ML19317H171: Difference between revisions
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A. procedure.is described for the analysis of 131r and I | A. procedure.is described for the analysis of 131r and I | ||
,, in milk. samples; which permits very accurata measurements of 0.2 | ,, in milk. samples; which permits very accurata measurements of 0.2 | ||
.. . m pCi/Iiter.. At 'these . concentrations, measurements are possible - | .. . m pCi/Iiter.. At 'these . concentrations, measurements are possible - | ||
*A.. ' . . .c . , -' | *A.. ' . . .c . , -' | ||
Line 54: | Line 53: | ||
. . . .: ? . '. h ;m.: g :s' t; .; :-; ;~ .: | . . . .: ? . '. h ;m.: g :s' t; .; :-; ;~ .: | ||
,.. . . F.:: ;;.M.g.; : | ,.. . . F.:: ;;.M.g.; : | ||
?.3.;.:,?'':,. | ?.3.;.:,?'':,. | ||
n:- py . .~%ri. | n:- py . .~%ri. | ||
Line 108: | Line 106: | ||
: 2. . Hot" plate | : 2. . Hot" plate | ||
. .i - - | . .i - - | ||
: 3. .Magne. tic.stirre.r . | : 3. .Magne. tic.stirre.r . | ||
f...~. ... . | f...~. ... . | ||
Line 119: | Line 116: | ||
: 7. Nylon rings and discs, M'ylar, glass fiSar paper .C2.3 | : 7. Nylon rings and discs, M'ylar, glass fiSar paper .C2.3 | ||
..~ . | ..~ . | ||
cm) (see HASL 300) . .__..,-0 r- | cm) (see HASL 300) . .__..,-0 r-a - | ||
a - | |||
' . .s, y,,* . , { - .K.:;[_,"- | ' . .s, y,,* . , { - .K.:;[_,"- | ||
. ':~, * = - .. . .. % .,. | . ':~, * = - .. . .. % .,. | ||
_ .,...... s | _ .,...... s | ||
. , . j...s. .r _ ; , , ny, <. | . , . j...s. .r _ ; , , ny, <. | ||
Line 130: | Line 124: | ||
.: . - ~, ; . :;. | .: . - ~, ; . :;. | ||
.x v.r ' :,~. i.. ,. ._..*:... ..p. - +. .w:.~ | .x v.r ' :,~. i.. ,. ._..*:... ..p. - +. .w:.~ | ||
. s.- - | . s.- - | ||
,. . w.. . .a, | ,. . w.. . .a, | ||
. .e.. | . .e.. | ||
~ | ~ | ||
1 * | 1 * | ||
.1 43odide:- carrier;, 10 mg/ml * | .1 43odide:- carrier;, 10 mg/ml * | ||
Line 146: | Line 138: | ||
.. . ' . .in.,100 .mL. water e ->: . | .. . ' . .in.,100 .mL. water e ->: . | ||
: w ..s . o.:. .. . | : w ..s . o.:. .. . | ||
= | = | ||
.;y.u. - . . .: . - . . | .;y.u. - . . .: . - . . | ||
Line 154: | Line 145: | ||
: 2. ' DowexcI . :c,.50-100' : 8. . .. ... : :: : CL. ch --... ... | : 2. ' DowexcI . :c,.50-100' : 8. . .. ... : :: : CL. ch --... ... | ||
mesh., form.- .-... '.;...-:. ;. | mesh., form.- .-... '.;...-:. ;. | ||
. .*''M l. * ;~. . r,.1 c | |||
. .*''M l. * ;~. . r,.1 | |||
c | |||
:2.'.../ : ',,,.. ~ .. ' 3%.1, 2Mc.NaCf- ' dissolve 116.9 grams NACL ir.1 *er-1waher - m r.. < . t ,. | :2.'.../ : ',,,.. ~ .. ' 3%.1, 2Mc.NaCf- ' dissolve 116.9 grams NACL ir.1 *er-1waher - m r.. < . t ,. | ||
. . . w ; e . ,. - | . . . w ; e . ,. - | ||
Line 168: | Line 155: | ||
. . 5 .~::.H N O 3 r.. c o n c..e n t r a t e d .:. | . . 5 .~::.H N O 3 r.. c o n c..e n t r a t e d .:. | ||
: .~ '.~a' F ~ ~ '. . | : .~ '.~a' F ~ ~ '. . | ||
'r, .. | 'r, .. | ||
* 6.- Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, crystals - ..,;. ' ~ . | * 6.- Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, crystals - ..,;. ' ~ . | ||
Line 197: | Line 183: | ||
~. ' | ~. ' | ||
mesh,..ClI form) to milk. Place.a large (6 cm long) | mesh,..ClI form) to milk. Place.a large (6 cm long) | ||
T.';. - | T.';. - | ||
. m./ : : | . m./ : : | ||
Line 203: | Line 188: | ||
. f'.3';;. y. --.- . Jes. | . f'.3';;. y. --.- . Jes. | ||
stirring bar in beaker.and stir vigorously- | stirring bar in beaker.and stir vigorously- | ||
~ ' ~ - c. . . . r .. | ~ ' ~ - c. . . . r .. | ||
. T93..a . . . | . T93..a . . . | ||
Line 216: | Line 200: | ||
-~ L r | -~ L r | ||
^ | ^ | ||
, .:... _'.:. :: . .. _ ;^. . . - . | , .:... _'.:. :: . .. _ ;^. . . - . | ||
.5:. ' | .5:. ' | ||
Line 264: | Line 247: | ||
94.2 Discard.. the. resi.n, . ccmbine the two 1G0 =1 sol"' wns-m. | 94.2 Discard.. the. resi.n, . ccmbine the two 1G0 =1 sol"' wns-m. | ||
.s-. . | .s-. . | ||
. .: ~ . | . .: ~ . | ||
''?;!.,:. of NaOCL.and;.. carefully- add -40 mL of conc . | ''?;!.,:. of NaOCL.and;.. carefully- add -40 mL of conc . | ||
Line 362: | Line 344: | ||
the sample may be dried on 'a ' hot plate at low heat .for | the sample may be dried on 'a ' hot plate at low heat .for | ||
.% :. . . . , .a about.30 minutes.1 | .% :. . . . , .a about.30 minutes.1 | ||
'. 4. | '. 4. | ||
. Mount the precipitate on a nylon disc,. cover-with Mylar - ~ | . Mount the precipitate on a nylon disc,. cover-with Mylar - ~ | ||
Line 376: | Line 356: | ||
--. Calculhto 'es picoeurios I-131 per liter of = ilk. at t' a time ( ,f campling. | --. Calculhto 'es picoeurios I-131 per liter of = ilk. at t' a time ( ,f campling. | ||
U - | U - | ||
. . ~ | . . ~ | ||
Line 391: | Line 370: | ||
3* | 3* | ||
grade clorox has been fo". " to ba.~.ade.ciate. | grade clorox has been fo". " to ba.~.ade.ciate. | ||
1 | 1 | ||
* % . .< ;)" ;,.*. ,g .e,- - . . | * % . .< ;)" ;,.*. ,g .e,- - . . | ||
Line 398: | Line 376: | ||
.. ;y_;,:.;... -i .; , - - 2: . _- :. .k::th; .. ,,.y - | .. ;y_;,:.;... -i .; , - - 2: . _- :. .k::th; .. ,,.y - | ||
^~,,:.. . | ^~,,:.. . | ||
: ,..;g. . . n' .. reaction....:.' subsides... Perform | : ,..;g. . . n' .. reaction....:.' subsides... Perform in well vacF#1atecl. | ||
in well vacF#1atecl. | |||
,p.; . : | ,p.; . : | ||
,.4 hocd._ | ,.4 hocd._ | ||
Line 410: | Line 386: | ||
.a +'-=- stopcock. | .a +'-=- stopcock. | ||
..y . . . - .. . - , | ..y . . . - .. . - , | ||
or cap,on..the . ;. - | or cap,on..the . ;. - | ||
separatory funnel to " pop" with.conseq~ | separatory funnel to " pop" with.conseq~ | ||
Line 436: | Line 411: | ||
. - . . ;. = . | . - . . ;. = . | ||
. u. .. . . . , ., - | . u. .. . . . , ., - | ||
... ]; , | ... ]; , | ||
..p .; | ..p .; | ||
Line 470: | Line 444: | ||
O ' . - , | O ' . - , | ||
.' s a.',,- | .' s a.',,- | ||
-: + | -: + | ||
. 1 5,4 * | . 1 5,4 * | ||
Line 483: | Line 456: | ||
_a * | _a * | ||
, 3 . | , 3 . | ||
*','.w,r, | *','.w,r, | ||
- e , . g | - e , . g | ||
Line 512: | Line 484: | ||
* s.s ... . - | * s.s ... . - | ||
s s -= : | s s -= : | ||
e e . ., | e e . ., | ||
*. a a. | *. a a. |
Latest revision as of 17:38, 21 February 2020
ML19317H171 | |
Person / Time | |
---|---|
Site: | Arkansas Nuclear |
Issue date: | 09/18/1975 |
From: | Thomas C Battelle Memorial Institute, PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATION |
To: | |
Shared Package | |
ML19317H162 | List: |
References | |
NUDOCS 8004210654 | |
Download: ML19317H171 (7) | |
Text
, . . . . . __ _ ._ _. . __
- p. .>,
. ~ ..
n, .. 'f;,
4-
.. .~.~ . ENCLOSURE 6 n :
- ..a . .
f... > -
' DETEPJ1L.aTION OF LOW CONCENTRATIO.:.3.OF . ; IODINE-129 ,
l R; .
(* , ,,
' AND IODINE-131 IN MIIK SAMPLES ,
.l
,v~
C. W. Thomas Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories - -
'. , . o . -
A. procedure.is described for the analysis of 131r and I
,, in milk. samples; which permits very accurata measurements of 0.2
.. . m pCi/Iiter.. At 'these . concentrations, measurements are possible -
- A.. ' . . .c . , -'
z, -
i- : -
. .. . ::: witiv af standard': deviation..of' better - + han *10 % . The milk is; prese: -
?..::. m:9-?.., p. p .,.[.+..y :;g :G n.s.
- - + : . ::s : . .;.4.:.:6;:= ...~ :' . . . 1
[:,$.$'.&.l.. : att sampling- byjadding .80.: mis'cifformaldehyda con 4
- ';.l..& : ? :. ;. . - ;'
~
.: . . ,:. .:. v.. : C4..: W ;.
.GJ.EW 'carr. Cier; :;Q:and ... - a afew.
. fdropse of- .
L M:' sodium-hisulfita .- per- four-liters.
. W:.t:m: 4 A;.:g.. - ::
?-
. . . .: ? . '. h ;m.: g :s' t; .; :-; ;~ .:
,.. . . F.:: ;;.M.g.; :
?.3.;.:,?:,.
n:- py . .~%ri.
s of. 'milke sa -
+~. .Thise. . e _ p ::: preservative
- a. . - : ..
techniquei has
_ . . .; _ ; ... .: 9. .
been..shown n : ,w to h l
- .fr :p n,... : 0.i him:X .v. .affact .
. . . n:-:3;,.. on. t. . the-overal.1
- r. . .. :.: u . . :- Vield-of- the procedure.
w.:w.. 7 . Tha-procedure-invoq
..: : -:.. .~ ._ :- ~ . , : . ::.~--
1,r=gg : st4 v'n.- + vgg. 's ' liters lo_ f milk...with anion exchange resin _ Tliac.radiciod 2 . .i.: - .. , .. *
.' . . . .. v .: < . . .
=
.r- ;:- -
- L...l*c\
- 'fr. ' ist sub'sequently extracted,from the resin using a 5% hypochl
- .- . 2. y
- -
- y..:s. p;.~.-
. . r ... . . .
. . solution After reduction.of the radiciodina with. hydroxylamine' .
. ;R::.t..: .
_- .'_, n. -
~ ~
e;- -
- 1-g. .. :- hydrochlorido,.. it.:is extracted. into carbon tetrachloride, reduced v
.- : . . - . .with. bisulfite,.. 'and back-extracted into water.
. . . . .h' . .
The radiciodina-
- m. .. . - ..
- YE, . is then precipitated as palladous iodide. Chamical yield based or s-added; icaine carrier is determined gravi-=trically. .The 13y I is -
Y mer.sured by counting in a low background properticr4 gs.s.flou
., . .e .
i beta counter. .
i The following list contains the special apparatus, chamical reagents, analytical procedure required in.the procedure; m
7 '
i l
80042.10 bb T. -
l 1
l I
~.
1 -
p -
sp nca.42. ne en a w.= .
. ._ g ,;
~
. 1. . Ascor^ d ci=ac of glaca beakerso - ? .' .
'~
' ' ~ "
- 2. . Hot" plate
. .i - -
- 3. .Magne. tic.stirre.r .
f...~. ... .
~
- 4. Suction filtering apparatus - -
5.. 250-ml and.125.ml separatory funnels
~
- 6. Low-background beta counter (nominal SacNround.
<1 count per min. )
- 7. Nylon rings and discs, M'ylar, glass fiSar paper .C2.3
..~ .
cm) (see HASL 300) . .__..,-0 r-a -
' . .s, y,,* . , { - .K.:;[_,"-
. ':~, * = - .. . .. % .,.
_ .,...... s
. , . j...s. .r _ ; , , ny, <.
.. , .Raagents'and Chema..cals-
.: . - ~, ; . :;.
.x v.r ' :,~. i.. ,. ._..*:... ..p. - +. .w:.~
. s.- -
,. . w.. . .a,
. .e..
~
1 *
.1 43odide:- carrier;, 10 mg/ml *
. dissolve.1.181 grass .Nar *
..g y . .e.. . , . . , . ..-
_ . .c . ; y , .,.., . . . .y..
r.-
.. v . . :.. .. ., ....,ut..,; .:. ,
. . . ..a... . . . . ..,-.:..,, ..
.. . ' . .in.,100 .mL. water e ->: .
- w ..s . o.:. .. .
=
.;y.u. - . . .: . - . .
,. . ' ' ~ - '
- o v. j. :G.;~ ~
. ..~..,...'a
- 2. ' DowexcI . :c,.50-100' : 8. . .. ... : :: : CL. ch --... ...
mesh., form.- .-... '.;...-:. ;.
. .*M l. * ;~. . r,.1 c
- 2.'.../ : ',,,.. ~ .. ' 3%.1, 2Mc.NaCf- ' dissolve 116.9 grams NACL ir.1 *er-1waher - m r.. < . t ,.
. . . w ; e . ,. -
4 . MaOC1',.. 5 -6%. :(. commercial strength.1. .
. .~.~.2 .
'4 .
... .~ . [ .l m . , y ._
-. ^ ? ': .
. . 5 .~::.H N O 3 r.. c o n c..e n t r a t e d .:.
- .~ '.~a' F ~ ~ '. .
'r, ..
- 6.- Hydroxylamine hydrochloride, crystals - ..,;. ' ~ .
~
7.. CCl 4 >
.f 8...;1M NaHSO 3 - dissolve 1.041 grams of r m O3.i* ~
'10 ml water (prepare daily)
- 9. ECl, concentrate <c .
- 10. Palladous chloride, s10 mg/ml - dissolva 2.00 gra=s of
- ' 1 PdCl 2 .2HC0 in 100 ml of water I
- 11. Reagent grades formaldehyde C37%I
?
2 ..
y :4 -
-Samolm Prcotrrtion # -
~
. ~.-
l .. Add 80 mis of formaldehyde containing 2 ml of iodine
._ .e .
carrier (10 mg I /ml) and few drops of freshly prepared
, sodium bisulfite to four liters mb.k. sample at time of
~
collection to prevent spoilage. ,
d.alytical Procedure
- 1. Pour a 4-liter milk sample into a 4-liter beaker and add E.
a 50-ml: water slurry of anion. resin (Dower 1. x 8[ 50-100
~. '
mesh,..ClI form) to milk. Place.a large (6 cm long)
T.';. -
. m./ : :
Q.5.~; -magnetic
. f'.3';;. y. --.- . Jes.
stirring bar in beaker.and stir vigorously-
~ ' ~ - c. . . . r ..
. T93..a . . .
" ; yi. !for. 20:. minutes . . '(Note 1) ..2."I.5 I '.c.
. .:,7:. .. :- :
c.>r: -:[ec $.'l..;...-
- q.c..;, m ~ q. , . s g < _. ., .
_ .; v.:
. ... c: 7 y y .. m .-- . - -
'.E 7 j,. . 2'.a Remove the. stirring bar and allow.the resin to' __c
, settle to
-~ L r
^
, .:... _'.:. :: . .. _ ;^. . . - .
.5:. '
~
- ithe- bottom of the beaker for. 20 minutes Caref"17- decan
..)4.(.:::,. . ' : .- . . :.-. o . a..;. 2...e.:"
' tlie milk into .a 'second 4-liter beaker leaving the ion'
- :: . 7-
- .,... .,s. .; .
~ _
a exchange resin behind.. Wash.:the resin with distilled
'. .$. f . ., -
r; -. . ,
E
- if water inEo . > -
600 ml beab r and save. CF.! ,
- . r_, -
. . v. . . .
- .].^'.:
.'...'~
r
- 3. t Place- .
the-magnetic . stirring bar in the second 4-liter -,_.
' beakc.,: add 'a- second 50 ml water slurry of anion. resin
, . to the milk and stir vigorously for 20 minutes.
- 4. F.emove stirring bar and allow resin to settle to bottom of beaker for 20 minutes. Carefully decant the' milk.and ~
discard. Wash.this resin into the 600 mL beaker con-taining the resin from step 2. Alloir it to se'ttle and decant water to t.raste.
.- 3 e-- -- - , - ,- -- - -- - , - , , , - . -
' ~ .
.'. 5. To this.combincd rc=in add 300 ml of he . water,.Qthout
.. . p 'r
~
80-91 C) .etir briefly, then albk resid to c==pletalf
. =
settle.' Discard the hoti water. Repeat t" ~s hot ' water wash thres times.
r ..
- 6. Add 100 ml of 5-6% NaOC1 to the resin, placa a s all.
(.2.2 cm long) magnetic stirring bar i . t~.a. hea%er and stir vigorously for 5 minutes,on a =agna" .
stirrer..
- 7. Filter the resin slurry through a suctic: "fi tar and retain the NaOCl solution. (Note 2) I -
. W. e 8..
Reextract the-resin by repeating steps. 6 and. 7J.l[7.l. . .
.y
.q- . . . .j f
... - . . .n :;- . . f.. . .
94.2 Discard.. the. resi.n, . ccmbine the two 1G0 =1 sol"' wns-m.
.s-. .
. .: ~ .
?;!.,:. of NaOCL.and;.. carefully- add -40 mL of conc .
j
-2. -
, n.:p.
. :. .- w..
2 :.. ..
EIO3.' . .s. .. -.
Note. 3i
, . r. .- y. :3= ~ - f -. :- =. .
g .. ...;.. .~. _
. . . m.:4; -
.'100.!; :s.v.
Pour:.. the, acidified NaOCl solution into a 50CL mL separated
. : e . . , m+ . .-
- f. . .r w . ..:Y? funnel;.and add'100 ' ml of CC1, .
. e. ._.
1
- .:.y . .,. .,:. *
.~.
3.- - - - . > . ~: - .- -
s a := ..-- - =:u- .
x-
>~ .
- 11. Add 2 grams ~ of h.ydroxylamine hydrochicrida and ehd =
.n
. J.
. (Nota.4F ~ Extract.
the iodine into tha cr:: nM< - nBaen
- (about . 2. min.. equilibration). . ~. Mota 5}
~
12
' Drain. lower organic phase iniio clean. 501 =L sepa_7 torr
', funnel and.save. .-
- 13. Add 100 ml CCl 4 ad 1 g= hydrarzia.i.; grc:' .crida .
to the aquaous phasa in tha first sapirat:ri- 4 ---=1 t
and reextract. Combine organic phases a i discard .
aqueous phase.
e
. 4
ACG' DU mL'cnc.2H O Cnc 10 drop:3 Ot trGdtly pr6 pared 1. M
.. 14.
- + *-
to O 'ecoaratorv funnel containg the combined'CCI L an
. 1
.- e w.. .
. - .- , shake. Equilibrate for 2 minutes.. Discard organic (lo l l
. phase' (No'te S.. - s -
l
- 15. Proceed to mounting procedure. -
\
L'.ounting Procedure .
- 1. Transfer the, aqueous (upper phase into a clean 100 ml beaker and add 1 ml of. conc. hcl and 10 ml of PdCl 2 - .
i
' . ~ .. ,
.n solution. Stir and. let stand. for- 5 minutes -
~
-.. . .y,; -.- ; - - - . " :
,- c z .l ' : ' . ..
. .:. . /.2L; .Using ?a filter:. funnel setup. similar to that .CTaflon or -
. . ;. g . 1.en .*. - 'yj..
-d':ry!. polyethylene .. ;.. q, . ,. . -
'J-C.
' nylon) described in HASL' 300,;."Procedura .
.:,e.-
7.'l:. ..:s $d.r.. ._-.-
s-
,n ,
,. . .- . ..- .. . ; g...
a.
.. gi'5. Manuara" USAEC'i..: filter with; suction -through, a. tared..
'J .
-: .1 .- ..;q.t ., vi :n . ; . . . :- -
-, f .'J . . . , , ..;..dy glass . fiber paperi(2.4 cm diamater),: us'ing a water wash.
r.
.:. . . .g.,
":. .: - ...', 'ye - n~ * .
- s
[?]W.Q'f.
/
.h . . . M.J. ,: ,..u. . .m
' . O:. - .- .. .. b'ottla .to effeet .a the transfer.
- '"?;C-:':-
-:.i .
'_. ;Q
.- n ~
m- . :*
- .-- . : ,.: .~.- # W :.! ' .
...._.7.. ..
-!,.L.. Dry the'. precipitate for 20cminutes. in an oven. set at_ _
o
.~.I.. '?
110*C'.and.. weigh.to th's nearest 0. 1 milligram.- '(Alternat.i
- " '- ' 6','
the sample may be dried on 'a ' hot plate at low heat .for
.% :. . . . , .a about.30 minutes.1
'. 4.
. Mount the precipitate on a nylon disc,. cover-with Mylar - ~
(1/4 mil thick), and fasten with. ring. (This procedure
^
is describad in HASL 300.) (Note 7) -
- 5. Count in a low-background counter for 1000 minutes.-
- 6. If net counting rate of sample is greater tha$t 0.3 cpm (indicating the presence of radiciodine) , recount after 7-8' days to confirm the presence of 13 I by its decay raC-5'
-. .ub .m a We op .-g.
- 4. . g m e a6, . .*6..6-. . . . - .e NmM mqg _ gg. "' g.O- d
- .-..W.. .
--. Calculhto 'es picoeurios I-131 per liter of = ilk. at t' a time ( ,f campling.
U -
. . ~
. . . . r ;-
.t notes *
.~
.~
.- 1. Resin should b's treated to remove any fines. This is acconplished by washing t}ith. water and allos-ing to settle for 5 minutes before decanting sa er.to dr=#-'.
Repeat until any fines are removed. .
- 2. Resin should be very ligh.t strait color after Nacci
- extraction; if not lighi.' colored, tha NaCC1.is balcr strength, and a fresh. solution should be obtM :.ed.
- ~
. .7. , ' Commercial.
3*
grade clorox has been fo". " to ba.~.ade.ciate.
1
- % . .< ;)" ;,.*. ,g .e,- - . .
_ , . ,, . .;. 4- . ,. m. . . ~ .
,- . .3..... Add. tha acid slaulf with. stirring un' # 7 tha. vigorous.
.. ;y_;,:.;... -i .; , - - 2: . _- :. .k::th; .. ,,.y -
^~,,:.. .
- ,..;g. . . n' .. reaction....:.' subsides... Perform in well vacF#1atecl.
,p.; . :
,.4 hocd._
,, y
. . > ,. s - .. .
Proceed!.with. caution in thisIstep... Excessive. gas p.,,,._._._.......'4...:
..'.JJz .j.' . ........ .. . , . , .
~~' formation during the extraction can. caus .
.a +'-=- stopcock.
..y . . . - .. . - ,
or cap,on..the . ;. -
separatory funnel to " pop" with.conseq~
.a . . . :,.. . .
,- - quent:.. loss of sample.. Start by gentir s.:irlinch -the. .
~
s u,..., . ;.
. solution.to effect mixing. . Invert +'-= saparatorr '.fn-- = T-
, with.the stopcock. pointing up.and releasa the pressure by opening the stopcock.. Close tha stop:: '$, c'-=~m, and repeat the pressure release sequence.
- 5. Organic phase should be deep red'; id not, allo : sangla.
. to set for few minutes and shake acain. Raceat h*- =
waiting period if necessary.
l l
1 O
6 9 +e.4 .- ee .O .n e.* .N e-.s.. =>e* . * -
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