing. It must be stressed, however, that this previous study was undertaken ,

primarily to determine geologic and groundwatcr parameters that would affect building construction, such as very large water inflows, and was pot intended to address geologic factors that affect waste disposal. However, even within Toledo Edison's own inadequate geologic descriptions and data, there are indications that the complexity of the glacial deposits and the associated water tables has not been understood. (See Exhibit J of the State's petition, hereby incorporated by reference.) As a trained glacial geologist, one needs only to look at the oversimplified boring logs in Toledo Edison's " Response to Items 7 & 12" (hereby attached) to find hints of this complexity. For

example, b'er ing B-124 reported "first water in hole" while still augering the glacial sediments. Where did this water come from? Is it the top of a water table in a joint? As noted in the State's petition, Toledo Edison has reported

" fissures" in the " gray and brown" glacial sediment. Do these represent brown oxidized zones of water movement along a joint or some sediment of high permeability? Unfortunately, the augering method used chewed up and blended potentially different materials. Similarly, the " traces" of sand in the upper part of borings B-125 and B-130 may have been discrete thin sand layers in lacustrine material, but the sampling method masked their presence. With the inadequate unit descriptions in these logs, no actual analyses of samples, and no other data available, it is impossible to say that the glacial geology of the disposal site, and thus its groundwater system, is well understood.

I hope that this discussion has helped point out the need for the relief actions requested in the State's petition. I thank the Commission for this opportunity to testify in the State's behalf.

2 RICHARD R. PAVEY U Sworn to before me this 18th day of July, 1986.

mt DE NOTARY PUBLIC Penelope D. Hilton Notary Public, State of Ohio My Commission Expires 318 88 O

O Supporting Information In Response to Items 7 & 12

/

l l

l t

f O

I .

l.-.- WOODWARD.MOORRUUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC. -

CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS ,

L

. LOG OF 80 RING,,,,,,$ ,fA. .M ,,_ - - SHEET 1 0F 9 O

mer o.aa e, e,. .

DAVIS.BESSE NPS, UNITS 2 & 3 68c19278

.~ .'

LOCUST POINT. DHl0

~ .< ,

5 72.6 o ZG t-D

' b.y ,..I .T.n f.en's.l fi.q ; CL. c.ap Ell. 3 bee If7f -

] 3d liv.5" me .oua ..

um...

.$3 .O, ht

c. .n.

C,g ahl Min se K b'7 % f 'W 6i

78 ,

/7;o hp 8

" 'fN"'4'ft:1 / *J g a., el Nw (c.9 da~.J f.en bil- NO SAMPLE $ o.s t

_ l w.oy. coa. p}lg

. CASING Y in t . cj . 3Thl C =J ,,, 3 WATE R LEVEL *d"/h* 9 h " ' - '

** /. 8/ /

CASING MAMME A: IwElGHT "

l CROP * *"'" O f NM besler - No r.- Est.s-5AM*tE A -

.,.u...

SauPLER wavuta- l we tcw1- ----

l.onen d*m

J b. NC V'o SANPLES w .s t .

CEPTH : RB W y-ad ELEV. I; j DESCR!FTION ! .

scAtg yj! (DRILLING FLulC, CEPTH OF CASI

>- } vg c -

2

3

} :as .

I CASING 8 LOWS, FLUID LOSS, ETC..'

.-- _ .% do II.mj .T /33o Les *

% firAt 'I ap

- ~

- .;57g ra x * . _ _ _ _

- .., c . 9il w/ 4 in. aq' e -

.- . .' ~ ) _- N 8489 .

E B647

~

5 '

bcn7Db <d M -

L. y-- - c.,tW-, p

__ 2 __ .

m green .r MyCLAY ._

._ .sgo -

_- - (LacWegiah) - -

_ 3 ___.

~

349 _-

.- $, . n s.h f cL.AY - -

7 -

( z A c u s15 id8') -- 4 --

2 7- 548

_-- 7

_- 5 _

_ . _,6, - -

hi pv. Gd Pe,n,,,

fd la7 et. l ,

h N *

-s -

-W' m

a

WOODWARDMOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC. . .

?

4 CONSULTING ENQlNEER$ AND GECLOGISTS

! LOG OF SORING 2-/d

SHEETJ.h0F i '

Of g2 .

DEPTH REMARM .

ELEV. gj DESCRIPTION SCALE . -

(DMILLING FLUID. DEPTM OF CASINQ, t

a. g CASING BLOM. F',UlO LQEE. ETCJ b e.. n '.3 : If 7 C.iAY -

2 -

i l

' ~

c _ ,, <.,u. u ,,,) : : ,

" ~- --

5/,5 . .

-6_

t - _ .

SM P Z~ 7

., $].s gry 5,\ ry LLA 4 -

W' % ^ l't

I _ _ _ ,

i

[ d((tn .

[ Y 7'" $"I _

r 5.(-

~-

(Ts M -- ~

_ L .

563 '

_ .T.natllCas.,,) i

- -/ o - fm k.ft e m : P 2

g. g. gt 4 se. L.eI.

i. 7 C& 3 % sa. i J' l

562.

s.e 9t V s4 t d.

st.t t ge C., er g 33

-//- 12. Y (* T* " '-

pu1, w t,,ke .

t //. 7 I'

: , arwt. !! 1 f t .

N/ -

A gye. I's 1.F.o it !

45 -

ro e .F 1 en su u.

'u y &c

,y, sr., e n.e'ss arser s.g.

.e ,

3 eq .

t yy .

f - - *-- 5 '

m. ,1 m ej co -

- L . '" E

- 3 w ,

M . t" l. 4.

'h'-

56o ','^' r G My , **'44 ' e E

0 y%L kg-e ;

5 -

A*6 a / A 5 '$ av u .d '

_ c : : , 4 % 'o w' J h m. t ri c .a c.

e '- - v.s

_ j3 - k & t y sa sr.e

-i r - wa- - -

e s.. arm r -M 42 - ,,- .- ,

1y..z n . m.~ r ; . w.,e -

. _ q _ _-

: g M y*y-j;* '1 m,_

t,, -

,3 .. .,

. dra '"'"

s a . <: .

u ;

n 9*

P3 ' -

. c. y g: T{ w ae ,+.h;-

I.

P' .

, jy_- ca -

vo- : :

i

~

~- ku

.rs - SSB -

- _- -z n hN

- ,{

.'9 2 - - cf

~~

. - g . psi . ,

v. ')-

T 4 1 3c -

l l

9 n _557 29 :

C e,

f 2

5

O a

Knek bsso 'tN

g. t. . Engl ~r t

- ,q _ CN } 2 T W E l57 l1 E

WOODWARD MOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC.

i

CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS LOG O F 8 O R I N G,,,,g,, ,/,&,,T, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, SH E ET ,,,J,,,, O F,,,/,/

pmOA C f peQ4CI hO g DAVIS BESSE NPS, UNITS 2 & 3 ds c /92.5-t L OCa l @se -

s ktg a rsoss aang ga rves

}V' LOCUST POINT, OHIO g eo, . g gtg DeektsssG AGEhCT s*ttstaasgu ca rt pi.e. set O Ate e . MSet"./ INC f f/DIA NA ht /.S . INDIANA .20 Feb./*ll'Y 2/ &!. If 7 ;-__

(Wkk +8eG G Ouisena se r # C0sas.g t eo% og re,. socs Otpfee b10BfLE DPILL ld0 O!!L B -lo l l00 ! Feel W 5 IN

*** "" ** 2 k 1n . Hn L ! n W St. m .

AI<L~-si' No. S At.'F LR s *" 8' ' ' ' * ' "-

' 7 / . ^ -

CASING ./ l)/, J7) STE! L P ** P E WATER t.EVEL r ~

e , O .'**fr , o ,~t. " "[p . .) .

~

CASING HAMME R: 'd*"***

WEIGHT -

l URoe r -

S AMPLE R ).*r/ fD !)~ist- RAJ~?~1 No Dstii>!e r'k em Earea e m ,e.

RW WARNER sawten unMeen- l we, cur lu0 0., l cac- 3%/. L ERo y _Tr ? I.~-

~

' s.wPLEs w2 =E CEPTH - RE.VARKS 3p

j; ELEV.

U*

!* j DESCRIPTION SCALE 5 : 3 ,5I

~

(DRILUNG FLUlO. DEPTH OF CASING,

r. 0 2 : i era CASING BLOWS, FLU 10 LOSS ETC 1

~

-j yat,;.x, L o c.>- laa coo r> ~a.rL i

~

5y pl{ k M y N/& Cidf _-

y,gy4y cl-Ay'(Fi// MAtertol) ~- -~ E= 958*2 l _

~ ~

Bor7 o W n'Sl"'I

-- 1 _

.SI5c.c Z : I

~-567 ~ ~

.cr,,7 /.u p r1.v3 7/3 ' A No SANIp/cs li'acovarred

~~

~ I Be j'o r e - pt ' /~i//' /?+.~crt.s, Descrirtiin ~frorn Auger' '

5gg : : tu nunge, -

.me_ em beB _

~

E- 3 _

-587 , : :

m m MM m

_ m

- 4_

Z-5FC m m

_ Wimii

_ Suul

_ eum

- 5_

_5FS :

h m m nas emmi

ne eau

'( ) -

- 6_

-5FV -

m N g

WOODWARD MOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES, INC.

CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS LOG OF BOR ING,,,[,, ,,,/,,3,,d. ... .. ... .... .. SHEET, . 3:.. . . ,OF, /l . . .

2: SAMPLES 9 wQ .-

DEPTH REMARKS gg ELEV. j glju. DESCRIPTION -

SCALE (DRILLING FLUID, DEPTH OF CASING, a C. O _,

CASING BLOM, FLuto LOSS, ETC.)

- i _

-5g3 Ph' Br **? ! ' " C ' d 'Y : : '

$cscri,'=lilm fror, qst'

-5 ChYf'II W'"*' '~

cuTThys c/owiG /Y'f'"

t

~_ : :

rj7p'~s7p(fef e/ere Pecover- ' - -

_ _- g _ . . . - --

73, /9 Astfsr oN -

-58:L _-

_- =

_ =_

a

_ 7_

-5 g/ :

j _ -

_ IO--

_seo j

4 i

_.f_

379 _-

~

_-l '2. _~

-- 57g

_=- =_

blS_ ' '

S77 -

llf' yy

~

b : cTx~ f con hn HouC SmF!

_ -/ 19. at l+00k .

5

_- 57C ll& N -bon C Uf. b

( C H),

- ~ ._ _

5

_ g g ll = 2 2 l

M k[c.. -- -

t PockaT 82neM" reb

- +Cd _

k JC s*t > 't. 5' Tsf

- jg_- ) %

9 w c ~ r.La.* co -Mc Mi'6

_- -57S :

% u W jx cr u.*"

- m gME.ggs q,

is

~ _

) L g7a , + : d ;/.v !. . ln e. m c.1 A ? 'n ';- .:. - = " ' -

WOODWARD-MOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC, CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND GEOLOGISTS LOG O F BO R ING .,8 --/,,1,d . ,,,,,,,,,,,,__ ' SH E ET,,3.. ..,O F,,,,//,,,,,,,,,

SAMPLES

,s ,,

[u. DEPTH REMARKS l gg ELEV. gj DESCRIPTION ,

SCALE (DRILLING FLUID, DEPTH OF CASING, y

a.c CASING BLOWS, FLUlO LOSS, ETC.)

Nnalr.aws

- . srwi. cMy

:k

- y l3 (fokTixted Frop c4aer z,,

y, 3o a cer. sc cp -

-: e

[c- l'acker PexefromeTet-

, = ^

-%l , ; % w > +.s r.c.=

-s73 - - u Qg )7 4y i.

i : : : Q 22

~

-/c i

5 .gp d $ Nl f q b r.- m t- CLAf 5 5 g Nc 12

(cyj _ .

n rock'ar Penetremeri?

2 p: 3 0 'T# F 2 k 9

- - n m --/?- i . A

-S7l - -

% 'i <

/0 t

: : y

_ /s7

-z o __

% ' l {l' ^ fb rt v n-5 -370 $ S't$f 5 5 "0

~ .z "rocke.f Pene,iromen?

M C f. A Y (,_ C L) _ _

Q p, g, g gp

: : 4 3 M

- .:t/ _ i . .

f-sG9 :

'A Ci 5 o .

i 4 8 i

- -,u.

-sce y u- x3 tin.d g.9 3,,,,

s,yg ,, , g , , ,,, ,, ,, , ,,, ,n ,.

CLAY ( CL), Irau. d : : p.- y. C -fc f

% $'-/S f'd psd sd -to 2s- n

-sc 7 5Y N <s

~

i

_ _ (3 -

: : : 4 /f l 7 .

--t 'l ~ .

l

\

5-SCG //ol py-s<o- Wly 5 5 1-7 Mc %

eac ke+ ra s,etro m e,s e r

is ce. -

Q y

CLAY a su(cL)'C, fa 5-

< II I >

5u op >. 't.s 12.=

-2 s- , ..

-Scr f*'l 5 ~

_ $ j gy s .

1 SS

_- ~

s,oss ..s.. ..... s....a .-.. . r...- - ..sa - a,s.. .

,. CONSULTING ENGINCC nS AND GCOLOGISTS LO G O F D O R IN G SH EET

[... .../..2....C

. . . . . . . . . . - . . _ ...Y.. . OF /../. .

g ,g c .

DEPTH S A.'.t.P

.- LES REMARKS 3d H 'D ELEV. Eg d, DESCRIPTION SCALE (DHILLING FlutD. DCPTH CF C2.SINO.

v.

U. c } CASING BLO'.\S. FLUID LC"3. ETC.)

~

5g ej h' ff'#l5 '

q yj. l/ = 7 S/i ! (L' cia u cm, &c

~

esaar n..,.r,. ,1m t

4'ce sc. d I'

~,

3 [

2. 7-- A q- c.

?A 7'#5'"M5'~Ti/:

_ -. - I i

-363 't, qf. >>

c. .

( .

~~ ~

/kl ' ep. - b nwyt $10'y g z. ,. = l'

,. ?- ' " ., _

CLA Y(c ' by~*.mu.

% 6,

~~^[-

? Qi f c-snp Smjed.:vy lsco l.a.

go.Fe b N

,-- . 0 - -

,,,,~

sy;%!. c/a;.a, .'.: ve v >=or

47. & a y C..

'. p,9,e.s i - -

ccRINg SMf*c:rl!!$ ""

,- ~. ~

-i

-2 7-

'2 ~ 5c/

D O W' ', M :

R/ f~e177 0 9 +'O ./n jx - :- .. . ,

~

,, _ T SDCF DCDof ,o E = Cy.

f.. . ,. * . *

,-' = *' :.' - - -

. R. Ea, c wucr s_ '~

e ,.

susrns.ovs 7, ~ y

_. 3 9 _

~'

.N s

s

.v

~

l i

ii - ,co .

3 (m <.; i vc :, a',*: ) : . s

~

lAA ~ ~ ~

//) : ,.sd' A A ( s,Q.L

]g fyCl.lJ&Eh Y .

"0 jf _ -ee .

's iv- . -3 /.- .

~

u - - ..

l

/7-

-$$f 20" .- Y ,

pp,, . -

N .K .u

_ x - --

p \

~

/f - s. g b b C N p3- :S

- 3 g .- % .

25 - .. - a t

p tJ -

552 c:

y '-

<- . - - , N e f t)

Cf -

- Q k.

V' u'

/ R. - ., . .

~

/5- -

1 - 33 .

7 7* - ss? - =c \ -

jg -

- Q l /*~ .- : :

. / .? - .s -

~

7- -3 y-fi 3 5 jc-~ -55c

( [4-. a - -

,/7- - -

/ P -i '--

i

~

2 -

/ :; .

- 2 :. c_--

~

~*

s - - . I

1 4

g /-* ,

WOODWARD.MOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC, I

\ . , j*'e

,, y .

CONSULTING ENGINEERS AND GEO,LOGISTS t.OG OF BORING,,[,* / 3,O ,

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , SHEET 1 ~ C Fj_,_,,,,

PACAR CT A DAVIS BESSE NPS, UNITS 2 & 3 paOACf seO -

4 , B c / 9 2 S 2.-

LOca esome a64 waisG= a=0 OA W ** -

LOCUST POINTE OHIO Omstaspec aGa socy ,. . . - -

g 74,9 ( zg t n) ~

Cee'4 61 am e t O , Darg Duerseet o -

A7~M ASSo r/2l' omeuino s owin.a a r ' . % /.wv m/ A x L I8 feb. T L Zo kl.14 co.anse.omoe,.m accasser.

1 Nob:Is beit) s-SO 76.o//. /2. 8 /,L i

2 Yz ' . YD lM llcu) l6m dilnes p ) G D.kr.wd 3 NO, SAMPt.ES *

6 ""*S $7 pf[

, :. ;- CASING 4*

o , g .,e _

' WATER LEVEL - 'Q,/ '*/,"p_

CASING HAMME R: [wElGr4T .-. l DROP -- **"',/

l

SAMPLER 84,+ S.O S.;/,*/ T, W A) . A/ O dd #3 [4 rrt [ ff. Fi s A ri-

.= sis :r o m sauptEm wauvea- lweicwr /45 //s. I once 30 a D . Pe u /* /

w: s e tEs -

=E ' DEPTH REMARKS g(

ELEV. {*

vo G j DESCRIPTION SCALE r 5ill (DRILLING FLulD. DEPTH CF CASING, f : :: I s CASING BLCWS, FLulD LCSS. ETC.)

5'///-/ lux /m p/ '

,. : 1 Bo21* W - coau~a"5

~

E N- sss7

(LA,Y&CUi SM -- k -

E- 9 se8 M

jdff .. : : 4

-.~

_ , .. L1 s

q On& :U */*/ ,

-fy 13z.rles. ir M . n i

4 a N- 8 g 73 p h i.o v s. ,

- 4 p oc a p c nt r 's

i T'. ~

~

S///. Am O '2_ va e ,a.,c w eo cam et ueOE

(.c/

-~

M

$u sh ,c.4A/. b.-h'. :_

g creer crm

.n z.

jf d I i : : s- p: it

- a 4 -

i % 4- 8 . z .o F.s c r c.v :-

- _ h g q (,, PoCxCf F ,s c .

/d 1 57/ V*/

's-////

lbW . :

_- 4 _

ClAf (CL) I W .

~

4-

[

SJ ./1 N . ig

y,, - - 7 z.s rs e

-- ? M f

_- patr ps *U"ne A h % 4 1' 4- -

h

/ Z.

(

fc1 . _

): -

p.x K cuy =- 6 _=

(CL), ~lrst cc gh '

,- - - 9 b'; 2 E-Q

2 ,

6 ,An' ,feld *

,1. ,9 e q.

Ts '

r l

l WOODWARD.MOORHOUSE & ASSOCIATES,INC.

CCNSULTING ENGINEERS ANE) GEOLOGISTS l LOG OF BORING. S.,,,,,,/,,J, O . SHEET,,,,,2.- OF 8 ,,,

l ,e - - ~ ~ -

SAMPLES

'g i

py lE DEPTH . REMARKS gg ELEV. g gj DESCRIPTION SCALE (DRILLING FLUID, DEPTH OF CASING,

)

1

. n.O CASING BLOWS, FLUlO LOSS, ETC.)

1

- - s -

- .- . _- /4 2 ! ? -

/$

so - - -

= p!v/ & -

~

d.ldYO*1-)'

. M Q' pvd- : : 9

. . .~ ,

SLG l$ N: 47

_- A '

2 ~f~

t Q f.o s 4. s* +s e i

w n e. 47 pecxtr psacr**E78A w

1 -

l co r : : 33-

] /YN b * :

ciay (cl.) c.h : : 8 H= 68/!!"-

A4, :

3-4 4

~

Pi$C.DC.~ ,.v.-

.- #" 9 I8 P. t

--[.M -// ~ d a <n

~

Jo, / Jep/*f W,,,4j

[ ', -

_ __ yo/. /43 odes. /l.4/A t o. - : : fSaeo / 3,lothl db

/3'/d/rs. //fo$. 74 5N

8. -

7- _

dr.'l/t/..-- r" A 3

10 - '

/4 -

l T

~ ~

g g /u s / J's d g g f //f

~~

13 -

sc r., ~

l

~~ _jg_~ .x

$ 2a~r lo nno:m G otA Y, II

Q zo - g n n u. m a m , o a ,,.,;ie - -

jg, g ff, fdp l S '^

,7- - - i, g ,,, , ,

_ e.7 -

/# -

" U -

t.

y ~

jg ng Z g :

_ ;5 ,

ii bK DESC.rtlpHov 15y

=: ..

- y e x t R. h.n Ge c~mr s Ns j f, - .. .

c: L'Onr Gvy, xA Aa, 2D - n e, x .

2n

$$ ~

~ C J e l. o M'e ff : Q

- no =n

/f

- w a as-Q d Q

(

jd, -

_ . - . -c CC9 mi:. -

2d. - u ,, -/A

, ; _, q i

~

n Witness Statement of John H. Marshall V

Ohio Department of Natural Resources Division of Wildlife Introduction I come before this hearing representing the Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Division of Wildlife, supporting the State of Ohio's petition to intervene in Nuclear Regulatory Comission action permitting the on-site burial of low-level radioactive waste at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. I support the State's belief that the proposed disposal method could adversely affect the federally listed endangered Bald eagle, Kirtland's warbler, American peregrine falcon, and other resident and migratory fish and wildlife, including state listed endangered species, and degrade the quality of the Navarre Marsh ecosystem.

Qualifications I hold a Bachelor of Science degree in Natural Resources Management with a i specialization in Fisheries Management from tha Ohio State University and a Master l

of Science Degree in Botany with emphasis on wetland floristics, also from the Ohio State University. I have worked in the field of environmental review for the past eight years for the Ohio Department of Natural Resources representing the interests of the Division of Natural Areas and Preserves and the Division of Wildlife. Previous to my service with the Department of Natural Resources, I managed a research staff and co-authored a multi-volume report under contract to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service entitled " Fish and Wildlife Resources of the Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands within the United States."

Statement Because the Davis-Besse Power Station is situated in the midst of extensive, invaluable state fish and wildlife resources, the State of Ohio has a vital O

Page 2 interest in ensuring that conditions at the plant do not endanger these natural resources or jeopardize the well-being of Ohioans who depend on these natural resources.

Besides its proximity to Lake Erie, the Nuclear Power Station is also near an array of rivers, wetlands, wildlife refuges, parks, woodlands, and farm areas.

The Sandusky, Toussaint, Maumee, Portage, and other rivers and streams of great importance drain into the lake in this region. The Ottawa, Navarre and Darby Marsh Units of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, Crane Creek State Park, Magee Marsh State Wildlife Area, Toussaint Creek State Wildlife Area, and Metzger Marsh State Wildlife Area are all located within five miles of the plant. At least two private hunting clubs, as well as numerous campgrounds and marinas, are also situated near the facility.

Much of the natural areas located 'near Davis-Desse consist of wetlands.

These wetlands are extremely important to the state, as cited on pages 4 and 5 of the State's Petition for Leave to Intervene. Because of the important functions served by wetlands, Presidential Executive Order 11990 and the Federal Clean Water Act have mandated the protection and preservation of wetlands. Despite the

importance of wetlands, however, much of Ohio's wetlands have already been de-l l stroyed by filling, draining, and other degradation. Between 1954 and 1974 alone, l

approximately 40% of the wetlands along Lake Erie have disappeared. Obviously, Ohio has a great stake in protecting the remaining wetlands including the wetlands in the vicinity of Davis-Besse.

The richness of the Western Basin's resources is illustrated by the abundance of aquatic life, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and benthic macroninvertebrates which have been observed on the Davis-Besse site and in refuges near the site.

O

Page 3 The Davis-Besse area is located on two major migratory flyways for waterfowl and other birds.

Among -the rich natural resources in close proximity to Davis-Besse, special mention must be made of Navarre Marsh. Navarre Marsh is located on the Davis-Besse site, and adjoins Lake Erie. The Toussaint River also flows along the marsh.

The resource values of the Navarre Marsh are well-recognized as it is a component of the National Wildlife Refuge System, administered by the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Canada goose production on the Navarre Marsh has steadily increased, with the Navarre sub-flock growing faster than the overall flock. Estimated production increase from the 1978-82 average to the 1983-85 average is 71 percent. During the period of 1981-82, average biweekly migration surveys (9/1-1/15) indicated that the migratory waterfowl use of the Navarre Marsh exceeded 8,500 ducks and 4,000 Canada geese.

Because of the proximity of Navarre Marsh to the proposed burial site, chemical and/or radioactive contamination could migrate from the disposal area into the marsh through flooding, surface water runoff, or ground water movement.

Contamination of the marsh with chemical or radioactive waste components would enter the food chain by uptake of plants, on through herbivores, ultimately reaching higher level insectivores, carnivores, and piscivores, including state and federally listed endangered species. Teratological, general health and reproductive effects upon animals consuming contaminated forage will depend on the exact composition of the waste material and relative degree of concentration l through bio-accumulation.

State endangered species which can occur in the vicinity of Navarre Marsh include: Sharp-shinned hawk, Accipiter striatus velox, King rail, Rallus e.

] elegans; Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda; and Common tern, Sterna h.

I hirundo.

l 1

Page 4 Federally listed endangered species known to occur on or about the Davis-Besse site include Kirtland's warbler, Dendroica kirtlandii; American peregrine falcon, Falco peregrinus anatum; and the Bald eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus. The Navarre Marsh on the Davis-Besse site provides critical habitat for these species, offering foraging opportunity and important sanctuary during biannual migration flights.

Kirtland's warblers, with a total known population of approximately 500 individuals, migrate through the western Lake Erie marshes in both spring and fall. While no documented occurrence of these species on Navarre Marsh can be cited, individuals have been captured within 2 miles of the site. Given the free ranging nature of this species, its habitat preference and documented occurrences near the site, it is logical to assume that it utilizes Navarre Marsh for resting and foraging during migration.

Likewise, American peregrine falcons utilize the southern shure of Lake Erie during spring and fall migration flights. In spring, peregrine falcons on their northerly migration are known to move north to the southern shore of Lake Erie, thence, easterly along the shore before continuing further north to breeding

~

grounds in Canada and New England. Fall migration essentially retraces this pattern in reverse, utilizing the shoreline corridor from east to west. As these birds move along the shoreline, the marshes provide an important source of food in the fonn of ducks, grebes, and shorebirds. Additionally, marshes such as Navarre provide important resting sites.

Within a 2.5 mile radius of the Davis-Besse site are two establish breeding

pairs of bald eagles. A third pair established a breeding territory within the 2.5 mile radius in 1986, however, did not successfully breed. As this pair consists of young birds, we anticipate successful breeding in subsequent years.

1O i

l t

I Page 5 Bald eagles are opportunistic feeders and rely heavily on the fish and wildlife resources of the marshes, such as Navarre. Principal spring and summer food for bald eagles include a wide variety of fish species, while in winter the diet consists principally of waterfowl. Bald eagles are known to utilize the Navarre Marsh as a foraging ground. In addition to utilization of Navarre Marsh by the six previously mentioned eagles, Navarre Marsh may also receive use by unpaired immature birds, as they are characteristically wanderers, and are routinely observed in the area. Further, the western Lake Erie marshes provide critical foraging resources for the bald eagles resident of more northern areas, which winter in the western Lake Erie marshes.

In summary, the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is located in a region of exceptional ecological significance. The marsh lands of the region support Ohio's major concentrations of migratory waterfowl, as well as local breeding populations of ducks, geese, furbearing animals, and the endangered bald eagle. The signifi-cance of the Navarre Marsh, located on-site at the Davis-Besse Station, is recog-nized by its incorporation in the National Wildlife Refuge System. To the north of the site lies Lake Erie, Ohio's most extensive, productive, and economicaUy significant fisheries resource.

Because the licensee failed to specifically investigate the potential for hann to fish and wildlife resources and their habitats in the Environmental Assessment, the state contends that the Environmental Assessment is flawed.

Therefore, without full disclosure of the relative potential for harm to fish and wildlife resources including the Federally Endangered bald eagle, American peregrine falcon, and Kirtland's warbler, the NRC errored in releasing a Finding of No Significant Impact, in that all pertinent information was not considered, O

_ . . ~- ,

Page 6

, nor were the appropriate resource agencies adequately consulted during the planning and assessment as required by Section 1500.1 of the CEQ regulations -

promulgated in response to Presidential Executive Order 11991.

d\ m '

D hCHN H. MARSHALL E vironmental Affairs Specialist io Division of Wildlife i

L i

e t

1 I

6 O

DIRECT TESTIMONY OF JOHN VOYTEK, JR., CPG, CGWP ADMINISTRATOR AND PRINCIPAL HYDROGEOLOGIST, DIVISION OF WATER, GROUND WATER SECTION OHIO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES i

I come before the Commission as a representative of the

! State of Ohio, supporting the State's petition to intervene in j the proposed burial of radioactive waste at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant. I am here to support the State's contention that the proposed burial of this radioactive waste 1

can pose a significant danger to the environment, especially to the area's ground water resources. I hope that my testimony will assist the Commission to understand the complex nature of ground water at the Davis-Besse site. My testimony will primarily address questions 6, 7, and 8 of the Order of May 30, 1986.

Placing our wastes in the ground is no longer taken lightly. These past waste handling practices of burying waste i

i and then forgetting our responsibilities to the environment has i

finally stopped, but only after the pollution of much of our ground water. Landfills built in the early 70's, using the I

most sophisticated technology known at the time, now degrade the ground water resource that lies below them. We have only begun to understand the complexity of our ground water resource.

j QUALIFICATIONS I hold a Bachelor's of Science degree in Geology and have over eleven years of experience, practicing the science of 1

~. . - . -. . . -_ -.

ground water. The American Institute of Professional Geologist (AIPG) has certified me as a Certified Professional Geologist.

My certification number is 4777 and was issued August, 1980.

AIPG grants me the privilege to use the initials " CPG" after my name, indicating that I meet all of the requirements set forth in their constitution and by-laws. As an AIPG member, I abide I

by the code of professional ethics set by my peers and colleagues.

I am also a charter member of a group of individuals that have earned the title of " Certified Ground Water Professional" (CGWP). This honor was bestowed on me after I demonstrated to the Association of Ground. Water Scientists and Engineers (AGWSE), a Division of the National Water Well Association j (NWWA), that I meet their standards and requirements as an expert in the science of ground water.

I have authored nearly a dozen articles on the subject of ground water, co-authored many ground water research reports, assisted in the writing of two textbooks on ground water and i

have lectured at many universities and colleges in North America on the subject of ground water. A listing of the articles and textbooks that I have published is attached to this document [see Attachment A].

)

Currently, I am the administrator and principal d

i hydrogeologist for the Ground Water Section of the Division of

! Water, Ohio Department of Natural Resources. The section is charged with the duty of collecting scientific information

! about and reporting on the State's ground water resources.

_2-

1 Before I became the administrator of the Ground Water Section, I was the Director of Technical Services for the National Water Well Association and the Association of Ground Water Scientist and Engineers. My duties as the Technical Services Director included teaching and lecturing about ground water, performing timely research on ground water related problems, writing technical articles for three ground water periodicals published by the Association, reviewing many technical articles that were submitted to these periodicals as to their technical content' and accuracy, and finally, answering thousands of technical inquiries that were received by the i Association.

Prior to my position at NWWA, I was a technical representative for a manufacturer of ground water equipment, an 4

environmental scientist and hydrogeologist for a major international engineering consulting firm, the NW district

' geologist for the Ohio EPA and a graduate assistant at Bowling Green State University, Department of Geology i

i GENERAL i

I would like to begin my testimony by quoting Judge Holmes in his concurring remarks of Cline v. American Accrecates Coro., a major decision of Ohio water law, decided by the l Supreme Court of Ohio on December 31, 1984.

! " Scientific knowledge in the field of hydrologr has advanced in the past decade to the point that water tables and sources are more readily discoverable.

This knowledge can establish the cause and effect relationship of the tapping of underground water to the existing water level."

_ . ,_ __ _ _ _ _ . . - _ _ _ _ _ . _ - ~ .. . . . _ _ _ _ . _ . - _ _ _ _ . . - _ _ _ _ _-_- . - - - _ -

s During my eleven years in the ground water industry, I have witnessed the rapid advancement of knowledge and understanding to which Judge Holmes was referring. Not only can this new knowledge predict cause and effect relationships for removing ground water out of the ground, but it can also predict the effects to the ground water resource resulting from placing wastes at or below the ground surface.

It is difficult to summarize all that we have learned about our ground water resource during this past decade. We have learned one unforgettable lesson though. The once accepted practice of burying our wastes beneath the ground is no longer a viable option without first fully understanding the geology and the ground water conditions of the area.

The scientific journals and news media are filled with examples of failure after failure of landfills, lagoons and impoundments, the results of which degrade the local ground -

water supply to the point of concern for the public's health.

Experts such as Dr. Jay Lehr have appeared before Congress and testified that over 5% of our ground water is already polluted. That figure may double or triple within the next five years as more of our past mistakes are discovered.

l The Commission should take note though, that when wastes were buried, the decision to do so was based on the most current, most advanced technology at the time. We can not eliminate the actions of the past, but we can not condone or repeat them either.

O -

Over 50% of Ohio's population relies on ground water as its ,

source of fresh, potable drinking water. Ground water accounts -

i for over -95% of all of the fresh water on the face of the Earth. Once polluted, the expense of cemoving the contaminant from the ground water is extremely costly, i

GROUND WATER LEVELS AND MOVEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE SITE l Toledo Edison has demonstrated a very limited knowledge of

the geology and hydrogeology of the site upon which they plan to bury wastes. .Their knowlege is based on a few soil borings that were taken during the construction phase of the project, i

over 15 years ago. These borings were not conducted as part of a hydrogeologic investigation. '

Ground water at this site is a very dynamic system. Ground water levels and ground water flow patterns respond to many factors such as climatic conditions, lake and river levels, the amount of vegetation present, and ground water use in the area. At the Davis-Besse site, water levels are in constant flux with nature. The Toussaint River, the Navarre Marsh, and

Lake Erie, as well as general ground water usage, all cause the local ground water system to be in a constant state of change, depending upon the season. Because of this constant change and

because the aquifer system is Very complex, the ground water '

i flow direction and the general ground water level in the area j will need some explanation. ,

There are two distinct aquifer systems present at the Davis-Besse site, the upper unconsolidated till aquifer system P

3 ,

,=...m _, , - . - . a a 2 -_ ..x . - _=

. . _ _- - . - . .+ -

i and the deeper regional limestone aquifer system. I would like to describe the upper consolidated till aquifer system first.

The till aquifer system is the aquifer which is the closest to the surface. The till aquifer system consists of thin, but significant, lenses or layers of permeable sandy deposits of glacial and lacustrine (or lake) deposits interbedded with clay soils. The till aquifers range in thickness from 15 to 30 feet thick in the area.

During the dry summer months, the uppermost portion of the I

till aquifer is typically depleted until precipitation occurs at the site. During the wet spring and winter months, water levels will be very close to the surface, responding to rainfalls which are more than adequate to replenish them.

During these periods of rainfall, the till aquifers are capable of accepting only a limited amount of water. The remainder of the water is left as surface water until it seeps into the ground or is evaporated into the atmosphere.

The water levels in the' upper unconsolidated aquifers will also respond to the water levels of large bodies of water such 1

as the Toussaint River and Lake Erie. During periods of high lake levels, peak discharge of the river, or flooding, water levels in the till aquifers will rise in response to bank storage. Bank storage is water that is collected by the till aquifers during these periods of high water levels, then slowly released back to the river during periods of low water levels.

The presence of a till aquifer system at the Davis-Besse O ite na- beea aoou=eatea dr roteaa sai oa ta the 1oe or dorias 4

l l 1

number .B-125, A copy of the boring is attached to this ;

document [see attachment B]. The log describes traces of fine sand and gravel lenses in the till soil. These individual lenses are probably interconnected to each other and will act as one of the recharge mechanisms for the deeper, regional t aquifer.

The water levels in these thin sandy deposits have not been accurately recorded during the drilling of these test borings.

Davis-Besse has not provided any water level data on the upper aquifer system at the site, but from experience with other similar sites along the lake, water levels will . generally be very close to the surface most of the year.

The Department of Natural Resources soil survey of Ottawa County shows the soil in the Davis-Besse area to be one of two types: Nappanee silty clay loam or Toledo silty clay. The i

seasonal high water table for Nappanee silty clay loam stands between depths of one and two feet in the winter, spring, and

! extended wet periods.

l The seasonal high water table for Toledo silty clay is near I or above the surface of the ground during the winter, spring,

and extended wet periods. Toledo soils are rated as unsuitable for landfills due to ponding. Both soil types have severe limitations for landfill siting due to the wetness of the soil.

l The actual surface direction of the movement of the ground l water in this upper unconsolidated aquifer will be dictated by the aquifer itself as well as the head or driving force that is exerted on the aquifer. The ground water movement in the till n

aquifer system at the Davis-Besse site generally flows northeast towards Lake Erie and Navarre Marsh or south towards the Toussaint River, depending on the particular portion of the Davis-Besse site considered. This general movement can be reversed if Lake Erie and the Toussaint River are at higher than normal levels, since high water levels in one or the other will drive the ground water flow in the opposite direction.

The ground water at the proposed burial site itself could flow in either direction.

The second aquifer is the deeper limestone regional aquifer. The deeper limestone regional aquifer is recharged primarily from the water that is stored and collected in the upper aquifer system. As water enters the upper aquifer system, it is held temporarily in storage by the soils. The water begins to travel downward in response to gravity, until it reaches the water table or the zone in which all materials are saturated with water. From there, the water can move in any general surface direction while simultaneously moving straight downward.

As water in the upper aquifer accumulates, the head or pressure in the upper aquifer is higher than that of the deeper j aquifer. This difference in head will result in a net, movement i of water from the upper aquifer to the deeper aquifer. At the l

l Davis-Besse site, this movement can be slow because the head in the upper aquifer and the deepor aquifer are similar most of -

the year, but the net result of water movement will be from the

!O l

upper aquifer to the lower aquifer over a lengthy period of time.

The deeper regional limestone aquifer system supplies nearly the entire Northwest section of Ohio with ground water.

Its resource is valuable not only as the most important source of drinking water for the people of Northwestern Ohio, -but also creates curiosities such as the Blue Hole, a natural ground water phenomenon located just minutes from this room.

The water level at the Davis-Besse site for the deeper limestone aquifer is controlled primarily by Lake Erie. During periods of high lake levels, the water level will rise in response and lake water will replenish the aquifer. During normal lake levels, the water level will drop somewhat and flow out into the lake, discharging ground water into Lake Erie.

Other factors such as heavy ground water pumping in the area may cause the water levels for the site to change.

l Generally, the head or water level in this deeper aquifer lies about'10 to 20 feet below ground level. This level can be different at different locations in the area, and is dependent on the elevation of the ground from which it is measured.

l i Water levels in the area for the deeper aquifer will never fall more than a few feet below the level of the lake.

Therefore, the ground water at Davis-Berse's proposed burial site can move in several directions. The water in the upper aquifer, which at this site is likely to be near or at the surface during some seasons of the year, will flow north O towera 'exe "rie eaa "everre " rea- or outa towere the

Toussaint River. It also flows downward into the deeper aquifer. The deeper aquifer flows toward Lake Erie during low water levels and away from the lake during high water levels.

Thus, any. contaminants reaching the upper aquifer are likely to travel into the deeper aquifer, Lake Erie, Navarre Marsh, and/or the Toussaint River. The speed with which the water, and the contaminant in the water, flow through the soil or the aquifer depends on the permeability of the aquifer.

Generally speaking, the coarser a material is, the higher permeability will be. Permeability is usually measured in units of cm/sec.

The deeper aquifer below the Davis-Besse site is a very good aquifer due to its high degree of secondary permeability.

This aquifer is highly permeable due to the cracks, crevices and solution channels that have formed in the rock over time, I

allowing ground water to flow through it more freely and more.

I quickly. In fact, some of the most rapid ground water flows on record have been measured in aquifers similar to the one below Davis-Besse.

Toledo Edison's records confirm the permeability of the s

deeper aquifer. According to Toledo Edison's 1970 l

Environmental Report, "The bedrock is quite pervious, mainly in the upper 30-50 feet and contains open joints and bedding planes. In some locations, the joints and bedding planes have been enlarged to solution."

Simply put, the bedrock is highly fractured, providing a

] rapid movement of ground water once it reaches the aquifer. If

a contaminant were to escape from the site and travel through the till aquifers and into the deeper limestone aquifer, the contaminant would move rapidly with the local regional ground water flow.

An illustration of how these ground water principles affect the operation of landfills can be taken from the case study of a landfill that was constructed in Wisconsin. Although Wisconsin is some distance away from the Davis-Besse site, it is in the same geologic province as Ohio, hence the geology and hydrogeology of the areas are'similar.

In 1984, Gordon and Huebner (see Attachment C) reported on the failure of several " zone-of-saturation" landfills located in Wisconsin. A " zone-of-saturation" landfill is a landfill that is constructed into the saturated portion of the soils (also called the water table). This is similar to the action that Toledo Edison has proposed. The Wisconsin sites are similar in hydrogeology and climate to the Davis-Besse site.

They contain many of the same type of glaciolacustrine soils and glacial tills, which were deposited under geologic environments similar to that at the Davis-Besse site.

The investigation by Gordon and Huebner found that many so-called " homogeneous" clay sites were in fact not homogeneous at all. They discovered a one to three order of magnitude difference between the permeability of these so-called

" homogeneous" clay soils as reported from laboratory analyses in the late 70's and the permeability that was measured in-situ O av re ativetr ae- teonaotosv or the =ta 198o - ourias the

( laboratory testing typically performed in the 1970's, the fine sand layers were mixed together with the clay soils, reducing the permeability of the soil as measured in the laboratory and providing a false reading. Although the laboratory analyses had previously shown the soils to be impermeable, the landfills were leaking.

These drastic differences between the reported laboratory results and the measurements made under actual field conditions can be attributed to very thin sand seams and lenses in the i soil and/or fractures and cracks in the clay.

Lake Erie at one time covered the entire county, making the presence of these sand lenses ever more likely to occur. The sand beach that is currently at the interface of lake and shoreline ' had to pass over the site at least once and perhaps several times during the last 10,000 years. As the interfaces l passed over the site, beach sand was surely deposited on the site. As the lake level became deeper, the sediments became finer and clay sized particles were deposited. As the lake level retreated, the sand beach was again deposited at the I

site. This sequence occurred over and over again.

In addition to leakage through naturally formed sand lenses, cracks and fractures in the clay can form due to a reaction between saturated clay and the waste from a landfill.

This reaction removes water molecules from the clay structure.

When this hap! ends, once saturated clays become dehydrated and shrink, forming cracks and fractures in the clay, much like a mud puddle does after a rain shower. This chemical exchange

l l

can be permanent, even if the dehydrated clays are soaked in fresh water.

Better, more extensive site investigations than the one that took place at Davis-Besse have in the past missed enormous underground structures that played a significant role in polluting local ground water. An example of this was reported by Gordon and Huebner in 1984. At one of the Wisconsin sites they studied, an excavation revealed an extensive ancient

! buried beach ridge, consisting of permeable coarse sand deposits buried within the till soil. They discovered this feature in an excavation AFTER 46 soil borings were drilled at the site, all of which missed this significant structure.

T, dolomite aquifer at this Wisconsin site, similar to the limestone aquifer that is below Davis-Besse, is now polluted.

- Pollution occurred less than one year after the landfill began receiving wastes.

Gordon and Huebner (1984) also discovered that the till soil at this site in Wisconsin was indeed stratified,

! containing very small seams of sand and silt and even tiny fractures and joints. These fractures or cracks in the clay remain even after the clayey tills become saturated with water again.

Johnson (et al., 1984) and Pollock (et al., 1983), (see 1

Attachments D and E) in separate studies of landfills located l

l in the same geologic province as Ohio and in glacial material similar to the Davis-Besse site, discovered this same one to three orders of magnitude difference between field and i ._ _ - _ _ _ , . . . _ . . - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ _ . . . _ _ . _ _ , _ _ . _ _ _ _ _

l laboratory measurements of soil permeability. The laboratory measurements were consistently lower.

Texas A & M University studies (Attachment F) have found that clay soil and clay liners have leaked many times faster than designers intended them to. According to Dr. Kirk Brown,

. . . some of the chemicals that are being placed in

landfills could cause them [ clay liners] to leak 1,000 times faster than designers anticipated."

Based on our knowledge of the Davis-Besse area, it is likely that water and water contaminants will move through the soil into the upper and deeper aquifers. Although the soil in the area is predominantly clay, this clay contains joints and coarse sand materials, as explained earlier, which are more permeable. This is explained in more detail in Rick Pavey's testimony. A landfill placed into soil of this nature is likely to pollute the ground water as rainfall or other surface water passes through the landfill and carries contaminants with it as it percol^.tes into the ' ground water. In areas such as i

Davis-Besse, where the water tables are close to the surface during certain seasons, the landfill will actually be sitting 1

in the ground water at times gathering contaminants.

l l Toledo Edison argues that clay at the disposal site will I

prevent the waste from seeping into the ground water. In its l

l response to the State's Petition, the company assigns a permeability value of less than 1 x 10-6 cm/sec to the soils

! at the Davis-Besse site. The company fails to mention, however, how that permeability was determined, whether it was l

l ,

-.~. - - . - -- . - . - . . - - - _ - - ..- - . . - -- - _ _

l l

l r3 measured in-situ or in a laboratory, or what methodology was NJ used to determine that number. Therefore, if the company's estimate resulted from laboratory testing, the company's estimate of permeability could be too low by an order of magnitude of 1 to 3. To phrase this in more easily understood

-6 terms, 1 x 10 cm/sec is approximately 0.0028 feet / day. If the permeability of the soil in question is incorrect by 3 orders of magnitude as suggested by current research, the permeability would jump to 2.83 feet / day.

Toledo Edison stated in its response that sand seams are not evident at this site. However, one of Toledo Edison's own documents indicates the presence of sand layers at Davis-Besse. Attachment B is a log of boring number B-125, drilled in 1974 by ATEC and Associates, Inc. It indicates several sand layers at elevations 576, 574, 568, and 566, to name a few.

Once waste is in the sandy layers or in the fractures and cracks in the clay, waste products move quickly through the soil horizon. According to the 1970 Environmental Report (ER) for the Davis-Besse Plant (a portion of which is Attachment G),

the combined thickness of the soils at Davis-Besse is only on the order of 20 feet. This 20 feet of soil will be of little consequence if sand lenses and fractures are indeed present.

It will take little time for a waste product to migrate into the underlying bedrock aquifer.

Once in this aquifer, the contaminant will be difficult to

] trace. This is due to the fractures in the rock and the

~

bedding planes that were mentioned in the Environmental Report. The tainted ground water will follow these fractures and bedding planes, offering a path of lowest resistance to flow.

We are Unable to predict where these bedding planes outcrop under the lake. Perhaps the discharge point is near one of the numerous drinking water supply intakes. We do not know the answer to that question.

Toledo Edison argues that the radioactive content of this 1

waste is not of any great consequence. However, when large amounts of watte are buried in one location, the enviromental risk multiplies. When a plume of water passes through a small amount of waste and picks up its contaminants, these contaminants may not be carried in concentrations high enough to harm the environment. However, if the plume passed through a larger amount of waste, it is likely to absorb more contamination. Therefore, even though the larger amount of waste contained contaminants in concentrations no greater than that of the smaller amount of waste, the watet passing through the larger amount is likely to become more polluted.

SUMMARY

I hope that I have provided the Commission with some l insight into why the State is concerned about this matter.

l l Ground water is a complex science. Toledo Edison says it has provided an extensive geologic and hydrologic study of the site O t the ci - or coa tructioa- 't t- r 9 tore to# t $uas" eat

( and opinion that Toledo Edison does not fully understand the ground water situation that exists below its facility.

This is not the first time Toledo Edison has promised that the solid waste produced by the plant would not harm the public. In a 1970 licensing hearing, Toledo Edison opposed the intervention of a citizen who was concerned about burial of waste at the Davis-Besse site. The lawyer for Toledo Edison said that waste disposal was a topic more properly addressed in another proceeding. However, he also promised that solid waste would not be buried at the Davis-Besse plant. These are the words he used:

There will be no disposal of solid vastes at this particular facility, nor will there be any disposal of

solid wastes performed under the proposed construction l

permit or operating license for which we have applied.

See Attachment H, which is an excerpt from the transcript of that hearing.

The State of Ohio already has two facilities which are polluting ground waters with radioactive wastes. The Fernald Feed Materials Processing Center at thu borders of Hamilton and Butler Counties and the Goodyear Uranium Processing Plant near Piketon, Ohio are threatening the public's health by polluting the local ground waters with radioactive wastes. We do not need another polluting facility.

O

I wish to thank the Commission for allowing me the opportunity to testify on behalf of the State.

/ '/

JOHN VO W K, R.

/3

/

Sworn to before me this 18th day of July, 1986.

so oh ,

NOTARY PUBLit Penelope D. Hilton Notary Pub!!c, Otate of Ohio My Commisalon Expires 318 88 l

l I

l i

1

O

1 - s -a-,,m, s - . ,a m,s p_ a- aa, ,,,,,,., ,ea -,,. , , . _ _ ,

I i

I O .

i l

l

.i 1

4 1

I f

i j

ATTACHMENT A 1

O O

'v(')

SUMMARY

OF JOHN VOYTEK'S QUALIFICATIONS

- Certified Professional Geologist with the American Institute of Professional Geologist.

' - Certified as a Ground Water Professional by the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers

- Co-Chairperson of NWWA/NACE Task Force on Water Well

> Corrosion.

- Member of the National Water Well Association.

- Editor for the Ohio Section Newsletter of AIPG.

- Licensed Water Treatment Plant Operator (Class I-Ohio)

TEACHING EXPERIENCE AND ADDITIONAL TRAINING Ground Water Training Course, Johnson Division, St.

Paul, MN. Over 300 hours0.00347 days 0.0833 hours 4.960317e-4 weeks 1.1415e-4 months of practical problem solving experience. 1977.

Ground' Water and Water Well Development. University of Wisconsin Extension. A five day training course in the design and construction of water wells. 1984.

Water Well Design and Construction. National Water Well Association. A three day training course for Professional Engineers. Not only did Mr. Voytek participate in the course, but he also taught sections of this course four times. 1984 to 1985.

Ground Water and Well Technology. National Water Well Association. A three day short course on the fundamentals of ground water. Not only did Mr. Voytek participate in the course, but he also taught sections of this course seven times. 1984 to 1986.

Design, Installation and Sampling of Monitoring Wells.

National Water Well Association. A three day short course on the design and installation of ground water monitoring wells.

Not only did Mr. Voytek participate in the course, but he also taught cections of this course three times. 1984 to 1986.

Safety at Hazardous Waste Sites. National Water Well Association. A five day short course on safety to hazardous waste sites. Not only did Mr. Voytek particfrate in the O-N- course, but he also taught sections of this course twice.

1984 to 1986.

m Underground Storage Tank Management. National Water Well Association. A three day short course on the fundamentals of managing underground storage tanks. Not only did Mr. Voytek participate in the course, but he also taught sections of this course twice. 1985 to 1986.

Hydrogeology Summer Field Program. Ohio University, Athens, OH. Instructor, 1982.

Water Well Completion and Testing Technology Course.

University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. Instructor, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982.

Summer Field Programs. Wright State University, Dayton, OH. Instructor, 1982 and 1983.

PUBLICATIONS "Hard Drilling Through Hard Rock." The Water Well Journal, February, 1986.

"From Jeremiah's Well." (a monthly column) The Water Well Journal, since February, 1986.

"How Deadly." Water Well Journal, April 1985.

" Consideration in the Design and Installation of Monitoring Wells." Ground Water Monitoring Review, Volume 3, Number 1.

" Transport and Recovery of Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface Environment- a slide show." American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC.

"The Earth-Coupled Heat Pump." The New England Builder, December, 1984

" Monitoring and Evaluating Your Well's Performance."

Proceedings of the AWWA 1984 Annual Conference.

l l

" Application of Downhole Geophysical Methods in Ground Water Monitoring." Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration. NWWA.

Textbooks

" Groundwater ind Wells." Johnson Division of UOP, St.

Paul, MN, 1986. Dr. Fletcher Driscoll Editor.

" Water Well Design Handbook" Currently being written for

- Van Nostrand Reinehold Publishers, New York, NY. Scott Hurlbert, Editor.

)

I, O 4

h I

(

1 i

l 1

i I

.i ATTACHMENT B i

f i

l I

t.

i i

I i.

1 i

I 4

i i

4 e

i

!O

.I

'- e wv m- w - _ _N--meew M P--'

/ CONSULTING ENGINEERS Are0 GEOLOGISTS LOG O F B O R I N G,,,,3,, ,f,&,f,,, ., ,,,, ,, SHEET 1 , O F,,,/j 9 mon e t pengct o y DAVIS BESSE NPS, UNITS 2 & 3 dsc /52 5.:L

. .....c ..o....

LOCUST POINT. OHIO g pg, . f ; c, t y 7x . . .m .< .c . ......... c..........o A Ata . MSet'. rNC (fIDif-flh %L/.S . I- AJD/J-?/A 20 Fe b . /? ~9' 2/ f,j. /9 7.;

o..u . o ., . . < o . . ~ o .. oc.. ...

h10 BILE D2/LL ?d o DG!_ B -6 / /CC.! Feel <W .S Fd

,- sa. .=o r,*= or s. y. .

/N . MM M M fr m ff f 4 8/f NO. S AP.'P LR S O'"

$# h*0'"_ l C0"' 7 /,

CASING M

7/. TM STE! L P 'i p E WATER LEVEL 'jr e , g ,Q"*f7, o , . l""j ce , .y .

~

- 'd*"

CASING H AMME R: l WEIGr4 T - l UROP Af?Il Md Dju/;[2 @ vie [Aryi . g,w;. .S YG t/M ts/A P N TEP

dd S A M P L E R .'l 'd /

S A P.* P L E A H A M M E 33 '

s I WEIGNT /Nd[M, l OGC? [j / //.

d E.ko V ,,f f ?i/f saiPLis 7

-. i 2 - REMARKS

- W "

o. ELEV. o; i ,.

- DESCRIPTION CEPTH 3-i!g*,

ED 0oC- ! SCALE r a (DRILLING FLUlO. CEPTH OF CASING ~

U I -

g I CASING BLCWS, FLUlO LCSS. ETC.)

. A

.1 2

4 " % ~' % '~' m 2

5% DIt Br oYaA s Nic, .n/t1 :- -. u.arge C gA y'(F~i // MAterto /) ~-- _~ go cf 5 g g

?- 5 Bor"/ o W a' V SY

- 1__

S&g[M

~ ~

~-S6T 1-

~

~ -

.c& efAwy.?rl.va K*/3'H dv No SAM //c s ei'ac.s v.rrc.4

^

_ g _- Befoee-N'M/(Mfert.,

~ - - O 6.!C iif'[If ?r.;'rn h t.t O C Y '

-595 c "7T**1 c.

N u_ m eumi _ IW W _ 4 W _ mID emu

_3

-577 .

  ..                                                                                                                                                                                      i

_ mud _ l- _ - 4_ l

-SSC M ununumIS m

               -                                                                         um                 emuu l
               -                                                                         _                  m 7                                                                                                                                                                       _

SSS : :

M N h see .mi _ _ ema h _ _ m p_ suus _ - 6_

     ,ai                                                                                              ==-

WWimi '6 _ 1 _

                                                              *U WUUUV/ARD MOORHOUSE & ASSOCI ATES, INC.

CONSULTlHG ENGINEERS ANO GEOLOGISTS LOG OF BORING,,,[, ,,,/,,3,,[ , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , SH E ET,,,,,@ ,,,,,,,O F ,,,/],,,, ., SAMPLES 5 e ' REMARKS ( iu O 2o p4 ELEV.

                                   "t e 3-0 li #

DESCRIPTION DEPTH SCALE (DRILLING FLUID, CEPTH OF CASING, CASING BLCWS, FLUID LCSS, ETC.)

          ,4           4            8" 0                                                 _

r 4- - -,-

_O g 3 px Br orowic v s#y -

pescrt,C/tett fro.n du/cir" ChY Fdl A1A TertAL c/owM7"/Y .f'--

CulTiny

                                                                                                                                           }/5 5 p ~fle 'S v/lrd Eeove s_

s : - -

                                                                                     &~                                                 'fi~~/ ~l    Vi . Aufs r ony h
                          --582                                                     :          :

3 _ _ _ 77

             .           :-s g/        .

_ _ /0 7

580 : :

s

                                                                                    -llz Z

_-57'l _

                                                                                   -l1_.-

Z Z l _-57F . _ -). 3- - S77

M* ypa.

i cDet con hn aeu s gmp.; Ihy.a1'/+00k

                            - 57C          lb& tbLLk .hypyn []fjy :: fy \ 0                :

Z l' " M ( cH),%u

                         ~                                                ~

wic ti * : Poch'aT Ame&oute&r

  .li        k                                        ~ ~ - - ~         -
                                                                                   -         -               ll N
                                                  . +-'f M.

:y l$ TsM '> V. c Ys /*

     \                ~
                                                                                   -/5-           ,  %        9                           v o c w r i s.* c m s t u iv G W                            st u.ad m

2 2 % t.3 J

                          --57S                                                    2         :                    .    /.C i        ,      -                                                            - --

0 _ s

. _ 5

I .,/

                                                                                   -/C _

l.i..y)

               ~
                                           .4.'" :d dn /t - ln .nu q /.,:y :
                         ~1- S 7 Y e                        -i ul .<l 3                                  -      ._.    . . . . . . . . ... .

Wuut,WAnu ..'iUUHh0056 & AC3CCin TCS, INC.

                      /                                         CONSULTING ENGINEE RS AND GEOLOGISTS LOG O F BO R ING,,,,8,,--/.1,d _                      _ , , , , , , , , , , , ,

SH E ET,,,3,,,,,,,,,O F,,,,/,/,,,, .,

                       =                                                                                        SAMPLES c                                                                                                                   REMARKS wd               eg '                                                        DEPTH 2 o        ELEV, 8- e             DESCRIPTION                           *                                                (CRILLING FLuto CEPTH CF CASING, p)                     8                                                     SCALE 0 'li 0                                                                                                    CASING BLOWS. FLUlO LCSS, ETC.)
     ./'              .2
     *                                                                                                                .                  ' ~'" '"  d F" ' " ' T ^ )

llad avv r -

                                                                 /> r.wi cMy                  :

ky y l3 as 3o l'ccl'er Pexeirometer ',

                                                                                              ~         ~
                          ~

(CfNh'l,S!'"(."', -I7-cw . g 8

     }J                   =
                          -   -gp3 Q

L1 7 () < /7 o w y v.s rs,= 6

                                                                                                              % y       i, u
                                                                                              -         -             te, ss jg ~

NyNIfr*y bYmh- CAA/ 5 .5 N " '# _g7x _ _- (c y)~ _ _-

n to ayar" f:nd*rm eTir

i g.u : 3.O ~Tc F

     ]!.y                 _-

y k: ?

                                                                                              -/?-             i   i  A
                                                                                                              % M <
                          --57/                                                               -         -
                                                                                                                  %            l0
                                                                                              -         -              k,
                          -                                                                   -         -                      fo

_ u _- 3_. ~ 5 -s7o m3 B N n;tf h s&y i - i M

                                                                                                                               .z               "ro"cke,
                                                                                                                                                      ' , Fanei .romete r CLA Y (C L)                                 _         _-            q                                 g, y gp s                3

_xi_ , m _- y s 5

                           --SG9                                                              -         -
                           -                                                                                            o
                                                                                                                      %,         8 l                                             _                                              ___,u,
                          =                                                            .      =         =                                    u 23
                              -sce           ya d g -i,,- s,Hg-Y              , , , , , . ,,, , ,-,, n sc ,-

l], ..: CuyCct), & ,M f

                                                                                                             % %y /0 y - Y. s n l-E d -to f'd frs d ~-s ~                                               s
                          ~

4 - s

                                                                          ~
                                                                                              =         =    %y        '

-sc7

                           -                                                                  -         -                       t3 b                                                                   b         5              S       IS l

1..

                          -                                                               ,   -     .v: -

5-scs y,4 y^0.ko a TAy 5 5 1,- y 7 McM e,e xer ra r.em m see r

                           -                         CLAY (cL) .                   liA ce     -

ll Op > Y.s k-f su % yd d :

                                                                                              --2s-- ,

u tJ) tm s.

sce u'hAvk y a. zui \ u

                           "                                                                  -         m
                           *1                                                                 _                               *0 )' s
 }
                                                                                              -         ~

1 1 J J . . _ . . . . .

O l l ( . . . LO G O F G O R I N G ...... .S.. ... ..l. . 2....'.'.. SHEET ...M/. ...... ..O F ./../. .

                                                                   -                                                                                                 S A.'.t P L F.S

(;-

                                                                                                                                                                          - - - - -                            REMARKS

_ g- ,; DEPTH

  ,y 3d                               ELEV.          {g             5              DESCRIPTION                                             SCALE (OHILLING Flut0. DCPTH CF C '51'.;

I r3- v. e ! casino sto..s. rLuio tecs.tT:., y __ ___ L , . - V9 ~ b'"'" IV = 7 Sl: ! M

scv

                                                                                                                                                           -                  A        &
                            -                                                Ct.A u ci-), haec                                          -- --

h:!HT Fer, <Trorrrder ggg,,gz h N

                                                                                                                                                                                       ,0,&

fWMMTG g c. -

                                                                                                                                -s
                                                                                                                                        ._-u--_

i V, ep> i . . y

                                   ~___c3                        -
                                                                                                                                        - _                                      c.              .
                                                                                                                                        . .                .-                  (                                 .

put cp. - L awn sur ~~ - a u. ,. m (~

                             ~ !"

a CLA Y(c . fou 4' O.9~h, 1

                                                                                                                                                            ] Qsj       '       '

ach b 7+ si'** P SMN"l"? l500 k-

                       ,-                                                                                        V                       -                  -
                                                   -e:i           .

gi.'.o r;%/ CAa; .y<*: e y r~cr

                      ,y-                                                                                                                -                  ..

ccR/NJ SMf*c.:rM$ C'- 7; ~ 7. &acAy p ,9,o <

                      ,~ -.-                        ~.;
                                                                                                                                         -n-R/ /~ed 79 0 9 O .l.N '
                      '2 ~ Sc/                         .           ..

Opf-o n' k : : , .

  -                   /<-      -                              :.   .,

gocs .acx-a.yv, b . Q. i jj - [= .* !. , x e. e c -r n~y ~ 3 9_ n

                                                                   *',            /tu r ins.o ws 5_                        ,__            e.                                                                       _                  _                    =       ,s.'
                      //
                                                                 'E-           (Mid/.,l/cs.i e'od )                                       -
                                                                                                                                                                                ;          t
                                      --Sco                                                                                               ~~                 ~                            s
                      /o ~                         _.,            e.:           pt' A e. - c ra.c.. LO
                               -                                  .g                                                                                                                        ,*

l* ,

                                                                                /y e t.ssa o i N f                                        .-                 ..

y_ -

                                                   -ce C

jv- 'G . -3 /.- .

                                                                   .c                                                                      -                  -                   .-

j 'e' ;

=?

U SST -

                                                                                                                                                              -                           (\.                                .
                      /7-                           - -
                                                                                                                                                                                        .u '
                                                                    -c                                                                                                                    K
                      /:t -                         - -.

p cc . .~ .

                      ,/ d r                s.                                                                                               _                  -                   V N

4 23 - ,

                                                                                                                                                     .u                                   %                        .

r 25 - - % - - 858 :

                                                                                                                                                               -      % (,)

e, p t/ - ,

                                                                   .y                                                   i                   --

a N g ~ Q dd -

                                                                                                                                                              -      Q            k.

v. -

I n,. _ - -

                       / 5-                                        il                                                                                .?3--                                                           -

77' -

    ,                                      557       -             -&

Q jg - . - - p,c - ,

                       /3 - .. '
                          ?-                                                                                                                 -3 y--
                       /C ~ Ssc                                                                                                              =
                                                      -             55                                                                       -.                 5 sc -

ea - -

                        /7-                                                                                                                   -                 -

7 , > -. -

                                                                                                                                                       . c..

s ~ 1 / "* ! .. I . . l

l yl

9 e e ATTACHMENT C

O ! Innovative Means of Dealing With Potential Sources of Ground Water Contamination Proceedings of the Seventh National Ground Water Quality Symposium September 26-28,1984 Las Vegas, Nevada Sponsored by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Water Well Association l ~ Published by National Water Well Association 500 W. Wilson Bridge Road Worthington, Ohio 43085 g

   . (,

31

   'hf[

1(' s, Y! k, , R. m

p!

'w/

AN EVALUATION OF THE PERFORMANCE OF l ZONE OF SATURATION LANDFILLS IN WISCONSIN By Mark E. Gordon and Paul M. Huebner Engineer and Hydrogeologist, respectively, Bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 S. Webster Street, GEF II, Madison, Wisconsin 53707 Abstract A typical " zone-of-saturation" landfill in Wisconsin is developed by excavating into a saturated clay soil environment. The excavation functions as a discharge site by creating a depression in the water table, but does not fill with ground water because evaporation exceeds the rate of seepage from low-permeability clay deposits. Once the base and sidewalls of the excavation are covered with refuse ground water inflow and percolation from rainfall must be removed by the leachate collection system. The potential for leachate migration away from this type of landfill is minimized as long as inward hydraulic gradients are maintained at the base and perimeter of the facility. Recent investigations have revealed that many zone-of-saturation Also, the sites are not situated in a " homogeneous" clay environment. unexpected buildup of leachate within several of the 12 landfills approved in Wisconsin using this design concept has led to the development of outward gradients. This paper provides a detailed performance evaluation of three of these sites where ground waterBased on this ev contamination is occurring. data and observations from several of the other sites, recommendations are made for the investigation, design and operation of a zone-of-saturation landfill. Although there is insufficient data to fully evaluate their effectiveness, it is concluded that implementation of these recommendations will provide for an acceptable level of ground water protection at landfills using this design concept. Introduction In the late 1960's and early 1970's, as public concern for environmental protection mounted, regulatory agencies intensified their scrutiny of solid waste disposal sites. In Wisconsin, the State's g-Department of Natural Resources required site owners and operators to V) 411 L ___ -s _ _ -~v--a r , s,-- . -,,e w.

v M 7

n. determine what effect their sites vnre having on surfacs water and ground Y The subsequent investigations documented that landfills watc.r quality.

situated in clay environments were developed in saturated soils, a fact A(* which hnd not been recognized when these sites were initially ]"j constructed. 9 This discovery exposed a conflict between Wisconsin's existing {E landfill siting approach, which called for a minimum distance of 10 feet (3 m) between the base of a landfill and the water table, and actual ,d } practice in clay sites, where soils are typica13y saturated at or near 3 the ground surface. Designers sought a way to retain the attenuative As a capacity of the clays and supply on-site cover materi21 for wastes. d result of these efforts, in 1975 the Department of Natural Resources developed guidelines which allowed landfills to be operated within the {* zone-of-saturation under controlled conditions (Glebs, 1980).

d Guidelines call for a physical setting of homogeneous clay deposits

  }                 vith an in situ hydraulic conductivity of 1 x 10-6 cm/sec or less,
.(                  maximum ex'cavation of 30 feet (9.1 m),.a minimum of 30 feet (9.1 m) of j                   clay between the base of the f'.11 and the water supply aquifer, a d                    detailed hydrogeologic investigation, a leachate collection system and a
.y leachate management plan.

.g The reisoning behind the 1975 Fuidelines can be summarized as N follows: 1he hydraulic conductivity guideline of 1 x 10-6 cm/sec @ represents a value where ground water will seep into an excavation at a rate which is less than or equal to the rate of evaporation in Q Wisconsin. This ensures that when a saturated clay site is developed, The depth of y major dewatering of the excavation will not be necessary. gg cut and the thickness of clay remaining beneath the base of the site are First, while the guidelines call for y important for a number of reasons.

                      " homogeneous" clay deposits, in practice this is seldom the case (Hendry, di Pl.

1982; Prudic,1982; Sterett and Edil,1982; Fetter,1980; Geologic Grisak(till discontinuities et al. , 1976; William and Farvolden,1967).

  ,e                  joints and/or permeable seams of sand and silt) are commonly found in clayey glacial till and lacustrine deposits which can allow for rapid migration of contaminants away from a site in a saturated environment.

gz; The possibility of a direct connection to the water supply aquifer is 4 reduced by specifying a relatively large thickness of clay beneath the base of the site. Second, limiting the depth Third, of excavation minimizes ti- % because the clay is uplift pressures on the base and sidewalls. k saturated its attenuative capacity is greatly reduced over unsaturated I!* soils. 'Ihis requires an added thickness of clay. A detailed 9d hydrogeologic investigation should define the variability existing within the clay deposits. An efficient leachate collection system and a plan y for the ultimate disposal of the collected liquid are critical to ensure that leachate head buildup is minimized because zone-of-saturation sites will begin producing leachate almost immediately. Since 1975, the Department of Natural Resources has approved 121 Figure

  @:5                  landfills utilizing the zone-of-saturation design concept.

7 shows the general location of these sites. In general, all 12 of the sites are located in saturated clay environments comprised of glacial

$@9 412 f.I ti P

L m , c u ; q gy n;g m r .~ ,p vm. r>ryn.ge-x.arguw,memmgm-39?? g 5 _ _ _ _- . - . . , . , .

Y' I i

   .i. _

k

                             ..o 82627 D

2937 8 2975 j568

                                                 '2484
                                            'Sil e2358 678
                                                           ._ \

1

                                                             '573
                                                           *i739.

l FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF THE 12 MAJOR ZONE-OF-SATURATION LANDFILLS s 413 i

till and associated lacustrine deposits over fractured sedimentary or crystalline rock.

~\

J This paper documents problems concerning the unexpected buildup of leachate and ground water contamination which have developed at a number of these sites. Recommendations are made based on either a qualitative evaluation or actual field data for the investigation, design and operation of a zone-of-saturation landfill. If these recommendations are implemented, the potential for leachate head buildup and ground water t contamination should be minimized. Additional work is necessary to evaluate the sensitivity of the design parameters affecting site performance (Quinn,1983) . Development of A Zone-of-Saturation Landfill A zone-of-saturation landfill is' developed by excavating into a saturated clay soil environment. The excavation remains dry because the rate of evaporation exceeds ground water seepage from tight clay deposits (Figure 2). Once the base and sidewalls of' the excavation are covered with refuse inflowing ground water and percolation from rainfall have to be removed to maintain inward gradients. Theoretically, as long as both vertical and horizontal gradients remain towards the landfill, the potential for ground water contamination is eliminated. Water levels in observation wells were used to construct a water table map for the Omega Hills South site (#1648) where the excavation had # already taken place but the leachate collection system had not yet been installed (Figure 3). The water table sloped principally to the southeast prior to excavation of the site. The excavation has significantly altered the shallow ground water system so that now flow is radially inward. Typical Design Variables and General Site Characteristics Figure 4 shows a cross section of a zone-of-saturation landfill. The data represents the typical range of site variables from the 12 zone-of-saturation sites approved using the 1975 guidelines. The most significant variation occurs in the in situ hydraulic conductivity of the clayey glacial till and lacustrine deposits. The results of laboratory and field tests used to characterize the glacial sediments at these sites are presented in Table 1. This table shows that actual hydraulic conductivities of the glacial deposits are 1 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than values obtained from laboratory tests on either undisturbed or recompacted samples. Stratified drift (outwash and/or ice contact deposits of well-sorted sand and gravel) seams of sand and silt and/or secondary porosity from joints in the , saturated clayey glacial till and lacustrine deposits account for these ! differences. Table 2 summarizes additional information on each site. ' ("'; s , i 9 414 l t

I 1 .i O . .

a,v,, y,,e. ..n.,, ,r. . n q. _-. .m. ,;-.-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        . . . ..i. ..
              '                                                                                                                                                                                 i ' ' ' -

UW D,: D'3 l

            ~.%{Glh!K:                                                                ;QY. ? ':                                                      Vp 2::                                                              s                 ~.              .

W d Q f.f. h ll..Cl' (4 Q.: &p' Q V ':%l X (.',1 % ,W LTj m '.% :4

                                                                                                                                                                                                 '*'S                                            i
             .H.RW      g nd"    e)W.;!;..x..

ND!,

                                                   .t -.M.. >.M.WNp'id,                                     .

Mh.h2, i

                                                                                                                      ,I,,'

0

                                                                                                                    .                                                     . .w . .                    '

c.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     -. .w.       . - -

4 .

                                                                                                                                                                 < : W.4.*A
                , ,. m .                                          .'. . . . ; , -; ,                                  -['

t _

                                             .m.,
                                                                                                                              ,                                                       p.-4;myggw;-c -                                                                                                   i l                            . _ . - ... -
                                                                             . - . p p <t -- T'                                                   ,      1.
                                                                                                                                                                          , . ... .,,$. .y. . , m -                    r.. s . py .,, , ,7 . m ,,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   '                   5                              '

i hf '... pdeC ' s".s

                                                   *ika
                                                      -i w.
                                                                               'I -1                                                w*                                                                                   . ,~* . . _ ,,,.;,,,            - ~a.

q ,', ,

                       . , t=-c . s , y~*.                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .     <~ %

W, .i .. 4 n ?,,s. eo c. s .,> .- .-

                                                      .y.Q                                       . i.

gvg,.n -Q3,-).j; 7.O,2 yp. @y, l ijgg3, \ ...,:e s .g .d% . )0 . ,g w $ s g e .g..-f. +

                                                                                                                                                     -  .     --    ?   - w. .
                                                                                                                                                                            + { y,..*.- f .-

L A%q . :. . ./.- ..: n.ps. , . c .s

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        'm ty' .a. .(l- u-[t.1 g. :

1

                                                                                           , . .                9 ..       . , .          <y.

s.

                                                                                                                             .i } e.,
                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,4 . . . ~f
                        , ' .vy
                              .'V .a',7<': . .. ' ~ ' ., . ' - . l [                                                                                                                                                                                ,%, . ,,. L. g s_
                                                                                               ..:.. ,- .}*f* ..,;                  . ~ ., , .%;    :,, . . c.}-n__-Q'Nr*Q
                                                                                                                                                                           .: e .9                                w.,y-f>3         .s::

l .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         , .p, . y . c..
                  . , . - . . ...                                                                                                                                                                                              s
               ;. . . , ~ - -

i

                                                                           .                   ..o..       -  .                                      . .s . 1         . _   ;ny+,. .,L . .m.,,....Fl'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             >=                n s ,:*e i ..

b. *i.

i7y. .,,f. f. ,. *. .

9k f.fL,-), : . .'. y i,,,i :u [ , .(i. .. , .

,x.

n .. .

                                                                                                                                                            .y.              ..

1, ,..

                                                                                                                                                                                                        ,e .. .-..2.,-

a . .,~ .

QwJ.f f_ f.* .4"Ny f.'?. ,..;".f. .:. '. fd vi . .- . . ..

V.

f. ,

                                             . _ . y
                                                                                              .- ; L,              ..
                                                                                                                       ?,;f   s R.. ,Q.r.f.
                                                                                                                                       .                                ; . .4
                                                                                                                                                                                       .e a . ,                       ia.a ..a..  . -+ , . n .a . m.; .                            ,.
                                                                                                                                                       ,e        ,c                        -
                                                                                           .. g                                          . ,.                                  ..,                       g..      ,

lT .. N,,, _f;/ - ,4 - n-wmtw uswuws3 w u..;gy.

                                       .c
                                                                                             ...,..s..                                       i . , < - c . .w.s s .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           ' :, 0 s ..
                                                             .,2.'

Z. , .[ ' . '- , 4;,' * ,'g _ G&

'[

hh M'., %7

Q $fik,$ j h . g g g y p,;.:rgwp d I

j FIGURE 2: A COMPLETED EXCAVATION OF A CLAY SITE WilICll EXTENDS 1 APPROXIMATELY 20 FEET BELOW Tile WATER TABLE I l i I 4 1

tJ, , ( . . I Ja, , Ya_. " ?

                                                                         - ;_,.3., . 3 - . .-- - - _

_.U

              ,,, p c                 - -                       -
                                                                                - - ~ _                 .

3 rro g/,/ 5 g F --- - f

,4%

5->o

                                                                       ,sV.'..

s. N% skw g10 l l

                                     /             ,,              -resd\                     75* Q, 0  g/                                                                   o-)

i \_ s

                  ,l i t, q.za
                                          , bc,p
                                                                                                      - ,. - 4                      ' sng I;.                                                                                                        J, a                       ,_.                 c s                                           t               's\

ji s.. 3 I.l u '"'f( ? %N

1. [T ~2

                                                                     /
                                                                        /                                                                ,st#n I

r f'a,

                 )l 3 \                                             /             \ps                         s . ",            I
                                                                                                                                                 .l 1 %),=. j /
                      ;\ \1                                                                                           ,-                         1; j

3,\\M iW.s - t A / __.a .l i

                      .       %    <r**                    )      tr? /                                   *
                                                                                                                              ,,                  l?

M 5s f ,s's x "; ; n 'q ._~_______.:.

                         .6._ _ ___ _ _     __. + .                                                                    .     .    .    .     .   ,

K o' soo' i l

                                                                                              ----- Property boundary
                                                                                              --rso- Ground surface (Sept. 9.1981)

FIGURE 3: OMEGA HILLS SOUTH WATER TABLE MAP 7<.- water table (Oct. 1981) SHOWING GRADIENTS TOWARDS Tile e s-. Groundwater observation well EXCAVATION ""' (tocation. number & water level)

Direction of groundwater flow I

   .                                                                                                                                                        l b)
\v Refuse (K = 10 8 to 10-'

Laid surf ace g,j,,g,) 4 Depth to water f y f v tacte Depin of - g- (0 20' average) g g -(c.10' average) excavation (20 30' *v Leachate head level __1 average) a 4 Ctay tills and/or Lacustnne Separ& Pipe spacing ation Base sepe des sits (K =

                                                     - (200 400' - a                       to P distanc,e               (1% average)           average) cm/sec.)

(20 5) average)

             %9Mhh%\%%%%\NDh4MMMh4DMDDDD%%

h%%%%%%%%%N'stessh%%%%%%%%N'

             %%%%%%%%%%N%%%%%\%\\%N Not to scale FIGURE 4: CROSS SECTION OF A ZONE OF SATURATION LANDFILL AND THE TYPICAL RANGE OF SITE VARIABLES O

417 C. ,

u O ' - 7ABLE 8: Soll Ot4RACTEntSTIC5 0F 82 20mE-OF-5AhflAll0N LApeFILLS LOCATED IN bl5(XM51N Liguld Limits PlettlC Inden Field Permeability Lalmretary Permeability P290 Content Clay Slae t.005=el (LL) (Pil Ecm/seCD (Cm/seCl License Iso, of ($) No. of ($) Ib. of No. of th. of No. of f Name Values Ranes Avg. Values Range Avg. Values Range Awq. Values Range Avg. Values Range Median Values Range 14edlen Brown County 6:10-8 to 3 10~8 to 2568 hest 70 39-100 79 - - - el 0-54 28 84 0-30 10 30 6:10~4 - 30 8mt0-5 3:10*I Door 2 00"I to 7:10 to 2937 County 8 38-70 62 8 32-42 38 2 34-39 37 2 8-t5 12 9 2:10-6 Sat 0'I 8 in10*I 1:10*8 Fond du Lac 4n10'9 to 2350 County 67 3-100 72 39 0-70 el 47 0-56 32 47 0-35 15 - - - 9 8=10-8 7 10'8 Iteneunee 5m10*8 to 4s10*' to 2975 County 46 2-75 62 7 6-36 21 7 22-30 26 7 80-16 14 8 6m10-6 6:10*I 35 9=10-6 2mt0~8 Land ImIO*I to Sn10' to 572 Rec t anetlen 46 8-100 75 46 0-73 30 46 0-44 24 46 0-26 10 11 3:10~3 3=to-6 22 1 10-4 3st0~8 b N IMI- 6st0'I to 3099 Metro 48 74-100 85 40 42-75 54 49 12-48 33 49 3-27 15 15 6=80'4 3sl0*I 2 2:10-8 2x10-0 NMI- 2:104 to 3:10*' to I678 Oumga Hills SOS 1-800 66 05 5-65 38 63 14-44 28 63 -25 13 16 2:10'3 7.5u604 27 5:10*3 9ml0~8 Ostagmate 2:10*I to 4 10*' to 2404 County 59 26-99 83 59 3-08 50 54 15-67 36 38 4-46 19 39 5:10'4 8:10-5 36 7x10*I 3 10*8 WMi- Isl0'I to 3x10~8 4739 Phoesant llun 34 72-99 87 38 1 0-85 40 23 20-45 28 23 4-22 30 13 2=10'I 6mlC*I 5 1m10-6 600-0 City of . 3:10 to 1 10'8 to 2627 superior 3 95-97 96 3 64-84 76 4 64-02 74 4 41-59 50 10 2 10*S 3ml04 4 8w10-8 Ix10'8 usyerhaeuser 25 0-6 ,, y,gg4 ,, 2873 Company 6 4-98 68 9 5-52 33 7 19-47 35 7 6-26 19 2 3:10-6 3 10-6 8 5 10-6 Isl0-I tinnebago 9=80-0 to 3:10*9 to 618 County 370 3-97 49 - - - -4 30-39 3e 4 20-22 - 52 2 10~3 2410-6 35 2=10-4 2 10-I 3 94418 3

_ . _ . _ __ ._ . . . - . . m . _ . . . __ .. _ ._ _ . _ _ __ c N -

    \
                                                                                                                                                              )     . .

l r 9 ' TAett 2: ENFRAL $1TE CHAflACTEfilSTICS OF B2 20NE-OF-$ATJRAfl0N L ApCFILLS 10CATE0 IN Wi$2NSIN i Total Design Leechste Collection License Design 9olume Volume Prlaciple Weste System Date Filling Ito. Site $1 e titled Iemme Cubic Yards ICYi Types Asceived'8 8 Fertial Fell negan I Acr es t ift e 4 Brown County 2568 West 4 X 100 MSW. INil X 4917 SO 30 Door 1 2937 County 7.4 X IOS MSW, IND . X 1982 i 17.4 20 ? Fond du Lac q 1 2330 Co nty S X IOS MSW. IOC X 8918 16 90 km 2975 County S.2 X IOS MSW. 180 X $963 IS -3 Land l' j 5 72 stoclametton 9.3 N 906 MSW. Ile. W X pre-1970 02 SC WMI-y 1099 14s tro 9 X 106 MSW. Ile. W X pre-1970 96 25 i test-1 167a Omege Hills IS X 106 MSW. lle, BW X 8978 866 60 thetegonle 2464 County 3.2 X 106 g$w, g,e g ggy$ 47 y$ } Isel-1739 Pheasant Rue 8.6 X 106 MSW. lie X pre-8967 I 35 2S City of 2627 Superior 6.0 X 105 ! MSW. 17e I 1976 19.6 70 Weyerhaeuser i 2073 Company I X 10 I lie X 1978 7.5 000 Wlanabaqo j 6il County S.S X 106 MSW. IND E pre-8970 94 to ll) MSW = Municipal Solid Westes IIG e Non-Hemordous ladustrial Waste; MW = Hazardous Weste i 39148t 4 l i

           -         Documentation of Problems

(~') Recent hydrogeologic investigations have documented that many

        \>          zone-of-saturation sites are not situated in a " homogeneous" clay environment. Also, the unexpected buildup of leachate within several of the 12 landfill sites approved since 1975 using this design concept has led to the development of outward gradients and severe ground water contamination.       Three of these sites -- Omega Hills North, Outagamie County and Winnebago County have been selected to illustrate these problems and are discussed in detail below.                              In all three cases the             site owners have implemented remedial actions to help alleviate the environmental impacts. Studies are in progress to define the existing site conditions in more detail and to develop cleanup programs which will include design and/or operational changes.

Omega Hills North The Omega Hills North landfill (#1678) provides an excellent example of the problems which can develop at a zone-of-saturation land' fill. The site has been licensed since 1971. In early 1978, the Department of Natural Resources completed an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) which concluded that the 83 acre (33.6 ha) site was suitable for an additional 6 million cubic yards (4.6 million m3) of municipal and industrial wastes, some of which were classified as hazardous. -

The site is situated in glacial till deposits primarily consisting of f silt and clay-sized materials. Site investigations revealed some lenses i and more extensive glaciofluvial deposits of sand and gravel. The unconsolidated glacial sediments are typically saturated to within 10 feet (3 m) of the land surface. Shallow ground water flow generally follows the topography and was in a southeasterly direction prior to site development.

The uppermost bedrock unit beneath the site consists of Niagaran dolomite of Silurian age. The dolomite is moderately fractured and up to 200 feet thick. Private wells in the vicinity of the site tap the bedrock aquifer for their water supply. l The approval for the Omega Hills landfill required that permeable deposits encountered during site construction or base soil certification be excavated a minimum of 5 feet (1.5 m) and be backfilled with compacted i clay. In many cases permeable deposits were identified by ground water discharge, their large areal extent or changes in soil color. In one area of the site sandy deposits were not properly sealed with clay and leachate escaped into the bedrock aquifer. Figure 5 is a generalized cross section of this area following implementation of temporary remedial actions in August,1982. The cross section shows that the erosional surface of the bedrock is much closer to the base of the site than originally thought in 1978. The surface of the dolomite drops off sharply.co the east, west and south which may explain why it was not discovered during earlier site investigations. 420 a.

( Y s C 2: _ 30" perfora:eo l NR-6 " 830 - Temporary c:ay f.

                                                                                                                                                                                              /                ,

Cutoff was , , O h , , .. e Refuse <

                                                                                  -_-           ^        3 -           ......              , , ..                        .          .

810 - .*f*...', ,s,.-

                                                                                 .~.                                                                                                              ,,
                                                                                                                                     .,                                            d
                                                                                 ;-;                           ,      ,.f.                                               '.

(~ ' ,',

                                                                                                            '. ; . , *.j ,*,* ,           ,       ,                               ;

h',WJ.if ,_ 7 '

                                                                                                                         * : f,*,'. ;*. , ,., -                     '5 r:'

800 O % --'..*-Gravel sump , ; ' * % 4'f' u 1 :; :z .,.c. . . ,. , ;; .y,,,'- a

                                                ..m,.. ,,,,                    s_-                              .'
                                                                                                                   . . . .,          . .           :...              .,..        .> /,,w'ty               7l 790 -                                                 :'                   :

7

                                                                                                                                  '.-=.*,,'
                                                                                                                                                                    ' . * .. ,///               'pf,,'f /,      
                                                                                                                                                                                  '?,,  , /,' /s.     ,/f ' ' y 0          :;,         qw . * . * * * ' , -                                         *

i /

                                                                                       :)'         5;N . , . * * . , , * *                                                            //

780 - :, J.',) , {t 9 - *

                                                                                                                                       ' _ * * *1       ;
                                                                                             .'('h                                 r    sf 770 -                                                  t           :
                                                                           %.=

h 760 - 3 0" O O. 750 - 5 O:

~ .

2: 740 - i Sand, little gravel (SP SM) E Silty sand (SM) g Sdty clay (CL) 2. Dolomite cedrock Wellscreen with bentonite seal 1 FIGURE 5: GENERAL CROSS SECTION THROUGH WELL NEST O N 22 AND RISER NR 6 SHOWING GEOLOGIC ' coNDlIl0NS AND TEMPORARY REMEDIAL WORK : i i l 421 .i

Water quality results from well nest N-22 shown in Figure 5 and an unaffected upgradient well (N-3) document that ground water has been

 ,s      severely contaminated in this area (Table 3). Placement of a clay cutoff
      ! wall and removal of leachate have resulted in some improvement in ground
  ~

water quality, however, significant contamination still remains. The Omega Hills landfill also represents an example of a zone-of-saturation site where inward ground water gradients nave not been maintained. Figure 6 depicts the water table as it existed in October, 1982. Water levels in leachate head wells installed through the refuse to the base of the fill (Figure 7) were also used to draw the water table map because the base grades for a majority of the site are within the z one-o f-sa tura tion. The acceptance of large quantities of liquid waste and the lack of leachate management alternatives were the major factors leading to the development of an excessive leachate head within the landfill and subsequent outward gradients. Outagamie County An example of a zone-of-saturation site where joints have rendered fairly uniform clayey glacial till and lacustrine deposits relatively permeable is the Outagamie County landfill (#1484). The Department of Natural Resources licensed the site in 1975. Initially, 26 acres (10.5 ha) were used for disposal of nonshredded and shredded solid wastes and large quantities of papermill sludge. In late 1981, the landfill was expanded to approxi=ately 47 acres (19 ba) and the total design capacity was increased to about 3.2 million cubic yards (2.45 million m ), 3 The site is located in an area of relatively flat and gently sloping topography with no prominent relief features. Two clayey glacial till units dominate the subsurface stratigraphy. A relatively thin layer of varved glaciolacustrine silty clay with thin to medium seams of peat and pieces of partially decayed wood (Twocreekan Age forest bed deposit) separates the 2 till units. Underlying the unconsolidated glacial sediments at a depth of 55 to 70 feet (16.8 to 23.3 m) are dolomites of Ordivician age. Water table observation wells indicate that saturated conditions exist within 10 feet (3 m) of the land surface. Ground water within the unconsolidated glacial deposits primarily flows to the south-southeast. Vertical ground water gradients within the clay soils generally range between 0.6 and 0.9 f t/f t downward, although values in excess of 1 have been recorded. The median in situ hydraulic conductivity of the clayey glacial deposits is 3 orders of magnitude greater than that predicted by laboratory permeability tests. Test pits excavated in the proposed 21 acre (8.5 ha) expansion area in March, 1981 revealed joints in the glacial deposits. Based on this evidence and the results of several in-field permeability tests, the approval for the landfill expansion required overexcavation and recompaction of the base and sidewalls of the site to provide a uniform clay barrier with a maximum permeability of 1 x 10-7 cm/see between the waste and the surrounding saturated environment. Excavation of the expansion area exposed vertical sets of l -~) l RJ , 422 l

-^

i .

. g F

_TA8LE 3r WATER QUAllfY f N WELL NE$t 4-22 AND LEA (>Aff CUAL ITY IN aller NR-6 temellag Dates 82/14/81 1/18/82 6/IS/02 7/13/82 7/28/82 9/02 11/10/82 12/82

,                               WftL N-22 DM                                                   6.2           6.3                         6.34           6.47                                        6.4 Conductivity                                     8,400        6,999                     7,0$0         6,000                                        3,200 Chlori es                                        4,240          4 72                        786           276                                           el C00                                              0.910       80,D00                                   9,230

0. 990 2,270 fetal Alteilnity 4.520 2,340 2,5 26 3,366 447 7etel Hereness 4. 640 9,660 3,867 4.710 1,600 i S o f eto 5 5 13.7 9

.I 70C 4,250 2,600 3.142 3,049 4.440 Olssolved iron 101.5 122 20.6 42.1 Seelue $93 3 98 240 890 120 Mengeaese 3.27 3.23 142 1.06 1.42 wtLL h-22A ' ed 6.42 6.10 6.4 Condwetivity l.100 1,450 , I,600 Chlorlee 25 193 16 C00 43.9 21 47 7etal Alkellnity DSO l.050 834 Tetel herdness 790 990 896 Sulfate 60 9.0 48

,                              TOC                                                                                          24             18                                           2.3 Dissolved itse                                                                               24             20.6                                        16.8 bedlue                                                                                         3.33          3.44                                        6.0 mengenese                                                                                      0.90          0.64                                        0,66 wtLL N-720 pH                                                                                             6.48
 '                                                                                                                                          6.63                                    . 6.4 Conductivity                                                                            8, 360        1,130                                        1,330 Chlort ee                                                                                     10              $                                           7 C00                                                                                           14.4          10                                         29 fetal Alkallalty                                                                            779            74S                                        723 fetal Moreness                                                                             711             778                                        $34 Seifeto                                                                                      $4             $3                                         75 TOC                                                                                         124              S.I                                         2.4 01seelves iron                                                                                  4.34           4.27                                       4.44 l                             Seelve                                                                                         4.92          0.5
 '                                                                                                                                                                                     S.0 Mengsaese                                                                                       0.66          0.64                                        0. 99 k

i

,                            altfe NR=6 pH 6.S$                                 6.SS Comevetivity                                                                                                             20,000                                    19,000 C00                                                                                                                       29,000                                     3.I40 fotel Alkallatty                                                                                                        10,000                                         ==

Tetel Mergness 9,993 4,1 70 7etel area 402 308 000 f2,900 25,000 39144 1

N i f I 423 m

                      ,n..           - - , . - - - . - - . . , - . - - , - - - _ .                      -, ,..,.,---,n-c..            -.
                                                                                                                                                -- .. , , . . . , _ . - _ - - , .                         ,,,--,.~__.---.n.---

l C,A

                                                   ,"O n                                                                          ,

I.\. r

\-

l '

                                                           ,,L.

r.. . n. \ y , s v.. ,n.., I

                                                                       \
                               ,;;;*                                     't st.,

i l 41'.'. I.

                               ..n       ,,.,,         .                        \
                              "h .' p ".'l.' .       .1               -y n            N             n.

ail,[ . Ws 22:,' H.i,'. E" m ' ,"l". Nk*la 7 99 g I a'V'Y 4;i,o,

                         @fa.
                     -    " .:,g;,                                                           ,c4 4,             o e,               ,m-97 ht S A           g            5 e4                                               ,= al           ,,a.ag
                                                                                                            'g ,,
                     . m
                           *                       'Ya'r

( j io .... mm

W,'t.

                      . =                                                ....              ,,...                 N,
                            ....    -m _        @'

no =j jas g ;;p,,

. 'I'.l.P. . - .,- . '. ' .-.- -- *

                                                                                            ;;4: 3,*"",*=,"T,.*              h neo             .b .,

N e .oo'

                                                                           -.- Site boundary
                                                                            -m-            Water table (Oct.,1982) a n.           Groundwater ceservation well
                                                                                "* 88      (Location, number, & water level)

A mt sa Leachate head well

                                                                                " (Location, number & liquid level)

A n.-s Leachate extraction point (Location, number & liquid level) v Direction of groundwater flow O FIGURE 6: OMEGA HILLS NORTH WATER TABLE MAP SHOWING OUTWARD GRADIENTS 424 s6

 ,n i      i v'

Protectrve steel casing and lock Vented Cap 4 # Concrete (sicced to Dromote Land surface II from well, appr0X.

r)

C 7 .Y

'n.

n? . ;*:. Amm . . . . p.; w, Ag#ef:a ;-~ =.',' :. - e:. : .

                                                        .e::.            ::ce w 3ge.s%.nf.

9 ,\' .*~;/ff ,a 's m/. .,, n a

                                                 -:;g ;                  ::.s:          s,' ,4'.,N sg. s ,    p sentenne ne,iet s'

g

m %$ h q- (5a' .s accror.$..

N . minimum 3-) 6" coli hole NS

                                       - ' \'                                         . . ,(
                                                ->                      x           y    A ht s'N\

5c

                 ,,gej'eaavC n,n,m, r-
                                                                ;                    p w '"'
                                                                                                                          """'""Y ciameter)                           -

p. :. .../ 4>

s

                                               . g. ;;.                                            s ssx.3  s
                                                         . .;.. J,;c.n&ryeruse ,   c z...                      . ..

x fh!*Y.W.i'.I..h N.~~ .

                                   , .. . ~     . . . ..a n .. . .;

gg .;...; '-

                                    ~-                                                    .
                                               . . .y.:
                                                  ... . e x

m-.c :s . x

                                   ,'; : ?..*MM.:;?;:

s .

                                                          )..45;- -. .: . '

Slottes schedule 'Ss . . '-; ' .,. - ; . W' I

                                                                       . t .,' .? .*

c~b Clean sdica sand 40 PVC screen s *

                                                   . . . .       w~r;                                             and/or grani (24 5-)             - p{. *;,;,4. {,. '63 -, *;}l1
                                   "(( i..;,..*.n f
                                                                       .: ;r.ks Y                    - -      '
                                                       ..-         C . ; .,

u Q.. ..\ N.LEACHATE HEAD sm w. . ;; ; sh ,:r ' m y+ .~

                                                        ; *;        .. b. .                                 h hh                        wa a, f

("')

        FIGURE 7: TYPICAL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS OF A                                                                                     I LEACHATE HEAD MONITORING WELL 4

425 l t

orthogonal joints, with apertures ranging from 0.06 to 0.375 inches (0.15 rN to 0.95 cm) wide extending down through the interglacial layer of peat (_) (Figure 8) to a depth of at least 20 feet (6 m). Available data show that gas pressures as high as 15 pounds per square inch (267.8 Kg/m 2 ) and leachate head buildup within the initial 26 acre (10.5 ha) fill area have led to the development of outward gradients and ground water contamination in the immediate vicinity of the site. The acceptance of large quantities of papermill sludge with an average solids content of 20%, use of clay soils for daily and intermediate cover, and inadequate removal of leachate led to these problems. Winnebago County The Winnebago County landfill (#611) is also experiencing problems due to excessive leachate head buildup. At the time of this writing, 71 acres (28.7 ha) are filled to capacity with another 8 acres (3.2 ha) 3 active. Approximately 3,000 cubic yards (2,300 m ) of municipal and industrial waste are disposed of at the site daily. Of that total, almost 960 cubic yards (730 m3 ) consist of sludges generated by paper industries within the county. (Environmental problems at several private papermill sludge sites resulted in their closure in the late 70's. This led to co-disposal of the sludges with municipal waste at the County facility). Flat topography, characteristic of a glacial lake plain, dominates the local landscape. Glacial till and lacustrine sediments of reddish-brown to brown silty clay overlie overconsolidated stratified and unstratified drift. The silty clay ranges in thickness from 5 feet to over 20 feet (1.5 to 6.1 m). The underlying drift is very heterogeneous in nature and consists of a grey to grey-brown sandy silt to silty sandy clay till. Excavations completed in 1983 exposed an extensive buried beach ridge consisting of coarse sand capped by wave-washed gravel. This extremely permeable glacial lake deposit was missed by the initial site investigations which consisted of 46 soil borings. Ordivician age dolomite is located 40 to 50 feet (12.2 to 15.2 m) below the land surface. The bedrock surface dips generally to the south-southeast at approximately 2%. Most private wells in the area utilize the dolomite aquifer for domestic water supplies. The water table is present within 10 feet (3 m) of the land surface and slopes to the northwest. The site has been used for solid waste disposal since 1971 when 25 acres (10.1 ha) were licensed. The fill area was expanded by an additional 30 acres (12.1 ha) in 1977 and by 40 acres (16.2 ha) in 1981. The first area to be designed with base grades below the water table (Site B) is divided into 4 distinct cells. The approval for Site B required a minimum base slope of 1%, a maximum leachate flow distance of 150 feet (45.7 m) and leachate reuoval at a rate sufficient to maintain a

    " dry base" condition. The first 2 cells (B-1 and B-2) were used for

(~T disposal of primarily municipal solid waste. Head wells installed in (J these 2 cells show leachate levels from 0 to 12 feet (0 to 3.7 m) above 426 i

1 , :. l 9

7... d-k

i

                                                                                                                                                                                                           . S'                      *'

[ r,y ', h:..,;:_e .,. .4.yd ..,. j; g .. .,gt

                                                                    - - 2                          .
                                                                                                             #-                                            ,                                            .g q.

yn..

                                                                            -       :>e                                                         , . .                           r.- -
                                                                                -y .1..                                                                 .
                                                                                                                                                                                                   +                                       .

c .y ,,* * * * . " > se I 1

                                                                                                                              .]              ( .
                                                                                                                                                                                             ,f, g,.                     e 8y . '. .
                                                                                                                 ,., . : .                     ..                                              < .. .-                    .n i
                             .t4yF. .,5.,'                                                     /,.           Q.&                 -
                                                                                                                                                                   ,.x J .                                  s.w
                                                                                                                                                                                                              - p l

g, ,.!,

                                              N                                       \ I y ? ;,                                                                       Nh  ,e f .h5 l
                            ~'

l U .i?

                                                                          .: .       . g f ..i.*u q                                         . ., j - W                                         j.-<.;^                           '?-
                               %. * ~ Cf.3,.
                                                                    , ;   5.                                     ,- .a d ? & :-) D.. ~.g?      ... ,    .                            ... -                                 4-. R. D .. C e

i n-.p..

                                   .;                      :.        m . e m .,
                                                                                                                                      ~ ~ -.                     .

_ te.f . . pry ,' ._ ,

                                                                                 -' ;,--- .                                                                                               c . . #. = . pa
                                                                                                                                                                                                        . , . 7,, .W._

7 - d ..F. 4

                                                                                                                                                                                                          .y
                                                             .m.,,.                  ..:           ..
                                                                                                                                      %. v; ~s . . .
                                                                                                                                     +--...,,,,j                                           :_.      ,.                 . A.,: ..r.

3..'.p. w , ,,,,

- ~ 4 4.s . -

i

.. -: - . e; .' , .

                                                                                                . . . . - ,.,                         7 _.;
                                                                                                                                                           . ,3
                                                                                                                                                                         ,                      :: ~ ,. .y                                    .
                                                                                                                       ' ~
                                                                    -en
                                                                                                                                                                  ._ e .;                                                        ~,
                                    -- g .                                       ._]:.: _- -.
                                                                                                                                    , % , -- % - pt                                                                      .q            ~
                                                                                                                                  %--~ ;- , ;

g .;- y ; g.::. k,y y

                                           -                                                     ~                                                _

j '. ..

                                                          .-cr                           - -._ ' ,-],

. . .. % m e _~ ^ ' - -

i , , ^* " l .

                                                                                                                    ..        %.    %'            . .Qw _.___ ' . E ' ;. %

4 y~. ,i. . I l,

                                         . . . ' - . . .. d . . *. (l i Z;1_Q
                                                            ~                     ,
                                                                                  .. . . .. ..                                w                                                      - .
                                                                                                                                                                                                           %._.m             -
                                                                                              - . .: ].,, c ,w., S. - . ,..a...__
                                                                .c             .

q, . -

                                                                                                                                                                   - ~'
                                                                                                                                                                                           ~                       _y                 __

t Y - w .

                                                              \                                                                                                                                                                                  t 4:                                                                                                                                                            .

4 y

g. s .

wc ,

                                                                                                                                                                                                          -                                     l FIGURE 8: FRACTURED CLAY DEPOSITS AT THE OUTAGArtIE                                                                                                                              l COUNTY LANDFILL SITE                                                                                                                    l I                                                                                                                                                                                                                               l 427

In Cells B-3 and B-4, icvain in the base of the cells (Table 4).. Well LMB-4A is leachate head wells exceed 25 feet (7.6 m) in places. installed directly over a leachate collection line which probably (_j accounts for the minimal head buildup of less than 2 feet (0.61 m). The development of leachate head buildup in Site B (Figure 9) led to a concern for ground water quality impacts. Figures 10 and 11 are plots of the ground water quality in well nest P-5, located approximately 25 feet (7.6 m) northwest of Cell B-4. Wells P-5-20 and P-5-40 are both screened within the silty sandy clay till at 19.5 and 29.5 feet (5.9 and 9 m) below the land surface. Well P-5-60 is screened within the dolomite It is readily bedrock approximately 48 feet below the ground surface. apparent from the graphs that the ground water in the vicinity of these Ground water degradation in the area of the P-5 wells is contaminated. well nest began about 1 year af ter disposal operations began in Cell B-4. This contamination led to additional investigations of head levels Although which confirmed the excessive buildup of leachate in Site B. the degradation of ground water in well nest P-5 occurred at about the same time as the leachate head buildup began in Site B,The the high contamination leachate may be coming from either Cell B-4, Site A-1 or both. heads within the site are attributed to the disposal of large volumes of papermill sludge. Not only did these wastes add additional liquids to the site, but the sludge has likely reduced the overall permeability of the vaste mass, which in turn would reduce the efficiency of the leachate collection system. Discussion This paper documents 2 major problems currently exist at several First, on-site investigations zone-of-saturation landfills in Wisconsin. at many of these sites have shown that they are not situated in a

           " homogeneous" clay environment.       Second, inward hydraulic gradients, which are basic to the design of zone-of-saturation landfills, do not These factors have led to ground water exist in a number of cases.

contamination at a number of facilities and to concern about potential ground water deterioration at several others. Rinaldo-lee and Nichols (1979) documented that ground water impacts from a zone-of-saturation landfill situated in uniform glacial clay sediments was confined within 100 feet (30.5 m) along a flow line from the refuse. However, in the previous section we presented information which confirms that leachate will migrate preferentially through permeable discontinuities present in clayey glacial till and lacustrine de posits . For this reason, it is essential that the heterogeneities in a saturated clay soil environment be defined as accurately as possible prior to site development. If site investigations document that extensive permeable deposits such as sand and silt are not present, the site may be suitable for development under the zone-of-saturation design concept. While a detailed hydrogeologic investigation should define any major permeable deposits, it will not detect all of the minor discontinuities. Therefore, the best method for ensuring that a uniform clay barrier O 428 s - - - - -.r- ,w,v -

                               #h              D* U                     eu                a e,s            es        e-                   .

O De e s. O re e P ua eD es se em O 09 4 A e en tm 4 O rt O- Em O D la FT

)'-

M P G D ta m D . .

     ~1
.=

1 i l l

i t III TABLE 4: Lf aOmTE Wa0 LDELS YtstatDe T44 tot SITE e AT 7)( utsedBAGO CDuMYT L APOFItt [ 8985 1982 1980 ( WLL 7/8 S/02 9/93 9/22 80/13 88/24 12/83 9/26 82/IP 3/12 use Wet 9/te 9/15 92/03 e/14 S/28 6/25 m0. 1/82 &ll Cry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry Dry py Cry Dry Dry LP-Sta Dry Dry Gas Ces Gas Gas Ges I* tje-42m cr y 770.e9 770.9 Ory Cry 772.S 7F2.S 778.0 770.1 Gas 771.03 770.13 770.4 772.23 772.53 772.33 T ue-42C 784.7% 784.77 785.00 785.S 789.5% 789.8 786.8 785.1 789.26 783.7 784.0 784.7% us43A

764.35 Gas Gas Gas Gas 778.98 e us43s ea 768.84 768.29 768.32 769.S 2 761.32

                       %D                                                                                                                                     768.32 (Jo-64A Gas Ges          Gas    Gas                Gas        Gas L H 48 s-705.0 787.39 788.47 790.34 795.0               791.0    790.9 LM-84C3 790.29        790.58 791.02 792.39             793.79 193.99 p.44c2 Ory y

LJe-4 8 4 i b i i (Il gese y sees In Site 8 rem 9e from 762 to 766. \ - 'l i t I _ s I t i l

i l

g. - . . .-.-.- - ,,ge=*=* ,,-*-* -*

           . Maj                         "" l m er
                                                                                             ..., e      ,

I

                     #                                   l                                               l 4     .

l I # I ,m.* .. , l l ".. . . . i

PACPOSED 4

l e SITE C s go,, l l g lje* SITE O l (ACTIVE) l e Moi '-88 l e l e n-as ,

                                                          !                 i             4 ... er,-

a!.. --- r. :---Lc.:...

              , SITE A 2 ra a . :4                             %. =             9 4 %,'

l L u. a i .

                                                       .                                       tu ese       C
              ,i
                                $1TE A 1 I mn
                                  ....                    i........ %. . x.. ' %'
                                                                                             ~=

s.

                    *  *-=

3-6 CE L. , j ~% . _ . _' . - . - . s. ' si,, o eod N

                                                            -. - Property coundary
                                                            --- Site coundary
                                                            ....... Cell boundary
                                                            -pro-- Water table (June,1982) s e-s       Groundwater monitoring weil
                                                                **'      (Location, numcer & water level)

A tu.esa Leacnate head well

                                                               "*" (l.oCatton, number & liquid level)
                                                             - Direction of groundwater FIGURE 9: WINNEBAGO COUNTY WATER TABLE MAP SHOWING OUTWARD GRADIENTS IN SITE B 430 A                                                                   - .           - . .

I . l

8. 6 -

p - J ... J 8.2 - c

                                          +                           +

S -l 7.8 - c o

                                                   /e 7.8 -                      t2       e k .*                       '

Q 7.4 - \ o l 7.2 - I 7 -* e.8 I

                                                                               \/V
                                                               +
                                                                                                  \

b s.6 - 1 S.4 d 6.2 T, , , , , , , , , y q r- 7, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,y, , , , 7. , ,,, l 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 l l c P-5-20 + P-5-40 o P-5-60 a j 4 - t I f 3.5 - 3-p 2.5 - yl 2-Wo Be W 1.5 - 5 1-0.5 - O g g O , , , ,,,;,,,, , , , ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 O P-5-20 + P-5-40

P-5-50 FIGURE 10: VARIATIONS OF pH AND HARDNESS IN WELL NEST P-5 AT THE

        ]                                        WINNEBAGO COUNTY LANDFILL SITE l

i 431 C

 .,     't ,   - m wr           ,- ... . - - . ---_ - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - - -- ' ~ ~ _

7 I

 /    g S     5-
                                                                                                          />            '

E Q , l US 4-z5

          ;5 US c5    3~

z-o o u C 2- /* U / V w / h 3-8 %

                                        */         4::S;g O                       ..         ,,       , ,                              ' '''''

i i e i i 1975 197s 377 g973 ' j ,'7, ' t ,'8 0 sa ga ps O P-5-20 + p_$_40

P-5-so 10 .

9-5- 7-t {y s- , I

          *g E

a S-oi o .c gD 4-3- 2-1- l i

                          +
                              ' ii          i 6       i 7 . 7 ;-; 7 r @ ; , 7 ^ W                    '
                                                                                                       -O        e 1975         197s       1377            gg78          1979       950   gal     1982    933     1354 D      P-5-20                        +        p _3_40

P-5-so FIGURE 11: VARIATIONS IN SPECIFIC CONDUCTANCE AND CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN WELL NEST P-5 AT THE WINNEBAGO COUNTY LANDFILL SITE 432 g-f y

S exists between the waste and surrounding saturated environment is to () m overexcavate and recompact the base and sidewalls of the excavation. laboratory tests must first be conducted on representative soil ramples to confirm that the on-site materials possess the qualities necessary to remain in a low permeability recompacted state. Leachate buildup within zone-of-saturation landfills is also a major problem. This is due to factors such as: the disposal of excessive volumes of liquids or sludges, the lack of leachate management alternatives, the use of clay soils for daily and intermediate cover and inadequata removal of leachate. To limit leachate buildup in a new or expanding zone-of-saturation landfill the DNR's Bureau of Solid Waste Management now requires granular drainage blankets to be placed on the recompacted base and sidewalls of the facility. The performance of these drainage blankets has not been thoroughly documented. However, investigations performed at the Weyerhaeuser sludge landfill (#2873) illustrate that a 1 foot (0.3 m)' thick sand blanket is effectively maintaining " dry base" conditions. A drainage analysis performed during the design of the northern most trench predicted that a base slope of 1% to 1.5% and a maximum leachate flew distance of 100 feet (30.5 m) would maintain leachate head levels within the sand blanket. A follow-up evaluation of the collection system was undertaken prior to ultimate closure of the site. This evaluation revealed that while the sludge is saturated to within 1 foot (0.3 m) of the fill surface, initial measurements from 4 standpipes installed into the sand blanket were dry (Table 5). This indicates a " dry base" condition is being maintained at these locations. Water induced into the standpipes shortly af ter installation rapidly dissipated documenting that the sand blanket has a permeability of 1 x 10-3 cm/sec or greater. D ese results are significant because they show that even though the sludge is essentially saturated the driving head on the clay base is typically less than 1 foot (0.3 m). One of the most important variables in analyzing the efficiency of the collection system and its ability to limit leachate head buildup is the volume of leachate and ground water which must be removed, nese volumes can be estimated using water balance calculations (Cee, 1983; Fenn et al.,1975; Thornthwaite and Mather,1957) and ground water inflow equations (Cedergren,1977). While the water balance method is generally well accepted, the assumptions upon which the predictions are based can lead to questions regarding the accuracy of the resulte (Kmet, 1982). Table 6 lists engineered landfills in Wisconsin for which field data on the volumes of leachate collected are summarized. We first landfills are zone-of-saturation sites and the last clay-lined sites located above the water table. Data from the clay-lined sites are presented for comparative purposes. The available data can be used to draw some general conclusions. First, the data suggest that leachate collection volumes for zone-of-saturation sites fall in the range of 200 to 500 gallons per acre per day (1.9 to 4.7 m3/ha/ day). Two notable exceptions are Winnebago p County and WHI-Omega }1111s. We higher volumes at Winnebago County may V be due to the acceptance of large quantities of high liquid content 433

1 TA81.E SIII Water Level fBelow Studge Standpipe Depth Installation Depth to Surface) Mus6er fft) Date Sand Layer 10-8-1 10-I6-81 11-6-81 Remarks SP-l 16.4 9-22-88 14.8 Dry - Dry Dry af ter Installation, dry af ter addition of 25 gallons of water. SP-2 19.5 9-22-88 17.7 Dry - Dry Dry af ter Installation 0.3 feet standing water af ter addition of 20 gallons of water. SP-3 24.0 9-22-88 23.6 22.5 -- - Dry after Installation, 25 feet standing 3 water af ter addition of 10.0 gallons of y - water,1.25 feet of water 7 minutes later. SP-4 89.3 9-22-88 18.1 18.0 - 16.0 Dry after Installation, 20 feet standing water after addition of 15 gallons: 8 feet standing water after 37 ministes. SP-5 9.8 10-8-88 23.6 Dry 4.25 1.25 Dry after installation, no water added. II) Wolf. T., Hermann, D. and Perpich, W., 1988. ' Design Report and Place of Abandorument, Trench 7, Weyerhaeuser Co. Paper MIII Studge Disposal Landfill." STS Consultants, Ltd., Green Bay, Wisconsin. 3914R

7A8LE 6: LEACNA7E COLLECfloat VOLTA *S Fe14 wlS@tipe L AicrILLs Average Area License Total Leechste Contributleg To Leechato Leechete Collectee Leechste Geaeration Collected Collected i loome Year IGalloast IAcrosi Celloas/Dev Gal loas/ Acre /Dev 2464 Oute9amle 1977 369,000 26 Covaty 1970 638,800 al.010 38.9 1979 26 f,730 67.3 6L7,200 26 I,698 1980 1,073.900 65.0 1988 26 2.942 113.2 935,230 26 2,562 1982 4,32S,250 96.6 32 18,830 370.3 1983 7,310,100 37 20,028 124.0 ell Wlaaeceoo 1970 7,038,330 27 19,293 County 1979 12,211,900 714.2 1980 34 33,469 984.4 6,903,000 41.3 18,912 1984 12,006,000 455.7 1982 48.5 32.893 679.2 20,066,200 35.0 55,031 1983 IJan.-Maren 14) 10C0.6 4.936,660 SS 67,625 1229.6 1670 Wi-1970 IJune 16-Oeceaner) 1,083,005 C>ege Mills 1979 33 S,446 165.0 thestern Systee 1900 t,640.360 35 5,065 2,196,17' 153.5 33 6,017 182.3 1988 2,330,130 33 6,934 210.1 1982 3,454,000 1963 33 9,463 266.8 31,942,160 33 84,513 2,631.9 1678 Wi- 1981 IAvowst 30-Coeemeer) Chega Mills 1982 IJeavery-Mev 77 247.700 10 1,998 199.9 311,500 10 2,453 Itastern systeel 1903 Imay 9-Cece=cer) 5,634,630 10 245.3 . 22.905 2,290.5 2873 eeveemeesserCompany 1979 Deovember I-Cecoceer) 439.500 S.S 40,467 1,903.1 1980 2,461,000 7.5 1991 6, 74 2 899.0 640,900 7.5 l,736 1992 676,500 234.1 7.5 1,653 247.6 1983 799,0$0 7.5 2,189 291.9 1099 Wi- 1961 4,144.400 17 0.685 506.8 se tro 1982 2,405,110 17 4,S69 387.6 feestern Systemi 1983 IJeavery-Me,I 923,600 17 6.817 339.4 572 Lead 1992 l Aoril 19 Oeceaeor) 215,200 10 aS7 Pasismet t u 1983 1.230.000 10 3,370 t!.7 334 2569 Sco a 1977 19,900 9 82 Covaty 1978 234,S50 10,5 16.4 test 1979 64) 41.2 S05,950 47 I,306 1980 257,255 17 ti.S 705 41.9 1901 376,901 21 1982 1,032 49.2 992,837 24 4,424 1943 628,007 47.7 24 2,269 94.1 2821 feu Claire 1979 106,040 3.5 Covaty 1980 796 04.6 671,500 7.0 1,840 1988 926,000 262.0 1982 7.0 1,067 l ed . 7 824,000 10.5 2,257 1993 1,389,000 215.0 14.0 3,809 !?l.8 2822 City of 1979 -0 S.S -0 Jonesville 1980 SSS 10.0 1981 1.1 0.19 ( 29,200 14.0 60 1,7 1992 802,155 18.0 1 19?' 260 15.5 149,930 10.0 ell 22.8 2891 Wi- 19 0 700,070 Mwsnego 1982 6.1 1,910 141.0 ogS,000 13.6 1,315 76.9 1983 17.1 2,380 105.3 2992 Mara thon 1991 267,224 Cova*y 1982 4.5 732 162.7 577,148 9.0 1,501 1983 1 79 .7 1,036,470 14,0 2,840 202.0 t 435 l l l \

~~-

i sludge wastes, the collection of large volumes of surface water from open cells and/or inaccurate pumping data. The substantial increase in leachate volumes at the WMI-Omega Hills site is due to the extensive remedial action being undertaken. Four of the 5 clay-lined sites have values which fall in the range of 50 to 300 gallons per acre per day (0.5

to 3.1 m3 /ha/ day). The City of Janesville landfill (#2822) has i

collected substantially less leachate, which may be due to perching of leachate on an interim clay cover layer or to a malfunction of the

'           leachate collection system. Therefore, the data from the City of Janesville site should not be regarded as representative of actual leachate collection volumes from clay-lined sites.

leachate collection volumes vary greatly with zone-of-saturation sites generating somewhat higher volumes then clay-lined facilities located above the water table. Although ground water inflow is important, the acceptance of large volumes of liquids and sludges is more These data, critical in accounting for the greater collection volumes. used in conjunction with a detailed water balance and ground water inflow analysis, should be used to design an efficient leachate collection and removal system. Recommendations A number of recommendations for limiting leachate head buildup and minimizing the potential far ground water contamination at landfills located in a saturated clay soil environment are outlined below: Site Investigations

1. Drill an adequate number of soil borings on a uniform grid pattern across the site to at least 30 feet (9.1 m) below the anticipated base grade in order to characterize the clay deposits at depth.

- 2. Excavate backhoe pits to a depth of at least 15 feet (4.5 m) on a uniform grid pattern across the site to determine if the saturated clay deposits possess the composition necessary to limit ground water inflow to less than the rate of evaporation and to reveal any structure or

permeable zones not readily identifiable in borings.

3. Install a sufficient number of water table observation wells and nested piezometers to define both the horizontal and vertical ground water flow directions. Recommended well construction details are given in Appendix A.

4. Place the well screens in the mest permeable zones encountered beneath the site. Also, conduct single well respcuse tests (slug or baildown) on all on-site wells to determine the in situ hydraulic

conductivities. l 5. Perform laboratory permeability tests on remolded samples to determine if the saturated clay soils possess the necessary composition l and structure to maintain a permeability of 1 x 10-7 cm/see or less. () 436 1 1

                                                                                                     -               ---. - - - - - - - - - ___w-____.,
                                                                                                                                                        ,t w)                      OBSERVATION WELL Protective steet                                      PIEZ0 METER casing and lock vented c3D Concrete (sloped m/                       to promote
                                          -                 l drainage away                        p L
                                                         /

W from well. sporox. A. J. 21

8. .

N/ :Gli U:. N h[/) 'f .i % d.( D$ h Bentenste pellet ' jl f ; ,' M [M seal 9, M (30Drca. $', P Permeatle backfill - - l ,

                                                                    " "*'* D
                                               =

V Sj'#( :'M WATER TAB!.E

                                                      ;       a

g g p.1,-} ScheCJie 40 PVC Packer'g f"a'erial - w., .f .'S:l h$' 03M9

                                                                                            'h            hp t* :-

should entend (meum 2,, g 1 T atove top of screen.

                              *)'". : o',
                               *, ,?      =5.       .

diamete1 ?' J'- Be tonite s?ue ry h

                                  .      =     ..

@% j;e, e '. W '%

                              ' . . . ,M i. ' , .                                                          ,
                                .e* 2..                                                       2          4a +:

Sicited senecu:e 40 PVC scrten ?', *

                                         *i; *.   '

3s s3 9

4 e (10 15') :D:

                               .e ;=c
                             . , . . 2
                                                                                           $N            h gz.

3 .

                             ;;I.                                                                        &
                            ;. nA,'*,

Clean smca sand and/or gravel

                                                                                           &n          7 i:*. . .'** .~.a Q d
                                                                                         .$4
                              '*                                                                                         PIE 20 METRIC
                                            .j            V                               ?(           M@'5-             KirAsaCE 88 k'            'N h                (m area of tievanon M

k g downward oradantsi ditterence between '"% L'N well screens ' Bentonite pellet (15 20*) -

[ seal

                                                                                       '//            //                (minimum 3')
                                                                                       '//            //

e "" 7 Packmg matenal

                                                                                       '.l"T,
                                                                                        - G Y.                         snould artend slotted senedure                 r-                    12' above top of 40 PVC screen           4 A/ ,.;a                      screen.

(2 s-) iE -

                                                                                              .w . ,  .

Citin imca sand M. * * - and/or graver Not to scate APPENDIX A: TYPICAL OBSERVATION WELL AND o PIEZ0 METER CONSTRUCTION DETAILS v) 437

6. Determine Atterberg limits on representative samples to define the moisture range at which the clay sediments can be properly

(~') x' recompacted in the field. Site Design

1. Provide a uniform low permeability clay barrier between the waste and surrounding saturated environment by overezcavating and recompacting In addition to a permeability the base and sidewalls of the excavation.

of 1 x 10-7 cm/see or less, the clay barrier should meet the following specifications: a) Classification: CL or CH under the Unified Soil Classification System b) Thickness: Minimum 5 feet (1.5 m) c) Liquid Limit: 30 or greater d) Plasticity Index: 15 or greater e) Compaction: Minimum 95% standard cr 90% modified Proctor density f) Grain Size: Minimum P200 content of 50% by weight g) Clay Content (.002 mm): Minimum 25% by weight

2. Place a minimum 1 foot (0.3 m) thick granular drainage blanket over the recompacted base and sidewalls of the site to improve the efficiency of the leachate collection system. Sidewalls should be constructed at a maximum of 3:1 (horizontal to vertical) to provide stability for the granular drainage blanket.

3. Perform an analysis using an appropriate analytical model to determine the pipe spacing necessary to maintain the leachate head level within the granular drainage blanket. Do not exceed 100 feet for the maximum leachate flow distance.

4. Slope the landfill base a minimum of 2% to provide positive drainage towards the collection pipes.

Site Operations

1. Do not dispose of liquid wastes at zone-of-saturation sites.

2. In municipal landfills, limit the volume of sludge wastes to provide at least a 10:1 mixing ratio (gate yards of refuse to gate yards of sludge). Also, in municipal landfills, do not place sludges around the perimeter of the fill area ot directly on the granular drainage blanket.

3. Do not use clay for daily cover on the first lift of refuse in order to prevent fines from washing onto the granular drainage blanket.

Remove any intermediate clay soil cover from all subsequent lif ts or use an alternate source of granular material to ensure that the waste is hydraulically connected to the underlying leachate collection system.

4. Monitor leachate collection volumes and head levels monthly so

     )         that problems can be identified early.

(~'J R-438

9..

                              ,-           y_.    ,
                                                                   ~~yyQTfiy~.?;f f yy Conclusions

(_.) The problems identified and discussed document that Wisconsin's original 1975 guidelines for allowing landfills to be developed within the zone-of-saturation are not adequate to provide an acceptable level of ground water protection. Implementation of the recommendations outlined above should limit the potential for serious leachate head buildup and/or ground water contamination problems to develop at a landfill utilizing the zone-of-saturation design concept. References Cedergren, H.E.1977. Seepage, Drainage, and Flow Nets. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 534 pp. Fenn, D. G. , K.J. Hanley and T.V. DeGeare. 1975. Use of the Water Balance Method for Predicting Leachate Generation from Solid Waste Disposal Sites. EPA /530/SW-168. U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH. 40 pp. Fe t ter, C.W. , Jr. 1980. Applied Hydrogeology. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co . , Columbus , OH. 488 pp. Gee, J.R. 1983. The Prediction of Imachate Generation in landfills a rew Method. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Madison Conference of Applied Research and Practice on Municipal and Industrial Waste. pp. 201-224. Glebs, R.T. 1980. Under Right Condition., Landfills Can Extend Below Ground Water Table. Solid Wastes Management. February 1980. pp. 50-59. Grisak, G.E. , J. A. Cherry, J. A. Vonhof and J.P. Blumele. 1976. Hydrogeologic and Hydrochemical Properties of Fractured Till in the Interior Plains Region. In Glacial Till: An Interdisciplinary Study. Royal Society of Canada Special Publication 12. pp. 304-333. Hendry, J.J. 1982. Hydraulic Conductivity of a Glacial Till in Alberta. Ground Water. v. 20, no. 2, pp. 162-169. Kmet, P. 1982. EPA's 1975 Water Balance Method -- It's Use and

Limita tions . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Solid Waste Management. Unpublished Paper. 48 pp. Prudic, D.E. 1982. Hydraulic Conductivity of a Fine-Grained Till, Cattaraugus County, New York. Ground Water. v. 20, no. 2, pp. 194-204 Ouinn, K.J. 1983. Numerical Simulation of Zone of Saturation landfill Designs. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Madison Conference of Applied Research and Practice o;. Municipal and Industrial Waste. pp. 225-241. Rinaldo-Lee , M.B. and D.G. luchols. 1979. Impacts on Ground and Surface Water Quality of a Landfill Located in a Clay Environment: A Case Study. In Proceedings of the Second Annual Madison Conference of Applied Research and Practice on Municipal and Industrial Waste. pp. 431-443. Sterett, R.J. and T.B. Edil. 1982. Ground Water Flow Systems and Stability of a Slope. Ground Water. v. 20, no. 1, pp. 5-11. Thornthwaite , C.W. and J.R. Mather. 1957. Instructions and Tables for Computing Potential Evapotranspiration and the Water Balance. Drexel Institute of Technology, Laboratory of Climatology. Publications in s_j Climatology. v. 10, no. 3, pp. 185-311. 439

p v Williams , R.E. and R.N. Farvolden. 1967. The influence of Joints on the Journal of Hydrology. (~} 's> Movement of Ground Water Through Glacial Till.

v. 5, pp. 163-170. ~

Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Files. Mark E. Gordon, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, Wisconsin 53707 Mr. Gordon has a Bachelor of Science degree in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of Wisconsin - Madison Since receiving his degree he has been employed as an (1979). environmental engineer with the Bureau of Solid Waste Management,Mr. Gordon is resp Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. reviewing engineering plans for new disposal facilities and for evaluating sites. remedial action plans for ground water cleanup of Mr. Gordon is a Registered Professional

   . National Water Well Association.

Engineer in the State of Wisconsin. Paul M. Huebner, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, Wisconsin 53707 Mr. Huebner has been employed as a hydrogeologist with the bureau of Solid Waste Management, Wisccusin Department of Natural Resources since 1980. He is responsible for reviewing and evaluating geologic and hydrogeologic reports for proposec and existing disposal sites, preparation of environmental impact assessments and conditions of site feasibility. Mr. Huebner was previously employed by Sauk County inHe holds a Bache ? Baraboo, Wisconsin as their solid waste manager. Science degree in Natural Resources from the University of Wisc Madison (1977). ! Association since 1979. t f\ \_) - lI

                                                                                           .i 440                                         k 1

                         -a-. u a _,

O 1 ATTACHMENT D O

l l Proceedings ! of the Third National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Ground-Water Monitoring May 25-27,1983 The Fawcett Center, Columbus, Ohio

Edited by David M. Nielsen. Director of Research

            }                                     National Water Well Association Worthington, Ohio Sponsors NationalWater Well Association National Center for Ground-Water Research U.S. Environmental Protection Agency l

Published by National Water Well Association 500 W. Wilson Bridge Road Worthington, Ohio 43085 Produced by l Water Well Journal Publishing Company 500 W. Wilson Bridge Road Worthington, Ohio 43085 k Mi h - - - .._ h sr.cu ,,. - , 4.re was w .,e-,n W MFMY e ? @ M w y_ .v y

m a_;.. . .. . r. a 1 o i. i l Hydrogeologic Investigations of Failure Mechanisms and Migration of Organic Chemicals at Wilsonville, Illinois by Thomas M. Johnson, Robert A. Griffin, Keros Cartwright, Leon R. Follmer, Beverly L. Herzog, till deposit native to the site for natural attenuation of Walter J. Morse, Paul B. DuMontelle, Myrna M. any leachate. A compacted clay liner was used to Killey, Christopher J. Stohr and Randall E. Hughes supplement native tillin at least one of the trenches.The - i Introduction company had applied for and received a permit from the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) to This study was initiated after the Illinois Supreme dispose of industrial and hazardous wastes at the site. Court affirmed a trial court order requiring the exhuma- Several months after the landfill was in operation, the tion and removal of wastes at a hazardous waste disposal citizens of Wilsonville became alarmed at the disposal facility near Wilsonville, Illinois (Macoupin County). of hazardous wastes in the proximity of their community. The reason for the order was the proximity of the site to They filed suit to stop the disposal of wastes and to have Wilsonville and potential for harm to the town from them removed from the site. A lengthy court battle continued operation of the site. The order provided a ensued, and Earthline continued to bury wastes. In ! unique opportunity to examine in detail the effects of March 1982, the Illinois Supreme Court affirmed the the wastes on soils below and adjacent to the site and to May 1981 trial court's ruling that the hazardous wastes measure the migration of contaminants from the buried in the approximately 26 trenches (each 10 to 20 trenches. Work is currently in progress; however, feet deep,50 feet wide, and 250 to 350 feet long) at preliminary results have been obtained.These prelimi-Wilsonville must be exhumed and removed from the , nary results and a description of the approach are I site. SCA Services Inc. announced in March 1982 that presented here because they may be useful to others they were dropping further appeals and would comply evaluating hazardous waste disposal sites. with the court order. The preparations began in the The study of the site is a cooperative effort between summer cf l982, and the actual ex humation and removal several agencies and the site owner. The U.S. EPA has process, begun September 7,1982, is expected to suppied a major part of the funding through a coopera- continue over a four-year period. tiuveement with the lllinois 5 tate Geological 5urvey, Earlier that year,in February 1982, the IEPA discov-whc. e persennel are performing a majority of the work. ered that routine monitoring of wells at the site had The llinis EPA has provided a drill rig and crew for the shown migration of orgar.ic pollutants as far as 50 feet field studies and is performing organic analyses on soil from the trenches in a three-year period. This discovery and water samples from the site. The site owner, SCA was a separate issue from the court proceedings and Services Inc., has provided access to the site, safety exhumation order. The migration rates were 100 to l.000 l training and a substantial amount of the materials for times faster than predicted. Two obvious questions construction of the monitoring wells. were posed: (1) Why were these organic compounds migrating faster than predicted, and (2) What are the Background Events implications to land disposal of similar wastes at other Earthline Corp., a subsidiary of SCA Services Inc., sitesf This research project was designed to provide began operating a 130-acre landfill near Wilsonville, answers to these and many other questions regarding l lilinois, on November 15,1976. The operation was a the impact of land disposal of hazardous wastes, particu-I l trench-and-fill procedure that relied on a clayey glacial larly organic liquids. 413

           ~Q           }b.3 ' -         *ib'lM & T:c & $ N $ ?D Y ?:WYWN$DNA*-

t 3 4 Objectives The project aims to determine why severalorganic _ ,_ \ contaminants derected in monitoring wells around the * .,' ' '? *~^ trenches are migrating faster than predicted and what *s-.~.-.-a. I f,g+ 8d

                                                                                                                                                                    ,, . ,,j ,

the implications are to tand disposalof similar wastes at other sites. The scope of work includes studies of

                                                                                                                                                                   ,y'                f "'f" T j                       ,,

several aspects of site behavior, wa a _?",' ~~ ": -- r ,,, p '-T, ', 7 ,,,,. (\ "'

                 . Site characterization-Detailed descriptions of geologic materials, geomorphology and hydrogeology; i

[1'{ ! j g %(5 %-- ~ _ u .

                                                                                                                                                         !;i N'5'i                             f comparison of field and laboratory measurements of hydraulic conductivity and effective porosity; signifi-                                                                                (';'t";'*";'.f'a a %' ' ' ' ' M)y
                                                                                                                                                                                      ~~'"'"'""**

cance of fracture flow. ejj' --.

                . Organicchemicaleffects-Measurement of actual                                                                           I                           "'

migration rates of organic chemicals through soils at the site; laboratory studies to determine effects of '

f. ,

h-di,,4,$,y,j k,R ! g a e organic chemicals on permeability and pore structure

                                                                                                                                                      . _u D_L of clay soils.                                                                                                                g__ /                   _-
                . Clay liner construction-Effects of wasteleachate                                                                       s *"~'

on 5-foot recompacted clay liner in Trench No. 24.

                                                                                                                                            ,,,,,,,,,,        g,,,,,,,,,

O'~"

               . Acid mine drainage-Effects of acidity and high inorganic salt content of leachate from adjacent coal refuse p_le a        on clay soils.                                                            Figure 1. Site map showing water-table elevation on August 2,1982, and the location of the cross
               . Condition of trench covers-Observations of                                                                                                                                                                                b section, as well as locations of trench areas conditior of trench covers relative to surface erosion and differential settlement.                                                                                                               and SCA monitoring wells and borings in
               . Condition of drums and wastes-Photographic relation to project well nests and profiles documentation of effects of leachate on drums.                                                                                                                                                                                   ce explosive gas meter. A fire truck is on-site at a!! times.                                                          ,

92 Other routine and special safety precautions ara also ; Research Plan employed as deemed appropriate. 3g Multidisciplinary Approach and Safety Procedures @ frc ! A multidisciplinary/multiagency approach was Geological Characterization ' adopted early in the planning of this project. Co. g); An extensive geologicinvestigation and description i roc operation with the site operators improved access to of the site is being carried out to place this site in the the site and reduced legal problems. Consolidation of proper regional geologic framework and to collect i tyi, efforts also reduced the number of borings, samples i th( and analyses. sufficient baseline data for extrapolating the results Fig from our investigation to other sites. The multidisciplinary nature of the project and the eac The geologic characterization is being carried out uncertainty over the potential hazards that would be by four principal means: (1) examination of all pre- wit encountered at the site demanded detailed prepara-viously gathered data and information,(2) investigation unt tions for the field work. These involved organizational of outcrops and exposures at and in the vicinity of the at meetings with representatives of the three government site, (3) study of the trench walls themselves and agehcies and the operators of the site to delineate areas de-backhoe pits at selected locations on and around the ma } of responsibility, liability and allocation of resources. 3 site and (4) study of drill samples collected on and 9 oni Special safety measures prescribed for all on-site staff around the site. were: (1) successful completion of an eight-hour first- anc A map of the site study area and the overall drilling aid training course,(2) instruction in use of protective plan appear in Figure 1. The drilling includes 11 nests of breathing apparatus and (3) a thorough medical exam- Var piezometers and monitoring wells labeled A through K ran ination before beginning field work. In addition, a and two profiles of monitoring welis labeled V and W. a special first-aid kit was prepared, and the route from ; trer total of more than 70 holes. The deepest hole at each

de; the site to the nearest hospital emergency room was nest and profile location was continuously sampled i. upp traveled by the field team. Protective clothing routinely using push tubes near the surface and split-spoon , I.

worn during field work includes hard hat, disposable de; methods for the deeper samples. The samples were ; por-coveralls, rubber boots and protective gloves appro- logged in the field, preserved in core boxes and priate for the particular task. Organic vapors are E pric t'ransported to the laboratory, where detailed sampling I con monitored during drilling and other activities, and and descriptions are being carried out. Sixteen loca-when concentrations exceed 100 ppm, protective 2 stiff tions at the site were continuously sampled for strati- I wea breathing apparatus is worn. Positive pressure breathing graphic, geologic and chemical characteriration. These d wea p/ trenches. Explosive gas mixtures are (, monitored 16 holes with were commonly 30 to is anapparatus 45 worn feet deep, at but all some times when iworking bas: in the holes were deeper, including a deep stratigraphic {

r sem T

N w A

h z _-

        .                            m-rn                                         .
                                                   %,",~               l         *-"""

D

t. -

N

                                                                                                                        .                                              c l
                                          , T'"                         i          -        N                         li h~                     I l 5 ,/,k '"' - [T'T               r~~l/il i 7,T/
                                                                                   ~

i.. AK14

                                                                                            '  .L 77? - fI -~

i i i i T'IN

                                                                                                                                   -,,, rim = &.

Lf'lu - YYY// /// h- {r ;

                                                                               .      r.

m2 l

                                                                 "***'~

t s N. 1 .. . .. :.m. i 3 / 1 7 rir . . e w.

                                                            ~
 ,                                                                     . t J. -                                                                                                    ,,,,,,,

' is ? I t-Figure 2. Schematic cross secion of Wilsonville site showing the sequence of geologic materials interpreted from 4 project borings and the water-table elevation in relation to trench areas. Elevations are approximate

ontrol hole at nest I that was continuously sampled to locally highly jointed. In cores, these joints were

  '5-                          92 feet, where bedrock was encountered. Split-spoon                     typically stained with iron, were predominantly horr
  'O samples were also collected at intermittent depths                      zontal and dissipated with depth.The major factors in
            ,                  from all th'e other heles drilled at the site.                          joint development within the till an thought a be The Wilsnnville site is underlain by 50 to 100 feet of             related primarily to stress release and to ihe weathering
           -                   glacial drift that overlies Pennsylvanian age shale bed-                                          _

'* : rock.The sequence of unconsolidated materials under- T , .;r., -'- ;r - - : .v" lic ; lying the site is illustrated in Figure 2, a cross section of -- .a= '"- et the site, and in the generalized stratigraphic column in li , ; is Figure 3. Figure 3 also indicates the average texture of 4 -

                                                                                                                                     .g              . , , , , , . . . . , , , , . , , , , , .

each of the geologic units underlying the site. M st A coal refuse pile covers about 10 acres of the site = , , , _ , , with approximately 15 to 30 feet of rock debris from an lm ..=: ..... ...- i.- n u ndergrou nd coal mine. The surficial geologic materials e at the site consist of 2 to 8 feet of windblown silt ,, yN,,-u d deposits, the Peoria Loess and Roxana Silt. Benea:h the f.'.W e mantle of loess is a thick sequence of glacial tills with "EI ld only occasional thin, discontinuous lenses of sitt, sand k,[h ,,,. ,,,,,, . . . . W:

                                                                                                                                    ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

and 8ravel. c:=- i The uppermost glacial till at Wilsonville is the (., ; I Vandalia Till M em ber of the Glasford Formation, which . E'b l' ranges from 25 to 60 feet in thickness. The disposal l-; .'- 'i trenches at the site were excavated into this unit to ,,, e6 *~~~~ 1 depths of approximately 10 to 20 feet (Figure 2). The ,'J ' * " " upper portion of the Vandalia Till is weathered to a .I

 '                            depth of as much as 15 to 20 feet. The upper weathered                             , ' . ' .,,

j? I portion constitutes the Sangamon Soil profile formed z,'t

                                                                                                           "- 'k,

'I prior to loess deposition. The Vandalia Till typically consists of four zones: 1) weathered, leached, clayey, :Z;=I - ~ stiff ablation till(Sangamon Paleosol); underlain by 2) Q, ,,,,,,,,,,,,, weathered, leached, loamy, soft ablation till: 3) partly - -.-- weathered, calcareous, loamy, brittle, fractured, dense Figure 3. Idealized stratigraphic column, results of l basal till; and 4) unweathered, calcareous, loamy, stiff, field and laboratory tests of hydraulic l semi-plastic, dense basal till. conductivity and texture of geologic t The zone of fractured basal till was found to be materials at Wilsonville site. Actual trench I depths generally ranged from 10 to 20 feet

                 !                                                                                 415 l

m...u .. .i:.?w. . _.; 2 ..

                          ,v      .
                                                          ;s Y L:.O V s 2." n % ? % 2n M W % M tW W.X'" t

ww: - .

a ..z ~ ~_ b : n ; . . ~ . , 7 processes of oxidation and carbonate cementation. term piezometric surface and in turn the hydraulic 30 ;

These factors appear to make the upper basal material gradient and flow across the site. Core samples from hoi more brittle than the lower basal till. these borings will be used for chemical analysis. Water wa' s The underlying u nweathered, basal till phase of the chemistry will not be analyzed because of interference plu ' Vandalia Till was generally unfractured. Between the caused by the addition of water during the hydraulic ber base of the Vandalia Till and the underlying shale conductivity slug tests. tiez bedrock is a sequence of older, fine grained glacial tills A separate set of monitoring wells has been con- for of the Banner Formation. structed for water chemistry samples. These include at f a c. Lenses of sitt, sand and gravel are present locally least two monitoring wells at each nest and up to 22 aro throughout the glacial drift sequence. Although these wells positioned in a geometric progression from the wei lanses are typically less than 2 inches thick,6 feet of trenches along two lines. These lines have been desig-clean gravel was found in one boring. Where present, nated as V and W in Figure 1. Cores and disturbed sim these lenses are commonly fou nd between stratigraphic samples from the dri; ling will be subjected to hydraulic 2.5-units and subunits; however, there appears to be no conductivity and chemical measurements. the significant lateral continui yt of these lenses. The elevation of the water table at the site measured aut Special emphasis has been placed on assessing the in pre-existing monitoring weJs at the site on August 2, sea normal pedologic and geologic features (facies change 1982, is shown in Figure 1, and in the cross section, anc phenomena, soil horizonation, etc.) in and around the Figure 2. The effect of the coal refuse pile on shallow she trenches to develop a classification for materials that ground-water flow pattern is evident. A ground-water 2-ic distinguishes classes of normal and disturbed materials. mour'd is present beneath the coal refuse pile resulting dril Assuming that all materials within the rrenched area are in shallow ground-water flow toward secure trench bot-disturbed to some degree, sites away from the trenches area B to the west and secure trench area A to the fi!;e have been sought to establish the normal relationships. south. Disposal trenches in each area were apparently con For increased confidence in the stratigraphic inter- excavated below the water table: however, the trenches duc pretations, cores from the surrounding region are may have remained relatively dry during the disposal w nr being collected and evaluated. In addition, more than operation due to t he very low hydraulic conductivity of . les e seven backhoe pits in undisturbed locations adjacent the surrounding glacial till. The presence of the h> c to the trenched area have been examined to comple- ground-water mound beneath the coal refuse pile is g sarr ment the study of the exposures produced by the also significant because of the unknown effects of } hyc trench excavations. acidic, highly mineralized coal refuse leachate on the i bec The geologic characterization is focusing particular geologic materials and wastes of the disposal site. I F attention on morphological changes in the soil mate- Vertical fracture permeability will be measured by I hyd rials because it is suspec ed that organic solvents may angle drilling at separate locations. Three nests con- p Coc affect soil structure. Mesc. and micro-morphological taining three to four holes per nest will be drilled on an , corr features will be studied at selected distances from the angle to intersect possible vertical fractures. In situ g h> c trench walls and bottoms. These features will be hydraulic conductivity measurements will be carried 3 The compared with those of normal samples to determine out, and the results will be compared with previous - min whzther the wastes have imparted patterns of change measurements of vertical and horizontal hydraulic ; very into the morphologies of exposed soils. conductivity. Measurements of effective porosity will - The Detailed physical and chemicallabo. atory character- be attempted where feasible. . tion izations are also being conducted on selected samples The construction of the monitoring wells, screened i grea from the drilling and trench sampling programs.These piezometers and open-hole piezometers is shown in }; sam include particle-size analysis, clay and mineralogical Figure 4. Monitoring wells were constructed by boring sam characterization, petrographic (micro-morphologic) a hole to a selected depth with a hollow-stem auger j cm/ cvaluation, hydraulic conductivity, pore size distri- drill rig. A 2-inch ID well casing with a slotted well

cont bution, surface area, pore volume, moisture, density screen was lowered to the bottom of the hole through f basa and other geologic and engineering tests as appropri- the hollow-stem auger. All well screens were 2 feet j ord(

ate. Complete chemical characterization includes long, and screen and casing materials were stainless i be c frac: analyses of volatile and semivolatile organics and 30 to steel for monitoring wells. Flush screw-joint PVC was g 45 inorganic parameters. used for screened piezometers. fract Following placement of the casing and screen, the ;gg mor Hydrogeologic/ Geochemical Studies hollow-stem auger was withdrawn from the hole, and p hyd: An extensive hydrogeologic and geochemicalinvest- clean medium silica sand was placed to approximately j recc 1.0 foot above the weli screen. A plug of 2 to 5 feet of T igation of the site is under way and includes borings of g basa 11 piezometer nests (nests A to K,in Figure l) with three expanding cement was then placed above the sand , to six piezometers per nest. These piezometers are pack. Expanding cement was used for sealing, rather > zone being used initially for in situ hydraulic conductivity tests at the various depths of the piezometers. Later than bentonite,to preclude the possibility of cracking because cf the presence of organicsolvents. A mixture # { l resu are these piezometers will be used to establish the long- containing 70 percent (by volume) clean silica sand and horr o rela: C 4 1rt 416 )!I

g

gpg I M 'M pi' *kN- l "' 1 y li lP e P i Table 1 failure mechanism because any reduction in the effectiv e Concentrations of Volatile, thickness of the soil cover by external or internal Crganic Priority Pollutants in Ground Water erosion or by cracking because of waste subsidence from SCA Monitoring Wells, w uld increase the amount of water percolating into the waste cells. The amount of leachate released from g Wilsonv.lle i Site (SCA-1982) the cells may be due to increased hydraulic head on the Number of bottom and side walls of the trenches. The condition of Concentration wells (of the cover will be studied in place and as it is removed to fug/U possible 12) determine the extent to which external examination Benzene 18 1 can identify such problems. Chlorobenzene 10 1 The number and condition of the drums and their 1 Chloroform 53 1 contents relative to other w:"a< mil be investigated 1,2-Dichloroethane 42 - 228,100 12 during the waste removal process. This information will ) Methylene chloride 12- 89 4 help interpret the observed effects on soils in the 1 Toluene 11 - 1,030 4 context of predicting whether maximum leachate 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 79 - 10,650 6 strength has occurred. The information will also he!p Trichlorofluoromethane 10 1 estimate the effectise service life of steel drums in landfill cells in this environment. Table 2 in conjunction with the trench investigations and Maximum Concentrations of Purgeable, sampling, the condition of drums and backfill in the l trenches will be recorded by still photography, emplov-

                        .i                                  Volatile O rganic Co mpou n ds .mSoil S am ples ing techniques for stereographic recording. Stereo-from Project Borings (Analyses by IEPA)                                                                                                   grams have been made of the features in the surface of one trench cover and are being applied to studies of Concentration                                               features in the trenches.

(ppb) To better extrapolate the measurements taken in the

1. Bromo,2-chloroethane 14 trench and to record the location of samples taken, a Chloroform 430 2-foot aluminum cu be with holes drilled on centers w ill Carbontetrachloride 400 be incorporated into stereographic photographic pairs Dichloroethane 100 and triplicates. Plumbing and orientation of the cube

                         ]                                  Dichloroethylene Ethyl benzene 120 360                                                 s-                  .anao               u             ~o-w -=                   - -

Trichloroethane 30 5"** ' ' " * * '"*** i Trichloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene 150

                         ..                                                                                                                                 130                                                           W%                                                    -**' %

( l Toluene 1,300 n

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      - Ol j
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          . [.7._i..-i
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          , .             3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    . ,- =
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            . W1 l

l l Engineering Geology Investi5ations = l, ~ j i '

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  '    - j --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      '-                       fi n

I The engin eerin g geology investigations inclu de: (1) ,,,._,,, 1 **' - % - measurement of surface response to potential coal ~ ~ " ' ' * " j ,,,, y,,,;,,,, mine subsidence at the site,(2) measurement of settle- i - ment and condition of trench covers,(3) determination of physical properties and characteristics of geologic , materials composing strata and fill at the site, (4) i 8 recording of trench conditions using close-range photo-grammetry, stereograms and mapping, and (5) obtain-ing and using aerial photography to prepare a model for the final base map of the site and to interpret geologic features. Measurement of surface and near-surface response l to subsidence of the underground coal mine workings

                          !                                involves careful construction of monuments and pre-cise surveying measurement. The construction of the survey monuments and settlement probes is illustrated                                                                                             .           --                  -C---'-----

in Figure 5. - s

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ~
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ~,

Trench cover settlement data from this phase of the

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       . au           .      ~~".'*"'

s , s study will provide unique information in this regard. * ' i

These data will be of particular value in designing .

limited-infiltration, multiple-layered earth trench covers Figure 5. Diagram illustrating the construction of the that appear likely to be sensitive to settlement stresses. settlement probe and monument The condition of the cover is important as a potential installations used at the site 418 7 w

     . - . - - - , -            .-. ., ,, , . ,m.__.-,__w                 . , , , _ _ ,        , _ _ , _ , _ , . . _ . , . , , . , , . _ _ . , _ , , , , , . _ , , . . _ . _ , . _ . , _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ . , _ _ - _

NhSSE i

ic Monitoring wm or 30 ptrcent granular btntonite was ustd to backfill the *** " * *

  ",              hole to within approximately 4 feet of the surface. If                                                                        --
 *f               water was standing in the hole abov e the lower cement
         }        plug at the time of construction, a 5-gallon pail of                                      =       "c$'",# nt '"' --~
 ,     g        bentonite pellets was occasionally used.To avoid ver-(3     3 tical cross contamination, drill cuttings were not used

_l n- g for backfill. The annulus was then plugged to the sur- en,1,i o, face with expanding cement and mounded slightly ~ PVC cas'ne at ; 22 around the casing to promote drainage away from the

         }*                                                                                                               2 M n.10 he               well.                                                                                                     c eaunF ig-     9             The open-hole piezometer was constructed in a ed      y        similar manner. After drilling to the desired depth, a hc     s        2.5-inch ID PVC glue joint castng was lowered through the hollow-stem auger to the bottom of the hole.The
         ~
                                                                                                           ~

s no.e,nton,i, ~ slu"Y ed augers were then withdrawn from the hole,the bottom

2. sealed with 2 to 5 feet of expanding cement as a plug, i', and the hole backfilled as described above. A 2-inch 2v .

Shelby tube was then lowered through the casing, and a _ _

2-foot long sample was pushed and retrieved with the e=cance9 er

 'g               drill rig, leaving a 2 inch x 2-foot open hole at the                       .~

(_,,nopack [' "

 -h               bottom. The hole and casing were then immediately me               filled to the top with water, and the in situ hydraulic                      'l lj__ ,n ,c,,,n y         -   conductivity slug was initiated. The immediate intro-                          I       I es               duction of water applied a positive pressure to the soil,                                           sneiev tue, noie--

I I al which kept the hole from caving in. Changes in water -~ of levels were recorded as a function of time and the

 'e                hydraulic conductivity was computed. The Shelby tube              figure 4 Diagram illustrating construction of d              sample was sealed and taken to the laboratory for                                  monitoring wells screened piezameters af       .        hydraul,ic conductivity measuiements, which can later                             and open-hole piezometers used at the site e               be compared with field tests at each depth in each nest.

laboratory tests of materials of such low hydraulic Preliminary results of the in situ field tests of conductivities.

 ?y                hydraulic c:enductivity calculated using the methods of The similarity between field- and laboratory-derived
 '-      $         Cooper et al. (1967) and Papadopulos et al. (1973) are values of hydraulic conductivity of the Sangamon Soil in                compared to the results of reported laboratory tests of developed in ablation tillis probably due to the clayey, tu                hydraulic conductivity of similar materials in Figure 3.

relatively homogeneous nature of this weathered zone. d The hydraulic conductivity of the Vandalia Till deter. Although the water-quality monitoring wells in-25 mined from laboratory tests of recompacted samples is stalled for this project have not yet been sampled. c very low, especially for apparently uniractured basal till. monitoring wells previously installed by the site operator 411 The hydraulic conductivity calculated from field injec. in the vicinity of the trenches have been routinely tion (sfug) tests, however, is generally significantly sampled and analyzed by the operator and the IEPA. As ld greater than that calculated from laboratory tests for the indicated previously, subsequent to the court order ln same apparent material. Laboratory-derived values for 0 requiring exhumation of these wastes, contamination of 'g samples of Vandalia Till were all reported to be 2.0 x 10 ground water by organic pollutants was discovered by tr cm/sec or less. Field measurements of the hydraulic the lEPA in several monitoring wells as far as 50 feet from il conductivity of intervals of ablation till and fractured the trenches. Table 1 presents the range of concen-n basal till, however, were found to be as much as three trations of U.S. EPA priority pollutants found in ground

 >t                orders of magnitude greater. In the abiation till, this may        water from 12 PVC monitoring wells in the vicinity of s                be due to very thin sand seams or small interconnected secure trench area B. Further sampling will be required l5                  fractures within the relatively soft till. The locally highly to accurately determine the extent of ground water fractured nature of the upper portion of the underlying, contamination in the vicinity of the site.

e more dense basal till probably results in much greater The preliminary results of chemical analyses of soil

 -f                hydraulic conductivity values than those observed in sampfes collected for this project indicate that organic

'/ recompacted samples of the same material. The results of field tests of apparently unfractured pollutants are present at various depths in several f locations. Table 2 presents the range of concentrations 3 basal till are significantly lower than the overlying till of purgeable, volatile, organic compounds found to r zones; however, they are still much greater than the date in soil samples. 3 results of corresponding laboratory tests. The reasons e are not clear for this discrepancy in the apparently 'd homogeneous, unfractured till; the difference may be related to the range of accuracy of both field and l 417

                                                                                                                       ..      i,       '

g;x _-@rp

'coiya                  i j       will enable restarchers to orirnt directions in space.               lic conductivity of clays and as aids in interpreting the tcrnal                 ;       Negatives can be placed into a stereoplotter to make                 field nbservations and measurements. If the results of Ance                           exact measurements of thickness and area. in addition,               these studies correlate with the effects observed in the 3 into                         where joints occur, measurements of slope magnitude                  trenches, these tests could be used for post-closure tests from                         and direction can be made where the use of a clino-                  at other facilities.

5 ) ; meter would be clumsy or impractical. The authors anticipate that organic solvents will play io d j Aerial photographs of the study site will be obtained a major role in the migration of pollutants thrnugh ea th

-(d to                ;         for use as a base map and for interpretation of geologic             materials at the site. The reason is that large increases in iation features. An effort will be made to differentiate bedrock            permeability to organic liquids in landfill liners could from glacial features. Lineaments of unknown origin                  possibly develop by at least two conceivable mecha-

their will be examined by field studies. The authors are nisms: (1) interlayer collapse of clay minerals because of gated attempting by this study to incorporate into waste y dehydration or (2) flocculation resulting from changes n will : disposal site selection the current photointerpretation in surface properties of clay minerals. A test of the cause

,the ! techniques used for mineral, oil and gas explcration and of these failures is essential. If the sudden increase in chate structural geologic mapping. permeability is due to flocculation of clay particles, a hesp viscosity test could provide an excellent means of ns in Laboratory Investigations quantifying the effect. Changes in viscosity of clay Hydraulic Conductivity Studies suspensions can be related directly to degree of ficccu-iard Laboratory studies are designed to provide data to lation of the suspension. A viscosity test will allow a

',the help :nterpret field measurements and observations. rapid screening of different chemicals, give a quick test 10P Tnese studies involve laboratory measurements of hy. of synergistic interaction between chemicals and pro-3reo-s draulic conductivity using selected aqueous and organic vide an evaluation of any corrective actions. Viscosity ce of f liquids. These results will be compared with those tests can be run on all earth materials, and experimental 85 Of obtained in the field. In addition, we will measure the consistency can be maintained by adding water or clay effect of varying concentrations of an organic solvent to achieve a comparable starting viscosity for each test. ,t e (such as methy lene chloride; on bydraulic conductivity. A measure of the filtration rate ofliquids from dilute en. a These data will help interpret the in s.tu hydraulic suspensions of clay materials could also be used to study i " 'II . conductivity measurements and correlate laboratory the failure of clay liners. A filtration rate experiment is

*5

=e l measurements with field data for predictive purposes. probably a better simulation of the response of a c!ay i Additional laboratory studies will include determi. liner material, but the test cannot be used to distinguish 7 nation of moisture release curves, measucements of between permeability changes resulting from floccula-

-a                {            effective porosity and delineation of unsaturated flow              tion and those owing to shrinkage of the clays caused by I             characteristics of soil materials from the site. These              organic-induced dehydration and interlayer collapse of
                 }             measurements will be carried out in aqueous media and               clays. Once the mechanism of failure is clarified, a as a function of organic solvent concentration.                     filtration rate measurement could represent a rapid y                                                                                  method of screening numerous chemicals and clays.

I

                ]'t            Screening Test for Leachate Effects on Clay                               if part or allof theincreased permeability (syneresis effect) that is due to organic chemicals results from A related question that this project will atterrpt to
                #                                                                                 shrinkage of clays (because of dehydration and replace-answer is how can the potential for clay liner failure

( from leachate attack be identified at operating and ment of associated interlayer water),this phenomeacn i closed facilities. Because it is difficult to predict leachate should be rraasurable by X ray diffraction. This experi-2 composition (particularly for mixed-waste facilities), ment would be carried out using smectite clay and and because teachate composition changes gradually indigenous materials. Appropriatequantities of organic with time, it is possible that incompatible waste / clay chemicals will be added to the test samples, and X-ray liner combinations may fail to be identified during the diffraction will be used to check repir. cement of inter-4 design of the facility. lf reference samples of the clay are crystalline water. If the rate of replacement is deter-taken during construction and preserved, then testing mined to be a significant factor, this variable will also be can be conducted during facility operation or after measured with diffraction techniques. closure using samples of leachate taken at those times. lf All of the above field and laboratory data will serve appropriate tests have been p eviously identified and as input for computer models that will be used to correlated with the behavior of clays in the field, then attempt quantitative predictions of water balance, the potential for clay liner failure can be evaluated with ground-water movement and pollutant migratian

              ,              greater confidence than is possible during the design               across the site. Predictions made with the computer phase of a facility. In this project, samples of currently          models will be compared with actual field measure-

' c. ments, and the implications of predicting future migra-

produced leachate, affected clays from the facility and unaffected clays from outside the facility are available. tion of contaminants from the site will be discussed. i This situation presents a unique opportunity to evaluate Discrepancies between predicted and actual observa-

           .L                the feasibility of developing a screening test for clay             tions will be interpreted with respect to the design of liner failure.                                                      earthen liners and covers for landfills, and with regard 58           b                     Measurements of the viscosity and filtration rates of          to the implications to the permit process for new waste leachate-clay suspensions will be evaluated for use as a            disposal sites and post-closure processes for existing
     '                                                                                           sites.

screening test to identify leachate effects on the hydrau, J/ 419 G

                                                                                                                           . - .,al
                                                                                                       ? ; , m. v.. c.:.
           .                         .'       . . .-   p .; t Y ~ J y V:? y R b                                              -- '

Current Status and computer modeling of contaminant migration The major efforts of this project to date have been resulting from the disposal of hazardous chemical the installadon of wells and the collection of samples wastes and low-level radioactive waste. He also has outside of the disposal pits. Soil horings and installation experience in the monitoring of contamination and O of monitoring wells have been completed. Analyses of water, leach,re and soil samples are continuing. Pre-modeling of soil-water movement in the unsaturated zone and is working on a project to design and test i

liminary enr ,ination of samples from the soil borings infiltration-limiting covers for waste disposal sites. and observations made in backhoe pits on and around the site indicate that sandy layers within the clay till are not continuous and thus cannot account entirely for the observed contaminant migration. The significance of discontinuities and joints exposed in the till by backhoe pits remains to be determined. Laboratory , studies of hydraulic conductivity, contaminant adsorp- ' tion and screening tests for leachate attack on clays are currently being initiated. Acknowledgments P.B. DuMontelle, C.J. Stohr, M.M. Killey and R.E. Hughes of the Illinois State Geological Survey are conducting significant portions of the investigation described in this report. The authors wish to acknowledge partial support of this project by SCA Chemical Services Inc.,Wilsonville, lilinois, the !!!inois Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, under Cooperative Agreement No. R810442-01. " The authors also gratefully acknowledge S. Otto,J. Hurley, D. Tolan and K. Bosie of the Illinois Environ- '[ E l mental Protection Agency and C. Kush, J. DiNapoli and V. Poland of SCA Services Inc. for their assistance ..* during this project. ! s Dr. Michael Roulier was the U.S. EPA project r ( officer. y ,_

                                                                                                                                           'S              T References                                                                                                                                           a 4

Cooper, H.H., J.D. Bredehoeft and 1.5. Papadopulos. c 1967.Responseof a finite diameterwelltoaninstan- [

ti taneous change of water. Water Resources Research, tr t

v. 3, no.1. pp. 263-269.

i S Papadopulos, S.S., J.D. Bredehoeft and H.H. Cooper. cr 1973. On analysis of " slug test" data. Water Re-il sc sources Research, v. 9, no. 4. pp.1087-1089 p' I. ! SCA Chemical Services Inc.1982. Comprehensive l report: hydrogeology of the Earthline site, Wilson- {;. rr ville, Macoupin County, Illinois. SCA Chemical li 9 Services Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. 40 pp. plus y lir appendices. J f at

t. ? el BiographicalSketch Q~ m.

t p pr Thomas M. Johnson is an associate geologist in the l Hydrogeology and Geophysics Section of the Illinois M j { d. to Si? l State GeologicalSurvey where he has worked for eight I S. pr. years. He obtained his B.A. from Augustana College A grc (Illinois), M.S. in geology and water resources manage- f

                                                                                                                                      ;l           .

sar ment from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and 3 ( is completing a Ph.D. in geology at the University of Illinois. In his work at the survey and in part-time j .y;. at hp S , consulting, Johnson specializes in field investigations th( j 420 l hB!T

4 ,s., ,- . - , s& 4- -,x4...-w1--a- u 4+ g- A a-a, ,e> A_4 - - - . , -a+-,-a __ "'~ a ~m ea am.a ,w'"'s_ -- d., m_a s au,a - a i O t

i 4 2 i i o ' ATTACHMENT E IJ h I I I iO J I i I I h

   .- , -   ,r- - -.-.. . . _ - , . ._, . , _ - - ,__-___ . - . ,- _ _ _ -_ . _ _- _ , . . _ , - - . - ._.-- .___.,,,. . . . _ . _                                        .___,__y_,          , -            - - . - .__ _         ,,, - - - _ , . ,

o Proceedings ofthe Third National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and Ground-Water Monitoring May 25-27,1983 The Fawcett Center, Columbus, Ohio Edited by David M. Nielsen, Director of Research National Water Well Association Worthington, Ohio Sponsors National Water Well Association National Center for Ground-Water Research U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Published by National Water Well Association 500 W. Wilson Bridge Road Worthington, Ohio 43085 Produced by Water Well Jo0rnal Publishing Company 500 W. Wilson Bridge Road Worthington, Ohio 43085

o Ground-Water Monitoring in Clay-Rich Strata-Techniques, Difficulties and Potential Solutions by Clifford R. Pollock, Gary A. Roboins and northwest. This lake occupies part of the initial box cut Christopher C. Mathewson of the original mine. Two other wells were sited 1,000 feet apart near the center of the site and on a line parallel to the lake's longer dimension. Small ponds introduction border the site to the north, east and southwest. After The characterization of ground-water conditions in mining, the land in this part of the mine was left as clay-rich strata is essential in siting of waste disposal f acilities, determining surf ace mining impacts and invest-igating subsurface conditions at construction 5:tes. MON!TORING SITE Lucations underlain by clay-rich strata are favored by o BH-2 federal and state guidelines for the siting of waste disposal facilities. Clayey sites are preferred due to their low permeability and high contaminant adsorption potential. Surface mining regulations mandate that g i both pre- and post-mining ground-water conditions be 4 characterized. These surface mines are commonly @. 3 l located in clayey terrain. With respect to construction sites, ground-water conditions in clays can have a significant bearing on settlement, excavation stability and seepage.

2 Ground-water characterization entails the defini-

      ' tion of hydraulic properties, determination of ir situ                                            o BH-l ground-water quality, and establishment of a monitor-                          LAKE ing system to detect pollutants. The techniques that a.e most commonly used were developed for monitoring programs in sand or gravel aquifers.While developing a monitoring program in clay-rich mine spoil, we have found that these techniques may be difficult to apply.

This paper emphasizes inherent difficulties in character- ,ggg i izing in situ ground-water quality and detecting con- '"' taminants in clay-rich strata, and it proposes methods N for their resolution. e MONITORING WELL Monitoring Site @ COMBINED BOREHOLE AND WELL i Ground-water conditions in resaturated mine spoil o BOREHOLE were studied at a Gulf Coast surface coal mine. Four monitoring wells were installed in an area that had been Figure 7. Plan view of study area, showing location of ( ) monitoring wells andlake. Fonds that bor-mined more than 25 years ago (Figure 1). Two of these wells were placed along a spoil ridge beside a farge der the site on the north, east and southwest runoff-collecting lake that bounds the site cn the are not shown 347

                                                             "                      -            - - -                     - _ _ _ _ __ T

Bas:d on this data and thesurfaca ebyations of thalake

      -   parall:1 r:ws of spoil ridges s;parat ,d by dnp narrowand ponds, there appears to be a ground-water ridge valleys. Tha land at the monitoring sita has since b:en              beneath the site. Figure 3 is a schematic cross s:ction leveled, leaving only a thin strip of spoil ridges alongside         through the spoil perpendicular to the ground-water thelake.                                                             ridge. West of the ridge crest, ground water discharges Sediments in the mine overburden were depositedto the lak e. East of the crest, flow is toward the southeast.

in a clay-rich interchannel basin between major distrib-This configuration has been induced by the recent

        )
     #     utaries of an ancient delta system. The overburden lowering of the lake level by the mine operators. Based consists of thick sequences of delta plain claystones and            on topographic analysis and water levels in nearby siltstones with a few coal seams and thin, discontinuous wells, it appears that the potentiometric surface origin-                                 ~

sandstone deposits. These layers are randomly mixedally sloped uniformly to the southeast. during the mining process to produce a homogenized and unconsolidated fill, or mine spoil. Pollock (1982) found that this spoil contains gravel- to cobble-sized i e+2 es i chunks of overburden in a clay / silt matrix Many of the 4 spoil samples are sand-silt-clays with approximately %[,1 equal weights of sand , silt- and clay-sized grains. The

                                                                                                                                              ^               (f, rest are clayey silts and a few silty clays or sandy clays.                                                                        sg             tOf,{p3 The mine is located within the geographic recharge
                                                                                   -o
                                                                                                '                                              9,,            M zone of a major aquifer, but little recharge enters this aquifer through the clay-rich overburden. Most of the .c i

f hw recharge occurs outside the mine boundaries where : .

                                                                                                                                                     ,          f,jk thick sandstones crop out at the surf ace.The shallowest significant aquifer at the mine lies at least 60 feet                                         '

x ; 3$ I,M beneath the mine floor. This aquifer, which contains # ' -

                                                                                                                           -                   "+

thick channel sandstones and occasional shale lenses,is i separated from the mine spoil by dense claystones and N shales. N ~ 9 i:? g l 'gh Field Investigation k:- gui. a; During the field investigation, test holes were drilled :=e , j s y _pa 34 ) E

/'

to serve four purposes: xEv {pj

1. To determi ne the piezometric surface and the -

                                                                                                                                                  .              w g ,,,sn,o,w, ,(5*

direction of local ground water flow.

2. To assess the long-term impacts of surface mining O d*"7,n';",;" Q 'd ' ,/ r ==

on ground-water quality. g muc,oo M -t Ad

3. To evaluate hydraulic properties of the mine "'*"'* ["'"

spoil. ** g;j

4. To collect borehole samples and develop a 'w detailed geologic section of mine spoil at the site. E snee or cor The rest holes wee drilled using an air rotary rig so g g, ,,, , ,M that water bearing zones could be readily identified as je they were encountered. Mine spoil was found to be saturated below a depth of 20 to 25 feet in each hole.

The holes were completed to the mine floor at depths of figure 2. Geologic section through study area, show-43 to 70 feet using water instead of air. To avoid ing typical profiles of mine spoiland introducing contaminants to the ground water, drilling underburden muds were not used. At each test hole, 4-inch PVC sraric waren tevet. auty isei slotted screen and casing were installed.The weils were sc gravel-packed and developed by surging, jetting and i N*

a. , _ -

air-lift pumping. Submersible pumps were placed in

1,,,,,,, ,, n ,'

each well for water-quality sampling and well pumping i i 8 ">' j

                                                                                  ! '" '           i l.

tests. 3' .

                                                                                                                               No','"* ];

i Continuous samples of mine spoil were collected from each test hole using thin-walled push tube samp- j "*; ' ll l , lers. As shown in Figure 2, sandy claystones with shale u oisto.no i p chunks and clayey siltstones with chunks of sa.1dstone """""""" "Y' e e g I( ) m and shale make up much of the spoil. Both of these fill materials have a similar clay / silt texture. In effect, the E']l

                                                                                      .a, ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

oist.ce- nur ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, l" mming process has created a single layer of homogen-

ized, fine grained, unconsolidated fill.

s Figure 3. Cross section through resaturated mine

Water levels in the test wells were allowed to spoil equilibrate for several days and were then measured.

348 A

.~ Spoil Hydrculics proctdura us d h;ra to sampit wtlls involved a

  .       The resaturat;d mine spoil exhibits characteristics       syst:matic colltction of wat:r sampirs following inter-of both water-table and confined systzms. Hydraulic            mitttnt pumping.The pH, ttmperature and electrical properties were evaluated using slug tests and pumping          conductivity were measured after each pumping tests. The spoil has a very low specific yield of 0.02 to      interval to determine if these parameters had stabil-0.04, a low transmissivity of 50 to 250 square feet / day      ized. Temperature and pH stabilized quickly, but the and a mean hydraulic conductivity (permeability) of            electrical conductivity took much longer to stabilize.

9 10-3 to 10 4 cm/second, or approximately 5 feet / day. When all of these parameters did stabilize, samples were collected for chemical analys:s. The hydraulic conductivity is strongly anisotropic.' Pumping tests using the Neuman (1975) method yield The ground water in the clayey mine spoil was an average horizontal permeability of 10-) to found to be a highly mineralized, essentially neutral 10-4 cm/second (8 feet / day) and an average vertical pH water of the Ca-(Mg)-Na-50,-HCO 3-Cl type. Its permeability of 10-6 cm/second (0.0M feet / day). Slug general characteristics are given in Table 1. This water tests yielded an average horizontal permeability of 10-4 has a high suspended solids content, particularly of cm/second (4 feet / day). The rr ,ximum ground-water clay-sized particles. Cations and trace elements were flow velocity is computed to be 3 to 30 m/ year (10 to 100 measured using carefully filtered aliquots that had feet / year) in a southeasterly direction. been acidified for preservation using concentrated To further assess the permeability of mine spoil, nitric acid. Despite repeated filtration using 0.045 falling head permeameter tests were conducted in the millipore paper,allof the suspended solids could not laboratory. These tests measured the hydraulic con- be removed. Thus, acidification of particulates may ductivity of undisturbed spoil samples taken at various have influenced the cc,ncentrations of certain heavy borehole depths. Prior to testing, e:ch sample was metal trace elements, consolidated for 24 hours under a load that was The commonly used well volume approach for computed to be equilvalent to the in situ effective collecting representative water-quality samples works stress. Average values of hydraulic conductivity ranged poorly in clay-rich strata. This procedure calls for the from 10 6 to 10-8 cm/second. This is the same range as withdrawal of a specific number of well volumes of that mean red in the field for the vertical permeability. water from monitoring wells prior to sampling. Schuller Given the orders-of-magnitude difference between and others (1981) suggest that withdrawing 4 to 6 well laboratory and field results, the use of laboratory results volumes prior to sampling will remove stagnant water to predict field conditions in clay-rich strata appears to from the well and produce a sample representatwe of be highly questionable. Differences between labor- in situ ground water. A representatiw sample may be atory and field results are probably due to the measure- collected quickly from a monitoring well in a high-ment of different flow directions and to the elimination yielding sand or gravel aquifer, but this method takes of fracture flow in the laboratory samples. much ionger for wells in low-yielding clays. Monitoring During pumping tests, the water table drew down wells in the clayey mine spoil pumped down quickly quickly and recovered very slowly. In one test, a and took up to 24 hours to fully recover. Therefore, it drawdown of 40 feet was measured during an interval could conceivably take days to obtain a representative of a few minutes; full recovery took almost 24 hours. sample by the well volume procedure. A pumping rate of 13 gallons / minute was used for The concept of a representative sample assumes that test. Since the spoil has such a low yield, very low that in situ ground-water quality is homogeneous due pumping rates were required to prevent such rapid to rapid mixing within the aquifer. This assumption is drawdown. Effective pumping rates of less than 1 gallon / minute were used during most of the tests. Despite the low pumping rate, rapid siltation still caused problems during pumping tests at one of the Table 1 monitoring wells. \ Vater Quality of Resaturated Mine Spoil Water-Quality Sampling Parameter Data Water quality samples were collected using the pH 6.7 - 6.9 standard sampling procedure of the U.S. Geological Survey for pumping wells. This procedure is discussed TDS (mg/L) 3,300 - 3,700 by Wood (1976) and calls for frequent in situ measure- Dominant cations (mg/L) g ment of electrical conductivity, temperature and pH Calcium 380 - 600 until these parameters stabilize; then a water sample Magnesium 125 - 165 is collected for chemical analysis. Schmidt (1982) Sodium 265 - 550 notes that monitoring wells need to be pumped 30 t Dominant anions (mg/L) 60 minutes at rates of 20 to 50 gallons / minute before 700 - 900 Bicarbonate these parameters normally stabilize. Low well yields Sulfate 750 - 1,100 m clay-rich strata can commonly restrict pumping Chloride 500 - 900 rates to much less than 20 gallons / minute. Effective Type water Ca-Na-50,-HCOfCl j pumping rates of 1 to 5 gallons / minute were typical

,   for monitoring wells in the clayey mine spoil. The s

349

probably not valid for saturatcd clay-rich strata whtre Table 2

  . mixing is slow and zones or laycrs of difftring water           Wattr-Quality Data Frern Well Pumping Test quality can (volve. Tabla 2 shows tha efftet of wcll pumping on ground-water quality in the clayey spoil.                                      Cumulative gallons pumped The water chemistry is seen to vary as a function of the        Parameter               23         29          35        52 cumulative volume withdrawn, with changes in the                Cations (mg/L)

O D major constituents of a few percent to 30 percent. This data represents approximately 2 well volumes of water Calcbm 387 378 431 385 Magnesium 136 129 153 138 withdrawn over a period of several hours. The observed 654 570 530 Sodium 692 chemic:t changes raise an important question: What Potassium 10 10 11 10 does the data reflect-well effects or actual variations Total Iron 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 in in situ water qualityi Anions (mg/L) Bicarbonate 789 752 900 876 Water-Quality Mapping 1,398 1,200 1,186 Sulfate 961 The authors attribute the well pumping chemical Chloride 668 625 699 703 changes to systematic variations in the in situ ground-water quality. To examine these variations, concentra. Others tion contour maps were prepared for each major Silica (mg/L) 50 54 35 33 TDS (mg/L) 4,200 3.900 4,050 3,700 constituent. The concentrations of most major consti. tuents have been found to vary systematically as a Temp. ('C) 22.5 24.8 26.4 28.1 pH 6.85 6.70 6.85 6.75 function of distance from the lake. Figure 4 is the concentration contour map for chloride. Each contour line represents an effective chloride concentration, or Note: 1 well volume = 23 gallons activity, in milliequivalents/ liter. It is clear that the chloride values decrease with distance from the lake. The activity profiles for chloride, sodium and calcium Similar maps show that sodium, sulfate and bicarbonate are shown in Figure 5. Each profile was drawn along a concentrations increase with distance from the lake, line from the lake's edge through monitoring wells 3 while calcium and magnesium concentrations decrease. and 4. Systematic variations are apparent in each Activity profiles were used to discern systematic profile. The chloride profile resembles the pattern that variations in these geochemical trends,if any did exist. results from the simple dispersion of a nonreative solute. Similarly, the profiles for sodium and calciem are like those that result .from ion exchange. The CHLORIDE ACTIVITY CONTOURS anomalous pattern from 0 to 100m is most probably due to a localized reversal in ground-water flow that began several years ago when the lake was lowered to its present elevation. The effect is restricted to only 100m by the slow ground-water flow velocity, which is only 3 to 30m/ year. s o' *' ACTIVITY PROFILES

2

                                  ..                                                             ci-h                    &

l $/ / 16- Na+

                                              .                            e lr E 12   -

LAKE $ g y - h8 - Coa

DISPER$loN - Cl" 4 . DESoRPfloN- No+

o 2so ADSORPTION- Co8 + meers O e uonooring weil o loo zoo soo 4co soo DISTANCE ALoNG PROFILE (m) M Contours of chloride in milliequivalents per liter figure S. Typical activity profiles of in situ ground figure 4. Concentration contour map for chloride water 350

t < 4 4 w-To furth:r assess the evidsnca for systzmatic varia- ACTIVITY - DISTANCE

       . tiansin gr:und wattr quality,lintar rtgrtssion analysis was ustd. Data frcm th e monitoring wills was analyzsd                          as                                     iz-               .

with respect ro well depth and distance from the lake. it h . was assumed, for the purpose of analysis, that the lake _g *

Y, was the primary source of recharge for ground water in [ 5g C'1 the clayey spoil. Figure 6 shows V analyses for most of the major ground-water consti- tuents. Also plotted but not used in the analyses was used to obtain a first-order approximation of o o m 4 o o regression analysis does provide a simple tool to examine these trends and see how spoil water may j 'I evolve from lake water. j '{[' the calcium and chloride concentrations show a sys- evolving. it is evident that the ground water is depleted in sodiurh with respect to lake water; enriched in calcium, sulfate, and bicarbonate; and unchanged for dispersion and the exchange of calcium ions for the clayey mine spoil. Bicarbonate and sulfate enrich- ment probably result from mteractions among the have been identified as the primary geochemical pro. spoil water will evolve into a Na-Ca-HCO -CI-type 3 l water with moderate TD5 as it flows slowly through the quality in clay-rich strata will usually not be homogene- 5 * the activity-distance i ~ % e- 3 4 is the water chemistry of the lake. Linear regression analysis f 2co ,co cisTAnet (=> oisTANec(mi hydrochemical trends. It is recognized that purely linear variations in ionic species do not exist. However, i2 - it - . = e Regression analysis reveals that the sodium, b,i car- , , , ,- i bonate and sulfate concentrations systematically in- y4- "p*rt crease as a function of distance from the lake. Likewise, p { og og ,go go tematic decrease. Comparing the 'ake chemistry to the oisTANet (m> oisTANCE (m) projections of the original concentrations on the diagrams provides insight into how the ground water is 24 - 3 , i . { I chloride. The same trends would result from chloride j[ , g e-sodium ions on clay particles in the saturated z.one of - o g oisTANCE (m) processes of gypsum dissolution, pyrite and organic oxidation, and the dissolution of carbonates in the figure 6. Activity-distance diagrams /or major presence of free acids. ground-water constituents Our findings on spoil water trends are consistent with those reported by Henry and others (1980) for strata is characterized by high TDS and systematic ground water in the unmined formation. On a regional variations in chemical quality. These characteristics can basis, ground water evolves from a highly mineralized make it very difficult to detect contamina nts. Monitorin g water at shallow depths through a Na-Ca-HCO3 -CI-type problems can include the masking of contamination water with moderate total dissolved solids (TDS) at plumes or haloes, the potential masking of organic or intermediate depths to a Na-HCO3-CI-type water with heavy metal tracers used to detect contamination, and lower TDS below 1,000 feet as it flows to the southeast. false indications of temporal variations in the in situ ton exchange, sulfate reduction and chloride dispersion water quality. Contamination at sanitary landfills is commonly cesses active in the saturated zone. Our regression detected by higher-than-normal chloride and alkalinity analyses suggest that similar processes are active in the concentrations in the ground water. The haloes or young spoil ground water. Pollock (1983) predicts that plumes that form generally stand out against the lower l background concentrations in sand or gravel aquifers. Plume delineation may be much more difficult in clayey mine to the southeast. At depths of150 to 200 feet at the strata. Here,the characteristically high TDS and alkalinity downdip mine boundary, it should resemble ground can make it difficult to distinguish contamination from water at the same depth in the unmined formation. background conditions. In the same manner, organic it is apparent from our studies that ground-water contamination may be difficult to detect in clayey strata. Many clay deposits have formed in organic-rich environ-ous. Instead,in situ water quality should vary systematic- ments such as swamps and floodplains. Organic com-ally between local recharge and discharge zones. This pounds like phenols may be a common constituent of may create significant problems in detecting ground- these clays. Unfortunately, little has been reported in

   '~g water contamination.                                                 the literature on the organic composition of ground V                                                                          water in clay deposits. Also, clays may have relatively Contaminant Detection Problems                                        high concentrations of trace elements. Ground water in I           Our study reve Is that ground water in clay-rich                 the clayey mine spoil contained high iron, zinc, nickel l                                                                          351

                                                                                                            ~
       . cnd silinium conc;ntrations c:mpared to water in                                                                 INCR. CONC.
   . sandy aquifers in tha unmintd formation.                                                                      pWITH TIME
                                                                                                                    /

Ltw yisids and spatial variations in water quality can create other monitoring problems in clay-rich strata. Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of a monitoring wellin a gj - saturated clay. Areal patterns of chemical quality are O present in the in situ ground water. As water with a low U concentration of a certain constituent is pumped out,it MED - - is replaced by water that will have a higher concentra- / N tion of that constituent. As pumping continues, time-series sampling would reveal an increasing concentra-tion with time for this constituent. Proof that this LOW l [ / situation can happen is provided by the well pumping , results of Table 2. As pumping continued, the concen-Figure 7. Conceptuai result o/ chemical time-series trations of sodium and sulfate decreased while that of sampling in clay-rich strata chloride increased. This data apparent!y reverses the geochemical trends shown in Figures 5 and 6. However, these apparent trends can be explained by reference to Figure 7. lf the concentration represented in the diagram is that- for chloride, then continued pumping would produce the effect of increasing chloride concentrations with time. 5 imply reversing the high- and low-concen-tration zones on Figure 7 would produce the effect observed in Table 2 data for sodium or sulfate. In each case, chemical time-series sampling would give a mis- DISTANCE leading indication of in situ ground-water quality near the monitoring well. Systematic variations in water quality may conceal o the early arrival of a contaminant at a monitoringwellin clayey strata. Figure 8 shows a simple monitoring system for a waste disposal site containing the hypcthetical , contaminant, M. This site is located in clay-rich strata e HI o e between a locai recharge source (the lake) and discharge y e source (the stream). A standard one-upgradient and three-downgradient pattern of wells has been used. LOW H1 l The background concentration of M m the ,m situ LAKC - 0 ground water increases with distance from the lake. lf gg spatial variations in water quahty are unknown prior to the start of sampling, the results may be very difficult to interpret correctly. In the situation shown in Figure 8, ,_ the early arrival of the contaminant M at the down-

gradient wells could easily remain undetected. Likewise, - if the concentration of M systematically decreased away ' from the recharge source, time-series sampling might falsely indicate that contamination was occurring when in fact it was not. This could result from the use of early figure 8. WeII grid concept applied to a simple moni-toring system time-series sampling at the wells to define the back. ground concentration of M in the in situ ground water. Later sampling would then show an increasing concen- present serious monitoring problems. Low well yields tration of M with time. The addition of a few more and anisotropic hydraulic properties can complicate monitoring wells in a wider grid can solve both of these pumping tests and water-quality sampling. The use'of problems. The open circles on Figure 8 represent a grid su bmersible pumps is advisable for water-quality samp-of wells that has been sited with respect to the local ling, but low withdrawal rates should be anticipated. recharge and discharge zones.These few extra wells can The quality of in situ ground water may vary substan-greatly simplify the problem of detecting contaminants tially and systematically in both a lateral and horizontal by revealing the areal pattern of water quality in the in direction. In order to effectively monitor contaminant situ ground water.Then,the contamination plume of M sources in clay-rich strata, an intensive well sampling can be readily seen as an anomaly in the background program should be used to define the areal distribution o V distribution of M. of ground-water quality. In addition to locating monitor-ing wells close to a potential contaminant source, a few more wells should be spaced in a wider grid that has Conclusions Ground-water conditions in clay-rich strata can been sited with respect to local recharge and discharge 352

zones. This w;il grid will p;rmit mapping of areal Commission for five years. He was involved in siting of patt;rns of ch;mical quality in th2 in situ ground watzr nuclear facilitits and in radioactive and chtmical waste and enhanca tha d2ttction of contaminants. Additional disposal. Presently, Robbins is investigating the potential insight can be gained by analyzing chimical trends in for ground-water contamination from the disposal of the in situ ground water and comparing them to lignite power plant waste. He has a 8.5. degree in regional ground-water trends. The well volume ap- geology from Brooklyn College, an M.S. degree in proach to sample collection should generally be avoided geology / geochemistry from Brown University and is (o) in view of the characteristically low yields of clayey . strata. However, a sampling procedure that is based on currently pursuing a doctoral degree in engineering geology at Texas A&M University. the measurement of selected parameters at the well Dr. Christopher C. Mathewson is a professor of discharge prior to sample collection should produce geology and leader of the Engineering Geosciences representative samples. Research Program at Texas A&M University. Dr. Mathewson has a 8.5. degree in civil engineeririg from References Case Western Reserve University, and his advanced Henry, C.D.,J.M. Basciano and T.W. Duex.1980. Hydrol. degrees in geological engineering from the University ogy and water quality of the Eocene Wilcox Group: f Arizona. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas A&M significance for lignite development in east Texas. University, he served for five years as a commissioned Bureau of Economic Geology Circular 80-3. University ofi.cer in the National Ocean Surs ey. Dr. Mathewson is of Texas. Austin, Texas,9 pp. the author of more than 50 publications in the field of Neuman, S.P.1975. Analysis of pumping test data from engineering geology and is the editor of the Bulletin of anisotropic unconfined aquifers considering delayed the Association of Engineering Geologists. gravity response. Water Resources Research. v.11, no. 2, pp. 329-342. @ esh.ons and Answers Pollock, C.R.1982. Ground-water hydrogeology and Q. Would you please elaborate on the concentra-geochemistry of a reclaimed lignite surface mine. tion profiles near the lake in the mine spoil. Why do M.S. thesis. Texas A&M University. Department of these trends occur? Geology. College Station. Texas.152 pp. A. The concentration profiles near the lake are an Pollock,C.R.1983. Long-term impacts of surface mining anomalous pattern reflecting a localized reversal in on ground water in Texas delta plain lignite mines. ground-water flow direction. This began three or four Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists. years ago when the lake level was sharply lowered. It is

v. XX, no.1, pp.1-4. now a local ground-water sink. For the previous 20 Schmidt, K.D.1982. How representative are water years, the lake was the primary recharge source for the samples collected from wells? Proceedings of Second mirie spoil.

National Symposium on Aquifer Restoration and l 5 Ground-Water Monitoring. May 26-28,1982. Edited Q. What was the P200 content of the clay rich soils, by D.M. Nielsen. National Water Well Association. clay size content and structure? Were these spoils frac-Worthington, Ohio. pp. 117-128. tured due to settlement and dessication? What is the Schuller, R.M., J.P. Gibb and R.A. Griffin.1981. Neuman method for determining in-field K's? Recommended sampling procedures for monitor- A. The P200 content ranged from 55 percent for g g ing wells. Ground Water Monitoring Review. v.1, clayey sands to 95 percent for silty clays, and averaged 80 I no.1, pp. 42-46. to 90 percent.Dessication cracks are common near the Wood,W.W.1976. Guidelines for collection and field surface; studies indicate that some degree of settlement l' analysis of ground-water samples for selected un- occurs in the spoil following placement after mining. stable constituents. Techniques of water-resources The Neuman method is a type-curve matching method investigations of the U.S. Geological 5urvey. Book designed for non-steady state pumping of fully pene-1, Chapter D2, pp. 24. trating wells in water-table aquifers.The method is des-cribed in detail in Neu: nan's paper which is tisted in the i references. Biographical Sketches

 !             Clifford R. Pollock is an exploration geologist with             Q. Your difficulty filtering suspended material from l         Becon Construction Co., Mining Services Group, in               samples may have implications for standard filtering

,; Houston, Texas. Previously he served for eight years as procedures. What pore size filter paper was used! H ave I an officer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Pollock is the unfilterable suspended solids been identified?

        .' a registered professional engineer and has a B.S. degree             A. We used a standard 45 micron millipore paper in

~I a suction filtration device. The unfilterable suspended in geological engineering from Colorado School of

 .         Mines and an M.S. degree in engineering geology from            solids have not been positively identified. We believe l        Texas A&M University. His engineering geologic experi-          that colloidal sodium montmorillonite clays comprise ence has primarily been in ground-water investigations          much of the suspended solids.

j [) and coal surface mine exploration. Gary A. Robbins is an instructor of engineering Q. My experience with acid mine drainage from geology at Texas A&M University. Previously, he was a sulfide ore tailings in northern Idaho was that interpreta-

i senior geologist with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory t 353

watrr contan mmw . .. . -. ,- - ._ . .. . ti:ns of spatial and t mporal quality changes was com-

    . plicat:d by th h avy influ nca of r:ducing conditions Q. It would stem that th2 disturb:d natura of mina (presumably dua to sulfur utilizing bactnria). Did you             spoil would result in much great:r rclease of dissolved n:te this influence? Did you have th2 opportunity to               solids than would occur in natural clay. Have you had factor in redox measurements into your data?                        any experience in analyzing water quality in undis-A. At the time the study was done, we did not use            turbed clay in your area? If so, what results?

( , r;dox measurements.We plan to use them in our con- A. We have not been able to make water quality

 \s tinuing studies. We agree that reducing conditions can analyses in undisturbed clays in our area. However, the have a significant influence on spatial / temporal varia- literature contains numerous examples of measure-tions in water quality. However, we have observed that ments in clay-rich overburdens at similar surface coal these influences tend to be systematic in nature.                   mines of the northern Great Plains and eastern U. S.

Water quality in the undisturbed clays tends to resem-Q. K values of 10 3 cm/sec are very high for clays. ble that present in our clayey mine spoil, Are these materials fractured? If so,did you consider the large area you would be drawing water from during pumping and how diffusion out of the matrix may result in changes in chemistry with time? A. We attribute the relatively high K values to frac-ture perrreability.Much of the mine spoilis composed of expansive clays; dessication cracks are common. Based on our closely spaced observation wells, it appears that the area of influence of pumping wells is very small. Q. It appears that the lake is a discharge area from ground-water gradients - the water table should be adjusted after four or five years. Do you have any stage records on the lake? A. Stage records on thelakewere not kept untiltwo years ago. However, the lake elevation was determined for a topographic survey five years ago. At that time, the lake level was 14 feet higher than it now is. Q. In a low permeable, and therefore a low flow velocity water bearing zone, geochemical equilibrium is mostly diffusion controlled. In heterogeneous mine spoil, wouldn't you expect highly variable water quality rather than homogeneous water quality? In other words, well effects are not as important as formation effects. A. Our studies have shown that water quality in the mine spoil is highly variable, although it varies in a systematic manner. We agree that formation effects are much more important than well effects. Q. Please comment on the utility of the USGS recommended procedure calling for stabilization of parameters at the wellhead prior to sampling. Was this procedure appropriate in your study? A. This topic is discussed at great length in the paper.We believe that the USGS procedure yields bet-ter results (i.e., representative water samples) than blind adherence to a well volume approach.This procedure was more appropriate than the well volume approach in l our studies in clayey mine spoil. Q. Given the inherent uncertainties in monitoring - fine-grained deposits, would you recommend that g) y more " exotic" analyses such as stable isotopic analysis be used? A. Definitely.We believe that stable isotopic analy-sis would be useful as a tracer tool to detect ground-354 m U

n -~L.-o a AA 4 A -- - --e _ -.s - -,_2-- , - - 4m - - an 4 m-J622 ---1as m.-3am - s,-,a+,--- m4- 4w+-._

b 1 P I O . s e n ATTACHMENT F P ) b e t h 0 0

 -r.___                                                                                                     _

l er ;< r n . 1lLG

   /m N)
         \

Thic story by Michael Courtney 11/30/81 COLLEGE STATION--A Texas A&M University study has found that clay soil liners used to contain chemicals in hazardous waste disposal sites leah many times faster than er. ports had celieved. One of the researchers who conducted tt:c study warned that the

   '.caka7e threatens to contamir.a' e f resh water n.pplies near heavily industr.ialized areac where the disposal sites are located.
                   " All clay liners will eventually leck, even if they were just storing water," said Dr. KirP. Brown, a soil and crop scientist, "but some of the chemicals that are being placed ir. landfills could cause them to leak 1,000 times faster than designers anticipated."

There are more than 2,000 hazardous waste disposal sites in the country, Brown said , and there may be many more sites that have baan buried and forgo tten . In a half-million-dollar analysi- of the technique used to lino disposal sites, Drown and graduate assistant David Anderson found the liners are uore permeable than most experts had believed. The rococrch, in which the scientists created simulated chemical holding ! tanks and measured leakage under controlled conditions, was funded by the Environmental Protection Agency. A second part of the study j mecsured seepage from five-foot-square clay pits in field tests. Test results in both cases showed significant leakage.

                   "We rely on these clay liners to keep the waste materials from i
                                                                                           "But the designs f')

J ping into ground water ruppliec," said Brown.

                                                                  ,-more-4 Texas A&M University Office of Puche information College StaSon TX 77843 713/845 4641

f^jd 1 Gi have been developed using water instead of. the chemicals that are cctually going in the landfills." The researchers said many of the hazardous chemicals placed in waste disposal sites greatly increase the permeability of the clay liners. The tests were conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment station, and involved eight chemicals including acetone, xylene and heptane. Many wastes stored in disposal sites are by-products of manufacturing solvents, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, cosmetics and of agr icultu'ral and pe trochemical industries. Brow 1 said because many of the sites are located in industrialized areas, improper management has created a potential An threat to tne drinking water supplies for large populations. estimated 40 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated in the United States each year. Somewhere between 0.2 and 2 percent of the usable ground water may already be contaminated, he:said.

                "That might not sound like very much ground water," Brown said, "but if you lived in an area where the water has been tainted,

' cnd needed for drinking, crops or livestock, you'd think dif ferently." Brown said the method of testing clays used for disposal sites l chould be changed to include tests of the chemicals that will be disposed. He said although chemicals are of ten put in barrels before thsy are discarded, those barrels will eventually give way to corrosion and chemicals ultimately end up in places not intended. l ' The researchers said new methods should be designed to

                                           -more-

d

 /^s                                                                  ~                                  .
 \ ) Add 2                                                                          .

Oliminate such wastes instead of storing them.

                   "We know that our present day technology for getting rid ci the chemicals needs improving ," said Brown, "and we have a improve it."

responsibility to move quickly to include recyclirtg more of He said alternative methods might them in above-ground mounds with drainage t h e-wantes er storing contamination of groundwater. Another alternative systems te prevent for eliminating organic wastes might be to till the wastes into soil In addition, Brown said and allow soil microbes to decompose them. incinerated. some of the chemicals could be a number of people

                    " Changing the disposal methods will af fect including engineers who design associated with the 1andfill industry, the disposal sites,                     people who build and operate them and' government But the sooner we make the change the agencies that control them.

better of f we will be," he said. . Y d O

O ATTACIIMENT G r i l 1 J a O I

Oa u.x -a S"A"2S OF A.ECA ATOCC acGY CQeCSSICN 7: the Matter cf )

m Tnr=mo IzIscN coeAs! )

and ) Decket No. 80-3M

TEE CL .vt :.AND II.ICT?lC ILTP.i

                                             -                                u                  m G CCMPANY )
                                                                                                             )

Davis-3 esse Nuclea:- Pcver Star.1:n )

r. f

                                                                                                                                                  - . a                           /

s,c . , p ,;- l AFFLICA3TS' :av sCNMENTAL M RT CONSTRUCTION F33XIT STAGE .

?,

' 4 M" y

s e V AUGCEI 3, 1970 4 a. P m n s ( a G r e a. r

 , . , , , , - - . . , .          -.--,._,,n
                                                 ,,..n-,m-,,,,w.,,          _...-,..._,--,,,--.n       .,       ,---_-,,w.,  . - . - - - . -                .-                       -     ,,,, - - -

4 ^ -- aken frc= cr /.ischarged upstrea= f-c=.its =cuc . No water vill be x in:: tis stress fer use 1: -lis static: during cperatics. Se headwaters of the Teessais: Creek have a -= vd -- eleva.ic: cf abou 670 feet above MEl. Sis s:-es: has a d sinage area cf abcu lh-square d 'as and an avers.ge slepe of shcut tvc feet per -d 'e. Se lever six d'es of the stres: are = ch vider da de r--='-der and, as a result,

.ts level is this wider sectics is w alled bf the level of Lake Iria.

In cis vider sectics it ficvs at te lake Erie =ean icv 1ske level cf 568.5 feet above MSL. The U. S. Ceclogical Su vey cperates a spot check stres= flev 3 station at a point about ik =iles vest of Li=estene, Ohio. The Toussaint Creek at this flev station drains about cre-half cf the tetal drainage area of the total stream flev. During peak periods of precipitation te ficvs

, ( in this stress vill be higher. Eevever, there- is no histerical record of this strea= causing flooding at de statics site. GROUNDWATER The site is underlain by a glaciolacustrine depcsit and a till depcsi: l vhich everlie sedd-e=tarr bedrock. The soil depcsits , which essentially ec=sist of silty clay, have very low per=eability and are ec=sidered Se bed-i_.pervicus. Seir ec= hired tickness is c= de crier cf 20 ft.

       -               reck cc sists of de ?f=cchtee fer=a:ic: underlain by de Greenfield fc=atics. 2ese for=a.icas censist cf nes:17 hericental beds of a il;illacecus
 .m.

I dele =ite vic shale , ijypsu=, and adfi-ite, :: a dept of at less: 200 ft. belev ground surface. Se presence cf -le i_._ervicus scil depcsits has produced an artesian groundwater conditics in the bedrock, which is de aquifer in the site locality.

  .         b A-6 s'

In the station area, de c =bined ti+ess of the soil de;csi.s is Se bedr:ck is quite pervious , -a'-*y in -2e upper 30 app exi=ately 17 ft. In sc=e loca ic=s,- to 50 _^. , and ecstains cpen JM-:s and bedding 7'

es .

the jcints and bedding places have been e larged to solu ice.

                                                 = the statics area a:d vest of de station ares., de gr===d surface is at approxi=ately elevati = 576. 3cr-2, east, and scut cf the static:

area there are marshes. 3eyc=d_ -le =arshes , nnrth a=d ess; of the static: , area and separated frc= the =arshes by a sa:d bar, is lake Irie. Sout of the sta ic: area, beycnd de =arshes , is the Toussaint River. Water levels t in Lake Irie, the Toussaint River, and the =arshes are res-ly the sa=e. Infor=ation was gatered by reviewing the literature on the round-water cenditices in the site 1:cality, interviewing representatives cf the Depart =ent of Natural Rescurces of the State of Chio, and studying 32 legs of wells existing in the site localit/J I additic , evners of 16 vells located within approx 1=ately two =iles of the station area were interviewed. I I All k cv vells are drilled into the bedrock aquifer and supply water for certain donestic or fars uses. There are no wells between the station area and Lake Irie in a northeasterly to southeasterly direction. The closest vell used for =u=icipal supply in Ottava County is at Ge:ca apprcxi=ately 16 =iles fr:m the site. In the site locali:/, de elevatic: cf te .,_-cundwater table

               .enerally is a few fee hip.er dan de lake Erie level. "he =ea lake T.rie level is a., eleva ic: T,0 .

It varies sligh ly with -le sessens , but -l e greatest variatic:s cecur duri:s stor=s when late Erie level may rise seversi feet. The elevation of the groundwater table fo11cvs the fluctuaticus of the lake level and varies with the wet and dry periods. The groundwater s They are table gradients are small and do not exceed a few feet per mile. l similar to the gradient of the local rivers and creeks which are approxi=ately l two feet per mile. I A- T

   -- .     ,-- . - . - _ - _ . _ _ _ - , - - - . . _ .                          . _ - - - - = _ . . - - ... ..._-. - -                 - . - - - -   .

In d e static: area. -le elevation of the bed cek surface is c= the e-der of ten feet lever d an d e elevaticn of Lake Erie. 3eca se de bed-reck is quite pervicus and de everlying scil depcsits are i=pervicus , de bedreck aquifer is cc fined and = der an artesia: head cf shc= ten fee abcve de tcp cf the bedreck sur' ace. A de site, -le grechster table is rela:1 rely herice: al. Maxi =u= horicental gradients of abc= 1 ft/=1 to 3 ft/=1 tcvard te lake er fre: the lake vere =easured'in ic63 and '1969 ne e_,..:n&ater in ce bed cek aquifer flevs under ve:/ s=all g adients generally frc= the statien area tcvard the lake; hcvever, duri=g dry periods or when the lake level is high de f'cv is reversed, i.e. , "rc= the. lake tcvard the station area and site locality. No gradients were =easured in the vertical directics. In the site locality, water cannot be supplied frem de soil depcsits because they are censidered i=pervicus. Water can be supplied frc= va< drilled into the bedrock aquifer. Generally, the wells are less ca: 100 feet deep; however, sc=e are deeper. Of all wells studied, ce depth drilled into bedrock varied frem 2 feet to approxi=ately 265 feet. In the site locality, vell yields range frc= several gallons per I =inute to a few tens of galic:s per =inute. Sc=e e ' cipal wells in the fcussaint River basi: have ;-ields of a few h=d ed ganc=s per =i =e. t Water frc= the wells is used for far= ir :.ga ics and certain desestic ( purpcses. Very little is used for vashing, cecking, er dri: king because .he water is usually sc=petable. Ancng the 13 va"= inspected,12 are being used, for the = cst part inte._lttently, and 6 are ac icnger used. AREA WATER SUPPLY The The primary source. of potable water in the area is Lake Erie. [ h l nearest potable water intakes serve Camp Perry, the Erie Industrial Park, l l A-8

m e w e O ATTACHMENT H 1 I i i O

3

                  'M
             -{;;:- k yy .q      Q .,.)y v
              - p.my;O.a                .
                                             . g                    _

y a ., ,.- _,'a-.

 .x e                        ~ .. . .t.,;     .we. . ey ~~; n .                            g,                                          .

_ 3,3..; c,y.- .. .. ... , y ,, m.

                                                                        .                         , ,       .r           ,       u.                       .

UNITED .i .}. STATES ;y k ,'i{ .jATOMICJ@NERGt.co MissI,O.

  }y'S'
                                                                                                                               ,$'.FQ S " M Q                                                 4*.

5, ;

ii - b _ ,,J_;$.2% N ,$=.[#' ,

t. ( ^. s. ' .y .

                                                                                                                                                   - R : i;g.                                *> , .i!G_;*                                                   '
                                                                                                                                                                                                           '~    ,
                                                                                                         ~
                                                                                                                       ..,'.. Q3.;.Q ly,. . . /                              -

_...m '-> [ k

                                                                                                                                                         . *4.      .;
                                                                                                                                                                                        .. m '. en
                                                                                                                                                                                                            '.[

e-f, ,,

                                                                                                                                                                      .\ 1.*
                                                                                                                              .\,'...y.,, : tqr,'3y -s s .'pb=...'!r'.J                                                                           ,

y. s, -

IN THE MATTER OF: ' [' s ,;

                                                                                                                                                       * ..,p
                                                                                                                                                                        ;- [ i
                                                                                                                                                                                             ;l
                                                                                                                                                                                                           ',.'k
                                                                                                                                                                                                        .23 '.~2,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      +s .            y             ',
                                                                                                                                                                         * ,,,/
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ~

5

                                                                                                                                                        ~w                                    . , ,                p. .n                    .
                                                                                                                                                                                     .+.l._                   ,    ..:-(
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    -W l

I Cos.' 'r3 CDIt'ON s'Q - .' t!!? ' '~

                                                                                                                                                                                       4., ' .%;                  S 'ieh          m             V$,'      .

a . M.':<:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    $ .,.,,f p                                                         '" t .,t: CI.'"lLL WD F                         w.'"IC lid.CMINMI!3G Cd .                                                                                              -

tc? .' > r r. - ( ,

                                                          ' D c.v t :2-3t_
                                                           .                                               .ar PrNor Statica Unit I:o. 1)                                                                                      , : . na I
                                                                                                                                                              %                                                                   .1:*f.9.*i .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ?.Q.'7pf
                                                                                                                                                               '~
                                                                                                                                              * . '* .                                                     *::                                               i Docket - No'. 50 -346                                                                $ ip W-h                                                                                                                             ,
                                                                                                                                                 . ef
                                                                                                                                                                      -4 y ,%0%d,k,3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ,,, y                        '~ ~;       r
                                                                                                                                       ,. ' ft. ' ' ' ' , .
                                                                                                                                                                                               ' '. 'e,7.
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ?f.        ,y, V                            ;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    . .. iG                         .-

g ; -; ,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,y
                                                                                                                                               '.y                                                                     . *ffh
                                                                                                                                                                                                   ~'

4- %

                                                                                                                                          ~ " '                '

Place - g .' r,.; g o g;g ., _'O M7F . , Date - Pages 69 ,242 ] 8 rNeembar 1970 ,', i - 6 y '

                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,'.' .              4 j                                                                                                 ..s             ..
                                                                                                                                              . .r .':
                                                                                                                                                                       .f_

En'rLICATION OR COPYING OF Tills TRAMtCwtrT : '. ,?. ".?. b' ' t:

                                                                   ' 11Y PIIOTOGRAPillC. ELECTR057ATtC'DR OTIIER

n, F1t.%IMILE? MEAN5 l% PROHin!TED BY T'IE ORDER ?' % E&' b.'

                                             ~                                                                                                                                                                 k s$

s FOMM .1GRCCMENT

                                                                                                             .z .,.
                                                                                                                          +.wc,J,,.?':.*Y.,f.s~;
                                                                                                                            **' %'i ?QQ A f...e                                    .

[f* OI,4ii[B 7, .

                                                                                                       .,i
                                                                                                                                ' A.                                       sI'-               ,f                                                I Q
                                                                                                        '- Ns *gN E4A.

un i 6 02C 1519'70 *

                                                                                            ' , sN.:+                                                ' # g.n'b, % mnu' -                                                                           i T3 Ats'.FEDERAtJ.RE                                     TERailNde :s. MI D i$S.                                        <
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       "                  M-e.

g 710&T2 .

                                                                                <             li
                                                                                            @gggylSK$.i.:h.q?Gr..?:.;%;u    Q!.u

[ 7$ @$1

O '.13 e&Ts dj;$ .

R 6:. U+. o

                       ,z
                                            .: : / ~
     . .. .c r,         ;.

g.. - . g . . .:.3 ,

          '           b     .

- ; ~. _

f

                                           ,r.*. :q: ;, . .

f.. .,:;;. 3 . . . .

                                                                                                                 ,  , , p, ..                  ,.

[. - a 3 , .; . J.R , . l [.

                    .-h $l,' ., ,.l; W f *..!

k .yc,.k x ;. .

3) .:."w'i '4' 2c feK.^.

a

                                        % . i',.}r',3;                                                                                              Wt                           4'Ll_*'O' 9R.j $g,,_

su,D 5' NYt.R.C

                   ~g r ' M.,,                             :^ i.. ejjY3'           -
                                                                                         . ( v.? ;..&{..

g,i.y. .;.q, 4,r .qg%j

                                                                                                                                                     %-.~           3)%     . <;- .                     .

m

4

                                                             .t.c,5                                                                                               24 W: : <t., 4n                                                  -szon A.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              .'y_,,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 % g g. .

f; 4'

         .S.?                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  _ _.
         .*~..

t m *r; - -,

                                        ; ..                          a- .fr ,,jy, n)+3;- .. 4,W7., e . . 7n m
                                                                                                                                     . t .,. as                                                            coMjg
                                                                                                                                                                                                               . 5-s..,g          4:

9. .u,p% . : gq,m..g 2 _

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     'A7, y               .-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             - ="-

an + . . .~

                                                                                                     . : :..;? . ,n wu .hyA.;,y..                                          -

Y.*,;.

m c :- % u

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  %- %; m
            ..gc; 'A.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          . ,.43'Ka              g.L.:l,::.      . 3 - 5<D;f-.                                                      , .' - Aq/;,v
                 -                    3 , ]n                                                                 a                 . , , -g.g.;'-}g. y y '.4g..y $,

t ,p _ . . is 3; _ v:. ,m

3. , ,. . .,: g,.E..

r)- p - r> .. 4 In the ?tr.htet 'Of.: ., . p*, ,. [-; , t yj ..g -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ".' :; L ;a; - '

TOLc:D0 P0IP.ON CO. and the CLEVELAND .

                                                ]
                                                ,,                 CLECTRIC ILL'04IMATING CO.                                                                                                                                         :                          ,

94 i

Docket No. 50-34G ' . . f, w

1 .'Da e is-B use Nuclear Power St . tion, t t

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      '.- o[}.

d

                                                                         , o .,                    .o
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .                                                                           m..           <.c x, j;. ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .                           .t : 3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    '                            CEF 0.,f pw

[ n f v: < h 4 - Chto National Guard Arnory )j . t- 135 W. Perry Street

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     #              j Port Clinton, Chlo U

1'uesday, Decer-her 8, 1970 .r The abovo-entitled n:atter ca:ne on for hearing , :~ 3

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .                                                                     7 ',

g ., , j purattant to notico, at 10:00 a.m. a . y$ y:m: . DEFCRE: t' .;; 1

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                <.{@r
                                     ,s                                                                                                                              ;              .               . .

V :: w ~

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ,               . :si d;
                                                                                                        . WALTER E. SKALLERUP, f-JR.,' Chairman o,f the Board, y6 8                      (a . F . "e             . * * *                                                                                                    -

p~- ri:.':g. <^ ,:; & ,,

                                                                                                                                                               '                                                                                                                               :,          a        ~-

1.. *e s. n . r;* r. - ^, '. . . :.p, $ .m 1e , , . . , , ; ' l .: DR HALTER J ' 7 .A H ,

                                                                                                                                                                     .    '   JORDAN s              ,.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                   ~-   ,  .

t ,Membe YJ . .Q r.'..f. '. ; .,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     '64 ; h. .7       '     '.M.W.

i; .

                                                                                                                                                                                                 . m  t. M

w

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         *3,;                                              .

DR. C11ARLES S. ,WINTERp: ;;. - %. B :Q Member't'.c. rs..5 : If~'.$Q. %, p: - '<r- g: .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  > .:t.s .f,q'+* . . , .-
                                                                         -                                                                                                           .                 .      n Ia
                                                                                                                    *6
                                                                                                                                      .m, 3 ' .'. W}, o;,,         ' 9.; re-,z            .-

3 ren - . 9.. . s w- -

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        **                                                .s#

M WO*' % APPEARANCES ** <2.:

                                                                                                              . f. ..   '+
                                                                                                                                       ,:' M. 1.h,'sh4:n'    rc -
                                                                                                                                                                          .k!Z 4          :;h;? -

b TV v &5 5

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .~c            y           M ?..as(c . M M - p.l.1 y;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       %g                    %' o~#             J .M 19
                                                                                        - M GERALD CHARNOFF anM BRUCE *CRURCRIIh'                                                                                                          ,       cf'Shaw',                               :16                                     Olt.:"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        's
                                                                                                                                                                                                           "        ~

20 ( .2e Pittman*,'.' Pot 6 enjWashingt48,D* h.t;MN.'JIY5d8[.

                                                                                                ' D           d M T M d.
                                                      ~
                                                                                                .--    DOWALn-HAUg g
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .-                        MDep6rteenW W i$Y M [                                                        E
                                                                                                                                                                        ~

3:'p.leYela$1i ' '.lc0 . 22 yF04M?i(TkM8M' -o t

wnmou .ssaitos e. -nry n . .x. -

G 23 .

                                                                                    '. - - h l.4.;tonw4. w Ap m ma                                                                               ?x.'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .*?,-c                        .

c pte:oir. behalf eM, h.pli N 24 .

                                                                                                                        ~YfNY:                                                   -                -

Gi.On[ behalf (~ i

                                                                                         .                 . Ts0 Mas' sJ;ENOBIMARDT- '
                                                                                                         % ' Wof,iha'Regula f,            tesite;,inergf                                                          L7f.Ph                                       $'

h 25

                                                                          .                                 ;                                                                  was                         'En                                                                                                                                  #

g Qf5 ': u m.ggt k W.El.7commisifonp 1 heiflNL i O Q v

.. . .. : .:, a :.a: . --------- - . :                              .

d- ,.:aa. . .

                                                                                                          ^
                                                                                                                                                 -- w _. n:.,
                                                                                                                                                                                              ~

a u. > ; ..: . . . . . . .. >

 . _ c.M :                             _-                    S ',;-W
                                                         *n'
                  .                 .s:
    .'  l -0*.).$SSh.h.                                                      .:L~

Th?il?:.';.7,: $ W ?. m ~.sQ ((~ ' liL;:fyS~,a:&'&

         * $h~..P:h:d .. !&'.. !& [0E%
              ~
                            ?.
                        . 3.$. ., ..:.. ' %$,
                                                                      .V
                                                                                     .a,,_

k, ; m; 'n S h .. i: t n a ti

                     .~
                        , ; m ,.
                                                                               .- :.s., . , .. ~ . .v: .1.
                                                                                                                                                 -                        - ~ v. .              ~
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     <C w

T.':', :l.w' r' {T : , ,

                                                                .     ;. .                  . ,              . ;if,;$ ',,'t-                                                    f -}gth

_- :m .c}gyg w . .W-

                     .;     ;,'#. : r s.-        .

4,.

                                                                                                                         .             r .. ,3 -                  y L ;;. 9 ,.a        . r,..g.x.:   p.            . ,, : c & p g; Q. .

(ed 3 geis

                       N t                                 ~,[

f

                                                                                                                 'i tP
                                                                                                                     ..lETAhEUI(sff; 'IGliT'dB31: Wait.fonar li$nY But                                                                                                                n1 i                 '

7G 1(,4 .'. ~.I :-Toledgii,.'. Ohio',4.^on behalf "of'.!$r.p:.;15nnfLaOS f)f. .

                                                                                                                                 .. s ur .                                                                                                        *         ,:s:mp                                  '}
                                                                                                                                                     . .: c".-

w . .,,'. .yT; p ,0 . m ;'.*.:;:ci.

g?. l
4 7/ , -

                                                                                                                                            ,. L                                                     .; n **                                   .

g ay j,'.q',Q*

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ~* t.N *I}

a,

                                                                                                                                                              .'",                                                        ~.

p' ' '

                                                                                                                                                                                       .                    . ( ',=', .4    . -              -

{ ;.9,

                                                               ,      ,                                                                                                 je                  .        m.       --
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              ,; g.7-
            .,n

L -

n~ v h

e; 94;; cc

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .,.g.,_               - ,
            ?                                                            -

L. - ; ;,2- ..,-

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            -E ^E,

[.f.k -

                                                                                                                                                                                                         . . Y..-             ;,, , . . .

p.- .- gs; . g .. .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              >l Q.g.Lj.:.y,9
       . ,. c p '"
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               -lsyt%y  ..
        .c                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -          V yy?J,. 9*            .4
                                                                       ,_                                                                                                                                                                                                          ep. % l gg N                                                                                                                                                                                                        '

w w.;

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             . *In 1                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               ,]

W a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             . - -?*
                                                                          *                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .f.,  $0

(

         .(                                                 13                                                                                                                                                                                                    '
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ', Jf              $'k S,                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            .-

f J',: ,

.; 14 .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ,.,)
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   .,.'t,. f -

j'I. ,)-E*

         . , .                                                                                                                                                                                                                 ~^'

L

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    '       .                              e y
                                      ?,
                                                       .15 ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        -                    -            ~-

v. ;[ ^st t. +.:#

         ;. .                                                                                                                                                                                                              '4                                                 .? *'.':' - $;.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        \ R.
                                                     -16
                                                         ^

4,h

s. c < .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .~ , !                       jfj h*   .*

a .,

                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,-             ..                                      - .. .: 1.c
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .                   . ,o   <' . x.

3. J'. )7 .-7, .','p.

n., . ;,v. *

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . zei;             %

v:.ff, W Q;* p+ Y},

                                                                                                                                                                                                     .   ...e :

9.. ,,-v- v, -

                                                   ' yg                                                                                 .j                             -

C 3- e',,' .t a ' , ik.' ; s-1;

                                                                                                                                                                                * . 3                    .    ,7. g. ..N : "~T[11;,

f s.. ,.,W - 4

                                                                                                                                                                                         .1,                             . ,i(ps                              r.    ..v bh, , .2
           .n,.                    .               ..-                                                                            .     %< ,. , . . x.   .
                                                                                                                                                                        ..   ..   .s. . ,.p
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ,a , m.v,1, ,g,n,%s.. o - e # - ->

C'

                                                                                                                                         ,1]e4.*te,'l#.,'. '"f.yif,,,.

f -ty'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     '_~;

r:;:.4..;R:y 0t . m;Q43h[*k,w,h g,'f,,
y . x.-

                                                                                                                ....                                , m, .                                                                            .u                                  -

e ' q, , ~ y .x

         .c                                                                                  '; . -              T , .: . p,.y 4 .. p: g g. y .                                                    -Q;- nye RQyg.ye   ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     -        fy r ..::

h;s_ ,'-' _ Q.- f

                                                                                .i.}s}:V     *,    o . *; -

5,.Q.'Y.jfA.

                                                                                                                     . ,, g\ .fg                   >
                                                                                                                                                                    ;         - s
                                                                                                                                                                                    ~

Q),;,f'*>p( y.sr

         'g.                                                                                                                                                   .

j Fy *?

         '.'.                                            ..                        ' f'.'. ; .*
                                                                                                                                                             . q.,
                                                                                            "; 3 - -          \,;- '.lyg,g Q.,jg'                      i          s +> [,]

Q? F.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ~
           ~                                                                                                                                                                                    '
                                                                                            .A                  ,::.))N5hNh              f                   ,,..

r.

             ..$                          . t.%                                  ,'       K.;.,:-: #                                                       W"i,3                                                                                           ,             i 3 y'Lh. ,$,Q@Qb i :.n.
                                                           "                                                                                                                                                                                          a                                       .
                                                                                            ~.e[c
                                                    , k. .        .
                                                                                   . e ;. m.:.,

iz.4T d

, *?..

c ~

f' ~; IN ',

fi w wz k,\.yn Mik SE ?,)w&Qe ae:.%

                                                                                                                                                                                 ^
                                 .y y. : - n . "p 9 %g g.%.,b, , .=%

x. , .p%.., .p '92p, . .-.1,,4 .?~ .k'*q~W. ?,; ...

9 %. 4u

                                                                                                                                                                          ^? >I ' ,                y;
                                                                                                                                                                                                   .,' ,, .Q.y$cWr.Y'K;
                                                                                                      .:; - ,y, -~*
                                                                                                                                            ~ + - :t ' % ~-
                                                                                                                                                                ~;-                                        . ,? -?..m.,.
                                                                                                                                                                                                            . <                         rgxx Mr
                  @A. ~w.sp;.e~_;' e-b '..M';

i LU'.r:TiW RFST..

V,.. IG%.SC:it,1,W$.7, .)*~ n . , ;g . . .. . n'. iu, t-* .' ' 7, ', ^ ' * *

                                                                      'Frofdc..2%. hod DCiiald blWJrj CNio State -.                  -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                ^J:"F4 Q2' At'                             *     *t..
                                                  '                          . Univors ity , - .Columinw                                        , Ohio .                                                              139
                    ; :a-m -
                                                                                                                       .                                                                                           , _ -y . , s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ....         >      .t-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               . J.
                                                  '                                                                                                                                                                       ~
                                                                       ;.r . rue;en: 'V,                           Perria, Ucr.tcra Pe9ervo                                                                                                                       ?

lp. . , University. 153

                  .s i
                                                                                                                                                  '  ' * *" *" ' n t o f P                                                                   . J ros t' . ' ', m . , C'                                                                                                                                .

E.+ . D. :. . .ich. T rt clf.nt n, chio. 160 Q i-

                                                                                             .:. . ,       ;                    r                    cro. t ' .o
                                                                                    ....i..,4              c. r
                                                                                                                                 .-           s-                                                                       165 -
                                                                                            .:t
                                                                                                                      >,-      .:           .         . r r,r      dr       a. ,                                                                        .

166 n..Wu.g R. 3 , t a . s 3 -/

A e ,( s ,

h' ..N h" - J. r t c. . ;- ; _ : .L. l' u: La c.a M., orn o n '. i c a. n . 183 s/ nr. richaio .' i b . 191 . M. Lar ry '.ob li tt , Tert c l i n t r.1, n in 230

ti s s ..N an r e n. :e n r i n ',e l , :.crain. Cnio 232

                                            ,          I

*. r . Lawre: ce .T. Lac w . c h ai r ..an , L) cal 197, "Iu, Et.r.da-d P r o h.c t . t: r. .t t . 236 s

9 ,

-f:

[. a

J -

y' > - L's g Sft ;.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                          -e
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        .c' -                   v.3!
                                                                                                                                                                                                               ~

n

                                                                                                                                                                                ,                                    e"                      .

I. t 8 !. i

                                                                                                                                         .                            )                      h              4 e                                         -           *  *              ,          D      , ,

a,,***, % ,e. - 3

                                                                                                       .                        - -                 . . - 9                                  .          - a, u . r.r. ,. . tr p. -
       <          n.                                                . . ... -                 <-                                                       -                           .

m. - .. .t , )1

                                      ..n . -               . ,                                          . .                         .     ..

                                                                                            .             ,,; % . ; : F . g W ', 7-,,r,.n,*        -
                                                                                                                                                       -L*.

t.,, : 1c. .yv 4 ~ ' - ' ' . .<. *n,.

                                                                                                                                                                , s -

g.' . . a, -

                                                                                                                 ;t'       -

f -

                                                                                         V%. -. Y "2 3        ,                                       -
                                                                                                                                                                                       ~

g ...e p .s.,- q , ma .: . / .a. w w? v.

      .>                -               y
 .y.

i - 1 9 3 --

k g^ y:. S i h -

                                                                   . )^ :                      54          f               ,

Y .W[M@ DMb.YNb Y'k

              ,f(. ' h. bG       'I             hoh you'                               s '

T ;.

                                                                                                     ?-               ?-
                                                                                                                                       .      J'
                                                                                                                               .:M<,.$j.}yffit.: 1;5 '_. g.jg ,                                  -

[ .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          .y p                ~
                                              ]                         ,

2 j I'.n. C:1PSOPP: Yes$ sir. I vill'focua my rer.,nrke., , ,' y

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    . . .      P.

5 w I c- the contentions that are Sct forth in @;

                                       ] ',
                                                   .r.             9. a i rr.           n,                                                                                                                                             >Q, h                    '
                                                        ..                a'         ,

itt. - The e are fcur cententienr. :tet forth. 4. Y' l W g ' 4o ' 9 ~.r:t oc

                                                                                                                                     . ' .1   cociLnq t.cteri and the f

s$-'A 6 4 ' _- '; t overburden the at cv :ere, ~1.1 s , p

  '"                                                 _1              . a t ; _ :        t.

f, , l p l 't . g r' - i2"' . irr l ' TT all ~2t_. t it ., .t f K l t i . E i r. rr.ed ;tr r a' . 31 ' t ; ra l cc . 'l l u e r V . v. p , ,, , L r/ l }.- ' ara, th - c c " to n t i .: n , that '1 ** h Tha* i ino "he . y f \ .h,: g

                                                     ' r:t ccreenticc                                        dc c nct prcvide                        a , n, t  'cr             ad."it*;r'                                                     q
          !                                                                                                                                                            "e.     "i , whic 5 .'               r.          'au a <; ar                  !~         -'
                                                                                                                        -.         The         cr*enti,n                                                                     ,

G. 4 n.

                                                                                *-        r .' d ^ - tiv' ' w; r e '. c a u e e                            r o l .i t n 3 in 1cnor               1,     if                                    ,

ri ter , l

c, *

                                                                                          *;.r.           -tte-.          t; a

ar' cf concern tc un in t l i3 l

L u *. it l a r. i ar l , 's go r.a r a l a l '. " T a t l ar I 'k

                                        $                   J,       tculTr                   rne             i n .1, 5

t

rad: c.ir* iv ' ni , will to enu tt e d - there f or * , he hau ,

( 4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              'h     -

nt scre c r r.c a r n . I4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .[d$
                                                                                          'ut J            it 13 an extreccly general nonspecific,                                                                                       j;g           a 3                                                                                                                                                                                              ,t       E nor. t a f o rr a t ivo contention which does not provide any basis for                                                                                                                    f I

l

a urleratandi a -nat the points in controversy are. g, ! s !. 4 y [' I nd enia is illustrative of the kind of situaticn 0 Yd Lau been present 7 e: .* nt y.t s oli have oeen avoided bad l'r. i O )i 5

t. i .c t::e prr:. caring conference, Locause it is sonouhat einilar r

                                                         .              : t .: r -
                                                                                         *r      cero cf the allegations that we re contained in                                                                                                    l 5

l I r.t it:or t- intervene nutnitted Ly the Coalition for

                                                                                                                                                 -                                                                                                 L

I

                                .                      : w fc ..... ,n                                                                    '
          , _ . .  .        ?, . . l S , . . .q : ' " ' ' h
      . 1*                            2 sQ-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ?

2

                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .=
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  .w i
  ;g                                                                                                                                                                                                                 h
  %                                                                                                                                                                                                 m.           ,w. ;

E .

r. - 'My, d g sf.i .-% n s:@" w,>W y. -

I

                                      ,w                      ,                         pq.3 ~ *y..      _

y, : ,. p ' '

                                          . .                                  1,.        Rr-              "'

w. k' , '

b "( : ,::'N .'y.

                                                      .% .h.7. :.'?W *;: y.._                    <;6 c: z yf.ipl                       't Mt,?.R5 e              L&
                                                                                                                                                                                 .      ?

L..portsat par tiqu! jarih' [i,n,.Q'tti d:petaludip&$i ht.i t loj{,J [, " ' -.iy*.Wg.. [ Q.Q'% l

r. ; ~, ^

((r,y'.','Q. [; v. . I, - .. .. f .,y . g ,;wp :er-e -... : ;,. ; s y,-, ,,

                                                                                                                                                      ;          .c .

rr.o cr.ly a c ato With rec;ned'. te :Is::ue :c. 2 la

77 ? t '

s. .l h.; 3_y

                                                      !i                                       . u .a           n   -
                                                                                                                            ;@              R../,fijy>',

Ql[ e 9 #; .

v. :r s . -* .cr er n- t w. . !!1 Ler neting HEC standards. Thore is no'f g

i s.. 'l

    + .9.f ic. F
  ~. u     ,

i n . a . e: 2 ai ta t.w wc;i c" thcce p.uticula r M ar dard: . Ind ! I s'e

l 1 . .; ,

l . .. r t ain ' , -'t ;. T ie il lem > t. t:.a t we will Le releauits:

  '.f , yj                                                                                                                                                                                                3
            .p#

l

                                                                ,                   ., c,
                                                                                                                         --            -,;,-...,...               ,         -r    La 2 -~

( 'l l , . i l

                                                                                           . ..;        * ;       m.      .c            :lat            tt ;; a                 a,    '
    '.h-eM

dU$ . r.

                                                                  .         Lau a c 3 e r *. c          1.1 ' ne t ar ;e' r  h e po t i c .L c n e r , aral t.cy re' late
  ?

to di.; cial of solid 'i. tan. P. ora til' au no dinrcnal of

             ,                                u                 ao'.id /actes                  u. thii .artialar f acility, nor 7111 t. cro Lo                                                             .              ,

I i -

  %                                                                                                                                                                                                       !              7 3             a ra/ li , m t ' of .ritd s t: t e                                     rerformed under the preposed                                       ,              't
   r O                                    ~: - t r e n a ; ,er u t                           o- m. rat r.g 'icensa        .

for which .m h e .-

                                                                                                                                                                                                          \
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        ?

f, .'T. %i t;

                                                                    , e 1 1 ** 4                                                                                                                                ,-g y
                                                  ,                                        Oc that tii i n particular cententien is irrelevant.                                                               .asNw'.- k 5.E' There are ot:.or p roceedings , other licenses cbtained by                                                                                       j ' Is I     om.or percona with regard to trancrortation and diaposal of Yh .Q ,

g{ n.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                .1t: ,g i                                                                                                                                                       33 .

vantes. And r.r. Lau's co n ce rn , it s narts to n.e , is appropriately i 7 wus..3 s.

                                                          ; directed at those other prococdings .                                                                                                                 C' ;+

i

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   +
                                              .,                                           Finally, Contention No. 4 asserts th a t th e
  % +1 4j                                          ;,                cons t racticn plana and :sterials are faulty and i'. particular                                                                                        u
           +

\ ! -w & j'!7 v

l ,. he minilarly citos they are the sano materials that vera -

      .v y a. 9 gq                                               1             1 ed in another facility, if used here, would endanger the l      ,
                             )                                        -
                                                                           ' ; +- in this ptrticular area.

w *

      %. q, _ .
         .-  m ' ,A.         s.-                      '
         '4:4%?f'.;

a.... f.4;, . . .: .,, . wt .

v. 3

 ..                       -~ ?                   y r g g,,.--_-                                          445 ,                                       .                     <
                                                             .w k' "y.;,6 , .. L Q('             I T
                                                                                                                                                 +.            #. A g)r             I                                   - UNITED
                                                                    .'         'LST'I:AT     .       E1)?g hl/              f'         yMIC.pNERO IMih                                      g- CC MI551       .-
                                                                                      .it _ L2?y .y e O .- g; -

3Q ' x h.

                                                                                           -v                      's, %> .                                                               . .: t                ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  .M
                                                                                                                                ' ;, . nr<     . . .~9..,-

7m,ae . ,/ . .-

.[

i u. - .y. , fa* , a

s . . , ; ' -o.

                   !                                                                                                      . .s   ,
                                                                                                                                        ,.         sq .#                           w.        $g' i.'. y.     .
                                                                                                                               \
                                                                                                                                                                                                    +A              'k..

IN THE M ATTER OF: '$q, ,- -..-,e.;,-

                                                                                                                                                                       ^
                                                                                                                                                                               'Ey /. ,5 N' ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                        .sm Q! . g~ 3.,   .                                      . % D '**s 4-          .
                                                                                                                                                                                                  ')              .Y i'OJ ';0 EDIi'ON s'0                         
                                                                                                           .t                             -
                                                                                                                                                                              ~
                                                                                                                                                                                         ., N
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  -W            EVt          ;
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  , 'ig{ *,3 {

s..-

                                                              ? t ./. CL"~lLL ND                 '
                                                                                                            '"IC 1 f LL' MIN ATI!3G CO -                                                                                     4-         14

{ 5 >'

                                                              ' 0 c. s w - +                   .       . .a c P cwor Station Unit l'o.                                                             U                               .

a. : >%

l t.j

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ') f-
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .. ;.g ;8, . A Docket No'. 50-346                                                                .4      F 9 b--        I G                                                                                                                                     .,j 4
                                                                                                                                                                                      .g u

4 a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  % wet,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  . , " y '.

p., .,t 't*

                                                                                                                                                                                            .,7 -

4 1 L, -

t.

g; .W Place - 9..p # P a-t_ Clinton, Ohio " 7 69 - 242 P88** Date - 8 Dace:nb.s: 137P , ', I

                                                                                                                                          <'                                                    .                         t i
                                                                                                                                               *                                                    .i              .*

Dt'I'LICA TI(M OR COPYING OF Tills TRA31thd.T':l IW PflOTEMiRAPillC, ELECTRosTATICOR OTilER h' T-P1c.%IMILE MRANS 81 PROHIntTSD BY T'fE OROER ^ %,% N w n,

                                  ~,
                                                            ~           ron .un-sr                            ..
                                                                                                                        ,.x.                       . p 4. r s a./
                                                                                                                                                   ..            a f- CYN ' :(W Y C :: . e t Ig g                   og,                      .kl                           '"
    $                        e                 m:                                           .t.. Mlgnl                              E girli.M: senseen, N' 3 6'j      DZC 151970* -3
                                                                                         #'          ~
                                                                                                                                                 - MS6                                  55         NIN3,u
                                                                    -                    .          DE                                                                                    3 3 r, 9

m. o. %

l'Es 'r**uAags ACF.. 1

                                                                                        .cg .;           FE,g.RAtiJE,,"yER%,,INd
                                                                                                           . .. g,'                   -
                                                                                                                                                   ' )f y s, ?,f Q 7 - f$. g,
                                                                                                                                                                                        .a r,

v. 4 4. A 5, kests f . 4 G

                                                                                       .~~                 h ~ ,

1h S 9.,.9,'. s .fm. ' -

                                                                                                                                              . w # 4 6. .M.k                                    ,**~ W? . . e..it '-x o3
                                                          #                    ,,u.            WeeMnetai, 02                                                                                                   -

y ns a 9 t. Q" C

                                 ' ' . ey

[f*as':., f*,s-y Qi. : ..

                                                                                                                                                                                    .            )
                            .g{_ r                         *

    .-..,7-..,

p* e

?>.

Y*t v .1 S N

p, 3

                                   - f . ;, .                                 '

y 3

                                                                     . : g .q, g                   g .,., w ..
      .$Q*m> .           y h & ,0m.'
                                                                                  ,         c -s..c                                                   s            s*

g.._. up.s . 3-

                          .l
                                                              %^ g rm
                                                                                        .* fj, 't .qy':;';         .       .#q. g-;Q. ,,a$.

a

                                                                                                                                                                                      .3 9, . . . .

h. p *-

7, f ',,]3 .Q;,e,p i.j ' 'g'y ,

In the Matter, of: i

                                                                                                                     <-            .                v                               w                                     ,' g . , .;
                        d                   TOLEDO F0IT.ON CO. and the CLEVELAND                                                                                      :                                                          :'d if                      CLECTR."C ILLLMIUATING CO.                                                                                                                                                 'Fi --   ~

e, Docket No. 50-346 c. g*

                                                'Da v ts-Desse N;.; clear Power Stc. tion,                                                                               s                                                ..            I' Jm-                   'o .       L.                                                                           :                                                      s.jh, r                                                                           .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .A          ./
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             ,.>g '.-

3.?!

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             . %*s
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              . t, Ohto Natlonal Guard Armory                                                                             !.d,
 '                                                                                                                                      135 W. Perry Street                                                                                     M Port Clinton, Ohio                                                                                              '.

1 f l'uosday, Decer her 8, 1970 1* The abovo-entitled mattor came on for hearing ', 4.s g .s ., j puroisant to notico, at 10:00 a.m.

                                                                                                                            ,                                          1     ,
                                                                                                                                                                                     '~
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             .p a.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      <-+3

DEFORE: n. g

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  <i. "'

f ' 5 , . if. 2 W, . .% % .i 15 WALTER E. SKALLERUP, JR. ,'Chainean of the Board, ' .4

                                                                                                                                                                           'Y.. . < " >-                   '.X>[f 9; ,N 16
                                                                                                                        ~*

2'. , . ;. b, el Metaber. .e

                                                                                                                                                                                          ** k ,f,"
                                                                                                                                                                                                 -                             &p ' .Ch.4".

DR. WALTER l ' 1 '. ; A. l H.' TV "' *h'hoki&N.k'55& JORDAN,h> b, 11 DR. C11ARLES B. WINTER,'-' e V#

                                                           ^
                                                                        '.                                                  'UI                                   %            . s * * 'N~

c\ 'aT'~: ',f"?

                                                                                                              .fr'              *b5 %        4' lf w                                                                      ,g; .                                                                             
                                                                                                                                                                                                        ?. Die M' 3 APPEARANCES &                                       $

m i '

                                                                              ~~j 'kh,# ' .                                   ;                                                                      [ h[M'-

annAto caAnworr' 2 . - - ._ - z ^

                                                                                                                                                                                          ,,"r shan ,4s 4 #kettmanbrot@ ' '.                                                                    <                             yashington, 20
                                                    ~,
                                                                          *xfsMFiW4                                      W                                                        .
                                                                                                                                                                                       ;              yn%

21 ; . . m .m

                                                                ,*#          M',                                                                 I                                                           g, 3 ', b                             '

S'

                      $$                                                 .                  g                                                .

23 ; sToledo,

                                                                    . . .c,QM~"?Os.'                                               g-                       ..-                                        '
                                                                                                                                                                                                             ..,     .            f 24                                                     ,       W !.. T                                     $847 '

gav

                                                                                                                                                                                                                   @'1 .8              -
                                                                                                                ..n ---- . .manhy 25                                                               ' j'[,0b.

siilog WW -

                                                                                                                                                            , , .            N$ 'l y                 g.,

l5 g y %

s

                                                                                    . i.%

g ,t9 .s cy . c m ,. ,, c-qs 4 l T ' .,

                   ,                      ,          i   *~ ; bg             ,s        g              4
                                   .I,           .
                                                                      .'s

[$ "i J

Mph.

                                                          ,, s.                     :g

                                                              . a     .a --                                           -..,          2.....                         .._.                                                          ;...~ ,,.;
                          .~                                            _

2.,r a, '

                                                                    ,w                        ,.

k s ;. $ ,M -- Q ~ p,.Y .v ,;;f W . _ Q bh.' ; ;. . eg .

                                                                                             .y                  .~

~

                      . ,, f& ~. '
                                      %;% , M ~'~' n h     '

s,. ?. '

T hj

                              .             a e R:                  =s+-       ,

q:

a. C. ~%.

                                                                                                           . f. ~ , .w .          ~vt
                                  .                            _ .;h*:

3,

                                                                                                                              .. An
                                                                                                                           ,p..                  h                                          n w.

y r - l, a .on f. C . -, f.:

                                                                 .A g:.J. X. *
                                                                                                                               ':;O.'f                                                   p** '

Q,l .w . .

                                                                                                                                  ' ^g}g :$)                        > .           . l J .$ %y !? A Nationa %r $$n;k' Butf T

g ' 4 ,, 'tP..?.iAH. O.k . IGitT c $3 W- ioledgo', 'Chio, ,.^cn behalf' of . $r,i GlennTLati. .

~~

y y s a . g .. e. e c.a *;_y * .:%gg s' . ,r' g.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               . ,y , . ;t'

l *: ,

                               .                                                                                                                                                       2 f                                     .m *',e' a g[              .,

E

                                                                                        , 'l                                                                                                                                             &

u

                                .h,)..                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          y h                                                                                                                                 /                    .               er g.-

y a p,. ; ~' gf'.a .e,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               , -                                                                   i 4                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              s       **wij
                                    *                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            *4                        ,,

V 91) . ~ 2 m { l.? w:

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                - g,.: .q a
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                .~                         .f,,,,'         , - ,
            -t 3:\

v 2g o,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       , ,,, k.d g                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             '.

3

                                 . r-                                   -           u!'                                                                                                                                                  '

r - .g g

                      . 9,                                           .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,.{,                                               R .n s.

7 is , -

c' , *. 1 .; f

                                                                                            ,                                                                                                                                                                                                                              *y
                                     .it                                                                                                                                                                                                  4                                              n g-                   1-r 16 4                                                                                                                                       C                                               *y               _.f:                  . .-

{- n :

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    ;'                   ' j', .'2 *
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                '~24 g

L I'

                                                                                                                                                                                                                . ' 't :
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    .[',">                 ,,

Q.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .;*J .%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       .,             --                     . .v .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   %.g.,,                                            -{ .                             %
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             , . -g ,;%                 p. ;3
                                                                                  .is                                                                 -                                                    .               ,- , . . . , -
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  < / 4.. p.                     t,
                                                                                                                                                       .,                                    s      ,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            . ..            o f, , .                          . .3
                                                                                                                                                                                                       ' ,')

In s --

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      *' 4 4                                                                          ,                                                                  . ,                                                 ,

o.i .' ' {,. 6.?gI.$WLJl t . .

                                 ;f
                                                                                                                                                                                               ~'

u ;

                                                                                                                                         .. }.3 %..Q,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   -yh.Q.9.cf

;.y 3 ',

2 v. 3 . ;;- . . 1 4.:.t 7, ggr 4 9 7'?, 'A3 !. G' g'<- ' pc.. ,._ ;; -,?

                                    -*                                        ,5 nr                                                       -

s.

                                                                                                                                        .~ Q... u

(, .: Q' n 5, ,

                                                                                                                                    ' 7*~ g.,MDi                                                                                                                        [

L * ;,

                                                                                 ;^                                           . a.u ~qa              .g            - A,. #.                                          __

s s-k 1,

                                                                                                                                      's.~ 7.;*z#v *
                                                                                                                                                                        >;$[                                  .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  ~.                              e n

24 ia Q I

2. 5

                                                                                                    ^
                                                                                                            '       *         *v
                                                                                                                                            'n, 2              .
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      -I
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         ,                                           g' u                    .                   bs"t ,'

7

M;gj T " .

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         .          . . , , . ,                               . . ,         e

e..

                       +
                                                                                                                                                 'N s

TMt yh' . ! , f- f %,

                                                                               's     -'                  .

4'. .c r. t < . /c'7-)' ~~b4y p

                                  . .c q d?'.w S.;;M.!cicQWl c h o is..         h;g. g ,

t. ate'. T ..c,

                                                     ,gd,,

A-T $ib 3 -

                                                                                                                                                           ~ ? =y,,gg.,

g. ,,'[' !!, ,, C , b '!l Tes ,on,ha . ,

er 6 ' T A University /.'Columbtts7 Chlo. ,._.- ,. , VjaJ9 '4

                  , Ze%$,f.                  t yag.; , k.-;.              ;-              4 ., .       3                     u _ v.,.p,,J4 ;

g'T ' A fi i; gy, Euged university. I. Perri5, y Wcatern Reserve hkfY( 153

                       -e      *%      ,

p'

                                                                                                                      ,                                                                  f.e, / s.
                                                                                                                                                                                         .                 . b..
                     . , '                                                                                                                                             ';vl.
                                                                                                                                                                           '            :W .g,              *
                  #    b- ~ ,                '

fr. J2eos c. Wynd, Ohio Departmant of . 9! .1-

               ;p .a d'T Heslth. Port Clinton, Ohio..                                                              (,16 W u t,( g     ,
                     .                                                                                                                                            v yr ny _
              .a                                                                                                                                                          . . .
                                                                                                                                                                                         -+                  3,3 N               *
                                                                      . Len. 1 P. P a 1. ?r , :Wror o2 the
                                                                                                                                                                                                *' ~ in
          .f?f tillage of 02. E .Lo_.                                                                        165                    *
                                                                                                                                                                                                            y
           - /
          ?
             ~
                                                                    .r,r     Ka tP act. Pau,ic              < ^*lang Grect.,

0 .j c . 166 i

   '.x                                                             .c.       ac:r. - 9 '. e ! . m'. L . t n k , lit 1 nc.          Chlo.                                172                               ,

.a ,

'x . I. .t rt G . U r '. : c: . , IN.1k 'la iton Le ague , ;

Ohio Division. 188 6 g , L e b tir . Richant ', nbb . 191

             ;}y'.,.

j'

                                               ,                                                                                                                                                                     i 3-
            .5 W                          I,
                                                                !!r. Larry l'oblitt , Port Clinten, Ohio                                                                  230                                          .
            .po             ,                                                                                                                                                                                     ),.

e: -

                                             'I
             #- '-                                              Ilias Jean renton Finkel, Lorain, Ohio                                                                    232                                          .
               .v .                    ..,     ',l                                                                                                                                               ,                %il 5 e9; Il              Mr. Lawrence .T. Lucas, Chairman, Local 497,                                                                                 w                  . ?, ,
                                       ...a n'                       U Atl , Standa.rd Pro,Iuct': Unit.                                                              236              ,-

s # r ,"g*, ij j 3 Mp;,

                                                                                                                                                                                                       **          =
                                        '                                                                                                                                 B I

l ?. r.%f.*TS e f * ( l

                                                                                                                                                                         ,9               +-           i      A%

g*. *. A-

                                                                                                                                                            . v .. a p
                                         .        g                                                                                                              ;3                        . .                 f*

3* A_ - r .M S , . (. ( 25

                                                                                                                                                                                             .s.whhg.f, I'                                                                                                                                                                  *
                                                                                                                                     }'
                                                                                                                                                              "':,, '"f' A.                    f ' ff                           .

q a p u s a i, #

                                           "                                                                                                                                                          .Al

s M g A 4 0 4

                                                                                 =h-
                                                                                      ,    y     .    .

g*-:*g? Tn,,e ' ,

                                                                                                                              '         '22Sc      ,' s:
                                                                                                                                                             "Y     ., g
                           ' Q.. %h , :s
                                           ;i,~ y* *'. A yE
                 ?'                                                                                       ,
                                                                              +

1 i kf , sp

                                         $                                      f                                           55127 1 WillIfocus my,rematha/,u h c 1                                  4,        U.R. C111R!iOFF: .Y                                                                                           ;

h.g 4 .m.' ). ;' .. .;N,Q yy'; cyy g , > '-

                                                                                                                                                                          --.J 3                     U.r. Chairr./.n, on the                    contentions that are' set forth in
                                 ~a                 l q

y. 4. fA," .,4. 6,t: f g gig ; v -{kr: ql. -

There are four contentione,tiet forth. f*h 4

                                                     'p;             .r. Lau' a ; etit ix .                                                                           .
                                                                                                                                                                           ?'
                                                                                                                                                                            . re, , .

MA ' 5 h The fir ' : .- *; w: m c . J Contertion :fo. I relatus to solid va:t s, t<hich

) (6J:i a.~ )tir.Lauansertavillandangorthepetitioner,andtheyrelatu s( 3{ to ', g h i' l [.f y r, it h to disposal of solid uutas. Thors vill be no disposal of: ,y/ f; ; ,. }m cp , kj solid wastes at this particular facility, nor uill there be JV,- .N .is any disposal of solid wactos performed under the proposed [gb f. G , i(e. .~ ,4.m, 15 2 l, construction permit or oporating license ..e. . a ;, for which we havo ,t is ; applied. f . ,. ,.g (+, m,s . j 16 ll So that this particular contention is irrelevant. ,j. , , .f-i I .<. ..a . ?'^' [ c Thore are other proceedings, other licensos obtained by 2," <\.T. : ' ' . ' " ,' g . . . I h . ".f M l(L~y m other persons with regard to transportation . .. . , . and disposal , 2 , t. . of'..d..p- t < . c, . , . ; .t,, uantos. And tir. Lau's concern, it seems.t.o ,,,,.....me, 1s.. appropriate .. 1P.- t l c.. Np ,n* ~ < - wy , , .n g directed at those other proceedings i . y' 5 .y. V . ; %g$, :: Finally, contention No. 4 asserts that the g..q L 22 construction plans and raterials are faulty and in particular f& A} h 23 ho similarly cites they are the same materials that were M.fn5.~. .N , :. i used in another facility, if used here, would endanger the y I .: O i.eopte in this particuiar area. i_ _ . .}}

v t e Letter Sequence Other
TAC:60875, (Open)
Initiation Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request, Request Acceptance... Supplement Administration Questions Answers Results Approval... Other: ML20076M966, ML20076M992, ML20138A211, ML20138A833, ML20138A863, ML20138E411, ML20138E443, ML20141H193, ML20141J293, ML20141J296, ML20141J352, ML20141J377, ML20141J384, ML20141J392, ML20141J401, ML20155E857, ML20155F634, ML20155G813, ML20195B451, ML20195B461, ML20195B561, ML20195B571, ML20195B841, ML20195B863, ML20195E855, ML20195F069, ML20195F083, ML20195F093, ML20197G705, ML20197G762, ML20198E208, ML20198E234, ML20198E325, ML20198J569, ML20198Q807, ML20198Q814, ML20198Q853, ML20198Q917, ML20198R025, ML20199E674, ML20199K964, ML20202F848, ML20202F877, ML20202G680, ML20202J825, ML20202J839, ML20203B345, ML20203B416, ML20203B646, ML20203D740... further results
MONTHYEAR1986-04-10 [Table View]

ML20207F380

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

Navigation menu

Search