ML15155B353
| ML15155B353 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 05/15/2015 |
| From: | Summers T J FirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Co |
| To: | Document Control Desk, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Shared Package | |
| ML15155B372 | List: |
| References | |
| L-15-0105 | |
| Download: ML15155B353 (184) | |
Text
FENOCFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating CompanyDa vis-Besse Nuclear Power Station5501 N. State Route 2Oak Harbor, Ohio 43449May 15, 2015L-1 5-010510 CFR 50.36aATTN: Document Control DeskU.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionWashington, DC 20555-0001
SUBJECT:
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1Docket Number 50-346, License Number NPF-3Combined Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report and RadiologicalEffluent Release Report for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station -2014In accordance with 10 CFR 50.36a(a)(2), this letter transmits the combined 2014 AnnualRadiological Environmental Operating Report (AREOR) and Radiological EffluentRelease Report (RERR) for the period January 2014 through December 2014. Theseannual reports are submitted for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station (DBNPS). TheAREOR and the RERR must be submitted by May 15 of each year to satisfy therequirements of the DBNPS Technical Specifications 5.6.1 and 5.6.2.The Attachment provides a listing of the specific requirements detailed in the DBNPSOffsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) and the portion of the AREOR which wasprepared to meet each requirement.The following information is also provided only to the Document Control Desk. Thisinformation includes:2014 RERR Meteorological Data (on Compact Disc)* Environmental, Inc. Midwest Laboratory, Monthly Progress Report forJanuary through December 2014 (which contains the 2014 RadiologicalEnvironmental Monitoring Program Sample Analysis Results), datedFebruary 11, 2015 (on Compact Disc)* Davis-Besse Offsite Dose Calculation Manual, Rev. 28 and 29 (onCompact Disc)A009'111K Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1L-1 5-105Page 2 of 2There are no regulatory commitments contained in this letter. If there are any questionsor if additional information is required, please contact Mr. Alvin Dawson, Manager -SiteChemistry, at (419) 321-7374.Sincerely,homas J. SummersDirector- Site OperationsDavis-Besse Nuclear Power StationVAW/AMP
Attachment:
Summary Location(s) of Off-Site Dose Calculation Manual RequirementsContents in the Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report
Enclosure:
Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report, including theRadiological Effluent Release Report for the Davis-Besse Nuclear PowerStation -2014cc: Regional Administrator, NRC Region IIIDB-1 NRC Senior Resident InspectorDB-1 NRC/NRR Project ManagerBranch Chief, Division of Reactor Safety, Branch 6Utility Radiological Safety Board L-15-105AttachmentPage 1 of 1Summary Location(s) of Off-Site Dose Calculation Manual RequirementsContents in the Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDescription of Requirement* Summaries, interpretations, and analyses of trends of the radiologicalenvironmental surveillance activities, and an assessment of the observed impactsof the plant (pages 31 through 78 and Appendix D)" Results of the Land Use Census (pages 108 through 113)* Results of the analysis of radiological environmental samples and of environmentalradiation measurements (Environmental, Inc. Midwest Laboratory, MonthlyProgress Report for January through December 2014 (pages 26 through 78))" Summary description of the radiological environmental monitoring program (alsopages 26 through 78)" At least two legible maps, covering sampling locations keyed to a table givingdistances and directions from the centerline of one reactor (pages 40 through 75)* The results of licensee participation in the Inter-laboratory Comparison Program(Appendix A)* Discussion of cases in which collection of specimens had irregularities due tomalfunction of automatic sampling equipment and other legitimate reasons (page36)
L-1 5-105EnclosureAnnual Radiological Environmental Operating Report, including theRadiological Effluent Release Reportfor theDavis-Besse Nuclear Power Station -2014(1 Report follows) adiincluelea'.M? 7""* ft".7%.,- -.1g;- _,-, --omwpw I Ww ANNUAL RADIOLOGICALENVIRONMENTAL OPERATINGREPORTDavis-Besse Nuclear Power StationJanuary 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014Davis-Besse Nuclear Power StationMay 2015 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE OF CONTENTSTitle PageList of Tables ivList of Figures ViExecutive Summary viiiINTRODUCTIONFundamentals 1Radiation and Radioactivity 2Interaction with Matter 3Quantities and Units of Measurement 5Sources of Radiation 7Health Effects of Radiation 9Health Risks 10Benefits of Nuclear Power 11Nuclear Power Production 11Station Systems 16Reactor Safety and Summary 19Radioactive Waste 19Description of the Davis-Besse Site 22References 24RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMIntroduction 26Pre-Operational Surveillance Program 26Operational Surveillance Program Objectives 27Quality Assurance 27Program Description 28Sample Analysis 32Sample History Comparison 34i Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTitle PageRADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM (continued)2014 Program Anomalies 36Atmospheric Monitoring 36Terrestrial Monitoring 43Aquatic Monitoring 53Direct Radiation Monitoring 66Conclusion 76References 76RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENT RELEASE REPORTProtection Standards 79Sources of Radioactivity Released 79Processing and Monitoring 80Exposure Pathways 81Dose Assessment 82Results 83Regulatory Limits 84Effluent Concentration Limits 85Average Energy 85Measurements of Total Activity 85Batch Releases 86Abnormal Releases 86Percent of Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) Release Limits 86Sources of Input Data 87Dose to Public Due to Activities Inside the Site Boundary 87Inoperable Radioactive Effluent Monitoring Equipment 88Changes to The ODCM and Process Control Plan (PCP) 88Borated Water Storage Tank Radionuclide Concentrations 88Onsite Groundwater Monitoring 102LAND USE CENSUSProgram Design 108Methodology 108Results 109ii Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTitle PageNON-RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMSMeteorological Monitoring 114On-Site Meteorological Monitoring 115Land and Wetlands Management 130Water Treatment Plant Operation 131Chemical Waste Management 133Other Environmental Regulating Acts 135Other Environmental Programs 136APPENDICESAppendix A: Interlaboratory Comparison Program Results 138Appendix B: Data Reporting Conventions 157Appendix C: Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air 159and Water Above Background in Unrestricted AreasAppendix D: REMP Sampling Summary 161iii Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportList of TablesTitleRisk Factors: Estimated Decrease in Average Life ExpectancySample Codes and Collection FrequenciesSample Collection SummaryRadiochemical Analyses Performed on REMP SamplesAir Monitoring LocationsMilk Monitoring LocationGroundwater Monitoring LocationsBroadleaf Vegetation and Fruit LocationsSoil LocationsTreated Surface Water LocationsUntreated Surface Water LocationsShoreline Sediment LocationsFish LocationsThermoluminescent Dosimeter LocationsGaseous Effluents -Summation of All ReleasesGaseous Effluents -Ground Level Releases -Batch ModeGaseous Effluents -Ground Level Releases -Continuous ModeGround Level Releases -LLDs for Continuous and Batch ModeGaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode Releases -Batch ModeGaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode Releases -Continuous ModeLLDs for Gaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode ReleasesLiquid Effluents -Summation of All ReleasesLiquid Effluents -Nuclides Released in Batch ReleasesTableNumber1234567891011121314151616161717171819PageNumber1030313339444647495558596167899091929394959697iv Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable PageTitle Number NumberLiquid Effluents -Nuclides Released in Continuous Releases 19 99Liquid Effluents -LLDs for Nuclides Released 19 100Liquid Effluents -Solid Waste and Irradiated Fuel Shipments 20 1012014 Groundwater Tritium Results 21 103Doses Due to Gaseous Releases for January through December 2014 22 105Doses Due to Liquid Releases for January through December 2014 23 106Annual Dose to the Most Exposed (from all pathways) Member 24 107of the Public 2014Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 2014 25 111Pathway Locations and Corresponding Atmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) 26 113and Deposition (D/Q) ParametersSummary of Meteorological Data Recovery for 2014 27 119Summary of Meteorological Data Measured for 2014 28 120Joint Frequency Distribution by Stability Class 29 125V Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportList of FiguresFigure PageDescription Number NumberThe Atom 1 1Principal Decay Scheme of the Uranium Series 2 3Range and Shielding 3 4Sources of Exposure to the Public 4 8Fission Diagram 5 12Fuel Rod, Fuel Assembly, Reactor Vessel 6 13Station Systems 7 15Dry Fuel Storage Module Arrangement 8 21Map of Area Surrounding Davis-Besse 9 222014 Airborne Gross Beta 10 38Air Sample Site Map 11 40Air Samples 5-mile Map 12 41Air Sample 25-mile Map 13 42Gross Beta Groundwater 1982-2014 14 45Cs-137 in Soil 1972-2014 15 48Terrestrial Site Map 16 50Terrestrial 5-mile Map 17 51Terrestrial 25-mile Map 18 52Gross Beta in Treated Surface Water 1972-2014 19 54Gross Beta Concentration in Untreated Surface Water 1977-2014 20 57Gross Beta in Fish 1972-2014 21 60Aquatic Site Map 22 62Aquatic 5-mile Map 23 63Aquatic 25-mile Map 24 64Gamma Dose for Environmental TLDs 1973 -2014 25 66TLD Site Map 26 73TLD 5-mile Map 27 74TLD 25-mile Map 28 75Exposure Pathways 29 82vi Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFigure PageDescription Number NumberDavis-Besse Onsite Groundwater Monitoring H-3 Trends 30 104Land Use Census Map 31 110Wind Rose Annual Average IOOM 32 122Wind Rose Annual Average 75M 33 123Wind Rose Annual Average 10M 34 124vii Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportExecutive SummaryThe Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report (AREOR) is a detailed report on theEnvironmental Monitoring Programs conducted at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station (Da-vis-Besse) from January 1 through December 31, 2014. This report meets all of the requirementsin NRC Regulatory Guide 4.8, Section 5.6 of Davis-Besse Technical Specifications, and Davis-Besse Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) Section 7.1. Reports included are the Radio-logical Environmental Monitoring Program, Radiological Effluents Release Report, Land UseCensus, Groundwater Monitoring, and the Non-Radiological Environmental Programs, whichconsist of Meteorological Monitoring, Land and Wetland Management, Water Treatment, Chem-ical Waste Management, and Waste Minimization and Recycling.Radiological Environmental Monitoring ProgramThe Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) is established to monitor the ra-diological condition of the environment around Davis-Besse. The REMP is conducted in ac-cordance with NRC Regulatory Guide 4.8, Davis-Besse Technical Specifications, and the Davis-Besse ODCM, Section 6.0. This program includes the sampling and analysis of environmentalsamples and evaluation of the effects of releases of radioactivity on the environment.Radiation levels and radioactivity have been monitored within a 25-mile radius around Davis-Besse since 1972. The REMP was established at Davis-Besse about five years before the Stationbecame operational. This pre-operational sampling and analysis program provided data on radia-tion and radioactivity normally present in the area as natural background. Davis-Besse has con-tinued to monitor the environment by sampling air, groundwater, milk, fruit and vegetables,drinking water, surface water, fish, shoreline sediment, and by direct measurement of radiation.Samples are collected from Indicator and Control locations. Indicator locations are within 5miles of the site and are expected to show naturally occurring radioactivity plus any increases ofradioactivity that might occur due to the operation of Davis-Besse. Control locations are furtheraway from the Station and are expected to indicate the presence of only naturally occurring radi-oactivity. The results obtained from the samples collected from indicator locations are comparedwith the results from those collected from control locations and with the concentrations presentin the environment before Davis-Besse became operational. This allows for the assessment ofany impact the operation of Davis-Besse might have had on the surrounding environment.Approximately 2,000 radiological environmental samples were collected and analyzed in 2014.There were no missed ODCM samples or other ODCM sample anomalies during the year.The results of the REMP indicate that Davis-Besse continues to be operated safely in accordancewith applicable federal regulations. No significant increase above background radiation or radio-activity is attributed to the operation of Davis-Besse.viii Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThe sampling results are divided into four sections: atmospheric monitoring, terrestrial monitor-ing, aquatic monitoring and direct radiation monitoring.Air samples are continuously collected at ten locations. Four samples are collected onsite. Theother six are located between one-half and twenty-two miles away. Particulate filters and iodinecartridges are collected weekly. The 2014 indicator results were in close agreement with thesamples collected at control locations.Terrestrial monitoring includes analysis of milk, groundwater, meat, fruits, vegetables, and soilsamples. Samples are collected onsite and up to twenty-five miles away, depending on the typeof sample. Results of terrestrial sample analyses indicate concentrations of radioactivity similarto previous years and indicate no build-up of radioactivity due to the operation of Davis-Besse.Aquatic monitoring includes the collection and analysis of drinking water (Treated Surface Wa-ter), Untreated Surface Water, fish and shoreline sediments collected onsite and in the vicinity ofLake Erie. Tritium was not detected at concentrations over the detection limit of 330 pCi/l in anyUntreated Surface Water samples during 2014.The 2014 results of analysis for fish, treated surface water and shoreline sediment indicate nor-mal background concentration of radionuclides and show no increase or build-up of radioactivitydue to the operation of Davis-Besse.Direct radiation averaged 14.3 mrem/91 days at indicator locations and 16.7 mrem/91 days atcontrol locations, which is similar to results from previous years and indicates no influence onthe surrounding environment from the operation of the plant during 2014.The operation of Davis-Besse in 2014 caused no significant increase in the concentrations of ra-dionuclides or adverse effects on the quality of the environment surrounding the plant. Radioac-tivity released in the Station's effluents was well below the applicable federal regulatory limits.The estimated radiation dose to the general public due to the operation of Davis-Besse in 2014was well below all applicable regulatory limits.In order to estimate radiation dose to the public, the pathways through which public exposure canoccur must be known. To identify these exposure pathways, an Annual Land Use Census is per-formed as part of the REMP. During the census, Station personnel travel every public road with-in a radius of five miles of Davis-Besse to locate radiological exposure pathways (e.g.,residences, vegetable gardens, milk cows/goats, etc.). The most important pathway is the onethat, for a specific radionuclide, provides the greatest dose to a sector of the population. This iscalled the critical pathway. The critical pathway for 2014 was a garden in the West sector 0.97miles from Davis-Besse, and is unchanged from 2013.Radiological Effluent Release ReportThe Radiological Effluent Release Report (RERR) is a detailed listing of radioactivity releasedfrom the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during the period January 1 through December 31,2014. The doses due to radioactivity released during this period were only a fraction of allowa-ble per our operating license.The Total Body doses to an individual and population in an unrestricted area due to directradiation from Davis-Besse is not distinguishable from background. These doses representix Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportan extremely small fraction of the limits set by the NRC or the limits set in the ODCM.Unplanned ReleasesThere were no unplanned releases of liquid or gaseous radioactivity from Davis-Besse during2014.Changes to the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) and the ProcessControl Program (PCP)There were two revisions of the ODCM in 2014. The changes included a description of new Sta-tion Vent radiation monitors. Results of the 2014 Land Use Census were also updated.There were no revisions of the PCP during 2014.Groundwater Protection Initiative (NEI 07-07)Davis-Besse began monitoring groundwater wells on the site in 2007 as part of the industry'sGroundwater Protection Initiative (GPI) in order to determine whether there have been any inad-vertent releases of radioactivity that have impacted groundwater or could potentially affect localwater supplies. In addition to several existing site pre-construction wells, 16 new GPI monitor-ing wells were drilled in 2007. They are normally sampled on a semi-annual basis in spring andfall, or additional samples may be collected as needed. None of these wells are drinking watersources. Any well with over 2,000 pCi/liter tritium or gamma emitters or Strontium-90 aboveODCM environmental lower limit of detection requires courtesy notification of state, county andlocal officials.The 2014 Groundwater Protection Initiative tritium concentrations in site monitoring wells wereall below the 30,000 pCi/liter EPA limit for non-drinking water sources. One site pre-construction well sample collected in September had a tritium concentration of 3,230 pCi/literand required courtesy notifications to be made. The exact cause of the tritium in this groundwa-ter is still under investigation. There is no indication of any offsite release of tritium.Non-Radiological Environmental ProgramsMeteorological MonitoringThe Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is part of a program for evaluating theradiological effects of the routine operation of Davis-Besse on the surrounding environment.Meteorological monitoring began in October of 1968.Meteorological data recorded at Davis-Besse include wind speed, wind direction, sigma theta(standard deviation of wind direction), ambient temperature, differential temperature, dew pointand precipitation. Two instrument-equipped meteorological towers are used to collect data. Datarecovery for the five instruments that are operationally required by Davis-Besse Technical Re-quirements Manual was 99.21 % in 2014.X Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportMarsh ManagementFirstEnergy owns the Navarre Marsh. It is leased to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, whomanage it as part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge.The Davis-Besse site currently has two active American Bald Eagle nests on the property. Morethan twenty healthy eaglets have fledged from Davis-Besse nests since 1995.Water and Wastewater TreatmentDavis-Besse withdraws water from Lake Erie and processes it through a vendor-supplied watertreatment process to produce the high-purity water used in the Station's cooling systems.Since December 1, 1998, the Carroll Township Water Treatment Plant has provided for domesticwater needs at Davis-Besse.Sewage is treated at the Davis-Besse Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and its effluent ispumped to a settling basin. Following a retention period, this water is discharged with other Sta-tion liquid effluents back to Lake Erie. There was one National Pollutant Discharge EliminationSystem permit violation during 2014 when the Total Residual Oxidants (TRO) at Outfall 001measured 0.11 parts per million (ppm), which is above the limit of 0.05 ppm. The chlorinationsystem was isolated until the TRO was restored to within limits in less than two hours.Chemical Waste ManagementThe Chemical Waste Management Program at Davis-Besse was developed to ensure that theoffsite disposal of non-radioactive hazardous and nonhazardous chemical wastes is performed inaccordance with all applicable state and federal regulations. Chemical waste disposal vendorscontracted by Davis-Besse use advanced technology for offsite disposal, including recycling ofchemical wastes, in order to protect human health and the environment. In 2014, the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station generated approximately 4,125 pounds of hazardous waste. Non-hazardous wastes generated include 6,685 gallons of used oil and 38,500 pounds of non-hazardous waste such as oil filters, resins and caulk, latex paints, and grout. As required by Su-perfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Davis-Besse reported hazardous productsand chemicals to local fire departments and local and state planning commissions. As part of theprogram to remove PCB fluid from Davis-Besse, all electrical transformers have been retro-filledand reclassified as non-PCB transformers.Waste Minimization and RecyclingThe Waste Minimization and Recycling Program at Davis-Besse began in 1991 with the collec-tion and recycling of paper. This program was expanded and reinforced during 1993 to includethe recycling of paper, aluminum cans, cardboard, and metal. Paper and cardboard recycling typ-ically exceeds 50 tons annually. The scrap metal collected onsite is sold to scrap companies.xi Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAppendicesAppendix A contains results from the Inter-laboratory Comparison Program required by the Da-vis-Besse ODCM. Samples with known concentrations of radioisotopes are prepared by the En-vironrmental Resources Associates (ERA), and then sent (with information on sample type anddate of collection only) to the laboratory contracted by the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station toanalyze its REMP samples. The Environmental Resources Associates (ERA) compares results toknown standards.Appendix B contains data reporting conversions used in the REMP at Davis-Besse. The appen-dix provides an explanation of the format and computational methods used in reporting REMPdata. Information on counting uncertainties and the calculations of averages and standard devia-tions are also provided.Appendix C lists the effluent concentration limits for alpha and beta-emitting radioisotopes andfor certain other radioisotopes in air and water samples. These concentrations are taken directlyfrom the Code of Federal Regulations, and provide comparison values for actual REMP samplingresults for 2014.Appendix D provides a REMP sampling summary from 2014. The appendix provides a listing ofthe following for each sample type:* number and type of analysis performed* lower limit of detection for each analysis (LLD)" mean and range of results for control and indicator locations" mean, range, and description of location with highest annual mean* number of non-routine resultsFor detailed studies, Appendix D provides more specific information than that listed in this re-port. The information presented in Appendices A through D was provided by Environmental,Inc. Midwest Laboratory in their Final Progress Report to Davis-Besse (February 14, 2015).Xii Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportIntroductionCoal, oil, natural gas and hydropower are used to run this nation's electric generating stations; how-ever, each method has its drawbacks. Coal-fired power can affect the environment through mining,acid rain and air pollution. Oil and natural gas are in limited supply and are, therefore, costly. Hy-dropower is limited due to the environmental impact of damming our waterways and the scarcity ofsuitable sites.Nuclear power provides a readily available source of energy. The operation of nuclear power sta-tions has a very small impact on the environment. In fact, the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station issurrounded by hundreds of acres of marshland, which make up part of the Ottawa National WildlifeRefuge. In order to provide better understanding of this unique source of energy, background infor-mation on basic radiation characteristics, risk assessment, reactor operation and effluent control isprovided in this section.FundamentalsThe AtomAll matter consists of atoms. Simply de-scribed, atoms are made up of positively andnegatively charged particles, and particleswhich are neutral. These particles are calledprotons, electrons, and neutrons, respec-tively (Figure 1). The relatively large pro-tons and neutrons are packed tightly to-gether in a cluster at the center of the atomcalled the nucleus. Orbiting around the nu-cleus are one or more smaller electrons. Inan electrically neutral atom the negativecharges of the electrons are balanced by thepositive charges of the protons. Due to theirdissimilar charges, the protons and electronshave a strong attraction for each other. Thisholds the atom together. Other attractiveforces between the protons and neutronskeep the densely packed protons from repel-ling each other, and prevent the nucleusfrom breaking apart.IS ELEC~~T~ONFigure 1: An atom consists of two parts: a nucleuscontaining positively charged protons and electricallyneutral neutrons and one or more negatively chargedelectrons orbiting the nucleus. Protons and neutronsare nearly identical in size and weight, while each isabout 2000 times heavier than an electron.I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportRadiation and RadioactivityIsotopes and RadionuclidesA group of identical atoms containing the same number of protons make up an element. In fact,the number of protons an atom contains determines its chemical identity. For instance, all atomswith one proton are hydrogen atoms, and all atoms with eight protons are oxygen atoms. How-ever, the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an element may vary. Atoms with the same num-ber of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes. Different isotopes of thesame element have the same chemical properties, and many are stable or nonradioactive. An un-stable or radioactive isotope of an element is called a radioisotope, a radioactive atom, or aradionuclide. Radionuclides usually contain an excess amount of energy in the nucleus. Theexcess energy is usually due to a surplus or deficit in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. Ra-dionuclides such as Uranium-238, Berylium-7 and Potassium-40 occur naturally. Others areman-made, such as Iodine- 131, Cesium- 137, and Cobalt-60.RadiationRadiation is simply the conveyance of energy through space. For instance, heat emanating froma stove is a form of radiation, as are light rays, microwaves, and radio waves. Ionizing radiationis another type of radiation and has similar properties to those of the examples listed above. Ion-izing radiation consists of both electromagnetic radiation and particulate radiation. Electro-magnetic radiation is energy with no measurable mass that travels with a wave-like motionthrough space. Included in this category are gamma rays and X-rays. Particulate radiation con-sists of tiny, fast moving particles which, if unhindered, travel in a straight line through space.The three types of particulate radiation of concern to us are alpha particles, which are made upof 2 protons and 2 neutrons; beta particles, which are essentially free electrons; and neutrons.The properties of these types of radiation will be described more fully in the Range and Shieldingsection.Radioactive DecayRadioactive atoms, over time, will reach a stable, non-radioactive state through a process knownas radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the release of energy from an atom through the emis-sion of ionizing radiation. Radioactive atoms may decay directly to a stable state or may gothrough a series of decay stages, called a radioactive decay series, and produce several daugh-ter products that eventually result in a stable atom. The loss of energy and/or matter throughradioactive decay may transform the atom into a chemically different element. For example,when Uranium-238 decays, it emits an alpha particle and, as a result, the atom loses 2 protonsand 2 neutrons. As discussed previously, the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom deter-mines its chemical identity. Therefore, when the Uranium-238 atom loses the 2 protons and 2neutrons, it is transformed into an atom of Thorium-234. Thorium-234 is one of the 14 succes-sive daughter products of Uranium-238. Radon is another daughter product, and the series endswith stable Lead-206.2 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThis example is part of a known radioactive decay series, called the Uranium series, which be-gins with Uranium-238 and ends with Lead-206 (Figure 2).4 238u4.5 x 109yr234u.W2.5x 105 Yr234Pa'I , 1.2 min234Th24 d230Th8.0 x 104 Yr.1226Ra1600 Yr1222 Rn3.82 dBeta DecayAlpha DecayFigure 2: Principal Decay Scheme of the Uranium Series.Half-lifeMost radio-nuclides vary greatly in the frequency with which their atoms release radiation. Someradioactive materials, in which there are only infrequent emissions, tend to have a very long half-lives. Those radioactive materials that are very active, emitting radiation more frequently tend tohave comparably shorter half-lives. The length of time an atom remains radioactive is defined interms of half-lives. Half-life is the amount of time required for a radioactive substance to losehalf of its activity through the process of radioactive decay. Half-lives vary from millionths of asecond to millions of years.Interaction with MatterIonizationThrough interactions with atoms, alpha, beta, and gamma radiation lose their energy. Whenthese forms of radiation interact with any form of material, the energy they impart may cause3 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportatoms in that material to become ions, or charged particles. Normally, an atom has the samenumber of protons as electrons. Thus, the positive and negative charges cancel, and the atom iselectrically neutral. When one or more electrons are removed an ion is formed. Ionization is oneof the processes that may result in damage to biological systems.Range and ShieldingParticulate and electromagnetic radiation each travel through matter differently because of theirdifferent properties. Alpha particles contain 2 protons and 2 neutrons, are relatively large, andcarry an electrical charge of +2. Alpha particles are ejected from the nucleus of a radioactive at-om at speeds ranging from 2,000 to 20,000 miles per second. However, due to its comparativelylarge size, an alpha particle usually does not travel very far before it loses most of its energythrough collisions and interactions with other atoms. As a result, a sheet of paper or a few cen-timeters of air can easily stop alpha particles (Figure 3).Beta particles are very small, and comparatively fast particles, traveling at speeds near the speedof light (186,000 miles per second). Beta particles have an electrical charge of either +1 or -1.Because they are so small and have a low charge, they do not collide and interact as often as al-pha particles, so they can travel farther. Beta particles can usually travel through several metersof air, but may be stopped by a thin piece of metal or wood.......... -................RA0I CrAC tIVKMATERIAL PAPER ALUMINUM LEAD CONCRETEFigure 3: As radiation travels, it collides and interacts with other atoms and loses energy. Alpha particles can bestopped by a sheet of paper, and beta particles by a thin sheet of aluminum. Gamma radiation is shielded by highlydense materials such as lead, while hydrogenous materials (those containing hydrogen atoms), such as water andconcrete, are used to stop neutrons.Gamma rays are pure energy and travel at the speed of light. They have no measurable charge ormass, and generally travel much farther than alpha or beta particles before being absorbed. Afterrepeated interactions, the gamma ray finally loses all of its energy and vanishes. The range of agamma ray in air varies, depending on the ray's energy and interactions. Very high-energy gam-ma radiation can travel a considerable distance, whereas low energy gamma radiation may travelonly a few feet in air. Lead is used as shielding material for gamma radiation because of its den-sity. Several inches of Lead or concrete may be needed to effectively shield gamma rays.Neutrons come from several sources, including the interactions of cosmic radiation with theearth's atmosphere and nuclear reactions within operating nuclear power reactors. However, neu-4 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reporttrons are not of environmental concern since the neutron source at nuclear power stations issealed within the containment building.Because neutrons have no charge, they are able to pass very close to the nuclei of the materialthrough which they are traveling. As a result, neutrons may be captured by one of these nuclei orthey may be deflected. When deflected, the neutron loses some of its energy. After a series ofthese deflections, the neutron has lost most of its energy. At this point, the neutron moves aboutas slowly as the atoms of the material through which it is traveling, and is called a thermal neu-tron. In comparison, fast neutrons are much more energetic than thermal neutrons and havegreater potential for causing damage to the material through which they travel. Fast neutrons canhave from 200 thousand to 200 million times the energy of thermal neutrons.Neutron shielding is designed to slow fast neutrons and absorb thermal neutrons. Neutronshielding materials commonly used to slow neutrons down are water or polyethylene. The shieldis then completed with a material such as Cadmium, to absorb the now thermal neutrons. At Da-vis-Besse, concrete is used to form an effective neutron shield because it contains water mole-cules and can be easily molded around odd shapes.Quantities and Units of MeasurementThere are several quantities and units of measurement used to describe radioactivity and its ef-fects. Three terms of particular usefulness are activity, absorbed dose, and dose equivalent.Activity: CurieActivity is the number of atoms in a sample that disintegrate (decay) per unit of time. Each timean atom disintegrates, radiation is emitted. The curie (Ci) is the unit used to describe the activityof a material and indicates the rate at which the atoms of a radioactive substance are decaying.One curie indicates the disintegration of 37 billion atoms per second.A curie is a unit of activity, not a quantity of material. Thus, the amount of material required toproduce one curie varies. For example, one gram (1/28th of an ounce) of radium-226 is theequivalent of one curie of activity, but it would take 9,170,000 grams (about 10 tons) ofthorium-232 to equal one curie.Smaller units of the curie are often used, especially when discussing the low concentrations ofradioactivity detected in environmental samples. For instance, the microcurie (uCi) is equal toone millionth of a curie, while the picocurie (pCi) represents one trillionth of a curie.5 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAbsorbed Dose: RadAbsorbed dose is a term used to describe the radiation energy absorbed by any material exposedto ionizing radiation, and can be used for both particulate and electromagnetic radiation. TheRad (radiation absorbed dose) is the unit used to measure the absorbed dose. It is defined asthe energy of ionizing radiation deposited per gram of absorbing material (1 Rad = 100 erg/gm).The rate of absorbed dose is usually given in Rad/hr.If the biological effect of radiation is directly proportional to the energy deposited by radiation inan organism, the Rad would be a suitable measurement of the biological effect. However, bio-logical effects depend not only on the total energy deposited per gram of tissue, but on how thisenergy is distributed along its path. Experiments have shown that certain types of radiation aremore damaging per unit path of travel than are others. Thus, another unit is needed to quantifythe biological damage caused by ionizing radiation.Dose Equivalent: RemBiological damage due to alpha, beta, gamma and neutron radiation may result from the ioniza-tion caused by this radiation. Some types of radiation, especially alpha particles which causedense local ionization, can result in up to 20 times the amount of biological damage for the sameenergy imparted as do gamma or X-rays. Therefore, a quality factor must be applied to accountfor the different ionizing capabilities of various types of ionizing radiation. When the qualityfactor is multiplied by the absorbed dose, the result is the dose equivalent, which is an estimateof the possible biological damage resulting from exposure to a particular type of ionizing radia-tion. The dose equivalent is measured in rem (radiation equivalent man).An example of this conversion from absorbed dose to dose equivalent uses the quality factor foralpha radiation, which is equal to 20. Thus, 1 Rad of alpha radiation is approximately equal to20 rem. Beta and gamma radiation each have a quality factor of 1, therefore one Rad of eitherbeta or gamma radiation is approximately equal to one rem. Neutrons have a quality factor rang-ing from 2 to 10. One rem produces the same amount of biological damage, regardless of thesource. In terms of radiation, the rem is a relatively large unit. Therefore, a smaller unit, themillirem, is often used. One millirem (mrem) is equal to 1/1,000 of a rem.Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)Deep dose equivalent is the measurement of dose within the body, from sources of radiation thatare external to the body. It is what is measured and recorded on thermoluminescent dosimeters(TLDs), film badges or other dosimeters. For example, at Davis-Besse or at any hospital that hasx-ray equipment, you will see people wearing these devices. These instruments are worn tomeasure DDE.Committed Effective Dose Equivalent (CEDE)Committed effective dose equivalent is a measure of the dose received from any radioactive ma-terial taken into the body. It is calculated from the sum of the products of the committed dose6 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportequivalent to the organ or tissue multiplied by the organ or tissue-weighting factor. CEDE ac-counts for all the dose delivered during the entire time the radioactive material is in the body.Total Effective Dose Equivalent (TEDE)Total effective dose equivalent is the sum of the deep dose equivalent (for dose from sources ex-ternal to the body) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal dose). Since theyare both doses to the body, they are not tracked separately. The NRC limits occupational dose toa radiation worker to five rem (5,000 mrem) TEDE per year.Sources of RadiationBackground RadiationRadiation did not begin with the nuclear power industry, and occurs naturally on earth. It isprobably the most "natural" thing in nature. Mankind has always lived with radiation and proba-bly always will. In fact, during every second of life, over 7,000 atoms undergo radioactive decay"naturally" in the body of the average adult. In addition, radioactive decay occurs naturally insoil, water, air and space. All these common sources of radiation contribute to the natural back-ground radiation to which we are all exposed.The earth is being showered by a steady stream of high-energy gamma rays and particulate radia-tion that come from space known as cosmic radiation. The atmosphere shields us from most ofthis radiation, but everyone still receives about 20 to 50 mrem each year from this source. Thethinner air at higher altitudes provides less protection against cosmic radiation. People living athigher altitudes or flying in an airplane are exposed to even higher levels cosmic radiation. Ra-dionuclides commonly found in the atmosphere as a result of cosmic ray interactions include Be-ryllium-7, Carbon-14, tritium (H-3), and Sodium-22.Another common naturally occurring radionuclide is Potassium-40. About one-third of the ex-ternal and internal dose from naturally occurring background radiation is attributed to this radio-active isotope of potassium.The major source of background radiation is Radon, a colorless, odorless, radioactive gas thatresults from the decay of Radium-226, a member of the Uranium-238 decay series. Since Urani-um occurs naturally in all soils and rocks, everyone is continuously exposed to Radon and itsdaughter products. Radon is not considered to pose a health hazard unless it is concentrated in aconfined area, such as buildings, basements or underground mines. Radon-related health con-cerns stem from the exposure of the lungs to this radioactive gas. Radon emits alpha radiationwhen it decays, which can cause damage to internal tissues when inhaled. As a result, exposureto the lungs is a concern since the only recognized health effect associated with exposure to Ra-don is an increased risk of lung cancer. This effect has been seen when Radon is present at levelscommon in uranium mines. According to the Health Physics Society, University of Michigan,more than half of the radiation dose the average American receives is attributed to Radon.7 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSources of Radiation Exposure to the US PopulationConsumer Products3XNuolear Medicine4.Other<lI.Medioal X-rayslIIVx.InternallIxRadon54%Terrestrial8xCosmic8Y.Figure 4: The most significant annual dose received by an individual of the public is that received from naturallyoccurring radon. A very small annual dose to the public results from producing electricity by nuclear power (takenfrom the Health Physics Society, University of Michigan, 2013).Further information on Radon, its measurement, and actions to reduce the Radon concentrationin buildings can be obtained by contacting the state Radon program office at the following ad-dress:Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Radiation Protection246 North High StreetColumbus, Ohio 43215(614) 644-2727(614) 466-0381 FAXThe approximate average background radiation in this area is 620 mrem/year (Princeton Univer-sity, 2013).Man-made RadiationIn addition to naturally occurring cosmic radiation and radiation from naturally occurring radio-activity, people are also exposed to man-made radiation. The largest sources of exposure includemedical x-rays and radioactive pharmaceuticals. Small doses are also received from consumerproducts such as televisions, smoke detectors, and fertilizers. Fallout from nuclear weapons testsis another source of man-made exposure. Fallout radionuclides include Strontium-90,8 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportCesium-137, and tritium. Less than one percent of the annual dose a member of the public re-ceives is a result of having electricity generated by nuclear power.Health Effects of RadiationThe effects of ionizing radiation on human health have been under study for more than ninetyyears. Scientists have obtained valuable knowledge through the study of laboratory animals thatwere exposed to radiation under extremely controlled conditions. However, it has been difficultto relate the biological effects of irradiated laboratory animals to the potential health effects onhumans.The effects of radiation on humans can be divided into two categories, somatic and genetic. So-matic effects are those which develop in the directly exposed individual, including an unbornchild. Genetic effects are those which are observed in the offspring of the exposed individual.Somatic effects can be divided further into acute and chronic effects. Acute effects developshortly after exposure to large amount of radiation. Much study has been done with humanpopulations that were exposed to ionizing radiation under various circumstances. These groupsinclude the survivors of the atomic bomb, persons undergoing medical radiation treatment, andearly radiologists, who accumulated large doses of radiation, unaware of the potential hazards.Chronic effects are a result of exposure to radiation over an extended period of time. Examplesof such groups are clock dial painters, who ingested large amounts of Radium by "tipping" thepaint brushes with their lips, and Uranium miners, who inhaled large amounts of radioactive dustwhile mining pitchblende (Uranium ore). The studies performed on these groups have increasedour knowledge of the health effects from comparatively very large doses of radiation receivedover long periods of time.Continuous exposure to low levels of radiation may produce somatic changes over an extendedperiod of time. For example, someone may develop cancer from man-made radiation, back-ground radiation, or some other source not related to radiation. Because all illnesses caused bylow level radiation can also be caused by other factors, it is virtually impossible to determine in-dividual health effects of low level radiation. Even though no effects have been observed at dos-es less than 50 rem, we assume the health effects resulting from low doses of radiation occurproportionally to those observed following large doses of radiation. Most radiation scientistsagree that this assumption over-estimates the risks associated with a low-level radiation expo-sure. The effects predicted in this manner have never been actually observed in any individualsexposed to low level radiation. Therefore, the most likely somatic effect of low level radiation isbelieved to be a small increased risk of cancer. Genetic effects could occur as a result of ionizingradiation interacting with the genes in the human cells. Radiation (as well as common chemi-cals) can cause physical changes or mutations in the genes. Chromosome fibers can break andrearrange, causing interference with the normal cell division of the chromosome by affectingtheir number and structure. A cell is able to rejoin the ends of a broken chromosome, but if thereare two breaks close enough together in space and time, the broken ends from one break couldjoin incorrectly with those from another. This could cause translocations, inversions, rings, andother types of structural rearrangements. When this happens, new mutated genes are created.Radiation is not the only mechanism by which such changes can occur. Spontaneous mutationsand chemically induced mutations also have been observed. These mutated genes may be passed9 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportfrom parent to offspring. Viable mutations due to low level, low dose radiation have not beenobserved in humans.Health RisksWhile people may accept the risks inherent in their personal activities, such as smoking and driv-ing to work each day, they are less inclined to accept the risk inherent in producing electricity.As with any industrial environment, it is not possible to guarantee a risk free environment. Thus,attention should be focused on taking steps to safeguard the public, on developing a realistic as-sessment of the risks, and on placing these risks in perspective. The perceptions of risk associat-ed with exposure to radiation may have the greatest misunderstanding. Because people do notunderstand ionizing radiation and its associated risks, many fear it. This fear is compounded bythe fact that we cannot hear, smell, taste or feel ionizing radiation.We do not fear other potentially hazardous things for which we have the same lack of sensoryperception, such as radio waves, carbon monoxide, and small concentrations of numerous cancer-causing substances. These risks are larger and measurable compared to those presumed to be as-sociated with exposure to low level, low dose radiation. Most of these risks are with us through-out our lives, and can be added up over a lifetime to obtain a total effect. Table 1 shows anumber of different factors that decrease the average life expectancy of individuals in the UnitedStates.Table 1: Risk Factors: Estimated Decrease in Average Life ExpectancyOverweight by 30%: 3.6 yearsCigarette smoking: 1 pack/day 7.0 years2 packs/day 10.0 yearsHeart Disease: 5.8 yearsCancer: 2.7 yearsCity living (non-rural): 5.0 yearsAll operating commercial nuclearpower plants totaled: less than 12 minutes10 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportBenefits of Nuclear PowerNuclear power plays an important part in meeting today's electricity needs, and will continue toserve as an important source of electric energy well into the future. Today more than twenty per-cent of the electricity produced in the United States is from nuclear powered electrical generatingstations.Nuclear power offers several advantages over alternative sources of electric energy:" Nuclear power has an excellent safety record dating back to 1958, when the firstcommercial nuclear power station began operating," Uranium, the fuel for nuclear power stations, is a relatively inexpensive fuel thatis readily available in the United States,* Nuclear power is the cleanest energy source for power stations that use steam toproduce electricity. There are no greenhouse gases or acid gases produced whenusing nuclear fuel.The following sections provide information on the fundamentals of how Davis-Besse uses nucle-ar fuel and the fission process to produce electricity.Nuclear Power ProductionElectricity is produced in a nuclear power station in the same way as in a fossil-fueled stationwith the exception of the source of heat. Heat changes water to steam that turns a turbine. In afossil-fueled station, the fuel is burned in a furnace, which is also a boiler. Inside the boiler, wa-ter is turned into steam. In a nuclear station, a reactor that contains a core of nuclear fuel, primar-ily uranium, replaces the furnace. Heat is produced when the atoms of Uranium are split insidethe reactor. The process of splitting atoms is called fission.What is Fission?A special force called the binding force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus ofthe atom. The strength of this binding force varies from atom to atom. If the bond is weakenough, the nucleus can be split when bombarded by a free neutron (Figure 5). This causes theentire atom to split, producing smaller atoms, more free neutrons, and heat. In a nuclear reactor,a chain reaction of fission events provides the heat necessary to boil the water to produce steam.l1 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report00Bombarding .-i'Neutron -~Free-0-°Atom /FissionFragmentIFigure 5: When a heavy atom, such as uranium-235 is split or fissioned, heat. free neutrons, and fission fragmentsresult. The free neutrons can then strike neighboring atoms causing them to fission also. In the proper environment,this process can continue indefinitely in a chain reaction.Nuclear FuelThe fissioning of one Uranium atom releases approximately 50 million times more energy thanthe combustion of a single Carbon atom common to all fossil fuels. Since a single small reactorfuel pellet contains trillions of atoms, each pellet can release an extremely large amount of ener-gy. The amount of electricity that can be generated from three small fuel pellets would requireabout 3.5 tons of coal or 12 barrels of oil to generate.Nuclear fission occurs spontaneously in nature, but these natural occurrences cannot sustainthemselves because the freed neutrons either are absorbed by non-fissionable atoms or quicklydecay. In contrast, a nuclear reactor minimizes neutron losses, thus sustaining the fission pro-cess by several means:* using fuel that is free of impurities that might absorb the free neutrons," enriching the concentration of the rarer fissionable isotope of Uranium (U-235)relative to the concentration of U-238, a more common isotope that does not fis-sion easily," slowing down neutrons by providing a "moderator" such as water to increase theprobability of fission.Natural Uranium contains less than one percent U-235 compared to the more abundant U-238when it's mined. Before it can be economically used in a reactor, it is enriched to three to fivepercent U-235, in contrast to nuclear material used in nuclear weapons which is enriched to over97 percent. Because of the low levels of U-235 in nuclear fuel, a nuclear power station cannotexplode like a bomb.12 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAfter the Uranium ore is separated from the earth and rock, it is concentrated in a milling pro-cess. After milling the ore to a granular form and dissolving out the Uranium with acid, the Ura-nium is converted to Uranium hexafluoride (UF6). UF6 is a chemical form of Uranium thatexists as a gas at temperatures slightly above room temperature. The UF6 is then highly purifiedand shipped to an enrichment facility where gaseous diffusion converters increase the concen-tration of U-235. The enriched gaseous UF6 is then converted into powdered Uranium dioxide(U02), a highly stable ceramic material. The U02 powder is put under high pressure to form fuelpellets, each about 5/8 inch long and 3/8 inch in diameter. Approximately five pounds of thesepellets are placed into a 12-foot long metal tube made of Zirconium alloy. The tubes constitutethe fuel cladding. The fuel cladding is highly resistant to heat, radiation, and corrosion. Whenthe tubes are filled with fuel pellets, they are called fuel rods.The Reactor CoreTwo hundred eight fuel rods comprise a single fuel assembly. The Reactor core at Davis-Bessecontains 177 of these fuel assemblies, each approximately 14 feet tall and 2,000 pounds inweight. In addition to the fuel rods, the fuel assembly also contains 16 vacant holes for the inser-tion of control rods, and one vacant hole for an incore-monitoring probe. This probe monitorstemperature and neutron levels in the fuel assembly. The Davis-Besse reactor vessel, which con-tains all the fuel assemblies, weighs 838,000 pounds, has a diameter of 14 feet, is 39 feet high,and has steel walls that are 8 1/2 inches thick.Fý.. Pod F,. A..., 7 REAC'OR VESSELFigure 6: The reactor core at Davis-Besse contains 177 fuel assemblies. Each assembly contains 208 fuel rods.Each fuel rod is filled with approximately five pounds of fuel pellets. Each pellet is approximately 3/8 inch diameterand 5/8 inch long.13 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFission ControlRaising or lowering control rod assemblies into the reactor core controls the fission rate. Eachassembly consists of "fingers" containing Silver, Indium, and Cadmium metals that absorb freeneutrons, thus disrupting the fission chain reaction. When control rod assemblies are slowlywithdrawn from the core, The fission process begins and heat is produced. If the control rod as-semblies are inserted rapidly into the reactor core, as occurs during a plant "trip", the chain reac-tion ceases. A slower acting (but more evenly distributed) method of fission control is achievedby the addition of a neutron poison to the reactor coolant water. At Davis-Besse, high-purityboric acid is concentrated or diluted in the coolant to achieve the desired level of fission. Boron-10 readily absorbs free neutrons, forming Boron-11, removing the absorbed neutrons from thechain reaction.Reactor TypesVirtually all of the commercial reactors in this country are either boiling water reactors(BWRs) or pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Both types are also called light water reac-tors (LWRs) because their coolant, or medium to transfer heat, is ordinary water, which containsthe light isotope of Hydrogen. Some reactors use the heavy isotope of Hydrogen (deuterium) inthe reactor coolant. Such reactors are called heavy water reactors (HWRs).In BWRs, water passes through the core and boils into steam. The steam passes through separa-tors, which remove water droplets. The steam then travels to dryers before entering the turbine.After passing though the turbine the steam is condensed back into water and returns to the core torepeat the cycle.In PWRs, the reactor water or coolant is pressurized to prevent it from boiling. The reactor wateris then pumped to a steam generator (heat exchanger) where its heat is transferred to a second-ary water supply. The secondary water inside the steam generator boils into steam, which is thenused to turn the turbine. This steam is then condensed back into water and returned to the steamgenerator. Davis-Besse uses a PWR design.The following paragraphs describe the various systems illustrated in Figure 7. Major systems inthe Davis-Besse Station are assigned a different color in the figure.14 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power StationUnit No. Iw 0t"a _~*T1cJQ~1-1CI)-+0CI)rt~z00C)0CI~0CD Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportStation SystemsContainment Building and Fission Product Release BarriersThe Containment building houses the reactor vessel, the Pressurizer, two steam generators, theReactor Coolant Pumps and Reactor Coolant System piping. The building is constructed of aninner 1-1/2 inch thick steel liner or Containment vessel, and the Shield Building with steel-reinforced concrete walls 2 feet thick. The shield building protects the containment vessel from avariety of environmental factors and provides an area for a negative pressure boundary aroundthe steel Containment vessel. In the event that the integrity of the Containment vessel is com-promised (e.g., a crack develops), this negative pressure boundary ensures that any airborne radi-oactive contamination present in the containment vessel is prevented from leaking out into theenvironment. This is accomplished by maintaining the pressure inside the Shield Building lowerthan that outdoors, thus forcing clean outside air to leak in, while making it impossible for thecontaminated air between the Containment vessel and the Shield Building to leak out. The Con-tainment vessel is the third in a series of barriers that prevent the release of fission products inthe unlikely event of an accident. The first barrier to the release of fission products is the fuelcladding itself. The second barrier is the walls of the primary system, i.e. the reactor vessel,steam generator and associated piping.The Steam GeneratorsThe steam generators perform the same function as a boiler at a fossil-fueled power station.The steam generator uses the heat of the primary coolant inside the steam generator tubes to boilthe secondary side feedwater (secondary coolant). Fission heat from the reactor core is trans-ferred to the steam generator in order to provide the steam necessary to drive the turbine. How-ever, heat must also be removed from the core even after reactor shutdown in order to preventdamage to the fuel cladding. Therefore, pumps maintain a continuous flow of coolant throughthe reactor and steam generator. Primary loop water (green in Figure 7) exits the reactor at ap-proximately 606'F, passes through the steam generator, transferring some of its heat energy tothe Secondary loop water (blue in Figure 7) without actually coming in contact with it. Primarycoolant water exits the steam generator at approximately 558'F to be circulated back into the re-actor where it is again heated to 606'F as it passes up through the fuel assemblies. Under ordi-nary conditions, water inside the primary system would boil long before it reached suchtemperatures. However, it is kept under a pressure of approximately 2,200 pounds-per-square-inch (psi) at all times. This prevents the water from boiling and is the reason the reactor at Da-vis-Besse is called a Pressurized Water Reactor. Secondary loop water enters the base of thesteam generator at approximately 450'F and under 1,100 psi pressure. At this pressure, the watercan easily boil into steam as it passes over the tubes containing the primary coolant water.Both the primary and the secondary coolant water are considered closed loop systems. Thismeans that they are designed not to come in physical contact with one another. Rather, the cool-ing water in each loop transfers heat energy by convection. Convection is a method of heattransfer that can occur between two fluid media. It is the same process by which radiators areused to heat homes. The water circulating inside the radiator is separated from the air (a "fluid"medium) by the metal piping.16 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThe Turbine GeneratorThe turbine, main generator, and the condenser are all housed in what is commonly referred to asthe Turbine Building. The purpose of the turbine is to convert the thermal energy of thesteam produced in the steam generator (referred to as main steam, red in Figure 7) to rotationalenergy of the turbine generator shaft. The turbine at Davis-Besse is actually composed of onesix-stage high-pressure turbine and two seven-stage low-pressure turbines aligned on a commonshaft. A turbine stage refers to a set of blades. Steam enters at the center of each turbine andmoves outward along the shaft in opposite directions through each successive stage of blading.As the steam passes over the turbine blades, it loses pressure. Thus, the blades must be propor-tionally larger in successive stages to extract enough energy from the steam to rotate the shaft atthe correct speed.The purpose of the main generator is to convert the rotational energy of the shaft to electricalenergy for commercial usage and support of station systems. The main generator is composed oftwo parts, a stationary stator that contains coils of copper conductors, and a rotor that supplies arotating magnetic field within the coils of the stator. Electrical current is generated in the statorportion of the main generator. From this point, the electric current passes through a series oftransformers for transmission and use throughout northern Ohio.The CondenserAfter the spent steam in the secondary loop (blue in Figure 7) passes through the High and LowPressure Turbines, it is collected in the condenser, which is several stories tall and contains morethan 70,000 small tubes. Circulating Water (yellow in Figure 7) goes to the Cooling Towerafter passing through the tubes inside the Condenser. As the steam from the Low Pressure Tur-bines passes over these tubes, it is cooled and condensed. The condensed water is then purifiedand reheated before being circulated back into the steam generator again in a closed loop system.Circulating water forms the third (or tertiary) and final loop of cooling water used at the Davis-Besse Station.Similar to the primary to secondary interface, the secondary-to-tertiary interface is based on aclosed-loop design. The Circulating Water, which is pumped through the tubes in the WaterBox, is able to cool the water in the Condenser by the processes of conduction and convection.Even in the event of a primary-to-secondary leak, the water vapor exiting the Davis-Besse Cool-ing Tower would remain non-radioactive. Closed loops are an integral part of the design of anynuclear facility. This feature greatly reduces the chance of environmental impact from Stationoperation.The Cooling TowerThe Cooling Tower at Davis-Besse is easily the most noticeable feature of the plant. The towerstands 493 feet high and the diameter of the base is 411 feet. Two nine-foot diameter pipes circu-late 480,000 gallons of water per minute to the tower. Its purpose is to recycle water from theCondenser by cooling and returning it.17 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAfter passing through the Condenser, the Circulating Water has warmed to approximately 1 00'F.In order to cool the water back down to 70'F, the Circulating Water enters the Cooling Towerforty feet above the ground. It is then sprayed evenly over a series of baffles called fill sheets,which are suspended vertically in the base of the tower. A natural draft of air is swept upwardthrough these baffles and cools the water by evaporation. The evaporated water exits the top ofthe Cooling Tower as water vapor.As much as 10,000 gallons of water per minute are lost to the atmosphere through evaporationvia the Cooling Tower. Even so, approximately 98 percent of the water drawn from Lake Eriefor station operation can be recycled through the Cooling Tower for reuse. A small portion of theCirculating Water is discharged back to Lake Erie at essentially the same temperature it waswithdrawn earlier. The slightly warmer water has no measureable adverse environmental impacton the area of lake surrounding the discharge point.Miscellaneous Station Safety SystemsThe orange system in Figure 7 is part of the Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS) housedin the Auxiliary Building of the station. The ECCS consists of three overlapping means ofkeeping the reactor core covered with water, in the unlikely event of a Loss-of-Coolant Accident(LOCA), thereby protecting the fuel cladding barrier against high-temperature failure. Depend-ing on the severity of the loss of pressure inside the Primary System, the ECCS will automatical-ly channel borated water into the Reactor by using High Pressure Injection Pumps, a CoreFlood Tank, or Low Pressure Injection Pumps. Borated water can also be sprayed from theceiling of the Containment Vessel to cool and condense any steam that escapes the Primary Sys-tem.The violet system illustrated in Figure 7 is responsible for maintaining the Primary Coolant waterin a liquid state. It accomplishes this by adjusting the pressure inside the Primary System. Heat-ers inside the Pressurizer turn water into steam. This steam takes up more space inside the Pres-surizer, thereby increasing the overall pressure inside the Primary System. The Pressurizer isequipped with spray heads that shower cool water over the steam in the unit. In this case, thesteam condenses and the overall pressure inside the Primary System drops. The Quench Tank iswhere excess steam is directed and condensed for storage.The scarlet system in Figure 7 is part of the Auxiliary Feedwater System, a key safety system inevent the main feedwater supply (blue in Figure 7) to the Steam Generator is lost. Following areactor shutdown, the Auxiliary Feedwater System can supply water to the Steam Generatorsfrom the Condensate Storage Tanks. The Auxiliary Feedwater System is housed in the TurbineBuilding along with the Turbine, Main Generator, and the Condenser.18 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportReactor Safety and SummaryNuclear power plants are inherently safe, not only by the laws of physics, but by design. Nuclearpower plants cannot explode like a bomb, because the concentration of fissionable material is farless than is necessary for such a nuclear explosion. Also, many safety features are equipped withseveral backup systems to ensure that any possible accident would be prevented from causing aserious health or safety threat to the public, or serious impact on the local environment. Davis-Besse, like all U.S. nuclear units, has many overlapping, or redundant safety features. If one sys-tem should fail, there are still back-up systems to assure the safe operation of the Station. Duringnormal operation, the Reactor Control System regulates the power output by adjusting the posi-tion of the control rods. The Reactor can be automatically shut down by a separate Reactor Pro-tection System, which causes all the control rod assemblies to be quickly and completelyinserted into the Reactor core, stopping the chain reaction. To guard against the possibility of aLoss of Coolant Accident, the Emergency Core Cooling System is designed to pump reserve wa-ter into the reactor automatically if the reactor coolant pressure drops below a predetermined lev-el.The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was designed, constructed, and is operated to produce areliable, safe, and environmentally sound source of electricity.Radioactive WasteMany of the activities we depend on in our everyday lives produce radioactive waste by-products.Nuclear energy, industrial processes, and medical treatments are some of these activities. Theseby-products are managed and disposed of under strict requirements set by the federal govern-ment. With the exception of used nuclear fuel assemblies, these by-products produced at com-mercial power plants are referred to as low level radioactive waste.Low Level Radioactive WasteLow level radioactive waste consists of ordinary trash and other items that have become contam-inated with radioactive materials and can include plastic gloves and other protective clothing,machine parts and tools, medical and laboratory equipment, filters, resins, and general scrap.The radioactive material in low level radioactive waste emits the same types of radiation as natu-rally-occurring radioactive materials. Most low level activity in radioactive waste decay to back-ground levels within months or years. Nearly all activity diminishes to stable materials in lessthan 300 years.Davis-Besse currently ships low-level radioactive waste to Barnwell, South Carolina for pro-cessing, after which it is shipped to Utah for disposal. Davis-Besse has the capacity to store low-level waste produced on site for several years in the Low Level Radioactive Waste Storage Facil-ity, should this facility close.Davis-Besse added the Old Steam Generator Storage Facility (OSGSF) in 2011 to house the Re-actor Vessel Closure Head, Service Support Structure and Control Rod Drive mechanisms re-moved during the 17M outage. Two Steam Generators and two Reactor Coolant System Hot Leg19 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportpiping sections were replaced during 18th Refueling Outage (1 8RFO) in 2014, and are alsostored there. The reinforced concrete building is comprised of three sections, the largest ofwhich contains the old steam generators and hot legs. The old reactor vessel head is kept in an-other bay. The sections of the building are completely enclosed with concrete for shielding. Thedose rates outside the walls of this section are at background levels. The third section is the ves-tibule, which provides access to the other two sections. Both the steam generator and reactorvessel head sections have floor drains that lead to a sump that can be monitored and sampledfrom the vestibule. Quarterly surveys are performed by Radiation Protection personnel to monitorthe dose rates and tritium.High Level Nuclear WasteLike any industrial or scientific process, nuclear energy does produce waste. The most radioac-tive is defined as "high-level" waste (because it has high levels of radioactivity). Ninety-ninepercent of high-level waste from nuclear plants is used nuclear fuel. The fuel undergoes certainchanges during fission. Most of the fragments of fission, pieces that are left over after the atomis split, are radioactive. After a period of time, the fission fragments trapped in the fuel assem-blies reduce the efficiency of the chain reaction. The oldest fuel assemblies are removed from thereactor and replaced with fresh fuel at 24 month intervals.High-level nuclear waste volumes are small. Davis-Besse produces about 30 tons of used fuelevery 24 months. All the used fuel produced by all America's nuclear energy plants since thefirst plant started operating over 30 years ago would cover an area the size of a football fieldabout five yards deep. All of America's nuclear plants combined produce only 3,000 tons of usedfuel each year. By contrast, the U.S. produces about 300,000,000 tons of chemical waste annual-ly. Also, nuclear waste slowly loses its radioactivity, but some chemical waste remains hazard-ous indefinitely.Davis-Besse presently stores most of its used fuel in a steel-lined water-filled concrete vault in-side the plant. The Department of Energy is charged with constructing a permanent high-levelwaste repository for all of the nation's nuclear plants. By law, the Department of Energy wasrequired to accept fuel from utilities by the end of 1998. Until the permanent DOE site is devel-oped, nuclear plants will be responsible for the continued safe storage of high-level waste. AtDavis-Besse, the fuel pool reached its capacity in 1996. At the end of 1996, Davis-Besse beganthe process of moving the older fuel assemblies that no longer require water cooling to air-cooledconcrete shielded canisters. These will remain onsite until the Department of Energy facilitiesare ready to receive them. Dry fuel storage is already used in many countries, including Canada,and in the U.S. at nuclear plants in Arkansas, Colorado, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Virgin-ia, Wisconsin and South Carolina, to name a few. Figure 8 below illustrates the Dry Fuel Stor-age module arrangement at Davis-Besse.In 2001, work was performed to increase the storage capacity of the Spent Fuel Pool. The poolremains the same size, however, removing old storage racks and replacing them with new oneschanged the configuration of storage. This allows the site to safely hold all the fuel used duringits 40 years of expected life. This modification was completed in April of 2002.20 BIRD SCREENCDCD~00-Q.-- nIZOn ot#rAISTOPIAGEMODULJESHIELDEDACCESS DOORCANISTER -AXIAL RETAINER0CD000100CD0GOlxCDCASK DOCKINGCOLOAf Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDescription of the Davis-Besse SiteThe Davis-Besse site is located in Carroll Township of Ottawa County, Ohio. It is on the south-western shore of Lake Erie, just north of the Toussaint River. The site lies north and east of OhioState Route 2, approximately 10 miles northwest of Port Clinton, 7 miles north of Oak Harbor,and 25 miles east of Toledo, Ohio (Figure 9).This section of Ohio is flat and marshy, with maximum elevations of only a few feet above thelevel of Lake Erie. The area originally consisted of swamp forest and marshland, rich in wildlifebut unsuitable for settlement and farming. During the nineteenth century, the land was clearedand drained, and has been farmed successfully since. Today, the terrain consists of farmlandwith marshes extending in some places for up to two miles inland from the Sandusky Lake ShoreRidge.Figure 9: Davis-Besse is near Oak Harbor, Port Clinton, and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge.The Davis-Besse site is mainly comprised of freshwater marsh land, with a small portion consist-ing of farmland. The marshes are part of a valuable ecological resource, providing a breedingground for a variety of wildlife and a refuge for migratory birds. The site includes a tract knownas Navarre Marsh, which was acquired from the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife,Department of the Interior. In 1971, Toledo Edison purchased the 188 acre Toussaint RiverMarsh. The Toussaint River Marsh is contiguous with the 610 acre Navarre Marsh section of theOttawa National Wildlife Refuge.22 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThe immediate area near Davis-Besse is sparsely populated. The year 2010 Census listed thepopulation of Ottawa County at 41,428. The incorporated communities nearest to Davis-Besseare:" Port Clinton -10 miles southeast, population 6,056" Oak Harbor -7 miles south, population 2,759* Rocky Ridge -7 miles west southwest, population 417* Toledo (nearest major city) -25 miles west, population 287,208There are some residences along the lakeshore used mainly as summer homes. However, the ma-jor resort area of the county is farther east, around Port Clinton, Lakeside, and the Bass Islands.The majority of non-marsh areas around the Davis-Besse site are used for farming. The majorcrops include soybeans, corn, wheat, oats, hay, fruits and vegetables. Meat and dairy animals arenot major sources of income in the area. The main industries within five miles of the site are lo-cated in Erie Industrial Park, about four miles southeast of the station.Most of the remaining marshes in the area have been maintained by private hunting clubs, theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division ofWildlife. The State of Ohio Department of Natural Resources operates many wildlife and recrea-tional areas within 10 miles of the Station. These include Magee Marsh, Turtle Creek and CraneCreek Wildlife Research Station. Magee Marsh and Turtle Creek lie between three and six milesWNW of the Station. Magee Marsh is a wildlife preserve that allows public fishing, naturestudy, and a controlled hunting season. Turtle Creek is a wooded area at the southern end ofMagee Marsh, which offers boating and fishing. Crane Creek is adjacent to Magee Marsh, and isa popular bird watching and hunting area. The Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, which is oper-ated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, lies four to nine miles WNW of the Site, immediatelywest of Magee Marsh.23 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportReferences1. "Basic Radiation Protection Criteria," Report No. 39, National Council on Radiation Protec-tion and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (January 1971).2. "Cesium-137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose," Report No. 52, NationalCouncil on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (January 1977).3. Deutch, R., "Nuclear Power, A Rational Approach," Fourth edition, GP Courseware, Inc.,Columbia, MD. (1987).4. Eisenbud, M., "Environmental Radioactivity," Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL. (1987).5. "Environmental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council on RadiationProtection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (December 1976).6. "Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Ra-diation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Wash-ington, D.C. (December 1987).7. "Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR V," Committee onthe Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, Board on Radiation Effects Research Commis-sion on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington,D.C. (1990).8. Hendee, William R., and Doege, Theodore C., "Origin and Health Risks of Indoor Radon,"Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, Vol. XVIII, No. 1, American Medical Association, Chicago,IL. (January 1987).9. Hurley, P., "Living with Nuclear Radiation," University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.(1982).10. "Indoor Air Quality Environmental Information Handbook: Radon," prepared for the UnitedStates Department of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health, byMueller Associated, Inc., Baltimore, MD. (January 1986).11. Introduction to Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Plant Technology, July 1992, Rev. 4,Pg.2-9.12. "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," Report No. 93, Na-tional Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (September1987).13. "Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, National Council onRadiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (November 1975).24 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report14. "Nuclear Energy Emerges from 1980s Poised for New Growth," U.S. Council for EnergyAwareness, Washington, D.C. (1989).15. "Nuclear Power: Answers to Your Questions," Edison Electric Institute, Washington, D.C.(1987).16. "Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," ReportNo. 92, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (De-cember 1987).17. "Radiation Protection Standards," Department of Environmental Sciences and Physiologyand the Office of Continuing Education, Harvard School Of Public Health, Boston, MA. (Ju-ly 1989).18. Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report for Three Mile Island Station," GPU NuclearCorporation, Middletown, PA. (1985).19. "Sources, Effects and Risk of Ionizing Radiation," United Nations Scientific Committee onthe Effects of Atomic Radiation, 1988 Report to the General Assembly, United Nations, NewYork (1988).20. "Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Title 10, Part 20, Code of Federal Regulation,Washington, D.C. (1988).21. "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," Title 10, Part 50, Code ofFederal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).22. "Environmental Radiation Protection Standard for Nuclear Power Operations," Title 40, Part190, Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).23. "Tritium in the Environment," Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurement, Washington, D.C. (March 1979).24. Site Environmental Report, Fernald Environmental Management Project, United States De-partment of Energy (June 1993).25. "Exposure from the Uranium Series with Emphasis on Radon and its Daughters" Report No.77, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (1984).26. "Evaluation of Occupational and Environmental Exposures to Radon and Radon daughter inthe United States," Report No. 78, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, Washington, D.C. (1984).25 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportRadiological Environmental MonitoringProgramIntroductionThe Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) was established at Davis-Besse for several reasons: to provide a supplementary check on the adequacy of containment andeffluent controls, to assess the radiological impact of the Station's operation on the surroundingarea, and to determine compliance with applicable radiation protection guides and standards. TheREMP was established in 1972, five years before the Station became operational. This pre-operational surveillance program was established to describe and quantify the radioactivity,and its variability, in the area prior to the operation of Davis-Besse. After Davis-Besse becameoperational in 1977, the operational surveillance program continued to measure radiation andradioactivity in the surrounding areas.A variety of environmental samples are collected as part of the REMP at Davis-Besse. The se-lection of sample types is based on the established critical pathways for the transfer of radionu-clides through the environment to humans. The selection of sampling locations is based onsample availability, local meteorological and hydrological characteristics, local population char-acteristics, and land usage in the area of interest. The selection of sampling frequencies for thevarious environmental media is based on the radionuclides of interest, their respective half-lives,and their effect in both biological and physical environments.A description of the REMP at Davis-Besse is provided in the following section. In addition, abrief history of analytical results for each sample type collected since 1972, and a more detailedsummary of the analyses performed during this reporting period is also provided.Pre-operational Surveillance ProgramThe federal government requires nuclear facilities to conduct radiological environmental moni-toring prior to constructing the facility. This pre-operational surveillance program is for the col-lection of data needed to identify critical pathways, including selection of radioisotope andsample media combinations for the surveillance conducted after facility operations begin. Radi-ochemical analyses performed on samples should include nuclides that are expected to be re-leased during normal facility operations, as well as typical fallout radionuclides and naturalbackground radioactivity. All environmental media with a potential to be affected by facility op-eration, as well as those media directly in the critical pathways, should be sampled during thepre-operational phase of the environmental surveillance program.The pre-operational surveillance design, including nuclide/media combinations, sampling fre-quencies and locations, collection techniques and radiochemical analyses performed, should becarefully considered and incorporated in the design of the operational surveillance program. In26 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportthis manner, data can be compared in a variety of ways (for example: from year to year, locationto location, etc.) in order to detect any radiological impact the facility has on the surrounding en-vironment. Data collection during the pre-operational phase should be planned to provide acomprehensive database for evaluating any future changes in the environment surrounding theplant.Davis-Besse began its pre-operational environmental surveillance program five years before theStation began producing power for commercial use in 1977. Data accumulated during that timeprovides an extensive database from which Station personnel are able to identify trends in theradiological characteristics of the local environment. The environmental surveillance program atDavis-Besse will continue after the Station has reached the end of its economic viability and de-commissioning has begun.Operational Surveillance Program ObjectivesThe operational phase of the environmental surveillance program at Davis-Besse was designedwith the following objectives in mind:" to fulfill the obligations of the radiological surveillance sections of the Sta-tion's Technical Specifications and Offsite Dose Calculation Manual* to determine whether any significant increase in the concentration of radionu-clides in critical pathways occurs" to identify and evaluate the buildup, if any, of radionuclides in the local envi-ronment, or any changes in normal background radiation levels" to verify the adequacy of Station controls for the release of radioactive mate-rialsQuality AssuranceAn important part of the environmental monitoring program at Davis-Besse is the QualityAssurance (QA) Program, which is conducted in accordance with the guidelines specified inNRC Regulatory Guide 4.15, "Quality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs". TheQA Program is designed to identify possible deficiencies in the REMP so that corrective actionscan be initiated promptly. Davis-Besse's Quality Assurance program also provides confidence inthe results of the REMP through:" performing regular audits (investigations) of the REMP, including a carefulexamination of sample collection techniques and record keeping* performing audits of contractor laboratories which analyze the environmentalsamples" requiring analytical contractor laboratories to participate in the United StatesEnvironmental Protection Agency Cross Check Program" requiring analytical contractor laboratories to split samples for separate analy-sis followed by a comparison of results* splitting samples prior to analysis by independent laboratories, and then com-paring the results for agreement27 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportrequiring analytical contractor laboratories to perform in-house spiked sampleanalysesQuality Assessment audits and inspections of the Davis-Besse REMP are performed by theFirstEnergy Nuclear Operating Company QA Department and the NRC. In addition, the OhioDepartment of Health (ODH) also performs independent environmental monitoring in the vicini-ty of Davis-Besse. The types of samples collected and list of sampling locations used by theODH were incorporated in Davis-Besse's REMP, and the analytical results from their programcan be compared to Davis-Besse's. This practice of comparing results from identical samples,which are collected and analyzed by different parties, provides a valuable tool to verify the quali-ty of the laboratories' analytical procedures and data generated.In 1987, environmental sampling personnel at Davis-Besse incorporated their own QA programinto the REMP. Duplicate samples, called quality control samples, were collected at several lo-cations. These duplicate samples were assigned different identification numbers than the num-bers assigned to the routine samples. This ensured that the analytical laboratory would not knowthe samples were identical. The laboratory results from analysis of the quality control samplesand the routine samples could then be compared for agreement. Quality control sampling hasbeen integrated into the program and has become an important part of the REMP since 1987.Quality control sampling locations are changed frequently in order to duplicate as many samplinglocations as possible, and to ensure the contractor laboratory has no way of correctly pairing aquality control sample with its routine sample counterpart.Program DescriptionThe Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) at Davis-Besse is conducted inaccordance with Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50; NRC Regulatory Guide 4.8; theDavis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Operating License, Sections 5.6.1 and 5.6.2 of Davis-BesseTechnical Specifications, the Davis-Besse Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) and StationOperating Procedures. Samples are collected weekly, monthly, quarterly, semiannually, or annu-ally, depending upon the sample type and nature of the radionuclides of interest. Environmentalsamples collected by Davis-Besse personnel are divided into four general types:" atmospheric -- including samples of airborne particulate and airborneradio-iodine* terrestrial -- including samples of milk, groundwater, broad leaf vegetation,fruits and soil" aquatic -- including samples of treated and untreated surface water, fish, andshoreline sediments* direct radiation -- measured by thermoluminescent dosimetersAll environmental samples are labeled using a sampling code. Table 2 provides the samplecodes and collection frequency for each sample type.REMP samples are collected onsite and offsite up to 25 miles away from the Station. Samplinglocations may be divided into two general categories: indicator and control. Indicator locationsare those which would be most likely to display the effects caused by the operation of Davis-Besse, and are located within five miles of the station. Control locations are those which should28 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportbe unaffected by Station operations, and are more than five miles from the Station. Data fromindicator locations are compared with data from the control locations. This comparison allowsREMP personnel to take into account naturally-occurring background radiation or fallout fromweapons testing in evaluating any radiological impact Davis-Besse has on the surrounding envi-ronment. Data from indicator and control locations are also compared with pre-operational datato determine whether significant variations or trends exist.Since 1987 the REMP has been reviewed and modified to develop a comprehensive samplingprogram adjusted to the current needs of the utility. Modifications have included additions ofsampling locations above the minimum amount required in the ODCM and increasing the num-ber of analyses performed on each sample. Besides adding new locations, duplicate or QualityControl (QC) sample collection was initiated to verify the accuracy of the lab analyzing the envi-ronmental samples. These additional samples are referred to as the REMP Enhancement Sam-ples. Approximately 2,000 samples were collected and over 2,300 analyses were performedduring 2014. In addition, 15% of the sampling locations were quality control sampling locations.Table 3 shows the number of the sampling location and number collected for each type.29 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 2: Sample Codes and Collection FrequenciesSample TypeAirborne ParticulateAirborne IodineThermoluminescentDosimeterMilkGroundwaterBroadleaf VegetationSurface Water -TreatedSurface Water -UntreatedFishShoreline SedimentSoilFruitSampleCodeAPAlTLDCollectionFrequencyWeeklyWeeklyQuarterly, AnnuallyMILWWBLVSWTsWUFISSEDSolFRUMonthly (semi-monthly duringgrazing season)Quarterly (when available)Monthly (when available)WeeklyWeeklyAnnuallySemiannuallyAnnuallyAnnually30 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 3: Sample Collection SummarySampleType(Remarks)CollectionType*/Frequency**Number ofLocationsNumber ofSamplesCollectedNumber ofSamplesMissedAtmosphericAirborne ParticulatesAirborne RadioiodineTerrestrialMilk (Jan.-Dec.)GroundwaterBroadleafVegetationFruitSoilAquaticTreatedSurface WaterUntreatedSurface WaterFish (3 species)Shoreline SedimentsDirect RadiationThermoluminescentDosimeters (TLD)C/WC/WG/M10105205201312811310G/MG/AG/AComp/WMG/WM***G/WM* * *Comp/WMG/AG/SA1031332588880000000000010221565215615651035086*Type of Collection: C = Continuous; G = Grab; Comp = Composite**Frequency of Collection: WM = Weekly composite Monthly; W = Weekly, M = Monthly; Q = Quarterlywhen available; SA = Semiannually; A = Annually***Includes quality control location. SWU and SWT QC included in weekly grab sample/composited monthly31 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSample AnalysisWhen environmental samples are analyzed, several types of measurements may be performed toprovide information about the radionuclides present. The major analyses that are performed onenvironmental samples collected for the Davis-Besse REMP include:Gross beta analysis measures the total amount of beta emitting radioactive material present in asample. Beta radiation may be released by many different radionuclides. Since beta decay givesa continuous energy spectrum rather than the discrete lines or "peaks" associated with gammaradiation, identification of specific beta emitting nuclides is much more difficult. Therefore,gross beta analysis only indicates whether the sample contains normal or abnormal concentra-tions of beta emitting radionuclides; it does not identify specific radionuclides. Gross beta analy-sis merely acts as a tool to identify samples that may require further analysis.Gamma spectral analysis provides more specific information than gross beta analysis. Gammaspectral analysis identifies each gamma emitting radionuclide present in the sample, and theamount of each nuclide present. Each radionuclide has a very specific "fingerprint" that allowsfor swift and accurate identification. For example, gamma spectral analysis can be used to iden-tify the presence and amount of Iodine-131 in a sample. Iodine-131 is a man-made radioactiveisotope of Iodine that may be present in the environment as a result of fallout from nuclear weap-ons testing, routine medical uses in diagnostic tests, and routine releases from nuclear power sta-tions.Tritium analysis indicates whether a sample contains the radionuclide tritium (H-3) and theamount present. As discussed in the Introduction section, tritium is an isotope of Hydrogen thatemits low energy beta particles.Strontium analysis identifies the presence and amount of Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 in asample. These man-made radionuclides are found in the environment as a result of fallout fromnuclear weapons testing. Strontium is usually incorporated into the pool of the biosphere. Inother words, it accumulates in living organisms, where it is stored in the bone tissue. The princi-pal Strontium exposure pathway is via milk produced by cattle grazed on pastures exposed todeposition from airborne releases.Gamma Doses measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters while in the field are determined bya special laboratory procedure. Table 4 provides a list of the analyses performed on environmen-tal samples collected for the Davis-Besse REMP.Often samples will contain little radioactivity, and may be below the lower limit of detection forthe particular type of analysis used. The lower limit of detection (LLD) is the smallest amount ofsample activity that can be detected with a reasonable degree of confidence at a predeterminedlevel. When a measurement of radioactivity is reported as less than LLD (<LLD), it means thatthe radioactivity is so low that it cannot be accurately measured with any degree of confidence bya particular method for an individual analysis.32 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4: Radiochemical Analyses Performed on REMP SamplesSample TypeAtmospheric MonitoringAirborne ParticulateAirborne RadioiodineTerrestrial MonitoringAnalyses PerformedGross BetaGamma SpectroscopyStrontium-89Strontium-90Iodine-131MilkGroundwaterBroadleaf Vegetationand FruitsSoilGamma SpectroscopyIodine- 131Strontium-89Strontium-90Stable CalciumStable PotassiumGross BetaGamma SpectroscopyTritiumStrontium-89Strontium-90Gamma SpectroscopyIodine-131Strontium-89Strontium-90Gamma Spectroscopy33 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4: Radiochemical Analyses Performed on REMP Samples(continued)Sample TypeAquatic monitoringAnalyses PerformedUntreated Surface WaterTreated Surface WaterFishGross BetaGamma SpectroscopyTritiumStrontium-89Strontium-90Gross BetaGamma SpectroscopyTritiumStrontium-89Strontium-90Iodine-131Gross BetaGamma SpectroscopyGamma SpectroscopyShoreline SedimentDirect Radiation MonitoringThermoluminescent DosimetersGamma DoseSample History ComparisonThe measurement of radioactive materials present in the environment will depend on factors suchas weather or variations in sample collection techniques or sample analysis. This is one reasonwhy the results of sample analyses are compared with results from other locations and from earli-er years. Generally, the results of sample analyses are compared with pre-operational and opera-tional data. Additionally, the results of indicator and control locations are also compared. Thisallows REMP personnel to track and trend the radionuclides present in the environment, to assesswhether a buildup of radionuclides is occurring and to determine the effects, if any, the operationof Davis-Besse is having on the environment. If any unusual activity is detected, it is investigat-ed to determine whether it is attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse, or to some other sourcesuch as nuclear weapons testing.34 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAtmospheric Monitoring" Airborne Particulates: No radioactive particulates have been detected as a resultof Davis-Besse's operation. Only natural and fallout radioactivity from nuclearweapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl have been detected." Airborne Radioiodine: Radioactive Iodine-131 fallout was detected in 1976,1977, and 1978 from nuclear weapons testing, and in 1986 (0.12 to 1.2 picocuriesper cubic meter) from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. Iodine-131 was detectedat all ten air sample locations over a four-week period between March 22 and April12, 2011 following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Station disaster in Japan.There was virtually no difference in Iodine- 131 concentration at control and indica-tor locations during this period.Terrestrial Monitoring:" Groundwater: Tritium was not detected above the lower limit of detection during2014 in any REMP groundwater samples.* Milk: Iodine-131 from nuclear weapons testing fallout was detected in 1976 and1977 at concentrations of 1.36 and 23.9 picocuries/liter respectively. In 1986,concentrations of 8.5 picocuries/liter were detected from the nuclear accident atChernobyl. Iodine was not detected in REMP milk samples following the Fuku-shima Daiichi Nuclear Station disaster in 2011. No Iodine-I131 detected in anyREMP samples was attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse.* Broadleaf Vegetation and Fruits: Only naturally-occurring radioactive materialand material from nuclear weapons testing have been detected." Soil: Only natural background and material from nuclear weapons testing and the1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl have been detected.Aquatic Monitoring* Surface Water (Treated and Untreated): Historically, tritium has been detectedsporadically at low levels in treated and untreated surface water at both Controland Indicator locations. No tritium was detected at any REMP Surface Watersample location during 2014." Fish: Only natural background radioactive material and material from nucleartesting have been detected." Shoreline Sediments: Only natural background radiation, material from nucleartesting and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl have been detected.35 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDirect Radiation MonitoringThermolumineseent Dosimeters (TLDs): The annual gamma TLD dose rates for thecurrent reporting period averaged 58.1 millirem/year at Indicator locations, and 65.6millirem/year at Control locations. No increase above natural background radiation at-tributable to the operation of Davis-Besse has been observed.2014 Program AnomaliesThere were no anomalies to report during 2014. All ODCM-required REMP samples were col-lected.Abnormal ReleasesThere were no abnormal liquid or gaseous releases occurring during 2014.Atmospheric MonitoringAir SamplesEnvironmental air sampling is conducted to detect any increase in the concentration of airborneradionuclides that may be inhaled by humans or serve as an external radiation source. Inhaledradionuclides may be absorbed from the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, or from the skin. Air sam-ples collected by the Davis-Besse REMP include airborne particulate and airborne radioio-dine.Samples are collected weekly with low volume vacuum pumps, which draw a continuous samplethrough a glass fiber filter and charcoal cartridge at a rate of approximately one cubic foot perminute. Airborne particulate samples are collected on 47 mm diameter filters. Charcoal car-tridges are installed downstream of the particulate filters to sample for the airborne radioiodine.The airborne samples are sent to an offsite contract laboratory for analysis. At the laboratory, theairborne particulate filters are stored for 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br /> before they are analyzed to allow for the decayof naturally-occurring short-lived radionuclides. However, due to the short half-life of iodine131 (approximately eight days), the airborne radioiodine cartridges are analyzed upon receipt bythe contract laboratory.36 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAirborne ParticulateDavis-Besse has ten continuous air samplers that monitor for air particulate and iodine. Thereare six indicator locations including four around the site boundary (T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-4), oneat Sand Beach (T-7), and another at a local farm (T-8). There are four control locations, OakHarbor (T-9), Port Clinton (T-1 1), Toledo (T-12) and Crane Creek (T-27). Gross beta analysis isperformed on each of the weekly samples.Each quarter, the filters from each location are combined (composite) and analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, Strontium-89 and Strontium-90. Beta-emitting radionuclides were de-tected at an average concentration of 0.025 pCi/m3 at both indicator and control locations. Beryl-lium-7 was the only gamma-emitting radionuclide detected by the gamma spectroscopic analysisof the quarterly composites.Beryllium-7 is a naturally-occurring radionuclide produced in the upper atmosphere by cosmicradiation. No other gamma-emitting radionuclides were detected above their respective LLDs.Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 were not detected above their LLDs. These results show no ad-verse change in radioactivity in air samples attributable to the operation of the Davis-Besse Nu-clear Power Station in 2014.37 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAirborne Iodine- 131Airborne Iodine-131 samples are collected at the same ten locations as the airborne particulatesamples. Charcoal cartridges are placed downstream of the particulate filters. These cartridgesare collected weekly, sealed in separate collection bags and sent to the laboratory for gammaanalysis.U2014 Airborne Bross Beta0.0350.030.0250.020.0150.010.0050 FJanuary February March April May June July August September October November DecemberMonthI-Cortrol --ndicatorFigure 10. Concentrations of beta-emitting radionuclides in airborne particulate samples werenearly identical at indicator and control locations during 2014.38 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environental Operating ReportTable 5: Air Monitoring LocationsSample LocationNumberT-1*T-2*T-3*T-4T-7*Type ofLocationIIIIILocation DescriptionSite boundary, 0.6 miles ENE of StationSite boundary, 0.9 miles E of StationSite boundary, 1.4 miles ESE of StationSite boundary, 0.8 miles S of StationSand Beach, main entrance, 0.9 miles NW ofStationEarl Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of StationOak Harbor Substation, 6.8 miles SW ofStationPort Clinton Water Treatment Plant, 9.5 milesSE of StationToledo Water Treatment Plant, 20.7 milesWNW of StationCrane Creek, 5.3 miles WNW of StationT-8T-9T-11*T-12T-27ICCCCI = Indicator C = Control* denotes ODCM-required sample39 DAVIS-BESSENUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAIR qAMPI (SITFNWNNWINIIloýINGIIII.t/SERVICEj- 8L 00. oL E-ATRTENST LOG.ENECOLLECT ION BOXDISCH4ARGE PIPE-n1EcI(Ao(D(AI:7(DWEPoAelwz ------STRUCTURET-2------II---IIIESEII~'4I./I-I-.////% % ISWSES/N-/IIfUI13 04-1b-1, UFNIFIbfL;"LLI9ELUII.UUN DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAIR SAMPI F7 i 9; MII F RAnIJSWNWi7'1C0°o3WwSW:TIIz0m-Ji~le141. etý5IJo LnIIIIJT T-7I,..* ILU6rIP;~4.9T-8]NA3...--CiIIIw~- z-TO LRCL-JL i---== ' "0'lit,II~II -JII~;-JDfl -iiE ST-Creeki~n\FiCK1 1R .I.-..- 3 -- -__________C62I °4b;..GENZZWAN +cu.kC PII Nt -R D.oIlSW-BIFRIIRD IL .............a.d(ILz IICARROL LI-0L.CCAr .U-'CAROL ~lU RD~~~--II I- IIINDICATOR STATIONSAIR SAMPLEII_j-J.<45 YJui Stz1-'.....C,I-* 04000:.Iýr rmD.FINSSW-II -1F11 ~ Ii t~-~ -..'.ISEF163JUII;SEDUS 04ib I~ Uh~N* I/SOItUIS1~LUIb.OUNOB. 04-16-15 DFN-Ft/SC;HEn/SKZBI60DGN DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAIR SAMPLES: 5-25 MILE RADIUSV ..t zt". ,2"IS ANOrLo :A K*~ U, T'. -7.7 ..I,"°°° °o ..,Ei ... .... .... .-'W '-::* "OP T.....NTON, ........ r j .. ."DB: 04-16-15 DFN-F:/SCHED/SKZ8I5.DGN Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTerrestrial MonitoringThe collection and analysis of groundwater, milk, fruits and broad leaf vegetation provides datato assess the buildup of radionuclides that may be ingested by humans. The data from soil sam-pling provides information on the deposition of radionuclides from the atmosphere.Many radionuclides are present in the environment due to sources such as cosmic radiation andfallout from nuclear weapons testing. Some of the radionuclides present are:" Tritium, present as a result of the interaction of cosmic radiation with theupper atmosphere and as a result of routine release from nuclear facilities" Beryllium-7, present as a result of the interaction of cosmic radiation withthe upper atmosphere* Cesium-137, a manmade radionuclide which has been deposited in theenvironment, (for example, in surface soils) as a result of fallout from nu-clear weapons testing and routine releases from nuclear facilities" Potassium-40, a naturally occurring radionuclide normally found through-out the environment (including in the human body)* Fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons testing, including Strontium-89, Strontium-90, Cesium-137, Cerium-141, Cerium-144, and Ruthenium-106. These radionuclides may also be released in minute amounts fromnuclear facilities.The radionuclides listed above are expected to be present in many of the environmental samplescollected in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Station. The contribution of radionuclides from theoperation of Davis-Besse is assessed by comparing sample results with pre-operational data, op-erational data from previous years, control location data, and the types and amounts of radioac-tivity normally released from the Station in liquid and gaseous effluents.Milk SamplesMilk sampling is a valuable tool in environmental surveillance because it provides a direct basisfor assessing the buildup of radionuclides in the environment that may be ingested by humans.Milk is collected and analyzed because it is one of the few foods commonly consumed soon afterproduction. The milk pathway involves the deposition of radionuclides from atmospheric releas-es onto forage consumed by cows. The radionuclides present in the forage-eating cow are incor-porated into the milk, which is then consumed by humans.When available, milk samples are collected at indicator and control locations once a month fromNovember through April, and twice a month between May and October. Sampling is increasedin the summer when the herds are normally outside on pasture and not consuming stored feed. InDecember of 1993, indicator location T-8 was eliminated from the sampling program, and no43 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportother indicator milk site has existed since that time. The control location will continue to besampled monthly in order to gather additional baseline data. If dairy animals are discoveredwithin five miles of the station, efforts will be made to include them in the milk sampling pro-gram as indicator sites.The 2014 milk samples were analyzed for Strontium-89, Strontium-90, Iodine-131, other gam-ma-emitting radionuclides, stable Calcium and Potassium. A total of 12 milk samples were col-lected in 2014. Strontium-89 was not detected above its LLD of 0.7 pCi/l. The annual averageconcentration of Strontium-90 was 0.7 pCi/I. The annual average concentration was similar tothose measured in previous years.Iodine-131 was not detected in any of the milk sample above the LLD of 0.5 pCi/l. The concen-trations of Barium-140 and Cesium-137 were below their respective LLDs in all samples collect-ed.Since the chemistries of Calcium and Strontium are similar, as are Potassium and Cesium, organ-isms tend to deposit Cesium radioisotopes in muscle tissue and Strontium radioisotopes in bones.In order to detect the potential environmental accumulation of these radionuclides, the ratios ofthe Strontium radioactivity (pCi/1) to the concentration of Calcium (g/l), and the Cesium radioac-tivity (pCi/1) compared to the concentration of Potassium (g/l) were monitored in milk. Theseratios are compared to standard values to determine if buildup is occurring. No statistically sig-nificant variations in the ratios were observed.Table 6: Milk Monitoring LocationSample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-24 C Toft Dairy, Sandusky, 21.0 miles SEof StationC = ControlGroundwater SamplesSoil acts as a filter and an ion exchange medium for most radionuclides. However, tritium andother radionuclides such as Ruthenium-106 have a potential to seep through the soil and couldreach groundwater. Davis-Besse does not discharge its liquid effluents directly to the ground.REMP personnel sample local wells on a quarterly basis to ensure early detection of any adverseimpact on the local groundwater supplies due to Station operation. In addition, a quality controlsample is collected when the wells are sampled. The groundwater samples are analyzed for beta-emitting radionuclides, tritium, Strontium-89, Strontium-90 and gamma-emitting radionuclides.During the fall of 1998, the Carroll Township Water Plant began operation and offered residentsa reliable, inexpensive source of high-quality drinking water. This facility has replaced all of thedrinking water wells near Davis-Besse, as verified by the Ottawa County Health Department, and44 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportthe indicator groundwater sampling was discontinued for a year. Since that time, two beachwells were located within five miles of the Station. Although the residents are seasonal and onlyuse the township system for their drinking water needs, these wells were added to our samplingprogram as Indicator locations. The gross beta averaged 2.2 pCi/I at Indicator sites and 2.8 pCi/1at the Control site, T-27A. REMP Groundwater samples were not affected by the operation ofthe Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station.Gross Ofta Ground Water 1982.201487-6543206'WV LIV V*10a~a0 0 -0 0 0 0 0I -Indcator --- Corlfl IFigure 14: Shown above are the annual averages for gross beta in groundwater from 1982-2014. There were no indi-cator samples available in 2000 and no control samples available in 2009.45 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 7: Groundwater Monitoring LocationsSample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-27A C Crane CreekT-225 I Long Beach and Park, 1.5 mi NW of StationT-226 I Allen residence, 1.6 miles NW of StationC = control I = indicatorBroadleaf Vegetation and Fruit SamplesFruits and broadleaf vegetation also represent a direct pathway to humans. Fruits and broadleafvegetation may become contaminated by deposition of airborne radioactivity (nuclear weaponsfallout or airborne releases from nuclear facilities), or from irrigation water drawn from lake wa-ter which receives liquid effluents (hospitals, nuclear facilities, etc.). Radionuclides from the soilmay be absorbed by the roots of the plants and become incorporated into the edible portions.During the growing season, edible broadleaf vegetation samples, such as kale and cabbage, arecollected from gardens and farms in the vicinity of the Station. Fruit, typically apples, is collect-ed from orchards in the vicinity of Davis-Besse, and a control sample is collected, as well.In 2014, broadleaf vegetation samples were collected at two indicator locations (T-227 and T-19)and one control location (T-37). Fruit samples were collected at two indicator locations (T-8 andT-25) and one control location (T-209). Broadleaf vegetation was collected once per month dur-ing the growing season and consisted of cabbage. The fruit that was collected was apples. Allsamples were analyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides, Strontium-89, Strontium-90, and Io-dine- 131.Iodine-131 was not detected above the LLD of 0.019 pCi/g (wet) in any broadleaf vegetation norabove the LLD of 0.017 pCi/g (wet) in fruit samples. The only gamma-emitting radionuclide de-tected in the fruit and broadleaf vegetation samples was Potassium-40, which is naturally occur-ring. Results of broadleaf vegetation and fruit samples were similar to results observed inprevious years. Strontium 89 and Strontium 90 were not detected in any sample above their re-spective LLDs (0.003 and 0.002 pCi/i wet) in broadleaf vegetation samples at control and indica-tor locations. Operation of Davis-Besse had no observable adverse radiological effect on thesurrounding environment in 2014.46 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 8: Broadleaf Vegetation and Fruit LocationsSample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-8 I Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of Station (FRU)T-19* I L. Bowyer Jr., 1.0 mile W of Station (BLV)T-25 I Witt Farm, 1.6 miles S of Station (FRU)T-37* C Bench Farm, 13.0 miles SW of Station (BLV)T-209 C Roving Control Fruit location (FRU)T-227* I Roving BLV location (BLV)I = indicator, C = control*denotes ODCM-required sampleSoil SamplesSoil samples are generally collected once a year adjacent to our ten continuous air samplers. On-ly the top layer of soil is sampled in an effort to identify possible trends in the local environmen-tal nuclide concentration caused by atmospheric deposition of fallout and station-releasedradionuclides. Generally, the sites are relatively undisturbed, so that the sample will be repre-sentative of the actual deposition in the area. Ideally, there should be little or no vegetation pre-sent, because the vegetation could affect the results of analyses. Approximately five pounds ofsoil are taken from the top two inches at each site. Many naturally occurring radionuclides suchas Beryllium-7 (Be-7), Potassium-40 (K-40) and fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons test-ing are detected. Fallout radionuclides that are often detected include Strontium-90 (Sr-90) andCesium-137 (Cs-137).Soil was collected at the ten sites in 2014. The indicator locations included T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4,T-7, and T-8. The control locations were T-9, T-1 1, T-12, and T-27. All soil samples were ana-lyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. The only gamma emitter detected (in addition to natu-rally occurring Be-7 and K-40) was Cs-137. Cs-137 was found in Indicator and Controllocations at average concentrations of 0.13 pCi/g (dry) and 0.10 pCi/g (dry), respectively. Theconcentrations were similar to that observed in previous years.47 1.21.11.00.90.80.70.60.50.40.30.20.10.0Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportCs-137 In Soil 1972-2014-.~~ ~ /AkL ' 2 ..2 J L ' '0.0Year-.-e--indcator -a-ControlFigure 15: The concentration of Cesium-1 37 in soil has steadily declined in recent years. Thepeak seen in 1978 was due to fallout from nuclear weapons testing.48 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 9: Soil LocationsSample LocationNumberT-1T-2T-3T-4T-7Type ofLocationIIIIILocation DescriptionSite boundary, 0.6 miles ENE of StationSite boundary, 0.9 miles E of StationSite boundary 1.4 miles ESE of StationSite boundary 0.8 miles S of StationSand Beach, main entrance, 0.9 milesNW of StationMoore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of StationOak Harbor Substation, 6.8 miles SW of StationPort Clinton Water Treatment Plant, 9.5 milesSE of StationToledo Water Treatment Plant, 20.7 milesWNW of StationCrane Creek, 5.3 miles WNW of StationT-8T-9T-1lIT-12T-27ICCCCI = indicator C =control49 DAVIS-BESSENUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTFPRFPTRAII ý,AMPIF S,' rITFNW % %NNWNC-'TENEIfI,#-I0n --I11LA:7COLET ON ODISC14ARGE PIPEWESSTINCTIMEj o'" ZT-2WSWIIESEIII4,*.1I -I.I.-II/SWI/SE/SSSE.4JI4./I6N~-~ ~/i*DB' 04-16-1 UFH.Fs/5t;HED/5KZ5II.UUH DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTERRESTRIAL SAMPLES: 5 MILE RADIUSWNWF'-~ -a -amWz* 0* 4* Cz0ii,0+.RD.I-uIdIE7'C"I-,I--I(31-4.'-I0"0ILU.. 7.L"Mi= IT-a-IOPP,in...A'T-wIII.* .-I _LIE laUTRICKLE-o Id'78sR.FAST19II',II~II~jII~JR'nEA,..". ...A LI'WiESTRRD_::..creekFICKK I! =" "WSW~-.- * ~ ~ -N il 'Z MA NA P*711 41T~i~I *ii __________ aI-bL I0SW-BIERRD.. IIRD_____IL______i _____Jr ---.. -I -I-Ilz II411IICARRO I0J.0JILa ..I:U-CARý;L**L' RD.6=II dRIIzwcoINDICATOR STATIONS.4F---10I--cc-I.-O0u .to *FI.TCHI-RD.'-IN4_&BROAD LEAF VEGETABLE 4 FRUIT4GROUND WATER SOIL-4SSW.. e- .. .. m1 .0 11 -i I-- iSEami_6rl 3ýIU UiSEUW O4-Ib-I~ D~N* IISIMEU/SKlUIb.WNM~ 04-15"15 DFN-F./SCHED/'SKZ6J6. DGN DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTFRRFCTRIAI SAMPI FS! -i-2r, MIIF r iPA ii)IOregon0nCDI(0U,0(D10(0)ca(DzC0(D00!R00100ESECONTROL STATIONS& GROUND WATER" MILKOB: 04-16-15 DFN.Fs/SCHEO/SKZ8I5.DGN Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAauatic MonitoriiRadionuclides may be present in Lake Erie from many sources including atmospheric deposition,run-off/soil erosion, and releases of radioactive material in liquid effluents from hospitals or nu-clear facilities. These sources provide two forms of potential exposure to radiation, external andinternal. External exposure can occur from the surface of the water, shoreline sediments andfrom immersion (swimming) in the water. Internal exposure can occur from ingestion of radio-nuclides, either directly from drinking water, or as a result of the transfer of radionuclidesthrough the aquatic food chain with eventual consumption of aquatic organisms, such as fish. Tomonitor these pathways, Davis-Besse collects samples of treated surface water (drinking water),untreated surface water (lake or river water), fish, and shoreline sediments.Treated Surface WaterTreated surface water is water from Lake Erie, which has been processed for human consump-tion. Radiochemical analysis of this processed water provides a direct basis for assessing thedose to humans from ingestion of drinking water.Samples of treated surface water were collected from one indicator (T-22B) and two control loca-tions (T- 11 and T- 12). These locations include the water treatment facilities for Carroll Town-ship, Port Clinton and Toledo. Samples were collected weekly and composited monthly. Themonthly composites were analyzed for beta-emitting radionuclides. The samples were also com-posited in a quarterly sample and analyzed for Strontium-89, Strontium-90, gamma-emitting ra-dionuclides, and tritium. One QC sample was collected from a routine location, which changedeach month.The annual average of beta-emitting radionuclides for indicator and control locations was 2.3 and2.4 pCi/l, respectively. These results are similar to previous years. Tritium was not detected53 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Reportabove the LLD of 330 pCi/1 during 2014. Strontium-89 was not detected above the LLD of 0.8pCi/1. Strontium-90 activity was not detected above its LLD of 0.8 pCi/1. These results are simi-lar to those of previous years and indicate no adverse impact on the environment resulting fromthe operation of Davis-Besse during 2014.Each month, weekly quality control samples were collected at different locations. The results ofthe analyses from the quality control samples were in agreement with the routine samples.Gross Beta in Treated Surface Water 1972-20145-4.54-3.532-251.50.50Year-4-Inicatr -U- ControlFigure 19: Since 1974, the annual concentrations of beta emitting radionuclides in treated surfacewater samples collected from indicator locations have been consistent with those from controllocations. Davis-Besse has had no measurable radiological impact on treated surface water usedto make drinking water.54 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 10: Treated Surface Water LocationsSample LocationNumberT-11*T-12T-22B*Type ofLocationCCILocation DescriptionPort Clinton Water Treatment Plant, 9.5 milesSE of StationToledo Water Treatment Plant, 20.7 milesWNW of StationCarroll Township Water Treatment Plant,sampled at Davis-Besse REMP labQuality Control SiteT-143 QCI = indicatorC = controlQC = quality control* denotes ODCM-required sample55 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportUntreated Surface WaterSampling and analysis of untreated surface water provides a method of assessing the dose to hu-mans from external exposure from the lake surface as well as from immersion in the water. Italso provides information on the radionuclides present, which may affect drinking water, fish,and irrigated crops.Routine ProgramThe routine program is the basic sampling program that is performed year round. Untreated wa-ter samples are collected from water intakes used by nearby water treatment plants. Routinesamples are collected at Port Clinton, Toledo and Carroll Township. A sample is also collectedfrom Lake Erie at the mouth of the Toussaint River. These samples are collected weekly andcomposited monthly. The monthly composite is analyzed for beta-emitting radionuclides, triti-um, and gamma-emitting radionuclides. The samples are also composited quarterly and analyzedfor Strontium-89 and Strontium-90. A QC sample is also collected weekly, with the locationchanging each month.56 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSample ResultsFor the routine untreated surface water samples that are composited weekly, the beta emittingradionuclides had an average concentration of 2.2 pCi/L at indicator locations during 2014. Con-trol locations averaged 1.8 pCi/L during this period.Each month, weekly composited quality control samples of untreated water were analyzed fromdifferent locations. The results of the analyses from the quality control samples averaged slightlylower than the routine samples, and averaged 2.0 pCi/L of beta emitting radionuclides.Gross Beta Concentration in Untreated Surface Water 1977-20147.0 ,5,04.03.02.01.00.0Yearr_ý ~ t~Figure 20: The average concentration of beta-emitting radionuclides in untreated water was simi-lar between control and indicator locations. This demonstrates that Davis-Besse had no signifi-cant radiological impact on the surrounding environment.57 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 11: Untreated Surface Water LocationsSample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-3 I Site boundary, 1.4 miles ESE of StationT-11
- C Port Clinton Water Treatment Plant, 9.5 milesSE of StationT-12 C Toledo Water Treatment Plant, sample takenfrom intake crib, 12.6 miles NW of StationT-22A* I Carroll Township Water Plant, State Route 2,2.1 miles NW of StationT-145 QC Roving Quality Control SiteI = indicator, C = control*denotes ODCM-required sample58 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportShoreline SedimentThe sampling of shoreline sediments can provide an indication of the accumulation of insolubleradionuclides which could lead to internal exposure to humans through the ingestion of fish,through re-suspension into drinking water supplies, or as an external radiation source from shore-line exposure to fishermen and swimmers.Samples of deposited sediments in water along the shore were collected at various times fromthree indicator sites (T-3, T-4, and T-132) and one control location (T-27). Samples were ana-lyzed for gamma-emitting radionuclides. Naturally occurring Potassium-40 was detected at bothcontrol and indicator locations. These results are similar to previous years.Table 12: Shoreline Sediment LocationsSample LocationNumberType ofLocationLocation DescriptionT-3T-4IISite boundary, 1.4 miles ESE of StationSite boundary, 0.8 miles S of StationCrane Creek, 5.3 miles WNW of StationLake Erie, 1.0 miles E of StationT-27*T-132CII = indicator C = control*Denotes ODCM-required sample59 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFishFish are analyzed primarily to quantify the dietary radionuclide intake by humans, and secondari-ly to serve as indicators of radioactivity in the aquatic ecosystem. The principal nuclides thatmay be detected in fish include naturally-occurring Potassium-40, as well as Cesium-137, andStrontium-90. Depending upon the feeding habit of the species (e.g., bottom-feeder versus pred-ator), results from sample analyses may vary.Davis-Besse routinely collects three species of fish once per year from sampling locations nearthe Station's liquid discharge point and more than ten miles away from the Station where fishpopulations would not be expected to be impacted by the Station operation. Walleye are collect-ed because of being a popular recreational fish and white perch and white bass are collected be-cause their importance as a commercial fish. Carp are not ODCM-required samples, but arecollected as enhancement samples because they feed on the bottom where contaminants may set-tle. A carp sample was not collected at the indicator location during 2014 due to sample unavail-ability.The average concentration of beta-emitting radionuclides in ODCM-required fish was similar forindicator and control locations (3.31 pCi/g and 3.37 pCi/g wet weight, respectively). No gammaemitters were detected above their respective LLDs.Gross Beta in Fish 1972-2014IAL W\\l WVy- V20N NNa'Year0'.4 *~a a aFigure 21: Average concentrations of beta-emitting radionuclides (pCi/gram) in fish samples were similar at indica-tor and control locations, and were comparable to results of previous years.60 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 13: Fish LocationsSample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-33* I Lake Erie, within 5 miles radius of StationT-35* C Lake Erie, greater than 10 mile radius ofStationI = indicator C= control*Denotes ODCM-required sample61 DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAQUATIC SAMPLES: SITE%aNW %", NNW N NN%~C6* I /0-' -Jt Imm .1-.~n DICAOEPPE I -22 S Sec 0 ENEtIL > EVCI C In1 I / RtWVw 0 LG-rl D 5CHARE PIP_____ _____ ____ 00ES-+ I! ~~~NDI CATOR STATI!ONSES,%} 0I SURFACE WATER TREATED /I J% (*7 W SURFACE WATER UNTREATED* SSW ""*IJS " ' SSE ,, ,JII% 10% 0Pn mri/fIn"t.U/iK.zUlitU-i DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAOUATIC SAMPLES: 5 MILE RADIUSWNW<0*~~~~~ .. ......... Dacncn0... ... .. ...-22ALA 0Ir V)Ld,0'n F-4-uo _____.-.__ __ __ C)I* 0> DENMA 1* .1 .ICAM PERRY- ________ ______9ESTER.RD.FICKWSW Ru1 Crek.INIAO STTINSMN -DSURACWESTERN W T E-'" UR C SW UNTREATED,BIER RD- I-- SALEM- n CARROLL " INDICATOR STATIONS m ...".... .....0: b& F ISH 1" 0 u 9: """SURFACE WATER TREATED" "---- ---'e"SURFACE WATER UNTREATED SS 163SEOBS 04-16-15 OFN.Fs/SCHED/SKZBI6.DGN DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMAQUATIC SAMPLES: 5-25 MILE RADIUSOrego :..* * .z-27710N)/Q00o~00R0-T0:0CD0ESE!,,F I SHSHORELINE SEDIMENTSSURFACE WATER TREATED'SURFACE WATER UNTREATEDDBt 04-16-15 DFN-F:/SCHED/SKZ815.DGN Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDirect Radiation MonitoringThermoluminescent DosimetersRadionuclides present in the air and deposited on the ground may directly irradiate individuals.Direct radiation levels at and around Davis-Besse are constantly monitored by thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLDs). TLDs are small devices which store radiation dose information.The TLDs used at Davis-Besse contain a Sulfate:Dysprosium (CaSO4:Dy) card with four mainreadout areas. Multiple readout areas are used to ensure the precision of the measurements.Thermoluminescence is a process in which ionizing radiation interacts with phosphor, which isthe sensitive material in the TLD. Energy is trapped in the TLD material and can be stored forseveral months or years. This provides an excellent method to measure the dose received overlong periods of time. The energy that was stored in the TLD as a result of interaction with radia-tion is released and measured by a controlled heating process in a calibrated reading system. Asthe TLD is heated, the phosphor releases the stored energy in the form of light. The amount oflight detected is directly proportional to the amount of radiation to which the TLD was exposed.The reading process re-zeroes the TLD and prepares it for reuse.TLD CollectionDavis-Besse has 88 TLD locations (77 indicator and 11 control locations). TLDs are collectedand replaced on a quarterly and annual basis. Nineteen QC TLDs are also collected on thisschedule. There are a total of 214 TLDs in the environment surrounding Davis-Besse. By col-lecting them on a quarterly and annual basis from a single site, each measurement serves as aquality control check on the other. All ODCM quarterly and annual TLDs placed in the fieldwere retrieved and evaluated during the current reporting period.In 2014, the average dose equivalent for quarterly TLDs at indicator locations was14.3 mrem/91 days, and for control locations was 16.7 mrem/91 days. The average dose equiva-lent for annual TLDs in 2014 was 58.1 mrem/365 days at indicator locations and65.6 mrem/365 days for control locations.Quality Control TLDsDuplicate TLDs have been placed at 18 sites. These TLDs are placed in the field at the sametime and location as some of the routine TLDs, but are assigned quality control site numbers.This allows us to take several measurements at the location without the laboratory being awarethat they are the same. A comparison of the quality control and routine results provides a methodto check the accuracy of the measurements. The average dose equivalent of indicator qualitycontrol TLDs averaged 12.6 mrem/91 days while the quality control TLDs at control locationsyielded an average dose equivalent of 16.0 mrem/91 days.65 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDirect Radiation MonitoringGamma Dose for Environmental TLDs 1973-2014242220-1412108YearS--.-lndlcabor -,,-ControFigure 25: The similarity between indicator and control results demonstrates that the operation ofDavis-Besse has not caused any abnormal gamma dose.66 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTableSample LocationNumberT-l*T-2*T-3*T-4*T-5*T-6 *T-7*T-8*T-914: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter LocationsType ofLocation Location DescriptionI Site boundary, 0.6 miles ENE of Stati(I Site boundary, 0.9 miles E of StationI Site boundary, 1.4 miles ESE of StaticI Site boundary, 0.8 miles S of StationI Site boundary, 0.5 miles W of StationI Site boundary, 0.5 miles NNE of StatiI Sand Beach entrance, 0.9 miles NW oI Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of StatiC Oak Harbor Substation, 6.8 miles SWoninonf StatiomonofStationT-10*T-11*T-12*T-24T-27ICCCCSite boundary, 0.5 miles SSW of Station nearWarehousePort Clinton Water Treatment Plant, 9.5 milesSE of StationToledo Water Treatment Plant, 20.7 milesWNW of StationSandusky, 21.0 miles SE of StationCrane Creek, 5.3 miles WNW of StationSite boundary, 0.6 miles ENE of StationSite boundary 1.2 miles ENE of StationSite boundary, 0.7 miles SE of StationSite boundary, 0.6 miles SSE of StationSite boundary, 0.8 miles SW of StationT-38T-39IT-40*T-41 *T-42*IIII67 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 14: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Locations (continued)Sample LocationNumberT-43T-44T-45T-46*T-47*T-48*T-49T-50*Type ofLocationIIIIIIIIT-51T-52*T-53T-54*T-55*T-60T-62T-65T-66T-67*T-68*T-69Location DescriptionSite boundary, 0.5 miles SW of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles WSW of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles WNW of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles NW of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles N of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles NE of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles NE of StationErie Industrial Park, Port Clinton,4.5 miles SE of StationSiren Pole, 5.5 miles SSE of StationMiller Farm, 3.7 miles S of StationNixon Farm, 4.5 miles S of StationMcNutt residence, 4.8 miles SW of StationKing Farm, 4.5 miles W of StationSite boundary, 0.3 miles S of StationSite boundary, 1.0 mile SE of StationSite boundary, 0.3 miles E of StationSite boundary, 0.3 miles ENE of StationSite boundary, 0.3 miles NNW of StationSite boundary, 0.5 miles WNW of StationSite boundary, 0.4 miles W of Station68 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 14: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Locations (continued)Sample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-71 I Site boundary, 0.1 mile NNW of StationT-73 I Site boundary, 0.1 mile WSW of StationT-74 I Site boundary, 0.1 mile SSW of StationT-75 I Site boundary, 0.2 mile SSE of StationT-76 I Site boundary, 0.1 mile SE of StationT-80 QC Quality Control SiteT-81 QC Quality Control SiteT-82 QC Quality Control SiteT-83 QC Quality Control SiteT-84 QC Quality Control SiteT-85 QC Quality Control SiteT-86 QC Quality Control SiteT-88 QC Quality Control SiteT-87 QC Quality Control in lead pig DBAB AnnexT-89 QC Quality Control SiteT-90 I Site Personnel Processing FacilityT-91* I State Route 2 and Rankie Road, 2.5 miles SSET-92 I Locust Point Road, 2.7 miles WNW of StationT-93 I Twelfth Street, Sand Beach, 0.6 miles NNE ofStationT-94 I State Route 2, 1.8 miles WNW of StationT-95 C State Route 579, 9.3 miles W of Station69 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 15: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Locations (continued)Sample LocationNumberT-100Type ofLocationCT-11lT-112*T-1 13T-1 14T- 115T- 116T- 117T- 118T-I 19T- 120T-121T-122T-123T-124T-125T-126CIQCQCQCQCQCQCQCQCIILocation DescriptionOttawa County Highway Garage, Oak Harbor,6.0 miles S of StationToussaint North Road, 8.3 miles WSW of StationThompson Road, 1.5 miles SSW of StationQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteQuality Control SiteState Route 19, 2.0 miles W of StationDuff Washa and Humphrey Road, 1.7 miles Wof StationZetzer Road, 1.6 miles WSW of StationLake Street, Ottawa Co. Agricultural Complex 5.5miles SSW of StationBehlman and Bier Roads, 4.4 miles SSW of StationCamp Perry Western and Toussaint South Road,3.7 miles S of StationCamp Perry Western and Rymers Road, 4.0miles SSE of StationICIIT-12770 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 14: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Locations (continued)Sample LocationNumberT-128Type ofLocationIT-142T-150T-151*T-153T-154T-155T-200T-201T-202T-203T-204T-205T-206T-207T-208IIIICLocation DescriptionErie Industrial Park, Port Clinton Road,4.0 miles SE of StationSite Boundary, 0.8 miles SSE of StationHumphrey and Hollywood Roads, 2.1 miles NWof StationState Route 2 and Humphrey Road, 1.8 milesWNW of StationLeutz Road, 1.4 miles SSW of StationState Route 2, 0.7 miles SW of StationFourth and Madison Streets, Port Clinton, 9.5 milesSE of StationQuality Control SiteSand Beach, 1.1 miles NNW of StationSand Beach, 0.8 miles NNW of StationSand Beach, 0.7 miles N of StationSand Beach, 0.7 miles N of StationSand Beach, 0.5 miles NNE of StationSite Boundary, 0.6 miles NW of StationSite Boundary, 0.5 miles N of StationSite Boundary, 0.5 miles NNE of Station.QCIIIIIIII71 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 14: Thermoluminescent Dosimeter Locations (continued)Sample Location Type ofNumber Location Location DescriptionT-211 I Site boundary, 0.79 miles E of StationT-212 I Site boundary, 1.2 miles ESE of StationT-213 I Site boundary, 0.6 miles SSW of StationT-214 I Site boundary, 0.7 miles SW of StationT-215 I Site boundary, 0.5 miles W of StationT-216 I Site boundary, 0.7 miles NW of stationT-217 I Salem-Carroll Rd., 4.7 miles SSW of StationT-218 I Toussaint East Rd., 4.0 miles WSW of StationT-219 I Toussaint Portage Rd., 4.8 miles WSW of StationT-220 I Duff-Washa Rd., 4.8 miles W of StationT-221 C Magee Marsh, 5.1 miles WNW of StationT-222 I Turtle Creek Access, 3.7 miles WNW of StationT-223 I Lawrence Rd., 5.0 miles SE of StationT-224 I Erie Industrial Park, 4.4 miles SE of StationI = IndicatorC = ControlQC = Quality Control*denotes ODCM-required TLD72 DAVIS-BESSENUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTLD SAMPLES: SITENW ',NNW,T -47NT -207T T-208CD :4Z44r -67CDISAT.'/g7m gTl-*"- 135 '~COLLECT3IO BOXDISCHARGE PIPET -21'n1Ec---ET-5--A;T-2ESEIITINDICATOR STATIONSIg'41-J'Is,I-THERMOLUMINESCENTDOSIMETER (TLD)IIISWSEI.SSEIf--T-62IfU15 U4-1b-I1 UINdI.Hi'l5IlIUW DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTLD SAMPLES: S MILE RADIUSWNWT-:I.W~'I(DI',(D -V6WSWTINDICATOR STATIONSTo ROUIECNDOSIMETER (TLD)SEDBt 04-16-15 DFN-F./SCHE0/SKZ016.DGN DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMTI 1) SAMPIFS, zR-25 MILF RADIULSOregoncD-Ir'D(DA0ca07z0000000a 'UESEaINDICATOR STATIONSDT ERMOLUMIINESCENTDOSIETER(TLD)08s 04-16-15 DFN-F:/SCHED/SKZ1S5.DGN Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportConclusionThe Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is conducted to determinethe radiological impact, if any, of the Station's operation on the environment. Radionuclide con-centrations measured at indicator locations were compared with concentrations measured at con-trol locations in previous operational studies and in the pre-operational surveillance program.These comparisons indicate normal concentrations of radioactivity in all environmental samplescollected in 2014. Davis-Besse's operation in 2014 indicated no adverse radiological impact onthe residents and environment surrounding the station. The results of the sample analyses per-formed during the period of January through December 2014 are summarized in Appendix D ofthis report.References1. "Cesium- 137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose," Report No. 52, NationalCouncil on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (January 1977).2. "Environmental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council on RadiationProtection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (December 1976).3. "Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Ra-diation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Wash-ington, D.C. (December 1987).4. "A Guide for Environmental Radiological Surveillance at U.S. Department of Energy Instal-lations," DOE/EP-0023, Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. (July 1981).5. "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," Report No. 93, Na-tional Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (September1987).6. "Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, National Council onRadiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (November 1975).7. "Numerical Guides for Design Objectives and Limiting Conditions for Operation to meet theCriterion 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable' for Radioactive Material in Light WaterCooled Nuclear Power Reactor Effluents," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10 Energy,Part 50 "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," Appendix 1 (1988).8. "Performance, Testing and Procedural Specifications for Thermoluminescent Dosimetry,"American National Standards Institute, Inc., ANSI-N45-1975, New York, New York (1975).9. "Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," ReportNo. 92, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (De-cember 1987).76 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report10. "Radiological Assessment: Predicting the Transport, Bioaccumulation and Uptake by Man ofRadionuclides Released to the Environment," Report No. 76, National Council on RadiationProtection and Measurement, Washington, D.C. (March 1984).11. Regulatory Guide 4.1, "Programs for Monitoring Radioactivity in the Environs of NuclearPower Plants," US NRC (April 1975).12. Regulatory Guide 4.13, "Performance, Testing, and Procedural Specifications for Thermolu-minescent Dosimetry: Environmental Applications," US NRC (July 1977).13. Regulatory Guide 4.15, "Quality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs (NormalOperations) -Effluent Streams and the Environment," US NRC (February 1979).14. Regulatory Guide 0475, "Radiological Environmental Monitoring by NRC Licensees forRoutine Operations of Nuclear Facilities," US NRC (September 1978).15. "Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy,Part 20 (1993).16. Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, "Operational Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No. 1, Oak Harbor, OH," Annual Report, Parts I and II(1977 through 1990).17. Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, "Final Monthly Progress Report to Toledo EdisonCompany", (1991-1999).18. Environmental, Inc. Midwest Laboratory, "Final Report to FirstEnergy Corporation", (2000-2014)19. Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, "Pre-operational Environmental Radiological Moni-toring for the Davis-Besse Power Station Unit No. 1", Oak Harbor, OH (1972-1977).20. Toledo Edison Company, "Davis-Besse: Nuclear Energy for Northern Ohio."21. Toledo Edison Company, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1, Radiological Ef-fluent Technical Specifications", Volume 1, Appendix A to License No. NPF-3.22. Toledo Edison Company, "Final Environmental Statement -Related to the Construction ofDavis-Besse Nuclear Power Station," Docket #50-346 (1987).23. Toledo Edison Company, "Performance Specifications for Radiological Environmental Mon-itoring Program," S-72N.24. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Radiological Enviromnental Monitoring Program,"DB-CN-00015.77 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report25. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Radiological Environmental Monitoring Quarterly,Semiannual, and Annual Sampling", DB-CN-03004.26. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Radiological Monitoring Weekly, Semimonthly, andMonthly Sampling," DB-CN-03005.27. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "REMP Enhancement Sampling", DB-CN-10101.28. Toledo Edison Company, "Updated Safety Analysis for the Offsite Radiological MonitoringProgram", USAR 11.6, Revision 14, (1992).29. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportPreparation and Submittal", DB-CN-00014.30. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Preparation of Radioactive Effluent Release Report",DB-CN-00012.31. Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, "Offsite Dose Calculation Manual".32. "Tritium in the Environment", Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation Protection andMeasurements, Washington, D.C. (March 1979).33. NEI 07-07, "Industry Ground Water Protection Initiative -Final Guidance Document",August, 2007.34. "Groundwater Monitoring Well Installation & Monitoring Report Davis-Besse Nuclear Pow-er Station Oak Harbor, Ohio", Environmental Resources Management, March 18, 2008.78 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportRadioactive Effluent Release ReportJanuary 1 through December 31, 2014Protection StandardsSoon after the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen, the potential hazards of ioniz-ing radiation were recognized and efforts were made to establish radiation protection standards.The primary source of recommendations for radiation protection standards within the UnitedStates is the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP). Many of theserecommendations have been given legislative authority by being published in the Code of FederalRegulations by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.The main objective in the control of radiation is to ensure that any dose is kept not only withinregulatory limits, but kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The ALARA principleapplies to reducing radiation dose both to the individual working at Davis-Besse and to the gen-eral public. "Reasonably achievable" means that exposure reduction is based on sound economicdecisions and operating practices. By practicing ALARA, Davis-Besse minimizes health risk andenvironmental detriment and ensures that doses are maintained well below regulatory limits.Sources of Radioactivity ReleasedDuring the normal operation of a nuclear power station, most of the fission products are retainedwithin the fuel and fuel cladding. However, small amounts of radioactive fission products andtrace amounts of the component and structure surfaces, which have been activated, are present inthe primary coolant water. The three types of radioactive material released are noble gases, Io-dine and particulates, and tritium.The noble gas fission products in the primary coolant are given off as a gas when the coolant isdepressurized. These gases are then collected by a system designed for gas collection and storedfor radioactive decay prior to release.Small releases of radioactivity in liquids may occur from valves, piping or equipment associatedwith the primary coolant system. These liquids are collected through a series of floor andequipment drains and sumps. All liquids of this nature are monitored and processed, if neces-sary, prior to release.Noble GasSome of the fission products released in airborne effluents are radioactive isotopes of noble gas-es, such as Xenon (Xe) and Krypton (Kr). Noble gases are biologically and chemically inert.They do not concentrate in humans or other organisms. They contribute to human radiation doseby being an external source of radiation exposure to the body. Xe-133 and Xe-135, with half-lives of approximately five days and nine hours, respectively, are the major radioactive noblegases released. They are readily dispersed in the atmosphere.79 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportIodine and ParticulatesAnnual releases of radioisotopes of Iodine, and those particulates with half-lives greater than8 days, in gaseous and liquid effluents are small. Factors such as their high chemical reactivityand solubility in water, combined with the high efficiency of gaseous and liquid processing sys-tems, minimize their discharge. The predominant radioiodine released is Iodine-I131 with a half-life of approximately eight days. The main contribution of radioactive Iodine to human dose is tothe thyroid gland, where the body concentrates Iodine.The principal radioactive particulates released are fission products (e.g., Cesium-134 and Ce-sium-137) and activation products (e.g., Cobalt-58 and Cobalt-60). Radioactive Cesium and Co-balt contribute to internal radiation exposure of tissues such as muscle, liver, and the intestines.These particulates are also a source of external radiation exposure if deposited on the ground.TritiumTritium, a radioactive isotope of Hydrogen, is the predominant radionuclide in liquid effluents. Itis also present in gaseous effluents. Tritium is produced in the reactor coolant as a result of neu-tron interaction with deuterium (also a Hydrogen isotope) present in the water and with the Bo-ron in the primary coolant. When tritium, in the form of water or water vapor, is ingested or in-haled it is dispersed throughout the body until eliminated.Carbon- 14Carbon-14 (C-14) is a naturally occurring isotope of carbon produced in the atmosphere by cos-mic rays. Its concentration in the environment was significantly increased by nuclear weaponstesting in the 1950s and 1960s. It is also produced in nuclear power production in much lesseramounts.C-14 is a pure beta emitter and generates no dose from direct radiation. Its predominant expo-sure pathway is through ingestion of produce which has incorporated C-14 into plant matter viathe chemical form of CO2 during photosynthesis.Processing and MonitoringEffluents are strictly controlled to ensure radioactivity released to the environment is minimaland does not exceed regulatory limits. Effluent control includes the operation of monitoring sys-tems, in-plant and environmental sampling and analysis programs, quality assurance programsfor effluent and environmental programs, and procedures covering all aspects of effluent and en-vironmental monitoring.The radioactive waste treatment systems at Davis-Besse are designed to collect and process theliquid and gaseous wastes that contain radioactivity. For example, the Waste Gas Decay Tanksallow radioactivity in gases to decay prior to release via the Station Vent.80 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportRadioactivity monitoring systems are used to ensure that all releases are below regulatory limits.These instruments provide a continuous indication of the radioactivity present. Each instrumentis equipped with alarms and indicators in the control room. The alarm setpoints are low enoughto ensure the limits will not be exceeded. If a monitor alarms, a release from a tank is automati-cally stopped.All wastes are sampled prior to release and analyzed to identify the specific concentrations of ra-dionuclides. Sampling and analysis provides a more sensitive and precise method of determiningeffluent composition than can be accomplished with monitoring instruments.A meteorological tower is located in the southwest sector of the Station which is linked to com-puters that record its data. Coupled with the effluent release data, the meteorological data areused to calculate the dose to the public. Beyond the plant, devices maintained in conjunctionwith the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program continuously sample the air in the sur-rounding environment. Frequent samples of other environmental media, such as water and vege-tation, are taken to determine if buildup of deposited radioactive material has occurred in the ar-ea.Exposure PathwaysRadiological exposure pathways define the methods by which people may become exposed to ra-dioactive material. The major pathways of concern are those which could cause the highest cal-culated radiation dose. These projected pathways are determined from the type and amount ofradioactive material released, the environmental transport mechanism, and the use of the envi-ronment. The environmental transport mechanism includes consideration of physical factors,such as the hydrological (water) and meteorological (weather) characteristics of the area. An an-nual average of the water flow, wind speed, and wind direction are used to evaluate how the ra-dionuclides will be distributed in an area for gaseous or liquid releases. An important factor inevaluating the exposure pathways is the use of the environment. Many factors are consideredsuch as dietary intake of residents, recreational use of the area, and the locations of homes andfarms in the area.The external and internal exposure pathways considered are shown in Figure 29. The release ofradioactive gaseous effluents involves pathways such as external whole body exposure, deposi-tion of radioactive material on plants, deposition on soil, inhalation by animals destined for hu-man consumption, and inhalation by humans. The release of radioactive material in liquid efflu-ents involves pathways such as drinking water, fish, and direct exposure from the lake at theshoreline while swimming.81 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFigure 29: The exposure pathways shown here are monitored through the Radiological Environmental MonitoringProgram (REMP) and are considered when calculating doses to the public.Although radionuclides can reach humans by many different pathways, some result in more dosethan others. The critical pathway is the exposure route that will provide, for a specific radionu-clide, the greatest dose to a population, or to a specific group of the population called the criticalgroup. The critical group may vary depending on the radionuclides involved, the age and diet ofthe group, or other cultural factors. The dose may be delivered to the whole body or to a specificorgan. The organ receiving the greatest fraction of the dose is called the critical organ.Dose AssessmentDose is the energy deposited by radiation in an exposed individual. Whole body exposure to ra-diation involves the exposure of all organs. Most background exposures are of this form. Bothradioactive and non-radioactive elements can enter the body through inhalation or ingestion.When they do, they are usually not evenly distributed. For example, Iodine concentrates in thethyroid gland, Cesium collects in muscle and liver tissue, and Strontium collects in the bone.The total dose to organs from a given radionuclide depends on the amount of radioactive materialpresent in the organ and the length of time that the radionuclide remains there. Some radionu-clides remain for short times due to their rapid radioactive decay and/or elimination rate from thebody. Other radionuclides may remain in the body for longer periods of time.82 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThe dose to the general public in the area surrounding Davis-Besse is calculated for each liquidor gaseous release. The dose due to radioactive material released in gaseous effluents is calculat-ed using factors such as the amount of radioactive material released, the concentration beyondthe site boundary, the average weather conditions at the time of the release, the locations of expo-sure pathways (cow milk, goat milk, vegetable gardens and residences), and usage factors (inha-lation, food consumption). The dose due to radioactive material released in liquid effluents iscalculated by using factors such as the total volume of the liquid released, the total volume of di-lution water (near field dilution), and usage factors, such as water and fish consumption, andshoreline and swimming factors. These calculations produce a conservative estimation of thedose.ResultsThe Radioactive Effluent Release Report is a detailed listing of radioactivity released from theDavis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during the period from January 1 through December 31,2014.* Summation of the quantities of radioactive material released in gaseous and liquid efflu-ents (Tables 15-19)* Summation of the quantities of radioactive material contained in solid waste packagedand shipped for offsite disposal at federally approved sites (Table 20)* A listing of all radioactive effluent monitoring instrumentation required by the OffsiteDose Calculation Manual, but which were inoperable for more than 30 daysDuring this reporting period, the estimated maximum individual offsite dose due to radioactivityreleased in effluents was:Liquid Effluents:" 2.94E-03 mrem, maximum individual whole body dose" 4.67E-03 mrem, maximum individual significant organ dose (GILLI)Gaseous Effluents:Noble Gas:" 1.59E-04 mrem, whole body" 2.77E-04 mrad, skinIodine -131, Tritium, and Particulates with Half-lives greater than 8 Days:" 3.19E-02 mrem, whole body dose" 3.19E-02 mrem, significant organ dose (liver)Carbon-14:* 1.99E-01 mrem, whole body" 9.62E-01 mrem, significant organ dose (bone)83 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThese doses are a small fraction of the limits set by the NRC in the Davis-Besse ODCM. Addi-tional normal release pathways from the secondary system exist. For gaseous effluents, thesepathways include the Auxiliary Feed Pump Turbines exhaust, the main steam safety valve systemand the atmospheric vent valve system, steam packing exhaust and main feed water. For liquideffluents, the additional pathways include the Turbine Building drains via the settling basins.Releases via these pathways are included in the normal release tables in this report.Regulatory LimitsGaseous EffluentsIn accordance with Offsite Dose Calculation Manual, dose rates due to radioactivity released ingaseous effluents from the site to areas at and beyond the site boundary shall be limited to thefollowing:Noble gases:" Released at a rate equal to or less than 500 mrem TEDE per year.* Released at a rate such that the total dose to the skin will be less than or equal to3000 mrem in a year.Iodine- 131, tritium, and all radionuclides in particulate form with half-lives greater than 8 days:* Released at a rate such that the total dose to any organ will be less than or equal to1500 mrem in a year.In accordance with l0CFR50, Appendix I, Sec. IIB. 1, air dose due to radioactivity released ingaseous effluents to areas at and beyond the site boundary shall be limited to the following:* Less than or equal to 10 mrad total for gamma radiation and less than or equal to20 mrad total for beta radiation in any calendar year.In accordance with 1OCFR50, Appendix I, Sec. IIC, dose to a member of the public from Iodine-131, tritium, and all radionuclides in particulate form with half-lives greater than 8 days in gase-ous effluents released to areas at and beyond the site boundary shall be limited to the following:* Less than or equal to 15 total mrem to any organ in any calendar year.Carbon- 14Carbon-14 (C-14) is calculated based on plant power production. The C-14 doses are based on acalculated value of 3.20 Ci of C-14 in the form of CO2 released from Davis-Besse through theStation Vent during 2014.84 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportLiquid EffluentsIn accordance with 10CFR50, Appendix I, Sec IIA, the dose or dose commitment to a member ofthe public from radioactivity in liquid effluents released to unrestricted areas shall be limited toaccumulated doses of:* Less than or equal to 3 mrem to the total body and less than or equal to 10 mrem toany organ in any calendar year.Effluent Concentration LimitsThe Effluent Concentration Limits (ECs) for gaseous and liquid effluents at and beyond the siteboundary are listed in 10CFR20, Appendix B, Table 2, Columns 1 and 2, with the most restric-tive EC being used in all cases. For dissolved and entrained gases in liquids, the EC of 2.OE-04uCi/rnl is applied. This EC is based on the Xe-135 DAC of IE-05 uCi/ml of air (submersiondose) converted to an equivalent concentration in water as discussed in the International Com-mission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), Publication 2.Average EnergyThe Davis-Besse ODCM limits the dose equivalent rates due to the release of fission and activa-tion products to less than or equal to 500 mrem per year to the total body and less than or equal to3000 mrem per year to the skin. Therefore, the average beta and gamma energies (E) for gaseouseffluents as described in Regulatory Guide 1.21, "Measuring, Evaluating, and Reporting Radio-activity in Solid Wastes and Releases of Radioactive Materials in Liquid and Gaseous Effluentsfrom Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants" are not applicable.Measurements of Total ActivityFission and Activation Gases:These gases, excluding tritium, are collected in Marinelli beakers specially modified for gassampling, in steel flasks, or in glass vials, and are counted on a Germanium detector for principalgamma emitters. Radionuclides detected are quantified via gamma spectroscopy.Tritium gas is collected using a bubbler apparatus and counted by liquid scintillation.IodineIodine is collected on a charcoal cartridge filter and counted on a germanium detector. Specificquantification of each iodine radionuclide is performed using gamma spectroscopy.ParticulatesParticulates are collected on filter paper and counted on a Germanium detector. Specific quanti-fication of each radionuclide present on the filter paper is performed by using gamma spectros-copy.Liquid EffluentsLiquid effluents are collected in a Marinelli beaker and counted on a germanium detector. Quan-tification of each gamma-emitting radionuclide present in liquid samples is via gamma spectros-copy. Tritium in the liquid effluent is quantified by counting an aliquot of a composite sample ina liquid scintillation counting system.85 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportBatch ReleasesLiquid from 1/1/14 through 12/31/141. Number of batch releases:2. Total time period for the batch releases:3. Maximum time period for a batch release:4. Minimum time period for a batch release:5. Average time period for a batch release:Gaseous from 1/1/14 through 12/31/141. Number of batch releases:2. Total time period for the batch releases:3. Maximum time period for a batch release:4. Minimum time period for a batch release:70131.9 hour1.041667e-4 days <br />0.0025 hours <br />1.488095e-5 weeks <br />3.4245e-6 months <br />s177 minutes75 minutes113 minutes984.5 hour5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br />s40.8 hour9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br />s116 minutesAbnormal ReleasesThere were no abnormal gaseous releases of radioactivity from the station during 2014.There were no abnormal liquid releases of radioactivity from the station during 2014.Percent of ODCM Release LimitsThe following table presents the ODCM annual dose limits and the associated offsite dose to thepublic, in percent of limits, for January 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014.PERCENT OFSPECIFICATION ANNUAL DOSE LIMIT LIMITReport Period: January 1, 2014- December 31, 2014 (gaseous)Noble gases (gamma) 1.75E-04 mrad 10 mrad 1.75E-03Noble gases (beta) 2.77E-04 mrad 20 mrad 1.39E-031-131, tritium and particulates 3.19E-02 mrem 15 mrem 2.13E-01C-14 9.62E-01 mrem 20 mrem 4.81E+00Report Period: January 1, 2014 -December 31, 2014 (liquid)Total body 2.94E-03 mrem 3 mrem 9.80E-02Organ (GILLI) 4.67E-03 mrem 10 mrem 4.67E-0286 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSources of Input Data" Water Usage: Survey of Water Treatment Plants (DSR-95-00347)" 0-50 mile meat, milk, vegetable production, and population data was taken from1982 Annual Environmental Operating Report entitled, "Evaluation of Compliancewith Appendix I to 10CFR50: Updated Population, Agricultural, Meat -Animal,and Milk Production Data Tables for 1982". This evaluation was based on the1980 Census, the Agricultural Ministry of Ontario 1980 report entitled "Agricul-tural Statistics and Livestock Marketing Account", the Agricultural Ministry ofOntario report entitled "Agricultural Statistics for Ontario, Publication 21, 1980",the Michigan Department of Agriculture report entitled "Michigan AgriculturalStatistics, 1981", and the Ohio Crop Reporting Service report entitled "Ohio Agri-cultural Statistics, 1981"." Gaseous and liquid source terms: Tables 16 through 20 of this report." Location of the nearest individuals and pathways by sector within 5 miles, seeLand Use Census Section of the report.* Population of the 50-mile Radius of Davis-Besse (DSR-95-00398).Dose to Public Due to Activities Inside the Site BoundaryIn accordance with ODCM Section 7.2, the Radioactive Effluent Release Report includes an as-sessment of radiation doses from radioactivity released in liquid and gaseous effluents to mem-bers of the public from activities inside the site boundary.The Pavilion and Training Center pond are accessible to employees and their families. The Pavil-ion may be accessible to the public for certain social activities. The Training Center pond allowsemployees and their families to fish on site under a "catch-and-release" program; therefore thefish pathway is not considered applicable. Considering the frequency and duration of the visits,the resultant dose would be a small fraction of the calculated maximum site boundary dose. Forpurposes of assessing the dose to members of the public in accordance with ODCM Section 7.2,the following exposure assumptions are used:" Exposure time for maximally-exposed visitors is 250 hours0.00289 days <br />0.0694 hours <br />4.133598e-4 weeks <br />9.5125e-5 months <br /> (1 hr/day, 5 day/ week, 50wk/yr)* Annual average meteorological dispersion (conservative, default use of maximum siteboundary dispersion)." For direct "shine" from the Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI), de-fault use of the maximum dose rate for a completed (full) ISFSI, at a distance of 950feet. ODCM equations may be used for calculating the dose to a member of the pub-lic for activities inside the site boundary. This dose would be at least a factor of 35times less than the maximum site boundary air dose, as calculated in the ODCM.Nowhere onsite are areas accessible to the public where exposure to liquid effluentscould occur. Therefore, the modeling of the ODCM conservatively estimates themaximum potential dose to members of the public.87 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportThe Old Steam Generator Storage Facility (OSGSF) provides long-term storagefor two Once Through Steam Generators, two Reactor Coolant System Hot LegPiping sections, one Reactor Vessel Closure Head (with Control Rod DriveMechanisms and Service Support Structure). The OSGSF is designed so thatdose rates at the exterior of the facility are within station designated dose ratelimits which are more restrictive than the dose rate limits of I OCFR20(See page 19).Inoperable Radioactive Effluent Monitoring EquipmentAll required radioactive effluent monitoring equipment was in service during 2014.Changes to the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM) andthe Process Control Procedure (PCP)There were two revisions to the ODCM during 2014. Most of the changes were related to thenew Station Vent monitors added during the 18th Refueling Outage.There were no changes to the Process Control Procedure Manual during 2014.Borated Water Storage Tank Radionuclide ConcentrationsDuring the reporting period of 2014, the Borated Water Storage Tank's sum of limiting fractionsof radionuclides concentration, a unitless number, did not exceed the ODCM Section 2.2.4 limitof 1.88 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 15Gaseous Effluents -Summation of All Releases1st Qtr20142nd Qtr 3rd Qtr2014 2014Est.4th Qtr Total %2014 ErrorNuclideUnitFission and Activation GasesTotal ReleaseAverage Release Rate for PeriodPercent of ODCM LimitslodinesTotal lodines (1-13 1)Average Release Rate for PeriodPercent of ODCM LimitsCiuCi/sec7.99E-0 11.0IE-010.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00N/A N/A N/A2.5E+01See Supplemental Information in ODCM Release Limits Section 3.3,Gaseous Effluent Setpoint DeterminationCi 0.00E+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00uCi/sec N/A N/A N/A N/ASee Supplemental Information in ODCM Release Limits Section 3.3,Gaseous Effluent Setpoint Determination2.5E+01ParticulatesParticulates with half-lives greaterthan 8 daysAverage Release Rate for PeriodPercent of ODCM LimitsCi0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 2.5E+01uCi/secN/AN/AN/AN/ASee Supplemental Information in ODCM Release Limits Section 3.3,Gaseous Effluent Setpoint DeterminationGross Alpha ActivityTritiumTotal ReleaseAverage Release Rate for PeriodPercent of ODCM LimitsCarbon-14Total ReleaseCi0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 O.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 2.5E+0 ICi 5.81E+00 1.74E+01 1.72E+01 1.93E+01uCi/sec 7.32E-01 2.28E+00 2.03E+00 2.46E+00See Supplemental Information in ODCM Release Limits Section 3.3,Gaseous Effluent Setpoint Determination2.5E+O1Ci6.70E-01 7.90E-01 3.25E+00 3.25E+00Note: The average release rate is taken over the entire quarter, not over the time the time period of the releas-es.89 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 16Gaseous Effluents -Ground Level Releases -Batch Modea1st Qtr20142nd Qtr 3rd Qtr2014 20144th Qtr2014NuclideUnitFission GasesKr-85Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-133Xe-135Xe-135mXe-138Total for Period:lodines1-1311-1331-135Total for Period:CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDN/A<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDN/A<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDN/AN/ACiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDN/A<LLD<LLD<LLDN/A<LLD<LLD<LLDN/AN/AParticulates and TritiumH-3Sr-89Sr-90Cs-134Cs-137Ba-La-140Total for Period:CiCiCiCiCiCi2.36E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD2.36E-038.23E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD8.23E-032.66E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD2.66E-034.05E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD4.05E-0390 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 16 (Continued)Gaseous Effluents -Ground Level ReleasesContinuous Modeb1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th QtrNuclide Unit 2014 2014 2014 2014Fission GasesKr-85 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDKr-85m Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDKr-87 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDKr-88 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-133 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-135 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-135m Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-138 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDTotal for Period: N/A N/A N/A N/Alodines1-131 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLD1-133 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLD1-135 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDTotal for Period: N/A N/A N/A N/AParticulates and TritiumH-3 Ci 4.15E-03 1.58E-03 9.73E-03 1.57E-02Sr-89 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDSr-90 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDCs-134 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDCs-137 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDBa-La-140 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDTotal for Period: 4.15E-03 1.58E-03 9.73E-03 1.57E-0291 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 16 (Continued)Gaseous Effluents -Ground Level ReleasesLLDs for Continuousb and Batcha ModeAr-41Kr-85Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-133Xe-133mXe-135Xe-135mXe-1381-1311-1331-135Cs-134Cs-137Ba-140La- 140Sr-89Sr-90Mn-54Fe-59Co-58Co-60Zn-65Mo-99Ce- 141<1.48E-08<2.14E-06<5.78E-09<2.24E-08<1.98E-08<9.48E-09<3.58E-08<5.61 E-09<4.75E-08<6.06E-07<8.63 E- 15<1.12E-14<8.49E-14<9.65E-14<1.40E-14<4.38E-14<1.93E-14<2.OOE- 15<6.90E- 16<3.33E-15<3.85E-14<1.11 E-14<1.88E-14<3.08E-14<8.03E-14<1.04E-14jtCi/ml[iCi/mljiCi/mlpi/mi[pci/mipci/mi[tci/mi~iCi/ml[Ci/mlpCi/mlpCi/mipCi/mlpci/mlpCi/mljiCi/ml[Ci/mlpCi/ml[Ci/mlpCi/mipCi/mltCi/mi[iCi/ml[Ci/mla Auxiliary Feed Pump Turbine Exhaust, Main Steam Safety Valves, and Auxiliary Boiler Outage Release are listed as batch release.b Atmospheric Vent Valve weepage and Steam Packing Exhauster are continuous releases.92 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 17Gaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode ReleasesBatch Mode1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th QtrUnit 2014 2014 2014 2014NuclideFission GasesAr-41Kr-85Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-131mXe-133Xe-133mXe-135Xe-135mXe-138Total for Period:*Iodines1-1311-1331-135Total for Period:CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi6.64E-02<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD6.89E-019.83E-033.36E-02<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD7.99E-0l I .OOE+00 0.OOE+00O0.OOE+OOCiCiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD0.OOE+00<LLD<LLD<LLD0.OOE+00<LLD<LLD<LLD0.OOE+00<LLD<LLD<LLDO.OOE+00*Particulates & TritiumH-3Sr-89Sr-90Cs- 134Cs-137Ba-La-140Total for Period:CiCiCiCiCiCiCi1.83E-02<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.83E-025.73E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD5.73E-03<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD* Release of iodines and particulates are quantified in MixedMode Releases, Continuous Mode (Unit Station Vent)93 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 17 (Continued)Gaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode Releases -Continuous ModeNuclideUnitFission GasesKr-85Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-133Xe-133mXe-135Xe-135mXe-138Total for Period:CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi1st Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD2nd Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD3rd Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD4th Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 O.00E+0Olodines1-1311-1321-1331-135CiCiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDTotal for Period:Particulates, TritiumCo-58Sr-89Sr-900.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00CiCiCiCiCiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD5.79E+00<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.74E+01<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.72E+O I<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.93E+01Cs- 134Cs-137Ba-La-140H-3Total for Period5.79E+00 1.74E+O I 1.72E+0 1 1.93E+01Carbon-14C-14Ci6.70E-0 1 7.90E-0 1 3.25E+00 3.25E+0094 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 17 (Continued)LLDs for Gaseous Effluents -Mixed Mode ReleasesKr-85Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-133Xe-133mXe-135Xe-135mXe-1381-1311-1331-135Cs-134Cs-137Ba- 140La-140Sr-89Sr-90Mn-54Fe-59Co-58Co-60Zn-65Mo-99Ce- 141Continuous Modea<2.14E-06 liCi/ml<9.05E-09 pCi/ml<2.24E-08 pCi/ml<2.86E-08 pCi/ml<1.72E-08 pCi/ml<5.20E-08 lCi/ml<6.04E-09 pCi/ml<2.36E-07 pCi/ml<7.1OE-07 pCi/ml<1.82E-14 pCi/ml<3.20E-14 pCi/ml<8.49E- 14 pCi/ml<1.49E-13 pCi/ml<1.24E-14 pCi/ml<4.79E-14 pCi/ml<3.46E-14 [tCi/ml<2.OOE-15 pCi/ml<6.90E-16 pCi/ml<4.02E-15 pCi/ml<3.85E-14 pCi/ml<2.05E-14 pCi/ml<1.88E-14 XCi/ml<3.53E-14 pCi/ml<1.15E-13 pCi/ml<2.11E-14 pCi/mlAr-41Kr-85mKr-87Kr-88Xe-133Xe-133mXe-135Xe-135mXe-1381-1311-1331-135Sr-89Sr-90Cs-134Cs-137Ba- 140La- 140Batch Modea<1.38E-06 [tCi/ml<8.79E-07 pCi/ml<2.48E-06 pCi/ml<3.1 i E-06 pCi/ml<1.21E-06 uCi/ml<5.20E-06 pCi/ml<7.56E-07 pCi/ml<1.49E-05 pCi/ml<3.61E-05 pCi/ml<9.24E-07 tCi/mI<9.28E-07 pCi/mI<8.28E-06 pCi/ml<2.OOE-1 5 [tCi/ml<6.90E-16 pCi/ml<1.21E-06 pCi/ml< 1. 10E-06 pCi/ml<4.20E-06 pCi/ml<4.22E-07 uCi/mla These radionuclides were not identified in every quarter in concentrations above thelower limit of detection (LLD).95 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 18Liquid Effluents -Summation of All ReleasesType Unit 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr Est. Total20142014 2014 2014 % ErrorFission and Activation ProductsTotal Release (without Tritium,Gases, Alpha)Average Diluted ConcentrationDuring PeriodaPercent of ODCM LimitsPercent of 1OCFR20 LimitTritiumTotal ReleaseAverage Diluted ConcentrationDuring PeriodaPercent of 1OCFR20 LimitDissolved and Entrained GasesTotal ReleaseAverage Diluted ConcentrationDuring PeriodaPercent of 1 OCFR20 LimitCigCi/mI2.86E-03 8.15E-03 7.23E-04 2.52E-04 2.OE+013.90E-10 7.99E-10 6.21E-11 2.22E-11% See Supplemental information in ODCM Section 2.3,Release Limits% 2.19E-03 1.28E-02 6.41E-04Ci 4.78E+01 1.97E+01 5.02E+012.37E-04pCi/ml6.53E-061.93E-06 4.32E-066.33E+01 2.OE+015.57E-065.57E-010.OOE+00 2.OE+01% 6.53E-01 1.93E-01 4.32E-01Ci 1.87E-04 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00pLCi/ml2.56E- I1O.OOE+00 0.OOE+000.OOE+000.OOE+00% 1.28E-05 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00Ci 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.00E+00Gross AiphaTotal Release0.00E+00 2.OE+01Volume of Waste Released(prior to dilution)BatchContinuousVolume of Dilution WaterBatchContinuousTotal Volume of Water Releasedliter 7.73E+05 4.41E+05 4.69E+05liter 8.91E+07 3.91E+07 9.50E+07liter 2.09E+08 1.35E+08 1.33E+08liter 7.02E+09 1.00E+10 1.14E+10liter 7.32E+09 1.02E+10 1.16E+102.5E+052.OE+0 11.04E+08 2.OE+019.22E+07 2.OE+011.12E+10 2.OE+O11.14E+10a Tritium and alpha may be found in both continuous and batch releases. Average diluted concentrations are basedon total volume of water released during the quarter. Fission and Activation products and Dissolved and Entrained Gases arenormally only detected in batch releases.96 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 19Liquid Effluents -Nuclides Releasedin Batch Releases1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr2014 2014 2014 2014NuclideFission and Activation ProductsCr-51Mn-54Fe-55bCo-57Co-58Fe-59Co-60Ni-63Zn-65Se75Br-82Sr-89bSr-90bSr-92Nb-95Zr-95Zr-97Mo-99Tc-99mRu- 103Ru- 105Ru- 106Ag-l 10mSb- 122Sb- 124Sb-1251-1311-132Te-132Cs-134Cs-137Ba-140La- 140Ce- 141UnitCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi1.80E-04<LLD<LLD3.0 1E-061.73E-03<LLD9.86E-054.48E-04<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD4.12E-052.16E-05<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.11 E-04<LLD3.59E-051.82E-04<LLD<LLD5.14E-07<LLD3.94E-06<LLD<LLD<LLD8.23E-061.66E-05<LLD1.06E-052.26E-03<LLD4.18E-041.06E-04<LLD3.17E-053.06E-05<LLD<LLD<LLD3.99E-058.57E-058.37E-07<LLD<LLD<LLD1.31E-05<LLD4.65E-03<LLD3.36E-051.94E-04<LLD<LLD<LLD4.95E-051.98E-04<LLD5.08E-06<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.37E-04<LLD2.26E-051.17E-04<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.59E-061.32E-06<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD3.13E-04<LLD1.31E-051.16E-04<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD8.79E-07<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD3.3 1E-05<LLD1.02E-057.5 1E-05<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD1.19E-04<LLD<LLD1.42E-05<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD9.40E-07<LLD<LLD<LLDTotal for Period:Ci2.86E-03 8.15E-03 7.23E-04 2.52E-0497 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 19 (continued)Liquid Effluents -Nuclides ReleasedIn Batch Releases1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th QtrNuclide Unit 2014 2014 2014 2014H-3 Ci 4.78E+01 1.97E+01 5.02E+01 6.33E+01Dissolved and Entrained GasesKr-85 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe- 131 m Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-133 Ci 1.87E-04 <LLD <LLD <LLDXe-133m Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDXe- 135 Ci <LLD <LLD <LLD <LLDTotal for Period: Ci 1.87E-04 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+0098 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 19 (continued)Liquid Effluents -Nuclidesa ReleasedIn Continuous ReleasesNuclideUnitFission and Activation ProductsCr-51Mn-54Fe-59Co-58Co-60Zn-65Sr-89bSr-90bNb-95Zr-95Mo-99Tc-99m1-131Cs-134Cs-137Ba/La- 140Ce-141CiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCiCi1st Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD2nd Qtr20143rd Qtr20144th Qtr2014<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDTotal for Period:0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+000.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00TritiumCiDissolved and Entrained GasesXe-133Xe-135CiCiCi<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLD<LLDTotal for Period:0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.OOE+00 0.00E+0097 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 19 (continued)Liquid Effluents -LLDs for Nuclides ReleasedaCr-51Mn-54Fe-55bCo-57Co-58Fe-59Co-60Zn-65Kr-85Sr-89bSr-90bSr-92Zr-95Zr-97Tc-99mMo-99Ru-103Ru-106Ag-110inSb-124Sb-125<1.05E-07<1.30E-08<7.70E-07<1.09E-08<1.34E-08<1.92E-08<9.13E-09<3.00E-08<3.69E-06<2.50E-08<8.40E-09<2.04E-08<2.52E-08<1.26E-08<7.73E-08<7.35E-08<l.1lE-08<l.IOE-07<1.18E-08<1.27E-08<4.32E-08jiCi/mljtCi/mljtCi/mlPCi/mlltCi/ml[tCi/mlPtCi/mltCi/mlpCi/ml[tCi/ml[tCi/ml[tCi/mljtCi/mlPCi/mlPtCi/ml[tCi/mlpCi/mlpCi/mlPCi/mlpCi/mlItCi/mlAr-411-131Xe-131mXe-133Xe-133mCs-134Xe-135Cs-137Ba- 140La-140Ce-141Ce-144<2.25E-08<1.24E-08<4.88E-07<3.64E-08<8.94E-08<1.39E-08<9.83E-09<1.38E-08<4.84E-08<1.13E-08<2.04E-08<9.88E-08iiCi/mlpCi/mljtCi/ml[tCi/mlptCi/mlpCi/ml[tCi/ml[tCi/mlPCi/mlPCi/mlpCi/mI[tCi/mla These radionuclides were not identified every quarter in concentrations above the lower limit ofdetection (LLD). LLDs are applicable to both batch and continuous modes due to identical sampleand analysis methods.b Quarterly composite sample100 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 20Solid Waste and Irradiated Fuel ShipmentsA.SOIID WASTE SHIPPED OFFSITE FOR lBI RIAl, OR DISPOSAl, (Not irrndiated fli~l'l12-month Est. Total1. Type of Waste Unit Period Error, %a. Spent resins, filter sludges, m3 N/A N/Aevaporator bottoms, etc. Cib. Dry compressible waste, m3 1.66E+03 2.5E+01contaminated equip., etc. Ci 4.85E-01 2.5E+01c. Irradiated components, m3 N/A N/Acontrol rods, etc. Cid. Filters m3 N/A N/ACie. Others: Spent Resin Storage m3 8.18E+00 2.5E+01Tank Liquor Ci 1.90E+00 2.5E+012. Estimate of major nuclide composition(by type of waste)Typ~ePercent (%0)Est. Error, %a. Noneb. Dry compressible waste, contaminatedequipment, etc.Cs137Ag'lOmNi63Fe55Cs'34Co58Co60H3c'4Tc99m2.23E+012.09E+0 11.87E+011.14E+0l8.89E+007.29E+005.84E+002.59E+001.90E+001.00E-012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+01c. Noned. Nonee. Others: Spent Resin Storage Tank LiquorCo58H3Cs'37Ni63Ag'l10mCo60Fe55Nb95Zr953.08E+/-012.39E+012.26E+0 11.08E+014.36E+003.34E+002.76E+008.16E-0 14.80E-012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+012.50E+01101 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportNumber of Shipments:Mode of Transportation:Destination:Type of Container (Container Volume):Volume shipped for processingNumber of Shipments:Mode of Transportation:Destination:Type of Container (Container Volume):Volume shipped for processing49TruckEnergy Solutions, Oak Ridge, TNfor processing and disposal at Energy Solutions,Clive UTMetal boxes (assorted sizes, 1.4-35.4 m3)1,646 m31RailEnergy Solutions, Clive, UTfor processing and disposal at Energy Solutions,Clive UTMetal boxes 272 m3212 m3B. IRRADIATED FUEL SHIPMENTSThere were no shipments of irradiated fuel.Onsite Groundwater MonitoringDavis-Besse began sampling wells near the plant in 2007 as part of an industry-wide GroundwaterProtection Initiative (GPI), which was established to ensure that there are no inadvertent releases ofradioactivity from the plant which could affect offsite groundwater supplies. In addition to severalexisting pre-construction era wells, sixteen new GPI monitoring wells were installed in 2007 toaccomplish the monitoring required. These wells are not used for drinking water purposes, and aretypically sampled in spring and fall of each year.One pre-construction era well tritium sample result was above the 2,000 pCi/liter requiring courtesynotification. An increasing trend was discovered during the routine fall well sampling in pre-construction monitoring well MW-37S. This sample contained 3,230 pCi/liter tritium. A courtesynotification was made to local, county and State officials. Sampling was expanded in order to determinethe size of the affected area and to help determine the source of the tritium. There is no evidence that thetritium traveled offsite or contributed to offsite dose. Additionally, the groundwater tritium sampleresults remain below the 30,000 pCi/1 EPA limit described in the Davis-Besse Offsite Dose CalculationManual for non-drinking water sources. The cause of the elevated tritium is still under investigation.Table 21 contains the Davis-Besse GPI monitoring well sample results for tritium for 2014.102 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 21. 2014 Groundwater Tritium ResultsYear 2014January March Spring Fall[H-3], [H-3], [H-3], [H-3],Well No. ill 0PI Cill PCIIMW-100A <145 621MW-100B <145 319MW-100C <145 331MW-101A <145 <179MW-101B <145 <179MW-101C <145MW-102A 390 <179MW--102B 294 355MW-102C <145MW-103A 267 201MW-103B 294 240MW-103C <145MW-104A 205 <179MW-104B 232 <179MWV-104C <145 <179MW-105A 825 870 783 988MW-12S 1343 706MW-18S 338 334MW-20S * ...MW-32S 1893 1327 811MW-33S 1391 1104 1408MW-34S 1642 1230 1100 358MW-37S 1168 873 3230* sample point unavailable due to Steam Generator Replacement Outage (I 8RFO).103 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportiiDavis BesseOnsite Groundwater Monitoring Program H-3 1c200 pCilL = Typical LLD348 pCilL = Pre-Operational Mean3,000 pCiIL = NRC Required LLD2,000 pCi/L = FENOC/NEI Communication Level30,000 pCi/L = NRC Reporting Levelrends----Avg of All GWM Indicator WellsControl Location-Typical LLD -+3 (<200 pCiiL)Pre- Operational Mean 1-3(348 pCVL)-NRC Required LLD 1--3 (3,000pCtAt)-NRC Reporling Level 1+3(30,000 ooC.L)10000010000=lO0100ZIAFigure 30 -Onsite Groundwater MonitoringSummary of Onsite Spills (>100 gallons) and NotificationsThere were no onsite spills during 2014. There was one elevated groundwater tritium result requiringcourtesy notification of State, County and local officials when a well sample result collected onSeptember 29, 2014 from MW-37S contained 3,230 pCi/l tritium.Summary of Items Added to Decommissioning Files per 10 CFR50.75(g)The elevated tritium level described above was added to Decommissioning Files per 10 CFR 50.75(g).104 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 22Doses Due to Gaseous Releasesfor January through December 2014Maximum Individual Dose Due to 1-131, H-3 and Particulates with Half-Lives Greaterthan 8 days.Whole Body Dose 3.19E-02 mremSignificant Organ Dose (liver) 3.19E-02 mremMaximum Individual Dose Due to Noble GasWhole Body Dose 1.59E-04 mremSkin Dose 2.77E-04 mradMaximum Individual Dose Due to C-14Whole Body Dose 1.99E-01 mremSignificant Organ Dose (bone) 9.62E-01 mremPopulation Dose Due to 1-131, H-3 and Particulates with Half-Lives Greater than 8 days.Total Integrated Population Dose 1.36E-02 person-remAverage Dose to Individual in Population 6.23E-06 mremPopulation Dose Due to Noble GasTotal Integrated Population Dose 3.81E-05 person-remAverage Dose to Individual in Population 1.75E-08 mremPopulation Dose Due to C-14Total Integrated Population Dose 5.90E-02 person-remAverage Dose to Individual in Population 2.72E-05 mrem105 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 23Doses Due to Liquid Releasesfor January through December 2014Maximum Individual Whole Body DoseMaximum Individual Significant Organ Dose(GILLI)Population DoseTotal Integrated Population DoseAverage Dose to Individual2.94E-03 mrem4.67E-03 mrem2.31E-01 person-rem1.06E-04 mrem106 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 24Annual Dose to The Most Exposed (from all pathways) Member of the Public 2014ANNUAL DOSE 40CFR190 LIMIT PERCENT OF(mrem) (mrem) LIMITWhole Body Dose*Noble Gas 1.59E-04Iodine, Tritium, Particulates 3.19E-02C-14 1.99E-01Liquid 2.94E-03Total Whole Body Dose 3.50E-02 25 1.40E-01Thyroid DoseIodine, Tritium, Particulates 3.30E-02 75 4.40E-02Skin DoseNoble Gas 2.77E-04 25 1.11 E-03Significant Organ Dose (GILLI) 3.66E-02 25 1.46E-01Significant Organ Dose (C-14) 9.60E-01 25 3.84E+00(bone)Meteorological DataMeteorological data, stored on a compact disk for January 1 through December 31, 2014, has beensubmitted with this document to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Document ControlDesk, Washington, D.C. 20555.*Direct radiation from the facility is not distinguishable from natural background and is, therefore,not included in this compilation.107 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportLand Use CensusProgram DesignEach year a Land Use Census is conducted by Davis-Besse in order to update information neces-sary to estimate radiation dose to the general public and to determine if any modifications arenecessary to the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP). The Land Use Cen-sus is required by Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Appendix I and Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Offsite Dose Calculation Manual, Section 5, Assessment of LandUse Census Data. The Land Use Census identifies gaseous pathways by which radioactive mate-rial may reach the general population around Davis-Besse. The information gathered during theLand Use Census for dose assessment and input into the REMP ensure these programs are as cur-rent as possible. The pathways of concern are listed below:" Inhalation Pathway -Internal exposure as a result of breathing radionuclides car-ried in the air." Ground Exposure Pathway -External exposure from radionuclides deposited onthe ground* Plume Exposure Pathway -External exposure directly from a plume or cloud ofradioactive material." Vegetation Pathway -Internal exposure as a result of eating vegetables, fruit, etc.which have a build up of deposited radioactive material or which have absorbed ra-dionuclides through the soil." Milk Pathway -Internal exposure as a result of drinking milk, which may containradioactive material as a result of a cow or goat grazing on a pasture contaminatedby radionuclides.MethodologyThe Land Use Census consists of recording and mapping the locations of the closest residences,dairy cattle and goats, and broad leaf vegetable gardens (greater than 500 square feet) in each me-teorological sector within a five mile radius of Davis-Besse.The surveillance portion of the 2014 Land Use Census was performed during the months of Julyand August. In order to gather as much information as possible, the locations of residences, dairycows, dairy goats, and vegetable gardens were recorded. The residences, vegetable gardens, andmilk animals are used in the dose assessment program. The gardens should be at least 500square feet in size, with at least 20% of the vegetables being broadleaf plants (such as lettuce andcabbage).Each residence is tabulated as being an inhalation pathway, as well as ground and plume expo-sure pathways. Each garden is tabulated as a vegetation pathway.108 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAll of the locations identified are plotted on a map (based on the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 mi-nute series of the relevant quadrangles) which has been divided into 16 equal sectors correspond-ing to the 16 cardinal compass points (Figure 31). If available, the closest residence, milk ani-mal, and vegetable garden in each sector are determined by measuring the distance from each tothe Station Vent at Davis-Besse.ResultsThe following changes in the pathways were recorded in the 2014 census:SW sector: A new garden was located at 4.8 miles distance from the plant.S sector: A new garden was located at 3.02 miles distance from the plant.SSE sector: A new garden was located at 1.82 miles distance from the plant.WNW sector: A new garden was located at 1.56 miles distance from the plant.NW sector: A new garden was located at 1.94 miles distance from the plant.The critical receptor is a garden in the W sector at 0.97 miles from Davis-Besse, and is un-changed from 2013.The detailed list in Table 26 was used to update the database of the effluent dispersion modelused in dose calculations. Table 26 is divided by sectors and lists the distance (in miles) of theclosest pathway in each.Table 27 provided information on pathways, critical age group, atmospheric dispersion (X/Q)and deposition (D/Q) parameters for each sector. This information is used to update the OffsiteDose Calculation Manual (ODCM). The ODCM describes the methodology and parameters usedin calculating offsite doses from radioactivity released in liquid and gaseous effluents and in cal-culating liquid and gaseous effluent monitoring instrumentation alarm/trip setpoints.109 DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMPRIMARY PATHWAYS WITHIN A 5 MILE RADIUSWNWa.-i -b -bW.0z0:mLu_j1Lfl1 W'2:Inn-.:X-~1I..t I~II-TICC0WIDC0)Jtf~ -L0;LAI'-uUi in...I.USTRICKLE-0:fo oFA2:T0IIIII~II~~jII~JRflEASTllo'RD.IL0:Li.a0:.creelFICKDP,t I! "-~a--...L IL 2LZ I L~ Im ms
- mm mWSWTLrcrcokIg~'%b..GENLMAN-RDI.=2CAMP PFRiRY-6wWESTERN RD.-------- w --------00LSWBIER"°RD.-'r -- --- --0:(L_JV)In ICARROLLI-..1*00:IZAI FU-O°°* n-<il 11H oilII I-EIICLOSEST SITESz-J0:Ye.AJ ir...9=06.. ..Li-J00:0:40I/.2.KU.44To Davls-BesseiWithin SectoriRESIDENCEI.SSWDB= 04-t6-15 DFN=F=/SCHEO/SKZSI6.DGNSEVEGETABLE GARDEN TH'ýSEOr: 04-16-15 DFN.Fs/SCI4ED/SKZ816.DGtN Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 25Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 2014Sector Distance from Station (miles) Closest PathwaysN 0.55 InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureNNE 0.55 InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureNE 0.56 InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureENE, E, ESE N/A Located over Lake ErieSE 4.94 InhalationGround ExposurePlume Exposure*SSE 1.82 VegetationSSE 0.93 InhalationGround ExposurePlume Exposure*S 3.02 VegetationS 0.68 InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureSSW 3.5 VegetationSSW 0.61 InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureSW 0.67 InhalationGround ExposurePlume Exposure* changed from 2013111 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 25Closest Exposure Pathways Present in 2014Sector*SWWSWDistance from Station (miles)Closest Pathways3.5Vegetation0.96InhalationGround ExposurePlume Exposure*WSW4.0VegetationW0.61W0.970.95WNW*WNW*NWNW1.561.940.93InhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureVegetationInhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureVegetationVegetationInhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureInhalationGround ExposurePlume ExposureNNW0.80* changed from 2013112 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 26Pathway Locations and CorrespondingAtmospheric Dispersion (X/Q) and Deposition (D/Q)ParametersSECTOR MILES CRITICAL AGE X/Q D/QPATHWAY GROUP (SEC/M3) (M-2)N 0.55 Inhalation Child 3.23E-06 1.21E-08NNE 0.55 Inhalation Child 4.06E-06 2.12E-08NE 0.56 Inhalation Child 3.13E-06 2.27E-08*ENE ---*E ---*E SE ...............SE 4.94 Inhalation Child 1.90E-08 1.83E-10**SSE 1.82 Vegetation Child 7.52E-08 8.30E-10**S 3.02 Vegetation Child 2.94E-08 2.65E-10SSW 3.5 Vegetation Child 2.74E-08 2.35E-10**SW 4.8 Vegetation Child 2.36E-08 2.20E-10WSW 4.0 Vegetation Child 4.33E-08 3.47E-10W 0.97 Vegetation Child 6.05E-07 5.13E-09WNW 1.56 Vegetation Child 2.52E-07 1.31E-09NW 1.94 Vegetation Child 1.84E-07 6.74E-10NNW 0.80 Inhalation Child 9.54E-07 3.5 1E-09*Since these sectors are located over marsh areas and Lake Erie, no ingestion pathways are present.**Changed from 2013 Land Use Census113 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportNon-Radiological Environmental ProgramsMeteorological Monitoring'The Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is required by the Nuclear RegulatoryCommission (NRC) as part of the program for evaluating the effects of routine operation of nu-clear power stations on the surrounding environment. Both NRC regulations and the Davis-Besse Technical Requirements Manual provide guidelines for the Meteorological MonitoringProgram. These guidelines ensure that Davis-Besse has the proper equipment, in good workingorder, to support the many programs utilizing meteorological data.Meteorological observations at Davis-Besse began in October 1968. The Meteorological Moni-toring Program at Davis-Besse has an extensive record of data with which to perform climatestudies which are used to determine whether Davis-Besse has had any impact upon the local cli-mate. After extensive statistical comparative research the meteorological personnel have foundno impact upon local climate or short-term weather patterns.The Meteorological Monitoring Program also provides data that can be used by many othergroups and programs such as the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program, the Emer-gency Preparedness Program, Site Chemistry, Plant Operations, Nuclear Security, MaterialsManagement and Industrial Safety, as well as other plant personnel and members of the sur-rounding community.The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program uses meteorological data to aid in evaluat-ing the radiological impact, if any, of radioactivity released in Station effluents. The meteorolog-ical data is used to evaluate radiological environmental monitoring sites to assure the program isas current as possible. The Emergency Preparedness Program uses meteorological data to calcu-late emergency dose scenarios for emergency drills and exercises and uses weather data to planevacuations or station isolation during adverse weather. The Chemistry Unit uses meteorologicaldata for chemical spill response activities, marsh management studies, and wastewater dischargeflow calculations. Plant Operations uses meteorological data for cooling tower efficiency calcu-lations, Forebay water level availability and plant work which needs certain environmental condi-tions to be met before work begins. Plant Security utilizes weather data in their routine planningand activities. Materials Management plans certain Plant shipments around adverse weatherconditions to avoid high winds and precipitation, which would cause delays in material deliveriesand safety concerns. Industrial Safety uses weather and climate data to advise personnel of un-safe working conditions due to environmental conditions, providing a safer place to work. Reg-ulatory Affairs uses climate data for their investigation into adverse weather accidents in relationto the Plant and personnel.i. More detailed weather information is available upon request.114 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportOn-site Meteorological MonitoringSystem DescriptionAt Davis-Besse there are two meteorological systems, a primary and a backup. Both are housedin separate environmentally controlled buildings with independent power supplies. Both primaryand backup systems have been analyzed to be statistically identical, so that if a redundant systemin one unit fails, the other system can take its place. The instrumentation of each system follows:PRIMARY BACKUP100 Meter Wind Speed 100 Meter Wind Speed75 Meter Wind Speed 75 Meter Wind Speed10 Meter Wind Speed 10 Meter Wind Speed100 Meter Wind Direction 100 Meter Wind Direction75 Meter Wind Direction 75 Meter Wind Direction10 Meter Wind Direction 10 Meter Wind Direction100 Meter Delta Temperature 100 Meter Delta Temperature75 Meter Delta Temperature 75 Meter Delta Temperature10 Meter Ambient Temperature 10 Meter Ambient Temperature10 Meter Dew Point 10 Meter Solar IncidencePrecipitationMeteorological InstrumentationThe meteorological system consists of one monitoring site located at an elevation of 577 feetabove mean sea level (IGLD 1955)*. It contains a 100 meter (in) free-standing tower locatedabout 3,000 feet SSW of the Cooling Tower and a 10m auxiliary tower located 100 feet west ofthe 100 m tower. Both are used to gather the meteorological data. The 1 00m tower has primaryand backup instruments for wind speed and wind direction at l00m and 75m. The I 00m toweralso measures differential temperature (delta Ts): 100-10m and 75-10m. The 10m tower has in-struments for wind speed and wind direction. Precipitation is measured by a tipping bucket raingauge located near the base of the I Om tower.According to the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Technical Requirements Manual, a mini-mum of five instruments are required to be operable at the two lower levels (75m and 10m) tomeasure temperature, wind speed, and wind direction. During 2014, average annual data recov-eries for all required instruments were greater than 99.21 percent. Minor losses of data occurredduring routine instrument maintenance, calibration, and data validation.Personnel at Davis-Besse inspect the meteorological site and instrumentation regularly. Data isreviewed daily to ensure that all communication pathways, data availability and data reliabilityare working as required. Tower instrumentation maintenance and semiannual calibrations areperformed by in-house facilities and by an outside consulting firm. These instruments are windtunnel tested to assure compliance with applicable regulations and plant specifications.* International Great Lakes Data -1955115 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportMeteorological Data Handling and ReductionEach meteorological system, primary and backup, have two Campbell Scientific Data-loggers(model 21XL) assigned to them. The primary system has a first data logger to communicate 900second averages to the control room via a Digital Alpha computer system. This is a dedicatedline. If a failure occurs at any point between the primary meteorological system and the controlroom the control room can utilize the second data logger in the primary shelter. Each data loggerhas its own dedicated communication link with battery backup. The backup meteorological sys-tem is designed the same as the primary; so to lose all meteorological data the primary and back-up meteorological systems would have to lose all four data loggers. However, this would be dif-ficult since each is powered by a different power supply and equipped with lightning and surgeprotection, plus four independent communication lines and data logger battery backup.The data from the primary and backup meteorological systems are stored in a 30-day circularstorage module with permanent storage held by the Digital Alpha computer. Data goes back to1988 in this format and to 1968 in both digital and hardcopy formats. All data points are scruti-nized every 900 seconds by meteorological statistics programs running continuously. These arethen reviewed by meteorological personnel daily for validity based on actual weather conditions.A monthly review is performed using 21 NRC computer codes, which statistically analyze alldata points for their availability and validity. If questionable data on the primary system can notbe corroborated by the backup system, the data in question is eliminated and not incorporatedinto the final database. All validated data is then documented and stored on hard copy and indigital format for a permanent record of meteorological conditions.Meteorological Data SummariesThis section contains Tables 28-30, which summarize meteorological data collected from the on-site monitoring program in 2014.Wind Speed and Wind DirectionWind sector graphics represent the frequency of wind direction by sector and the wind speed inmph by sector. This data is used by the NRC to better understand local wind patterns as they re-late to defined past climatological wind patterns reported in Davis-Besse's Updated Safety Anal-ysis Report. The maximum measured sustained wind speed for 2014 occurred on October 16,when they were measured at 70.84 mph at the I00m level, 70.76 mph on October 16 at the 75mlevel, and 69.60 mph on October 16 at the lOim level.Figures 32-34 give an annual sector graphic of average wind speed and percent frequency by di-rection measured at the three monitoring levels. Each wind sector graphic has two radial bars.The darker bar represents the percent of time the wind blew from that direction. The hatched barrepresents the average wind speed from that direction. Wind direction sectors are classified us-ing Pasquill Stabilities. Percent calms (less than or equal to 1.0 mph) are shown in the middle ofthe wind sector graphic.116 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAmbient and Differential TemperaturesMonthly average, minimum and maximum ambient temperatures for 2014 are given in Table 29.These data are measured at the 10m level; with differential temperatures taken from 100m and75m levels. The yearly average ambient temperature was 48.40'F. The maximumtemperature was 91.50'F on September 05, 2014 with a minimum temperature of -13.04'F onJanuary 06, 2014. Yearly average differential temperatures were -0.241'F (100m), and -0.275°F(75m). Maximum differential temperatures for 100 meter and 75m levels were 4.62°F on August8, 2014. Minimum differential temperatures for 100m and 75m levels were -4.03'F on February3, 2014 (100m) and -3.990 on April 15, 2014 (75m). Differential temperatures are a measure-ment of atmospheric stability and used to calculate radioactive plume dispersions based onGaussian Plume Models of continuous effluent releases.Dew Point Temperatures and Relative HumidityMonthly average and extreme dew point temperatures for 2014 are provided inTable 29. These data are measured at the 10m level. The average dew point temperature was5.90'F with a maximum dew point temperature of 35.77°F on September 5, 2014. Please notethat dew point temperatures above 75°F are highly suspect and are possibly due to calm windsand high solar heating allowing the aspirated dew point processor to retain heat. The minimumdew point (dew point under 32°F is frost point) temperature was -39.07'F on January 6, 2014. Itis possible to have relative humidity above 100 percent, which is known as supersaturation.Conditions for supersaturation have been met a few times at Davis-Besse due to its close proxim-ity to Lake Erie, and the evaporative pool of moisture available from such a large body of water.PrecipitationMonthly totals and extremes of precipitation at Davis-Besse for 2014 are given in Table 29. To-tal precipitation for the year was 26.32 inches. The maximum daily precipitation total was 1.73inches on September 10, 2014. There were many days on which no precipitation was recorded.It is likely that precipitation totals recorded in colder months are somewhat less than actual dueto snow/sleet blowing across the collection unit rather than accumulating in the gauge.Lake Breeze and Lake Level MonitoringLake Breeze is monitored at Davis-Besse because of its potential to cause major atmospheric/dispersion problems during the unlikely event of an unplanned radioactive release.A lake breeze event occurs during the daytime, usually during the summer, where the land sur-face heats up faster than the water and reaches higher temperatures than the temperature of thewater. The warmer air above the land rises faster because it is less dense than the cooler air overthe lake. This leads to rising air currents over the land with denser cold air descending over thelake. This starts a wind circulation which draws air from the water to the land during the day-time, creating a "Lake Breeze" effect. This event could be problematic if a release were to occur,because diffusion would be slow, thus creating an adverse atmosphere to the area surrounding thesite.117 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportLake and Forebay levels are monitored at Davis-Besse to observe, evaluate, predict and dissemi-nate high or low lake level information. This data is critical to the operation of the plant due tothe large amounts of water needed to cool plant components. If water levels get too low, theplant operators can take measures for the safe shutdown of the plant. Since Lake Erie is the shal-lowest of the Great Lakes, it is not uncommon for five feet of lake level fluctuation to occurwithin an eight to ten hour period (plus or minus). High water levels also affect the plant due toemergency transportation and evacuation routes.118 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 27Sumnmary of Meteorological Data Recovery For TheDavis-Besse Nuclear Power StationJanuary 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 2014100m Wind Speed 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.98100M Wind Direction 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10075M Wind Speed 99.87 100 99.87 90.83 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.2275M Wind Direction 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 10010MWindSpeed 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.98IOM Wind Direction 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100IOMAmbientAirTemp 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.971OM Dew Point Temp 99.87 100 99.87 100 99.73 100 100 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 99.93DeltaT(100M-IOM) 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.97DeltaT(75M-IOM) 99.87 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.97Joint 1 OOM Winds andDeltaT(1OOM-1OM) 99.87 100 90.83 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.21Joint 75M Winds andDeltaT(100M-1OM) 99.87 100 90.83 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.21Joint 10M Winds andDeltaT(75M-IOM) 99.87 100 100 100 100 100 100 99.87 100 100 100 100 99.97*all data for individual months expressed as percent of time instrument was operable during the month, divided by the maximum number of hoursin that month that the instrument could be operable. Values for annual data recoveries equals the percent of time instrument was operable duringthe year, divided by the number of hours in the year that the instrument was operable.119 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 28Summary of Meteorological Data Measured atDavis-Besse Nuclear Power StationJanuary 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPOCT NOV DEC 2014100M WINDMax Speed (mph)Date of Max SpeedMin Speed (mph)Date of Min SpeedAve Wind Speed75M WINDMax Speed (mph)Date of Max SpeedMin Speed (mph)Date of Min SpeedAve Wind Speed10M WINDMax Speed (mph)Date of Max SpeedMin Speed (mph)Date of Min SpeedAve Wind Speed39.31 44.9201/27 02/211.07 1.4801/01 02/0320.94 16.7736.51 42.4401/27 02/211.80 1.6001/17 02/0319.00 15.3027.51 33.7401/19 02/211.14 0.3101/09 02/0912.44 9.6948.20 44.13 31.2403/12 04/01 05/032.29 2.15 2.9003/31 04/08 05/1117.16 18.18 14.6633.96 32.0206/17 07/082.04 1.2606/25 07/1913.71 13.3246.16 42.31 31.08 32.00 30.1503/12 04/01 05/03 06/17 07/081.11 0.33 2.73 1.60 0.9903/31 04/06 05/24 06/25 07/1915.45 15.84 13.44 12.50 12.2426.44 31.8508/30 09/101.69 1.1808/07 09/2812.35 13.0024.53 29.2708/30 09/101.40 1.5308/05 09/2811.32 11.9516.11 20.3208/30 09/211.34 1.2108/04 09/286.62 6.7970.8410/161.9810/2316.6170.7610/161.6410/2715.1669.6010/160.0210/168.8453.8211/242.2511/2619.8551.2311/242.7311/2618.1239.5711/241.6111/1611.3836.6612/241.5912/2116.1334.3312/241.8312/1914.8024.2012/240.7912/209.3370.8410/161.0701/0116.0570.7610/160.3304/0614.5869.6010/160.0210/169.0734.46 33.00 22.0903/12 04/01 05/011.06 1.76 1.0103/07 04/05 05/289.90 10.60 8.4323.24 21.4706/17 07/271.38 1.1906/27 07/217.39 7.54*all data for individual months expressed as percent of tine instrument was operable during the month, divided by the maximum number of hours in that month that the instru-ment could be operable. Values for annual data recoveries equals the percent of time instrument was operable during the year, divided by the number of hours in the year thatthe instrument was operable.120 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 28 (continued)Summary of Meteorological Data Measured atDavis-Besse Nuclear Power StationJanuary 1, 2014 through December 31, 2014JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 201410M AMBIENT TEMPMax (F) 48.00 52.03 52.58 76.23 86.00 90.03 87.57 88.03 91.50 77.97Date of Max 01/13 02/20 03/14 04/13 05/08 06/17 07/22 08/26 09/05 10/27Min (F) -13.04 -12.75 1.64 27.53 38.81 52.70 53.89 53.76 46.77 35.12Date of Min 01/06 02/12 03/03 04/16 05/16 06/14 07/16 08/16 09/23 10/19Ave Temp 18.57 19.65 29.08 48.61 61.12 71.05 70.29 71.21 63.83 53.6110M DEW POINT TEMPMean (F) -15.42 -14.49 -8.12 5.52 14.78 22.40 21.71 23.03 17.69 9.40Max (F) 5.79 10.21 9.08 23.58 31.10 33.38 32.89 34.15 35.77 25.08Date of Max 01/11 02/20 03/11 04/13 05/13 06/17 07/22 08/26 09/05 10/2765.3611/1110.8811/1837.10-3.0516.0311/1154.58 91.5012/24 09/0513.94 -13.0412/31 01/0634.70 48.40-4.06 5.9012.88 35.7712/24 09/05Min (F) -39.07 -36.65 -28.50 -11.23 0.42 9.48 10.66 9.97 5.44 -2.81 -22.81 -19.60 -39.07DateofMin 01/06 02/12 03/03 04/16 05/16 06/14 07/29 08/16 09/22 10/19 11/18 12/31 01/06PRECIPITATIONTotal(inches) 2.00 1.91 0.46 3.01 1.92 3.19 3.33 1.99 4.00 1.84 1.58 1.09 26.32Max. in One Day 1.11 0.79 0.11 0.77 0.62 0.70 1.24 0.89 1.73 0.50 0.54 0.32 1.73Date 01/09 02/20 03/27 04/03 05/15 06/23 07/08 08/02 09/10 10/07 11/23 12/24 09/10121 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFigure 32Wind Rose Annual Average 1 OOME.4,.N~. ~SDAVIS-BESSEANNUAL 2014100M LEVEL122 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFigure 33Wind Rose Annual Average 75MWELiLAi1~ C~{WjiDAVIS-BESSEANNUAL201475M LEVEL123 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportFigure 34Wind Rose Annual Average 1 OMWIE-L72E A:DAVIS-BESSEANNUAL 20141OM LEVEL124 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 29Joint Frequency Distribution by Stability ClassDAVIS-BESSE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE UNITPROGRAM: JFD VERSION: F77-1.0DAVIS-BESSE 75-10 DT, NO BACKUPDATA PERIOD EXAMINED: 01/01/14 -12/31/1413-Feb-15 PAGE 94TIME OF DAY: 08:16:24SITE IDENTIFIER: 14*** ANNUAL ***STABILITY CLASS GSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTALCALM1.01-3.49 I 23.50-7.49 0 07.50-12,49 0 012.50- 18.49 0 018.50 -24.49 0 0>24.49 0 00010000 2 2 4 5 21 40 222 7 10 10 6 10 42 280 3 2 0 0 1 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 011 78 20 00 00 00 02000000000000 1200 1250 70 00 00 0TOTAL22 12 14 14 11 32 82 50 19 92 1 0 254STABILITY CLASS ALLSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)CALMN NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAL221.01-3.49 12 15 16 22 26 36 74 107 165 169 95 63 38 22 19 17 8963.50-7.49 77 103 130 160 270 278 191 162 242 540 364 222 182 72 72 83 31487.50-12.49 102 86 158 240 268 154 18 29 96 439 468 383 283 115 169 192 320012.50- 18.49 73 75 104 52 68 6 2 1 12 128 337 330 153 75 90 106 161218.50- 24.49 27 23 47 1 5 0 0 0 1 12 111 217 30 6 17 23 520>24.49 18 8 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 49 0 2 0 1 102TOTAL 309 310 457 475 637 475 285 299 516 1288 1396 1264 686 292 367 422 9500DAVIS-BESSE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE UNITPROGRAM: JFD VERSION: F77-1.0DAVIS-BESSE 75-10 DT, NO BACKUP13-Feb-15 PAGE 91TIME OF DAY: 08:16:24SITE IDENTIFIER: 14125 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportDATA PERIOD EXAMINED: 01/01/14 -12/31/14*** ANNUAL ***STABILITY CLASS ASTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTALCALM1.01-3.49 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 03.50-7.49 8 2 3 1 1 1 3 3 15 2 07.50-12.49 4 1 4 3 9 6 0 1 6 13 512.50- 18.49 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 218.50 -24.49 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0>24.49 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 03 19 32 10 00 00 0 0 40 1 7 511 8 11 844 5 3 200 6 4 110 0 0 2TOTAL 16 4 7 4 12 7 3 4 23 16 7 14 55 20 25 172STABILITY CLASS BSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH) N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTALCALM1.01-3.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 03.50-7.49 8 6 0 0 2 0 1 5 6 4 1 5 07.50-12.49 3 3 0 6 12 3 0 2 4 15 22 19 412.50 -18.49 2 2 0 3 4 1 0 0 0 I 17 9 618.50-24.49 I 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0>24.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 1 12 4 11 555 10 20 1284 6 10 650 0 2 80 0 0 0TOTAL 14 11 0 9 19 4 1 7 10 20 42 35 10 11 20 44 257DAVIS-BESSE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE UNITPROGRAM: JFD VERSION: F77-1.0DAVIS-BESSE 75-10 DT., NO BACKUPDATA PERIOD EXAMINED: 01/01/14 -12/31/1413-Feb-15 PAGE 92TIME OF DAY: 08:16:24SITE IDENTIFIER: 14*** ANNUAL ***STABILITY CLASS CBETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA TWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPH126 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTALCALM1.01-3.49 13.50-7.49 57.50- 12.49 512.50- 18.49 218.50 -24.49 0>24.49 11 0 0 07 6 0 101 3 21 279 2 4 70 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 01 4 106 0 12 0 00 0 00 0 01 0 0 0 06 5 9 9 03 25 39 31 130 10 25 20 60 1 2 11 100 0 0 3 00 26 28 195 162 30 000 55 858 2105 1131 300 4TOTAL 14 18 11 25 449 4 11 10 41 75 74 2921 42 19 447STABILITY CLASS DSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)CALMN NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAL101.01-3.49 3 4 8 10 6 11 10 17 24 18 16 5 6 4 4 3 1493.50-7.49 32 69 91 116 140 112 52 50 59 103 85 69 47 15 30 30 11007.50-12.49 81 70 131 164 161 79 9 11 54 182 199 199 185 66 109 120 182012.50- 18.49 64 57 99 44 54 3 1 0 8 59 216 257 129 55 58 86 119018.50- 24.49 25 22 47 1 4 0 0 0 0 8 90 183 20 3 8 16 427>24.49 15 8 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 40 0 2 0 0 89TOTAL 220 230 378 335 365 206 72 78 145 370 627 753 387 145 209 255 4785DAVIS-BESSE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE UNITPROGRAM: JFD VERSION: F77-1.0DAVIS-BESSE 75-10 DT, NO BACKUPDATA PERIOD EXAMINED: 01/01/14- 12/31/1413-Feb-15 PAGE 93TIME OF DAY: 08:16:24SITE IDENTIFIER: 14***ANNUAL ***127 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSTABILITY CLASS ESTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)CALMN NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAL101.01-3.49 2 4 5 11 13 19 36 41 39 51 23 23 8 12 8 9 3043.50-7.49 21 16 28 36 95 130 105 73 113 268 164 102 99 37 31 29 13477.50-12.49 8 11 19 45 52 51 8 14 28 200 200 114 69 33 23 32 90712.50 -18.49 5 7 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 56 77 42 11 7 5 2 22218.50- 24.49 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 17 21 0 1 0 0 44>24.49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 1 7TOTAL 36 39 55 93 161 200 150 129 184 578 481 308 187 90 67STABILITY CLASS FSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEET73 2841SPEED(MPH) N NNECALM1.01-3.49 4 33.50-7.49 3 37.50-12.49 1 012.50- 18.49 0 018.50- 24.49 0 0>24.49 0 0NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAI.3 1 5 4 24 44 78 60 342 5 15 24 16 15 33 116 770 1 4 7 1 0 0 4 30 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 024 1726 3311 90 00 00 0412200044000004 3131 385I 440 20 00 0TOTAL8 6 5 7 24 35 41 59 112 181 114 61 5918 8 6 744PAGE 94DAVIS-BESSE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE UNIT13-Feb-15128 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportPROGRAM: JFD VERSION: F77-1.0DAVIS-BESSE 75-10 DT, NO BACKUPDATA PERIOD EXAMINED: 01/01/14- 12/31/14TIME OF DAY: 08:16:24SITE IDENTIFIER: 14*** ANNUAL ***STABILITY CLASS GSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTALCALM1.01-3.49 13.50- 7.49 07.50-12.49 012.50- 18.49 018.50 -24.49 0>24.49 02000000 0 2 2 4 5 21 40 22 11 70 2 7 10 10 6 10 42 28 8 21 0 3 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 10 00 00 00 00 00 1200 1250 70 00 00 0TOTAL1 2 1 2 12 14 14 11 32 82 5019 9 20 254STABILITY CLASS ALLSTABILITY BASED ON: DELTA T BETWEEN 250.0 AND 35.0 FEETWIND MEASURED AT: 35.0 FEETWIND THRESHOLD AT: 1.00 MPHJOINT FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION IN HOURS AT 35.00 FEETSPEED(MPH)CALMN NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW TOTAL221.01-3.49 12 15 16 22 26 36 74 107 165 169 95 63 38 22 19 17 8963.50-7.49 77 103 130 160 270 278 191 162 242 540 364 222 182 72 72 83 31487.50-12.49 102 86 158 240 268 154 18 29 96 439 468 383 283 115 169 192 320012.50- 18.49 73 75 104 52 68 6 2 1 12 128 337 330 153 75 90 106 161218.50-24.49 27 23 47 1 5 0 0 0 1 12 111 217 30 6 17 23 520;-24.49 18 8 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 21 49 0 2 0 1 102TOTAL 309 310 457 475 637 475 285 299 516 1288 1396 1264 686 292 367 422 9500129 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportLand and Wetlands ManagementThe Navarre Marsh, which is part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, makes up 733 acres ofwetlands on the southwestern shore of Lake Erie and surrounds the Davis-Besse Nuclear PowerStation. The marsh is owned by FirstEnergy and jointly managed by the U.S. Fish and WildlifeService and FirstEnergy. Navarre Marsh is divided into three pools. The pools are separatedfrom Lake Erie and each other by a series of dikes and revetments. Davis-Besse is responsiblefor the maintenance and repair of the dikes and controlling the water levels in each of the pools.A revetment is a retaining structure designed to hold water back for the purposes of erosion con-trol and beach formation. Revetments are built with a gradual slope, which causes waves to dis-sipate their energy when they strike their large surface area. Beach formation is encouragedthrough the passive deposition of sediment. A dike is a retaining structure designed to hold wa-ter for the purpose of flood control and to aid in the management of wetland habitat. When usedas a marsh management tool, dikes help in controlling water levels in order to maintain desiredvegetation and animal species. Manipulating water levels is one of the most important marshmanagement techniques used in the Navarre Marsh. Three major types of wetland communitiesexist in Navarre Marsh, the freshwater marsh, the swamp forest, and the wet meadow. Also,there exists a narrow dry beach ridge along the lakefront, with a sandbar extending out into LakeErie. All these areas provide essential food, shelter and nesting habitat, as well as a resting areafor migratory birds.Davis-Besse personnel combine their efforts with a number of conservation agencies and organi-zations. The Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources(ODNR), and the Black Swamp Bird Observatory work to preserve and enhance existing habitat.Knowledge is gained through research and is used to help educate the public about the im-portance of preserving wetlands.With its location along two major migratory flyways, the Navarre Marsh serves as a refuge for avariety of birds in the spring and fall, giving them an area to rest and restore energy reserves be-fore continuing their migration. The Black Swamp Bird Observatory, a volunteer research group,captures, bands, catalogues, and releases songbirds in the marsh during these periods.Navarre Marsh is also home to wildlife that is typical of much of the marshland in this area, in-cluding deer, fox, coyote, beavers, muskrats, mink, rabbits, groundhogs, hawks, owls, ducks,geese, herons, snakes and turtles. American Bald Eagles chose the Navarre Marsh as a nestingsite in late 1994, and fledged a healthy eaglet in July 1995. A second pair built a nest in 1999-2000. Two dozen eagles have fledged from these two nests since 1994. Ohio has gone from alow of 4 nesting eagle pairs statewide in 1978 to setting new hatch records every year for overthree decades.130 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportWater Treatment Plant OperationDescriptionThe Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station draws water from Lake Erie for its water treatmentplant. The lake water is treated with sodium hypochlorite and/or sodium bromide, coagulant aid,filtration, electrolysis and demineralization to produce high-purity water used in many of the Sta-tion's cooling systems.Water from the Carroll Township Water Treatment Plant is used in Davis-Besse's Fire ProtectionSystem.Water Treatment SystemRaw water from Lake Erie enters an intake structure, then passes through traveling screens whichremove debris greater than one-half inch in size. The water is then pumped to chlorine detentiontanks. Next, the water is sent to the pre-treatment system, which is comprised of coagulation andfiltration to remove sediment, organic debris, and certain dissolved compounds from the raw wa-ter. The next step of the process is reverse osmosis, where pressure is used to remove certain im-purities by passing the water through a selectively-permeable membrane. The water is thenstripped of dissolved gases, softened, electrolytically deionized and finally, is routed through apolishing demineralization process before being sent to storage.Domestic WaterWhen Davis-Besse began operation over 35 years ago, all site domestic water was produced inthe Water Treatment Facility. Operation of the domestic water treatment and distribution system,including the collection and analysis of daily samples, was reportable to the Ohio EnvironmentalProtection Agency.Since December of 1998, the Carroll Township Water Treatment Plant has supplied domesticwater to Davis-Besse. Carroll Township Water and Wastewater District follow all applicableregulatory requirements for the sampling and analysis of Station drinking water.Zebra Mussel ControlWith the exception of its domestic water, the Plant withdraws all of its water through an intakesystem from Lake Erie. Zebra mussels have, in the past, had the potential to severely impact theavailability of water for Plant processes. Dreissena polymorpha, commonly known as the zebramussel, is a native European bivalve that was introduced into the Great Lakes in 1986 and wasdiscovered in Lake Erie in 1989. Zebra mussels are prolific breeders that rapidly colonize an ar-ea by forming byssal threads, which enable them to attach to solid surfaces and to each other.Because of their ability to attach in this manner, they may form layers several inches deep. Thishas posed problems to facilities in the past for water intakes on Lake Erie because mussels attachto the intake structures and restrict water flow.131 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportZebra mussels have not caused any significant problems at Davis-Besse due to effective biocidecontrol. At present, the mussel populations are declining.Algae ControlLake Erie continues to exhibit changes, and strand-forming blue-green algae has become moreprolific during the last few years. Blue-green algae has the potential to cause problems with Cic-ulating Water screen plugging and system fouling. Increased addition of oxidants has kept thealgae in check thus far, but changes in lake conditions requires constant vigilance to prevent op-erational challenges.Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) OperationThe WWTP operation is supervised by an Ohio licensed Wastewater Operator. Wastewater gen-erated by site personnel is treated in an onsite extended aeration package treatment facility de-signed to accommodate up to 38,000 gallons per day. In the treatment process, wastewater fromthe various collection points around the site enters the facility through a grinder, from where it isdistributed to the surge tanks of one or both of the treatment plants.The wastewater is then pumped into aeration tanks, where it is digested by microorganisms. Ox-ygen is necessary for good sewage treatment, and is provided to the microbes by blowers and dif-fusers. The mixture of organics, microorganisms, and decomposed wastes is called activatedsludge. The treated wastewater settles in a clarifier, and the clear liquid leaves the clarifier undera weir and exits the plant through an effluent trough. The activated sludge contains the organ-isms necessary for continued treatment, and is pumped back to the aeration tank to digest incom-ing wastewater. The effluent leaving the plant is drained to the wastewater basin (NPDES Out-fall 601) where further treatment takes place.National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) ReportingThe Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (OEPA) has established limits on the amount of pol-lutants that Davis-Besse may discharge to the environment. These limits are regulated throughthe Station's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit, number21B00011. Parameters such as chlorine, suspended solids and pH are monitored under theNPDES permit. Davis-Besse personnel prepare the NPDES Reports and submit them to theOEPA each month.Davis-Besse has eight sampling points described in the NPDES permit. Seven of these locationsare discharge points, or outfalls, and one is a temperature monitoring location. Descriptions ofthese sampling points follow:Outfall 001Collection Box: a point representative of discharge to Lake ErieSource of Wastes: Low volume wastes (Outfalls 601 and 602), Circulating Water systemblow-down and Service Water132 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportOutfall 002Area Runoff: Discharge to Toussaint RiverSource of Wastes: Storm water runoff, Circulating Water pump house sumpsOutfall 003Screenwash Catch Basin: Outfall to Navarre MarshSource of Wastes: Backwash water and debris from water intake screensOutfall 004Cooling Tower Basin Ponds: Outfall to State Route 2 DitchSource of Wastes: Circulating Water System drain (only during system outages)Outfall 588Sludge MonitoringSource of Wastes: Wastewater Plant sludge shipped for offsite processingOutfall 601Wastewater Plant Tertiary Treatment Basin: Discharge from Wastewater TreatmentPlantSources of Wastes: Wastewater Treatment PlantOutfall 602Low volume wastes: Discharge from settling basinsSources of wastes: Water treatment residues, Condensate Polishing Holdup Tank decantsand Condensate Pit sumpsSampling Point 801Intake Temperature: Intake water prior to cooling operation2014 NPDES SummaryThere was one National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) violation on Au-gust 19, 2014, when the Total Residual Oxidants (TRO) at Outfall 001 measured 0.11 partsper million (PPM), exceeding the permit limit of 0.05 PPM. The chlorination system wasisolated until the TRO was restored to within permit limits.Chemical Waste ManagementThe Chemical Waste Management Program for hazardous and nonhazardous chemical wastesgenerated at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was developed to ensure wastes are man-aged and disposed of in accordance with all applicable state and federal regulations.133 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportResource Conservation and Recovery ActThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) is the statute which regulates solid haz-ardous waste. Solid waste is defined as a solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material.The major goals of RCRA are to establish a hazardous waste regulatory program to protect hu-man health and the environment and to encourage the establishment of solid waste management,resource recovery, and resource conservation systems. The intent of the hazardous waste man-agement program is to control hazardous wastes from the time they are generated until they areproperly disposed of, commonly referred to as "cradle to grave" management. Anyone who gen-erates, transports, stores, treats, or disposes of hazardous waste are subject to regulation underRCRA.Under RCRA, there are essentially three categories of waste generators:* Large quantity Generators -A facility which generates 1,000 kilograms/month(2,200 lbs./month) or more." Small quantity Generators -A facility which generates less than 1,000 kilograms/month (2,200 lbs./month).* Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators -A facility which generates 100 kilo-grams/month (220 lbs./month).In 2014, the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station generated approximately 4,125 pounds of haz-ardous waste.Non-hazardous waste generated in 2014 included 6,685 gallons of used oil and 38,500 pounds ofother nonhazardous wastes such as oil filters, resins and caulks.RCRA mandates other requirements such as the use of proper storage and shipping containers,labels, manifests, reports, personnel training, a spill control plan and an accident contingencyplan. These are part of the Chemical Management Program at Davis-Besse. The following arecompleted as part of the hazardous waste management program and RCRA regulations:" Weekly Inspections of the Chemical Waste Accumulation Areas are designated through-out the site to ensure proper handling and disposal of chemical waste. These, along withthe Chemical Waste Storage Area, are routinely patrolled by security personnel and in-spected weekly by Environmental and Chemistry personnel. All areas used for storage oraccumulation of hazardous waste are posted with warning signs and drums are color-coded for easy identification of waste categories." Waste Inventory Forms are placed on waste accumulation drums or provided in the ac-cumulation area for employees to record the waste type and amount when chemicals areadded to the drum. This ensures that incompatible wastes are not mixed and also identi-fies the drum contents for proper disposal.134 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportOther Environmental Regulating ActsComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability ActThe Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, orSuperfund) established a federal authority and source of funding for responding to spills and oth-er releases of hazardous materials, pollutants and contaminants into the environment. Superfundestablishes "reportable quantities" for several hundred hazardous materials and regulates thecleanup of abandoned hazardous waste disposal sites.Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act (SARA)Superfund was amended in October 1986 to establish new reporting programs dealing withemergency preparedness and community right-to-know laws. As part of this program, CERCLAis enhanced by ensuring that the potential for release of hazardous substances is minimized, andthat adequate and timely responses are made to protect surrounding populations.Davis-Besse conducts site-wide inspections to identify and record all hazardous products andchemicals onsite as required by SARA. Determinations are made as to which products andchemicals are present in reportable quantities.Annual SARA reports are submitted to local fire departments and state and local planning com-missions by March 1 for the preceding calendar year.Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)The Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) was enacted to provide the USEPA with the authorityto require testing of new chemical substances for potential health effects before they are intro-duced into the environment, and to regulate them where necessary. This law would have littleimpact on utilities except for the fact that one family of chemicals, polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs), has been singled out by TSCA. This has resulted in an extensive PCB management sys-tem, very similar to the hazardous waste management system established under RCRA.In 1992, Davis-Besse completed an aggressive program that eliminated PCB transformers onsite.PCB transformers were either changed out with non-PCB fluid transformers or retrofilled withnon-PCB liquid.Retro-filling PCB transformers involves flushing the PCB fluid out of a transformer, refilling itwith PCB-leaching solvents and allowing the solvent to circulate in the transformer duringoperation. The entire retro-fill process takes several years and will extract almost all of the PCB.In all, Davis-Besse performed retro-fill activities on eleven PCB transformers between 1987 and1992. The only remaining PCB containing equipment onsite are a limited number of capacitors.These capacitors are being replaced and disposed of during scheduled maintenance activities.135 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportClean Air ActThe Clean Air Act identifies substances that are considered air pollutants. Davis-Besse holds anOEPA permit to operate an Air Contaminant Source for the station Auxiliary Boiler. This boileris used to heat the station and provide steam to plant systems when the reactor is not operating.A report detailing the Auxiliary Boiler operation is submitted annually.The Ohio EPA has granted an exemption from permitting our six emergency diesel engines, in-cluding the Station Blackout Diesel Generator, the 2 Emergency Diesel Generators, the Emer-gency Response Facility Diesel Generator, the Miscellaneous Diesel, and the Fire Pump Diesel.These sources are operated infrequently to verify their reliability, and would only be used in theevent of an emergency.In response to recent "Clean Air Act Title V" legislation, an independent study identifying andquantifying all of the air pollution sources onsite was performed. Of particular significance isasbestos removal from renovation and demolition projects for which USEPA has outlined specif-ic regulations concerning handling, removal, environmental protection, and disposal. Also, theOccupational Safety and Health Protection Administration (OSHA) strictly regulates asbestoswith a concern for worker protection. Removal teams must meet medical surveillance, respiratorfit tests, and training requirements prior to removing asbestos-containing material. Asbestos isnot considered a hazardous waste by RCRA, but the EPA does require special handling and dis-posal of this waste under the Clean Air Act.Transportation Safety ActThe transportation of hazardous chemicals, including chemical waste, is regulated by the Trans-portation Safety Act of 1976. These regulations are enforced by the United States Department ofTransportation (DOT) and cover all aspects of transporting hazardous materials, including pack-ing, handling, labeling, marking, and placarding. Before any wastes are transported off site, Da-vis-Besse must ensure that the wastes are identified, labeled and marked according to DOT regu-lations, including verification that the vehicle has appropriate placards and it is in good operatingcondition.Other Environmental ProgramsUnderground Storage TanksAccording to RCRA, facilities with Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) are required to notifythe State. This regulation was implemented in order to provide protection from tank contentsleaking and causing damage to the environment. Additional standards require leak detection sys-tems and performance standards for new tanks. At Davis-Besse two 40,000 gallon and one 8,000gallon diesel fuel storage tanks are registered USTs.136 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportSpill KitsSpill control equipment is maintained throughout the Station at chemical storage areas and haz-ardous chemical and oil use areas. Equipment in the kits may include chemical-resistant cover-alls, gloves, boots, decontamination agents, absorbent cloth, goggles and warning signs.Waste Minimization and RecyclingMunicipal Solid Waste (MSW) is normal trash produced by individuals at home and by indus-tries. In some communities, MSW is burned in specially designed incinerators to produce poweror is separated into waste types (such as aluminum, glass, and paper) and recycled. The vast ma-jority of MSW is sent to landfills for disposal. As the population increases and older landfillsreach their capacity, MSW disposal becomes an important economic, health, and resource issue.The State of Ohio has addressed the issue with the State Solid Waste Management Plan, other-wise known as Ohio House Bill 592. The intent of the bill is to extend the life of existing land-fills by reducing the amount of MSW produced, by reusing certain waste material, and by recy-cling other wastes. This is frequently referred to as "Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle."Davis-Besse has implemented and participated in company wide programs that emphasize thereduction, reuse, recycle approach to MSW management. An active Investment Recovery Pro-gram has greatly contributed to the reduction of both hazardous and municipal waste generatedby evaluating options for uses of surplus materials prior to the materials entering Davis-Besse'swaste streams. Such programs include paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, used tires, and metalsrecycling or recovery. Paper and cardboard recycling is typically in excess of 50 tons annually.This represents a large volume of recyclable resources, which would have otherwise been placedin a landfill. Aluminum soft drink cans are collected for the Boy Scouts of America to recycle.Additionally, lead-acid batteries are recycled and tires are returned to the seller for proper dispos-al.Although scrap metal is not usually considered part of the MSW stream, Davis-Besse collectsand recycles scrap metals, which are sold at market price to a scrap dealer for resource recovery.137 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportS* I Environmental, Inc.IMidwest Laboratory700 Landwehr Road -Northbrook. IL 60062-2310phone (847) 564-0700 -fax (847) 564-4517APPENDIXAINTERLABORATORY COMPARISON PROGRAM RESULTSNOTE: Environmental Inc., Midwest Laboratory participates in intercomparison studies administered byEnvironmental Resources Associates, and serves as a replacement for studies conducted previousbythe U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada. Results arereported in AppendixA TLD Intercompanson results, in-house spikes, blanks, duplicates andmbed analyte perfiormance evaluation program results are also reported. AppendixAis updatedibur times a year, the complete Appendix is included in March, June, September and Decembermonthlyprogress reports only.January, 2014 through December, 2014138 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAppendix AIntedaboratory Comparison Program ResultsEnvironmental, Inc., Midwest Laboratory has participated in interlaboratory comparison (crosscheck)programs since the formulation of it's quality control program in December 1971. These programs areoperated by agencies which supply environmental type samples containing concentrations of radionuclid,known to the issuing agency but not to participant laboratories. The purpose of such a program is to proan independent check on a laboratory's analytical procedures and to alert it of any possible problems.Participant laboratories measure the concentration of specified radionuclides and report them to the issuagency. Several months later, the agency reports the known values to the participant laboratories andspecifies control limits. Results consistently higher or lower than the known values or outside the contnlimits indicate a need to check the instruments or procedures used.Results in Table A-1 were obtained through participation in the environmental sample crosscheck prograradministered by Environmental Resources Associates, serving as a replacement for studies conductedpreviously by the U.S. EPA Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, Nevada.Table A-2 lists results for thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), via InternationalIntercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters, when available, and internal laboratory testing.Table A-3 lists results of the analyses on in-house "spiked" samples for the past twelve months. All samare prepared using NIST traceable sources. Data for previous years available upon request.Table A-4 lists results of the analyses on in-house "blank" samples for the past twelve months. Data forprevous years available upon request.Table A-5 lists REMP specific analytical results from the in-house "duplicate" program for the past twelvmonths. Acceptance is based on the difference of the results being less than the sum of the errors.Complete analytical data for duplicate analyses is available upon request.The results in Table A-6 were obtained through participation in the Mixed Analyte Performance EvaluatiolProgram.Results in Table A-7 were obtained through participation in the environmental sample crosscheck prograiadministered by Environmental Resources Associates, serving as a replacement for studies conductedpreviously by the Environmental Measurement Laboratory Quality Assessment Program (EML).Attachment A lists the laboratory precision at the 1 sigma level for various analyses. The acceptance cri'in Table A-3 is set at +/- 2 sigma.Out-of-limit results are explained directly below the result.Al139 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAttachment AACCEPTANCE CRITERIA FOR "SPIKED" SAMPLESLABORATORY PRECISION: ONE STANDARD DEVLA11ON VALUES FOR VARIOUS ANALYSES'One standard deviationAnalysis Level for single determinationesGamma Emitters 5 to 100 pCi/liter or kg 5.0 pCi/liter> 100 pCi/liter or kg 5% of known valueStrontium-89b 5 to 50 pCi/liter or kg 5.0 pCi/liter> 50 pCi/liter or kg 10% of known valueStrontium-90b 2 to 30 pCi/liter or kg 5.0 pCi/liter> 30 pCi/liter or kg 10% of known valuePotassium-40 > 0.1 g/liter or kg 5% of known valueGross alpha < 20 pCi/liter 5.0 pCi/liter> 20 pCi/liter 25% of known valueGross beta < 100 pCi/liter 5.0 pCi/literiples > 100 pCi/liter 5% of known valueTritium < 4,000 pCi/liter + 1a =169.85 x (known)00933> 4,000 pCi/liter 10% of known valueRadium-226,-228 > 0.1 pCi/liter 15% of known valuePlutonium > 0.1 pCi/liter, gram, or sample 10% of known valueIodine-131, < 55 pCi/liter 6 pCi/literIodine-129b > 55 pCi/liter 10% of known valueUranium-238, s 35 pCi/liter 6 pCi/literNickel-63b > 35 pCi/liter 15% of known valueTechnetiUM~99bIron-55b50 to 100 pCi/liter> 100 pCi/liter10 pCi/liter10% of known value20% of known valueOther Analyses ba From EPA publication, "Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Intercornparison StudiesPrograM Fiscal Year, 1981-1982, EPA-600/4-81-004.b Laboratory limit.A2140 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-1. Interlaboratory Comparison Crosscheck program, Environmental Resource Associates (ERA)Concentration (pCi/L)Lab Code Date Analysis Laboratory ERA ControlResultb Resultc Limits AcceptanceERW-1 384ERW-1 384ERW-1 385ERW-1 385ERW-1 385ERW-1 385ERW-1 385ERW-1 388ERW-1 388ERW-1 391ERW-1 394ERW-1 394ERW-1 394ERW-1 397ERW-5382ERW-5382ERW-5385ERW-5385ERW-5385ERW-5385ERW-5385ERW-5388ERW-5388ERW-5392ERW-5394ERW-5394ERW-5394ERW-53974/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/20144/7/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/201410/6/2014Sr-89Sr-90Ba-1 33Co-60Cs-134Cs-137Zn-65Gr. AlphaGr. Beta1-131Ra-226Ra-228UraniumH-3Sr-89Sr-90Ba-1 33Cs-1 34Cs-1 37Co-60Zn-65Gr. AlphaG. Beta1-131Ra-226Ra-228UraniumH-340.29 +/- 5.7624.08 +/- 2.3578.23 +/- 3.9362.75 +/- 3.5344.97 +/- 3.9988.54 +/- 4.93249.1 +/- 10.456.70 +/- 2.4732.10 +/- 1.2025.52 +/- 1.1212.30 +/- 0.615.08 +/- 1.1610.76 +/- 0.748982 +/- 27929.40 +/- 5.3219.19 +/- 1.8543.54 +/- 4.5481.95 +/- 7.4995.76 +/- 5.5090.25 +/- 2.77327.4 +/- 23.330.88 +/- 8.0520.47 +/- 4.7519.58 +/- 2.3515.10 +/- 1.814.42 +/- 0.865.51 +/- 0.376876 +/- 38336.7026.5087.9064.2044.3089.10235.061.0033.0025.7012.404.2610.20877031.4021.8049.1089.8098.8092.10310.037.6027.4020.3014.704.315.80688027.50 +/- 43.6019.20 +/- 30.9074.00 +/- 96.7057.80 +/- 73.1035.50 +/- 48.7080.20 +/- 101.00212.0 -275.031.90 +/- 75.8021.40 +/- 40.7021.30 +/- 30.309.26 +/- 14.302.46 +/- 5.867.95 +/- 11.807610 -965022.80 +/- 38.1015.60 +/- 25.7040.30 +/- 54.5073.70 +/- 98.8088.90 +/- 111.0082.90 +/- 104.00279.0 -362.019.40 +/- 46.1017.30 +/- 35.3016.80 +/- 24.4011.00 +/- 16.902.50 +/- 5.924.34 +/- 6.965940 -7570PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassa Results obtained by Environmental, Inc., Midwest Laboratory as a participant in the crosscheck program for proficientesting in drinking water conducted by Environmental Resources Associates (ERA).b Unless otherwise indicated, the laboratory result is given as the mean + standard deviation for three determinations.Results are presented as the know n values, expected laboratory precision (1 sigma, 1 determination) and control limitsas provided by ERA.Al-1141 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-2. Thermoluminescent Dosimetry, (TLD, CaSO4: Dy Cards).mRLab Code Date Known Lab Result ControlDescription Value +/- 2 sigma Limits AcceptanceEnvironmental, Inc.2014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-12014-15/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/20145/15/201450 cm.60 cm.70 cm.75 cm.80 cm.90 cm.100 cm.110 cm.120 cm.135 cm.150 cm.165 cm.180 cm.26.8318.6313.6911.9310.488.286.715.544.663.682.982.462.0734.43 +/- 3.7622.20 +/- 1.1614.74 +/- 0.8012.68 +/- 1.0511.81 +/-0.917.72 +/- 0.716.46 +/- 0.715.25 +/- 1.034.76 +/- 0.482.87 +/- 0.462.30 +/- 0.152.09 +/- 0.281.75 +/- 0.2118.78 -34.8813.04 -24.229.58 -17.808.35 -15.517.34 -13.625.80 -10.764.70 -8.723.88 -7.203.26 -6.062.58 -4.782.09 -3.871.72 -3.201.45 -2.69PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassEnvironmental, Inc.2014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-22014-212/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/91201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201412/9/201430 cm.30 cm.60 cm.60 cm.120 cm.120 cm.150 cm.150 cm.150 cm.180 cm.180 cm.180 cm.180 cm.77.0477.0419.2619.264.824.823.083.083.082.142.142.142.1484.03 +/- 8.4783.74 +/- 12.0220.39 +/- 2.3720.33 +/- 1.195.15 +/- 0.205.20 +/- 0.453.84 +/- 0.613.17 +/- 0.383.31 +/- 0.322.27 +/- 0.512.23 +/- 0.122.74 +/- 0.481.97 +/- 0.4153.90 -100.2053.90 -100.2013.50 -25.0013.50 -25.003.40 -6.303.40 -6.302.20 -4.002.20 -4.002.00 -4.001.50 -2.801.50 -2.801.50 -2.801.50 -2.80PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassA2-1142 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-3. In-House "Spiked" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory results Known Control2s, n=1 c Activity Limits d AcceptanceSPW-1011 1/13/2014 Ra-228 35.47 +/- 2.55 30.85 21.60 -40.11 PassSPAP-103 1/13/2014 Gr. Beta 43.91 +/- 0.34 44.82 26.89 -62.75 PassSPAP-105 1/13/2014 Cs-134 2.46 +/- 0.67 2.82 1.69 -3.95 PassSPAP-105 1/13/2014 Cs-137 102.4 +/- 2.7 99.9 89.9 -109.9 PassSPW-107 1/13/2014 H-3 62,380 +/- 707 62,246 49,797 -74,695 PassSPW-129 1/15/2014 Cs-134 69.90 +/-3.71 78.00 68.00 -88.00 PassSPW-129 1/15/2014 Cs-137 84.36 +/- 7.06 75.77 65.77 -85.77 PassSPW-129 1/15/2014 Sr-90 39.48 +/- 1.52 39.20 31.36 -47.04 PassSPW-130 1/15/2014 Ni-63 255.8 +/-3.8 204.0 142.8 -265.2 PassSPW-133 1/15/2014 C-14 3153 +/- 15 4737 2842 -6632 PassSPMI-135 1/15/2014 Cs-134 76.80 +/- 4.04 78.00 68.00 -88.00 PassSPMI-135 1/15/2014 Cs-1 37 80.44 +/- 6.63 75.80 65.80 -85.80 PassW-12014 1/20/2014 Gr. Apha 19.69 +/- 0.41 20.00 10.00 -30.00 PassW-12014 1/20/2014 Gr. Beta 30.35 +/- 0.33 30.90 20.90 -40.90 PassSPW-297 1/29/2014 Tc-99 104.2 +/- 1.7 107.8 75.5 -140.2 PassSPW-657 2/25/2014 Ra-226 15.84 +/- 0.45 16.70 11.69 -21.71 PassSPW-1127 3/26/2014 U-238 43.28 +/- 2.56 41.72 29.20 -54.24 PassSPW-1917 3/28/2014 Pu-238 27.37 +/- 2.13 23.80 14.28 -33.32 PassSPW-1786 4/25/2014 Tc-99 531.1 +/- 8.7 539.15 377.41 -700.90 PassSPW-2168 5/21/2014 Cs-134 70.90 +/- 5.81 69.50 59.50 -79.50 PassSPW-2168 5/21/2014 Cs-137 79.72 +/- 6.49 75.17 65.17 -85.17 PassSPW-2168 5/21/2014 Sr-89 83.35 +/- 5.05 72.85 58.28 -87.42 PassSPW-2168 5/21/2014 Sr-90 33.37 +/- 1.52 38.87 31.10 -46.64 PassSPMI-2170 5/21/2014 Cs-134 64.15 +/- 4.93 69.50 59.50 -79.50 PassSPMI-2170 5/21/2014 Cs-137 76.21 +/-6.91 75.17 65.17 -85.17 PassSPMI-2170 5/21/2014 Sr-89 65.82 +/- 4.89 72.85 58.28 -87.42 PassSPMI-2170 5/21/2014 Sr-90 40.90 +/- 1.59 38.87 31.10 -46.64 PassSPW-2792 6/18/2014 U-238 44.80 +/- 1.54 41.70 29.19 -54.21 PassSPW-2796 6/18/2014 C-14 3495 +/- 9 4,737 2,842 -6632 PassVWV-2836 6/30/2014 Co-60 131.8 +/- 6.9 140.90 126.81 -154.99 PassVWV-2836 6/30/2014 Cs-137 143.8 +/- 9.1 145.60 131.04 -160.16 PassWW-2836 6/30/2014 H-3 6220 +/- 238 6,361 5,089 -7633 PassA3-1143 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-3. In-House "Spiked" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory results Known Control2s, n=1 c Activity Limits d AcceptanceSPW-3486SPW-080714SPW-080714SPW-081214SPW-4093SPW-4093SPW-4093SPMI-4095SPMI-4095SPW-4104SPW-4106SPW-4108SPW-4108SPAP-41 10SPF-4112SPF-4112SPF-4112SPW-081414W081614W082614SPW-090414SPW-090414SPW-5124W100714W1 00714W111014W111014W1 12514W120814W1208147/17/20148/7120148/7/20148/12/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/13/20148/14/20148/16/20148/26/20149/4/20149/4/20149/29/201410/7/201410/7/201411/10/201411/10/201411/25/201412/8/201412/8/2014Fe-55Gr. AlphaGr. BetaPu-2381-131 (G)Sr-90Sr-891-131 (G)1-131Ni-63H-3Cs-134Cs-137Gr. Beta1-131Cs-1 34Cs-1 37H-3Ra-226Ra-228Gr. AlphaGr. BetaRa-228Gr. AlphaGr. BetaGr. AlphaGr. BetaRa-226Gr. AlphaGr. Beta2211 +/-7218.42 +/- 0.4031.70 +/- 0.4022.59 +/- 2.1559.95 +/- 6.1739.46 +/- 1.55105.5 +/- 4.959.92 +/- 6.1760.05 +/- 0.72200.1 +/- 3.459,597 +/- 6952.45 +/- 0.8190.20 +/- 3.7443.65 +/- 0.112.64 +/- 0.380.91 +/- 0.032.61 +/- 0.0614,663 +/- 78814.30 +/- 0.3727.18 +/- 2.1317.85 +/- 0.3930.03 +/- 0.3332.93 +/- 2.3818.56 +/- 0.4027.71 +/- 0.3217.84 +/- 0.3830.12 +/- 0.3316.63 +/- 0.4119.29 +/- 0.4127.93 +/- 0.32217.53 +/- 3.25231920.1032.4022.7059.6238.65115.059.6259.62203.260,2612.3298.5644.192.861.032.3917,70016.7030.4920.1030.9031.9420.1030.9020.1030.9016.7020.1030.90203.101855 -278310.05 -30.1522.40 -42.4018.16 -27.2449.62 -69.6228.65 -48.6592.0 -149.549.62 -69.6247.70 -71.54142.2 -264.148209 -723130.00 -12.3288.56 -108.5634.19 -54.190.00 -12.860.00 -11.030.00 -12.3914160 -2124011.69 -21.7120.49 -40.4910.05 -30.1520.90 -40.9021.94 -41.9410.05 -30.1520.90 -40.9010.05 -30.1520.90 -40.9011.69 -21.7110.05 -30.1520.90 -40.90142.17 -264.03PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassSPW-7149 12/26/2014 Ni-63a Liquid sample results are reported in pCVLiter, air filters( pCi/m3), charcoal (pCi/charcoal canister), and solid sarmples (pCi/kg)b Laboratory codes: W (Water), MI (milk), AP (air filter), SO (soil), VE (vegetation), CH (charcoal canister), F (fish), U (urine).c Results are based on single determinations.d Control limits are established from the precision values listed in AttachmentA of this report, adjusted to +/- 2s.NOTE For fish, Jello is used for the spike matrix. For vegetation, cabbage is used for the spike matrix.A3-2144 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-4. In-House "Blank" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aLab Code Sample Date Analysisb Laboratory results (4.66a) AcceptanceType LLD Actityc Criteria (4.66 o)SPW-1001SPAP-1 02SPAP-1 04SPAP-1 04SPW-106SPW-1 28SPW-1 28SPW-1 28SPW-130SPW-133SPMI-1 34SPMI-1 34W-1 2014W-1 2014SPW-297SPW-656SPW- 126SPW- 127SPW- 127SPW-1917SPW- 785SPW-1 831SPW-2167SPW-2167SPW-2167SPW-2167SPW-2167SPMI-2169SPMI-2169SPMI-2169SPMI-2169SPMI-2169SPW-2793WaterAir ParticulateAir ParticulateAir ParticulateWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterMilkMilkWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterWaterMilkMilkMilkMilkMilkWater1/13/20141/13/20141/13/20141/13/20141/13/20141/15/20141/15/20141/15/20141/15/20141/15/20141115/20141/15/20141/20/20141/20/20141/29/20142/25/20143/26/20143/26/20143/26/20143/28/20144/25/20144/30/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20146/18/2014Ra-228Gr. BetaCs-134Cs-1 37H-3Cs-134Cs-137Sr-90Ni-63C-14Cs-134Cs-137Gr. AlphaGr. BetaTc-99Ra-226U-238U-233/234U-238Pu-238Tc-991-131Cs-1 34Cs-1371-131 (G)Sr-89Sr-90Cs-134Cs-1371-131(G)Sr-89Sr-90U-2380.740.0030.0060.004151.02.852.520.6110.8513.514.431.920.480.785.630.030.130.130.000.025.610.212.292.462.770.810.524.453.914.310.980.610.080.39 +/- 0.390.015 +/- 0.0030.005 +/- 0.005-0.002 +/- 0.005115.0 +/- 97.00.59 +/- 1.460.68 +/- 1.640.74 +/- 0.361.57 +/- 6.603.10 +/- 8.270.14 +/- 2.46-2.07 +/- 2.48-0.31 +/- 0.31-0.24 +/- 0.54-4.42 +/- 3.340.01 +/- 0.020.08 +/- 0.120.11 +/- 0.130.08 +/- 0.120.01 +/- 0.01-4.33 +/- 3.330.07 +/- 0.12-0.79 +/- 1.350.36 +/- 1.480.25 +/- 1.530.01 +/- 0.620.03 +/- 0.24-0.55 +/- 2.39-0.52 +/- 2.602.57 +/- 2.21-0.02 +/- 0.830.35 +/- 0.320.02 +/- 0.0620.010.050.0520010101202001010241011111100.510102051101020511A4-1145 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-4. In-House "Blank" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aLab Code Sample Date Analysisb Laboratoryresults (4.66a) AcceptanceType LLD Activityc Criteria (4.66 o)SPW-3485 Water 7/17/2014 Fe-55 597.6 10.3 +/- 363.3 1000SPW-4092 Water 8/13/2014 1-131(G) 3.59 0.91 +/- 1.95 20SPW-4092 Water 8/13/2014 Cs-134 3.71 -0.31 +/- 1.77 10SPW-4092 Water 8/13/2014 Cs-137 2.71 -2.20 +/- 1.98 10SPW-4092 Water 8/13/2014 Sr-89 0.89 0.11 +/- 0.63 5SPW-4092 Water 8/13/2014 Sr-90 0.52 -0.05 +/- 0.23 1SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 1-131 0.35 0.03 +/- 0.20 0.5SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 1-131(G) 4.50 -0.41 +/- 2.44 20SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 Cs-134 4.30 -0.84 +/- 2.02 10SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 Cs-137 3.45 0.96 +/- 2.51 10SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 Sr-89 0.80 -0.19 +/- 0.79 5SPMI-4094 Milk 8/13/2014 Sr-90 0.47 0.71 +/- 0.30 1SPW-4103 Water 8/13/2014 Ni-63 0.12 0.02 +/- 0.07 20SPW-4105 Water 8/13/2014 H-3 138.1 104.1 +/- 78.1 200SPW-4107 Water 8/13/2014 1-131(G) 3.21 -3.68 +/- 1.33 20SPW-4107 Water 8/13/2014 Cs-134 2.72 -0.62 +/- 1.49 10SPW-4107 Water 8/13/2014 Cs-137 2.56 0.75 +/- 1.62 10SPAP-4109 Air Particulate 8/13/2014 Gr. Beta 0.004 -0.003 +/- 0.00 0.01SPF-4111 Fish 8/13/2014 Cs-134 0.01 0.00 +/- 0.01 100SPF-4111 Fish 8/13/2014 Cs-137 0.01 -0.01 +/-0.01 100SPF-4111 Fish 8/13/2014 Co-60 0.01 0.00 +/- 0.01 100W-081614 Water 8/16/2014 Ra-226 0.04 0.05 +/- 0.03 1W-082614 Water 8/16/2014 Ra-228 0.62 0.29 +/- 0.40 2W-092314 Water 9/23/2014 Ra-226 0.02 0.04 +/- 0.02 1W-5123 Water 9/29/2014 Ra-228 0.70 0.43 +/- 0.38 2W-100714 Water 10/7/2014 Gr. Apha 0.39 0.04 +/- 0.28 2W-100714 Water 10/7/2014 Gr. Beta 0.76 -0.06 +/- 0.53 4W-111014 Water 11/10/2014 Gr. Alpha 0.39 0.01 +/-0.28 2W-111014 Water 11/10/2014 Gr. Beta 0.75 -0.25 +/- 0.52 4W-112514 Water 11/25/2014 Ra-226 0.05 0.02 +/- 0.03 2W-120814 Water 12/8/2014 Gr. Alpha 0.42 0.04 +/- 0.30 2W-120814 Water 12/8/2014 Gr. Beta 0.74 -0.42 +/- 0.51 4SPW-7148 Water 12/26/2014 Ni-63 10.80 -1.80 +/- 6.50 20a Liquid sample results are reported in pCi/Liter, air filters( pCi/nrr), charcoal (pCi/charcoal canister), and solid samples (pCi/kg).b 1-131(G); iodine-131 as analyzed by garymi spectroscopy.c Activity reported is a net activity result.A4-2146 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-5. In-House "Duplicate" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aAveragedLab Code Date Analysis First Result Second Result Result AcceptanceAP-7829, 7830AP-7913, 7914AP-7871, 7872S-43,44SG-64, 65SG-64, 65SG-64, 65S-136, 137S-136, 137VWV-220, 221WV-262, 263WW-346, 347SWU-367,368F-409,410F-409,410AP-7829, 7830AP-7913, 7914AP-7871, 7872S-43,44SG-64, 65SG-64, 65SG-64, 65S-136, 137S-136, 137VWA-220,221VWV-262, 263VWV-346,347SWU-367,368F-409, 410F-409, 410WW-491,492WW-575,576W-617,618SWU-743,744S-700,701S-806,807SG-928, 929SG-928, 929SG-928, 929SG-928, 929SG-928, 929SG-928, 929SG-928, 9291/2/20141/2/20141/3/20141/9/20141/9/20141/9/20141/9/20141/13/20141/13/20141/13/20141/21/20141/24/20141/29/20142/2/20142/2/20141/2/20141/2/20141/3/20141/9/20141/9/20141/9/20141/9/20141/13/20141/13/20141/13/20141/21/20141/24/20141/29/20142/2/20142/2/20142/6/20142/13/20142/14/20142/25/20142/26/20143/4/20143/11/20143/11/20143/11/20143/11/20143/11/20143/11/20143/11/2014Be-7Be-7Be-7K-40Gr. AlphaRa-226Ra-228Be-7K-40H-3H-3H-3Gr. BetaCs-1 37Gr. BetaBe-7Be-7Be-7K-40Gr. AlphaRa-226Ra-228Be-7K-40H-3H-3H-3Gr. BetaCs-1 37Gr. BetaH-3H-3H-3Gr. BetaK-40K-40Ac-228Bi-214K-40Pb-212Pb-214Th-228TI-2080.08 +/- 0.020.07 +/- 0.010.05 +/- 0.0219.28 +/- 0.57686.08 +/- 69.9797.30 +/- 9.7891.90 +/- 9.3014.90 +/- 0.393.29 +/- 0.36231.85 +/- 80.45294.80 +/- 89.80934.97 +/- 118.470.74 +/- 0.380.05 +/- 0.023.60 t 0.070.08 +/- 0.020.07 +/- 0.010.05 +/- 0.0219.28 +/- 0.57686.08 +/- 69.9797.30 +/- 9.7891.90 +/- 9.3014.90 +/- 0.393.29 +/- 0.36231.85 +/- 80.45294.80 +/- 89.80934.97 +/- 118.470.74 +/- 0.380.05 +/- 0.023.60 +/- 0.07474.00 +/- 101.10196.69 +/- 82.94526.29 +/- 97.651.61 +/- 0.6521.32 +/- 0.6424.79 +/- 0.576.78 +/- 0.345.32 +/- 0.204.79 +/- 0.802.70 +/- 0.095.39 +/- 0.176.10 +/- 2.070.92 +/- 0.060.06 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.0119.24 +/- 0.57642.46 +/- 65.5992.20 +/- 9.2797.10 +/- 9.8714.88 +/- 0.383.93 +/- 0.36273.46 +/- 82.47265.00 +/- 88.47965.59 +/- 119.521.31 +/- 0.420.05 +/- 0.023.72 +/- 0.070.06 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.0119.24 + 0.57642.46 165.5992.20 :L 9.2797.10 +/- 9.8714.88 +/- 0.383.93 +/- 0.36273.46 +/- 82.47265.00 +/- 88.47965.59 +/- 119.521.31 +/- 0.420.05 +/- 0.023.72 +/- 0.07583.10 +/- 105.30154.68 +/- 80.89579.51 +/- 99.771.73 +/- 0.7121.15 +/- 0.5924.17 +/- 0.596.94 +/- 0.355.34 +/- 0.226.24 +/- 1.012.75 +/- 0.095.53 +/- 0.174.76 +/- 1.930.91 +/- 0.060.070.060.0619.26664.2794.7594.5014.893.61252.66279.90950.281.020.053.660.070.060.0619.26664.2794.7594.5014.893.61252.66279.90950.281.020.053.66528.55175.69552.901.6721.2424.486.865.335.522.735.465.430.92+/- 0.01+/- 0.01+/- 0.01+/- 0.40+/- 47.95+/- 6.74+/- 6.78+/- 0.27+/- 0.25+/- 57.60+/- 63.03+/- 84.14+/- 0.28+/- 0.01+/- 0.05+/- 0.01+/- 0.01+/- 0.01+/- 0.40+/- 47.95+/- 6.74+/- 6.78+/- 0.27+/- 0.25+/- 57.60+/- 63.03+/- 84.14+/- 0.28+/- 0.01+/- 0.05+/- 72.99+/- 57.93+/- 69.80+/- 0.48+/- 0.44+/- 0.41+/- 0.24+/- 0.15+/- 0.64+/- 0.06+/- 0.12+/- 1.42+/- 0.04PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassA5-1147 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-5. In-House "Duplicate" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aAveragedLab Code Date Analysis First Result Second Result Result AcceptanceS-2119, 2120S-2119, 2120S-2119, 2120S-2119, 2120F-1594, 1595SO-1115, 1116SO-1115, 1116SO-1115, 1116SO-1115, 1116SO-1115, 1116S-1033, 1034S-1033, 1034S-1033, 1034S-1033, 1034S-1033, 1034S-1033, 1034W-1094, 1095W-1094, 1095AP-1197, 1198AP-1698, 1699E-1218, 1219E-1218, 1219SWU-1260, 1261AP-1615, 1616AP-1657, 1658AP-1804, 1805P-1489, 1490BS-1531, 1532S-1909, 1910SWU-1867, 1868AP-1930, 1931SL-1888, 1889SL-1888 1889SL-1888, 1889SL-1888, 1889SO-1972, 1973SO-1972, 1973SO-1972, 1973SO-1972, 1973W-617, 618AP-2077, 20783/12/20143/12/20143/12/20143/12/20143/16/20143/18/20143/18/20143/18/20143/18/20143/18/20143/19/20143/19/20143/19/20143/19/20143/19/20143/19/20143/23/20143/23/20143/27/20143/31/20144/1/20144/1/20144/1/20144/1/20144/2/20144/3/20144/7/20144/16/20144/22/20144/29/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/1/20145/8/20145/8/2014Ac-228Cs-137K-40Pb-2114Cs-1 37Cs-137Gr. BetaK-40U-233/4U-238Ac-228Bi-214Cs-137K-40Pb-214TI-208Ra-226Ra-228Be-7Be-7Gr. BetaK-40Gr. BetaBe-7Be-7Be-7H-3K-40K-40Gr. BetaBe-7Be-7Cs-137Gr. BetaK-40Cs-137Gr. AlphaGr. BetaK-40H-3Be-70.76 +/- 0.200.13 +/- 0.0517.48 +/- 1.480.73 +/- 0.180.02 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.0123.30 +/- 2.1012.63 +/- 0.180.11 +/- 0.020.13 +/- 0.020.99 +/- 0.201.02 +/- 0.180.15 +/- 0.0415.39 +/- 1.191.09 +/- 0.130.36 +/- 0.050.30 +/- 0.201.10 +/- 0.790.17 +/- 0.080.06 +/- 0.020.73 +/- 0.210.11 +/- 0.0518.39 +/- 1.530.63 +/- 0.120.03 +/- 0.020.06 +/- 0.0024.40 +/- 2.2012.84 +/- 0.150.12 +/- 0.020.14 +/- 0.021.13 +/- 0.260.98 +/- 0.160.14 +/- 0.0415.13 +/- 1.190.88 +/- 0.170.31 +/- 0.050.70 +/- 0.201.13 +/- 0.860.14 +/- 0.080.07 +/- 0.021.57 +/- 0.041.26 +/- 0.142.81 +/- 0.510.07 +/- 0.010.07 +/- 0.010.05 +/- 0.02582.31 +/- 101.850.51 +/- 0.1914.71 +/- 0.542.28 +/- 0.400.16 +/- 0.090.80 +/- 0.040.01 +/- 0.0011.57 +/- 0.721.04 +/- 0.050.12 +/- 0.037.51 +/- 3.2429.89 +/- 3.2520.45 +/- 0.85175.13 +/- 83.820.23 +/- 0.111.571.312.940.070.080.06505.070.5814.781.67+/- 0.04+/- 0.18+/- 0.50+/- 0.02+/- 0.01+/- 0.01+/- 98.72+/- 0.23+/- 0.53+/- 0.350.75 +/- 0.150.12 +/- 0.0417.94 +/- 1.060.68 +/- 0.110.03 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.0023.85 +/- 1.5212.74 +/- 0.120.12 +/- 0.010.14 +/- 0.011.06 +/- 0.161.00 +/- 0.120.15 +/- 0.0315.26 +/- 0.840.99 +/- 0.110.34 +/- 0.040.50 +/- 0.141.12 +/- 0.580.15 +/- 0.050.07 +/- 0.011.57 +/- 0.031.29 +/- 0.112.88 +/- 0.360.07 +/- 0.010.07 +/- 0.010.06 +/- 0.01543.69 +/- 70.920.54 +/- 0.1514.75 +/- 0.381.98 +/- 0.270.17 +/- 0.070.78 +/- 0.050.01 +/- 0.0012.12 +/- 0.531.02 +/- 0.050.11 +/- 0.028.30 +/- 2.4330.66 +/- 2.2320.66 +/- 0.57176.15 +/- 59.310.20 +/- 0.08PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPass0.19 +/-0.110.76 +/- 0.080.01 +/- 0.0012.67 +/- 0.781.00 +/- 0.090.10 +/- 0.029.09 +/- 3.6331.42 +/- 3.0420.88 +/- 0.76177.17 +/- 83.920.18 +/-0.11A5-2148 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-5. In-House "Duplicate" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aAveragedLab Code Date Analysis First Result Second Result Result AcceptanceS-2205, 2206S-2205, 2206VE-2184,2185VE-2184, 2185DW-50102,50103DW-50102,50103SW-2226,2227DW-50087,50088DW-50090, 50091DW-50090,50091DW-50098,50099AP-2289,2290PM-3174, 3175G-2415,2416G-2415,2416G-2415, 2416VWV-2541, 2542SW-2817,2818SS-2943,2944S-3048, 3049SWT-3216,3217AP-3699,3700S-3300,3301S-3300, 3301S-3300, 3301VE-3237,3238CF-3384,3385S-3447,3448VWW-3573,3574VE-3594,3595WN-3762,3763SWT-3867, 3868S-3804,3805S-3804, 3805LW-3931, 39325/15/20145/15/20145/19/20145/19/20145/20/20145/20/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/21/20145/22/20145/28/20146/2/20146/2/20146/2/20146/4/20146/16/20146/24/20146/27/20147/1120147/3/20147/8/20147/8/20147/8/20147/8/20147/14/20147/16/20147/18/20147/22/20147/25/20147/29/20147/30/20147/30/20147/31/2014Be-7K-40Be-7K-40Ra-226Ra-228H-3Gr. AlphaRa-226Ra-228Gr. AlphaBe-7K-40Be-7Gr. BetaK-40H-3H-3K-40K-40Gr. BetaBe-7K-40Ac-228Ra-226K-40K-40K-40H-3K-40H-3Gr. BetaAc-228Pb-214Gr. Beta0.50 +/- 0.1933.60 +/- 0.790.62 +/-0.185.30 +/- 0.447.07 +/- 0.765.44 +/- 0.8514318.00 +/- 347.001.76 +/- 1.090.61 +/- 0.090.97 +/- 0.4113.04 +/- 1.360.14 +/- 0.0830.68 +/- 1.300.73 +/- 0.165.89 +/- 0.095.30 +/- 0.495107.00 +/- 223.0013303.00 +/- 336.0011.49 +/- 0.7942.51 +/- 1.310.7033.520.535.148.316.0214350.002.670.471.2610.760.2432.64+/- 0.18+/- 0.70+/- 0.17+/- 0.44+/- 0.90+/- 0.67+/- 347.00+/- 1.01+/- 0.09+/- 0.52+/- 1.26+/- 0.10+/- 1.240.62 +/- 0.285.90 +/- 0.095.19 +/- 0.655029.0013130.0011.8140.04+/- 222.00+/- 334.00+/- 0.70+/- 1.390.60 +/- 0.1333.56 +/- 0.530.58 +/- 0.125.22 +/- 0.317.69 +/- 0.595.73 +/- 0.5414334.00 +/- 245.372.22 +/- 0.740.54 +/- 0.061.12 +/- 0.3311.90 +/- 0.930.19 +/- 0.0631.66 +/- 0.900.68 +/- 0.165.89 +/- 0,065.25 +/- 0.415068.00 +/- 157.3313216.50 +/- 236.8811.65 +/- 0,5341.28 +/- 0.952.40 +/- 0.700.07 +/- 0.015.38 +/- 0.7610.21 +/- 0.2771.08 +/- 1.682.59 +/- 0.1810.90 +/- 0.4220.33 +/- 0.58391.44 +/- 60.963.13 +/- 0.12321.39 +/- 61.721.31 +/- 0.390.64 +/- 0.070.54 +/- 0.031.00 +/- 0.29PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPass2.270.064.8510.2370.142.5411.1019.63381.583.04315.471.100.670.561.04+/- 0.94+/- 0.01+/- 0.97+/- 0.43+/- 2.37+/- 0.27+/- 0.58+/- 0.64+/- 85.76+/- 0.19+/- 87.02+/- 0.53+/- 0.11+/- 0.05+/- 0.402.53 +/- 1.050.07 +/- 0.025.91 +/- 1.1710.18 +/- 0.3272.01 +/- 2.382.63 + 0.2410.69 +/- 0.6021.03 +/-0.96401.30 +/- 86.673.21 +/- 0.15327.30 +/- 87.561.51 +/- 0.580.61 +/- 0.100.51 +/- 0.040.95 +/- 0.41A5-3149 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-5. In-House "Duplicate" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aAveragedLab Code Date Analysis First Result Second Result Result AcceptanceG-3952,3953G-3952,3953G-3952,3953G-3952,3953WW-4036, 4037VE-4204,4205WW-4394,4395VE-4183,4184AV-4455, 4456AV-4455, 4456VVW-4500, 4501AP-090214A/BSG-5089, 5090SG-5089, 5090SG-5194,5SG-5194,5SG-5194,5S-5632,3S-5632,3S-5632,3S-5632,3S-5632,3S-5632,3S-5632,3DW-50243,4AP-101414A/BSG-5590,1SG-5590,1DW-50251,2U-5842,3CF-6074,5C F-6074,58/4/20148/4/20148/4/20148/4/20148/5/20148/11/20148/13/20148/14/20148/22/20148/22/20148/26/20149/2/20149/19/20149/19/201410/1/201410/1/201410/1/201410/8/201410/8/201410/8/201410/8/201410/8/201410/8/201410/8/201410/13/201410/14/201410/15/201410/15/201410/16/201410/20/201410/21/201410/21/2014K-40Be-7Gr. BetaH-3H-3K-40H-3K-40Be-7K-40H-3Gr. BetaAc-228Bi-214Gr. AlphaPb-214Ac-228K-40Cs-137TI-208Pb-212Pb-214Bi-212Ac-228Gr. AlphaGr. BetaPb-214Ac-228Ra-226H-3H-3K-405.42 +/- 0.421.29 +/- 0.198.53 +/- 0.20140.16 +/- 93.50190.60 +/- 82.606.28 +/- 0.381540.26 +/- 136.525.70 +/- 0.41286.67 +/- 102.302547.90 +/- 255.70347.00 +/- 100.000.03 +/- 0.048.26 +/- 0.634.71 +/- 0.295.351.248.63127.25164.706.601499.155.73251.992201.40321.00+/- 0.34+/- 0.16+/- 0.20+/- 92.99+/- 81.30+/- 0.37+/- 135.43+/- 0.34+/- 98.94+/- 203.90+/- 98.005.381.278.58133.70177.656.441519.715.72269.332374.65334.00+/- 0.27+/- 0.13+/- 0.14+/- 65.94+/- 57.95+/- 0.27+/- 96.15+/- 0.27+/- 71.16+/- 163.52+/- 70.010.03 +/- 0.049.48 +/- 0.684.41 +/- 0.31276.20 +/- 9.5143.56 +/- 0.7359.90 +/- 1.3719.28 +/- 0.880.15 +/- 0.030.32 +/- 0.030.92 +/- 0.051.25 +/- 0.081.25 +/- 0.291.08 +/-0.142.99 +/- 0.940.02 +/- 0.0080.30 +/- 8.0864.50 +/- 1.870.55 +/- 0.137376 +/- 9497509 +/-2833.09 +/- 0.31258.6043.9462.8017.940.130.340.921.091.341.104.980.0273.4062.800.32734279693.30+/- 9.26+/- 0.78+/- 1.73+/- 0.89+/- 0.03+/- 0.03+/- 0.05+/- 0.09+/- 0.47+/- 0.14+/- 1.17+/- 0.00+/- 7.51+ 1.15+0.10+ 947+/- 291+/- 0.380.03 +/- 0.008.87 +/- 0.464.56 +/- 0.21267.40 +/- 6.6443.75 +/- 0.5361.35 +/- 1.1018.61 +/- 0.630.14 +/- 0.020.33 +/- 0.020.92 +/- 0.031.17 +/- 0.061.29 +/- 0.271.09 +/- 0.103.99 +/- 0.750.02 +/- 0.0076.85 +/- 5.5263.65 +/- 1.100.44 +/- 0.087359 +/- 6707739 +/- 2033.20 +/- 0.25PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassA5-4150 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-5. In-House "Duplicate" SamplesConcentration (pCi/L)aAveragedLab Code Date Analysis First Result Second Result Result AcceptanceVE-6269,70VE-6269,70SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1SO-6500,1DW-50262,3DW-50264,5DW-50264,5AP-120214A/BAP-120814A/BSG-7068,9SG-7068,9S-7152,311/3/201411/3/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/5/201411/10/201411/10/201411/10/201412/2/201412/8/201412/19/201412/19/201412/25/2014K-40Be-7Sr-90Gr. AlphaGr. BetaU-233/4U-238Th-228Th-230Th-232Bi-214Pb-2114Ac-228Cs-1 37Gr. AlphaRa-226Ra-228Gr. BetaGr. BetaPb-214Ac-228K-406.25 +/- 0.540.81 +/- 0.280.07 +/- 0.0311.77 +/- 1.7326.69 +/- 1.620.14 +/- 0.040.18 +/- 0.050.47 +0.110.38 +/- 0.070.41 +/- 0.080.75 +/- 0.020.78 +/- 0.081.02 +/- 0.110.40 +/- 0.018.95 +/- 1.263.89 +/- 0.242.96 +/- 0.630.03 +/- 0.000.03 +/- 0.014.27 +/- 0.232.72 +/- 0.3620.83 +/- 0.886.56 +/- 0.490.74 +/- 0.180.07 +/- 0.0212.18 +/- 1.6224.19 +/- 1.130.14 +/- 0.050.13 +/- 0.040.34 +/- 0.060.29 +/- 0.050.41 +/- 0.060.78 +/- 0.020.86 +/- 0.091.13 +/- 0.130.39 +/- 0.017.84 +/- 1.243.71 +/- 0.202.33 +/- 0.590.03 +/- 0.000.03 +/- 0.014.38 +/- 0.333.27 +/- 0.4920.16 +/- 0.626.41 +/- 0.360.77 +/- 0.170.07 +/- 0.0211.98 +/- 1.1925.44 +/- 0.990.14 +/- 0.030.15 +/- 0.030.41 +/- 0.060.34 +/- 0.040.41 +/- 0.050.77 +/- 0.010.82 +/- 0.061.08 +/- 0.090.39 +/- 0.018.40 +/- 0.883.80 +/- 0.162.65 +/- 0.430.03 +/- 0.000.03 +/- 0.004.33 +/- 0.203.00 +/- 0.3020.49 +/- 0.54PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassA5-5151 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-6. Department of Energy's Mixed Analyte Performance Evaluation Program (MAPEP).Concentration 8Known ControlLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory result Activity Limits c AcceptanceMAW-1140 2/1/2014 Gr. AlphaMAW-1140 2/1/2014 Gr. BetaMAW-1142 2/1/2014 1-1290.77 +/- 0.064.31 +/- 0.08-0.01 +/- 8.000.854.190.000.26 -1.442.10 -6.29NAMAW-1184MAW-1184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184 fMAW-1 184 fMAW-1184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184MAW-1184MAW-1184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184MAW-1 184MAW-1184MAVE-1 148MAVE-1 148MAVE-1 148MAVE-1 148MAVE-i 148MAVE-1 148MAAP-1151MAAP-1151 dMAAP-1151MAAP-1151MAAP-1 151MAAP-1151MAAP-1 1511MAAP-11512/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/2014Fe-55H-3Ni-63Pu-238Pu-239/240Sr-90Tc-99U-233/234U-238Co-57Co-60Cs-134Cs-1 37K-40Mn-54Zn-65Co-57Co-60Cs-1 34Cs-i 37Mn-54Zn-65Am-241Co-57Co-60Cs-134Cs-137Mn-54Pu-238Pu-239/2400.40 +/- 3.20345.10 +/- 10.6032.40 +/- 3.201.28 +/- 0.120.91 +/- 0.107.00 +/- 0.708.10 +/- 0.600.20 +/- 0.071.25 +/- 0.1827.86 +/- 0.3815.99 +/- 0.2721.85 +/- 0.5428.74 +/- 0.491.80 +/- 2.0014.06 +/- 0.400.00 +/- 0.1911.63 +/- 0.197.28 +/- 0.186.29 +/- 0.295.18 +/- 0.209.22 +/- 0.268.59 +/- 0.400.09 +/- 0.021.60 +/- 0.051.38 +/- 0.081.75 +/- 0.111.81 +/- 0.100.01 +/- 0.030.08 +/- 0.020.10 +/- 0.02-0.24 +/- 0.090.00321.0034.000.830.688.5110.300.231.4527.5016.0023.1028.900.0013.900.0010.106.936.044.748.627.860.090.001.391.911.760.000.000.080.00-0.01225.0023.800.580.475.967.200.161.02-2.00-417.00-44.20-1.08-0.88-11.06-13.40-0.29-1.8919.30 -35.8011.20 -20.8016.20 -30.0020.20 -37.600.00 -10.009.70 -18.10-0.01 -0.007.10 -13.104.85 -9.014.23 -7.853.32 -6.166.03 -11.215.50 -10.220.06 -0.12NA0.97 -1.811.34 -2.481.23 -2.29NANA0.05 -0.10-0.50 -1.00PassPassPassPassPassPassFailFailPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassFailPassPassPassPassFailPassPassMAAP-1151 2/1/2014 Zn-65A6-1152 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-6. Department of Energys Mixed Analyte Performance Evaluation Program (MAPEP).Concentration aKnown ControlLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory result Activity Limits c AcceptanceMAAP-1 151MAAP-1151MAAP-1151MAAP-1154MAAP-1154MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146 9MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146'MASO-1 146 fMASO-1 146MASO-1 146MASO-1 146 hMASO-1 146 hMASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MASO-4439MAW-4431MAW-4431MAW-4431MAW-4431MAW-4431MAW-44311MAW-4431MAW-44312/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20142/1/20148/1/20148/11/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/20148/1/2014U-233/234U-238Sr-90Gr. AlphaGr. BetaCo-57Co-60Cs-134Cs-137K-40Mn-54Zn-65Am-241Ni-63Pu-238Pu-239/240Sr-90Tc-99U-233/234U-238Am-241Ni-63Pu-239/240Sr-90Tc-99Cs-134Co-57Co-60Mn-54Zn-65Am-241Cs-137Co-57Co-60H-3Fe-55Mn-54Zn-650.03 +/- 0.010.13 +/- 0.021.11 +0.140.56 + 0.060.98 + 0.060.020.131.181.770.770.01 -0.030.09 -0.170.83 -1.530.53 -3.010.39 -1.161064.50 +/- 3.601.70 +/- 0.506.10 +/- 1.801364.30 +/- 5.30728.90 +/- 15.901588.00 +/- 6.00763.50 +/- 6.8068.20 +/- 9.004.80 +/- 15.30140.60 +/- 15.50102.00 +/- 13.101.23 +/- 1.37-0.30 +/- 12.0022.90 +/- 3.0032.00 +/- 3.6065.90 +/- 6.70771.62 +/- 23.2955.63 +/- 5.81778.34 +/- 17.82458.20 +/- 9.20520.60 +/- 7.091135.00 +/- 7.40768.20 +/- 7.701050.70 +/- 12.60407.89 +/- 15.030.79 +/- 0.0818.62 +/- 0.5424.85 +/- 0.4212.27 +/- 0.38207.20 +/- 10.6055.10 +/- 14.8014.36 +/- 0.5311.46 +/- 0.78966.001.220.001238.00622.001430.00695.0068.000.0096.0076.800.000.0081.0083.0085.50980.0058.60858.00589.00622.001116.00779.001009.00541.000.8818.4024.7012.40208.0031.5014.0010.90676.00 -1256.00NAONA867.00 -1609.00435.00 -809.001001.00 -1859.00487.00 -904.0047.60 -88.40NA67.00 -125.0053.80 -99.80NANA57.00 -105.0058.00 -108.0059.90 -111.20686.00 -1274.0041.00 -76.20601.00 -1115.00412.00 -766.00435.00 -809.00781.00 -1451.00545.00 -1013.00706.00 -1312.00379.00 -703.000.62 -1.1412.90 -23.9017.30 -32.108.70 -16.10146.00 -270.0022.10 -41.009.80 -18.207.60 -14.20PassPassPassPassPassPassPassFailPassPassPassPassPassPassFailFailPassPassFailFailPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassFailPassPassA6-2153 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-6. Department of Energy's Mixed Analyte Performance Evaluation Program (MAPEP).Concentration aKnown ControlLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory result Activity Limits c AcceptanceMAW-4431 8/1/2014 Tc-99 6.10 +/- 0.50 6.99 4.89 -9.09 PassMAW-4431 8/1/2014 Pu-238 0.59 +/- 0.07 0.62 0.43 -0.80 PassMAW-4431 8/1/2014 U-233/234 0.22 +/- 0.04 0.21 0.14 -0.27 PassMAW-4431 8/1/2014 U-238 1.25 +/- 0.10 1.42 0.99 -1.85 PassMAW-4493 8/1/2014 Gr. Alpha 0.93 +/- 0.07 1.40 0.42 -2.38 PassMAW-4493 8/1/2014 Gr. Beta 6.31 +/- 1.35 6.50 3.25 -9.75 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 Am-241 0.06 +/- 0.02 0.07 0.05 -0.09 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 Pu-238 0.10 +/- 0.03 0.11 0.08 -0.14 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 Pu-239/240 0.04 +/- 0.02 0.05 0.03 -0.06 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 Sr-90 0.74 +/- 0.10 0.70 0.49 -0.91 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 U-233/234 0.03 +/- 0.01 0.04 0.03 -0.05 PassMAAP-4433 8/1/2014 U-238 0.21 +/- 0.03 0.25 0.18 -0.33 PassMAAP-4444 8/1/2014 Sr-89 7.82 +/- 0.52 9.40 6.60 -12.20 PassMAAP-4444 8/1/2014 Sr-90 0.76 +/- 0.10 0.76 0.53 -0.99 PassMAVE-4436 8/1/2014 Cs-134 7.49 +/- 0.18 7.38 5.17 -9.59 PassMAVE-4436 8/1/2014 Co-57 11.20 +/- 0.19 9.20 6.40 -12.00 PassMAVE-4436 8/1/2014 Co-60 6.84 +/- 0.17 6.11 4.28 -7.94 PassMAVE-4436 8/1/2014 Mn-54 8.11 +/- 0.26 7.11 4.97 -9.23 PassMAVE-4436 8/1/2014 Zn-65 7.76 +/- 0.43 6.42 4.49 -8.35 Pass8 Results are reported in units of Bq/kg (soil), Bq/L (water) or Bq/total sample (filters, vegetation).b Laboratory codes as follow s: MAW (water), MAAP (air filter), MASO (soil), MAVE (vegetation).c MAPEP results are presented as the know n values and expected laboratory precision (1 sigma, 1 deternination) andcontrol limits as defined by the MAPB=. A know n value of "zero" indicates an analysis w as included in the testingseries as a "false positive". MAPEPdoes not provide control limits.d Interference from Eu-152 resulted in misidentification of Co-57.e Provided in the series for "sensitivity evaluation". MAPEP does not provide control limits.f The high bias on the plutonium crosscheck samples w as traced to contamination from a new ly purchased standard.The results of reanalysis w ith replacement tracer purchased from NIST:MAW-1184 Ru-238 0.68 +/- 0.10 Bq/LMAW-1184 Pu-239/240 0.66 +/- 0.10 Bq / LMASO-1146 Pu-238 95.15 +/- 8.98 Bq/kgMASO-1146 Pu-239/240 67.21 +/-7.54 Bq/kgInsufficient sample remained to reanalyze the Air filter sample(MAAFL1 151). High bias results due to same contarminate,False positive test. Long sample counting time lead to interference from naturaling occuring Bi-214 in sample natrixwith a close spectral energy.h80% of participating laboratories w ere outside the acceptable range.Parallel reanalysis w as run on ERA spiked sample with acceptable results.Result of reanalysis Fe-55 32.63 +/- 16.30 Bq / LA6-3154 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-7. Interlaboratory Comparison Crosscheck program, Environmental Resource Associates (ERA)a.Concentration (pCi/L) bLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory ERA ControlResulitc Result d Limits AcceptanceERAP-1 044ERAP-1044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1044ERAP-1044ERAP-1044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERAP-1 044ERSO-1050ERSO-1050ERSO-1050ERSO-1050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1050ERSO-1 050 eERSO-1 050 eERSO-1 050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1 050ERSO-1050ERSO-1050ERSO-1 0503/17/20143/17120143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/2014Am-241Co-60Cs-1 34Cs-137Fe-55Gr. AlphaGr. BetaMn-54Pu-238Pu-239/24CSr-90U-233/234U-238UraniumZn-653/17/2014 Am-2413/17/2014 Ac-2283/17/2014 Bi-2123/17/2014 Bi-2143/17/2014 Co-603/17/2014 Cs-1343/17/2014 Cs-1373/17/2014 K-403/17/2014 Mn-543/17/2014 Pb-2123/17/2014 Pb-2143/17/2014 Pu-2383/17/2014 Pu-239/24C3/17/2014 Sr-903/17/2014 Th-2343/17/2014 U-233/2343/17/2014 U-2383/17/2014 Uranium3/17/2014 Zn-6554.2 +/- 3.01177.9 +/- 14.31010.5 +/- 15.8938.3 +/- 45.7142.3 +/- 87.352.3 +/- 0.564.4 +/- 2.6< 4.963.0 +/- 2.652.8 +/- 1.981.4 +/- 1.630.4 +/- 1.730.4 +/- 1.462.0 +/- 3.5852.2 +/- 26.1426.6 +/- 155.51260.0 +/- 107.01331.9 +/- 309.71804.5 +/- 50.46738.8 +/- 167.63262.9 +/- 108.88538.6 +/- 55.011241.3 +/- 296.6< 21.61119.6 +/- 26.11861.7 +/- 54.91085.5 +/- 167.7681.6 +/- 128.62338.0 +/- 144.03474.9 +/- 226.03319.5 +/- 250.23375.6 +/- 252.66810.6 +/- 551.15968.0 +/- 226.159.71120.01010.0828.0240.046.053.80.056.348.678.936.436.174.3667.0399.01240.01240.01960.06830.03390.08490.010500.00.01240.02070.0578.0471.02780.03360.02780.03360.06910.05400.036.8 -80.8867.0 -1400.0643.0 -1250.0622.0 -1090.074.4 -469.015.4 -71.434.0 -78.4NA38.6 -74.035.2 -63.538.6 -118.022.6 -54.923.3 -49.941.1 -113.0478.0 -921.0233.0 -518.0795.0 -1720.0330.0 -1820.01180.0 -2820.04620.0 -9400.02220.0 -4070.06510.0 -10900.07660.0 -14100.0NA812.0 -1730.01210.0 -3090.0348.0 -797.0308.0 -651.01060.0 -4390.01060.0 -6320.01060.0 -4390.02080.0 -4260.03750.0 -9120.04300.0 -7180.0PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassFailFailPassPassPassPassPassPassA7-1155 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTABLE A-7. Interlaboratory Corn parison Crosscheck program, Environmental Resource Associates (ERA)a.Concentration (pCi/L) bLab Code b Date Analysis Laboratory ERA ControlResultc Result d Limits AcceptanceERVE-1051ERVE-1 051ERVE-1051ERVE-1051ERVE-1 051ERVE-1 051ERVE-1051ERVE-1 051ERVE-1051ERVE-1051ERVE-1 051ERVE-1 051ERVE-11051ERVE-1 051ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1054ERW-1 055'ERW-1055ERW-1055ERW-1055ERW-10603/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/20143/17/2014Am-241Cm-244Co-60Cs-134Cs-1 37K-40Mn-54Pu-238Pu-239/24CSr-90U-233/234U-238UraniumZn-65Am-241Co-60Cs-1 34Cs-137Mn-54Pu-238Pu-239/24CU-233/234U-238UraniumZn-65Fe-55Gr. AlphaGr. BetaSr-90H-31532.0 +/- 149.5519.8 +/- 94.6981.2 +/- 41.8701.4 +/- 58.6961.9 +/- 46.332789.7 +/- 758.2<25.92724.1 +/- 259.44361.4 +/- 323.42405.7 +/- 263.21612.2 +/- 162.01574.3 +/- 159.63255.4 +/- 356.71124.1 +/- 101.2104.6 +/- 3.41195.2 +/- 18.91474.9 +/- 47.52591.0 +/- 23.4< 4.354.1 +/- 3.6185.9 +/- 17.674.8 +/- 6.376.4 +/- 7.8154.3 +/- 14.61818.5 +/- 56.4636.3 +/- 176.0120.9 +/- 3.5141.6 +/- 2.3873.9 +/- 56.95818.0 +/- 230.01490.0516.0926.0646.0880.031900.00.02110.03740.02580.01760.01750.03580.0919.0114.01270.01660.02690.00.044.1160.082.481.8168.01800.01200.0133.0174.0890.05580.0911.0 -1980.0253.0 -804.0639.0 -1290.0415.0 -839.0638.0 -1220.023000.0 -44800.0NA1260.0 -2890.02300.0 -5150.01470.0 -3420.01160.0 -2260.01170.0 -2220.02430.0 -4460.0663.0 -1290.076.8 -153.01100.0 -1490.01220.0 -1910.02280.0 -3220.0NA32.6 -54.9124.0 -202.061.9 -106.062.4 -100.0123.0 -217.01500.0 -2270.0716.0 -1630.047.2 -206.099.6 -258.0580.0 -1180.03740.0 -7960.0PassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassPassFailPassPassPassPassO Results obtained by Environmental, Inc., rdwest Laboratory as a participant in the crosscheck program for proficiencytesting adninistered by Environmental Resources Associates, serving as a replacement for studies conductedpreviously by the Environmental Measurenents Laboratory Quality Assessment Program (Ev_).b Laboratory codes as follow s: ER.W (water), ERAP (air filter), ERSO (soil), ERVE (vegetation). Results are reported in unitsof pCi/L, except for air filters (pCiFilter), vegetation and soil (pCi/kg).c Unless otherwise indicated, the laboratory result is given as the mean +/- standard deviation for three determinations.d Results are presented as the know n values, expected laboratory precision (1 sigma, I determination) and control limitsas provided by BRA. A known value of "zero" indicates an analysis was included in the testing series asa "false positive". Control limits are not provided.e The high bias on the plutonium crosscheck samples w as traced to contamination from a new ly purchased standard.The results of reanalysis w lth replacement tracer purchased from NIST:ERSO-1050 PU-238 634.7 +/- 98.50 Bq / kgERSO-1050 PU-239/240 451.8 +/- 82.80 Bq / kgf An error in the efficiency calculation w as found. The result of recalculation w as 932 pCi/L.The sample was repeated, result of reanalysis, 1066 pCi/L.A7-2156 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAPPENDIX BDATA REPORTING CONVENTIONS157 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportData Reportinq Conventions1.0. All activities, except gross alpha and gross beta, are decay corrected to collection time or the end of thecollection period.2.0 Single MeasurementsEach single measurement is reported as follows: x +/- swhere: x = value of the measurement;s = 2s counting uncertainty (corresponding to the 95% confidence level).In cases where the activity is less than the lower limit of detection L, it is reported as: <L,where L = the lower limit of detection based on 4.66s uncertainty for a background sample.3.0 Duplicate analyses3.1 Individual results: For two analysis results; xi +/- sl and x2 +/- s2Reported result: x +/- s; where x = (1/2) (xi + x2) and s = (1/2) S +S23.2. Individual results: <Li , <L2 Reported result: <L, where L = lower of Li and L23.3. Individual results: x +/- s, <L Reported result: x +/- s if x >- L; <L otherwise.4.0 Computation of Averages and Standard Deviations4.1 Averages and standard deviations listed in the tables are computed from all of the individual measurementsover the period averaged; for example, an annual standard deviation would not be the average of quarterlystandard deviations. The average x and standard deviation s of a set of n numbers x1, x2 ... xn aredefined as follows:x=-Z1 I (x-x)2s= n-14.2 Values below the highest lower limit of detection are not included in the average.4.3 If all values in the averaging group are less than the highest LLD, the highest LLD is reported.4.4 If all but one of the values are less than the highest LLD, the single value x and associated two sigma erroris reported.4.5 In rounding off, the following rules are followed:4.5.1 If the number following those to be retained is less than 5, the number is dropped, and the retainednumbers are kept unchanged. As an example, 11.443 is rounded off to 11.44.4.5.2 If the number following those to be retained is equal to or greater than 5, the number is droppedand the last retained number is raised by 1. As an example, 11.445 is rounded off to 11.45.158 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAPPENDIX CMaximum Permissible Concentrationsof Radioactivity in Air and WaterAbove Background in Unrestricted Areas159 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable C-1. Maximum permissible concentrations of radioactivity in air and water above natural background inunrestricted areasa.Air (pCi/m3)Water (pCi/L)Gross alphaGross betaIodine-1 31b1 x 10-312.8 x 10-1Strontium-89Strontium-90Cesium-137Barium-140Iodine-131Potassium-40cGross alphaGross betaTritium8,0005001,0008,0001,0004,0002101 x 106a Taken from Table 2 of Appendix B to Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 20, and appropriate footnotes. Concentrationsmay be averaged over a period not greater than one year.b Value adjusted by a factor of 700 to reduce the dose resulting from the air-grass-cow-milk-child pathway.c A natural radionuclide.160 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportAPPENDIX DREMP SAMPLING SUMMARY161 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4.5 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program SummaryName of FacilityLocation of FacilityDavis- Besse Nuclear Power StationOttawa, Ohio(County, State)Docket No. 50-346Reporting Period January- December, 2014Indicator Location with Highest Control NumberSample Type and Locations AnnualMean Locations Non-Type Numberof LLDb Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Routine(Units) Analysesa Rangec Locationd Rangec Rangec Results'Airborne GB 520 0.003 0.025 (312/312) T- 9, Oak Harbor 0.026 (52/52) 0.025 (208/208) 0Particulates (0.010-0.046) 6.8 mi. SW (0.013-0.039) (0.013-0.042)(pCi/m3)Sr-89 40 0.0012 <LLD <LLD 0Sr-90 40 0.0008 < LLD <LLD 0GS 40 T-27, Magee MarshBe-7 0.015 0.071(24/24) Wildlife Area 0.074(4/4) 0.071(16/16) 0(0.047-0.088) 5.3 mi. SW (0.064-0.092) (0.052-0.092)K-40 0.025 <LLD <LLD 0Nb-95 0.0016 <LLD --<LLD 0Zr-95 0.0020 < LLD --< LLD 0Ru- 103 0.0013 < LLD --<LLD 0Ru-106 0.0079 < LLD --< LLD 0Cs- 134 0.0011 < LLD --< LLD 0Cs- 137 0.0011 <LLD --<LLD 0Ce- 141 0.0023 <LLD --<LLD 0Ce- 144 0.0062 < LLD --<LLD 0Airbome Iodine 1- 131 520 0.07 < LLD --<LLD 0(pCi/m3)TLD(Quarterly) Gamma 350 1.0 14.3 (306/306) T-8, Farm 23.0 (4/4) 16.7 (44/44) 0(mR/91days) (7.0-25) 2.7 mi. WSW (21-25) (12.0- 23.3)TLD(Quarterty) Gamma 4 1.0 6.8(4/4) -None 0(mR/91days) (5.7-8)(Shield)TLD(Annual) Gamma 86 1.0 58.1(75/75) T- 86, Site Boundary 90.6 (1/1) 65.6 (11/11) 0(mR/365 days) (31.2-84.0) 0.5 mi. VNW (52.7-77.8)TLD(Annual) Gamma 1 1.0 26.7 (1/1) -None 0(mR/365 days)(Shield)162 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4.5 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program SummaryName of FacilityLocation of FacilityDavis- Besse Nuclear Power StationOttawa, Ohio(County, State)Docket No. 50-346Reporting Period January- December, 2014Indicator Location with Highest Control NumberSample Type and Locations AnnualMean Locations Non-Type Numberof LLDb Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Routine(Units) Analyses" Rangec Locationd Range' Rangec ResultsMilk(pCVL) 1-131 12 0.5 none <LLD 0Sr-89 12 0.7 none <LLD 0Sr-90 12 0.7 none T-24, Sandusky 0.7 (2/12) 0.7(2/12) 021.0 mi. SE (0.7-0.7) (0.7-0.7)GS 12K-40 100 none T-24, Sandusky 1330 (12/12) 1330 (12/12) 021.0 mi. SE (1216-1405) (1216-1405)Cs- 134 6.1Cs- 137 4.9 none < LLD 0Ba-La- 140 8.0 none <LLD 0(g/L) Ca 12 0.50 none T-24, Sandusky 1.03 (12/12) 1.03 (12/12) 021.0 mi. SE (0.85-1.25) (0.85-1.25)(g/L) K (stable) 12 none T-24, Sandusky 1.62 (12/12) 1.62 (12/12) 021.0 mi. SE (1.48-1.71) (1.48-1.71)(pCi/g) Sr- 90/Ca 12 none T-24, Sandusky (0/12) (0/12) 021.0 mi. SE (-) (-)(pCi/g) Cs- 137/K 12 0.89 none < LLD 0Ground Water GB (TR) 8 1.5 2.2 (3/5) T-27A, Magee Marsh 1.9 (3/3) 2.8(2/3)(pCVL) (1.9-2.5) 5.3 mi. WNW (1.0-2.5) (1.9-3.7)H-3 8 330 <LLD -<LLD 0Sr-89 8 1.2 <LLD -<LLD 0Sr-90 8 0.6 < LLD -<LLD 0GS 8Mn-54 15 <LLD -< LLD 0Fe-59 30 <LLD -<LLD 0Co-58 15 < LLD -< LLD 0Co-60 15 <LLD -< LLD 0Zn-65 30 <LLD -<LLD 0Zr- 95 15 <LLD -< LLD 0Cs- 134 10 <LLD -< LLD 0Cs- 137 10 <LLD -<LLD 0Ba- La- 140 15 <LLD -<LLD 0163 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4.5 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program SummaryName of FacilityLocation of FacilityDavis- Besse Nuclear Power StationOttawa, Ohio(County, State)Docket No. 50-346Reporting Period January- December, 2014Indicator Location with Highest Control NumberSample Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations Non-Type Numberof LLDb Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Routine(Units) Analysesa Rangec Locationd Range' Range' Results'Soil GS 10(pCi/g dry) Be-7 0.22 0.43(2/6) T-9, Oak Harbor 0.62 (1/1) 0.58 (2/4) 0(0.36- 0.50) 6.8 mi. SW (0.53-0.62)K-40 0.10 11.05(6/6) T-9, Oak Harbor 20.47(1/1) 17.01(4/4) 0(5.54-18.19) 6.8 mi. SW (13.89- 20.47)Mn-54 0.037 < LLD < LLD 0Nb-95 0.045 < LLD < LLD 0Zr-95 0.056 < LLD < LLD 0Ru- 103 0.034 < LLD < LLD 0Ru-106 0.23 < LLD < LLD 0Cs- 134 0.022 < LLD < LLD 0Cs- 137 0.020 0.13(5/6) T- 2, Site Boundary 0.24(1/1) 0.10(4/4)(0.034-0.24) 0.9 mi. E (0.043-0.15) 0Ce-141 0.080 < LLD < LLD 0Ce- 144 0.15 < LLD < LLD 0Fruitsand Sr-89 3 0.003 < LLD < LLD 0Vegetables Sr-90 3 0.002 < LLD < LLD 0(pCi/g wet)GS 3K-40 0.50 1.13 (2/2) T- 25, Residence 1.18(1/1) 1.01(1/1) 0(1.08-1.18) 1.6 mi. SNb-95 0.007 <LLD < LLD 0Zr-95 0.010 < LLD < LLD 01-131 0.017 < LLD < LLD 0Cs- 134 0.006 < LLD < LLD 0Cs- 137 0.006 < LLD <-LLD 0Ce- 141 0.016 <LLD < LLD 0Ce- 144 0.048 < LLD < LLD 0Broad Leaf Sr- 89 10 0.004 < LLD < LLD 0Vegetation Sr-90 10 0.002 < LLD < LLD 0(pCi/g wet)GS 10K-40 0.50 2.03 (7/7) T-37, Farm Mkt. 2.07 (3/3) 2.07 (3/3) 0(1.84-2.28) 13.0 mi. SW (1.86-2.21) (1.86-2.21)Nb-95 0.008 < LLD < LLD 0Zr-95 0.010 < LLD < LLD 01- 131 0.019 < LLD < LLD 0Cs-134 0.006 < LLD < LLD 0Cs- 137 0.006 < LLD < LLD 0Ce- 141 0.014 < LLD < LLD 0Ce- 144 0.061 < LLD < LLD 0164 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4.5 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program SummaryName of FacilityLocation of FacilityDavis- Besse Nuclear PowerStationOttawa, Ohio(County, State)Docket No. 50-346Reporting Period January-December, 2014Indicator Location with Highest Control NumberSample Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations Non-Type Numberof LLDb Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Routine(Units) Analysesa Rangec Location d Rangec Rangec ResultseTreated GB (TR) 36 1.8 2.3 (4/12) T- 11, Port Clinton 2.6 (3/12) 2.4 (9/24) 0Surface Water (1.9-2.6) WTP, 9.5 mi. SE (2.4-2.8) (1.9-3.9)(pCi/L) H-3 12 330 <LLD --<LLD 0Sr-89 16 0.8 <LLD --<LLD 0Sr-90 16 0.8 <LLD --<LLD 0GS 12Mn-54 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Fe-59 30 <LLD --<LLD 0Co-58 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Co-60 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Zn-65 30 <LLD --<LLD 0Zr- Nb- 95 15 -<LLD --<LLD 0Cs- 134 10 <LLD --<LLD 0Cs- 137 10 <LLD --<LLD 0Ba-La- 140 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Untreated GB (TR) 48 0.0 2.2 (24/24) T-3, Site Boundary 2.6 (12/12) 1.8 (24/24) 0Surface Water (1.1-3.6) 1.4 mi. ESE (1.3- 3.6) (0.7- 3.0)(pCi/L) H-3 48 330 <LLD -<LLD 0Sr-89 16 0.8 <LLD -<LLD 0Sr-90 16 0.6 <LLD -<LLD 0GS 48Mn-54 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Fe-59 30 <LLD --<LLD 0Co-58 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Co-60 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Zn-65 30 <LLD --<LLD 0Zr- Nb-95 15 <LLD --<LLD 0Cs- 134 10 <LLD --<LLD 0Cs- 137 10 <LLD --<LLD 0Ba-La-140 15 <LLD --<LLD 0165 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 2014 Annual Radiological Environmental Operating ReportTable 4.5 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program SummaryName of FacilityLocation of FacilityDavis- Besse Nuclear PowerStationOttawa, Ohio(County, State)Docket No. 50-346Reporting Period 50-346Indicator Location with Highest Control NumberSample Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations Non-Type Number of LLDb Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Mean (F)c Routine(Units) Analysesa Rangec Location d Rangec Rangec ResultseFish GB 5 0.10 3.31(2/2) T-35, Lake Ede 3.37 (3/3) 3.37 (3/3) 0(pCi/g wet) (2.67- 3.95) > 10 mi. (3.34- 3.43) (3.34- 3.43)GS 5K-40 0.10 2.96(2/2) T-35, Lake Ede 3.22(3/3) 3.22(3/3) 0(2.56- 3.35) > 10 mi. (2.94- 3.36) (2.94- 3.36)Mn-54 0.021 <LLD -<LLD 0Fe-59 0.28 <LLD -<LLD 0Co-58 0.051 <LLD -<LLD 0Co-60 0.018 <LLD -<LLD 0Zn-65 0.040 <LLD --<LLD 0Cs- 134 0.019 <LLD -<LLD 0Cs- 137 0.021 <LLD -<LLD 0Shoreline GS 8Sediments K-40 0.10 11.16 (6/6) T-4, Site Boundary 12.42 (2/2) 10.78 (2/2) 0(pCi/g dry) (7.78-12.69) 0.8 mi. S (12.15-12.69) (10.58-10.98)Mn-54 0.031 <LLD -<LLD 0Co-58 0.030 <LLD -<LLD 0Co-60 0.02 <LLD -<LLD 0Cs- 134 0.025 <LLD -<LLD 0Cs- 137 0.02 <LLD -<LLD 0a GB = gross beta, GS = gamma scan.b LLD = nominal lower limit of detection based on a 4.66 sigma counting error for background sample.c Mean and range are based on detectable measurements only (i.e., >LLD) Fraction of detectable measurements at specified locationsis indicated in parentheses (F).d Locations are specified by station code (Table 4.1) and distance (miles) and direction relative to reactorsite..e Non- routine results are those which exceed ten times the control station value.166