ML20039B695

Lake Breeze Analysis Methodology for Fermi 2 Nuclear Power Plant Project, Prepared for Util

ML20039B695
Person / Time
Site:	Fermi
Issue date:	10/29/1981
From:	Nelson R CAMP DRESSER & MCKEE, INC.
To:
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ML20039B690	List: ML20039B689 ML20039B691 ML20039B695
References
PROC-811029, NUDOCS 8112230430
Download: ML20039B695 (11)

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LAKE BREEZE 4

e ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY ,

j FOR THE FERMI 2

, NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PROJECT J

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Prepared for:

4 l 4 The Detroit Edison Company j 2000 Second Avenue Q

$ Detroit, Michigan 48226 j O l 1

1 Prepared by: i Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. I

• $ 11455 West 48th Avenue i Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80033 [

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A l October 29,1981  !

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2 4 ./4 i Roger A. Nelson l' 4 Certified Consulting Meteorologist ' !.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

f This report presents the methodology which will be used to detemine the [

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frequency of occurrence and the shape and extent of lake breeze episodes at  !

9 the Femi 2 Nuclear Power Plant. It was prepared by Camp Dresser & McKee 2 I Inc. (CDM) uncer contract at the request of Detroit Edison. The data

• , required for the analysis and the initial anticipated results are discussed.

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., The Fenni 2 facility is located at the extreme western tip of Lake Erie, l

$ approximately hal f-way between Detroit, Michigan and Toledo, Chio. It is 1, located within several hundred meters of the shoreline, and thus f 7

d lies within the influence of occasional lake breezes or air moving over the lake to the land. These lake breeze episodes are primarily driven by the g

j surface temperature contrast between the lake and the surrounding land area.

The lake breeze influences the meteorological conditions over t.he coastal 4' ft regions by modifying the temperatures and by exerting a strong control on the atmospheric conditions affecting air pollution dispersion. This g tendency for occurence of high air pollution in shoreline areas is due to

• three factors: 1) formation of an elevated but low l evel stable layer as

, cool lake air moves inland, 2) continuous fumigation of elevated pit,mes from d shoreline pollution sources, and 3) recirculation of pollutants within the lake breeze circulation pattern (Lyons and Olson 1973). For this reason, it 1

~K I J is important to know the type of meteorological conditions which give rise '

to lake breezes at the site and their extent, geometry, and frequency.

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e The meteorological data available for this analysis was collected over a

O 1-yr period at 10, 60, and 150 m above ground, immcdiately adjacent to the '

d shoreline, and at 10, and 60 m approximately 1 km inland on towers. In 4 addition, daily Lake Erie water temperature data taken at a depth of 2 m ano d within 550 m (1800 ft) of the shoreline are available.

Because lake breeze episodes generally are driven by the large temperature gradient across the shoreline (lano is warmer) during weak synoptic ficws,  !

C4 it is expected that the greatest frequency of occurrence will be during the spring and summer months (Lyons 1975). The persistence and intensity of  ;

n$ these episodes will be investigated. l U

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1 2.0 METEOROLOGICAL DATA AVAILABLE FOR LAKE BREEZE ANALYSES 3.: The meteorological data available for lake breeze analyses from the Fermi 2 site consists of continuous measurements from two tall towers operated over

] a 1-yr period in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.23 (NRC 1980) . The location of each of these monitoring sites with respect to the Fermi 2 q project is shown in Figure 1. The meteorological variables whicn were 4

N monitored at each of the two towers during concurrent tower operation are

, , , shown in Table 1. In addition, daily water temperature data are collected 1 ,

I at the location shown.

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- 60 METER  ! 150 METER METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL TOWER I TOWER _ . .

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LAKE ERIE

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I Table 1 CONFIGURATION OF DETROIT EDISON'-S FERMI 2 METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM

1 150-m Tower 4

10-m Level 60-m Level 150-m Level yg Wind Speed Wind Speed Wind Speed i-u Wind Direction Wind Direction Wind Direction y /.ir Temperature Air Temperature Air Temperature i Dewpoint i-,

Precipitation at ground level hg Delta Temperatures are calculated between levels .

i 60-m Tower 9 10-m level 60-m Level i

Wind Speed Wind Speed i Wind Direction Wind Direction Air Temperature Air Temperature

,. Dewpoint l

Delta Terrperatures are calculated between levels

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] 3.0 DISCUSSICN

} The interest in detemining the characteristics of lake breeze episodes is due to the limited dispersion mixing of effluent released during that type y of situation. When stable air blows onshore it is eroded overland frcm beneath by both the increased surface roughness and convection generated by q surface heating. Since the air blowing from over the water has a long d fetch, a relatively stable temperature profile will be formed as the layer adjacent to the water gives up heat to the colder surface. Lit tl e

.g cf. turbulence is generated since the surface is relatively smooth. A schematic picture of a typical lake breeze episode is shown in Figure 2.

] Inland, the icwest layers of air are well mixed and moderately turbulent.

i This extends up to the interface above which the air retains most of its stable lake-like characteristics. Below this interface, the layer is known g as the thermal internal boundary layer (T13L; Lyons 1975). Above it is a d separate, widely dif ferent dispersion regime. Ef fluent released into the

.,, turbulent TIBL zone will undergo rapid ini tial mixing but will remain

,M constrainea in the TIBL even at distances far from the release point.

, Effluent released upwind of the shoreline will disperse in a stable manner

,J until it reaches the TIBL, and then will be brought to grcund and mixed relatively thoroughly throughout the TIBL. Again in this case, vertical dispersion depth is constrainea by the rate at which the top of the TIBL increases with inland distance.

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q Numerous analytical expressions (Prophet 1961; Venkatram 1977; Echols 1972)

,_a have been used to describe the shape and extent of the TIBL as a function of 4 some of the physical variables which cause its behavior. Most are empirically based with only limited theoretical foundation. Probably the most commonly used ana widely known expression which predicts the height of the TIBL as a function of downwind distance is that due by Raynor et. al.

f (1975).

Fj U* F(lel-91) 2 64 H = --

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Figure 2 Temperature & Air Flow Characteristics During a Typical Lake Breeze Episode.

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a ~ . . . - _ - - - - _ _ . , - m f.] 'mhere:

H = height of TIBL (m) ff U, = friction velocity over the downwind surface (ms )

0 = mean wind speed (ms-1)

F = fetch over downwind surface (m) 0 1 = low-level potential air temperature over the water (UK) p 9 2 = low-level potential air temperature over the land (OK)

• -4 AT/a2 = absolute value of lapse rate over the water or above the inversiun ( K/m)

The Raynor fomula only predicts the height of the TIBL given that a

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{ Jj boundary layer interface exists. It does not address the intensity of the turbulence within the TIBL or whether the meteorological conditions are such

[] that a lake breeze occurs.

From a practical standpoint, the measurements of U ard AT/aZ are difficult to obtain. Measuring the mean wind speed and the low level over-water and over-land temperatures are, on the other hand, relatively straightferward.

~4 The Femi 2 meteorological monitoring program, however, does provide a means for measuring (or at least closely approximating) all parameters which enter

h. into the Raynor fomula.

TIBL formation is favorable when the flow is onshore ano the ten.perature of the air over the land is significantly wamer than that over the lake. At

[1 be these times, the over-water lapse rate can be adequately estimated by AT/az measurements on the 150-m tower between the 60 m and 10 m levels. Since the 150-m tower is within 100 m of the shoreline, both AT/aZ and 0 can be used to represent those values of lake breeze source region. The measurement of

, U. can be adequately made by using the wind speed data collected on the 60-m tower at the 60-m and 10-m levels. Since the 60-m tower is approximately 1 km inland, the air flow from over the lake has sufficient time to acquire over-land characteristics and U, can be derived if a logrithmic wind profile is assumed:

Z U = kU* in '

-Zo ,

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} Where:

U = mean wind speed (ms-1)

U,= friction velocity (ms-1) k = von Karnan constant (0.4)

Z = height of wind measurement (m)

Zo= roughness length (m)

To investigate the lake breeze characteristics specific to the Fermi 2 site, a statistical analysis of existing meteorological data from the Fenni 2 site yj collected over the period between June 1974 and May 1975 will be performed.

This analysis will identi fy the frequency of occurence of lake breeze

] episodes, and the associated height of the TIBL interface over the plant site. The following analyses will be performed:

,. _ g e Analysis of the frequency of occurrence of onshore flows by time of day with consideration of wind speed and over-lake and over-land temperature differential.

This analysis will be perfomed with data y

from both the 150- and 60-m towers A1 e Comparison of 10-m level air temperature from the 150-m tower with

.['] Lake Erie water temperature for periods of onshore flow to determine the applicability of the tower data to describe over water temperatures (low level) e Comparison of local surface roughness and friction velocity derived from 60-m tower measurements for each wind direction sector with site characteristics (i .e. , topography and vegetation cover) . Diurnal and

.-- seasonal variations by wind direction will be investigated e Determination of the feasibility of observing the TIBL boundary occurring between the locations of the 150- and 60-m towers Using the results from the above analyses, the lake breeze characteristics

=ill be detennined. This should allow a detennination of the meteorological conoitions which leaa to the formation of a lake breeze episode and thus to y ,

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g4 a determination of the TIBL extent. Knowledge of real-time meteorological cata taken by the Fenni 2 meteorological monitoring system would then allow the prediction of the TIBL existence and subsequent dispersion I. characteristics of effluent released into it.

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I REFERENCES Echols, W.T. ; Wagner, N.K. 1972. Surface roughness and internal boundary layer near a coastline. Journal of Applied Meteorology. 11:658-662.

I Lyons, W. A.; Ol sson, L.E. 1973. Detailed mesometeorological studies of air pollution dispersion in the Chicago Lake breeze. Monthly Weather Review, AMS. 101: 387-403.

Lyons, W.A. 1975. Turbulent diffusion and pollutant transport in shoreline envi ror.ments . Lectures on Ai r Pollution ano Environmental Impact.

Analysis. Boston: AMS. 136-208.

l Prophet, D.T. 1961. Survey of the available information pertaining to the transport and diffusion of airborne material over ocean and shoreline complexes. Technical Report No. 89, Aerosol LaDoratory. Stanford, I Cal.: Stanford University Raynor, G.S.; Michael, P.; Brown, R.M.; Sethuraman, S. 1975. Studies of atmospheric diffusion from a nearshore occacic site. Journal of l Applied heteorology. September, 1975:1080-1094.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). 1980. Regulatory Guide 1.23.

Meteorological Programs in Support of Nuclear Power Pl ants.

Washington, D.C.

Yenkatram, A. 1977. A model of internal boundary layer development.

I, Boundary Layer Meteorology. 11:419-437.

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