ML19347A593

Proposal for Fact Finding Study on Nuclear Fission Power Plant Issues as They Affect State of Mi.

ML19347A593
Person / Time
Site:	Midland
Issue date:	06/14/1974
From:	Sinclair M MICHIGAN, UNIV. OF, ANN ARBOR, MI
To:
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A PROPOSAL i for a FACT-FINDING STUDY on NUCLEAR POWER for the LEGISLATURE of the STATE OF MICHIGAN 1

By Mary Sinclair, M. S. -

Environmental Communications University of Michigan l

"Since many of the possible conse-

.quences of misjudgment (on nuclear power) seen irrevocable in terms of the health of future generations, it Tould seem l that a decision on this issue is as pro-found:as any mankind has faced."

i' l' - Dr. Malcolm L. Peterson, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri i80072 gyp 2 1

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PROP 0 SAL FOR A ?ACT-FINDING STUDI ON NUCLEAR FISSION POWER ?LANT ISSUES 2 AS THET AFFECT THE STATE OF MICHIGAN l

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1 I - REACTOR SAFETI 3

Statement of Issue-The unresolved issues on reactor safety were brought out in theA)national ~ nuclear safety hearings at which the Atomic Energy i Commission (AEC) scientists were pemitted to testify for the first time,

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i The majority of scientists in charge of principal research

i. areas testified as to their serious concerns over many aspects of nuclear safety. ~And, in fact, Dr. Morris Rosen, the AEC j

scientist who was in charge of the critical emergency core cool-l' "It l i

ing system (ECCS) research program,- testified under oath:isl '

• of what I believe can be considered a significant portion of, more likely, a majority of the-knowledgeable people available ...

to the regulatory staff, still being basically disregarded.

i The regulatory staff does not have knowledge sufficiently adequate to make the licensing decisions for the approximately However, the 100 reac-Licensing l tors' operating or under consideration."

i Division of the AEC believes that there is sufficient redundancy i of safety features in the design of these plants to allow them to give full power licenses to an increasing number of large-l- sized plants thrnughout the ' country.

1) . The major safety problems include:

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a) Failures on tests of the emergency oore cooling

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. systems. Postponement of the essential ECCS des-tructive testing until at least 1975, by which time many large-sized reactors will be operating or un-

' der construction.

b) Failure of adequate research for many other com-ponents of reactors.

c) Laok of engineering standards.

d). Lack ofisuffiolent operating experience for large-sized reactors now being built.

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i 1 INTRODUCTION' i

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~0n May 7,-1974, House Speaker William Ryan of the Michi-

gan Legislature requested that a proposal be drafted that would i

serve as a base for a fact-finding study on nuolear power for the Michigan Legislature. He stipulated that the guidelines of the proposal should include all the points of view on the major 4 issues with consultants named for the AE9 and the utilities

! - position, as well as for citizens 8 concerns.

i l This proposal was drafted to meet these requirements. It j includes a statement defining esch of the principal issues in the current development of nuclear power and lists consultants i

woo have been the principal spokesmen for the varying points of j view involved.

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The following subjects are included:

! I - Reactor Safety ...................... 1 II - Siting .............................. 3 l

i III - Nuclear Fuel Cycle (Non-Reactor) Safety ................ 4 IV - Safety of Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) . . . . . . . . 6 Y - - Low-Level Radiation Problems . . . . . . . . 7 VI - Problems at Michigan N-Plant s . . . . . . . 8

l. VII - Monitoring .......................... 9 1 VIII - Economics .......................... 10 l IX - Governance of Nuclear Power . . . . . .. . 14 i .X - Thermal Pollution .................. 15 j~ XI - Dacommissioning .................... 16 XII - Medical Opinions ................... 17 l

4 XIII - Public Information on 18

N ucle ar P ow e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i XIVL- Moral Issues ....................... 19 j- XV - Energy Alternatives for The Future ......................... 20 l;

Respectfully submitted by i

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Mary'Sinclair, M. S.

i Environmental Communications I University of Michigan Home Address:

i -5711 Summerset Drive i Midland, Michigan 48640 t

June 14, 1974 e

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e) Lack of research on integrity of pressure vessel.

, ggueultants for Publio Concerns

1) Members of Union of concerned Ha.entists: '

a). Dr. Henry Kendall, Nuclear Physicist, Massachu-j setts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachu-i setts.

i b) Dan Ford, Harvard University, Technical Interro-gator at national safety hearings.

2) Scientists for the Band Corpoxation Study for the i California Assembly..

3) Dr. Morris Rosen, AEC.

i Consultants for AEC Policy Position

j. 1) Dr. Walter Jordan, nuclear physicist, Oak Ridge Nation-l al Laboratory.

Dr. Herbert Kouts, Director of Reactor Safety Research,

! 2) j' AEC.

i I Probability of Major Accident -

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! 1) An AEC Task Force Report of October 1973, stated l that operating reactors are " besieged 8 h abnormal i occurrences and that the level of safety of nuclear plants is "still an unanswered question". This re-

! port was suppressed until its public disclosure was demanded by Balph Nader in January, 1974 j 2) The ' AEC has publicized widely the preliminary i findings of a study undertaken by Dr. Noman Ras-i aussen of MIT, which indicates accident probability as less than one in a million. The study is, as yet, not completed. No peer review was made of the findings prior to the AEC publicity.

Consultants for Public Concern

1) L Dr. L.- V. Oossiok, Chaiman of the AEC Task Force

. Study.

2)

William Bryan, Probability Analyst, National Institute of Applied Research, formerly with NASA, who testified

before the subcommittee on State Energy Policy of Califor-nia that the type of probability study that Dr. Rasmussen is doing was tried by NASA while he was still with the agency and then. discarded as futile.

3) -Dr. Ralph Lapp, Nuclear Physicist.

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' For AEC Policy Position 4

1) Dr. Nonaan Rasmussen, Massachusetts Institute of Tech-

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nology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

2) -Dr. Herbert Kouts,' Director of Reactor Safety Research, Atomic Energy Commission.

I II - SITING

_ Statement of Issue A) .W ith the advent of large commitments of privace capi-tal to the development of nuclear power, the economic consider-j ations have made it necessary to propose very large reactors (i.e., the " economy of size") near industrial and population j areas (" load centers"). Questions are being raised as to

whether this is detrimental to public health and safety.

} 1) For example, in April,1973, the AEC Regulatory j Staff-developed a report on new and more conservative

. siting guidelines based on current knowledge of safety 2 research. These guidelines would rule as unsafe both

! the Midland and Fermi #2 sites in Michigan. Ten other n-sites in operation or under construction in the

] U. S. were also identified as unsafe by these new j guidelines. This report was suppressed until its re-

lease was demanded by Ralph Nader in testimony before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on January 28, 1974

! 2) 2he report indicates that the AEC met with utility l 4

representatives on April 12, 1973, to review the new j siting guidelines. These representatives warned against public disclosure of these new guidelines be-

', cause of the adverse public reaction to the fact that 4 the guidelines indicated the safety of reactors was i in question.

I B) The potential-for sabotage of thi large nuclear plants '

t now being built near large population centers as a threat to national security was defined in a statement to the U. S. Senate l by- Senator Robert C. Byrd of . West Virginia, on Septamber 20, 1973. l Consultants for Publio Concern

1) -Dr. Bruce L. Weloh, Professor of Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine (Sabotage)

2) Dr. Kar1LZ. Morgan, Health Physicist, formerly Director

of- Health Physios, AEC8 s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, now at Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta, Georgia.

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1) Dr. Maro-Ross, University of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michi-

gan. . .. .

2) Ms. Marian Anderson, PIRGIM, Lansing, Michigan. .

i -3) J. Gilligan, University of Michigan;- Ann Arbor, Michigan.

. Consultant for AEC Policy Position f

1) W. Brobst, Chief of the Transportation Branch of the .

1 Atomio_ Energy Commission. .

I C)- At present, there is a lack.of an adequate solution j to the " permanent" storage of high-level, long-lived radio- l d

active wastes which must be kept safe from the environment I for thousands of. years.AEC is planning surface engineered storage.

Consultants' for Public Concern l

1) Dr. William Hambleton, Chief Geologist, State of 2

yansas; Topeka, Kansas.

2) Michael McCloskey, Executive Director, Sierra Club,

. Mills Tower; San Francisco, California.

j 3) Dr. Arthur Kubo, who prepared a definitive thesis j oalled " Technology Assessment of. High-Level Nuclear Waste Managements at MIT, now at. U. S. Military Academy; Annapo-

. lis, Maryland.-

Consultant for AEC' Policy Position

1) Dr. Frank Pittman, AEC Chief of Radioactive Waste 4

Disposal-Management.

i D) Theft of fissile materials for the possible creation of crude atomic bombs by sub-national groups has become a new j and major concern in national security.

Consultants for Public Concern

1) Dr. Mason W111 rich, Professor of.. Law, University of Virginis Charlottesville, Virginia.

'2) Dr. kheodore Taylor, Chaiman, International Research and . Technology Corporation; Arlington, Virginia.  !

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- Consultants for AEC Policy Position  ;

1) AEC Commissioner William Kriegsman; Washington, D. C.

2) iDr. James Powers, Chief of Materials Protection Stand-I ards ; Branch, - Atomic Energy Commission.

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IV -- SAFETI 0F LIQUID METAL l FAST BREEDER REACTOR (LMFBR) -

l- Statement of Issue i

A) Becau'se'of the limited supply of uranium ore for light water reactors (LWR), the development of the LMFBR is considered essential to provide fuel for LWR 8 s and has received top bud-geting priority by the AEC. A large segment of objective scien-tifio opinion, however, views these types of " breeder 8 ret.otors

as not only soonomically unsound but far more dangerous taan j the light water reactors now.being built.

f Consultants for Public Concern l 1) Dr. Thomas Cochran and Dr. Arthur Tamplin, Resources 4 _ _ for._..the_ Future; Washington, D. C.

i 2) Dr. William K. Rowe, Environmental Protection Agency,

Radiological' Division; Washington, D. C.

! 3) Dr. Edward Teller, University of California; Berkeley, j California, i

Consultant for AEC Official Position

, 1) Thomas'A. Nemzek,' Division of Reactor Research and Development, Atomic Energy Commission.

B) Production of plutonium must be viewed as a major

, permanent himan health problem. It is perhaps the most highly

toxic substance known and can cause lethal cancer in microgram

t. quantities. It existed only in trace amounts on the earth 8s

surface :before we fissioned the atom. With the breeder program

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this material will be produced annually in hundreds _of thousands

! of tons as a permanent legacy on earth. Plutonium has a half-l- life of. 24,000 years. AEC believes plutonium can be handled safely.

i Consultants for Public Concern 1

1) Dr. Donald Geesaman,' University of Minnesota; . Min-

. neapolis, Minnesota,~ formerly plutonium expert at AEC8s 4

Livemore Radiation Laboratory; Berkeley, . California.

Consultant's for AEC Policy Position

1) . Dr. John Totter, L Chief of Biomedical Division of '

the Atonio Energy Commission; Washington, D..C..

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Y - LOW-IEVEL RADIATION PROBLEMS -

Statement of Issue A) ~ The permissible releases from nuclear plants have many serious implioations for plant and animal lif e, air and water quality and human health,' about which the public has not been adequately infomed. Since these releases have potentially grave consequences for all our future generations, full publio

. knowledge _is necessary to develop an informed public policy.

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1) Bioconcentration of radionuclides and' conoentra-tion for long periods of time in certain organs, l bones, teeth, etc. , can cause cancer, . leukemia, life-shortening and genetic damage. It will cause a de- l gradation of the life support mechanisms of .the whole ecosystem into which these radioactive substances are i

released. ,

2) Some scientists believe that accidental releases of radioactive materials such as have occurred re-peatedly at Palisades and other U. S. reactors are hazardous to the environment and human life because any amount of radiation is harmful and it is cumu-lative.

3) The AEC and the utilities- state that the planned and accidental releases have not been hamful to human

~ health.

Consultants for Publio Concern

1) Dr. Hannes Alfven, Nobel Laureate in Physios, Uni-vo'rsity of California.

2 ) Dr. Karl Morgan,. Health Physicist, Georgia Institute of Technology.

3) Dr. George M. Woodwell, AEC Brookhaven National Labora-tory; Upton, New York.

Consultants for AEC-Utilities Polier Position

1) - -Dr. Victor Bond, Director of Lif e Sciences, AEC L Brookhaven. National Imboratory Upton, New York.

2) Dr. G. Hoyt Whipple, Consul. tant for utilities, Uni-versity of Michigan; Ann Arbor, Michi6an B) Questions have been raised on amounts of radioactivity which workmen are receiving at nuclear installations. Dr.

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Radford, an _ expert in radiologioni occupational protection, states that standards for people working at nuclear installa-tions should be drastically reduced.-

' C) . Dr. Radford has also raised questions on the way in which radiation standards bave been established by the U. S.

AEC in. relation to the recommendations of the IAEC and how they are reported. f Consultants for Publio Concern

'1) Dr. Edward Badford, School of Environmental Health, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland.

2) Dr. Jane Ste11 man, Medical Director for 011, Chemical and Atomio Workers 8 Union; Denver, Colorado.

l Consultanta for [AEC-Ut111 ties' Position

1) .Dr. Victor Bond, AEC Brookhaven National Laboratory;

' Upton, New York.

2) Health Physicists for utilities.

3) Donald Van Farowe, Michigan Department of Public Health.

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VI - PROBLEMS AT MICHIGAN N-PLANTS -

i Statement of Issue  !

A) Questions of. construction, operation, accidents an's ar.i-aooidental releases have been raised Midland at all of #1 Michig#2, and and Big reactors--Femi #1 and #2, Palisades, documents in the AEC 8 s Rock. These issues are contained in and at libraries Publio' Documents Room; Washington, D. C.,

near these sites..

1) The ' problems and costs of the decommissioning of the Fermi #1 n-plant and disposal of radioactive sodium at that site should be analyzed and disolesed 2 to the public.

2)- Extent of accidental radioactive releases of' iodine-131 at Palisades- and their significance to human health should be analyzed by independent _ consultants.

_3) The unresolved discrepancy on the radioactive re -

leases projected for Femi #2 by the AEC Regulatory

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Staff compared to Detroit Edison's estimates should be analyzed and resolved. l

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! 4) Amount of radioactive releases at the Donald C.

Cook Plant disobarge canal and its proximity .to Lake j Township water supply intake and any other water in-4-

takes should be analysed by independent consultants.

5) The significance- of the .oracks reported in the l

oonorete. base of Fermi #2 shou.Ld be analyzed by in- l dependent experts and reported to the publio.

! 6) Quality control issues at Midland site and how they have been resolved should be reported to the l public.

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Consultants for Public Concern

1) Dr. Karl Morgan, Georgia Institute of Technology.  ;

2) Dr. Dean Abrahamson-, University of Minnesota; Min- ,

i neapolis, Minnesota.

3) Myron Cherry,' Attorney at Midland Intervention, Jenner j '

and Bloch Law Fim, #1 IBM Plaza; Chicago, Illinois.

i 4) Dr. Edward Radford, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, i Maryland.- i i 5) Independent concrete expert.

Consultants for AEC-Utilitiest Policy Position f ~

f- 1) Mr. Russell Youngdahl, Vice-President, Consumers Power Company.

l 2)- Mr. John unmann, Senior Executive Vice-President, y Detroit Edison Company.

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!- , VII - MONITORING -

Statement of Issue _

A) . The adeqttacy n 4 reliability of-current monitoring

" techniques for radioaccive' releases at nuclear installations

.has come under question at. numerous places. At the Palisades Plant, for' example, the plant released radioactive iodine-131 l

thirty . times above the AEC guidelines for a 15-hour period and

- continued to release three times the pomissible limits for a

'nine-day period, according to a Consumers Power Company report. ,

l .Yet the Michigan Department of Public Health has stated that i

" of their four monitors, two were not functioning during that period'and two. registered no unusual releases.

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reported at Vemont Yankee, Shippingport, Dresden and other n-plants. ,

l l 2) Consumers Power Company is now under investiga-

! tion by the U. S. Justice Department for failure to

- report releases from- a defective holding tank and

.has also been cited for having monitors turned up l j too'high at Big Rock. l 4

3) The -Michigan Department . of Public Health did not or could not measure or report these types of acci-dents. For;its monitoring information, the AEC de-j ponds on the records of the Michigan Public Health Department, their own~ inspection procedures and i the reports they require from Consumers Power Company  !

on its own -perfomance. This practice has been wide- l ly criticized. l

! B) The national rule-making hearings on radiation standards

- brought out a good deal of information on this issue from experts l within the AEC and outside.

I Consultants for Public Concern l

l 1) Dr. Edward Radford Johns Hopkins University. l

t. 2) Dr. Charles Huvez, Jniversity of Minnesota. l

3) Dr. William K. Bowe, Chief of Radiological-Division, L Environmental Protection Agency.

i. Consultants for AEC Policy Position l l .1) Dr. Lester Rogers, Chief of Radiological Protection Diva.sion, AEC; Washington, D. C. 1 2)- Dr. M.- Reizen, Michigan Department of Public Health.  ;

3) Ed Murri, Health Physicist for Consumers Power Co. ,

4) Mr._ Jack Drucksmiller, Environmental Affairs, Indians-  !

Michigan Electric Company.

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VIII'- ECONOMICS - ,

l Statement of Issue A) The economic issues' of nuclear power are closely tied l

.to questions of reliability, cost of maintenance and repair, i siting (see page 3 of this report), adequate low cost' fuel sup .

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. plies' in the U'. S., the anaged lack of ~ adequate in;.urance

- coverage, cost of special safeguards needed for guarding fis- ,

- sionable materials and nuclear installations, cost of enrich-  !

1 - ment and reprocessing of fuel, oost of solidifying high-level wastes, finding permanent sitorage' facilities that can be re-

" lied;on-for hundreds of thousands of. years, and the total amount of energy-needed to develop and expand the whole nuolsir 4

fuel cycle compared to the total not gain in energy.

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1) Adequacy of fuel supply -

a) , Frank baranovski, Director of AEC8 s Division of j Production and Materials Management, -testified on March 5, 1974, that demand for uranium for J

U. ' S. reactors will exceed " production capability from known sources" within eight years.

.' Dr. Alvin Weinberg, formerly Director of AEC 8 s i b) 3 Oak Ridge Laboratories, stated that there will l

not be enough U. S. uranium reserves for reactors j-now being built or planned by 1985 even-if the breeder -becomes operable in 1985 and plutonium recycle fuel is used in 75% of the reactors.

He caned this the most urgent priority in the

' nuclear field.

Consultants for Publio' Concern:

l 1) Frank Baranowski,_ Director of AEC8s Division of Pro-j: duction _and Materials Management.

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2) __ Morgan Huntington,- U. S. Department of Interior, Washington, D. C.

1-Consultants for AEC-Utilities 8 Policy Position -

l-f 1) . Russen Ycungdahl, Vice-President, Consumers Power Co.

2)- John Hamann, Executive Vice President, Detroit Edison Co.

l 2) Reliability -

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.a) The' experience with Michigan 8a Palisades n-plant ,which has been down with ma,1 function for 12 of the.17 months since it received its full 4

power license-.is an indication of the serious

'- problem of reliability in.large nuclear plants.

b)i ' The Wan Street Journal, New York Times, kys

. Angeles Times, Chicago Sun-Times, the Knight news-

. " papers, Nuoleonics Week, . and U. S. News and World-l Report, ~ bave oarried _ major stories on these types i of failures at many other n-plants:around the country.

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Page 12 Consultants for Publio Concern j 1) Dr. Henry Kendall and Dan Ford, Union of Concerned j

Scientists, thesachusetts Institute of Technology.

Consultant- for AEC Policy Position

1) L. Manning Muntzing, Direccor of Regulatory Division, Atomic Energy Commission.

5 3) Capital costs of n-plants are the highest of any j power generating facility.

4) Quality Control and Quality Assurance -

I a) Adequate procedures add to the cost of a i nuclear facility, j b) The AEC Regulatory Staff has emphasized that quality control and quality assurance are its "first line of defense" in assuring safety of n-plants.

o) The licensing hearings at both Palisades and

.' the Midland n-plants brought out serious quality control and quality' assurance problems at both installations.

d) There is a "show cause order" in effect against Consumers Power Company to determine whether it 4

can meet AEC quality control standards and main-l tain them during the construction of the Midland

! n-plants, g e) Consumers Power Co. is under financial in-vestigation by the AEC at this time.

Consultants for Publio Concern

1) Myron Cherry, Attorney for Intervenors at Palisades and Midland sites.

-2) . Scientists on RAND study for the California State As-sembly.

Consultants for AEC-Utilities' Policy Position l 1) Mr. James Keppler, Director,fMidwest AEC Regulatory l Office, l 2) EKr._S. H.'Howell, Vice-President, Consumers Power Co.

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5) -Insurance -

I a) The Price-Anderson Act was passed in 1957 i

to limit the liability on nuclear accidents to y

$560 lio),000,000

, after.an(most of which AEC study is borne_that.7 estimated by thebillion pub- .

l dollars damage and 3,500 deaths would rr 11t in  !

the event .of 50% release of radioactivity from a l 50 MGw n-plant.. An updated study in 1964-65 for '

larger sized reactors indicated that 45,000 people could be killed and could create Han area of dis-l aster . . . the siza of' Pennsylvania." This re-port was suppressed, b) This Act was renewed in 1966 and is now up j for renewal again in Congress.

o) Every homeowner 8s insurance carries a nuclear l exclusion olause which means the insurance indus-

try, which is'in the business of assessing risk,

! will not accept the risk of the nuclear technology.

d) The proliferation of large plants throughout the country places almost all people and property in~the nation within a zone of inadequate in- .

surance coverage in the event of a nuclear accident. .

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-e) Recently several banks in Indiana passed .

l resolutions opposed to the renewal of the Price-Anderson Act. They object to holding mortgages 1 on property that is not insured in the event of l a nuclear aooident.

f) The utilities argue that there have been no i accidents at n-plants. i 1

Consultants for Publio - Concern. I i' 1) . Dr. Edward Martell, -National Center for Atmospherio l

. Research; Boulder, Colorado. (Consequence of major accident) 2)' Herbert Denenberg, fomer Commissioner of Insurance of -Pennsylvania..

3)- Elmer Dee Anderson II, Valparaiso, Indiana. (Bankers' concerns)

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- Consultant for'AEC-Utilities Polior Position j l')' L A. H.' Aymond, Chairman of the Board, Consumers Power Co.

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4 Page 14 B) The U. S. Department of Interior has made a study of the total energy input into the nuclear fuel oyole versus the not energy gain and found that one yearls supply of eleo-tricity for the U. S. vould be gained from all available or projected uranium resources.

Consultant for Publio' Concern

1) Morgan Huntington, Engineer, U. S. Department of Interior, Washington, D. C.

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Consultants for AEC-Utilitier Policy Position  !

1) . John A. Erlewine, General Manager, AEC. I

2) Russell Youngdahl, Vice tPresident, Consumers Power Co. '

3) John Hamann, Executive Vice-President, Detroit Edison Co.

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IX - GOVERNANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER -

Statement of Issue A) The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 gave the Atonio Energy Commission the power to both promote and regulate itself. This provision bas been subject to much criticism.

- 1). The present licensing procedures have been criti-eized by both citizens and utilities.

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2) Thia Act also established by statute a Joint Con-mittee on Atomic Energy with unusual powers. It is the only Joint' Committee .in Congress which authorizes the spendtng of appropriated funds. . It is the only Committee which acts both as a legislative committee and as a conference committee. It ' has the uniTte 4

authority to involve itself in the day-to-day decision making process of the AEC as a result of the statutory requirement that the AEC keep' the Committee " fully _ and currently. informed".

3) This Act also is the basis for tho' pre-emption of

'all radiation standards by the AEC, a fact which was unsuooessfully oballenged by the State of Minnesota at the Supreme Court level in the legal effort made

-by that State to establish more stringent radiation standards.

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. _ B)- A bill, ~ S.274, now before Congress, would replace tho'AEC with two agencies, the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) and the Nnolenr Safety and Licensing Commission (NSLC).

- Consultants for the Publio Concern

1) Ralph Nader, Consumer Advocate, '4ashington, D. C.

2) Myron Cherry, Attorney fo:. Citizens in Michigan and at national safety rule-making. hearings.

4 Consultants for AEC Policy Position:

1) Dr. Dixie Lee Bay, Chairman, Atomic Energy Commission.

2) Thomas Englebardt, Chief Counsel, AEC Licensing Div-ision.

C) The Price-Anderson Act, originsily a 10-year period, and then renewed in 1966, passed in 1957 gdiscussed for on page 13 of this report) is also a major part of the legal base for nuclear power development.

X - THET4!AL POLLUTION Statement of Issue A) Nuclear plants require more cooling water per megawatt than a conventional fossil-fueled plant. The pollution that

- accompanies any heat waste can destroy some of the fish and organisms in the water. _Less desirable fish tend to proliferate.

The rise in temperature will help deplete the river of oxygen it needs in_ order to cleanse itself.. This kills fish and fos- l ters the growth of blue-green algae that -use even more oxygen and make the water snell and taste bad., Heat waste also ao-tivates all the sewage and pollution already present.

1) The 8 thermal bar", a phenomenon'of the Great Lakes, complicates the dilution factor and increaaes all.

foms .of pollution damt.ge. The thermal bar-traveling in a plume along inshore waters can entrap-inshore waters for several days.or weeks.

2) The utilities claim that there has been no proof of damage from heat waste from power plants.

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, 1 B) - The most _recent guidelines of the Environmental Pro-

taction Agency 3yet to be enforced require closed cycle cooling 3

i at all-steam electrio power plants, l Consultants for Publio-Concern

. 1) Ms. Lee Botts, Director, Lake Michigan F6deration,

Chicago, Illinois.

. 2) Dr. C.' H. Mortimer, Director of the Center for Great Lakes Studies, University of Wisconsin; Madison, l Wisconsin.

, 3) Dr. John'Bardach, Director of Mar.*.ne Biology, Uni- l t versity of Hawaii, (formerly at University of Michigan. ) i consultants for the AEC-Utilities Poliev Position

1) Dr. John Z. Reynolds, Environmental Scientist, Con-sumers Power Company, Jackson, Michigan.

2) Jack Druckem111er, Environmental Affairs, Indiana-Michigan Electrio 4

> XI - DECOMMISSIONING -

Statement of Issue A) . At the end of their useful life, nuclear plants have special. decommissioning problems because of the long-lived radioactive. products 'with which they are contaminated. Unless it is required that the plant should be completely removed, through intervention at the construction license phase, the present plans for deoon:missioning simply require removing .-the 4 fuel, sealing and capping the pipes and establishing an exclu-

. sion area around the plant. This method will require perpetual surveillance after the useful life of the plant is over.

~B) Questions remain as no who is to be responsible for pomanent surveillance. Serious problems remain at the Fermi 4

1. 1 plant.now being decommissioned.

Consultant ' for Public Concern ;

'1) Dr.~ Dean Abrahamson, University of Minnesota P

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Page 17 i Consultants for AEC-Utilities Policy Position

1) Charles R. Domeck, AEC Environmental Project Manager, i Donald C. - Cook Plant, p 2) John Hamann, Executive Vice-President, Detroit Edison

Company; Detroit, Michigan.

!~

j XII - MEDICAL OPINIONS -

i f Statement of Issue-4

A) Several medical societies in the U. S. have taken a

public stand against the current design of nuclear power plants.

1) A committee of doctors of the Saginaw Medical Association studied nuclear energy and concluded in a report they drafted that at the present stage of development, a moratorium should be called on nuclear power plant construction.

i

2) The Northern Michigan Medical Association has fomed.a committee to study nuolear power and the 4 possible adverse health effects of the Big Rock i plant. Dr. Gerald Drake,^ Chairman of the Committee, '

, has prepared studies based on Michigan Public Health Department statistics. This' committee has recommended

a moratorium on nuclear plants.

i l 3) On May 17, 1974, the Minnesota Medical Association refused to endorse nuclear energy as a safe and " fully acceptable" source of electrio power.

B). The Midir ad County Medical Association, however,

'j approved the Midiand n-plants. No study committee.was ap-pointed.

, LC) Seven U. S. Nobel' Prize scientists in biology, physios and genetics have taken a stand against nuclear fission power.

D)' Dr. Jack Stack, President of the Michigan Medical Association, has appointed a committee on environment to study the nuclear issues, among other matters. .

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j Page 18 i-consultants for the Publio Concern 1)- Dr. Irwin Bross, Roswell Park Memorial Cancer Insti-tute, Buffalo, New York.

~

-2) Dr. Gerald Drake, Petoskey, Michigan.

3) Dr. Jack Stack, President of Michigan Medical Associa-i tion, Alma, Michigan.

Consultants for AEC-Utilities Policy Position ,

! 1) Donald Van Farowe, Radiologist, Michigan Department 4 of Public Health.

2) Mr. Ed Murri, Health Physicist, Consumers Power Co.

j. 3) Dr. John Totter, Director, Biomedical Research, AEC. j l.

f XIII - PUBLIC INFORMATION ON NUCLEAR POWER Statement of Issue A)' Public information on nuclear power has been largely i vested in the promotion and-information activities of the AEC

. and the promotion and advertising of the utilities.

B) . The AEC and utilities also have extensive public in-

formation services they offer educational institutions, such-as schools and colleges ar education on nuclear power. They

, also have lavish information centers at every nuclear plant.

i These information services are paid for by taxes and rate-i charges.

1) Critics charge that information to schools is not

" education" tut promotion and point out that utilities and advertising agencies have no institutional com-petence in educational matters.

b- 2) Crities also charge that the serious, unresolved 4

- "as et auclear power development have been withheld the information the public is getting through secrecy.and suppression of data and-repression of soientists!who attempt to be heard on these issues.

r . Massive advertising programs tend to pressure the media

! in news coverage.

t

Page 19 Consultants for Publio Concern

1) Dr. H. Peter Metzger, President, Colorado Committee for Environmental Infomation, Boulder, Colorado.

2) Dr. John Gofman, University of California, Berkeley, California; Dr.- Arthur Tamplin, Resources for the Future, Inc., Washington, D. C.

Consultants for AEC Policy Position i 1) Mr. John Harris, Director of Infomation Services, AEC.

2) Directors of Public Relations of Utilities.

f i

XIV - MORAL ISSUES -

Statement of Issue A) The National Council of Churches has -issued a bulletin describing.the problems in current nuclear power development -

and defining the moral issues in' this way:

J Do we he.ve the right to risk the lives of our own and future generations given the known (and unknown) dangers of nuclear power? Does' resolution of the 8 energy crisis 8 through use of nuclear power constitute a benefit that outweighs the risks?"

B) Dr. Alvin Weinberg, former Director of AEC's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, has stated the moral problems in-volved in nuclear development in quite another way, but he concludes we can handle the responsibilities involved.

Weinberg has stated:

"We nuolear people have made a Faustian bargain with co-olety. On the'one hand, we offer--in the catalytio burner--

an inexhaustible source of energy . . .

"But the price that we demand of society for this magical energy source is botn a vigilance ar.d a longevity of our social institutions that we.are quite-unaccustc x d to.-

8 . . . We have establi:,hed a military priesthood which i guards-against inadvertent use of nuoloar weapons. . . peace- I ful nuclear energy probably will make demands of the same sort l on our society, and.possibly of even longer duration."

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L.

l I '

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Page 20 Consultants for the Publio Interest

1) Representative Lynn Jondahl, ordained minister, United Church of Christ.

Consultants for the AEC Policy Pos_ition

-1) Dr. Alvin Weinberg Oak Ridge, Tennessee. , Oak' Ridge National Laboratory, XV.- ALTERNATIVES -

Statement of Issue A) Alternatived to nuclear fission energy sources have lacked research and development funding in the past three dooades because government and industry were relying heavily on nuclear fission. This trend has now been altered and many alternative energy sources are being explored to determine their status of supply, research and development and costs:

)

l

1) Coal reserves and clean coal technology. I

2) Oil and gas reserves.

3) Geothermal ener; 7

4) Fusion

5) Methanol

6) Methane from-solid waste and farm waste.

7) Fuel cells.

,' 8) Wind power.

9) Solar' energy.

Oonsultants for Publio Concern

1) Dr. Anthony Fisher, Staff Engineer, Environmental Activities, GM Technical Center; Warren, Michigan.

2)

Dr. . Donald Michigen. (011Eatz, ltant. ) Chemical Engineering, University of consu

3) Dr. Riobard Osborne, Nuolear Engineering, University of

-Michioan. (Fusion) 4)

, Dr. Dale

of Michigan. Grimes,)El.cotrical (Solar Engineering, University

' ~

Page.21

,Qnnsultants for AEC-Utilities 8 Position ,

1) AEC Commissioner, William Doub.

2) S. H. Howell, Vice-President, Consumers Power Company, Jackson,-Michigan.

3) Walker Cisler, Chairman of the Board, Detroit Edison Company.

B) -Demand. for energy -

1) Impact of price increases.

~

2) Need for change in rate structure.

3) Technology of energy

4) Saturation of energy demand /need for obange in lif a styles.

J Consultants for Publio Conce_rn

1) William Rosenberg, Chairman, Michigan Public Service Commission. (Bate structure)

2) George Hatsopoulos,: Therno Electron Corporation, Wal-tham, Massachusetts. (Technology of energy conservation.)

3) Charles Berg, - Chief Engineer, Federal Power Commission.

(Knorgy conservation in industry.)

4) .Dr. William Stapp,(Change Sohoci of Natural Resources, Uni-versity of Michigan. in life styles.)

1 Consultants for AEC-Utilities' Policy Position

1) A. H. Aymond, Chairman of the Board, Consumers Power j I

Company; Jackson, Michigan.

2) John Hamann, Senior Vice-President, Detroit Edison Co.

h .~

1

um -

o o o .

C~ pr~o~bb'ing radioactive water o e ICIIAS GIBEAU in Erie mand

)

ess Ohle Bureau the water and vegetation," will not cause Instanteous .

he said. dea th.

p cGvn 7" *,

CON - Bob Waln. Because the follow.op in- sust t h r e e weeks ago, Oh3 Atomic Energy ver. ligation will be an inten- ht o u n d Laboratory's 1973

• si,on's matager i o r - O p{ lO j sive effort in the canal and monitoring report was dis- y

a Mound 1.abora- } pond area. owned by the tributed. It cited blound's Miamisburg, has a

, and it a highly ra. DgT0*4 city of h!!amisburg, Wain

• effective systems for the that time. It is highly radlo. g a t I o u of the car.sl and y g;

SauAmssAG wright said h!ound Laoora. containment of radioactive a e t 1 y e, the reason it hie pond sediment w!Il get tory announced the findings materials." and "on-site and t, un-cmowuAn nlled plutonium-238, to attay p u b I i e suspicion off-site monitoring programs been used as a heat-produ- derway n e x t Friday, with man made radjoac- about the activities to come. cer in for which verify the integrity of systems thetheauxillary powerAlound Apollo space sampling b e i n g dane by . [

personcel, r

nent. ne announcement, made the control systems." vehicles and for satellites.  !; -

Other agencies wit! be in-centration of t h e to be in the canal and pond last Tuesday, was couched The case of the effluent But Wam. wright refuses to volved in addittoa to AEC, l latnitm particles, beds. la ca u tlous language, de stream gone astray deflates speculate about what will including the (f.S. Environ- 9 mit Alpha rays, has 11 was only in re e e n t scribing the "small amount those claims. have to be done to eliminate whatever radioactive mate- mental Protcetion 4:ney. lt

d la the deceptive weets that Monsanto's envi- of plutonium 238* found as 5found's monitoring pro- rial tnay lie in 111amisburg's A

G a r y Bramtle, environ.

ful-looking OldsonneiErie discovered ronmental. monitoring per presenting "no health prob. gram was fairly intensive, ponds. They are planned as ut d three small ponds a

that what hilltop a L o m I c they described as the plant's lem.,,

Wainwright said, but adJed, part of a future city park.

"We did not, however, sam- chief in tho I:ayta office of )}

4 plait Ile also reserves for later the Ohlo I.PA,1. tid the stato M:nnata lasearch diverted by the pipe fromoperated " effluent terways." stream" wasconsideraUon being an1uh n u s u aagency e quesUon i break in theEven also latends to be in- that I admiss

" of w h e t h e r the effluent yogy,(

yistin.

about 10 miles its intended patthway to the 4 Great Miami itiver. s ety and eng neerin tha N w, M o u n d and AEC stream might also be depos- .

1 characterizes Mound Labora- face the task of determining iting hot plutonium in silt *We want to Le en hand r o b 1 o m is com . Samples were t a k e n of tory's annual environmental how much of the pluton- in a drainage ditch leading when they samt:e and wo lum.238

!' b 3 by the possibility the silt content, including HPorts. has settled below to the river, and in the bot want to tala our own re.rn. ,$ ( 9 ne plutontum may some obtained by driving a those waters in the last 16 tom of the Great htiamiit- p!cs and o b t a i n an Inda.

J flawl g into the A radiological chemist in years.

self. [, g sud ponds for 18 pipe four feet deep into the Cincinnati, a recognized au- pendent analysis," he said. j sediment.

ough a pipe that thority in the nuclear field Es immediate task is to overed only recent. ,,We got something of a said, "It must be pretty big upC gog 50!ncgg.In9 develop "a basic outline of Amid all die furon'at a b if they are making a speclal Of a Surprise, 50rne. how to comprehens.vely the plutonium thrrat in the gg) eght,s j o b is to d d i antic te " a u

." O U D' a ve a statis ic ba e . peaceful Miamisbarg, t h a t hors much of the wright sa d.

i has acccmulated Monsanto's announcement (ICtpute. ,

. triggered a flurry of news . to define the problom,if city's manager, Jolm I.sne,y, h '

)t and mud at the Wainwright refuses, how. reports across the country, there is a problem, and then refused to te dhanayed.

%f i e canal and ever, as do others at the including some containing efficer in Washington specu. do," he said.An AEC operation safety decide

' FM c ,. wh M o u n d laboratory, to be the statement that plutoni lated "We don't feel the Icast 1d then et mu t he done12 deter rpecific about the plutonium um 238 "can cause instan earlier in the week .

bit concerned about our '

y

"* I - concentrations found, em- taneous death if inhaled."- that tons of radioactive silt Wa.mwright took that plan park development. We ex. g phasizing that a "very limit- and mud may have to be ex- this week to AEC's oper- pect it to proceed," he said. t itInium 238, which ed amber"of random sam. Plutonium-238 i s among cavated, seale 1 in containers ations office in Albuquer.

used in M o u n d Pl es was taken, the deadliest elements, but and buried in a disposal site. que, headquarters for its at- t t's prgduction the degree of its effect is omic weapons complex for

• L is not supposed appear to be higher than in sure. Microscopic quantities means half of it decays l lie estimates the Insesti.

SU ' kg h a f a g4

, ,g

Chicago Tnoune. Tht:rsday, May 23. 1974

.y ^ ' "*

Life Line 7':'; M v W L .s.~

, ~ . .. ,

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Radioactive waste is it a time bomb on wheels? * "I know of roaddeds so bad, uol:1,D YOU ride a train if empty to a" nuclear fuel recy- tion in producing electricity built.

from nuclear power plants. Two are at the Zio- nuclear I . v. uldn't v. ant to take . a you knew the car behind you '

cas f !]cd cith radioactive fuel .

[$.URWfI V. . largest cling center in h!arris, Ill Penn Central, the nation's The state has 15 atomic reac- the lakeshore from Chicago. power plant, only 40 miles up hr.ndcar ovcr them," Jones' said.

ij ;'rNff/ di .. e railroad, reports that it tors in use, planned, er being from o nuclear power plant?

Would you ride that train !!

py ,,3 ( Q X

• w h*dN

! had 2,119 derailments over its f A '~ * ,19,000 mile system in the first you knew that the roadbeds ;i

i

",f. ,1

A four months of this year. They micht came the train to L. f-" T"' *S der;il? i, e -. were caused in part by the y

sorry condition of its tracks You protably wouldn't.

And nsithe r would Erie {v f c u- ,.

- and roadbed.-

J nes, Illinois' director of civil nefene aal emergency pre-gg^  ;. Peiuf Central says the cost of upgrading its roadbeds and paredness. .

service would be 51 billion.

And finally, Jones says Illi i

We'rs ready for floods. Energy crisis experts keep carthquales, 'and tornadoes /' telling us that railroads and nois rialway roadbeds might said Jones. **But rn, not sure mass transportation are Eoing not be safe enough to carry w.fre ready for a railroad ac- to get us out of the energy radio-active material.

Q cident imWng radioactive bind. 'Itcy also 'tell us we "I'm confident that Sants b w* stes. n e e d more nuclear power Fe's refusal to transport the g plante, and that means more radioactive fuct is bceadse it TIIAT ngGitT come as a radioactive fuel and wastes can't efford to beef u9 its

,shock toaicago, which prides u 11 have to be hauled. right of way to carry 'these l*' If on idag the tran.sporta- llut tak*e a look at what's things and be sure there are c7 tiva hub of the nation and on been happening lately; no accidents /* Jones said.

getting 29 pr cent of its elec- - Jones emphasized that the tricity - fra nuclear power IAST h!A11Cl!. the Santa Fe Santa Fe roadbeds are among

plints. Eton nuclear ppwer is Railway sidetracked s car de. the best and safest in the Unit-going b men more shipments signed for hauling radioactive ed States, but the railroad still 7 of ridioacoe fuel and wastes fuel in Fort Ef adison, Ia., until would be faced with cost:y im- p thruout tla state. it could decide whether ,it provements if it hauled radio. '

Arut Ib, Associat,on of Lnew how to transport. radio- active material.

i ,

AmericanRailroads is think- active cargo safely. After pon- TIIC ISSt'E. IS especially ing hard &out that, wondering dering more than a month, the

' if railto:Is arc ready for the car, which was en route to importar.t to Illinois, said atomic cp San Onofre, Cal., was returned Jones, because li! cads the,ns-t

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"ct.earcuc k h Mb' '

b' # L b \

treemd a w**c:e tcdv exNs.tre c.

\

l c,f '!.19 r.e .s d g3 !.3e nrm

• D gQ f b 'y(' (,,j_

, cuarter af 1973. the A.E<1 g j "{ g%gfPI M jG' ',",; O g f' ,

man urete est this. too. *:, 4 l c ~ ree:rt rg item in tbst 2. \

L a:her 15 year.otd individal "*** 7.g 3 m y <

e..,

.4

.k 9: :1i j L) {b,lJH Ws s'milarly exrosed date; - lh I . . _. ..imu. A cdendst year 1472."

Tilm Badges Worn [j '

O Radiati:n nposure is mess.

tred by dosimeters and raca. 't, % Some Indian Pcint Workers .

.) -

t:en. sensitive film badges car. - '2- s Have Been Overexposed, . v JN v' ]( gcq-1 l ried

1 by can meters thebeplant read workers.

direct *v.

• Dos.'

so that a worker tan leave the fP

• • • 7 A.E.C. Records Say .'

I ,,

" ~

' area when the reading shows he is receivirg too rnuch radia.' (h \ L By DAVID BIRD ee a er .a. ent rec r /

/j) C of the amtunt of radiation thtt ek e worker wearing the (

id'$fe

, g,f,d ;n ,er

, 2 n. ' r' Asked why workers were be.

,\,.re dian Pomt have been re:eiving

{adiation exposures of a most - e ]

{ng exposed to higher than al. .5 pu cent over the maximumc 3 j accordmg to reccrds turned:

Dawsbb limits of radiation, one A E.C. scurce said that " work.,

4 i'.g over to the Atomic Energy /

o a he N

• i )ih coneckmg thiit dosimeters. .

r c rd d E

e exposu 6. -

r efforts instituted by the ut.lity.. t ,

As a result

rexpost.res, ConofEdison the earlier last* ov.: y[ t and the A.E.C. has issued no. e Pcar instituted stricter control. tiets of violations to Con Ed;. ,t so incasures, . which included a:

closer checking of dostmeters' /

(<' i ,n ty are listed as Categoryi e Gd more trainit:g and obser.i . e The A.E.C. classifies violad / *n tions of its regult.tions into: i

• add tio . as a safety mar. i u

~n, the utility had been re . thne caugwin. Category 1 is; the most severe. N r- y - Although Con Edison ha s, / --

3::  ! Neir dos e s": I f/ !I adopted more stringest controls reached 2.5, even though tb Y lt says the devices used toi ![r-i d3 .e measure radioactive exposureL i 3 ea teos i not ".<ork the A.P C. said and it demanded

\Q are faulty. The devices, film h'd

• i h* '! "' ~Q On en Edis ' red letter saya --- pm.

D ".t newds of exen.: e, yJed IoNr.b'Reilly's O'

eg l' had. Instituted further:

asures, includmg reducing

/ ,*

fu ing a C tNpectio Indian Point last March 21 and.

'bO .

'/! 22, when it was found that (A 2 f ut ut!! ty saih ( dupiu the taMcg of conec. ,

problem really was that ther tive measures Con Edison work. p, ,

wasurem;nts must be wrot gj e ers apparently were still being // i )

f,.c,) exposed to more than the max.

%Ve senously question the va.1 .

l{

8 l Idity of the f!!m badge," thel a hmum p

• q on. allowable limits of radia.,

Tiitty wrote to the A.E.C. , g .t

' On May 31 Mr. O'Relllyi . j { 6 Exposure Is Measund ;i 1 1 ATote to Con Edison that the ' ( . In a letter to Con Eisen last . '

Ifectiveness of the company's .

April 23. James P. O'Re!!!y di.. I s I procedure w:uid ' be examined l p rector of regulatory opentions * ', t h; ring th3 next inspection. An ,

for A.E.C.'s Region 1. which

• 1E.C. spokesman said the next ; includes Indian Point. noted i ndlan Point inspection would + . that " corrective action has D*b the next month or two.". r been instituted [by Con EdisonF N' (t

A Con Edison spokesman' s but has not been effective 1.

• preventing recurrence."

}th the fi[m badges. "Our peo. <-d the aroblem Radiationreally was:i exposure is meas. '

<l f

b tend t3 feel that . ft!m i- ured in units called rems. The e p adges read higher than ac.: % maximum allowed in restricted \

La!.** he said, + sh -4 - areas of nuclear piants, where t

- Mr. O'Reilly, in a telechone W careful records are kept on the -

nerview from his headquar.,-jh"":hh*f total radf ation accumulated by ; ,

2 at Klas cf Prussia. Pa., d gg each worker, is no more than ' / r '

^

es rt vn11.ng to condemn the .5 4 3 rems in three months. '* -

D badgas that are used gen. ; ~

Elly in ene mdus!rv. He ' aid- l I " Contrary to this require. e n ment." Mr. O'Reilly wrote to

.. , ,,h Ct radiatet oserexposures . ~$ I ' Con Edaon." one individaal re. *1ip$ .

pd occurrtd :n the ator9:e in. ceived a whole body egn,ure . j g  ;

Ztry, but that the prob:em, ' d l r f 3310 rams durmg tre th:r' t a

! d,, 't '

- Con Edison had resulted :n m re ent:reament action I cuarter of dniduals 1373, whMe recened and tvbod in , Ve e'I M '*L

s mm the A E C } than the aver. exf'osares of 3 730 rem < and 14 w 3" 3 050 rems resre'tiveiv, dur:n m - (, .

Mr. O'Reilly noted*Cthat the 'wrth cuar:er if 1973 *

"this < l' <d mm h *t O

o g ' '

}

ba recu mag !!en. .n thst  % 'Ig y.

,.tr.. erem-w.s w e +r. e i ,jJ' umilarly eto..e4 c rPA c o'*1- "

oo o ]- "$

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