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For Administrative Use Oniv A Review of the Environmental Health Considerations Associ$ted with the Proposed Bodega Bay Atomic Park Unit Number 1 Based Upon the Following Information:
1 Preliminary Hazards Summary Report, Bodega Bay Atomic ,
Park - Unit Number 1, dated December 28, 1962 2 Amendment Number 1 Facility License Application, dated March 4,1963 h 3 Amendment Number 2 Facility License Application, dated t l! April 5, 1963 U
7 All quotations in this report are from these documents.
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b;* - l This report was prepared at the request of the Chief, Nuclear Facilities w -
{.f 33 Environmental Analysis Section, Technical Operations Branch, Division of 1 g ._ f Radiological Health, USPHS and is submitted to the Section for review and i
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y- l is to be considered as'only a portion of the over-all review being conducted r.' . l j
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E. i by the Section. -
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f] . Stfomitted by: Michael E. Mecsas Ec; Name Q
>4 Radiation Safeguards Engineer f
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Nuclear Facilities Environmental Analysis Section-g 3 Organization
, Date Submitted: June 24,1963
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SUMMARY
The Atomic Energy Commission is now considering the Pacific Ga's and Electric 1 i
Company's application for a construction permit for a single-cycle, . forced- i circulation, boiling water reactor with a rated thermal output of 1008 megawatts.
- J I"~ 1i This reactor is designated as Bodega Bay Atomic Park Unit Number 1 and is ,
s J located on Bodega Head on the shores of the Pacific Ocean, approximately !
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h: 21 50 miles northwest of San Francisco, California, t l , _
l This report is a qualitative review of the potential environmental hazards
.. i b;,I associated with the eventual operation of the proposed plant. Because of Er the fact that much of the design affecting potential environmental conse-f.'.- {
.h' quences has not been determined and that research programs are now under ;
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[&; way to obtain information'on meteorology, oceanography, ecology, and marine ]
h biology, this' report must necessarily be qualitative in nature.
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L Staff members of the Technical Serviceu Branch, Division of Water Supply l
{-; and Pollution Control, USPHS, will present a review of the potential hazard l to the water environment. For this reason, the comments presented here L.
ta pertaining to liquid effluent, should not be considered complete.
I b Assuming that the seismology questions pertaining to location and adequate i
design can be resolved, it is concluded in this report that a nuclear plant can be built and operated at the site without subjecting the public and the
! plant environment to any unreasonable hazard.
I When the data being collected and the design features, as yet undetermined, are presented, a quantitative report on the potential hazards to the envi-ronment from the operation of the plant will be prepared. This report does, l - s -
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however, contain some specific comments on design related to re' lease of radio-activity to the environment.
I PLANT SITE AND ENVIRONMENT Bodega Head is located approximately 50 miles northwest of San Francisco, in R Sonoma C,ounty, California. On Page V-2 of the Preliminary Hazards Summary
[ Report, the Company states:
)~ ."At.the present time there are no permanent residences within 1-1/2 I b
p;. mil'es of the site. The northerly portion of the Company's. land c: -i .
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on Bodega Head is presently used for grazing sheep and cattle. _ 'I
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Approximately 320 acres of land adjacent to the site on the north l
((g g portion of Bodega Head is being acquired by the University of ;
l r1 California for use as a field station for marine biology and W.
i other scientific studies, j g$.
n 7w The southern tip of Salmon Creek Beach - which forms part of the
$"; Sonoma Coast State Park - lies within 1-1/2 miles. Doran Park 1 w.
(known also as Doran Beach) is a low-lying sand spit presently I used for camping and picnicing only. Nearly all of Doran Park a ,
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[ is owned by Sonoma County, and the county has an option to v
b acquire the remainder. It is then planned to designate this area as a County Park, restricted to picnicing and other day-time uses."
l The town of Bodega Bay is approximately two miles from the site and has a population of 350 Within 25 miles of the sito, the population is approx-imately 14,000 Within five miles of the site, the principle activities *
, are commercial and sport fishing. Cattle and sheep are grazed on the 1,
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grasslands in the hills inland and along the coast. Within 25,iniles of the !
site there is little industrial activity. The valley produces'some diversified agricultural products including dairy products. Most of the communities with a population of greater than 100 people are located in the northeast quadrant.
Oyster production in Bodega Bay is estimated at 40,000 lbs..per' year, in 1
- Drakes Bay and Tomales. Bay, 300,000 lbs. per year. q l
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The plant lies near the San Andreas fault zone. The adequacy of the site in F , I e terms of seismology is beitg reviewed in another report. I E.
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The Company states that there is presently no meteorological data for the site itself. A meteorological facility is being installed.at the site to provide U. i p necessary. data for diffusion studies.-
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, <l Ki~~ j J Present indications are that ground water flows either to Bodega Bay or to k.
? the Pacific Ocean. Tests are to be conducted during construction to determine e< >
g ground water gradients and flow rates in the plant area. '
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{.'. The Company is' conducting a study to determine "the capacity of the ocean to f diffuse the condensor cooling water and minimize the effects of. temperature L
and radioactivity on the marine biota." They are also conducting an ecological.
l l t d surv'ey to prepare check lists of marine fauna and flora of Bodega Eead and Harbor.
ENVIRMMENTAL SURVEYS A two year preoperationil radiological survey of the site and its environs is planned. This survey should aid in the assessment of "the effectiveness of '
the plant's waste discharge controls and procedures in protecting the public from any possible radioactive contamination resulting from operation of the 4
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reactor." The details of this' survey have not yet been presented. It is antici-pated that the survey will be similar to that of the Company's Humboldt Bay. Reactor.
During operation, the Company will conduct a site and environmental monitoring
, program. .
In April 1963, discussions were held between the California Coordinator of Atomic
{ Energy Development and Radiation Protection, and representatives of the California Department of Public Health, and the Division of Radiological Health, USPHS.
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[ TheDepartment}ofPublicHealth'sBureauofRadiologicalHealth,andtheAtomic il Energy Coordinator, take an active part in determining with the . Company, mutually u
9; satisfactory preoperational and operational environmental monitoring programs, m
The' North Coast Regional Water Pollution Control Board plays a decisive role in
,T' the aspects of these programs pertaining to the water environment.
This is a highly recommende'd procedure in that the possibility of an after-the-
- n h fact disagreement on the worth of 'this data is minimized. This is especially true t-in the case.of Bodega where the Company intends to build several more reactors at .
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ER the site. The preoperational survey for this reactor will in many ways be the R
P preoperational survey for the other plants. Most certainly, it should be designed EL
& c,o as to be valid as a preoperational survey for the c.omplex of Pl ants rather than p ,
the present plant alone. The data from these surveys will be regularly reviewed by the Bureau of Radiological Health.
. ROUTINE OPERATION Liquid Waste Disposal:
"The radioactive liquid waste system (radwaste system) collects, treats, stores, and disposes of radioactive liquid wastes of p1' ant origin. ,
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- Radwaste is collected in sumps and drain tanks and is then pumped to 1
the radwaste facility on the north side of the' refueling building for l' treatment, storage, and disposal. Wastes are handled on a batch basis 1'
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following sampling and analysis. Disposition may consist of return to the condensate system, long term storage awaiting disposal off-site, )
l or disposal to the discharge tunnel which flows into the Pacific Ocean. ]
There is no disposal to the ground."
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The batch discharges are diluted with the 250,000 gal / min condenser cooling <
water. "The radioactive dischgrges of process origin to the ocean will con-F-~i '
form to limits established in 10CFR20 and to the waste discharge permit which I I l
ki will be obtained from the North Coastal Wcter Pollution Control Board (a !
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,. I, state agency regulating waste discharges into state waters)." In addition ]
1 I~[ to the above, it would be appropriate to have the release concentrations l h I J
- y conform to those recommended by the National Academy of Science's, National I r
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Research Council as given in their 1962 publication, " Disposal of Low-Level fj Radioactive Waste into Pacific Coastal Waters".
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C 1 Records of the analysis conducted on each batch of liquid waste should be E
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$ ._ available to the Regional Water Pollution Control Board, Department of Public b- Health and other interested State and Federal agencies.
I E.h l W "A liquid process monitor is provided to monitor liquid waste effluent, and j
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[' a continuously operated sampler is installed in the discharge tunnel to provide f
- a composite sample of plant effluent for analysis as a final audit on the
- I b amount of radioactivity discharged to the Pacific Ocean". The type of moni-toring has not been specifigd as of yet (i.e., gross beta, gross gamma, sp6eific isotepic analysis, or detection ifmits),
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The Hazards Summary Report states that the plant is to have one 50,000 gal, concentrated waste storage tank. This tank will presumably contain liquid P
waste of concentrations that are too high for discharge to the Pacific Ocean.
As of. yet, no monitoring in thic tank has been specified. It seems highly 1
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& ,I advisable in light of the Company's statement, that ground water flows either to Bodega Bay or to the Pacific Ocean, that some consideration be given as to the relative hazard in the event of A leak in the concentrated waste .
storage. tank. The expected concentrations in this tank have not;as yet I~~3 been specified. ' The method of detecting a leak in this tank has not been r i ;
} specified. Emergency action, if needed, in' the event of a leak, has not h ~
',J.d . been discussed. The studies on hydrology and marine biology, shodd prove i.I helpful in determining the effects of such 'a leak on the marine environment.
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N Gaseous Releases:
Sh A reasonable quantitative estimate of the environmental effects of routine b
h, gaseous effluent is not feasible at this time. The Company has not yet h established a permissib'le stack emission rate. In addition,. stack height and discharge velocities have not been established. These are to be based E.l.
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on data from the current studies on meteorology. The permissible emission M
F": rate will be based on an annual dose of 0.S' rams per year at any off site b
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location, as given in 10CFR20 Possible reconcentration in the environment L.
[ should be an intrinsic part of the establishment of the permissible emission rate.
{] t h._.S The Company states, "The stack releases during normal operation are expected to be only a small fraction of the permissible release rate. Essentially.
all of the permissible rate is ' reserved for conditions involving possible fission product release from defective fuel."
- In view of the fact that several more plants are anticipated for this lo-
- cation, the Company's intention to maintain releases at a fraction of the allowable rate is highly, recommended. By following this philosophy'with
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.7 each of the plants to be located at the ' site, the goal of maintaining the total releases from these plants within the allowable release rate from one:
source, should not be difficult.
.Non-condensable radioactive gases from the main condenser are dispersed to-t D the atmosphere by the air ejector exhaust'. system. This system' includes a l l l I -l 20 minute holdup in buried piping between the condenser and the stack to. ,
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W allow for decay of short-lived isotopes and to allow time for. detecting a-
- . 1 g- ' serious relea'se of fission product gases from the reactor fuel. A parti- ' \
" I culate filter will be provided at the end of the holdup line. No halogen
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removal equipment is planned. The Company indicates on page 8 of Amendment 2 .
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a that if the stack and environs monitoring program show a danger of approach-y r
% ing permissible limits, iodine removal equipment would be installed where
,}: d C necessary. It is also stated .that such an occurrence is unlikely. ' It i F9 h...
seems that in order to comply with the Company's stated philosophy of main-hfs taining the release at a small fraction of the permissible release rate,
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it would be wise ::o include halogen removal equipment in the air ejector Q
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5 l " Continuously operated monitoring instruments are installed on continuous ,
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% e It ! 1' low sample streams of both total stack flow and air ejector flow. These provide.both a continuous record and control information on stack gas release. In addition, a collection sampler is installed in a total stack flow sample line to provide a record of any particulate matter or halogens released." The Company further states that the air ejector line mo.nitor' ,
will be for " gross radioactivity". >
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The type of monitors and type of monitoring (i.e., gross gamma,f gross beta, specific isotopic analysis or detection limits) have not, as yet, been com-plately defined. It should be pointed out that in terms of protection of the public and the environment, adequate monitoring is essential. The type i of monitors, type of monitoring, arrangement of monitors in the stack and b l-
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in the effluent lines, and alarm levels, will all bear close watching'as
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they are determined. In addition, the procedures associated with the alarm
- ; levels will.be,an important consideration, W.a n.*i ,
1 The Bureau of Radiological Health, California Department of Public Health,
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if plans to be continuously aware of the levels of I-131 in milk in the plant s.n area. Once levels reach those considered too high for public consumption, C. 4 r-- the California' Department of Agriculture will be notified. Based on an W agreement between the Department of Agriculture and milk processors and E.
W2 E producers in the State, a plan of action is established to cope with high
- b. I-131 levels in milk. It is this type of pre-planning that minimizes the W
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c potential hazard associated with routine and emergency nuclear plant oper-W ation, u.
~t EMERGENCY CONDITIONS
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- __.! The Company has postulated several accidents and has used these accidents to demonstrate the effectiveness of the plant design in limiting the re- l 0
. Icase of radioactivity so that the plant will comply with the AEC citing criteria. )
The design incorporates several features to limit the extent of 4. meltdown and insure reactor shutdown. "Two separate and independent neutron poison i mechanisms are provided to assure shutdown of the reactor." "Three separate I,,
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, and essentially independent reactor cooling systems are provided to avoid or l 3
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minimize melt 1ng of fuel."
Once an accident has occurred, containment of fission products is accomplished ]
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through the use of several design features. Operating ccatainment is primarily M cchieved through the use of a pressure suppression system. During refueling
.f~ ! operations, containment is provided by a refueling building, h!
- k. j In general it appears that he design is adequate for keeping releases in r.. ,
- the event of an accident, within AEC criteria if one assumes, as the Company I
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[_,. .. does, that "the structures will not fail under seismic forces and that the p.m w
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r equipment can be designed to operate satisfactorily during an earthquake."
However, if the structures might fail, then most of the Company's postulated r .
g,~ accidents and predicted environmental consequences, are not valid. This is f the case because if an accident occurred as a result of seismic forces, then the back-up safety equipment most likely would be damaged so that it would not function properly. In the case of the Maximum Credible Operating Accident, Q- ,
NC there is a " major rupture of one ,of the reactor water recirculation lines".
k However, if this rupture was to occur as a result of an earthquake, then more
{ j than one of the lines penetrating the vesse.1 are likely to rupture. From that point on, the analysis presented by the Company cannot be considered .
the "Mn4== Credible Accident". On this point alone, the logical conclusion j is that the seismology of the site must be thoroughly investigated by several independent experts, to assure that movement in the nearby San Andreas fault zone will not cause an accident resulting in significant exposure to the 6 public and environment.. -
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As mentioned above, one possible accident that the Company has,not considered, '
is a ' leak in the concentrated waste storage tank. This should at least be 1 mentioned and the magnitude of the accident estimated.
The control release ventilation system contains fission product clean-up i 1
p equipment. The design of this equipment has not been specified although the b halogen removal equipment is said to be 957. efficient.
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)_ It would seem . appropriate to consider the emergency generator equipment a !
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C~ Class one structure for seismic design puiposes. Whether or not this is the j y._ .I J
Company's intention, is not clear. In addition, two methods for starting n'-
.%)* the emergency power in the event normal power fails, is recommended. d n -
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H The emergency procedures ha're not, as yet, been specified. In the case of j
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the Humboldt Bay Reactor, the Company's emergency procedures call for immediate l
i O notification to the State Department of Public Health in the event a hazard I
Q to the public does or could exist. Such a policy is highly recommended for e i n
Q all reactors and it is anticipated that this will be the case with the Bodega l f* Bay Reactor. Once the Department of Public Health is notified, they in turn h~ _ can keep the Department of Agriculture informed of the possibility of high j r
l I-131 levels in milk in accordance with the arrangement discussed above. !
1.1 1 i
FUTURE PLANS In the April 1963 issue of Nucleonics, the Pacific Gas and Electric Company's president, Mr. Norman Sutherland, anticipates the construction of two more nuclear plants at Bodega Head with a total output of five times that of the plant now being proposed. This projection should be considered, where applicable, in the design, construction, and operation of the first plant.
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When all of these plants are operating, their combined releases are sne. source as far as the environment is concerned.. The Company's.present intention to maintain releases at a fraction of the permissible rate, is in keeping with the eventual operation of the other plants. -
" County owned' tidelands surround Bodega Head, these lands having been con-g veyed to the county by the state subject to the former making substantial improvements thereto. The county.has agreed to lease to the. Company for
{, .. a term of 50 years, approximately 4 acres of tidelands lying in Campbell
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d Cove. The barge dock and certain other plant auxiliary,structsres will be w) 51 located on this land." The' barge dock "will be used to receive heavy g~i
!r equipment during the construction period, and subsequently will be avail-
,J_ i able for shipment of irradiated fuel." j w
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k Using the barge dock for the. shipment of irradiated fuel will be of interest
- to several State and Federal agencies. Recommendations and/or comments from r
C these agencies should be solicited long before these plans are finalized, b.
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,Q,0NCLUSIONS
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, Although the data presented is mostly qualitative, it seems that providing the seismology questions can be resolved, a nuclear plant can be built and' f
A operated at the site without subjecting the public and the environment to an unreasonable hazard.
However, before this plant can be said to be so designed, more information will be required. This information includes the studies being conducted on' meteorology, hydrology, ecology and oceanography. .In, addition, close review of the emergency procedures, pe'rmissible release rates, design and type of .
monitoring 'in the effluent lines, as well as the quantitative relationship.
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i between the releases and reconcentration in the various media in'the environ- l 4
i ment will bear clcse review before the plant is operated, i
The Company is to be comended in its philosophy of maintaining releas'es at
-a fraction of the permissible release rate. It is hoped that the Company will f 1 proceed with this philosophy of caincaining environmental releases at the low- l l' F. I est levels practical rather than just at levels required to meet the applicable l ;,. .j 5~l regulations,.
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. Lv Bodega Bay association {
r; Selects Rs Officers #
', - The Sonoma County Association Board of Directors are: Willard '
for' the Development of Bodega D. Hurst. Frances Carrington, Mr. *
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', Bay was formed yesterday by Fitzpatrick, Yrs. D. O'Callaghan. *
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g t some 3*> cour.ty residents to as- Jchn C. Van Dyke Jr., James W.
1 sist in development of the Master Codding and Edward Hinkle, all l >
1 Plan for Bodega Bay." of Santa Rosa: Mr. Kee and Ray Further purpose of the group is Shaw. Bode;a Bay; Mr. Crinella, ,
L-j "to e.'u:ourage, assist in, and pro- Mr. Badger and John J. King, all i,
mote the development of that gen- of Petaluma; M. C. Peck. Guerne-i E<'
i ' eral area of Sonoma County known vite; D.ra Brigg s, Schastopol; -
Pyji-
'- as Bodega Bay in a manner that Herbert Harris, Rio Nido; Mr. Fi- !
k . will best serve the recreational, or!. Occidental, and Mr. Golis, i
-" , social and economic needs of the Echnert Park.
N ,
general pub!!c." A county and state-wide letter Paul Gotis. association secre- writing campaign was initiated by U- i y_ tary., siad the group has "com- the board last night to draw sup. '
- plete confidenc'e in the Atomic En- port and approvsl for the Bodega ergy Commission and that they Bay plant and oder projects. !
- 2. ,,
will abide and ' request the people Contributions k help fiar.ce the h*i- < of Sonoma County to abide by its w@ don may k c 2 n., I y-p. decisions in regard to the Bodega Fitzpatrick, treasurer. S o n o m a !
t Bay Atomic Park."
r: 4 County Associadon for the Devel-George Fiori was named presi- opment of Br,dega Bay, P.O. Box d !
dent of the association. Other of. 27.' She:t Puk. Md.
{32 ficers are Ben Badger, fi:st vice !
y Mr. Con..s in announcing the as-president: George Kee. second sociation vill form a speaker
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N 1 .vice president; Mr. Golis, secre Igroup sad, "We mH cithe speak p tary, and Hugh Fitzpatrick, treas-as Ir.dividuals or with members d q yy, r.ny grans that are opposed to k Others~ appointed were: Edward the dev&p.ent r/ Bodega Bay."
J t Foster, publicty chairman and
' Marino Crinella, finance chair- .-.
n_ .
L e man.
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g r-a e *"".W i ! 4.nta .L owes" Mant soup i
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m.,se gh.nw CdaM os 4'skw?C& dht M
i k g (soecial to The Pms Democrat m.a s h4J [ w 'm-us"ei'.7Qwa.a ir y SAN FRANCISCO-The Ca ifor more than three years ago. Tho'has led to present dilemma and
- . , a ma Pub!!c Ut!11tles Commissi case was ordered dismissed on fragmentadon of powers." I j
g j was urged today to decide on a grounds that 2t came too late - There has been a " vacuum of I L that PGLE had already spent more responsibility" as a result, it says. I e d nuc e fue ver t can $t z n on &c pmject inf T.:e leuer b sg.d h Dad
- #"E*d'.cd reliance on the permit.
tPesonen. Bedek/. exec.:tive sec-s In a letter sent to a'.1 five com* In the letter to commissicnersjrctary of tne asse:D.Sen and a Q missioners, the Northern California today, tbc association says if the forest research assistant at the
_, Associat!on to Preserve Bodega PUC hadn't issued its permit to University of California at Eerk.
- g. Head and Harbor, which filed the PGLE last idl and subsequently eley.
q petition May 6, asks for a " prompt denied two peutions to halt con. -- l r4' decisien" or a stay in proceedings struction, the specid county de-I while it goes to the state Supreme fense on which it lost wouldn't g
u; Court for a " permanent relief," have s! cod up.
"A' gain the commission must W:. The PUC last fall gave Pacific act," th: leuct says. "But if the Cas & Eicetric Co. permission to 5 build the $61 million, r.5.000 kilo- commission cannot act 'occause it i
is undecided or dead'ochal, then
- f. watt plant on Bodega Head on con-this letter censututes a fo md re-glidons that included a require- !
[ ment that PG&E get permission quest for a stay o! precocdings
- -also required by law--from the whue we pursus our remedy in the State Supreme Court,"
3 Atcmic Energy Commission to
- t. j , build the nuclear reactor, Evcu if tha decision is in favor hk M
of PG&E. the letter says, the as-l PG&E has applied for the AEC sociation wants thestcy.
permit: hearings are yet to bc Conditioning its approvd on the held by the AEC on that applica. AEC n':tica amounts to a del:ga-tion.
tion of " decision-molding t.uior-l The assoc!ation earlier this year ity," the letter says r.nd adds that. l challenged the use permit Sonoma "the com:nission's having neglect- l Cocnty gave PG&E for the' plant ed to exercise its great mandate l
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