Text

Requests That NPDES Permit PA0051926 Be Amended to Allow for Use of Biocide Betz 3625 as Alternative to Betz CT-1 for Routine Biological Control at Plant.Favorable Response Requested by 930901
	ML20046B809
Person / Time
Site:	Limerick
Issue date:	07/28/1993
From:	Morley G; PECO ENERGY CO., (FORMERLY PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC
To:	Newbold J; PENNSYLVANIA, COMMONWEALTH OF
References
	NUDOCS 9308060243
	Download: ML20046B809 (26)
	v • d • e

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PHILADELPHIA ELECTRIC COMPANY 2301 M ARKET STREET i

P.O. BOX 8699 PHILADELPHI A. PA.19101 [

(215) e 41400o Ja:y 28,1993 ;

Mr. James Newbold .

Chief, Pemlits Section Depanment of Environmental Resources +

Lee Park, Suite 6010 555 North Lane Conshohocken, PA 19428

Dear Mr. Newbold:

Limerick Generating Station NPDES Pennit No. PA0051926 Pursuant to Chapter 92.7, " Reporting of New or Increased Discharges," we hereby request that the subject pennit be amended to allow for the use of the biocide Betz 3625 as an alternative to Betz CT-1 for routine biological control at Limerick Generating Station. ;

CT-1 contains two active ingredients, a quaternary amine and DGH. The Betz 3625 is i i

essentially the quaternary amine portion of CT-1 in a more concentrated form. We are requesting that an average monthly limit of 0.06 mg/l and an average daily limit of 0.29 mg/l ,

be approved as discharge limitations at outfall 001. This corresponds to approximately the same concentration of total active ingredients that would be present in CT-1 discharges.

Usage of the chemical would be approximately 1,000 pounds / week average and 2,000 pounds / week maximum. The product information sheets and aquatic toxicity data are enclosed. Please note that we wish to retain the approval to use CT-1. The Betz 3625 would be an alternative treatment option to the CT-1.

In addition, we are requesting the approval to use Hydrothol 191 to control the growth of algae in the emergency spray pond. Due to water chemistry concerns, we are no longer able to apply chlorine to the spray pond to control algae. Treatme: ' ihe pond would occur approximately once per month (primarily the summer months) and , e n:atment will utilize a maximum of 1.000 pounds of the Hydrothol. The product informe . 3heets and aquatic toxicity data are enclosed.

Maintaining the integrity of the emergency spray pond using the present chemical j systems has become difficult and is not economically efficient. Therefore, we would like to Jl begin the alternative treatment programs as soon as possible. We are requesting that a favorable response be received by September 1,1993. Your attention to this request is appreciated.

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i 9308060243 930728 DR- ADOCK 05000352 PDR G@

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k A copy of this letter (including any attachments or enclosures) is being provided to the !

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) in accordance with the Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 and 2, Environmental Protection Plan, Section 3.2, which stipulates that the l USNRC shall receive a copy of any proposed changes to the NPDES permit at the same time !

that the permitting agency is notified. .

If you have any questio~ns or require additional information, please contact Robert M. Matty, Jr. at (215) 841-5177.

Sincerely, I

Georg,e e/ XXd M.{iorley [

Manager i

Environmental Affairs i

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cc: U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Document Control Desk ' ,

(Docket Nos. 50-352 and 50-353 & License Nos. NPF-39 and NPF-85) '

T. T. Martin, Administrator, USNRC, Region 1 T. J. Kenny, USNRC Senior Resident Inspector, LGS i

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AQUATIC LABORATORIES, INC. BORA RY 173148. FAX ** 355-2869 -

SOMEATON POAD.TREVOSE.PA 19047.U.S.A. / TEL 215 355-33OO TELEX:

I Aquatic Toxicity Data for Powerline 3625*

Bluegill Sunfish 96 hr. LL50: 1.0 mg/L Goldfish ,

96 hr. LL50: 4.0 mg/L Daphnia magna :

48 hr. LLSO: 0.1 mg/L !

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The toxicity for this product was extrapolated from dad.a available in the literature.

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.' t BETZ LABORATORIES,INC.

4636 SOMERTON ROAD,TREVOSE,PA.19047 PRODUCT: POWERLINE 3625 7/07/92 AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY 0% MORTALITY: MG/L 7/07/92 MAMMALIAN TOXICOLOGY ORAL LD50 - RAT : 445 MG/KG DERMAL LD50 -NO DATA SKIN IRRITATION SCORE-NO DATA EYE IRRITATION SCORE-NO DATA INHALATION-NO DATA NOTATIONS RABBIT DERMAL LD50>1800MG/KG

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4636 SOMERTON ROAD, TREVOSE, PA. 19053 BETZ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET EMERGENCY TELEPHONE (HEALTH / ACCIDENT) 800-877-1940 (PAGE 1 OF 3) j EFFECTIVE DATE 06-11-92 9RODUCT : POWERLI!E 3625 PRINTED: 11-Jun-1992

-t PRODUCT APPLICATION : BIOCIDE.

-----SECTION 1---- ------HAZARDOUS INGREDIENTS---------------PEL'S AND TLV'S FOR SPECIF INFORMATION ON PHYSICAL HAZARDS, HEALTH HAZARDS, t

PRODUCT INGREDIENTS AS REQUIRED BY THE OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATIONS LISTED. REFER TO SECTION 4 (PAGE 2) FOR OUR ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL AC AND CHRONIC HAZARDS OF THIS FORMULATION.

'(C12-16) ALKYL DIMETHYL BENZYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ***CAS#68424-85-1; CORROSIVE (EYES);PEL:NONE;TLV:NONE.

t ETHYL ALCOHOL (ETHANOL) ***CAS#64-17-5 ; FLAMMABLE; EYE IRRITANT;MAY CAUSE DEFATTING DERMATITIS, DIZZINESS AND HEADACHE;PEL/TLV:1000 PPM.

P

SECTION 2-----------TYPICAL PHYSICA1, DATA-------------------------

4 PH: AS IS (APPROX.) 8.90 DOR: MILD FL.PT.(DEG.F): 130 P-M(CC) SP.GR. (70F)OR DENSITY: 0.965 VAPOR PRESSURE (mmHG): 44 VAPOR DENSITY (AIR =1): <1 '

VISC cps 70F: 73 % SOLUBILITY (WATER): 100 EVAP. RATE: ND WATER =1 APPEARANCE: COLORLESS TO YELLOW PHYSICAL STATE: LIQUID FREEZE POINT (DEG.F): -7

.-----SECTION 3-----------REACTIVITY DATA------------------------------

STABLE.MAY REACT WITH STRONG OXIDIZERS.DO NOT CONTAMINATE.BETZ TANK

' CLEAN-OUT CATEGORY 'B' THERMIsL DECOMPOSITION (DESTRUCTIVE FIRES) YIELDS ELEMENTAL OXIDES.

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l BETZ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET (PAGE 2'OF 3)-

ODUCT: POWERLINE 3625

SECTION 4-----------HEALTH HAZARD EFFECTS------------------------

CUTE SKIN EFFECTS *** PRIMARY-ROUTE OF EXPOSURE SEVERE IRRITANT TO THE SKIN. POTENTIAL SKIN SENSITIZER MUTE EYE EFFECTS ***

~ CORROSIVE TO THE EYES

) CUTE RESPIRATORY EFFECTS ***

VAPORS, GASES, MISTS AND/OR AEROSOLS MAY CAUSE IRRITATION TO UPPER i RESPIRATORY TRACT

@HRONIC EFFECTS OF OVEREXPOSURE *** .

REPEATED SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE SENSITIZATION.

GEDICAL CONDITIONS AGGRAVATED ***

NOT KNOWN ,

$YMPTOMS OF EXPOSURE **'*

INHALATION OF VAPORS / MISTS / AEROSOLS MAY CAUSE EYE, NOSE, THROAT AND LUNG IRRITATION; SKIN CONTACT MAY CAUSE SEVERE IRRITATION OR BURNS.

PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT BASED ON TESTING RESULTS *** ,

MAY BE TOXIC IF ORALLY INGESTED.

SECTION 5------------FIRST AID INSTRUCTIONS----------------------

SKIN CONTACT ***

REMOVE CLOTHING. WASH AREA WITH LARGE AMOUNTS OF SOAP SOLUTION OR WATER FOR 15 MIN.IMMEDIATELY CONTACT PHYSICIAN EYE CONTACT ***

IMMEDIATELY FLUSH EYES WITH WATER FOR 15 MINUTES.IMMEDIATELY CONTACT A PHYSICIAN FOR ADDITIONAL TREATMENT INHALATION EXPOSURE *** ,

REMOVE VICTIM FROM CONTAMINATED AREA. APPLY NECESSARY FIRST AID f TREATMENT.IMMEDIATELY CONTACT A PHYSICIAN.

INGESTION ***

DO NOT FEED ANYTHING BY MOUTH TO AN UNCONSCIOUS OR CONVULSIVE VICTIM s

DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.IMMEDIATELY CONTACT PHYSICIAN. DILUTE CONTENTS OF STOMACH USING 3-4 GLASSES MILK OR WATER

SECTION 6-----------SPILL, DISPOSAL AND FIRE INSTRUCTIONS---------

SPILL INSTRUCTIONS ***

VENTILATE AREA,USE SPECIFIED PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT.CONTAIN AND l

ABSORB ON ABSORBENT MATERIAL. PLACE IN WASTE DISPOSAL CONTAllGR.THE CONTAMINATED ABSORBENT SHOULD BE CONSIDERED A PESTICIDE AND DISPOSED OF IN AN APPROVED PESTICIDE LANDFILL.SEE PRODUCT LABEL STORAGE AND DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS.

REMOVE IGNITION SOURCES. FLUSH AREA WITH WATER. SPREAD SAND / GRIT.

DISPOSAL INSTRUCTIONS *** '

WATER CONTAMINATED WITH THIS PRODUCT MAY BE SENT TO A SANITARY SEWER TREATMENT FACILITY,IN ACCORDANCE WITH ANY LOCAL AGREEMENT,A PERMITTED WASTE TREATMENT FACILITY OR DISCHARGED UNDER A NPDES' PERMIT :

PRODUCT (AS IS)- .

DISPOSE OF IN APPROVED PESTICIDE FACILITY OR ACCORDING TO LABEL ;

INSTRUCTIONS

.' FIRE EXTINGUISHING INSTRUCTIONS ***

FIREFIGHTERS SHOULD WEAR POSITIVE PRESSURE SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (FULL FACE-PIECE TYPE). PROPER FIRE EXTINGUISHING MEDIA:

DRY CHEMICAL, CARBON DIOXIDE, FOAM OR WATER ,

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"""" AQUATIC ALGICIDE AND HERBlCIDE Enames mame l M ACTIVE INGREDIENT Mono (N,N-dimethylaiky: amine") salt of endothalF 53.0 %

47,0%

(NERT INGREDIENTS 100.0 %

TOTAL l

l Ccnts.ns 2 : encoina" per ganen 1

7-oxabicyac (2.2.1) heptane-2.3-citartoryhc ac:d ecuna,ent 23.3%

- Ay! g cups as cenvoc from Coconut Od l

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KEEP OUT OF REACH POISON OF CHILDREN @,

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DANGER STATEMENT OF PRAC MCAL TREATMENT IF SWALLOWED, drirx prompt'y alarge cuantty of mi:k, egg wn!!es gela0n solubon or if tnese are nct avacab:e, dr:nk la"ge quantities of water. Avoit 4

alcohot. Call a physician immec.ateiy.

IF ON SKIN,immec. ate:y f;ush w'th p!enty of water for at ! east 15 minutes.

Remove and wash contrminated cbthing beto g reuse.

IF IN EYES, immec;awy f:uch w:th plenty of wat er for at least 15 m:nutes Cal1 a physician.

i NOTE TO PHYSICIAN: Probab e muccsa! camage may contra:nd:cate the j use of gastric lavage. Measures aga:nst c;rcutatory shock, respiratory de-j press;cn and convu! sten may be neeced.

see E ce Pu tv Acs: ma' Precacionay sta emems '

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EPA Registration No. 4581-174 EPA Establishment No. 4581-TX-1 Net Contents Gallons / Liters 2

ELF Atochem North America, Inc.

Agchem Division l Philade!phia, PA t

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GENERAL INFORMATION HYDROTHOL 191 is a liquid concentrate soluble in water and is a highly effective aquatic herbicide and algicide for use in irrigation and drainage canals, takes and ponds to control the following weeds and algae: Najas, 1 Elodea. Coontail, Potamogeton, Milfoil sp., Zannichellia, Vallisneria, Cladophora, Pithophora. Spirogyra, and Chara, when weeds are actively growing. Dosage rates indicated are measured in " Parts per Million"(ppm).

1.0 ppm as a dosage rate means that there would be 1 part endothall(acid) I in 1,000,000 parts of water.

Necessary approval and/or permits should be obtained in States where required. Consult state water or conservation authorities before applying to public waters or to ponds, canals or streams which flow into public :

waters.

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DIRECTIONS FOR USE 11 is a violation of Federallaw to use this product in a manner inconsistent

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with its labeling, ,m ,

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i y -1 ' , , 7 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE CdNALS i y / l Apply HYDROTHOL 191 as a surface spray with uniforrn coverage-o'r \

,s/ j inject under the surf ace of the' Water. The minimum contact time ,

N.%. with/ / ;

weeds for optimum results should.be two hours.' J v .

', f5 i f HEAVY INFESTATION-Apply at rate of 4.0.to 6'.75 gal.'per acre foot //) .

(equivalent to 3.0-5.0 ppm).'See table below. ,

e' ,

r s i i i MODERATE OR LIGHT INFESTATIONS-Apply at' rate of 1.4 to 2.7" gal. ;

per acre foot (equivalent to 1.0-2.0 ppm). SeeVtable below.

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GALLONS OF HYDROTHOL 191 REQUIRED TO TREAT 1 MILE OF DITCH,1 FOOT DEEP Width c1 Ditch or Canal in Feet 16 1B 20 22 8 10 12 14 ppm 4 6 2.6 2.9 3.3 3.6 1.0 1.3 1.7 1.9 2.3 1.0 ppm 0.7 5.2 5.9 6.5 7.2 2.6 3.3 3.9 4.6 2.0 ppm 1.3 2.0 8.8 9.8 10.8 4.9 5.9 6.8 7.8 l 3.0 ppm 2.0 2.8 3.9 13.1 14.4 7.8 9.1 10.4 11.8 2.6 39 5.2 6.6 .18.0 )

4.0 ppm 11.5 13.1 14.7 16.4 4.9 6.5 8.2 9.7 5 0 pom 3.2 l hote: 1.1 pt. MYDRDTHOL 191 per acre 1001 e:;uais 0.1 opm of endot*:all (acid). !

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LAKES AND PONDS ALGAE CONTROLt Cladophora, Pithophora, Spirogyra, and Chara can be controlled with applications of 0.6 to 2.2 pints per acre foot (0.05 to 0.2 l

ppm) applied as a uniform suriace spray or injected under water surface. !

Pithophora may require 0.2 ppm or higher. Dosages may be increased to 0.4 to 1.1 gals (0.3 to 0.8 ppm) where greater longevity of controlis desired and for marginal treatments. Repeat treatments when algal growth reappears.

SUBMERGED AOUATICS: Due to the toxicity to fish, the use,of HYDRO-l THOL 191 for submerged aquatic weeds is suggested only by commercial applicators on a marginal or sectional ratheLthaQoverall type treatment.

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Use 0.7 to 3.4 gals. per acre foot (0.5 to 2.5 ppm),s>n a marginal treat-ment either sprayed on or injected'below the surfac Use dosages over 1.0 ppm on ver iiareas'where.some fish kill is not objectionable./y} narrow'iEarggs.or'i !\ ^ ,

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Do not treat more than 1/10 '

of the lake'or pond at one time with doses in

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c-eic'ess of 1.0 ppr'n. .,,.-- . :

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f* APPROXIMATE QUANTITY OF HYDROTHOL'191 FOR ONE ACRE

TREATME

'f Dosages for Various Concentrations in ppm

2.0 5.0 0.3~ 0.5 0.8 1.0 Depth 0051 0.1 0.2 '

f ) 1.1 gal 1.4 gal 2.7 gal 6.8 gal 3

0.6 pts 1.1 pts t2.2 pts 4 ga! .7 gal i , 1 ft .8 gal 1.4 gal 2.2 gal 2.B gal 5.4 gal 13.6 gal ,

+

k 5 2 ft; : 1.1 pts,2.2 pts 4.3 pts 4.4 gal 5.4 gal 10.9 gal 27.2 gal B.6 pts 1.6 gal 2.7 gaf S 4

"',I i 4 ft.1 ~(2323pts pts4.3 6.5 pts pts 12.9 pts 2.5 gal 4.1 gal 6.5 gal 8.2 gal 16.3 ga! 40.8 ca!

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6 ft. ,

^0ne acre equa!s approximate!y 20B' x 208'

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WARRANTY AND DISCLAIMER i E!! Atochem North America warrants that this material conforms to the chemical desenption ,

on the label and is reasonab!y fit for the purposes referred to in the Directions for Use, subject to the risks referred to therein. ELF ATOCHEM MAKES NO OTHER EXPRESS ,

OR IMPLIED WARRANTY OF FITNESS OR MERCHANTABILITY OR ANY O PRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTY. IN NO CASE SHALL ELF ATOCHEM OR S ;

LIABLE FOR CONSEQUENTIAL, SPECIAL OR INDIRECT DAMAGES RESULTING ,

FROM THE USE OR HANDLING OF THIS PRODUCT INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED l TO, LOSS OF PROFITS BUSINESS REPUTATION OR CUSTOMERS; LABOR COST: l OR OTHER EXPENSES INCURRED IN PLANTING OR HARVESTING.

Elf Atochem and seller of'er this product and the buyer and user accept it subject to the l foregoing conditions of sale and warranty which rnay be varied only by agreement in writing signed by a duty author; zed representative of E!f Atochem.

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PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENTS STORAGE AND DISPOSAL HAZARDS TO HUMANS Do not contaminate water, food, or leed by storage (AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS) or disposal.

DANGER Storage instructions: Store in the original con-tainer. Do not store in a manner where cross-con-FATAL IF ABSORBED THROUGH SKIN. MAY BE tamination with other pesticides, fertilizers, food or FATAL IF SWALLOWED. CORROSlVE, CAUSES :

feed could occur. In the event of spillage during IRREVERSIBLE EYE DAMAGE AND SKIN handling or storage, absorb with sand or other inert BURNS. HARMFUL IF INHALED. DO NOT GET IN material and dispose of absorbent in accordance EYES, ON SKIN OR ON CLOTHING. WEAR PRO-with the Pesticide Disposal Instructions listed below.

TECTIVE CLOTHING, RUBBER GLOVES, AND <

GOGGLES OR FACE SHIELD WHEN HANDLING. Pesticide Disposal instructions: Pesticide wastes Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess r and before eating or smoking. Remove contami. pesticide, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of nated clothing and wash before reuse. Avoid breath. Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of ing spray mist. by use according to labelinstructions, contact your State Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency, ENVIRONMENTAL H AZARDS or the Hazardous Waste representative at the -

Fish will be killed by dosages in excess of 0.3 ppm.

nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance.

Do not use where fish are important resources.

Container Disposal Instructions: Triple rinse (or Avoid contact with or drift to desirable plants or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or recond tion-crops as injury may result. ing, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill, Clean out application equipment after each opera- or by incineration, or, if allowed by state and local tron. authorities, by burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.

Do not use fish from treated areas for food or feed within three days after treatment.

Do not use water from treated areas for watering livestock, for prepanng agricultural sprays for food ,

crops, for irrigation or for domestic purposes within the following periods:

Up to 0.3 ppm- 7 days after application Up to 3.0 ppm--14 days after application Up to 5.0 ppm-25 days after application s-C110S-02 D1 (292)

Made and Pnnted in U.S.A.

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0 Review of the Ffects of Endothall Products on Aquatic Ecosystems Introduction Since endothall products were introduced for aquatic weed contml in 1961, maay in-depth studies on their emironmentalimpact have been conducted and published. This paper serves as a review of publishedliterature concerning the effects of endothall on fish,6sh food organisms, >

and the aquatic ecosystem.

In 1988 Congress amended The Federallnsecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFR to require the megistration of all existing pesticides. ITERA requirements for the reregistra of a pesticide mandate that all studies used to support Federal registration meet the new updated EPA requirements. Existing studies used to support these products need to or redene in order to meet the new Iequirements. For Endothall this work is currently in progress, and completion is expected in 1993. General resiews on en Overwhelmingly, the reviews and original research demonstrate that the proper use of en products presents little hazard to non-target aquatic organisms and causes minimal ecosy disruption. '

This review is arranged in four sections-

. effects of endothall products on Esh.

. effects of endothall products on other non-target aquatic organisms.

. effects of endothall products on the aquatic emironment.

. fate of endothall products in the aquatic environment.

Effects of Endothall Products on Fish i

Endothall products currently in use for aquatic weed control are AQUATHOLO K Aquatic Herbicide (the dipotassium sak of endothall) and HYDROT110Le 191 Aquatic Alg! cide and Herbicide (the monoamine salt of endothall). Generally, the toxicity invoked by inorganic endothall salts is equivalent; that is, the toxicity values of the disodium sah and the dipotassium sah are mutually supportive of either compound and are well documented as being of a low hazard to fish. Likewise, se toxicitics of the monamine and diamine salts are similar and recognized as having a narrower safety margin to fish."34* Ihtn though the toxicity o amine salts is higher, they raay still be used with minimal effect on fish." AQUATHOL K is as a preferred pmduct for use where fish are important resources."*

Technical Endothall- Some published information is available on endothall in its acid form referred to as the ' technical product.* Technical endothillwas found to be toxic to blue sunfish in an anificial pool treated at 2 ppm;in static jar tests,0.2 ppm caused 100% mortal in 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months while 0.75 ppm caused the same resuh in four hours." In a laboratory study using rainbow trout fry and eggs,10 ppm exposures lasting four hours caused some mortalities b did not inhibit gonad development." The technical product was found to be ten times more '

toi eW monoamine pellet formulation.m Endothall in its technical state would never be applied inte the aquatic emironment, but it is useful to understand its impact on fish. <

AQUAT110L K and Related Products-The data generated on the toxicity of AQUAT) and disodium endothall are extensive. Table 1 presents the acute toxicitieswhich have been reponed in the literature. All values appmach or exceed 100 ppm even when exposure continuous over a period of four days.

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b Table 1 i Acute Toxicity Values for the Inorganic Salts of Endothall (dipotassium or disodium endothall)

Exposure IC 50Values Conditions (ppm)

Species and Reference Period (hours) .

Bass S'atic >200 (13) 24 Largemouth - 200 .

(13) 48 ;

48 320 (79) Bow Through >135 (13) 96 i Static 120-125 (84) 96 2,000 (SS) 24 Striped

1,700 (SS) 48 710 (SS) 96 1

Carp Static 145-210 ,

Carp-Goldfish liybrid (S4) 96 Catfish Static 170 175 Yellow Bullhead (84) 96

- 180 185 BlackBu" head (84) 96 Minnows -

Static 110-120 Bluntnose (84) 96

- 480 (79) 48 Fathead

565 (83) 24

' Ilarlequin -

460 (83) 4s 105 (84) 96 Red Shiner -

95 Rednn Shiner (84) 96 ,

Salmon 4,900 0.5 Static

' Chinook (4S)

260 ;

(48) 24 '

155 (13,53a) 24 136 (12a,13,53a) 48

82 (48) 96 Sunfish - 428 (22) 24 Bluegill

450 24 (41) 450 24 Static, Soi (80) 390 24 Static,Ilard (80) l l

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Table 1 (Continued)

LC50Values Exposure Condiuons (ppm)

Species and Reference Period (hours)

Static <800 (532) 24

268 (22) 48

280 (41) 48 48 Static, Soft 320 (80) 240-48 Static, Hard (80) >300 48 Static (53a) -

125-150 (84) 96 125 Redear (84) 96 !

Experiments utilizing longer exposures show that there is no further increase in tI with continued exposure (Table 2). Consequently, a true tolerance threshold has been re at 60 to 100 ppm. Avoidance behasior studies with rainbow trout"* have shown that trou will not avoid AQUAT110L K at concentrations below 10 ppm, but yjll avoid concentrations .

' above that level. Consequently, a routine control program utilizing 1 to 5 ppm will not drive Iish from a treated area, but, should a spill occur, fish will leave the area before toxic leve are appmxhed.

Table 2 7

Effects of Repeated Exposttre of FishTo The Inorganic Salts of Endothall l

(dipotassium or disodium endothall)

Exposure Concentration Period (Days) (ppm) Results Species and Reference Bass95-115 Minimum effectlevel (M) 7 Largemouth l 3 10 100 90% sunival largemouth Fry (45a) 10-25 No mortality l Smallmouth Fry (37) 8 (newlyhatched) l No mo tality l NS* 13 UnspeciSed (50) 10 No mortality (53) 21 Carp ;

Carp-Goldfish Minimum effectlevel l 7 110-150 Ilybrid (M) !

Catfish Minimum effectlevel l

7 100-120 1 BlackBullhead (84) 3 10-100 90% sunival Channel (451)

No mortality hke Chubsucker (newly hatched) 8 10-25 Fry (37) 7 110-120 Minimum effectlotl Yellow Bullhead (S4) 1 1

l

}

l Table 2 (Continued)

Exposure Conmntration Period (Days) (ppm) Resuhs Species andReference Minnows No mortality ,

21 40 Bluntnose (53) 7 7490 Mimmum cffectlevel (84) 10 No mortality (50) NS*

Fathead No mortality 21 40 Red Shiner (53) 7 60 Minimum effectlevel (M) ,

21 40 No mortality Redfin Shiner (53) i 7 60 Minimum effectlevel (84)

Salmonids 14 day 14 10-105 Chinook Salmon (4S) LC5 o=62.5 ppm 21 10 No mortality RainbowTrout (53) !

21 10 No mortality UnspeciSedSalmon (53)

Sunfish 20 No mortality Bluegill (11) NS*

10 No mortality .

(50) NS*

100 No mortali:y (53) 21 7 100-105 Minimum effectlevel (84) 10-25 No mortality BluegillEggs & Fry (37) S 50-100 No mortality l (37) 12 3 10-100 90% survival '

Bluegill Fry (45a) 10-25 No mortality Green Fry (37) 8 7 100 Minimum effectlevel Redear (84) I

NS=Not SpeciSed Changes in water quality have been investigated in relation to their inSuence on endo toxicity. In studies with rainbow trout, there is a marginal increase in toxicity when water temperatures are lowered." ") Tarmer temperatures apparently decrease toxicity this change may be due to the increase in microbial degradation of endotball with increa temperatures. The toxicities of the inorganic salts have also been compared hi hard water. Suber and Pickering" showed a marginalincrease in the toxicity of disodium endothall when fish were exposed in a hard water environment. However, the LC oS valueswere stillin excess of 200 ppm. In a study byinglis and Davis"2' water hardness ranging from 13.0 to ppm as calcium carbonate had no significant efect on the toxicity of endothall to blu sunfish, rainbow trout, bluespotted sunfish, goldfish, redear sunfish, or black bullheads.

Yeo*also found no changes in toxicity to smallmouth bass, green sunfish, or mosquito fish when calcium haniness varied. l l

4

)

and The effects of AQUATHOL K on smoltification of salmon has also been inve ll b l d t s do notinterfere with this process.

ithasbeen foundthatapplicationsusingtypica a ee rae Higher concentrations, of long duration, do cause irritation to gill tissue"'(t involved in osmotic regulation and the onset of smoltification) and lower sunival of sl '

immediate transfer to seawater. However, with a brief recovery period after AQUATHO exposum, the effects are allesiated. .

Both field "A")and laboratory *)" trials have shown that endothall is of low t'

- ) had no delayin fry appearance nor reduction in fry and eggs. Ponds treated at 5 ppm

bluegill productivity after treatment. Survival of the ad .

2 ppm endothall treatment eliminated nuisance weeds. The reduction in w a first summer's increase in total trout gmwth of over 330 feet. One year later, ea ,

from the spring trout plant grew an average of seven inches in less than six m' information contradictory to such success is from a Russian journal summary that gives specific data _""The apparent mode of action of endothall toxicityis t goldfish exposed to0 endothall for 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months showed no pzhological cha using bluegillliver mitochondria " showed that sodium endothall at high con slightly inhibited oxygen uptake and the hydrolysis of ATP, but did not ahe While endothall has been referred to as toxic to fish,5) such and reference is not in con with the use of the inorganic salts. Field trials in pools,cn.2w n bkes/2.a 9Am canals on .2" usinglabel recommended rates for weed control caused no detrimental effe bluegills,largemouth bass, brook trout, smallmouth bass, green sunfish, or m present during treatment. It has been demonstrated that AQUATHOL K a!

other products such as Diquat or copper and, thus dissched oxygen deplet weed decomposition, is not as severe.'2'J" AQUATHOL K has also been used in hatchery emironments and is recomI to fishyna2) Pond and raceway treatments in trout hatcheries""

sinceit offers a margin of safegJOhave shown that treatments according to label and warm water hatcheries" recommendations cause no fish mortality, distress, or other detrimental effects. '

FieldAQUAT110L and laboratory K trials and Related with AQUATHOL ProductsKinand Combination related products with Ot in 5.i6a2) or copper t2n have demonstated that such combinations cause no potentiation of toxicity for the compounds involved. 5 LC 0 values do not change appreciably."' ) E patho changes were seen in goldfish or bluegills exposed to levels ten t The major difference between the use of a combination such as AQUATHOL K AQUATHOL K plus Diquat is the production of a gmater oxygen demand if decomposition."*'#"HYDROTHOL 191 and Related Products. The a having a narrow safety margin to fish.While the mode of action is appa the inorganic sah,"") the toxicity values are much lower, probably due to the pe ;

properties of the amine. Acute toxicity values which have been publish Incorporation of the active ingredient on a carrier, as is done for the granula lowers the toxicity of the active ingredient.aun Fish are less sensitive to HYDRO to copper U " and will avoid amine sahs of endothallif given the opportunity.

J

-I Table 3 Acute Toxicity Values for the Amine Salts of Endothall (monamine or diamme sah)

Exposure LC50Value Condition (ppm)

Species and Reference Period (hours) '

24 Static 0.8 BluegillSunfish (41) 24 0.3*

48

0.8 48 0.3*

0.06-0.2*

(M) 96 120 IlowThrough, 1.6 Golden Shiner (25)

Soft 120 IlowThrough, 0.32 Ilard 4 Stade 0.75 12ke Emerald Shiner (82) 4 0.29*

24 0.4 24 0.12' 48 0.35 48 0.1*

0.35 96 '

0.08*

96 Stauc 0.1-0.3*

Iargemouth Bass (84) 96 Stauc 0.1-0.2*

RedearSunfish (M) 96 Static 0.2-0A*

Yellow Bullhead (84) 96

diamine salt field treatments have been reported to cause fish kills under cenain circumstanc In other applications, the use of 1 ppm has not unsed fish modality.'"'"")

The e!Iect of uter quality variations on the toxicity of endothall amine salts has also been f

im'esugated. Walker (") reponed a rise in temperature increased the toxicity of the d endothall to five species of warm water fish. Trials comparing the toxicity of the amine and soft water have shown no significant change or lower toxicity when calcium concentrations ,

increased.'"") One study using unusually high water hardness levels, increased exposure and a shon acclimatization period, reponed that HYDROTHOL 191 toxicity was enhanced; soluble salts."" The values reported, however, arein line 5 vawith other LC o lues summarized

}

Table 3 The physiological effects in fish from ex sure to the amine sahs of endothall have irritation that is dose related and reversible.p4 ") Pathological changes liver, blood, and gonads"* but this is inconsistent with other findings? ") Blood has sho changes in ion balance and hematocrit levels and La ring studies with liver mitoc bluegill sunfish have demonstrated a severe inhibition of oxygen uptake but no effect phosphorus uptake.U"

Effect of Endothall Products on MacroinVertebrates, Plankton and Other Non-Target Organisms Again, the inorganic endothall salts are oflow impact to the non-target organisms inhabiting the aquatic ecosystem. The amine salts are more toxic, as was seen in the toxicity values for fsh given in the previous section. Several previous reniews have discussed the impact of endothall on aquatic organisms"' " and plankton.(*

Technical Endothall- Very few published papers deal with the efects of technical products on aquatic invenebrates but 30 two LC values have been published for endothall and are given below.

Exposure Period (hours) If 0 5Value(ppm)

Species and Reference 26 46 Daphnia magna (20) 24 2 Gammarus lacustris (60)

Crosby and Tucker"" continued their obsemtions on Daphnia. When Daphnia were dosed at 25,50, or 84 ppm for 26 hours3.009259e-4 days 0.00722 hours 4.298942e-5 weeks 9.893e-6 months and then removed to fresh water, only organisms from 84 ppm level suffered monality during the first week after exposure. Since the Daphnia becomes immobile prior to dea.h, LC n3 values are often based on this immobility rather than monality; thus, an EC50value, no' an LC50value,is determined.

Researchers usingdiso'lium endothall on aquatic invenebrates found that the EC 3o3 and LC a values were not significant'y different for this product." Daphnia from the 25 ppm and 50 ppm exposures, above, were held for 30 days during which time aproduction and behavior were normal.

AQUAT110L K and Related Products-During developmental work with endothall formulations, the inorganic saks of endothall were screened as algicides and found ineffective. It has been noted in obsemtions on planktonic photosynthesizers that the post-treatment biomass level of primary producers does not change significantly." Chlorophyll a concentrations were '

observed to be temporarilylowered after treatment with AQUATHOL K, but these levels soon rose to equal that of the control pond." ,

Several LC3 o values have been determined on fresh water invertebrates; values appearing in published literature am presented in Table 4. As was 3seen with LC a values for fish, monality is produced only at levels far in excess of label rates. Field observations and laboratory studies have repeatedly demonstrated that the inorganic sahs of endothall do not dislodge or otherwise effect treatment area fauna (see Table 5). .

Table 4 Toxicity Deterrnination on Aquatic Invertebrates l Exposed to the Inorganic Salts of Endothall j

(dipotassium or disodium endothall)

Exposure Period LC3 0Value (ppm)

Species and Reference 1 (33) 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months 20)

Chirnomus tentans 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months 120 (midgelarvae) 48 hours5.555556e-4 days 0.0133 hours 7.936508e-5 weeks 1.8264e-5 months 51 ClamEggs (222) '

12 days 12.5 ClamLarvae (222)

(33) 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months 249 Cypretta kawatal 1

I

r l

l l

72 hou:s 173 (ostracod) 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months 2320 Gammaruslacustris (56) ,

(fresh water stud) >100 (60,602) 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months 48 hours 28.2 Oyster Eggs (22a) 14 days 48.1 Oysterlame (22a)

Table 5 '

Effect ofInorganic Endothall Salts on Non-Target Anhnals

' (dipotassium or disodium endothall)

Concentration (ppm) Results Organism and Reference Planktonic Animals <

1-3 No detrimental efects Amphipods (45)

(65,67) 5 No changeinspedes composition Calanoida or generic density (65,67) 5 No changein species composition C!adocerans or generic density (65,67) 5 No changein species composition Cyclopoida or generic density 2 800% increase 1styearaher FreshuterScud (31) treatment-300% increasein subsequent years (65,67) 5 Population pulse after treatment '

Ostracoda but returned to controllevels Benthic Animals 1-3 No detrimental efect Beede Lame (45) 5-10 Numbers increased ther treatment CaddisDy Lame (84) 5-10 Numbersincreased after treatment Clams (84) '

1-3 No detrimental efects DamselDylame (45) 5-10 Numbersincreased after treatment (64) 1-3 No detrimentalefects DragonEylame (45) 5-10 Numbersincreased after treatment (S4) 5-10 Numbers increased aher treatment Leeches (84) I 5-10 Numbersincreasedafter treatment MayflyNymphs (84) 1-3 No detrimental efects (45) -

1-3 No detrimental efects Midge Lame (45) 5-10 Numbersincrt2 sed after treatment (84) 5 10 Numbersincreased after treatment Mosquito Lame (84) 5-10 Numbers increased aher treatment Oligochaetcs (84) 100% hatched normally Stoneroller Fly Lame (37) 50 1-3 No detrimental effects True Bugs (45) 5-10 Numbersincreasedafter treatment Water Bugs (S4)

Littoral Animals !

1-3 No detrimental effects BeetleAduhs (45) 13 No detrimental efects Cra)ish (45) 5 10 Numbers increased aher treaunent IforscEy Lame (84) 5 10 Numbersincreased aher treaunent Snails (84) !

5-10 No detamental efects Tadpoles (85) !

5-10 No detrimental efects TaterBeetle (84) l

_ - - _ _ _ _ _ . ._. __ D

Avoidance chamber studies demonstrated that mayDy nymphs did not move away from AQUATIl0L K,"U thus herbicide treatments would not dislodge l',em from their habita! area.

Total productivity of disodium endothall treated areas increasen following wee General Ecid observations have veriBed the detailed ecologica' studies in that no detrim effects to non-target organisms have been noted as a result of using norganic endothall s lakes,"5 3' ") moving waters,"3J*or hatchery ponds."5J*

AQUATIIOL K and Related Products in Combination wl h Othe the inorganic sahs of endothallin combination with some other aq tatic herbicides h shown to change the safety margin to non-target organisms. Plankto tic blooms have be reported after the use of AQUAT110L K/ copper combinations,"9) perhaps due to q macrophyte decomposition and nutrient release.

Table 6 summarizes obsemtions of non-target organisms in treated waters. A detaile -

using artificial substrate on which macroinvertebrates were allowed to colonize, average number of indhiduals per substrate were similar to pre-treatment levels of taxa remained relatively constant. The treatment was an AQUAT110L K/Diqual combin analysis, water concentrations of endothall reached 3.25 ppm.""

Table 6 Effects of Endothall Combinations on Non-Target Aquatic Organisms CompoundUsed Results Organism and Reference Planktonic Zone No detrimentaleffects (45) Endothall Amphipods

+Sihtx 13 ppm Benthic Zone

No detrimentaleffects Beetle Larvae (45) "

No detrimentalelfects DamselDyl2me (45,81,82)

~

No detrimental effects Dragon 0yIsme (45,81,82)

No detrimental effects Mayfly 12rvae (45,81)

No detrimentaleffects MidgeIstvac (45,81)

Littoral Zone

No detrimental effects (45)

Cra)iish

No detrimentaleffects Water Beetles (45)

No detrimental effects Water Bugs (45)

IIYDR01110L 191 and Related Products- Because the algicidal activity of amine ,

endothall pmducts is recognized, algae are a target oq;anism for control when are used. Application of IIYDROTIfOL 191 to control algae and nuisance weeds in ph)toplankton that have been reported to stabilize within 84" to 116"" day Other organisms can also be affected by use of amine endothall formulations upon concentrations used and duration of exposure?5'") For example, a IIYDROT110L 191 at 3 ppm for five hours showed high tadpole mortality but a 1 ppm >

for ten hours caused no mortalities. Both treatments controlled weeds.

i 9

e

. - ~ . . . . . . .....:.--

Effects of Endothall Products on The Aquatic Emironment Studies previously discussed summarize the eIIects of endothall on organisms which inhabi aquatic zones. Articles have also been published which discuss the impact that AQU related products have on water quality parameters. Past reviews have addztssed this a environmentalimpact."82# It is well documented, and previously addressed here, that aquatic herbicide treatment lowers dissolved oxygen due to the biological oxygen dem weed decomposition. The inorganic salts of endothall products have been recognized as ha less of an impact on dissohrd oxygen; thus, not as upsetting to the ecosystem, because they slower acting *) Other parameters of water quality, such as temperature, haniness, and phosphorous and nitrogen content have been shown not to be ahered after w2ter endothall."""

Combinations of the inorganic salts of endothall with copper or Diquai do produce a more rapid macrophyte knockdown and thus a higher oxygen demand."" However, recovery rapid and is aided by phpoplankton popuhtions."*

l The aesthetic beneSts of water with nuisance plants remosed are easily evaluated. '

fishermen who regubtly fish in specific areas before and after weed control with AQUATHOL comment that fishable shoreline is increased substantially;in one survey,72% of the anglers consulted said that fishing enjoyment was definitely increased.*

Fate of Endothall Residues in the Environment The dissipation and disappearance of all endothall formulations follow a sintilar pattern regardless of the formuhtion. Published literature documents several case historie fate of endothall residues are determined in water, soil, and fish. Endothall is neither bicaccumulated nor persistent in the environment.""" One review by Pimental* suggests th endothall is bicaccumulated in benthic organisms but the method of analysis detected radioactive carbon, nni the endothall molecule. Endothall is readily broken down by microorganisms"') which incorporate its constituents (carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) into natural products. No bioaccumulation was demonstrated in a laboratory *ccosystem algae snails, Daphnia and mosquito fish."3)

In hboratory studies, under artificial conditions where the number of microorganisms is low, the complete disappearance of endothall can take up to 60 days *) with microbial populations taking approximately 30 days to rise to alevel high enough to have an i detailed laboratory studies show a connection between the rate of disappearance and the number of organisms or ratio of organic matter!'" However,in a field study utilizing whole ponds trealed at 0.1 to 3 ppm,it was found that the disappearance of endothall was c 8 to 20 days and that vadance in disappearance rates were not associated with temperature, water hardness, or the soil / water ratio.N" Then levels of endothall above those recommended for treatment are used, breakdown can take up to 25 days in natur There whole ponds were treated with AQUATIIOL K at 5 ppm, the disappearance of en was complete in 18 "') to 25 idays.

Where shorelines, moving water, or small portions of a waterbody are treated, disappearance of endothall is much more rapid. In unenclosed areas, the half-life water is 48 to 72 hours8.333333e-4 days 0.02 hours 1.190476e-4 weeks 2.7396e-5 months "") or less. Residues in the sediment are similarly transient."") I studies utilizing pbstic enclosures to inhibit dissipation, total disappearance of endothall

: l still accomplished within 24 to 96 hours0.00111 days 0.0267 hours 1.587302e-4 weeks 3.6528e-5 months !54 Endothall is not detected 500 feet outside of treatment areas in lakes receiving shoreline herbicide application.")

5 la field Inals and laboratory 14 studies, consistentlylow levels of endothall are found in fish. In studies utilizing radioactively labelled endothall, water concentrations of 2, 6, or 12 ppm I for up to six days caused tissue residues ranging from 0.002 to 0.2 ppm?i")

Manmum concentrations were reached 12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months post-exposure and were highest in nscera '

and lowest in Desh. A very small amount was detected in the blood Radioactivity was present ,

clsewhere as natural constituents /2" Radioactive endothall was absorbed when given to bluegills In one in feed, but was not metabolized!") Endothall does not concentrate in edible fish Desh.

field study, treatment level concentrations produced residues of 0.02 ug/g,1 and 12 hours1.388889e-4 days 0.00333 hours 1.984127e-5 weeks 4.566e-6 months po exposure." 50 In another similar study, a 5 ppm endothall treatment resulted in residue of 0.02 and 0.04 ppm,2 and 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months post-exposure respectively!'OAfter three days, residues were non-detectable. Similar resuhs were produced af!er an application of the diamine salt formulation!") Endothall applications do not produce an off-taste in fish flesh!5" Some organisms, such as Daphnia and selected bottom faunawill show temponuy resid levels that exceed water column concentrations!"") Mom than likely, this is a result of the consumption of decomposing plant material that has absorbed higher concentrations of endothall. These concentrations are transient and are not passed along the food chain.

Stimmary Vinually all of the published information available demonstrates that endothall product used for effective weed control without detrimental effects on other facets of the aquatic environment. The low toxicity of the inorganic salts of endothall, coupled with their rapid disappearance from the water column and its inhabitants, make these formulations the of choice for aquatic macrophyte control.There algae are the target plants, the amine salts endothall provide ellicient control of many species of algae and macrophytes. When used properly, the amine salts remove nuisance plant species without harming fish populatio altering the aquatic ecosystem.

1 t

11

t Controljournal,3 (1):55-58 (1971) '

1. Anon. Toxicity of Herbicides Bemg lavstigami, OnDRODIOL,ENDOTHALL, AQUATHOL)

Bibh.ography USDi rish.Pesuede Res.12b., Columbia, Missouri (undated abstract only) (AQUATHOL) (possibly the 12. R.D. Blackburn,L E. Bitting, et al, Control of '

Elodea in a Residential Situation, Hyacinth Contro!

same as No.34) la. Anon.,Waterscapes - ASparkhngDimension to Any Journal,ii page not noted (1961) OnDR01110L)

Landscape, landscape & Irrigation, August,1983, 12a. B.LBohmont Toxicityof HerbicidestoIJvestock, pages12-18,61,66 (ENDOTHALL) Honey Bees, and Wildlife, Proc. Testern Tecd Anon., Annual Progres Report,USDI Hsh-Pesticide Cont. Conf.H:25 (1967)(AQUATHOL) 2.

Res. lab., Columbia, Missouri (1975), pages 1-3 13. C E. Bond, R. H. Icwis, et. al., Toxicity of Various 11erbicidal Materials to Fishes, Oregon State UrJr.,

and 12-14 (AQUAm0L)

Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center Tech.

3 Anon., Experimental Aquatic Teod Control with Rep.T60 3 (1959) (ENDOTHALL, AQUATH01.)

Endothall -Sdver, Diquat, and Simanne, The Ontario Water Resources Cornmission, Research 14. C.R.Bouck,D. A. Johnson,MedicationInhibits Publication No.14 (undated) (AQUATHOL Tolerate to Seawater in Cobo Salmon Smolts, COMBINATIONS) Trans. Amer. Fish SocM 6%6 (1979)

(AQUATHOL) '

4 Anon., Aquatic Teed Control: Potable Water Treatment,Teeds Trees,andTurf(April,1969), 15. L P.Braginskiy, Pesticide Probluns in Wa:er pages 8-11,42 (AQUAm0L COMBINATIONS) Toxicology State of the Art (in Russian), Eksp.Vod.

Toksikol Mater.Vses. Simp. (1st):5 7 (1970) 4a. J.S. Abbaster, Survival of Fish in 164 Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides,Tening Agents,and (END0EALL)

Miscellaneous Substances, int Pest Control, March- 16. T. A. Brungs,J.IL McCormick,et al., Effects of April,1969 (AQUATHOL) Pollution on Freshwater Fish,J. Tater Po!!ution Contr. Fed.,12(6) :1425-1493 0 977) 5 C. R. Berry,Jr.,The Efects of Herbicide Treatment (AQUATHOL, AQUATHOL COMBLNATIONS) on a Reservoir Ecosptem, Thesis, Virginia Polpech.

Inst & State Univ. (Dissertation Abstracts 17. A.P.Burkhalter, Guidelines for Aquatic Teed International,B,1976) (AQUATHOL Control (1972),Fla. Dept of Natural Recurces, COMBINATIONS) Aquaut Phnt Res. Control (END0 MALL)

C R. Berry,Jr., C B. Schreck, et. al, Angler 18. C. C Carter, R. S. Hestand, The Effects of Seleced 6.

Oriented Objectives of an Aquatic Teed Control Herbicides on Phytophnkton and Sulfur Baceria Program, Proc.of the AnnualConfr.of the Populations, Journal Aquauc Plant Mgmt.,H:47-Southeastern Assoc.of Game & hsh 56 (1977) OnVROTHOL)

Commissioners,1975 (publisha!1976),Vol 29, 19. C.C Carter,R.S.Hestand,Rebtionship of pages 301-309 (AQUAm0L) Regrowth of Aquatic Macropbytes After Treatment C R. Berry,Jr.,CB.Schreck,et al, Aquatic with Herbicids to Water Quality and Phpoplankton 7.

Macro. invertebrate Response to Held Appbeation of Popuhtions, Journal Aquauc Plant Mgmt. H : 65-the CombinedHerbicides Diqual and Endothall- 68 0977) On'DROTHOL) .

Bull Environ. Contam. & Toxicol, M(3) : 374-379 20. D.G. Crosby,R.K. Tucker Toxicityof Aquatic (1975)(AQCATHOLCOMBINATIONS) Herbicides to Darhnia na;'na , Science ,H11289-

8. R. D. Blackburn, Evaluation of Herbicides for 2910966) (ENDOMA1.1.)

Control of Aquatic Tmds, USDA, FL Isuderdale 21. T.CDaniel,1. Evaluation of DiquatandEndothall ,

(undated) ODDROTHOL) for the Control of Tater Milfoil NhSM'm R. D. Bbckburn, C E.Timmer,et. al, A Controlls! edascers) and the EEect of Teed Kill on the 9

ReleasePelletof the AmineSaltof Endothall, Proc. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Status of a Tater ikx!y, 24th Annual Mwting Southern Teed Science 2. Design and Construction of a Shallow Water t Society 0971)(inDROTHOL) Sediment Core Sampler, Thesis, UrJv. of Wisconsin (Diss. Abst. Int'l B,1972) (AQUAm0L, AQUATHOL

10. R.D.Bbckburn,LT.Teldon,Controlof Southern COMBINATIONS) l' Nalad in Dorida Drainage and Irrigation Channeh, Teeds, n(4) : 295-298 0964) OnDR01'HOL, 22. J. T.Dasis,J. S. Hughes, Further observations on the Toxicity of Commercial Herbicides to Bluegill AQUATHOL)

SunBsh, Proc. Southern Teal Confr,. M :337-40

11. R. D. B!ackburn, K. A. Boyer, et. al,Phytotoxicity of 0963)(AQUATHOL)

Four Formuhtions of the Alk)iamine Salt of EndothaH on Hel'a va tid!bts and Fish, Hyacinth 222 H. C DaviA H.Hido EEa-ts of Pesucides on i i l

1

. .w . . .u..w. sc: 4--%

Trials, Gatun Lake, Panama Canal, Upcinth atml Embnonic Development of Clams and Opters and on Survival and Grout of Lirvae, U. S. Esh & Journal,1972, pages 33-35 (ID'DROVIOL)

Tildlife Sevice,Esbery Bull.fil:393 (1969) 36. R.C Hihibran,Duradon of Toxicity of Er lothalin (BDomAll) Tate, Weeds,3:17-19 (1962)(AQUADIOL)

23. T.R.Dutta,J.Prasad,et.al, Evaluation of 37. R. C Hihibran, Mecss of Some Herbicide on Herbicides for Submerged weeds in Chambal and Fenilaed Fish EEgs and Fry,Trans. Amer.Ush Bhakra-Nangal Canal Splems, Indian J. Agr. Sci.' Soc., % (4) : 414-16 (1967) (AQUADIOL) d2(1):70-75 (1972) (AQUATil0L) 38. R. C Hihlbran, Diects of Some Herbicides on the

24. L L Eller, Pathology in Redear SunLsh Exposed to Energy Production by Bluegill ther Mitochondria b HYDROTHOL 191,Trans. Amer. Fish Soc.,93(1): Abstracts of the 1970 Meeting of the Weed Science 52-59 (196") On'DROTHOL) Society of America (Februan 2-5,1970),No.96 (AQUAD10L,HYDROTIl0L)

25. B.J.Finlayson, AcuteTer.icluesof thellerbicidos Komeen and HYDROD10L 191 to Golden Shiner 39. L M. Hodgson, C C. Carter,Mwt of Hydri!!a Goteminonus crysoleucas), Bull Env. Contam. Management by Herbicides on a Periphyton Toxicot, n : 676 681 (1980) On~DROTHOL) Community, J. Aquat. Plant Mgmt,2Q t 17-19

26. L C.Folmar, Avoidance Chamber Responses of (1982) (AQUADIOL AQUAT110L COMBINATIONS)

Ma>0y Npnphs Exposed to Eight Herbicides, Bull 40. D. J. Holmberg, G. F. Lee, Mects and Persistence of Env. Contam. Tox col, B (3): 312-318 (1978) Endotall in the Aquatic Environment, Journal Taler Pollution Control Federation, AS (12) 273S (AQUAnlOL)

27. L C Folmar, Overt Amidance, Reaction of Rainbow 2746 (1976) (AQUAT110L)

Trout Fry to Nine Herbicides, Bull Env. Contam. 402. D.J, Holroberg,The Mects and Persistence of Toxicol, H (5) : 509 514 (1976) (AQUAE 0L) Endothallin the Aquatic Environment, Thesis Univ.

28. LC.Fohnar, Acrolien,Dalapon,Dichlobenil, of Wiscossin b973)(AQUAD10L) 4L J.S.HukJ.T. Davis, Toxicity of Selected Diguat, and Endoda!!: Bibliography of Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms, U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service, lierbicides to Bluegill Sunlish, Proc. louisiana TKh. Paper No. 88 (1977) (AQUATHOL, Academyof Sciences,n:86 93 (1962)

In'DROTHOL) (AQUATHOL,HYDROD10L)

29. V.it Freed,1.Gauditz,The Absorption and 42. A.Inglis,F.L Davis,Mects n Water Hardness on Metabolism of Radioendoial by Esh and AquaUt the Toxicity of Several Organic and inorganic Plants, Proc. Nonheast Weed Control Confr., H Herbicides to Fish, U. S. Bureau Sport Esheries &

(January 44,1961), Abst. No. 560 (END0THA11) Tildlife, Tech. Paper 67 (1972) (AQUATil0L, E. O. Gangstad, ed., Weal Control Methods far inDROWOL) 30.

Recreation Facilities Management, CRC Press,19S2 43. A.R.Isensee,Variabilityof AquaticModel (AQUAWOL, InDROTi!0L) Ecosptem - Derived Data, latern.J. Environ.

Studies, M : 35-41 (1976) (ENDOT11All)

31. IL K. Hagen, Control Aquatic Weeds:lt May Mean the Di!Ierence Between ProDt and Loss, Amer. 44. D.T. Johnson, Pesticide Residues in Fish b Fisheris & U. S. Trout News, January-February, Environmental Pollution by Pesticides, Plenum 1%9, pages 1,16,17 (AQUATHOL) Prtss,1973, pages 181212 (EDOTILE)

32. M.11aher, Endotall, Diquat and Dichlobenll in the 45 M. G. Johnson, Control of Aquatic Plants in Farm Aquatic Endronment, b Literature Revicus of Four Ponds in Ontario,The Progressive Fish-Cuhurist Selected Herbicides: 2,4-D, Dichlabenil, Digeat, (January 1965), pages 23-30 (AQUATH01.,

and Endothall, Municipality of Mampolitan Seattle, AQUATHOL COMBINATIONS)

January,1980, pages 195-212 (AQUATHOL, 452. R.O. Jones, Tolerance of the Fry of Common Tarm MD0 DIE) Water Fishes to Some Chemicab Empiryd la Fish

33. C R. Hansen,Jr.,J. A. Kantski, Application of 24 Culture, Proc.16th AnnualConft. Southeastern Hour Post-Exposure Observauon to Acute Toxicity Assoc. Came & Fish Commission, pagm 436-445 Studis a li lovertebrates,J. Fish. Res. Board Can.' (1962)(AQUAMOL) 33:119S1201 (1976) (AQUAE 0L) 46. O.Keckenet, Chemical, Toxicological,and

34. T. Ilarris, P.H. Eschmeyer, eds., Sport Fishery and Biological Properties of Endothall, Hyacinth Control -

Tildlife Research 19731974, USDI Fish & Wildlife Joumalb 50-51 (1%9) (ED0 TILE)

Serv. (1975) (AQUATHOL) 47. O. Keckemet, Endothal-Potassium and the

35. J.S.Hearne,R. A.Pasco, AquaticTecd Control Environment, Proc.1980 British Crop Protection

. Id

~

Conference-Tetds, pages 715-722 (1980) 33 (1969) OnDROTHOL)

60. IL 0. Sanders,Toxicay of Pesticides to the (AQUAVIOL)

Crusacena Gamerus lacustris, USDI Bureau of

48. M. L 12ndoh, S.P. Fehon, et al.,Toxidty of Spon Fisheries & Wildlife Technical Paper No. 25 -

EndothalltoJuvenueChmookSahnon (AQCATHOL,ENDOTHALL)

(Oecorhynchus (thawechi), Repon for '

Municipality of Metropolltan Scaule,May,1981 60a. IL 0. Sanders, Toxicities of Some Herbicides to Six Species of Freshwater Crustaceans,J. Water Pollut.

49. J. M.Iawrence,ed., Aquade Herbicide Da:a, USDA/ARS Agricuhure Handbook No.251 (1%2)

Control Fed.12 :1544-1550 (1970)(AQUAm0L)

(AQUATHOL,lnVROTHOL) 61. R. A. Schnick,E. P. Meyer, Registration of Thirty-Three Fishery Chemicals: Status of Research and

50. J. M.12wrence, Aquatic Weed Control in Fish Estunated Costs Of Required Contract Stud!s,IL S.

Ponds, Proc. World Symp. on Tarm Tser Pond ,

Fish & Wildlife Service, Fish ControlLab, Fish Cuhure (Rome,1966)i:1FAO Fisheries Report Investig20cos in fish Control.1978 (ENDOTHALL)

No. 44,Vol. 5 :VII/E.1,pages%91 (AQUATH01, In'DROTHOL)

62. R. A.Schoenger, AnnualProgress Report:1973-74, USDI Fish & Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide

51. L.A. Lueschow, Teed Control in Recrentional Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, pages 2 Taters, Wisconsin Conservation Bddin, March-and 4 (AQUAMOL)

April,1971 (AQUATHOL) 63 D.E. Seaman,T.M. Thomas, Absorption of '

52. L A. Lucschow, Biology and Control of Aquade Herbicides by Submersed Aquatic Plants, Proc.18th Nuisances in Recreational Tsers, Wisconsin Dept.

Annual Mtg., California Teed Conft., January 18-20, of Na: ural Resources Tech. Bdetin iZ (1972) 1966 On~DRMHOL)

(AQUATHOL)

64. D.E. Seaman,T.M. Thomas, Absorption of

53. H L Iladaberry, Considerations Reg 2rding the Use Endothall and Diqual by Submersed Aquatic Weeds, of AQUATHOL in Potable Tatersheds, Proc.

Testern Teed Control Confr. Pro; tress Report, Northeastern Tecd Contro! Conf.,11 :481-454 1966,pages 95-96 OnDROTHOL)

(1961)(AQUAE 0L)

65. S. L Serns, The Effects of Dipotassium Endothall on 532. J. E. McKee,H. T. Wolf (ed.), Tater Quality ,

the Zooplankton and Tater Quality of a Sma!! Pond, Criteria, California Stse Taler Quality Control Tater Res. Bdeda 11(6): 1221-1231 (1975)

Board,1963, page 375 (ENDOTHAll)

(AQUATHOL)

54. F. P. Meier, R. A Schnick, Registration Status of

66. S. L Serns, Pfects of Dipotassium Endotha!! on '

Fishery Chemicals, February,1976, Prog. Fish-Cuh.,

Rooted Aquatics and Aduh and First Generadon

$$(1): 3-7 (1976) (AQUAE 0L) Bluegius, Tater Resources BuDetin 13(1) :71-80

55. T. T. Mixon,HYDOLT, An Improved Formuladon (1977)(AQUATHOL) for Aquatic Tecd Control, Proc.27th Annual

67. S.LSerns,TheEfectsof DipotassiumEndotball Meeting Southern Teed Science Society, pages 307-Tremment on the Ecology of a Smd Pond, Wa:er 309 (1974)(HYDROTHOL) Rs urces Research Secuon, Wisconsin Depanment

56. A.V. Nebeker, A. R. Gaufin, Bioassays to Determine of NaturalResources, March,1974 (AQUATHOL)

Pesticide Toxicity to the Arnphipod Crusacean,

68. H. C. Sikka, D. Ford, et. al, Uptake, Distribution, Gr=rus L1cust-is. Utah Acad. Proc., f1 (Pan 1) :

and Metabolism of Endotlullin Fish,J. Agric. Food ,

64-67 (1964) (AQUATHOL) ChemisL7,23(5) : 659-51 (1975) (END0 TILE)

57. N. E. Ono, T. R. Bdey, Field Evaluation of low Rse ;

69. O.E.J.Siho,The Controlof Aquatic Teals, Appliccion of Experimental Herbicides: Ifects of the Herbicide Treatment on Fish,USDI Bureau of Vesitalous f(l) : 22-25 (1963) (AQUAm0L)

Reclamation, Taler Conservation B:anch, Division 70. J. C.Simes, Control of the Pondweed, Potamereton of Research, Report TC 35 (AnnualProgress cristus in Both Flowing and Static Situzuons with Report on Aquatic hd Studies Conducted During Endothall, Proc.15th Nonheasern hd Control 1%5), pages 55-60 (AQUATHOL) Conf. page 558-559 (19 1) (AQUAT110L)

58. D. Pimentel, Ecological Ffects of Pesticides on 71. G.V. Simsiman, G. Chesters, et. al, Diquat and Non. Target Species, Exec. OGce of the President, Endothall:Their Fates in the Environment, Res.

OfDce of Science and Technology, pages 108-109 Reviews,f1:131-174 (1976) (ENDOTH.G) l 1

(1971) (ENDOTHAll) 72. G.V.Simsiman,G, Chesters, Persistence of i

59. A. Price,ne Use of an Amine Salt of Fadothallin Endotballin the Aquauc Environment, Water, Air &

Irrigation Canals, Hyacinth controlJournal,8 : 32- so.d Polluno@ 399 413 (1975) (END0m.d) .

~~.. m u..su m ,~,u

73. G.V.Sunsanan,G.Gesters,et.at, Chemical 119126 (1971)(AQUAH10L)

Control of Aquanc weeds and Its Mect on the 86. G.W. Tare,C.C Roan,Interat:lon of Pesucides Nutrient and Redox Stants of Tzer andSediment, ,.i6 pc hp'm sad Plaicon, l Proc. Conference on Gmc lakes Res., H :166 80 Residue Renews (1P70), pages 15-45 l

(1972)(AQUAE 0L) (EDOMAU.)

74- J. R. Snow, Weed Controlin Tarrn Tate Hachery 87. F.J. Tare ,J.D.Gorman,The Resuhs of Selected Ponds, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife Aquate lierbickles in Elodea in South Florida, Resource Publ 102, P2Ees 127 130 (1971) Proc. 20th Annual Meeting Southern verd Conf.

(AQUATHOL)

(1967),pages 290 293 (InDROEOL)

75. E.T.Sicuke,Observa9 ens on the Use of Sodium SS. T. L Tenborne,Jr., Toxicity of Some Grcpounds to Endothall in Fish Hachery Ponds, North Central Striped Bass Fingerlings, Prog. Fish tu!L, January, Teed Control Confr.1961, p22e 104 (AQUADIOL) 1971,pages 32-36 (AQUAT110L)

76. E. W. Steuke, observauons on the Use of Sodium 89. It E.Testerdahl, Mects of HYDOUT and Endothd! in Fish llatchery Ponds, Teed Abst 12 : AQUAGOL K on Hydrilla in Gatun Lake, Panama, 197,No.1036 (1963) (AQUATHOL) J. Aquat. Plant Mgmt.,n:17 21 (1983)

(inDR0nlOI, AQUATHOL)

77. R.J. Strange, Response of Aerobic Community Metabolian to ChemicalTreatment of Aquauc 90. R. R. Yeo, Dissipation of Endothall and Mects on Matropbytes, Journal Aquatic Plant Mg:nt,1976, Aquatic Teds and Fish, veed Sct 11 (2) : 2S2-pages 45-50 (AQUATHOL COMBINATIONS) 284 (1970)(AQUAE 0l)

78. R.J. Strange, Nutrient Release and Gmmunity 91. R.R.Yeo, Field Studies of the Control of Aquadt Metabohsm Following Application of lierbicides to weeds and Dissipation of Endothall from Macropb)ts in Microcosms, Journal of Appbed Reservoirs, Testern Teed Conf. (1967), Abstracts, Txology,13(3):589 897 (1976)(AQUATHOL page 44 (AQUAEOL)

COMBLNATIONS) AQUAT110L represents the Inorganic endothall sahs.

79. E.W.Surber,Q.II.Pickering, AcuteToxicityof inDROTHOL represents the organic endothall salts.

Endothall, Diquat,Ilyamine, Dalapon, ud Sihex t ENDOTilALL refers to technical product or general hsh, Teed Science Society Amer. Abst,, page 68 dkmions. ,

(1961) (AQUAE 0L)

Diquat is a registered trademark of Valent

60. E. T. Surber, Q. IL Pickering, Acute Toxicity of IDDRODIOL 191 and AQUAGOL K are registered Endotha'l, D2qu21, Ilyamine, Dahpon, and Silver to trademarks of Elf Atochem North America,Inc.

Fish, Prog. Dsh Cult., M:164-71 (1 % 2) i (AQUAE 0L) As with any peticide, always read and follow label

81. Y. lt Swabey, C. F. Schenk, Studies Relmed to the instrudions and precautions carefully.

De of Algicides and AquaSc Herbicides in Ontario, Proc. 3rd A::n. Rep. Aquatic Teed Control Soc.,

pages 20-34 (1962) (AQUATHOL COMBINATIONS)

82. Y. it Swabey, C. F. Schenk, Algicides and Aquatic Herbicides, Laboratory Studies on Fish Toxicity, field Toxicity Studies,0ntario water Resources Comm.1963, pages S.17 (AQUATHOL, inDRonIOL) 1 S3. T.E Tooby,The Toxicity of Aquzuc Herbicides for freshruer Organisms-A Brief Review, Proc. Eur.

Teed Res. ':oun.,3rd Int'lSymp. Aquatic Weds, 1971,page s 129-136 (AQUATHOL)

S4. C.R.T21)cr,EndotaH Derivadvcs as Aqua 0c 11erbicide s in fisher) Habitats,Teeds,H(3) :226-232 (1963)(AQUATHOL,InDROTHOL)

S5. C.R. Talker,TheToxicologicalE5ects of Herbicides and Teed Control on fi:,h and Other Organisms in the Aquauc Ecosystem, Proc. Eur. ,

Teed Res. Coun.,3rd Int. Symp. Aq. Teeds, pages IV

- .~.

ML20046B809

Text

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