ML20235N346
| ML20235N346 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Pilgrim |
| Issue date: | 02/14/1989 |
| From: | Burrows B, Muirhead D, Quaid D AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED |
| To: | Dunn V MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8903010176 | |
| Download: ML20235N346 (35) | |
Text
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- [() 2 $.3 February 14,1989 l
-{
Van Dunn, M.D. Deputy Commissioner Massachusetts Department of Public Health 150 Tremont Street 4 Boston, MA. 02111 I 1 Dear Dr. Van Dunn; The following report describes the background and initial data gathered by the Citizen's Monitoring Network (CMN) around the Pilgrim I Nuclear Power Plant (PNPP) from - December 1,1988 to January 29,1989. The numerous problems, accidents, and shutdowns of nuclear power plants throughout the world, including the United States, has led to heightened concern for better radiation . monitoring networks around nuclear power plants. The 1978 Three Mile Island and the 1986 Chernobyl accidents brought home the fact thht these were not rare or remote possibilities. Some of these factors, combined with a heightened concern for the health of those people living around nuclear power plants, led a group of citizens around the Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant to form a Citizen's Monitoring Network in 1979. They hhve been collecting data now for nearly ten years using at least 25 radiation monitoring instruments equipped with Geiger Muller tubes. The instruments were pre-set to alarm when the ambient background gamma radiation level reached ten times normal background. They found good correlation with reported events as well as with weather conditions. It is well known and well documented that since Pilgrim I went on line in 1972, many
. planned and unplanned emissions have occurred. Boston Edison has been cited and fined for numerous violations. The SALP (1987) report singled the plant out as one of the nation's worst, and a senior NRC official stated that if a melt-down occurred,' there was approximately a 90% chance of a breach of containment. It has been stated by many nuclear engineers that the GE Mark I boiling water reactor has too small a containment shell and is subject ta numerous problems, particularly with the cooling system.
In the summer of 1988, Dr. Muirhead and Mr. Quaid visited State Representative Maria Holt and her group in Wiscasset, Maine to see and learn about their monitoring network. The Maine group has subsequently published an eight-year report of their findings.
. Since neither the NRC, Boston Edison, nor the State of Massachusetts was conducting a
~
satisfactory monitoring program with real-time information, a citizen's group similar to that in Maine was formed. The members are citizens of the Duxbury-Kingston Plymouth-Marshfield area, and also as far west as Wellesley and south and east to Provincetown. The CMN is a separate group comprised of both anti- and aro-nuclear power people with one common goal - to properly monitor any possible raciation release from the plant. The concern has been heightened mainly because of the Mass. Depanment of Public Health report noting the higher than expected incidence of leukemia in the surrounding towns. Similar reports have also come from other parts of the world near nuclear power plants - Scotland, Wale , England, Three Mile Island, Maine Yankee, and some of the military uranium processing plants in the United States. The Mass. Department of Public Health is one of the many organizations in the world presently conducting studies in an attempt to l detennine a possible causal relationship between ionizing radiation emitted from nuclear plants and leukemia. 8903010176 DR 890214 " p ADOCK 05000293 g\ PNU L
The financing of the two instruments to be described has come from Duxbury Citizens Urging Responsible Energy (CURE) and other private donations. To date (Feb.14,1989), no funding has been provided by the local communities, Mass. State government, or Boston Edison. Our group feels strongly that this monitoring should be guided and managed by an outside party such as CMN, hopefully in close cooperation with the Mass. Department of Public Health, the Mass. Department of Public Safety, Boston Edison, and the NRC. The first instruments purchased were radiation monitors (Radalert), which are capable of counting alpha, beta, and gamma rays by total or counts / minute. There is an alarm which . may be pre-set, and with present software, one instrument has been connected to an IBM compatible computer with hard copy collected by the minute on a disc with or without direct printout. The Radalert has been thoroughly tested with known quantities of Cesium 137, and proven to be accurate with reproducible information. Continued quality assurance of the Radalert instruments will be monitored by collecting and testing them every three months over a 24-hour period. Presently there are 24 monitors in place, strategically located around the power plant in Duxbury, Plymouth, Kingston, Cape Cod, and Wellesley. By the end of February, there will be a total of 30 monitors collecting data. Forms are now filled out twice daily by all monitoring citizens and mailed to a central location to be stored and charted in our IBM computer. At all other times, day and night, the instruments are set to counts / minute with the alarm set at approximately three times normal background radiation levels for this area. Usual background is approximately 13.5 counts / minute or 117 mrems/ year. It has been estimated that the average person in the United States receives a total of 360 mrems/ year, which also includes such sources as medical radiation and radon. If the background radiation rises three times or more, this could push the total body radiation amount to such a degree that it might exceed the NRC's recommended peak yearly dose of 500 mrems for the average lay person. The NRC " allows" nuclear power plant workers to receive 5000 mrems/ year. Our other capability lies in the second instrument, an air purifier equipped with high performance (HEPA) filters. These are run continuously outside, and subsequently each week the filters are tested for ionizing radioactivity - both type and amount of specific nuclides. Background levels with both the Radalerts and the air filters have been taken prior to the PNPP going back on line in December, and they have been continuously monitored during the month of January while the plant was either at zero or up to 5% power. During the month of January many plant problems have been experienced and reported, even an unusual event. It should be noted that some of these plant shut-downs were mandated by NRC guidelines, not just a " careful gesture" by Boston Edison. Meteorologic data is also a most important factor. We have two continuous sources of data as well as each person recording local visual information daily. l Presently, weekly reports of radiation levels from all of our positions are being sent and registered with Boston Edison, the NRC, Mass. DPH, Mass. DPS, and Mass. Dept. of Energy. A brief summary of the data is enclosed. 1
3-It is our intent to gradually enlarge the network, connect all monitors to a master IBM computer with moc ems, and have this automated with respect to alarms and noti 0 cation of the proper authorities. These further enhancements obviously become expensic for citizens to fund, and thus this type of system must have further outside funding.. Stack w well as effluent monitoring should also be performui. The proposed system using this equipment and techniques will cost far less than the much more elaborate Illinois system, which may be advisable in the future. It should be noted that the monitoring system, no matter how good, only tells us what has happened and does not correct the major problems - that of continued poor management at the plant, the known poor design problems of the GE Mark I containment, and our present lack of emergency preparedness plan; i.e. no proper shelters, no designated or properly outfitted reception center, or necessary personnel in place. It is our understanding that Boston Edison presently monitors only noble gases in the stack on a real-time basis, and the levels of I 131, Cesium 137, and other fission products in the stack are only monitored at weekly orlongerintervals. Enclosed with this repon are the following:
- 1. Pictmes of the Radalen and air filtering instruments.
- 2. Hard copy from the IBM computer recording Radalen monitoring at one minute and ten minute intervals, the visual one minute graph intervals, arki a chan graphing individual monitoring stations.
- 3. Detailed repon of Radalert.
- 4. Map designaung real-time monitoring stations.
- 5. Portion of quality assurance data.
- 6. Sample data sheet from monitoring station.
- 7. Sample repon sent out weekly.
- 8. Present data collected showing counts / minute.
We hope this information is of interest. It is our intent to issue interim repons every two months, or more frequently if necessary. Thank you for your attention. If there is other information desired or suggestions you might have for us, we would be pleased to hear from you. Sincerely, a . AD Donald Muirhead, Jr .D.
% 4 s G.
Bel on Burrows, M.D.
&) , L4 k David Quaid, ASC
. __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . - _._.__.._______________._______..________.___________________.___2
_ ay i Repririted with permission of Radio-Electronics magazine. o u , D __o_- @
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Ah WWWOW ; This hand-sized Geiger counter is so sensitive it can measure the radiation from a ceramic drinking cup ._ , ' . .g.,
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JOE JAFFE, DAN SYTHE, AND STEVE WEISS . 2 ,, , i . HAVE YOU EVER DRIVEN PAsT A NUCLEAR mally high. You can network with about radiation, where it comes from, power generating plant and wondered your friends who have similar instru- and how it is detected. whether it was leaking radiation? Is ments to determine radiation patterns. there radioactive radon in your base- You can identify items in your home Measuring radiation ment? When the Chernobyl nuclear that are radioactive. And you can ex- A common characteristic of alpha, plant exploded in April,1986, and the - piore for underground deposits of ra- beta, gamma, and X-rays is that they Three Mile Island plant almost had a dioactive materials. In short, if you ionize the material that they strike or meltdown in M 1979, did you build a Geiger counter you will team pass through. Therefore, it is possible wonder if any radiation was _ to measure the amount of radiation by
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coming your have a lumi- - measuring the resulting degree of ; nous watch dial s in the dark, e ' ionization. One of the first devices is it giving off ation? Did you A' 'B' "'CN" *D e used to detect ionization was the elec-
)1 7" know that common items found in a E troscope, developed about 100 years home emit small amounts ofionizing g - h H '3 ago. In that device, when a gold leaf radiation? g and its metallic support are insulated Construct yourown Geigercounter - ' -
from another metallic member and
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and you will find the answers to those @ charged to a DC potential of several questions and many more. With a - *- " hundred volts, the gold leaf is re-Geiger counter you can reassure your- - voaus Pelled. With high-quality insuistion, self that radiation levels in your area - V -"F - the charge leaks off slowly, but if any are normal. You can detect nuclear. FIG.1-THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ionizing radiation is present the h plant radiation leaks by monitoring P S MP E o elec o charge leaks off more quickly. Ob- E changes m radiation level, and even is the most sensitive to radieuon,is called viously, only relative intensity mea- ;;; sound an alen if the level is abnor- me GeJperregion. surements are possible. $ 41
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;*I- .h FIG. 2-8 LOCK DIAGRAM OF THE RADALERT. The Alert Counter /Comparator can be Y$? p n . .,
programmed to sound a beeper when the pulse count exceede e user <$etermined value. He most common sensor used to- low mitages, region A in Fig.1, the day to detect ionization is the Geiger gamma rays become essentially equal electron moves at low velocity to the and increase only slightly with in-atube, which consists of an enclosed central anode and the positive ion creasing voltage. Region c is the anode and cathode separated by a moves more slowly to the cathode, mixture of argon, neon, and either Geiger region; it has the highest sen-where they are neutralized. ne detec- sitivity to incoming radiation. Most chlorine or bromine gases. Usually, tor is rarely operated in that region as Geiger counters operate in region c. the cathode is a thin-wall metallic cyl- extremely small pulses are generated. When the voltage is increased inder scaled at each end with an in- As the voltage is increased, the ve- beyond the Geiger region, the electric sulating disk so that the gas is locity and energy of the electron in- field becomes high enough to cause contained. De anodsis an axial wire creases. At a specific threshold volt- the gas to self-ionize. Rat occurs in in the cylinderthat through an age, the start of region a, there is region o and results in almost continu-insulator. A DC connected to sufficient energy to produce more the electrodes e ous discharge, which can only be electric field ions and electrons by additional colli-within the cham stopped by turning off the voltage, pulse of cur- sions, and the pulse amplitude in- Operation in region o can damage the rent is generated when radiation pass- creases dramatically due to gas ampli- tube. es through the container and ionizes fication. Region e is called the pro- The actual threshold voltages for the gas. De pulses are counted and portional region because the pulse each of the regions depend on the size electronically processed for display in size is dependent oa the energy of the and shape of the sensor and the con-m a variety of ways. De relationship initial ionizing event. 9 between pulse amplitude and elec- figuration of the electrodes. Specialized instruments operating The thin wall of the Geiger tube h trode voltage is shown in Fig.1. region a can distinguish between al- allows high-energy beta and gamma y A single positive ion and one elec- pha, beta, and gamma rays by mea- rays to pass through and ionize the y tron are produced by the initial ioniz- suring the pulse amplitudes. W gas. However, alpha rays have consid-D ing event: the collision of an alpha, Region c starts when the gas ampli- erablyless energy and are blocked by beta or gamma ray with a neon or fication reaches saturation. The pulse h argo,n gas molecule in the sensor. At the metallic tube. To detect alpha amplitudes due to alpha, beta, and rays, a very thin mica disk or Mylar 42
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surements. A diode prevents the AC , ", . y l- _. ,,i ' eM ' 'l adapter's output witage from being .g e ap 9- ' s,urE j u 2 applied to the battery. ,G=,4 gg ~ . ea jI' - Wlp p 4," r 9 r:t A 500-volt regulated power supply operates the radiation sensor in the t, '
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time-base for the COUNrS PER MINUTE H Ak display has an accuracy of 0.005%. ?' cf il 9- ! , =[+j"N@ - W_ Q y'
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l film that is transparent to alpha rays is the canister isn't placed in a " hot" count may be necessary to detect the i used in some Geiger tubes to close'off spot, false low readings will result. increase in background radiation due I one end of the cylinder. Dat end is You can do faster measurements by to low levels of radon and its decay called an alpha window. The alpha building our radiation monitor, which products.) window must point t the radia. for simplicity we will henceforth refer Two switches allow you to select tion source to detect rays. De to as the Radalerr. the operating rWe and type of dis. range of alpha rays in airis onlyabout The Radalert, whose block di- play desired. With cwitch S2 set to the { 3 centimeters. agram is shown in Rg. 2, is an ex. MtrrE position, the CoVNT LED visu-tremely versatile Geiger counter that ally indicates each lenizing event. Radon is sensitive to alpha, beta, gamma, When S2 is set to the COUNT position, ne primary emissions from radon and X-ray radiation. It is designed for you will also hear a beep correspond-are alpha particles that rapidly dissi. case of use by people who want to be ing to each count. pate in air. Secondary emissions of better informed about the level of ra- Switch Si gives you a choice of two , beta particles and gamma rays from diation that surrounds them. It also display modes. In the CPM (Counts radon, and from its decay products f meets the needs of technical, medi- Per Minute) mode, the number of ' known as radon " daughters" or " pro- cal, and public-service personnel counts detected each minute is dis-geny," occur in sufficient quantity to who require accurate information in- pland on the LCD until replaced by be detected. The EPA has published a volving the use, transportation, and the next minute's count. No count is booklet on measurement protocols for storage o.f radioactive materials. A displayed during the first minute of radon. De simplest technique uses a 4h-digit LCD display provides a di- operation, but the flashing LCD colon carbon canister to adsorb radon from tect reading of the number ofionizing tells you that the count is in progress. the air for weeks or months. At the events detected by the sensor. (A In the total CoUrrr mode, the counts end of the measurement period the commercial version of Radalert is cur- are accumulated and a running total is canister is sealed and retumed to a rently being tested at a major universi- displayed. , laboratory for analysis.- ty laboratory to relate the total counts A special feature ofour monitoris a 1 over extended time periods with cali- user-adjustable alert level. Using the Build a radiation monitor brated radon levels to determine the CPM mode, the alert level can be set to But waiting for the results of labo- time required to get useful results. a level greater than the normal back-ratory tests is time-consuming, and if Preliminary results indicate a 12-hour ground radiation. Using the wrAL GM1
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angle mount com at the above addresa. l The circuit output to A ensures that the circuitry configured as a 3.3-kHz oscillator to {. As shown in Rg. 3, the cathode of will continue to count at extremely match the resonant frequency of BZl. Geiger tube GM1 to ground high radiation levels and not saturate ne oscillator's frequency is deter-through Ql's base. nt pulse or " jam." ne o output is connected mined by the values of resistors R9 created in the Geig a radia- to the display and alert counters. De and RIO, and capacitor C7. The cir-tion event is about microse- Q output is used by the alert circuit cuit is very efficien.t. providing a conds long. It pulls , thereby and is also buffered through ICl4-d sound pressurelevelof about 75 dB at raising Ql's base voltage and turning and R6 to the Count Output port (J2's 12 inches, with a current drain of 2 QI on for the duration of the ionizing tip), which is the interface to a com- mA. ; event. Dat, in tum, pulls up emitter puter or other data logging device. Since the drain is only on for 2 l resistor R3, bringing pin 4 of IC7-a One section of IC7, IC7-b, is used milliseconds per count, that 2 mA high, which causes the o output to go as a pulse extender to drive LEDI and averages out to only 1 A at normal l high, thereby producing a square beeper BZl. He pulse width, about 2 background radiation levels of about l wave about 120 microseconds long milliseconds, is determined by the 15 counts per minute. 1 (the length is determined by the time- time-constant of R7/C4. Although LEDIdraws 15 mA when constant of R4/C2). Beeper BZ1 is driven in a push-pull it is on, the average current drain is & Since Q, pin 7, is always the op. configuration by two sets of paral- still in the low microampere range. 5 posite of o, it goes low, pulling the A leled buffer / inverter gates from ICl7. Indicators LEDI and BZ1 are switch- - input low again through DI. De Q Re other two gates of the device are ed by Q2 and Q3, respectively. $ 45 ( _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____---_ -
LCD display sTtnE pin, pin 34 of IC16, controls the Clock generator ne 4h-digir liquid-crystal display, counter latches. All timing waveforms are refer-DSP1, is the non-multiplexed (direct In the TurAt.cowr mode, pin 34 is enced to a 32.768 kHz crystal os-drive) type. As shown in Fig. 4 it is low, the latches are in a dow-through cillator built into ICl. That IC has a driven by IC16, a Nanomal Semicon- state, and counts are actively dis- 14-stage ripple-carry counter that di-ductor 74C946, w tures 100- played as they are detected. In the vides the oscillator frequency by two microwatt power lion and COUNTS PER MINUTE mode, pin 34 is 14 times to give a 2-Hz output at pin 3. leading-zero blank has internal high, and the counter latch outputs are ne IC2 a Rip-Hop divides the 2 Hz counters for each of the 4 digits and a stored. Each minute, coNTRot weic by two again to furnish a 1 Hz signal Rip Hop to drive the H digit. disables the counter, pin 31, while the to IC3, a 4566 industrial time-base ne pulses from IC7-a, pin 6 (Fig. prior minute count is displayed and generator that was described in detail 3), are fed to IC16's COUNT INPUT, pin stored (pin 34). The counter is then in the January,1988 issue of Radio-
- 32. Every negative going transition reset to zero (pin 33) to start the count Electronics (see page 56). We time-clocks the internal counter chain. The for the next minute, base generator divides the i Hz, Srst
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A. FIG. 6- THE 500 YOLTS DC for the Geiger tube is generated by the DC-to-DC converter circuN consisting of OS, Q7, OS, and their asecciated components. by six and then by 10, to provide the t- Q4. The Q4 collector momentarily and ICl2, form a chain of four BCD minute timing signal for the COUNTS discharges C12 to re-initiate the up-counters. Counts from the Pulse PER MINlrrE mode. One minute is up per up/ reset sequence. Processor feed the least significant when pin 6 goes low; the transition is in the counts PER MINUTE mode, digit of the chain, ICl2-b, pin 9. De inverted by Schmitt trigger ICl3-c. critical timing of the IC16 ENABLE, counts are incremented by the x 10 RESET, and STORE functions is imple- x 100, and x 1000 registers, ICll-a, Control logic mented by four D flip-flops: IC2-b, ICil-b, and ICl2-a. Register outputs Refer to Fig. 4. He power up/ reset the Time Out latch; IC4-a, the Store are compared to the settings of the sequence starts when the Radalert is latch;, IC4-b, the Reset latch; IC5-b, BCD ALERr LEVEL switches (S3, S4, turned on. Capacitor Cl2 charges the Enable latch. In the TurAL COUNT SS) by IC8, IC9, and IC10. To con-through resistor R13, causing ICl3-a, mode, ICIS-a inhibits the Master serve battery life, comparison is made pin 2, to go low. Capacitor Cl4 is Clock, allowing the radiation count- only as each count is detected. When momentarily discharged, then re- data from the Pulse Processor to ac- the alert level is reached, a true alert charged through R recharge cumulate on the display. output is clocked into the Alert Latch time is set by the time con- A count of 19999 triggers the over- IC6-b to energize the beeper at a 2-Hz stant and creates crosecond flow detector, freezing the display at rate (if S2-a is set to ALERT). ne latch power up/ reset pu 3-b, pin 4. that value, and providing a time out then disables any more pulses from Whenever Si is s between signal in COUNTS PER MINUTE mode. In clocking through ICIS-c. COUNTS PER MINUTE and the TOTAL thC TOTAL COUNT mode, the 19999 re. Couvr modes, ICl4-c, pin 6, goes mains on the LCD until Si is switched. Power supply either positive or negative, with a Re colon at the left end of the LCD As shown in Fig. 6, the Radlert time delay determined by R18/Cl3. display flashes at a 2-Hz rate in the operates from an internal 9-volt bat hat section ofICl4is configured as a first minute of the COUNTS PER MINUTE tery, or an external 9-volt power one shot that can be triggered on a mode. In the TurAL COUNT mode, the source. Capacitors CIS and C28 are positive or negative transition, and its colon continues to flash as counts are RF-bypass capacitors. External power output willbe high when pin 5 and pin accumulated. A D flip-flop, ICI5-a, supply jack 11 does not disconnect the 6 are unequal. De R18/Cl3 time de- controls those functions. battery when external power is used h lay makes them unequal for a very so that the Radalert will continue to 5 short time, creating a 10-millisecond Alert counter and comparator positive pulse at pm 4 that turns on Refer to Fig. 5. Two 4518's, ICll function on battery power if the AC g power fails. Diode Dit is a Shottky 2 47
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l '. . Construction The unit is assembled on two dou-j i, -R*)" 3 Ic7 l l' - 20 ' ble-sided printed-circuit boards; tem-O!p; g , t- y a-Rao--> ; , s W, < plates for those boards are provided in
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plastic enclosure shown in the pro-totype is available from Bopla En-FIG. 7--80TH THE BEEPER AND THE LCD DISPLAY are on the same board. Take extreme closure Systems, P.O. Box 649, care when handling the dispiey. while not unusualty fregne, it neverthesses requires Rockville, MD. 20851. (Write for somewhat gentle handling during assembly. Parts IC16, J1, J2, and the connector are actually mounted on the underside of the board. latest price and shipping charges.) A!! theIC's usedin the Radalert are CMOS, so when stuffing the PC diode that prevents the battery frem internal 1.3-volt reference. When the boards avoid building up static being charged by the external power input voltage falls to a level that re- charges that might damage the IC's. supply. Diode D12 protects the battery duces the voltage at pin 3 below 1.3 We suggest wearing a grounded wrist fmm discharging if there is a short in volts, then pin 7, which is normally strap when handling the IC's. Also, the external power source. Capacitor held high by R20, goes low. A logic use a grounded (3-wire) soldering C37 filters the unregulated 9-volt line high signal is required to indicate to iron. that powers the high voltage power BAT on the LCD display, so the state of The location of all components is supply, LEDI, and BZl. pin 7 is inverted by ICl3-c, an invert- silk screened on the pre drilled Switch Si tums the Radalert on. A ing Schmitt trigger. printed-circuit boards. If you make MAX 666 regulator, IC18, provides The high voltage circuit provides yourown boards, refer to Figs. 7 and 8 regulated 5 volts to the LCD and all regulated 500 volts at up to 50 micro- for the parts-placement. Double the other IC's. That regulator is un- amps, as required by the Geiger tube. check the placement and the polarity usual in that it contains a built-in low- it uses a DC-to-DC blocking-os- of diodes, electrolytic and tantalum battery detector. The threshold is set cillator design and closed-loop feed- capacitors, and the orientation of all by the ratio of R29 and R19. The back regulation. Transistor Q8 transistors,1C's, and switches before voltage at pin 3 is compared to an oscillates at approximately 25 kHz. soldering. Install the BCD ALERT switches, S3, S4, and SS, with their c2s - af.1 -
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w FIG. 8-NOTICE THAT THE BCD SWITCHES that set the alert level mount along the smaller edge of the printed-circuit board. To ensure that their adjustments align with their 12577) should be is aEEli ed to the cabinet cutouts, be sure the switches are pressed against the printed circutt board when components and both sides of the being sosdered continued on page 102 4e
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*caa'c ceroun artworm wi-co,n.rt wur ideas e m *mo inswe-tone ano menness a makmg 11 -r- tenor printed-circuit board in the high-mit-artwork positives single or oouble sioeo PC age seClion. In additjon to being a to=+s24 esassac (mesuo care no. and m-safety precaution, the coating protects piremon Ananer aale)/
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awe tuning capacnors. tuning een4. crysemi m ulator circuit-hoe". . The two printed-circuit boards pd*oenmaneum *"memes. orartusve. crg. NsM $2922 e*me*=>g"'M'e"Penene.med mate together through a 16 pin con-Heroor esoo. caroen orcne. CA nector. Make sure the high mitage 92saa senAafouma news. New serwe asAvi. savvy capacitors, C20-C24, are bent over to ano xEys.n-us c>ars. s 4. Provide at least a 0.2-inch clearance vunanwo ss.so 1732.nwerNe.v Y1tre.between them and the top board. u Dwnel Marer i V hven Short leads immegr ga*h,7, *as s ' Clip the component leads very compm. sem me sisNee.no ineo close m the area of the top board that O
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- y8dif/ylc8 c'8 gg,3 care when handling the Geiger tube neunx.u mur sun nuse because both the mica window and w came and - - , . TV. .sA,ucicon er caerr a nem sees in. n o . osecrernbies. manes for ssAvi. gaisogyne, the glass evacuation bulb adjacent to as j'r.tru.e.none scn's gsas$"*3d* . e "n-
' the anode connector are delicate. In-ds"e."M8'aos14. stall the Geiger tube after all other SATELLITE TV rama tree w mking piane and iat*
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c,, PHEN n ,,oso end aaunio descroisiming monum, noamina. oEs. cson. sene. Pwine. NY 108E ing, munkamenng, EPROM cooms. (H9Q Cinemex. bottom board. Connect the Geiger s13.e5. s1 poeta e tube *$ anode-the terminal with th,e oETECTIoe6-eunedience. n gn. cn. s2.co. otTE "cE. kits.Laseet sysTEnes, aduit ena nn ele. CAsLETRoNICs, E lox 3oSo2R. Betnesoa. lso. lug-to the printed-circuit solder 25tS E. Thomme. 16-864,Pnoenix. AZ85oie. 20814. board through a 3/4-inch length of insulated wire. 'The wire already welded to the JUST SIMPLY PUT . . . 9#I I". tube is the cathode. De tube is posh n,. yo.,. iou ro, . . , , in. p o , ic. tioned in the cut-out space of the bottom board iip. a .cniocs . em . Tw. ... -,. no ra' see.p. A u cou and is held in place by double-faced adhesiw foam on the bottom of the case. Insulate the CABLE EQUIPMENT ggTOCOM Geiger tube from the top board with a small piece of fish paper or other insulating material hu.E'u 'NOu'WY g *:8 @ M" ^" 8 rated for at least 1000-volts DC insulation. Make T,u,mc*b"?;",#ek" o, ' CHANNEL #3 NCHANNEL s3 out. sure the tube is insulated fTom all Components emo n younseur ANo save.
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TV TUNER vARSES 'a
.ou meu. u .a cAn Usn' n sur ua . .aa -a -- Check the irgulated 5 volt supply at IC18 pin u one=s= s ia ====' " ' "
- 2. Check the 525-volt regulated high-mitage L1NEAR CMoS OT)ER RARE iC CHIP supply at the Geiger tube's anode if you have a
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u> 9 After testing is complete and voltages are DEALERS WANTED!! GREAT QUANTITY PRICES correct, apply the conformal coating previously b AMCOM UPS DAILY described. P. O. 3.s 64391 COD ACCEPTED y virsi.a s.un, v A m is ewgoson,, sgo Usir g the Radalert y q
$$II Ilo7o'.".I'tYv> 70 $ "r '"C" Now that you have the Radalert operating, it's time to put it to work. But that's another story,
& and it's found in the following article. R-E 102
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; January 8th. 1989 From: Citizen's Radiation Monitoring Network. .
Subject:
Quality Assurance Program for Radalert Monitors. Twelve of the 20 units deployed in the field were recalled for the first phase of testing the Radalert monitors for gamma and alpha response. For gamma these monitors were placed side-by-side on a pine board which was affixed to a 4 foot stepladder. This setup was located in the center of a glass solar room. The counts per minutes were higher than our normal results since the room had a quarry tile floor, which is mildly radioactive, this was to be expected. We ran seven series of tests for long periods of time,in order to assure the batch and individual accuracy and repeatability of the devices. GAMMA RESPONSE. Series One: Period: 2/3/89 to 2/4/89. 11:38pm/6:42am. Sun room. 1395: 11:38pm/6:42am 424 min. 6178tc = 14.57 cpm. 1397: 11:38pm/':50am 432 min. 6348tc = 14.69 cpm.
#398: 11:38pm/6:55am 437 min. 6433tc = 14.72 cpm.
#386: 11:38pm/6:55am 437 min. 6419tc = 14.69cpn.
1396: 11:38pm/6:59am 441 min. 6321tc = 14.33 cpm. 1401: 11:38pm/6:59am 441 min. 6310tc = 14.31 cpm. .
#373: ll:38pm/7:04am 446 min. 6240tc = 13.99 cpm.
1399: 11:38pm/7:04am 446 min. 6114 tc = 13.71 cpm. Series Two: Period: Start: 7:19am/4:38pm. 2/4/89. Alternate location. 1396: 7:19am/4:38pm 559 min. 7009tc = 12.54 cpm.
#373: 7:19am/4:38pm 559 min. 7044tc = 12.60 cpm.
#399: 7:19am/4:39pm 560 min. 7005tc = 12.51 cpm.
Series Three: Period: Start: 10:07pm/7:00am, 2/4/89 to 2/5/89. Sun l room. l l 1397: 10:07pm/7:00am 533 min. 8032tc = 15.07 cpm. - l 1
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#396: 7 :14 pm'/4 : 41pm 1301 min. 19438tc = 14.94 cpm.
Series Seven: Period: 6:21pm/6:47am. 2/7/89 to 2/8/89. Alternate-location.
#386: 6:21pm/6:47am 746 min. 915 2 tc = 12. 27 cpm.
1396: -6:21pm/6:47am 747 min. 9022tc = 12.08 cpm. 1378: 6:21pm/6:48am 747 min. 9115tc = 12.20 cpm. Later in the series; the number of units tested became smaller as monitors were returned to the field. ALPHA RESPONSE. A jig was crafted enabling the alpha window of the monitor'to be at a rigidly fixed distance from a preformed gas mantle. This mantle was oriented so that each tested monitor scanned, precisely, the identical segment of the surface of the mantle.
#399: 30 min. 5262tc = 175.40 cpm.
1396: 30 min. 4727tc = 157.57 cpm.
#373: 30 min. 4611tc = 153.70 cpm.
#386: 30 min. 4584tc = 152.80 cpm.
#390: 30 min. 4829tc = 160.97 cpm.
#395: 30 min. 4863tc = 162.10 cpm.
#401: 30 min. 4900tc = 163.33 cpm.
#397: 30 min. 4980tc = 166.00 cpm.
#370: 30 min. 5124tc = 170.80 cpm.
#379: 30 min. 5434tc = 181.13 cpm.
#378: 30 min. 4954tc = 165.13 cpm.
#371: 30 min. 5047tc = 168.23 cpm.
CONCLUSION: I An examination of the above series of tests confirms that the Radalert monitor can accurately and repeatedly measure random events such as _____..__-__________.._.-._.__.____ ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ m . N
8396: 10:07pm/7:02am 535 min. 8038tc = 15.02 cpm. 0398: 10:07pm/7:02am 535 min. 8046tc = 15.04 cpm. ' 1401: 10:07pm/7:04am 537 min. 8115tc = 15.llepm. 6399: 10:07pm/7:04am 537 min. 8133tc = 15.15 cpm. 1373: 10:07pm/7:04am 537 min. 7986tc = 14.67 epm. 1395: 10 : 07 pm/7 :06 a.n 539 min. 6236tc = 15.28 cpm. Series Four: Period: Start: 10:08pm/8:24am, 2/4/89 to 2/5/89. Sun room. 1386: 10:08pm/0:24am 616 min. 9349tc = 15.17 cpm. 6370: 10:08pm/8:25am 617 min. 9485tc = 15.37 epm. 8379: 10:08pm/8:26am 618 min. 9553tc = 15.46 cpm. 1378: 10:08pm/8:27am 619 min. 9636tc = 15.55 cpm. Series Five: Period: Start: 5:46pm/7:15am. 2/5/89. Sun room. 8378: 5:46pm/7:15am 809 min. 12503tc = 15.45 cpm. 1370: 5:46pm/7:15am 809 min. 12519tc = 15.47 epm. 1386: 5:46pm/7:17am 811 min. 12440tc = 15.33 cpm. 9379: 5:46pm/7:20am 814 min. 12381tc = 15.21 cpm. 1396: 5:46pm/7:20am 814 min. 12350tc = 15.17 cpm. 1398: 5:46pm/7:20am 814 min. 12400tc = 15.23 cpm. 1371: 5:46pm/7:21am 815 min. 12335tc = 15.13 cpm. 4373: 5:46pm/7:21am 815 min. 12187tc = 14.95 cpm. Series Six: Period: Start: 7:14pm/4:41pm. 2/6/89 to 2/7/89. Sun room. 1378: 7:14pm/4:41pm 1301 min. 19975tc = 15.35 cpm. 1386: 7:14pm/4:41pm 130lmin. 19 89 7 tc = 15.29 epm. l I 1
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This same series of tests will be performed on the.remaidder of our monitors still in the field and on those_ coming on line. Previous to the above. test program, Radalert was thoroughly tested with.known i quanties of C-137 and proven to be extremely accurate with
! reproducible information. We-intend to obtain a sample of C-137 and its use,?for instrument calibration, will become part of our quality assurance' program. The results of our procedures will be submitted
.for your interest and records, submitted,
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