ML18037A299

Forwards Geologic Investigation - Radwaste Thrust Structure.

ML18037A299
Person / Time
Site:	Nine Mile Point
Issue date:	10/31/1980
From:	RHODE G K NIAGARA MOHAWK POWER CORP.
To:	YOUNGBLOOD B J Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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1'i~wREGULATORNFORMATIONDISTRIBUTIONSi'EM(RIDS)u~ACCFSSIONNBR:8011070965DOC~DATE:80/10/31NOTARIZED:NOFACIL:50010NineMilePointNuclearStationsUnit2<NiagaraMphaAUTHBYNAMEAUTHORAFFILIATIONRHODEFG,K~NiagaraMohawkPowerCorp.RECIP~NAMERECIPIENTAFFILIATIONYOUNGBLOODFBSJ~LiiCenSingBranCh1SUBJECT;Forwards"Gaoiogicinvestigation-RsdwsstsThurststructure."DISTRIBUTIONCODE:B001SCOPIESRECEIVED:LTRENCLSIZE:1.tt'ITLE:PSAR/FSARAMDTSandRelatedCorrespondenceNOTES'OCKKT05000010RECIPIENTIDCODE/NAMEACTION:A/DLICENSNGRUSHBROOKFM,INTERNAL;ACCIDEVAL<BR26CHEMENGBR08COREPERFBR10EMERGPREP22GEOSCIENCES10HYD/GEOBR15IIlE06IICQUALBRMECH,ENGBR18NRCPDR02OPLICBRPROC/TSTREV20RADESSBR22GFIL01NGBR25COPIESLiTTRENCL101011111110112233111111111111111RECIPIENTIDCODE/NAMEYOUNGBLOODFBKIPERFK,OQAUXSYSBR07CONTSYSBR09EFFTRSYSBR12EQUIPQUALBR13HUMFACTENGBRIECSYSBR16LICGUIDBRMATLENGBR17MPAOKLDPOhlERSYSBR19QABR21REACSYSBR23SITANALBR2A.SYSINTERACBRCOPIESLTTRENCL'011111111111111110101111111111EXTERNAL:ACRSNSIC2705161611LPDR0311toyg0Ip~oTOTALNUMBEROFCOPIESREQUIRED:LTTR55ENCL99 4Vyv.ke~fr44p1n~4w,QJII4Jr 7HllkjSAAUMQHAMKNIAGARAMOHAWKPOWERCORPORATION/300ERIEBOULEVARDWEST,SYRACUSE,N,Y.13202/TELEPHONE(315)474-1511Mr.B.J.Youngblood,ChiefLicensingBranchNo.1DivisionofLicensingOfficeofNuclearReactorRegulationU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionWashington,D.C.20555

DearMr.Youngblood:

C<3October31,1980HCOCC)A~CORe:NineMilePointUnit2DocketNo.50-410Enclosedisareportregardingthegeologicinvestigationofthe.,NineMilePointUnit2RadwasteThrustStructure.ThisreportprovidesthedataandanalysestoconfirmtheconclusionsmadeinresponsetotheNuclearRegulatoryCommission'sRequestforAdditionalInformationf361.1.Verytrulyyours,NIAGARAMOHAWKPOWERCORPORATIONPEF:jaEnclosures(25)eaidK.Rde'icePresid,tSystemProjectManagement30XZ0V096+

0Fie0g1CgOi'~~IIJl TABLEOF'ONTENTSSectionINVESTIGATIONPa<ac1.01.11.21.32.02.12.2IntroductionGeneralHistoryof"Thrust"FaultInvestigationsPurposeandApproachResultsofGeologicInvestigationMappingProgram2.1.1Introduction2.1.2Purpose2.1.3Scope2.1.4Approach2.1.5Stratigraphy2.1.6Structure2.1.6.1CirculatingWaterPipingTrench2.1.6.2RelocatedCoolingTowerFxcavation2.1.6.3NorthRadwasteTrench2.1.6.4East,LakeWaterTunnel2.1.7=-SummaryandInterpretationExplorationoftheExtentoftheRadwasteFault2.2.1IntroductionandPurpose2.2.2ScopeofWork2.2.3XnvestigationResults2.2.3.1400-SeriesBoreholes2.2.3.2PhotographsandFieldXnspectionMapsofReactorContainment2.2.3.3800-SeriesBorings2.2.4Conclusions1126101010llll121314141618212325252628282930322.3Ageof2.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.3.52.3.62.3.7DeformationStatementoftheProblemTechnicalApproachOnsiteBedrockTopographyCalciteMineralization2.3.4.1General2.3.4.2ResultsofParageneticStudies2.3.4.3IsotopicandRadiometricAnalysesRelationofInterstitialSedimenttotheRadwasteFault2.3.5.1General2.3.5.2OriginandAgeofXnterstitialSedimentDeformationofClays-AQuestionofOriginConclusions333334353535374346464656593.03.13.23.33.43.53.63.7StressDeterminationsbyOvercoringIntroductionPurposeScopeProcedureResultsDiscussionConclusions616161616263,66.80 Section4.0SummaryandConclusions4.1OverviewofParticipationbyConsultants4.2ConclusionsP~ae8282845.0References91 LISTOFTABLESTable2.3-1TitleGA3Series-SpecimensofCalciteMineralizationCollectedfromCirculatingWaterPipingTrenchExcavations2~32GA4Series-SpecimensofCalciteMineralizationCollectedfromNorthRadwasteTrench2~33GA5Series-SpecimensofCalciteMineralizationCollectedfromEastLakeWaterTunnel2.3-42.3-52.3-62~372.3-8800Series-SpecimensofCalciteMineralizationCollectedfromCoresofBorings801and806RadiometricDatingof'owTemperatureCalciteIsotopeAnalysesofLowTemperatureCalciteMineralogicAnalysesCorrelationofPollenStratigraphy-EasternNewYorkandSouthernConnecticut2.3-93.3-13%323~333;3-4SpecimensofInternedSedimentfromTrenchesandBoringsasPartofRadwasteFaultStudySummaryofOvercoreTests,BoringRS-1SummaryofOvercoreTests,BoringRS-2'-SummaryofOvercoreTests,BoringRS-3SummaryofOvercoreTests,BoringRS-43'-5SummaryofOvercoreTests,BoringOC-43.3-63~373.3-83.3-93.3-10SummarvSummaryofBiaxialTests,BorinqRS-3ofBiaxialTests,BoringRS-4SummaryofBiaxialTests,BoringOC-4SummaryofBiaxialTests,BoringRS-1SummaryofBiaxialTests,BoringRS-2 LISTOFPLATESSiteLocationMapShowingGeneralConfigurationofBedrockSurfaceandGeologicStructuresintheImmediatevicinityofNineMilePoint.NuclearGeneratingStation,Scriba,N.Y.2~112~122.1-3ApproximateStratigraphicIntervalswherein"Thrust"Faults,wereMappedDuringthisInvestigationGeologicPlanViewShowingaPortionoftheCirculatingWaterPipingTrenchExcavationCrossSectionofWallsofUpperSumpTrenchinCirculatingWaterPipingExcavation2.1-42.1-52.1-6CrossSectionofWallsofUpperSumpTrenchinCirculatingWaterPipingExcavationCrossSectionofNortheastWallofLowerSumpTrenchinCirculatingWaterPipingExcavationGeologicPlanViewofPortionofRelocatedCoolingTowerExcavation2.1-7CrossSectionofPortionofBedrockScarpinRelocatedCoolingTowerExcavation2.1-8CrossSectionofPortionofBedrockScarpinRelocatedCoolingTowerExcavation2.1-9GeneralizedCrossSectionofNortheastWallofNorthRadwasteTrench2.1-10GeneralizedCrossSectionofSouthwestWallofNorthRadwasteTrench2.1-112.1-12DetailedCrossSectionofNortheastWall,NorthRadwasteTrenchIDetailedCrossSectionofSouthwestWall,NorthRadwasteTrench2~113GeologicPlanViewofFloorofExploratoryExcavationintoSouthWallofNorthRadwasteTrench2.1-14DetailedCrossSectionofSouthWallofExploratoryExcavationintoSouthwestWallofNorthRadwasteTrench2.1-15DetailedCrossSectionofEastWallofFxploratoryExcavationintoSouthwestWallofNorthRadwasteTrench 2.1-162~117LISTOFPLATES(cont.)PlanViewofRadwasteBuildingExcavationshowingStructureContoursonBaseofOswegoSandstonePhotographofPortionofNortheastWallofNorthRadwasteTrench2.1-182.1-19CrossSectionofRightRibofEastIntakeTunnelStation0+10to0+60CrossSectionofLeftRibofEastIntakeTunnelStation0+10to0+952.1-20CrossSectionStation2+30to2+902.1-21CrossSectionStation4+25to4+852.1-222~123CrossSectionStation6+10to7+10CrossSectionStation8+38to8+952.1-242.1-252.1-262~127CrossSectionStation9+45to10+02ThreeDimensionalRepresentationofLakeWaterIntakeTunnelsStructuralElementsfromAreasofInvestigationSiteLocationMapShowingGeneralConfigurationofBedrockSurfaceandSlipDirectionsofThrustFaults2~212~222~232.2-42.2-52.2-6BoreholeLocationMapCrossSectionalongLineof800-SeriesBoringsSimplifiedGeologicCrossSectionNorthandWestWallsofAuxilliaryBayDetailedLogofaPortionofBoring801PhotographofRotatedBedsinBoring801,atDepth'of46.5feetDetailedLogofPortionofBoring802 2~27A2.2-7B2.2-82.2-9LISTOFPLATES(cont.)DetailedLogofPortionofBoring802DetailedLogofPortionofBoring802Cont'dDetailedLogofPortionofBoring803DetailedLogofPortionofBoring8042.2-10ADetailedLogofPortionofBoring8062.2-10BDetailedLogofPortionofBoring806Cont'd2.2-112.2-12PhotographsofLaminatedClayinB-810atDepthof252.2FeetPhotographsofLaminatedClayinB-805atDepthof121.55Feet2~31GeologicProfileofOverburdenfromOldBoringsAcrossValleyatLeadingEdgeofRadwasteFault,NineMilePointUnit2Site2~322~332.3-42.3-52.3-62~372.3-82.3-92.3-102.3-112.3-12ParageneticRelationshipsofGroundwaterCalciteMineralizationatNineMilePointUnit2SiteType1CalciteType1CalciteTravertineType3CalciteSpecimenGA4-S8,SouthWallofSlot,NorthRadwasteTrenchSpecimenGA4-6,NorthWallofSlot,NorthRadwasteTrenchDistribtuionof13CRaCiosofCarbonatesDistributionof13CRatiosofCarbonatesDistributionof18RatiosofCarbonatesShowingRelationshiptoSileSpecimensMixtureofBrecciaandSedimentasShownbySampleGA4-S5NorthRadwasteTrench LISTOF'L'ATES(cont.)2.3-132.3-142.3-152.3-162~3172.3-182.3-192.3-202~321PollenSamples,WestWallCoolingTowerTrench,CTT-1GrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveGrainSizeDistributionCurveClassificationofSoilSpecimensfromGrainSizeAnalysis2~322PercentMineralContentofSamplesfromTrench4andNorthRadwasteTrench2~323RelativePollenPercentages,SporeandMiscellaneousMicrofossilAbundance2.3-24FrecruencyDiagramsforPollenSpectraRepresentingTotalofSamplesfromNorthRadwasteandCirculatingWaterPipingTrenches2.3-25PhotographsofLatePleistoceneClayShowingClayLaminaewith70'ipEqualtothatofShortLimbofKinkFoldAlongRadwasteFaultZone2.3-26PhotographsofDeformationinLatePleistoceneClaysShowingA)LocationofFolds,B)FoldinClays2~327PhotographsofDeformationFeaturesinLatePleistoceneClayNorthRadwasteTrench3~313~323~333.3-43.3-53.3-6SiteLocationMapBoringRS-1-ResultsofInSituStressDeterminationsBoringRS-2-ResultsofInSituStressDeterminationsBoringRS-3-ResultsofInSituStressDeterminationsBoringRS-4-ResultsofInSituStressDeterminationsBoringOC-4-ResultsofInSituStressDeterminations 3~37LISTOFPLATES(cont.)CrossSectionthroughBoringsOC-4andRS-4showingHorizontalNormalDisplacementsinVerticalPlanesOrientatedN70'WintheNorthoftheFaultBlock3.3-8CrossSectionthroughRS-3,RS-2,andRS-1showingHorizontalNormalDisplacementsinVerticalPlanesOrientedN70'WtotheSouthoftheFaultBlock3.3-9DiagramShowingStressNomenclature APPENDICESA.BoringLogs-800-SeriesBoringsB.Consultants'eports-AnalysisofCalciteMineralizationB.lBarnes,H.L.B.1-1B.1-2Report-SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,Unit2,SeriesGA3Report,-SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,Unit2,NorthRadwasteTrench,SamplesGA4-lAand1BB.1-3B.1-4Report-SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,NorthRadwasteTrench;SamplesGA4-2toGA4-9,GA4-11,GA4-BH,GA4-S8-AandGA4-XLetterdated2/26/80ConcerningSamplesHK-1andHK-2Letterdated3/28/80concerningSamplesHK-1andHK-2B.1-,7Letterdated5/12/80ConcerningSamplesHK-3andTU-1Report-SamplesGA5and800-SeriesReport-CharacteristicsofMineralizationinFracturesofSamplesGA5-3,-4,-5,-6,and-7B.2Krueger,H.B~21B.2-2B.2-3B.2-4B.2-5B.2-6B.3Ku,T.L.Report.ReportReportReportReportReportSampleSL-10(CAnalysis)14SamplesHK-1andHK-2(CAnalysis)14SamplesHK-1andHK-2(0Analysis)18SampleGA4-S31(CAnalysis)14SampleHK-3(CAnalysisAttempt)14SampleHK-3B.3-1B.3-2Uranium-SeriesAgeDatingofCalciteMaterial,SamplesSW-1andSW-2230234Th/UDatingofSampleTU-1 APPENDICES(cont.)C.Consultants'eports-CompositionalAnalysisofInternedSedimentsC.lSirkin,L.C.l-lC.1-2Report-PollenAnalysisofSampleCWPT-1Report-PollenAnalysisofSamplesGA3-SlandGA3-S2Report-.AdditionalPollenAnalysisofSamplesCWPT-1andGA3-SlC.1-4C.1-5C.1-6Report-PollenAnalysisofSamplesGA4-Sl-A,S2-A,S4-A,SS-A,S6-B,andS8-BReport-PollenAnalysisofSamplesGA4-20,21,21A,22,24,and26Report-PollenAnalysisofSamples806-S1,806-S3,810-1,810-3,810-4,and805-1C.2Terasmae,J.C.2-1ReportonPalynologicalAnalysisofLaminatedSiltyClayC.3Vassiliou,A.H.C.3-1C.3-2Report-MineralogicAnalyses,SamplesGA4-1,2,4,5,6,and7andSL-CWPT-l,2,and3Report-MineralogicAnalysis,SamplesGA4-27,28and29D.Consultants'eports-ConfigurationofInternedSediment,inNorthRadwasteTrenchD.lSirkin,L.D.l-lReport-ConcerningObservationsmadeinNorthRadwasteTrenchD.2Pewe,T.L.D.2-1Report-ConsiderationofOriginandAgeofClayinBedrockatNineMilePointE.StressDeterminationsbyOvercoringE.lTableE-1 APPENDICES(cont.)E.2RS-SeriesBoringLogs(PlatesE-1throughE-4)E.3StrainReliefCurvesforOvercoringTests(PlatesE-5throughE-113)F.Consultants'eports-SignificanceofObservedGeologicStructuresF.lPrice,N.J.F.l-lAssessmentofRadwasteStructureatNineMinePointNuclearStationF.1-2FurtherThoughtsontheStabilityoftheNineMilePoint,SiteF.1-3ThirdThoughtsontheStabilityoftheRadwasteStructureF.2Pewe,T.L.F.2-1Report-ConsiderationoftheEffectsofPermafrostandGroundIceGrowthonStructuresatthe'iteF.3Fairhurst,C.F.3-1PotentialforDifferentialMovementAlongtheRadwasteStructure,NineMilePoint,NewYork,OvertheNext50YearsF.4Jahns,R.H.andPhilbrick,S.S.NotesontheRadwasteFaultStructure,NineMilePointNo.2GeneratingStation,NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation

1.0'NTRODUCTION1.1GENERALThisreportpresentsthedatacollectedandtheconclusionsdrawnduringthegeologicinvestigationsatthesiteofNiagaraMohawk'sNineMilePointNuclearGeneratingStation,Unit2,duringaperiodfromJune1979throughJuly1980.Themaintopicofthestudieswere"thrust"faultswhichhavebeenexposedatseverallocationsatthesite.Thesefaultswereinitiallynotedinthefallof1976,inthegeneralareaoftheheaterbay.ThefaultsweredescribedpreviouslyintworeportssubmittedbyNiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation.Thecollectivedatabaseandgeologicevaluationspresentedinthisreportarederivedfromfourlinesofinvestigationandareview.Includedare:detailedgeologicmappingofselectedexposures;explorationwithborings;studyofsecondarymaterials(lacustrineclaysandlowtemperaturecalcitemineralization)encounteredwithinthe'onesofdeformation;insitustressdeterminations;andexpertopinionsbyseveralprominentmembersofthescientificcommunity.Theinformationinthisreportisintendedforuseinconjunctionwiththepreviouslypresenteddatainevaluatingthesignificanceofthe"thrust"fault.structuresinrelationtothenuclear facilitiesatthesite.ThisdatahasbeenutilizedinaddressingsomeconcernsexpressedbytheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionintheirquestionsQ361.1throughQ361.35.ThesequestionsweretransmittedintwolettersdatedOctober1,1979andJuly9,1980.1.2HISTORYOF'"THRUST"'AULTINVESTIGATIONSThetypesofgeologicstructures,suchasintheheaterbayandtheradwastebuildingexcavations,shallbereferredtothroughouttheremainderofthisreportasthe"thrust"orRadwasteFaultstructures.Thesefeatureswereinitiallydiscoveredintheautumnof1'976inthefollowingcomponentsofthepowercomplex:thenorthandsouthradwastetrenches;theheaterbay;thenormalswitchgearbuilding;thecirculatingwaterintakebuilding;andthenorthnotchofthereactorcontainment.Inearlyspringof1977,"thrust"faultswerediscoveredinthecoolingwaterintakeshaftatadepthofapproximately120feet.Similarfaultswerealsoencounteredinthelakewaterintaketunnelsupontheirexcavationinthespringof1980.Theyarepresentthroughoutnearlytheentire1500footlengthoftheeasttunnel.Inlatespringof1979,excavationsfortherevisedcirculatingwaterpipingtrenchwerecompleted.Intheeasternhalfofthisexcavation,minordeformationalfeatureswereencountered.

Thestyleofdeformationwasverysimilartothatofthepreviouslymapped"thrust"faults.However,themagnitudesofdisplacementswereconsiderablysmaller.Additionalminor"thrust"faultstructureswereencounteredduringthespringof1980,whilecompletingexcavationsforthecoolingtower.Plate1-1presentsthelocationsofallknownoccurrencesofthe"thrust"faultstructuresattheNineMilePointSite.Investigationofthesefaultswasundertakenintheautumnof1976.Dames&MooreandStone6WebsterEngineeringCorporationwereinvolvedintheinitialinvestigation.Threeinterpretationswereadvancedconcerningtheorigin,age,andsignificanceofthedeformation.Theseare:thestructuresweredevelopedpriortolithificationofthesedimentsduringearly-tomid-Paleozoictime;thestructuresdevelopedasaresultofbrittlefailureafterlithificationofthesedimentsduringlatePaleozoictime;thestructuresdevelopedasaresultofbrittlefailurewhichoccurredinrelativelyrecentgeologicaltime,underconditionsofshallowburial,andwasconsideredtobeamanifestationofhighlateralstresses.AthoroughexaminationofthesestructuresbyProfessorP.A.Donath'oftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaledtotheeliminationofthefirstinterpretationstatedabove.

Thefeatureswerethoroughlyexaminedandanextensiveeffortwasmadetocollectinformationtodeterminetheageandcauseofthedeformation.Thedataobtaineduptothattimedidnotpermit,anunequivocalinterpretation,butitwasrecognizedthatthereweretwopossibilities.Onewasthatthestructureshadformed,inPaleozoictime,contemporaneouslywiththedevelopmentofregionalconjugateshearfractures.ThealternativinterpretationsuggestedthattheHeaterBaystructuredevelopedaftertheyoungest.structuresassociatedwithepigeneticmineralization,probablyofLatePaleozoictoCretaceousage.Theprincipalbasisforthisinterpretationwastheapparentabsenceofmineralizationalongthestructure.Thismineral-izationtypicallyoccursalongthePaleozoicageshearfractures.Theearlyinvestigation(l976)revealedtheoccurrenceoflaminatedglaciolacustrineclay,subsequentlydeterminedtobeofLateWisconsinanAge,alongtheHeaterBaydiscontinuity.Theclaylaminaewereseentobecontorted,andthiswasinter-pretedtoindicatethatthediscontinuitymighthaveexperiencedmovementsinpostglacialtime.TheobservationsandinterpretationsoftheHeaterBaystructureinvestigationwerepresentedbyNiagaraMohawkPowerCorporationintworeports.Thesereportsare:"GeqlogicInvestigationofNineMileUnit2;AnInterimReport",l977,NiagaraMohawkPowerCorpora-tion,Scriba,N.Y.;and "NineMilePointNuclearStationUnit2:GeologicInvestigationVols.I,IIandIII";197S,NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,Syracuse,N.Y.DuringatelephoneconversationonMarch14,1979,betweenrepesentativesofNiagaraMohawk'owerCorporation,DamesMoore,andtheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,theCommissionexpressedconcernregardingthecontortionsintheclayinfillings,aswellastheabsenceofadefinitestatementinthe1978reportprecludingmovementsalongthediscontinuityduringtheopera-tionallifeofthefacilities.ThisconcernwasformallyexpressedbytheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissioninbothnreliminaryandfinalizedquestionsaddressedtoNiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation.ThequestionsincludedrequestsforinformationregardingthedesignoftheUnit2powercomplextoaccountforthepotentialmovementsalongthegeologicdiscontinuities.InMay,1979,itwasdecidedthatthedesignfortheradwastebuildingshouldinvolvedeepeningoftheradwastetrenchtoalevelatwhichthediscontinuitywouldonlyintersecttheverticalwallsoftheexcavation.Itwasalsodecidedthatagapbeleftbetweenthewallsoftheradwastebuildingandtherockface.Thegapwouldbefilledwithasuitablematerial,topreventthetransferofstrainfromthebedrocktothewallsoftheradwastebuilding.TheplannedexcavationcommencedonAugust14,1979,andwasconductedunderthesupervisionofDamesSMoorepersonnel.Shestructurewasfoundtobemore extensivethanexpected.Furtherinvestigationofthestructurewasinitiatedandadditionaldatawereobtainedconcerningtheageofthestructure,itsextent,andtheageoflastmovement.1.3PURPOSE'ANDAPPROACHThepurposeoftheinvestigationreportedhereinwastocollectandanalyzedatatoevaluatethesignificanceofthe"thrust"faultstructureswithregardtotheonsitefacilities.Specifi-cally,'thestudywasdirectedtowardacquiringinformationtoaddressthefollowingtwopoints:todetermineiffuturemovementsalongthe"thrust"faultstructurescouldberuledout;andifnot,thentodeducethenature,distribution,andlikelymagnitudeofcumulativedisplacementsalongthestructuresduringtheoperationallife.ofthefacilities.Duringtheearlystagesoftheinvestigation(September,October1979')itwasdecidedthatthebasesoftheassessmentofthefuturebehaviorofthe"thrust"faultswouldinclude:thegeometryandarealextentofthestructures,describedinSections2.1and2.2below;theageofformation,genesisandageofdisplacementsalongthefaults,describedinSection2.3below;andtheirboundaryandequilibriumconditions;andfactorscontrollingthepresentequilibrium conditionsandfuture.changesaffectingthesefactors,describedinSection3.0below.Astheinvestigationdevelopedandthecomplexityandrelativeuniquenessofthegeologicstructuresweremadeevident,itwasdecidedthattheinterpretationswouldbegreatlyenhancediftheconsultationoftheleadingpractitionersinthefieldwereobtained.Drs.F.A.Donath,D.R.CoatesandS.S.AlexandercontinuedtheirreviewofthegeologicactivitiesattheNineMilePointsiteasconsultantstoNiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation.Theseindividualshaveservedasconsultantssince1977duringinvestigationsoftheCoolingTowerFault.Theirreviewsofproposedstudiesandsuggestionsregardingadditionalanalyticalproceduresprovedhelpfulincompletingthisinvestigation.Dr.N.J.Priceinitiallywasassociatedwiththegeologicinves-tigationsoftheCoolingTowerFault(1978).Dr.PricevisitedtheNineMilePointsiteinthefallof1979andagaininthespring-of1980toexaminethe"thrust"fault,asexposedinthenorthradwastetrench.Asaresultofhisinitialvisit,Dr.PriceprovidedDames6Moorewithhisassessmentofvariousaspectsofthestructure.Heconcludedthat.thisfaultisanear-surface,aseismicstructureandpostulatedseveralmodelstobeutilizedinassessingthepossiblerangeoffuturemovements.Dr.Pricediscussedtheroleofthehigh-anglefaults(CoolingTowerandDrainageDitchFaults)asboundariestothe"thrust"sheetandrecommendedfieldinvestigations.InDecemberof 1979,Dr.Pricefocusedtheactionoftheinvestigationonthe'futurestabilityofthestructureandtheimportanceofshearstrains.Inkeepingwiththedecisiontoinvolveeminentpractitioners,inJanuaryof1980,Dames6Mooreestablishedapanelofconsultantstoreviewtheinvestigationstodateandprovideanindependentassessmentofthedata.Thepanelwasempoweredtorecommendadditionalinvestigationsand/oranalyses.Drs.S.S.Philbrick,R.H.Jahns,andMr.W.W.Moorecomprisedthispanel.Duringthecourse.oftheirreview,theyutilizedthespecialized)servicesofDrs.T.L.PeweandC.Fairhurst.InearlyFebruary1980,Dr.Jahns,Dr.PhilbrickandMr.Moorevisitedthesiteandinspectedthedeformationexposedinthenorthradwastetrench.Asummaryoftheworkperformedatthesitewasprovidedtothepanel.Basedonthisvisit,thepanelrecommendedthataseriesofboringsbedrilledtoinvestigatethedown-dipextentofthestructure(Section2.2)andthatinsitustrainreliefmeasurementsbeperformed(Section3.0).Atthattimeitwasrecommendedthat,Dr.Fairhurstberetainedasaconsultanttothereviewpanelregardingtherockmechanicsaspectsoftheproject.Additionally,thepanelrecommended".thatDr.Pewevisitthesitetocommenton(1)thepossibleroleoficeintheformationoftheRadwasteStructureandCoolingTowerFault;and(2)theoriginandageoftheclaydepositedinthevoidsinthebedrock.

Dr.Fairhurst'sinvolvementwiththereviewpanelcommencedinMarch1980.Hisprimaryparticipationconcernedtheovercoringprogram(Section3.0).Dr.Fairhurstassistedinplanningthescopeofthisprogram,aswellasanalyzingtheresultswithrespecttoassessingthepossibilityoffuturemovementalongthethruststructures.Dr.Fairhurst'sreportisincludedinAppendixF.Otherconsultantswhoseexpertiseinrelatedaspectsofthestudyiswidelyrecognizedandwhohadpreviousexperienceworkingontheprojectactivelyparticipatedintheinvestigationofthe"thrust"structures,theyarelistedbelowwiththeirareaofexpertise.Theresultsoftheanalysesbythevariousconsultantsareprovidedinthereferencedappendices.Dr.H.Barnes-PennsylvaniaStateUniversityParageneticandgeothermometricanalysismineralizationAppendixB.lDr.H.Krueger-GeochronLaboratories-XsotopicandRadiometricAnalysesAppendixB.2Dr.T.L.Ku-UniversityofSouthernCalifornia-Th/UDatingAppendixB.3Dr.L.Sirkin-AdelphiUniversity-PalynologicalAnalysesAppendixC.lDr.J.Terasmae-BrockUniversity-PalynologicalAnalysesAppendixC.2Dr.A.Vassiliou-RutgersUniversity-Newark-MineralogicalAnalysesAppendixC.,3Furtherspecificdetailsconcerningthepurpose,scopeandapproachofindividualfacetsoftheinvestigationarepresentedwiththecorrespondingsections.

2.0RESULTSOFGEOLOGICINVESTIGATIONS2.1'A'PPING'PROGRAM2.

1.1INTRODUCTION

Thissectionofthereportpresentsresultsofthegeologicmappingprogramundertakentoinvestigatethe"thrust"structures.Early,itbecameapparentthatthesestructuresweresimilartoeachotherintermsofstructuralstyleandage.Thelocationsofthe"thrust"structuresarepresentedonPlatel-l.Thisplateshowsthatboththelocationsofthebedrockdiscontinuitiesandtheexcavationsforthefacilitycoincidewithanorthtrendingvalleyinthebedrock.Thestructurescanbestbe,describedassmall,gentlydippingtonearlyhorizontalshearplanesacrosswhichtheupperstratahavebeentransportedtothewest.Inageometricsensetheywouldbeclassifiedasthrustfaults.These"thrusts"appeartobeconfinedtospecificstratigraphicunits.Theygenerallyoccurasplanesofslipparalleltobeddingwithshortintervalswherethediscontinuitytransectsthelayeringatalowangleandthenmergeswithbeddingatahigherstratig-raphiclevel.Smallbrittleasymetricfoldsandmonoclines,reflectingthedirectionofbedrocktransport,commonlyoccurwithinthezonesofdeformation.Theobserveddisplacementsacrossthefaultsdifferconsiderably,bothalongindividualstructures,andfromexposuretoexposure,rangingfromlessthananinchtoseveralfeet.10 2.1.2PURPOSEThepurposeofthemappingprogramwasdual:todocumenttheoccurrenceandlocationof"thrust"structuresexposedinbedrockexcavationsatthesite;toidentifyanddefinepertinent,structuralrelation-shipswhichcouldprovideinformationconcerningthedeterminationoftheageofdevelopment,theageoflastmovement,and,themechanismofdeformation.2.1.3SCOPEGeologicmappingwasconductedinfourseparateareasofthesite:thecirculatingwaterpipingtrench,therelocatedcoolingtowerexcavation,thenorthradwastetrench,andtheeastlakewatertunnel(Plate1-1).Inthecirculatingwaterpipingtrenchageologicplanviewwasmade,at.ascaleof1:36,ofanareaofapproximately10,000squarefeet.Withinthisareadetailedcrosssectionsweredrawn,atascaleof1:12,ofthewallsoftheupperandlowersumptrenches.Aplanviewofanareaofapproximately7500squarefeetwasmadeoftheflooroftherelocatedcoolingtowerexcavation.Additionally,twocrosssectionsweredrawn,atscalesof1:30and1:12,ofbedrockfaceswithinthisarea.

Sixcrosssectionsandaplanviewwerepreparedoftheexposuresinthenorthradwastetrench.Crosssectionsoftheexposureweredrawn,atscalesof1:60and1:12.Twocrosssectionsandaplanviewweremade,at.ascaleof1:12,ofasmallauxiliaryexcavationinthesouthwestwallofthemainexposure.Sevencrosssectionsweredrawn,atascaleof1:60,oftheexposuresof"thrust"faultsintheeastlakewatertunnel.However,withtheexceptionoftheexposurenearestthetunnelportal,exposuresintheleftribofthetunnelweremapped.Thesamplingofsecondarymaterials(calciteandclay)associatedwiththestructuresandthecollectionofstructuralmeasurementsforgeometricanalysiswereincludedwithinthescopeofthisprogram.Photographicdocumentationoftheexposuresandsamplelocationswasconductedinconjunctionwithallmapping.2.1.4APPROACHAlldrawingsrepresent.indetail,theconfigurationandgeometricrelationshipsintheexposures.Stratigraphiccorrelationswerenecessarytodefinethesenseandamount,ofdisplacementacrossthefaults.ItwasimportanttoidentifystructuralrelationshipspertainingtothesecondarymaterialsoccurringIwithinthestructures.Ateachlocationasufficientnumberofstructuralmeasurementswerecollectedtodefineaccuratelythegeometryofthestructureandthedirectionofslip.12 2.1.5STRATIGRAPHYPlate2.1-1showsthestratigraphicunitswithinwhichthe"thrust"structuresoccuratthesite.AnextensivedescriptionofthestratigraphicsequenceatthesiteispresentedintheApril1978report.ThecoolingtowerandcirculatingwaterpipingtrenchexcavationsaresituatedwithinthelowerportionoftheOswegoSandstone.ThedeepestportionsoftheseexcavationsextendintotheTransitionZone.Thebedrockexposedattheselocationsconsistsofgray,fine-to-mediumgrained,massiveandcommonlycrossbeddedsiliceoussandstone.Itcontainsnumerouswell-developedsedimentarychannelscommonlyfilledwithargillaceousandthinlybeddedstrata.Approximately25feetofstratigraphicsectionisexposedinthenorthradwastetrench.TheexcavationextendsfromthelowerOswegoSandstone,throughtheTransitionZone,andafewfeetintotheupperportionofUnit"A"ofthePulaskiFormation.ThelithologiccharacteroftheOswegoSandstoneatthislocationisessentiallyidenticaltothatdescribedabove.TheTransitionZoneconsistsofthin-to-mediumbeddedsandstone,graywacke,andsiltstone.Occasionalblackshalelayersgenerallylessthanone-halfinchthickarealsopresent.Unit"A"consistsofmedium-to-thicklybeddedsandstoneandgraywacke.13 Theeastlakewatertunnelexposesabout15feetofthestratig-raphicsequencewhichcomprisestheupperportionofUnit"C"ofthePulaskiFormation.Thissequenceconsistsofmedium-to-thickbeddedandcommonlyfossiliferoussandstonestrataseparatedbymediumbeddedshalysiltstonebeds.2.1.6STRUCTUREStructuralobservationsmadeatexposuresof"thrust"faultsonthesitearediscussedinorderoftheiroccurrence,fromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrenchinthesouthtothelakewaterintaketunnelsinthenorth(Plate1-1).2.1.6.1CirculatingWaterPipingTrenchPlate2.1-2isaplanviewoftheareainvestigatedinthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench,illustratingvariousgeologicstructuresandsamplelocations.Plates2.1-3through2.1-5aregeologiccrosssectionsrepresentingthebedrockdiscontin-uitiesencounteredatthislocation.The"thrust"structuresconsistoftenuouslyinterconnectedbrecciazonesparalleltobeddingorsedimentarychannelsurfaces.Smallfoldsproducedbyrigidbodyrotationofbedrock'slabsareassociatedwiththemaindiscontinuities,intheupperandlowersumptrenches(Plate2.1-2).Thestructureintheuppertrenchconsistsofabrecciazoneupto6inchesthick.AsshownonPlates2.1-3and2.1-4,the14 brecciazoneissituatedatthebaseofanorthwesttrendingsedimentarychannel.Theaxesofsmallfolds,developedinresponsetoslipacrossthezone,trendfromS05EtoS38E,plungingfrom5to16degrees(Plate2.1-26).Themovementofthestrataabovethezonewastotheeastornortheastasreflected:bythegeometryofthefolds.Theamountoftransla-tionacrossthestructurecouldnotbedetermined.However,sedimentaryrelationshipssuggest.thatadisplacementofapproximatelyonefootisareasonableestimate.TheprincipaldiscontinuityinthelowersumptrenchisawestwarddippingbrecciazonedepictedonPlate2.1-5.Stratig-raphicseparationandtherotationsenseofasmallmonoclinalfoldindicatethatthehangingwallstrataweretranslatedtotheeastrelativetothefootwallstrata.TheaxisofthemonoclineinthesouthendofthistrenchtrendsapproximatelyS03Wandplunges12degrees.Thisfoldconsistsofaseriesofrotatedbedrockslabsseparatedbyvoids.Thedisplacementacrossthebrecciazone(Plate2.1-5)couldnotbedeterminedwithcertainty;however,stratigraphiccorrelationsindicatethehorizontaltranslationmaybeasmuchas4to4.5feet.Bedrockdilationsarecommoninthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench,butsecondaryinfillingmaterialswereidentifiedonlywithinthestructureexposedintheuppersumptrench.There,unconsolidatedsedimentsoccuralongthebrecciazoneforadistanceofseveralfeet(Plate2.1-3).Twotypesofmaterial15 wereidentified,alightgrayplasticclay,andatantograylaminatedsiltyclay.Thelaminaeofthelatterwerecontortedbydiapiricstructures.Plate,2.1-3showsthelocationsofsamplesrepresentingbothsoilsforpalynologicalanalysis(SamplesGA3-SlandGA3-S2).Inaddition,slickensidedandbrecciatedcalcitemineralizationwasidentifiedonthesoleofthebrecciazone.Toobtaininformationconcerningtheageofdeformation,samplesofthiscalcitewerecollectedforfluidinclusionanalysis(SamplesGA3-17,18,and19,;Plate2.1-2).TheresultsofthelaboratoryanalysisofthesesecondarymaterialsarepresentedinSection2.3.Severalobservationsandconclusionsconcerningthedeformationalcharacterofthese"thrust"faultscanbemade:thestructuresresultfromslipalongbeddingplanes;thesedimentaryconfigurationofthebedrockhasinfluencedthemodeofdeformation(thatis,brecciationorfolding);dilationoccurredinassociationwiththedeformation;and,theslickensidedandbrecciatedcalciteindicatesthatthefaultsmighthaveundergonerepeatedmovements.2.1.6.2RelocatedCoolingTowerExcavationPlate2.1-6isaplanviewoftheareainvestigatedinthecoolingtowerexcavation.Plates2.1-7and2.1-8arecross16 sectionsrepresentingbedrockdiscontinuitiesatthislocation.The"thrust"faultsexposedinthisexcavationweresimilartothebedrockdiscontinuitiesinthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench.Severalsmallbrittlefoldshaveresultedfrombeddingplaneslipalongthesediscontinuities.Thezonescontainbreccia,aswellasunconsolidatedsediments.Thepresenceoftillwithinthebedrockatthislocationdistinguishesthesestructuresfromthefaultsinthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench.Theeastern"thrust,"structureispresentedincrosssectiononPlate2.1-7.Fromthisplateandthegeologicplanview,(Plate2.1-6),itisapparentthatatleastpartofthebedrockissurroundedbytill.Thissuggeststhatthedeformationcouldbeattributedtoglacialprocesses.TheotherstructuresmappedinthecoolingtowerexcavationareshownincrosssectiononPlate2.1-8.Thedislocationsinthebedrockhaveoccurredalongbeddingplanes,whicharenowfilled,inmostcases,withtillandbreccia.Asmallmonocline,theaxisofwhichtrendsapproximatelyN77W,hasbeendevelopedinassociationwiththeslip.Thesenseofrotationofthismonoclineindicatesthatthehangingwallblockmovedtothesouthwestrelativetothefootwallblock.Inadditiontothetill,calcitemineralizationoccursatthe baseofthebrecciazones,andcementsbrecciaclastsanddisplayssouthwesttrendingslickensides.2.1.6.3NorthRadwasteTrenchTheexposureinthenorthradwastetrenchisthemostprominentofallthe"thrust"faultsatthesite.Plates2.1-11and2.1-12arecrosssectionsrepresentingthestructureinthisexposure.:Anauxiliaryexcavationwasmadeintothe.southwestwallofthetrenchtoexaminethestructuralrelation-shipsofsecondarymaterialsfoundwithinthe"thrust"structure.Plate2.1-13isaplanviewandPlates2.1-14and2.1-15arecrosssectionsrepresentingthisexcavation.Asillustratedonthegeneralizedcrosssections(Plates2.1-9and2.1-10)the"thrust"faultconsistsofabroadzoneofdeformation.ThiszoneisdevelopedwithintheTransitionZoneanddisplaysadipof20to30degreestotheeast.FromPlates2.1-11and2.1-12,itisapparent.thatthestr'uctureiscomposedofastackofbedrockelementsdisplacedtothewestalongbeddingplanes.Themostintensedeformationisculminatedalongtheinclinedportionofthediscontinuity.Thereisnocontinuoussheardislocationofthebedsalongthefootwallofthisstructure.Thedisplacementsobservedareaccomplishedinavarietyofmodes,including:discontinuoussheardislocationofindividualbedsorgroupsofbeds;rigidbodyrotationofbedstoformsmallfolds.

broadarchingofthehangingwallstrata;and'ilationofthebedrockalongbeddingplanesandvariouslyorientedfractures.Thedisplacementisgreatest,acrossthenearlyhorizontalzoneofbiecciationwhichiseffectivelytheupperlimitoftherampportionofthestructure(Plate2.1-17).Theapparentseparationacrossthiszonewasestablishedtorangefrom5to7feet(Plates2.1-11and2.1-12).Thisisbasedonthecorrelationofafossiliferoussandstonebed.Themagnitudeofoverallshorteningisnoteasilyestablished.Inthedeepestpartoftheexcavationtheapparent.dipseparationacrossthefaultwasdeterminedtobe4.5feet.Thisdisplacementwasestablishedbycorrelatingafossiliferoushorizonacrossthestructure.Plate2.1-16isastructurecontourmapshowingtheconfigurationofthetopoftheTransitionZoneinthevicinityofthenorthradwastetrench.Itshowsthatthedisplacementsacrossthe"thrust"haveresultedinanarchingofthishorizon.Thisbroadwarpdisplaysanorthwardtrend,andanamplitudeofabout2.5feet.Theoveralldirectionofstructuraltransportofthehangingwalloftheradwastestructureistothewest.However,thedirectionofslipofindividualstratigraphicelementswithinCthe"thrust"structurevariesfromS80WtoNGOW.Theseslip19 directionsweredeterminedonthebasisoffoldaxisorienta-tionsandthedirectionsofslickensides(Plate2.1-26).Possiblythemostsignificantcharacteristicofthestructurewasthepresenceofnumerousindicatorsofdilationwithinthebedrockmass,suchasvoids,openfracturesofvariousattitudes,andzonesofloosebedrockrubble.Inaddition,calcitemineralizationandunlithifiedsedimentsoccurwithinthestructure.Calcite,cementingbrecciaclasts,wasfoundatanumberoflocationsandwascommonlyslickensided(forexample,samplelocationsGA4-1,-2,and-3;Plates2.1-11and2.1-12).Inonecase,thiscalciteoccurredonarandomlyorientedbedrockfragmentwithinthebrecciazone(samplelocationGA4-8;Plate2.1-11)indicatingthatthedislocationofthefragmentfollowedmineralization(Section2.3.4).CalcitemineralizationcementedlaminatedclaywithinbeddingplanesatsamplelocationGA4-7(Plate2.1-12).Twotypesofunlithifiedsedimentsinfilledopeningswithinthestructure:agraytotanlaminatedsiltyclay,andagraymassiveplasticclay.Thelatter.typewasmostcommonlypresentinzonesofintenselyshatteredbedrockalongtherampofthefault.Atseverallocationslaminatedclaywasmixedwiththebreccia(samplelocationsGA4-S5,-S6andS27;Plates2.1-11,-12,and-13).Laminatedclaywasalsofoundalong'0 beddingplanes,whereitappearedtobecontorted(samplelocationGA4-Sl,Plate2.1-12).Examplesofdeformationofthelaminatedclaysoccurintheexposuresofasmallmonoclineatelevation223feet(Plates2.1-12and2.1-14).Atthislocationclaylayers1/4to1inchthickdipfrom20to70degrees,paralleltothelimbofthemonocline(Plate2.1-12,-13,and-14).Theconfigurationandgeneralappearanceoftheradwaste"thrust"faultleadtothefollowingconclusionsconcerningthemechanismofdeformation:thedeformationresultedfromthesheardisplacementtothewestofthestrataalongbeddingplanesinthehangingwall;thedeformationoccurredunderconditionsoflowverticalconfinementasindicatedbythedilationofthestratainthisexposure;thecumulativedisplacementonthis"thrust"hasbeenachievedbyincrementaldisplacementsasindicatedbythestructuralrelationshipswithinthisexposure.FurtherdiscussionconcerningtheageofthestructureisprovidedinSection2.3.2.1.6.4EastLakeWaterTunnelThelocationsofexposuresof"thrust"faultsalongthelakewatertunnelsareshownonPlate1-1.Crosssectionsrepresenting21 theseexposuresarepresentedonPlates2.1-18through2.1-24.Plate2.1-25isathree-dimensionalrepresentationshowingtheconfigurationofthestructuresrelativetobothtunnels.AsshownonPlate2.1-25,'hefivefaultexposuresintheeasttunnelprobablydonotrepresentseparatediscontinuities.Rather,itappearsthattheshearplanesateitherextremityofthezoneoffaultingrepresentthesamestructure.Thethreeintermediatefaultsaresplaysfromthismainstructure.Thisisconsistentwiththemagnitudesofthedisplacementsattheindividualexposures,whicharegreatestattheextremi-ties.The"thrust"faultsintheeasttunnelconsistofaseriesofdiscrete,intimatelyrelated,gentlysoutheastwarddippingtonearlyhorizontalshearplanes,ranginginstrikefromNlOEtoN35E.Asimilarshearplaneoccursinthenorthtunnel(Plate2.1-25).Thecumulativedisplacementsacrossthefaultsaresmall,approximatelyonefoot,andthehangingwallstrataareconsistentlydisplacedtothewest.Theslipdirectionalongindividualshearplaneswasinferredfromtherakeofslicken-sidesandtheaxialtrendsofsmallfolds(Plate2.1-26).InthetunnelexposuresthesedirectionsrangefromN40WtoN85W,withthemajorityofsliptrendingN55WtoN60W.Theindividualshearplanesaregenerallysinuousandcontainsmallamountsofbreccia.Thefaultscharacteristically22 emergefrombeddingplanesandcrossthestrataatagentleangle,re-enteringbeddingplanesatahigherstratigraphiclevel(Plates2.1-18,-19,-22,and-23).Rotationofthelayeringoccursonlyinthevicinityofshear-planebifurcations(Plates2.1-18and2.1-20).Dilationofthestratigraphicsection,expressedasvoidsandopenfractures,occursinassociationwiththesefaults(Plate2.1-18,-19,23and-24);however,thisdilationappearedtobedevelopedtoalesserdegreethanthedilationat"thrust"faultexposuresclosertothebedrocksurface.Secondarymaterialswerealsofoundwithinthese"thrust"structures.Themostprevalentiscalcitemineralization,whichoccurswithindilatedbedding-planesandalongshearsurfaces.Calciteonfaultplanescommonlycementsbrecciafragments,anddisplaysdipslipslickensides.Samplesofcalcitemineralization'werecollectedfromtenlocations(Plates2.1-19,-20,-22,and-24).AdiscussionofthismineralizationispresentedinSection2.3.4.Inonelocation,softgray,massive,plasticclaywaspresentwithinazoneofdilation(Plate2.1-22).2.1.7SUMMARYANDINTERPRETATIONThe"thrust"structuresmappedduringthisinvestigationappeartobeintegrallyrelated,becauseoftheirsimilaritiesinstructuralstyle,mechanismofdeformation,andapparentrelativeage.23 Spatially,thestructuresappeartobeconfinedtotheareainproximitytothebedrockvalleyandbetweenthehighanglefaults,namelytheCoolingTowerandDrainageDitchFaults(Platel-l).The"thrust"faultsaredistributedthroughoutthestrataexposedbyexcavation.However,theindividualstructuresareconfinedtoparticularstratigraphicintervalsinthevicinityofprominentlithologicinterfaces(Plate2.1-2).The"thrust"faultsareallsimilarintermsoftheiroverallappearance,anddisplaythefollowingcommonstructuralcharacteristics:intensebrecciation;smallscalebrittlefoldingandbending;dilation;indicationsofrepeatedmovements;and,generally.westwardsenseofstructuraltransport.Plate2.1-26summarizesstructuralinformationpertainingtotheslipdirectionsalongthe"thrust"faults.Thedatafromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrenchandcoolingtowerexposureshavebeengroupedtogetherbecauseoftheirproximityandtheiroccurrencewithinthesamestratigraphicunit.Ateachlocationwhere"thrust"structureswereexposedarangefortheslipdirectionwasdeveloped.Thisrangevariesfromwest-south-westtowest-north-westprogressivelyfromthecoolingtowerareatothetunnelexposures.Itisapparentthattheslipdirectionvaries,dependingeitheronthelocationofa24 particularexposureand/ordepthofdevelopment(effectivelystratigraphicpositionofthefaultexposures).Variationintheslipdirectionofthefaultsatteststotheheterogeneousnatureofthestrainalongthesestructures.Itispossiblethatthishasresultedfromaprogressivechangeinthestresstrajectorieseitherlaterallyorwithdepth.Intermsofrelativegeologicage,the"thrust"faultsdisplaymarkedsimilarities.Ateachlocationsecondarymaterialswhicharemesoscopicallyidenticalinappearance,occurwithinthestructures.Thesematerialsarelowtemperaturecalcitesandglaciolacustrinesedimentscontainingpollen(Section2.3.5).Inaddition,thepresenceofunfilledbedrockdilationsindicatesthatthe"thrust"faultsdevelopedunderconditionsoflowverticalconfinement.Inviewoftheoverallsimilaritiesofthefaults,itisapparentthattheyhavedevelopedasaresultofsimilardeformationalmechanismsoperatingatessentiallythesametime.Thestruc-turalrelationshipssuggestthatthecumulativedisplacementsresultedfromeitherrepeatedorcontinuousreleasesofstrainenergy.2.2'EXPLORATIONOFTHEEXTENTOFTHERADWASTEFAULT2.2.lINTRODUCTIONANDPURPOSEInaddition,tothemappingoftheRadwasteFault,presentedin25 theprevioussection,knowledgepertainingtotheextentofthefaultwasdesired.Specifically,itwasthoughtthatthestyleofdeformationdisplayedbythefaultissuchthatitmusteventuallychangefromaneast-dipping"thrust"toalayer-parallelzoneofslip.Twomethodsoftracingthefaultwerepursued:explorationboreholesandstrain-reliefmeasurements.Additionally,itwasthoughtthatareviewofallpreviousboringandexcavationrecordscouldcontributeinformationabouttheextentofthefault.Thestrain-reliefmeasurementprogramwasconductedaspartoftheoverallrockmechanicsinvestigationoftheRadwasteFaultandispresentedinSection3.0ofthisreport.2.2.2SCOPEOFWORKIn1972,the400-seriesofboreholeswasdrilledaspartofonsiteexplorationforthePreliminarySafetyAnalysisReportforUnit2.Twelveboreholesfromthisserieswereselectedandre-examined.Newlithologiclogswereprepared,atascaleof1:60,utilizingthelithologicconventiondevelopedduringtheinvestigationoftheCoolingTowerFault.Moreover,occurrencesofshearfractures,slickensides,breccia,beddingdips,clayseams,andmineralizationwererecorded.Crosssectionswerepreparedtoevaluateverticalstratigraphicdisplacements.26 TheexcavationsforthereactorcontainmenthadbeenphotographedandmappedbyStoneandWebsterEngineeringCorporationasipartofthegeologicalinspectionprogram.Thesephotographsandmapswerere-examinedtorecognizeradwaste-typedeformationwhichhadnotpreviouslybeenidentified.Nineverticalboreholesdesignatedthe800-seriesweredrilledalongalinetrendingeastwardandroughlyperpendiculartothestrikeoftheRadwasteFault(Plate2.2-1).TheboreholeswerePQ-size(3.28inchcorediameter),andwerecontinuouslycoredtodepthsrangingfrom90feet,neartheradwastetrench,to300feet,farthereast.Thesamplesfromeachboreholewerephotographedandlogged,atascaleof1:60,forlithology,fractures,mineralization,seamsofunlithifiedsediment,attitudeoflayering,etc.Furthermore,detailedreconstruc-tionsofthecorewereanalyzedanddrawn,atascaleof1:6,forportionsofBorings801,802,803,and804.Calcitemineralizationandunlithifiedsediment(clay)werefoundinthecores.Specimensweredocumentedwithphotographsanddetaileddrawings(scale1:1)andthencollectedforlaboratoryanalysis.ThecalcitewasanalyzedbyDr.H.L.BarnesofthePennsylvaniaStateUniversityaspartoftheconcurrentprogramofmineralstudiesreportedinSection2.3.ThesamplesofclayweresenttoDr.L.A.SirkinofAdelphiUniversityforpalynologic(pollen)analysis,aspartofasimilarprogramalsopresentedinSection2.3.27 Twotypesofdownholesurveysweremadeofeachboring.Naturalgamma-radiationlogswerecompletedusingaMountSoprisModel1000-Cportableboreholeloggingunit.Moreover,downhole,wide-anglevideotapesforeachboringwererecordedbyDeepVentureSurveysofPerryville,Floridausingatruck-mountedboreholetelevisioncamera.AppendixAcontainsthegeologicandgammaradiationlogsforthe800-seriesborings.2.2.3INVESTIGATIONRESULTS2.2.3.1400-SeriesBoreholesThelocationsofselected400-seriesboreholesarepresentedtonPlate2.2-1.Uponre-examinationofthecoresfromtheseborings,evidenceofbeddingplaneslipdeformationwasrecognizedattwostratigraphiclevels.-OneleveloccurswithinUnitAofthePulaskiFormation;theotherisneartheinterfaceofUnitBandUnitCofthePulaskiFormation.Acomparisonofthesedatawithinformationobtainedfromthe800-seriesboreholes(Section2.2.3.3)revealsthattheupperzonecanberelatedtotheRadwaste"thrust"fault.Thelowerzoneischaracterizedbyasimilarstyleofdeformation,namelybeddingplanebrecciasandgentlydippingshearfractures.However,thiszoneremainsconfinedwithinorimmediatelybeneaththebaseofthePulaskiFormationUnitB.TheupperzoneofRadwastedeformationisinferredtobepresentonthebasisofstructuresrecognizedinthecoresl28 fromBorings403,404,407,408,and411.However,similardeformationinUnitAcouldnotbeidentifiedwithcertaintyintheboreholeslocatedsouthofBoring411.Inallbuttwoborings(408and412),thereisevidenceofbeddingplaneslipdeformationnearthebaseofUnitBofthePulaskiFormation.2.2.3.2PhotographsandFieldInspectionMapsoftheReactorContainmentExcavationTodefinefurthertheoverallconfigurationoftheRadwasteFault,thephotographsandfieldinspectionmapsofthewallsofthenorthauxiliarybayexcavationwereexamined.Photographstakenin1976werecomparedtotheoriginalfieldmapsoftheexcavations.Inthismanner,itwasdeterminedthatzonesofbeddingplaneslipdeformationattwostratigraphiclevelswerealsorecognizablewithintheseexcavations(Plate2.2-3).Theupperzoneofdeformationcoincideswiththatinferredfromthe400-seriesborings.Thiszone(northwall)exhibitedbedswhichappeartohavebeenrotateduptoapproximately10degrees.Thisrotationapparentlyresultedfromwestwardslipoftheupperbedsrelativetothelowerbeds.Onthewestwall,thezonecanbetracedparalleltobeddingasfarasthenorthreactornotch(Plate2.2-3).ThelowerzoneofdeformationonPlate2.2-3,occursbetweenthethicksandstonebedsofUnitBnearthebaseoftheexcavation.Thismayrepresentthesamezoneofdeformationrecognizedat29 thisstratigraphiclevelinthecoresfromthe400-and800-seriesboreholes(Plate2.2-2).2.2.3.3800-SeriesBoringsPlate2.2-2presentsageologiccrosssectionpreparedfromtheboreholelogs(AppendixA),aswellasthetelevisioncamerasurvey.Twoprincipalzonesofdeformationhavebeenrecognized,asdescribedabove.ThesearetheRadwasteFaultZoneandtheUnitBslipzone.Inaddition,numerousthinclayseamsweredetectedthroughthestratigraphicsectionpenetratedbytheborings.CThe'Radwaste'au'ltone-ThedeformationwithintheRadwasteFaultZoneisintenseandisassociatedwitha16inchverticalstratigraphicdisplacement,identifiedbetweenBorings407and804.TherearethreemembersoftheupperzonewhicharedepictedinthecrosssectionshownonPlate2.2-2.Theuppermemberrepresentsacontinuationofthefaultinthenorthradwastetrench(correspondingtoBoring407)wheretheinclined"thrust"faultpassedintoabeddingplaneatelevation214.Afewfeetbeneathit,themiddlememberwhichwasdetectedonlyinBorings407,801,802,and803occurs.Thelowermember(betweenelevations190to210)exhibitsthemostintensedeformation.Detailedlogsofthiszone.inBorings801,802,and803areshownonPlates2.2-4,-6,-7,and-8.Gammalogswereusedtoidentifylithologiccontactsinareasoflowcorerecovery.Foldingwithinthiszonewasevidenced30 bybeddingwhichdipsupto50degrees,asshownonPlates2.2-4,-5,and-7B.Itwasnotpossibletodeterminethedipdirectionfromthecores;however,fromthenorth'auxiliarybayexposuresitcanbeinferredthatwestwardslipoftheupperlayerrelativetothelowerlayercausedtherotationofthebeds.SeveralotheraspectsoftheRadwasteFaultZonebearmentioning.First,atthebaseofthelowermember,anolive-greenilliterichlayerwasidentified(Plate2.2-2).Thislayerwasrecognizedduringmappinginthenorthauxiliarybay(Plate2.2-3).Theillite,insomelocations,isconcentratedandthelayermaybeseveralinchesthick.Itischaracteristicallyunctuous.Nhereitisconcentrated,slickensidesarepronounced,indicatingslipalongthislayer.Secondly,calcitemineralizationsimilartothatobservedintheradwastetrenchoccursalongthemembersofthisfaultzone.ThreesampleswerecollectedforanalysisfromBoring801,andthedetailsarepresentedinSection2.3.Thirdly,measurementsofthegroundwaterlevelinthe800-seriesboringsindicatethatthethirdmemberofthefaultzonehasamuchgreaterpermeabilitythanthesurroundingbedrock,indicatingdilation.TheUni'tBSliZ'one-Ineightofthenineboreholes,azoneofbrecciationaccompaniedwithgentlydippingslickensidedfracturesispresent,principallyatthebaseofUnitB.Otherintenselydeformedbutlesscontinuouszoneswereidentified3l withinUnitB(Plates2.2-2,-7,and-9).Themostcontinuouszoneoccursatthebaseofthereactorexcavation(Plate2.2-3).Int'ersti'ti.'al'l'a-Atvariousdepthsinsixofthe800-seriesborings,claywasnotedtofilldilatedbeddingplanes.Inmorethanoneinstance,thisclayexhibitslaminations(Plates2.2-10,-ll,and-12).Therearetwosignificant,factorsregardingthisclay:thelaminatedclayoccursatdepthsasgreat,as270feet(Plate2.2-2);pollenanalysisofclaysamplesyieldedminoramountsofpollenandsporesineach'pecimen(Section2.3andAppendixC.l).2.

2.4CONCLUSION

SOnthebasisoftheforegoingdiscussion,severalprincipalconclusionscanbedrawn:(1)Thegentlydipping"thrust"faultinthenorthradwastetrenchistheuppermemberofastackofseveralsimilarstructuralfeatures.Thesefeaturesdipeastwardandpassintobeddingplanes.Thesenseofdisplacementonthesefeaturesisthehangingwalltothewest.Laterally,thezonehasbeentracedwithboringsaminimumdistanceof500feet.32 (2)Individualmembersofthestackof"thrusts"displayacommonstyleofdeformationincludingdilation,brecciation,andlocalrotationofbedding.Low-temperaturegroundwatercalcitecommonlyoccursinassociationwiththesestructures.(3)ThelowermostcontinuouszoneofdeformationoccursnearthebaseofUnitBofthePulaskiFormation.Belowthiszonethereareoccurrencesofbeddingplanebrecciaandgentlydippingshearfractures,buttheydonotappeartobediscrete,continuouszones.(4)Laminatedclaysindicatethatdilationacrossbeddingplanesoccurredatdepthsasgreatas270feet.2.3AGEOFDEFORMATION2.3.1STATEMENTOFTHEPROBLEMTheforegoingsectionspresenteddatapertainingtoaseriesofgentlydipping"thrust"andbeddingplanefaults.Knowledgeoftheageofdeformationisimportantinjudgingtheprobabilityoffuturedeformation.Towardthisend,therearethreequestionswhichmustbeanswered:'hatisthegeologicageofinitial"thrust"faultdevelopment;hastherebeenrecurrentmovement;and,ifso'hatistheageoflatestdisplacement?33 Amajorpurposeoftheefforttoevaluatethe"thrust"faultwastoobtaindataregardingtheabovethreequestions.2.3.2TECHNICALAPPROACHTheageofdevelopmentofthe"thrust"faultwassoughtconsideringtheirrelationshipto:othergeologicstructureswhoseagesarefairlywellknown,namelytheCoolingTowerandDrainageDitchFaults;thebedrocktopographyonsite,inasmuchasthepresentbedrocksurface.istheresultofglacialsculpturingofanoldererosionsurface;sedimentinternedindilatedopeningsinthebedrock;andcalcitemineralization.Utilizingtheexistingsiteexcavations,therewasnodirectwaytoassesstherelativeageofthe"thrust"faultswithrespecttothesteeplydippingfaults,byexaminingtheircross-cuttingrelationships.Therefore,therelativeagesofthestructurescouldonlybeassessedindirectlythroughstructuralandrockmechanicsanalysesoftheoriginandmechanismofthe"thrust"faults.Toassesstherelationshipoftheradwastetypefaultstothebedrocksurface,adetailedcontourmap(Plate1-1)waspreparedutilizingdataregardinqthetopofbedrockfromsiterborings,outcrops,andexcavationmaps.0'4 Evaluationsoftheoriginandageoftheinterstitialsedimentandthecalcitemineralization,aswellastheirrelationshipstothe"thrust"faults,wereusedtodeducetheage(s)ofdeformation.Thisinformation,inconjunctionwiththemapping,alsoservedtodefinewhethermovementalongthe"thrust"faultshasbeenrecurrent.2.3.3ONSITEBEDROCKTOPOGRAPHYPlatel-lillustratesthesitebedrocktopography,.whichshowsaburiedvalleyincisedintherock.Itisimportanttonotethatthe"thrust"faults,occuronbothbanksofthevalleyand,thatthehangingwallstrataaregenerallydisplacedtowardthecenterofthisfeature.Thissuggeststhatthepresenceofthevalleyhascontributedtothedevelopmentofthe"thr'ust"faults.DatafromfoundationboringsshowthatthevalleycontainsLateWisconsinantill,overlainbyyoungersediment,related.,toLakeIroquois,andsomepeat(Plate2.3-1).Thereisnoevidenceofweatheringbeneaththetill.Fromthesedata,onecaninferthatthevalleyisofWisconsinanageorolder.2.3.4CALCITEMINERALIZATION2.3.4.1GeneralNappingofthebeddingplanefaults(Section2.1)revealedanassociationbetweenfine-grainedcalcitemineralizationandtheshearplanes.Thecalcitewasfoundtooccurinavariety35 offormssuchas"conglomerate",concretionarynodules,andpatchesofdrusyeuhedralcrystals.Anumberofsampleswerecollectedformineralogicalstudies.Theobjectiveofthesestudieswastodeterminetheoriginoftheseminerals,todefinetheirrelationshipstotheradwaste-typeofdeformationandtotheepigeneticcalcitemineralizationreportedinthe1978study(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Volume1,Section6.0).Itwasanticipatedthatthestudieswouldyielddatausefulininferringtheage(s)ofdeformationalepisodesonthe"thrust"faults.Theaboveobjectiveswereaccomplishedemployingthreeprincipalapproaches:parageneticandgeothermometricanalysesofcalcitemineral's;isotopicstudiesofcalcite,utilizingCand01318ratios;andradiometricdatingofcalcitebytheCandTh/U14230234methods.Dr.H.L.BarnesofthePennsylvaniaStateUniversitydirectedthelaboratoryanalysesfortheparageneticstudies.Healsoprovidedassistanceinevaluatingtheresultsofiostopicandradiometricanalyses.ThedeterminationofisotopicratiosandtheCdatingofcalcitewereperformedbyMr.H.W.14KruegerofKruegerEnterprises,adivisionofGeochronLabora-tories,Cambridge,Massachusetts.Dr.T.L.Ku,oftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,performedtheTh/Udisequilibrium23023436 datingofcalcite.TheresultsoftheaboveanalysesareprovidedinAppendixB.2.3.4.2ResultsofParageneticStudiesGen'er'alSpecimensofcalcitemineralizationwerecollectedfromfourareasonsite.SamplescollectedfromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrencharedesignatedastheGA3series(Table2.3-1).ThespecimenlocationsareshownonPlate2.1-2.ThosefromthenorthradwastetrencharedesignatedtheGA4series,andarepresentedinTable2.3-2withtheirlocationsshownonPlates2.1-9through14.Tables2.3-3and2.3-4presentinformationconcerningthespecimenscollectedfromtheeastlakewatertunnel(GA5series)andthe800-seriesboreholes,respectively.LocationsofspecimensfromthetunnelareshownonPlates2.1-19through2.1-24.SamplelocationsOpertainingtotheboringsareshownonPlates2.2-4and2.2-10.Theparageneticrelationshipsarederivedfromanalysesofeachofthefoursampleseries.Paragenes'isfCal'ci'teMine'ral'i'zation*Plate2.3-2isasummarydiagramillustratingtheparageneticrelationshipsderivedfromthisstudy.Theyaredistinctivelydifferentfromtheparageneticrelationshipsdefinedinthe1978CoolingTowerFaultreport.*Themostrecentdata(AppendixB.l-7)obtainednecessitatethismodificationoftheparageneticsequencecomparedtothatpresentedinQ361.33totheNRCsubmittedpriortothisreport.37 Type1calcite(Plate2.3-2andAppendixB.l-3)wastheterminitiallyusedtorepresentaveryfine-grained(averageof15pm)calciumcarbonatewhichoccursasthematrixmaterialenclosingbrecciafragmentsofthehostrock.Fragmentsofoldermilkycalcitearealsopresentinsomesamples.Thiscalciteexhibitsdeformationaltwinning,healedfractures,andcontainssulfidemineralsaswellasfluidinclusions.Theliquid-to-vaporrationsofthefluidinclusionsaresimilartothemilkycalciteoftheJTseriessamplesoftheCoolingTowerFaultstudy.Typically,thetexturesofType1calcitearecataclastic(Plates2.3-3and2.3-4).NofluidinclusionshavebeenfoundinType1calcite,possiblybecausecataclasisliberatedanywhichmayhaveformedwithinit.Type1calcitealsoexhibitspost-deformationalsolutioning,whichhascreatedcavitiesthatarecommonlylinedwithyoungerType3calcite(AppendixB.l-l).BasedontheuseofultravioletfluorescenceintheanalysisoftheGA5sampleseries(AppendixB.l-7),ithasbeendetermined'hatType1calcitebrecciacontainsType3calcite(seebelow)asadominantcementaroundhostrockclastsandfragmentsofmilkycalcite.ThissuggeststhatTypes1and3areparagen-tical'lyequivalent,whereatfirsttheyweresuspectedtobedistinct(Plate2.3-2).Type2patchycalcitewasonlyrecognizedinsamplesfromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench(GA3series;Appendix38 B.l-l),whereitoccurredonopensubverticaltensioncracksemanatingupwardfrombeddingplanebrecciazones.AlthoughnotasintenselydeformedasTypel,opencleavagesarepresent.In.termsofparagenesis,Type2isequivalenttoTypel(Plate2.3-2).Anumberofformsofveryfine-grainedtravertinearepresent,inthenorthradwastetrenchandcoolingtowerarea(AppendixB.l).ThismineralgroupisparageneticallyrelatedandsimilarinoccurrencetoTypelcalciteinthat,althoughneverfounddirectlyassociatedwithTypel,italwaysunderliesorisinfilledbylaterformsofcalcite.Thetravertinedepositsaretypicallydeformed,butnotasseverelyasTypel(AppendixB.l-3,p.45,showsasmallfaultinbandedtravertine).Plates2.3-5and2.3-6showexamples-ofthetravertinerecognizedinthenorthradwastetrench.Siltycalcitewasseenmicroscopicallyasthinlaminaeofveryfine-grainedcalcareousmaterial.containingabundantsiliceousandsulfidicdetritus.Thismineralwasdepositedontravertineandisplacedlaterintheparageneticscheme(Plate2.2-3).Dr.Barnesconsidersthistobeaminordepositionalstage,whichapparentlyoccurredbeforeandafterthedepositionofType3calcite,perhaps"asproductsofeitherinsitusettlingsoonafter...deformation,oratransportedmaterialwashedinfromotherareaswhilethefractureswerestillrelativelyopen"(AppendixB.l-3).39 Type3calcite,orsparrycalcite,occursinavarietyofhabitsfillingfracturesandvoidsorotheropeningsinType1calciteandtravertine.ExamplesofType3calciteareshownonPlate2.3-6.Thestubby,euhedralcrystalsarecharacteristic,anddifferinsizefrom50pmindiametertoradiatingcrystalsmorethan1mmlong.DeformationofType3calciteismild,suchastwinning,smallfractures,orchippingintoplatelets.ThefracturesinType3commonlyarehealedbylatercalcite.PrimaryandsecondaryfluidinclusionsarecommonlypresentinType3calcite.AsdescribedinAppendixB.l-landB.1-3,theseinclusionshavedifferentaspectsfromthoseoftheJTseries.Specifically:InclusionsinType3calciteeithercontainnovaporphaseordisplayhighliquid-to-vaporratios.InType3calcite,itwasnotpossibletomeasurehomogenizationtemperaturesemployingtheusualtechniques,becauseofthesingle-phasenatureofmostoftheinclusions.Twoothermethodswereusedinstead.Decrepitationtemperaturesoftheinclusionsweredetermined.Thisisthetemperatureatwhichtheinclusionleakedorruptureduponheating.Theoretically,becausethetrappedfluidisincompressible,thefluidtransfersacriticalstresstothecrystalwhichruptureswhenheatedaboveitsoriginalentrapmenttemperature.Thus,thelowesttemperaturerecordedshouldrepresentthemaximumfillingtemperatureforagivenpopulation40 ofinclusions.Thismethodyieldedamaximumfilling'empera'Cureof40'Cforthesamplefromtheradwastetrench.Amaximumfillingtemperatureof30'Cwasalsodeterminedbycoolingtheinclusionsuntilavaporphaseformed,andreheatingituntilthe:liquidfilledtheinclusion.Dr.Barnes(oralcommunication,1980)indicatedthatthelattermethodispreferable,buttheagreementbetweenthemethodsinthisinstanceisverysatisfactory.FreezingtestsoninclusionsinType3calciterevealedthatthefluidintheinclusionsisdilutewithconcentrationsequivalentto5-6weightpercentofNaCl.TheabovecharacteristicsindicatethattheType3calciteformedverynearthegroundsurfaceattemperaturessimilartopresentambienttemperatures.Dr.Barneshasfurtherreasoned(AppendicesB.l-5andB.l-7)thatlowsalinitiesoffreshwatersareuncommonevenatdepthsof0.5kilometers.Therefore,theimplicitdepthofburialatthetimeofformationofType3calcitewaslessthan0.5km.Thelatestcalciteoftheparageneticsequenceisbrowncalcitewhich'occursoverlyingType3calcite.Thiscalciteisdiscon-tinuousandofvariedthickness.Itwasrecognizedonlybymicroscopicanalysis,andwasapparentlynotdeformed.41 ThesequenceofcrystallizationofTypes1,2,3,travertine,andsiltycalcitepresentedonPlate2.3-2isnotunequivocal.However,eachtype,exceptsiltycalcite,showsverysimilarfluorescence(thatis,traceelementcontents),associatedminerals,andfluidinclusioncharacteristics(AppendixB.l-7,Table1).Thissuggeststhatthefourvarietiesmaybedifferentfaciesofthesamedepositionalstage.D5andD6stagesofdeformationofthecalciteminerals,aredefinedintheparageneticsequence(Plate2.3-2).Thesestagespertaintothedeformationoftwogroupsofminerals:Type1calciteandtravertine,andType3calcite.BothstagesoccurlaterthanstageD4determinedinpreviousstudies(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Vol.l).Anothervarietyofcalcite,observedinspecimenGA4-SS-A,wasanalyzed,,butcouldnotbecorrelatedwiththeparageneticsequence.Thiscalcitecementsalaminatedsiltylayer;anoccurrenceobservedinmorethanonelocationintheradwastetrench.Partofthisspecimen(GA4-SS-B)wassenttoDr.L.A.Sirkinforpollenanalysis(Plate2.3-12andTable2.3-9).Fractures,healedbycalcite,werefoundinthecementedsiltlayer(AppendixB.l-3,p.50).ThehealingcalcitewasanalyzedbyDr.Barneswhorelatedit,totheType1calciteonthebasisofitsassociationwithbrecciation.42 SpecimenGA4-6providessomeinsightintotherelationshipofcalcitemineralizationtoRadwasteFaultdeformation.AsshownonPlates2.1-11and2.3-8,thecalciteoccurredontheoverturnedsideofabedrock.slabwithinthefaultbreccia.Plate2.3-8showsthepositionoftherockfragmentpriortosampling.:AnalysisofthemineralsrevealedthatType1calciteispresent,andsolutioncavitiesinthis,calcitearefilledwithType3calcite(AppendixB.l-3,p.24).Itisapparentthatatleasttwostagesoffaultslipwererequiredtopositionthesampleasobserved.Thebrecciated,cataclasticnatureoftheType1calciteindicatesonestage.Later,Type3calcitecrystallizedinsolutioncavitieswithinType1.Asecondstageofslipthenrotatedthebedrockslabintoitspresentposition(keepinginmindthatType1isalwaysfoundonthesoleoftheshearsurface).Reconstructionofthisspecimentoitspre-deformationalstatewouldsuggestaminimumtransportdistanceof3inchestothewest.2.3.4.3IsotopicandRadiometricAnalyses1318Cand0ratiosofsamplesofType1,Type3,andtravertinewereanalyzedtodetermineifthesemineralswerederivedfromacommonsource,andtohelpevaluatethemeaningoftheradiometricanalyses.Furthermore,radiocarbon(C)dating14wasattemptedusingtheseminerals.TheresultsareprovidedinTables2.3-5and2.3-6.ItisapparentthatType1calciteformedbelowthegroundwatertable.Itstextureandgrainsizesuggestalow-temperature43 origin.Radiocarbonanduranium-seriesdatessuggestthattheageofType1isyoungerthan300,000yearsB.P.(Table2.3-5).Additionally,re-examinationofspecimensJT-13,43,and44takenfromtheCoolingTowerFaultbrecciainPit1(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Vol.1,Sections4.0and6.0)byDr.Barnes(AppendixB.l-7)revealsthatthesespecimensarepredominentlyType1calciteforthefollowingreasons:Theycontainfluidinclusions,witheitherasinglephaseorahighliquid/vaporratio.Thesulfides(pyriteandmarcasite)inJT-44closelycorrespondtosulfidesseeninType1calcite.Uranium-seriesanalysesofType1byDr.KuinsamplesTU-1(analyzedrecently)andSW-1andSW-2(analyzedin1977)bothyieldedanexcessofTh.230Thus,theabsoluteagesforSW-1andSW-2(Table2.3-5)arenotatvariancewiththeresultfromsampleTU-1.ThetrueageofcrystallizationforType1isequivocal.CanalysisforsampleHK-113whichyieldedaCageofgreaterthan36,000years14B.P.showsthatthecarbonisactuallyoldermarinecarbon(Plates2.3-9and2.3-10)leachedfromthePulaskiFormation.The0isotoperatioforHK-118(Table2.3-6andPlate2.3-11)indicatesafreshwateroriginfortheoxygen.ThisfurtherindicatesthatType1calciteformedatlowtemperatures,nearthegroundsurface,byprecipitationfromfreshwaterbelowthegroundwatertable.ThetimeofformationwaseithersometimeduringtheSangamonian44 interglacialstage,orduringtheWisconsinanstage.ThetravertineyieldedaCageof14,180+550yearsB.P.14(Table2.3-5).Theparagenticandisotopicstudiesindicatethatthetravertineprecipitatedfromfreshwaterinthevadosezone(Plates2.3-9,10,and11andTable2.3-6),asimpliedbytheCand0ratios.TheCageiscompatible1318.14withtheageofmolluscshells(sampleSL-10,Table2.3-5andPlate2.3-13).TheseshellsoccurinsedimentdepositedduringthelatestagesofglacialLakeiroquois.Aninsufficient14quantityofType3calcitewascollectedforasuccessfulCdate,-buttheCratioimpliesthatthecarbonisalsoderived13~~~fromfreshwater(Plate2.3-9and2.3-10).Accordingly,itisreasonabletointerpretthatType3calciteisalowtemperaturemineralcrystallizedatornearthepresentgroundsurfaceatapproximatelythesametimeorlaterthanthe'ravertine.IXnsummary,theavailableevidenceindicatesthatthesixcalcitevarietiesstudiedaspartoftheRadwasteFaultinvestigationare:youngerthantheepigeneticmineralizationofprobablyMesozoicage(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorpor-ation,1978,Vol.1);andQuaternaryinage,probablynoolderthanSangamonianorWisconsinan.45 2.3.5RELATIONOFINTERSTITIALSEDIMENTTOTHERADWASTEFAULT2.3.5.1GeneralInSections2.1and2.2,itwasreportedthatunlithifiedsedimentoccursalongbeddingplanesandwithinbrecciatedzones.Similaroccurrenceshadbeenreportedearlier(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Volume1,Sections3.0and4.0).Itseemsobviousthatdilationofthebedrocktoformopeningswithinwhichthesedimentcouldbedepositedoccurredinproximitytothethrustfaults,andatdepthsasgreatas270feet.Twoquestionspertaintotheunlithifiedsediments.Thefirstconcernstheoriginandageofthesediment.Thesecondiswhetherornotthissedimenthasbeenaffectedbyslipalongthe"thrust"faults.2.3.5.2OriginandAgeofInterstitialSedimentG'eneralAsdescribedinSection2.1,themappingeffortestablishedthattherearethreetypesofunlithifiedmaterialswithinthezonesofdeformation:graytogreenish-graygouge(withbreccia);non-laminated,plastic-grayclay;andlaminatedtantobrownsiltyclay.Locally,thesematerialsaremixedtogetherwithinthebrecciazones(Plate2.3-12).Theinvestigationwasundertakento46 determinetheoriginoftheinterstitialsediment.Threepossibilitiesexisted:Thesedimentisall,orinpart,ofglaciolacustrineorigin;thesedimentisall,orinpart,aformofgouge;.'andthesedimentisacombinationofgougeandweatheredshale.Xtwassuspectedthatthelaminated,tanclayisglaciolacustrineinoriginbecauseofitssimilarappearancetotheLakeXroquoisdeposits.Also,intheheaterbayandinthetrenchesacrosstheCoolingTowerFault,similarlaminatedclaywaspollenatedwithspeciessimilar.tothosefoundinthePleistoceneoverburden.Specimenswerecollectedforgrain-sizedistributionanalysistohelpdistinguishdepositionalenvironmentsofthesediment.Specimenswerealsocollectedforcompositionalandheavymineralanalyses.Additionalpollenanalysiswasperformedtodefinethedepositionalclimatesoftheclays.Thesamplescollectedconsistedofthetanclay,thegrayclay,thebrecciaandgouge,aswellasthebedrockincontactwiththegouge.Three"control"samplesfromtheoverburdenforwhichthepollenspectraandthegeologicagesareknown(Plate2.3-13)wereanalyzed.Onespecimenofligniticpeatwascollectedandaradiocarbondatewasobtained.Table2.3-9listsallspecimensofsedimentwhichwereanalyzed.47 Thegrain-sizeanalyseswereperformedintheSoilMechanicsLaboratoryofDames6MooreinCranford,NewJersey.ThecompositionalandheavymineralanalyseswereperformedbyDr.A.H.VassiliouofRutgers,theStateUniversity,Newark,NewJersey.TheproceduresemployedaredescribedinhisreportsinAppendixC.3.ThepollenanalyseswereperformedbyDr.L.A.Sirkin,ProfessorofPalynologyandPleistoceneGeology,AdelphiUniversity,LongIsland,NewYork.TheproceduresusedaredescribedandresultsprovidedinAppendixC.l.AttherecommendationoftheconsultantstoNiagaraMohawkPower.Corporation,samplesof'theclaysweresenttoDr.J.Terasmae,ProfessorofPalynologyandPleistoceneGeologyatBrockUniversityinSt.Catherines's,iOntario,CanadatoprovideanindependentevaluationofDr.Sirkin'sfindingsandinterpretations.Dr.Terasmae'sreportisprovidedinAppendixC.2.Mr.H.N.Krueger,ofKruegerEnterprises,performedtheradio-carbonanalysisofthepeat.HisreportisprovidedinAppendixB.2.Gra'in'-Si'ze'i'stributi'onsFivesamplesofclaywerecollectedforsieve/hydrometeranalysis.Twospecimenswerecollectedfromthetan,laminatedsiltyclayinthenorthradwastetrench.Threecontrolsamplesfromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench(Plate2.3-13)were48 alsotested.Samplesofthegrayclaywerenottestedbecauseitwasnotpossibletoproperlyprocessasufficientamount,ofrepresentativematerial.ThetestresultsarepresentedonPlates2.3-14through2.3-18.Fromthesediagrams,therelativeratiosofsand-silt-claywerecomputedandplottedonaternarydi'agram(Plate2.3-21)accordingtotheclassificationdefinedinKrumbeinandSloss(1963,p.159).Forcomparison,theratiosfortwospecimenscollectedfromthebedrockinTrench4andwhosetestresultswerereportedin1978(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Vol.II,Section1.0)arealsoplottedonPlate2.3-21.Oneofthespecimens(AS-43)consistedoftanlaminatedclayeysilt,verysimilartothetypeseeninthebedrockofthenorthradwastetrench.Theother(AS-44)wassandinfillingaverticalfracturewhichemanatedupwardfromthesedimentfilledlayerwhere.sampleAS-43wasc'ollected..Inspectionoftheternaryplotshowsthatthelaminatedsedimentfromtheradwastetrench(GA4-SlandGA4-S4)issimilarincompositiontothevarvedclayofglacialLakeIroquois(SL-CWPT-1;12,500yearsB.P.).Thesilts(SL-CWPT-2andSL-CWPT-3)werecollectedfromthefossilferiousmarloftheSandyCreekstageofLakeIroquois(12,000to10,000yearsB.P.).Themolluscshellsfromthisunityieldedadateof12,545'330CyearsB.P.(SL-10;AppendixB.2-5).14Thegrainsizedistributioncurvesforthelaminatedclays(GA4-S1,GA4-S4,andAS-43)areremarkablysimilar(Plates49 2.3-14,-15,and-19).ThecurvesforthesespecimensarealsoverysimilartothecontrolsampleSL-CWPT-1.TheshapesofthecurvesforthetwocontrolsamplesofSandyCreeksediment(Plates2.3-17and2.3-18)aremoresimilartothecurverepresentingAS-44(Plate2.3-20),althoughthesand/silt/clayratiosareverydifferent.ThetestresultsseeminglysuggestatexturalcorrespondencebetweenthelaminatedclayinthenorthradwastetrenchandtheLakeIroquoissediments.Com'o's'i'ti'onalandHe'avMineralAna'1sesSixteenspecimensofvariousmaterialswereanalyzedfortheirmineralogiccompositionsbyDr.A.H.Vassiliou(AppendixC.3-1).Thesespecimensincludethethreecontrolspecimenscollectedfromtheoverburdeninthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench.Additionally,Dr.VassilioutestedthreespecimensoflaminatedclaybyperformingheavymineralseparationsasdescribedinAppendixC.3-2.Investigators'Connally,1964;GwynandDreimanis,1979)haveusedtheheavymineralassemblagesoftillstodistinguishdepositsofvariousWisconsinanglaciallobes.Thepossibilitywasconsideredthat.thelaminatedclayfromtheradwastetrenchmightbearrecognizableheavymineralIassemblageslinkingtheirorigintoaparticularWisconsinanglacialstage.Theresults,however,wereinconclusive50 (AppendixC.3-2)becausetheassemblageswereatypicalofthoserequiredforacorrelation.ThedatafrommineralogicanalysisbyDr.VassiliouaresummarizedinTable2.3-7.SpecimensofgroupsIthroughIVwereallcollectedfromthenorthradwastetrench,whereasGroupVspecimenswerecollectedfromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench.Eachgroupcontainsspecimensofsimilartextureandapparentorigin.Examinationofthesedataallowfiveprincipalobservationstobemadeandseveralconclusionsfollow.(1)Thedatasuggest.thatthematerialcomprisingsomesamplesisheterogenous.Forexample,themodesofsamplesGA4-S7-AandGA4-S2-Mofgrayclayaresimilar.Also,GA4-S7-AbearssomeresemblancetoGA4-S5-C(breccia)basedupontherelativeproportionsoftheqtz/fsp,8kaol/Schl,andkaol+chl.Fromthisobservation,itisconcludedthatmixingofthematerialshasoccurredwithinthebrecciazones(Plate2.3-12).(2)Thecompositionsofthegray,plasticclayandthetan,laminatedclayaredistinctlydifferentfromthecompositionsofthebreccia,gouge,andthebedrockincontactwiththebrecciazones.Thisisdemonstratedby(a)themuchgreaterqtz-fsp/carbonateinbreccia,(b)thehigherratioofcalcite/dolomite51 inclay,(c)consistentlyhighergtz/fspinbrecciaandbedrock,and(d)thetotalpercentageofkaol+chlismoreerraticinthebrecciasthanintheclays.Theseobservationssuggestthattheclaysarenotaproductofcataclasis.(3)Thegrayclayisnotcompositionallyidenticaltothetan.clay;however,thecompositionaldifferencesarenotverypronounced.Thisstatementissupportedby(a)thelowercarbonatecontentofthegrayclayasexpressedintheratio,gtz+fsp/carbonate;(b)grayclayseeminglyhashigherpercentageof.totalclays,aswellashigherkaol/chlratiothanthetanclay.Theseobservationssuggest,althoughtenuously,eitherdifferentsourcesordifferentdepositionalenvironmentsforeach.(4)Thereisanobviouscompositionalsimilaritybetweenthebrecciaandgougeandthebedrockintermsoftheirmineralconstituents.(5)Thegrayandtanclayfromtheradwastetrench(incontrasttothebrecciaandgouge)arecompositionallysimilartosamplesSL-CWPT-1andSL-CWPT-2.Themarlinthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench(SL-CWPT-3)ismorecalcareousanddoesnotresembleanyofthesedimentsintheradwastetrench.These52 relationshipsareillustratedbytherelativeratiosofcalcite/dolomiteandgtz+fsp/carbonate.TheobservationsleadtotheconclusionthattheclaysintheradwastetrenchresembleLakeIroquoissedimentmorecloselythantheyresemblethebrecciaor'bedrock.Tofurthertestconclusion(5)above,themineralcontentsof.thelaminatedclaysfromthenorthradwastetrenchwerecomparedtothatfromearlieranalysesofinterstitialsedimentfromTrench4(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Vol.II,Plate1-4).ThiscomparisonisillustratedonPlate2.3-22.Withtheexceptionoftherelativesilicacontent,thecarbonate,clayandfeldsparcontentsaresimilar.Thestudiesin1978determinedthatAS-43andAS-44were-derivedfromtheoverburden.Onthebasisoftheresultsofthecompositionalanalysis,onemayconcludethatthetanandgrayclaysareneitherproductsofcataclasisnorweatheringofthebedrock.Rather,theseclaysarederivedfromasourcesimilartothatoftheover-burden.Poll'e'n'Ana'1s'isand'b's'oluteDatinTwenty-twosampleswereanalyzedfortheirpollenspectra.Twosamplesweretakenfromthecirculatingwaterpipingtrench,fourteenfromthenorthradwastetrench,andsixfromsomeofthe800-seriesboreholes(Section2.2;Table2.2-9).53 Dr.Sirkinfoundvariousamountsofpolleninallspecimensanalyzed(AppendixC.l-land6).Foursamplesyieldedenoughpollenthattheirrelativepercentagescouldbeplotted,thuspermittingatenuousinterpretationofwhichpollenzonetheymightrepresent(Table2.3-8).Thespecimensofgrayclaycontainedtoolittlepollento..evaluateintermsofestablishedpollen.stratigraphy.Neverthe-less,thepollenformspresentinthegrayclayarePleistoceneinage(AppendixC.l-4).Dr.SirkinsuggestedthatthepollenidentifiedcouldberepresentativeoftheSprucePollenZone(Table2.3-8).Theyrepresentavegetationalsettingofaconiferparkland",withareasofwetgroundmarginaltoaproglaciallake',suchasLakeIroquois.TheresultsareveryconsistentwiththepollendataobtainedfromtheLakeIroquoisvarvedclayoftheoverburdenatthesite(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,l978,Vol.II).Thespecimensoftanclayyieldedamorediversespectrumofpollenthanthegrayclay.ThesespectraforsamplesfromthenorthradwasteandcirculatingwaterpipingtrenchesareshownonPlate2.3-23.TheassemblageofpollenandsporesforspecimenGA4-SlAsuggestanarboreal,spruceparklandorshrubtundravegetationwithscatteredtreeswhichischarac-teristicoftheearlySprucePollenZone,namelysubzoneAl54 (Table2.3-8).SpecimenGA4-S4Ayieldedapollenassemblage,includinghardwood,suggestingsomewhatwarmerclimaticcondi-IItions,suchasthoserepresentedbylaterSprucesubzones,namelysubzoneA4.TheageoftheAzoneis12,000to10,400yearsB.P.(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978,Vol.2,Section1.0).SpecimenGA4-S8Brepresentsacementedlayeroflaminatedsiltyclay(Plate2.1-12andTable2.3-9).ThisspecimenyieldedafewpollengrainsinterpretedtobecharacteristicofsubzoneA4oftheSprucePollenZone.ThisspecimenwasalsoanalyzedbyDr.Barnes(Section2.3.4.2).Calcitewithinfracturesinfragmentsofthislayer(Plate2.1-11)isprobablysimilartoType1,Type3,andtravertine(Section2.3.4.2).Thepollenwerecementedbythiscalcite,hencecementationandbrecciationseemtohaveoccurredlaterthanpollenemplace-ment.Withintheauxiliaryexcavationintothesouthwallofthenorthradwastetrench,aclaylayercontainingpatchesoflignite-richpeatwasdiscovered.SampleGA4-S31fromthislayerwasradiocarbondated,yieldinganageof11,060+36014CyearsB.P.(AppendixB.2-5).Insummary,theconclusionswhichcanbedrawnfromthesestudiesare:(1)Theoriginofthegrayclayisuncertain,butitisprobablyderivedfromasourcesimilarto55 overburden,'asedonitscomposition,pollencontent,whichissimilartotheoverburden.Possibly,itwasdepositedduringLakeIroquois.(2)Thetan,laminatedclayisaglaciolacustrinesedimentdepositedinLakeIroquois,andlikely,duringthe.SandyCreekStage.Thisisdemonstratedbythepollencontent,aswellasthe11,060+36014yearB.P.Cdate.(3)Thelaminatedclayfromthedeeperlevelspenetratedbythe800-seriesboringsislikelyofglaciolacustrineorigin.Theageofthisclaycannotbefirmlyestablishedwiththeevidenceavailablebecausethepollenthereinareinsufficientinnumber.However,thespeciesofpollenidentified,andtheirstateofpreservation,suggestaLateQuaternaryage.2.3.6DEFORMATIONOFCLAYS-AQUESTIONOFORIGINDuringthemappingoftheradwastetrench,attentionwaspaidtotherelationoftheinterstitialclaystothebedrockdeformation.Ifdeformationoftheclayscouldbeattributed,at.leastinpart,toslipalongthefault,thiswouldindicatethatthe-ageoflatestfaultdisplacementpost-datesthetimeofclaydeposition.Considerationwasalsogiventothepossi-bilitythattheconfigurationoftheseclaysmightdemonstrate56 thattherockdeformationpre-datestheirdepositiontherebyplacinganupperboundtothetimeofthelatestfaultdis-placement.Initially,thedeformedclaywasdiscoveredinthesouthwallofthenorthradwastetrench(Plate5.1-12).Atapproximatelyelevation221,apronouncedanticlinalfoldinthebedrockisexposed.Thisfoldhadasomewhatdifferentappearanceonthesouthwallfromthatonthenorthwall.Thefoldonthesouthsidewasexpressedasbendingwithminor-scalekink-likefolds,whereasonthenorthside,aconcentricanticlinewasapparent.Thisanticlinewastruncatednearitscrestbyanearlyhorizontalbeddingplanebreccia(Plate2.1-11)whichexhibitsnearly7feetofdisplacement(Plate2.1-11).Claywaspreservedwithinthedilatedkinkfoldonthesouthwall.Plate2.3-25presentsphotographsof'thisexposure.Thepenciltipinthesepicturespointtotheexposureoflaminated,tan-colored,claybetweenbeddingslabswhichdip65to70degreestothewestontheshortlimbofthefold.Thebaseofthefoldisboundedbyabeddingplaneshearzone.Themeaningoftheattitudeoftheclaywasuncertain.Onecouldconceiveofasituationwheregroundwaterflowthroughthedilatedopeningsinthefoldpermitedemplacementofclayfollowingthecompletionoffolding.57 Excavationsouthwardalongthefoldaxiswasextendedtoobtainadditionaldata.Plates2.1-13and2.1-14illustratetheextent.oftheexcavationandtheconfigurationofthebedrockstructuretherein.Additionallayersoflaminatedclaywerediscovered(aswellastheligniticpeatthatyieldedtheCdateof11,060'360yearsB.P.).Itwasalsodiscovered14thattheclayexhibitedabundantcontortions,folds,smallinternalsheardisplacements,andfluidizationstructures.Plates2.3-26presentsphotographsofalayerofclaywithinthekinkfold,whichexhibitsfoldedlaminae.Plate2.3-27depictsclaydeformationontheuppersideoftheshortlimbofthefold.Toaidintheinterpretationofthedeformationalfeaturesinrtheclay,andtheirrelationshiptothekinkfoldinthebedrock,severalconsultants,examinedtheexposure.TheseconsultantswereDr.D.R.CoatesoftheStateUniversityofNewYorkatBinghamton;Dr.L.A.SirkinofAdelphiUniversity;and,Dr.T.L.PeweofArizonaStateUniversity.Drs.SirkinandPeweprovidedwrittendiscussionsbasedupontheirexaminationsoftheexposure(AppendixD).Onecansummarizetheconclusionsdrawnfromtheexaminationsoftheexposurebythevariousprofessionalgeologistsasbelongingtotwocategoriesintermsoftheoriginofthedeformationalfeaturesintheclay.58 Oneexplanationisthat.some,orall,ofthedeformationalfeatureswereinducedconcomitantwiththebedrockfolding.Theotheristhatthedeformationalfeaturesarepenecontem-poraneouswithdepositionoftheclay.Thisargumentimpliesthatallbedrockdeformationhadoccurredpriortothetimeofclay'deposition.Consequently,theattitudesoftheclaylayerswouldbe,inessence,inheritedfromthehighlyirregularsurfacesthatdevelopedfromtheolderbedrockdeformation.2.

3.7CONCLUSION

SOnthebasisofthepreviousdiscussions,thefollowingconclusionscanbedrawn:(1)TheinitialdevelopmentoftheRadwasteFaultisknown,onthebasisofstudiesandradiometricdatesofcalcitemineralization,tobelessthan300,000yearsB.P.andtohaveoccurredat(a)shallowlevelsinthe'crust,and(b)atambienttemperatureslessthan30'C.ALateSangamonianoryoungerageisconceivable.(2)MovementsalongtheRadwasteFaulthavebeenrecurrentasevidencedbythedifferentstagesofdeformationrecordedinthemineralization,(D5andD6,Plate2.3-2).(3)Theageoflatestdisplacementisequivocal.Never-theless,evidencehasbeenobtaineddocumenting59 deformationoftravertinemineralswhichformedapproximatelyl2,000yearsago,andType3calciteknowntobethesameageoryoungerthanthetravertine.60 TABLE2.3-lGA3SERIESSPECIBIENSOFCALCITEiXINERALIZATIONCOLLECTEDFROMCIRCULATINGWATERPIPINGTRENCHEXCAVATIONSSamieNo.LocationElevationap~proxmatePlantCoordinatesStructuralSettinGA3-1GA3-2Flooroiexcavationnearsouth237endofzoneofcloselyspacedS847,W313.5conjugatefracturesFloorofexcavationnearsouth237endofzoneofcloselyspacedS847.5,'IV313.5conjugatefracturesCalcitecollectedfromsurfaceorientedN45E,25S.CalcitecollectedfromsurfaceorientedE-W,09Snotparalleltobedding;calcitecontainssmallsandstoneclasts.GA3-3do.236.5SS45,W315CalciteonbeddingplaneorientedN10lV,09E,GA3-4GA3-50A3-6GA3-7Floorofexcavationwithinzone238ofcloselyspacedconjugateS816,~V516.5fractures.Floorofexcavationwithinzone238ofcloselyspacedconjugateS817,AI.6.5fracturesFloorofexcavationoneastside23V.SofzoneofcloselyspacedS81~117conjugatefracturesFloorofexcavationatsouthend236ofhotwatertrenchS784,%236CalciteorsurfaceorientedN05W,09S;notparancltobedding,cementssmallsandstoneclasts.CalciteonsurfaceorientedN75W,04S;notparalleltobedding.CalciteonbeddingplaneorientedN30lV,08Nbrecciationalongthisplaneatotherlocations.CalciteonbeddingplaneorientedN60lV,04N.GA3-VAGA3-8GA3-9GA3-10GA3-10ACo.doaFloorofexcavation,hotwatertrenchFloorofexcavation,hotwatertrenchdo.236S784,W2382375774)W248236.5876~4do.Calcitewithsmallsandstoneclastsonsubhorlzontalsurfaceequivalenttobaseofbeddingplanebrecciazone.do.CalcitecoatingonfractureorientedN33W,90.CalcitegdsulfidemineralizationonfractureorientedN4VW,90.CalciteaadsulfidemineralizationonfractureorientediV72E,87S.GA3-11GA3-12Floorofexcavation,hotwater235.5trench;centralpartofnorthwestSVVo,W258trendingzoneoffracturesFloorofexcavationwithinzone238ofcloselyspacedconjugateS814,W312fracturesCalcitecoatingfractureorientedN50W,40N.CalcitecoatingfractureorientedN46W,88S.GA3-13GA3-14GA3-15doedo.238S817.5,lV317.5238S803,lV311aarx8S801,W31VCalcitecoatingonfractureorientediV70E,85S.CalcitecoatingfractureorientedN53lV,88N.CalcitecoatingonfractureorientedNZOE,BVN.

TABLE2.3-1(cont.)LocationElevationAoproximatePlantCoordinatesStructuralSettinFloorofexcavation,uppersumptrenchdo.234SamplesCollectedOnALineExtendingFromS77?,W326toSZ70,iU324CalcitecontainingsandstoneclastsonsurfaceorientedN-S;20W-baseofbrecciazone.CalciteonsurfaceorientedNOSW,13W-baseofbrecciazone.Calciteonsubhorizontalsurfacenearlyparalleltobedding-containssandstoneclasts-locatedatbaseofbrecciazone.do.233S73~323CalcitecgntainingsandstoneclastsonsurfaceorientedNOSE,20iU-notparalleltobedding-baseofbrecciazone.

TABLE2.3-2GA4SERIESSPECIMENSOFCALCITEMINERAUZATIONCOI.LECTEDFROMNORTHRADWASTETRENCHSamleNo.LocationElevationAp~proxmatePlantCoordinatesStructuralSettinGA4-1GA4-S3Onfloor,nearwestendofnorth228wafl(N60W)N267,W132.5'orthwallofslotinN.RiU.T.224N254,W122Verythin(lessthanorequalto1mm)coatingofcalciteonOswegoSandstone;surfacestrikesN07WtoN19E,dips05to20E.Dip-sUpslickensidespresentatbaseofbeddingplanebreccia.'IUestovereastdisplacementsense.N62E,approximately90mineralizedjointfracture-containstwopatchesofnodularcalcareousmineral-possiblylimestone"concretion."Sampleofconcretionsonly.GA4-2GA4-3OnfloorofslotnearbaseofsouthwallofN.RiU.T.OnfloorofslotofN.R'iV.T.nearsouthwell222N242,W131.5218.5N236,W115.5Twopatchesofcalciteonsiltstoneorgraywackebedatbaseofbrecciatedzonewithfjintstriae,0-10.FoldaxisabovebrecciaisN35W,04N.Baseofbrecciazoneonsandstonebed.Locallyonlowangleshearacrossbed.Localstriae-dipslip.Calcitewithbrecciaclasts,lineatedcalcite.GA4-4GA4-5OnfloorofslotinN.RW.T.at217.5baseofnorthwallN242.~pvl9.5OnnorthwallofslotofN,RIU.T.220N240pW108CalcareousconcretiononN10W,35NEsurfacewhichisstriatednearGA4-3.Calciteon2nearlyorthogonalfractureBothhaveroughsurfaces:N65W,50SW;N10E,90.GA4-6NorthwellofslotofN,RW.T.217N23$,W101Brecciatedcalcitewithclastsofhostrockoccursonfragmentofbedrock,randomlyorientedandcontainedwithinbreccia/gougeatbaseofslot,GA4-7SouthwallofslotinN.RW.T.220N234.5,'iV112.5Sandstonebeddingplanecontainsdarkgrayamorphouscalcareouspatchesresemblinglimestone.Bedistiltedbecauseoffoldingwithindeformedzoneexposedintrench.GA4"8GA4-9Onfloorofslotatbaseofsouth222.5.wallN259,W128Atbottomofsouthendofslotin214N.RW.T.N225,W97Striatedcalciteonhorizontal,siltstonelayerwhichisboundedabovebybreccia/gouge(withsoIQalongbedding,andbe!owbydilatedbeddingfracturefilledwithsoiLOnshearedfossillayerdipping25to30towardeast.Bothstriatedcalcite(dip-slip)andbrecciatedcalcitewithrockclastsoccuronshearsurface.GA4-10TopofsouthwallofN.RW.T.228.75.N23~pl9Zonedpatchesofcalciteand/orconcretionsonirreg.N70Everticaljoint.GA4-ll-TopofsouthwallofN.RW.T.228.75slot(2to3ftsouthofGA4-10)N233,W110onapprox.iV45W,90fractureinsamesandstonebedcontainingGA4-10SimilartoGA4-10.Alsocontainsradialspraysofdarkgrayeuhedralcrystals,probablycalcite.Severalgenerationsmaybepresent.GA4-58GA4-BHGA4-XGA4-12GA4-13SouthwallofN.RW.T.slotTopofnorthwallofN.RW.T.NorthwallofN.RiV.T.SouthwallofiV.RW.T.slot2feetsouthofGA4-11218.5N230.5,W109238.9N241,W97219N24~p100223iV240,lV122228.75N231pWillPocketofbrecciatedzoneofgraymassiveplasticclayandfragmentsofcementedtan,laminatedsiltcontaininghealedfractures.Sampledforanalysisofhealingagentinfractures.GroutfromBoring407-controlspecimenforGA4-X.Occursinzoneoffoldedanddilatedrockwithinvoidsandcementingrockfragments.Substanceunknown.DripstoneonNiVverticaljoint.SamesandstonelayerasGA4-11.

TABLE2.3-2(cont.)SamleNo.GA4-14GA4-15GA4-16GA4-17LocationNospecimentakenSouthwallofN.RW.T.slotSameasGA4-13SouthwallofN.RW.T.slotElevationApproximatePlantCoordinates230N235,W112230N231,Will230N227,W110StructuralSettinPatchesofgrayeuhedralcalcitecrystalsonjoint(iVSSE,90)insandstonebcd.Fracturesurfaceisirregular.SeeGA4-13.Patchofgrayeuhedralcalcitecrystalsonfracture(NOSW,90)Fracturesurfacelsirregular.

TABLE2.3-3GASSERIESSPECIMENSOFCALClTEMINERALIZATIONCOLlECTEDPROMEASTLAKEWATERTUNNELSamleNo.GA5-1AGAS-1BGA5-1CGAS-1DGAS-2AGAS-2BLocationNorthWall(leftrib)Stations0+47to0+50doedo.NorthIUall(leftrib)do.Elevation13Vdo.doedo.134do.StructuralSettinCalciteonfootwalloffaultN45E,55SEN42E,52SE,Slickensidesrake45NEN4ZE,45SE,Slickensidesrake45NEN30E,47SE,Siickensidesrake80NECalciteonfootwallplaneofthrust:N40E,32SEBrecciatedcalcite(~e1)onfo8twallofthrustN45E,38SE,Slickensidesrake40NEGAS3i3A3EShearsurface-floor6+32to6+44footwall138BulkTypeIbrecciaandwhite(grayish)calcitecoatings,somedisplayingdipslipslicksGAS-4GAS"5GAS-6GAS-ZGAS"8Shearsurface-floor,6+44footwallShearsurface-9+82.5LeftribfootwallShearsurface,9+59LeftribfootwallShearsurface,8+51Shearsurface,6+46Leftribfootwall138152.5143145.5143TypeIbreccia,minorsecondarycalcitecoatingTypeIbrecciawithstubbyeunedralcalcitecrystalsandwhitepatchycalcitecoatingWhite(grayish)calcitecoatingTypeIbrecciaTypeIbreccia,whitecalcitecoatingwithobliqueslipslicksGA5-9,9AShearsurfaceat2+62.5and2+69139.5Leftrib(2+62.5-footwall)1439-Grayishwhitecalcitecoatings9A-FragmentsofwhitecalciteandTypeIbrecciaonloosefragmentsoi'rockinopenworkbrecciaGAS-10Shearsurface,4+59Leftribfootwall143.5MinorgrayishwhitecalcitecoatingstTABLE2.3-4800SERIESSPECIMENSOFCALCITEMINERALIZATIONCOLLECTEDFROMCORESOPBORINGS801AND806SamleNo.801-Ml801-M2801-M3806-511LocationBoring801,N227.7,W75.3do.do.Boring806,N73.1,E468.4Elevation197.8196.4194.9StructuralSettinDepth43.6',calcitebrecciaonbedsdipping30.Depth45.0';patchesofcalciteonbeddingplaneswithbreccia.Depth46.5',calcitebrecciaalowwnglefracture.Depth148.9';slickensidedcalciteon15dippingshearfracture.Beds0.

TABLE2.3-5RADIOhiETR.'CDATINGOFLO'WTEMPERATURECALCITESamleNo.HK-1HK-2TU-1SL-10'W-1SW-2SecimenMaterialType1CalciteTravertineType1CalciteMolluscshellsDrusycalciteDrusycalcite14C(ears)Greaterthan36,00014,180+55012,545+3304U(ears)Lessthan300,000170,000+2,00081,000+1,000TABLE2.3-6ISOTOPEANALYSESOFLOWTEMPERATURECALCITESamleNo.HK-1HK-2HK-3SL-10'ecimenMaterialType1CalciteTravertineType3calciteMolluscshells3C(o/oo)+3.1-7.5H.7-6.918O(o/oo)+21.1+0.2+22.6+0.2'SamplefrommarlIncirculatingwaterpipingtrench,reportedinNMPC,1978,GeologicInvestigation,Vol.2,Section1.0.SamplefromPit1nearoldCoolingTowerexcavation;equivalenttospecimensJT-13,43,and44:NMPC,1978,GeologicInvestigation:Vol.I,Section4.0and6.0.SeePlate5.3-13ofthisreport.

XETCt(ICALANALYSISHEIGHTPERCENTTABLE2.3-7MINERALQGICANALYSESXRDANDTHINSECTIONANALYSISVOLUPTEPERCD:TRATIOS,ETC.SPECIMENSGrouGA4No.DescritionCarb.fAverageAccessRaneCarbonateMin.GranularMineralsClaMineralsT1ccchlIr*cc~FtxFsCalDol+SidAcc,)ChlZllKsolCls(\)ChlFsDolCal+Dol+Sid$1BI$4-B$6-Dl$5BsTsn,laminatedsiltyclayc15024.8-25.1)24.92.05.0~3.512.0-26.1r19.13211113I30911518429-12341324619276421131345123334871522350.592.93.73.1300.253.32.22.4320.234.5-0.1632-264016$2-M9.7Pyrite,hornblende2410251,2.31340558300.362.40.44.9IZ$58+S6-D2$1AGray,softclay(non-laminated)12.D26.1,19.1156-159'5.714.2Pyrite,hornblende3413243738202276171,271,2'115-225184278431263322.64.01.632,0.684.62.92.8321.503.14.1S5-CIIIS6-A$1-B$5DZV$6-CS'7-CBrecciasndgougeBedrockincontactuithbrecciaxoneseciren12.2-22.3;17'5.05.1j5.135'4-45.1.40.24.74.722.0HornblendePyrite,hornblendeHornblende299-314651210126517I~2371--1,268112-1240ll16l2103995841l28385511539I555121181220-32320.883.2-12.7650.185.4-'.7250.675.2-1.8290.075.3330.146.2-39.5393.63.2CIcTCT-IVCAPT-2CAPT3Lake1roquo(sandSandyCreekoverburdensediment14.113.931.6-31.831.1Magnetite,rirconrutileMagnetite,rirconrutile421811101611182544151,58152437168101,21018-28392.30.82.9372.31.12.9366.38.20.63~RatiooftKAOLto%CHLvithrespecttototalclaycontent.+sampleismixtureofgroupsIsIz.~'Forexplanationofterminology,seeAppendixB.1~Hematite2.Hornblende3.Pyrite4.Pyroxene5.Apatite TABLE2.3-8CORRELATIONOFPOLLENSTRATIGRAPHY-EASTERNNEWYORKANDSOUTHERNCONNECTICUTQPollenZonesStaesNorthernHudsonValleSouthernWallkillValleSouthernNewEnlandWesternLonIslandC3aC3bOAKC2C1POST-ESpruceRisePine,Birch,HemlockBeach,Pine,HemlockOak,BirchHemlock,BirchPine,OakOak,HemlockSpruceRiseOak,HemlockOak,HickoryOak,HickoryOak,HemlockOak,HemlockOak,Chestnut,HollyOak,HickoryOak,HemlockPINEB2B1GLACIALPine,OakPine,BirchPine,OakPinePine,OakPinePine,OakPineA4SPRUCEA3A1,2LATE-SpruceMaximumAlder,Pine(A3-4)Spruce,Pine,Grass(SprucePark)SpruceReturnsSpruceReturnsBirch,SprucePine,Spruce,OakPineSpruce,Oak(12,850+250)Pine,SpruceSpruceReturnsPine,SprucePineSpruceHERBT3GLACIALPine,Birch,Spruce,NAP,Park-Tundra(12,400+200)Pine,Spruce,BirchBirchPark-TundraPine,Spruce,NAPT2TlGlaciatedSpruce,Pine,FirSprucePark-Tundra.Pine;Birch.-.',TundraShrub-Tundra.SprucePark-TundraGlaciatedGlaciatedPark-TundraNearTundra TABLE2.3-9SPECIhlENSOFINTERiVEDSEDIMENTFROh'IiRENCHESANDBORINGSASPARTOFRADWASTEFAULTSTUDYSpecimeniVumbcr1.GA4-Sl2.GA4-S23.GA4-S34.GA4-S45.GA4-SS6.GA4-S67.GA4-S78.GA4-S89.GA4-S9LocationNorthRadTrench(N.R.T.)So.Wall,el.223.6iV.R.T,NoWall,el.219SeeTable5.3-2N.R.T.,WestendofNo.IUalliel.233N.R.T.,No.Wall,eL226N.R.T.,So.Wall,el.222.5N.R.T.,baseofNo.Wall,eastend,el.215N.R.T.,So.Wall,el.218.5to219.5NeareastendN.R.T.,So.IUaLi,el.219.5'iUestot'A4-S8DcscritionTanlaminatedsiltyclayonbeddingplane.Grayplastic,massiveclay,withinbrecciaoffold.'IUithembeddedrockfragments.NATan,laminatedsiltyclayalongdilatedbed.Minedgrayandtanclayandgougeinbrecciatedzone.Alsobedrocksample.Mixedgray,tanclay,gouge,breccia.Grayclayinbreccia/gougeon20dippingshear.BedrocksampleaLso.1mmofcemented,laminatedsiltinbrecciaandwithothernonwementedclay.Cementedsiltattopofnon-cementedclay.Testing(HM,PR)H,M,Phi)PH,MiPM,PM)PM,P,F10.GA4-S10toS19NoSpecimensCollectedNA11.GA4-S2012.GA4-S2113.GA4-S21A14.GA4-S2215.GA4-S2316.GA4-S2417.GA4-S2518.GA4-S2619.GA4-S2720.GA4-S2821.GA4-S2922.GA4-S3023.GA4-S30A24.GA4"S3125.GA4-S31A2N.R.T.,So.Wallextension,Westend,el.220-222do.do.do.doedo.do.do.do.doedoIdoIN.R.T.,So.Wallextension,el.221do.Tantograyishlaminatedclayinkinkfold;ontiltedbed.Mottled,tanlaminatedclaywithinfoldedandbrecciatedzone.do.doeLaminatedtanclaywithcontortions.Laminatedclaywithcontortions'ontiltedsandstonebed.do.Laminatedclaywithcontortions.Tansiltandclay,contortedwithrockfragmentsunderlyingbrecciaontiltedrockbed.Tanlaminatedclayeysiltadheredtoverticaljointateastendofextensionexcavation.Tan,mottledlaminatedclayon26bedofsandstone(GA4-S25).1/2to3/4inchthickt8ntograylaminatedclayorbeddipping35.SameasS30,somesmallclaydikes.PatchythinlayerofdarkbrownligniticpeatinlaminatedsiltyclaySameasGA4<31.P TABLE2.3-9(cont.)SpecimenNumber26.SL-CiUPT-127.SL-C'SUPT-228.SI-CWPT-329.806-6130.806-5231.806-S332.805-133.810-134.810-235.810-336.810-437.810-5LocationWestWall,Circul.WaterPipingTrench,800'o.ofReacto!Center,el.224.5do.,el.249do.,el.250N73.1,E468.4,Depth151ft.do.,Depth149.8ft.do.,Depth144.Zft.N55.7,E318.7,Depth121.6ft.SSZ.3,EZ07.7,Depth207.3ft.do.,Depth213.3ft.do.,Depth251.4ft.do.,Depth252.3ft.do.,Depth124.3ft.DescritfonVarvedclayfromLakeIroquoisdepositsinoverburden,1.4ft.abovebedrock.UpperpartoflaminatedclayeysiltofSandyCreeksands,3.75ft.aboverock.Yellowbrownmarlwithmolluscshells5.2ft.aboverock.Grayishlaminated,clayonpartingparalleltobeds.Sameas80662.Brecciaandlaminatedclayonpartingparalleltobeds.Tantograylaminatedclayonbeddingphne.Fat,mottledgreenjhgrayclayonbedding.contactdipping20.LaminatedbrownishgrayclayonbeddingClaywithrockfragments.Graytobrown.ParalleltobeddingBrownish-gray,hmfantedclay,contorted.Onbeddingplane.Brownish~raylaminatedclayonbedding.Test!ng(HMPR)H,M,P>>H,M,P>>H,M,P>>,R>>HMPRFGrainwizei>linerafogyPollenRadiocarbonFluidInclusion'Testingperformedandreportedin19ZSCooungTowerFaultStudy.

3.1INTRODUCTION

Strainreliefmeasurementswereconductedinfourverticalboreholes(theRSseries)fromAprilthroughJuly1980.Thesemeasurementswererequiredtoassistintheevaluationofthe"thrust"faultstructuresexposedonthesite.Thisreportpresentstheresultsoftheovercoringprogramandaninterpre-tationoftheirsignificance.3.2'URPOSEStrainreliefobservationsintheRSseriesofverticalboringswereconductedtoexplorethegeometryoftheRadwastetherelatedstressdistributionandthemechanismofdeformation.3.3SCOPEStrainreliefmeasurementswereconductedbyovercoringtheU.S.BureauofMines(USBM)deformationgaugeinverticalboringsextendingto120feetbelowthesurface.Thecombinationofthemethodusedandtheorientationoftheboringspermitted'Ideterminationofmaximumandminimumnormalstressesintheplaneofbedding.(Themethoddoesnotallowdeterminationofwhetherornotthesevaluesrepresenttheprincipalstresse's.)AllfourboringsweresitedwithinthefaultblockboundedbytheDrainageDitchFaultandtheCoolingTowerFault.Between20and32successfulstressdeterminationswereachievedineachboring.Testingwascommencednearthebaseofthe61 OswegoSandstone.TwoboringswereterminatedinUnitBofthePulaskiFormationandtwoboringsinUnitC.3.4PROCEDUREBothfieldandanalyticalprocedureswereidentical*tothoserpreviously.employedatthesite(NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,1978).Theessenceofthemethodadoptedisasfollows:DrillanExboring(1.5inchesdiameter)inthebaseofthe6inchboring.2.3.ScribeinsideofExboringwithorientedscriber.OrientandinsertUSBMdeformationgaugeinExboring.4.'vercorethegaugewith6inchO.D.bitandmonitordeformationofExboringwhileovercoring.5.Retrieveorientedovercore,loadinabiaxialpressurecell,observechangesofdiameterof6.Exboringandcomputeelasticmodulus.Calculatestressesassumingplanestresstheoryapplicabletodeformationofacircularholeinaninfiniteplate.Theonlyexceptiontothisstatementconcernstherangeoftheunloadingcurveobtainedduringbiaxialpressuretestingofovercores,forwhichpressure/displacementrelationswereusedtocalculateYoung'smodulus.FortheRSseriesofdeterminationsarangecorrespondingineachcasetotheobserveddeformationinthefieldineachindividualtestwasselected.DuringprevioustestingintheOCseriesofborings(NMPC,1978),anupperlimitof2000psiwasselectedasstandard.Forthisreason,andbecausetheresultsobtainedinBoringOC-4arere-interpretedinthelightof-theRadwasteStructure,theresultspreviouslyobtainedinthisboringarepresentedagaininthisreportincorporatingtherecalculatedvaluesofstress.

Test,resultswereclassifiedaccordingtothecharacterandqualityoftheobserveddeformationcurvesobtainedinsituandthequalityofthebiaxialload/deformationcurves.3.5RESULTSPlate3-1showsthelocationoftheRSborings.BoringsRS-l,RS-2,andRS-3werelocatedalongalinesubparalleltotheCoolingTowerFault.Theseboringswerelocatedinthesouthernsectionofthefaultblock,500to700feetnorthoftheCoolingTowerFault.BoringRS-4waslocatedlessthan300feeteastofthereactorexcavation.Apartfromnear-surfacemeasurementsinBoringOC-9,strainreliefwithin%hefaultblockwaspreviouslymeasuredinBoringOC-4.Plates3-2through3-6showtheinformation.obtainedfromBoringsRS-1throughRS-4,andBoringOC-4,asfollows:1.Lithology2.Stratigraphy3.Beddingplanefractures4.Maximumandminimumnormaldisplacementobservedduringovercoring(PandQ,microinches)5.Orientationoftheaxisofmaximumdisplacement(P)6.Displacementdifference(P-Q,microinches)7.Modulusofelasticitydeterminedbybiaxialloadingoftheovercore(psi)8.Maximumandminimumstress(psi)9.Stressdifference ResultsofstressdeterminationsaretabulatedinTables3-1through3-5.BiaxialtestsfortheRS-seriesofstressdeterminationsaresummarizedinTables3-6through3-9,andinTable3-10fortestsfromBoringOC-4.Boringlogs,calibrationrecords,andstrainreliefcurvesarepresentedinAppendixE.ResultsofstressdeterminationsfromBoringRS-1arecharac-terizedby:a)stressesrangingbetweenapproximatelyzeroand1000psiib)agenerallyconsistentE-Worientationofmaximumnormalstress;c)essentiallyconstantstressdifferenceofabout200-300psi.ResultsfromBoringRS-2arecharacterizedby:a)stressesrangingfromabout-100psito1000psi(highlyvariableoverashortverticaldistance);b)anapproximatelyconsistentN50EtoN60Eorientedc)maximumnormalstress;azoneofmaximumnormalstresseswhicharerelativelylow(evenzero)intheOswegoSandstone;d)anapproximatelyconsistentstressdifferenceof100to200psiintheuppersection,withaprogressiveincreasefromthemiddleofUnitAofthePulaskiFormationdownwardstoamagnitudeofappproximately500psi.64 ResultsfromBoringRS-3arecharacterizedby:a)stressesvaryinggenerallyfrom-200psito800psi,thehighervaluesoccurringonlybelowtheOswegoSandstone;b)fairlyvariableorientationofmaximumnormalstress,butwitharecurringorientationofaboutN60'Ethroughouttheboring;c)stressdifferenceofabout200psi,increasingsteadilywithdepthbelowtheOswegoSandstoneFormationtoabout600psi(locallyhigher).ResultsfromBoringRS-4arecharacterizedby:a)maximumnormalstressesofaboutzero.orslightlylessto400.psiintheOswegoSandstoneFormationandtheupperpartofUnitA,beingmorevariableatgreaterdepthwheretheresultsrangefromapproximatelyzerotogreaterthan1000psi.Almostone-thirdofthedeterminationsofminimumnormalstressrangedfrom-150psito-300psi;b)apartfrommeasurementsabovetheTransitionZone,theorientationofmaximumnormalstressisremarkablyconstant,orientedN60'E-N70'Ethroughoutthepenetratedsection;c)stressdifferenceappearstoincreasewithdepththroughoutmuchoftheborehole,rangingfromabout50psinear-surfacetoabout600psiat,greaterdepth.65 3.6DXSCUSSZONTointerprettheresultsofstressdeterminations,itisimportanttonotethelocationoftheRS-seriesboreholes(Plates3-1)considering:locationwithrespecttothesitesofpreviousstressdeterminations(theOC-seriesboreholes);locationwithrespecttogeologicalstructures;locationwithrespecttothebedrockvalley.Platesl-land3-1showthattheRS-seriesofstressdeterminationswereconductedinabedrockblockboundedbytheCoolingTowerFaultandDrainageDitchFault,situatedeast.ofthenorth-trendingbedrockdepression.Plate3-1alsoshowsthelocationofanortheaststrikingsynclinalaxisinthevicinityofBoringRS-1(NewYorkStateElectricandGas,1979).Thesynclinehasbeenproposedonthebasisofsubsurfacedata;however,thepreciselocationoftheaxiswithrespecttoBoringRS-1isuncertain.AsshownonPlate3-1,onlytwooftheOC-seriesborings(OC-4andOC-9)weredrilledwithintheblock.BoringsOC-5,-7(horizontal),and-8(vertical),weredrilledfromthebaseofthecoolingwaterintakeshaftapproximately100feetbelowgroundsurface.Allthesemeasurementsweremadenearthebedrockvalley,inthevicinityoftheexposuresofthe"thrust"faultstructures(Platel-l).BoringsOC-1,-2and-3weredrilledat,locationsoutsidethefaultblock.66 Basedontheresultsofgeologicalstudiesatthesite,itisclearthatthefaultblockwithinwhichtheRS-series.ofmeasurementswereconducted,hasexperiencedextensionalreliefintwodirections.Thesedirectionsareparallelandperpendiculartothestrikeoftheboundingfaults.Thedegreeofextensionalreliefresultingfromdisplacementonthesestructuresdiminishestozerowithdepthinbothdirections.Thereliefisnegligibleatadepthofapproximately200feetfortheCoolingTowerFaultbuckling,andatadepthofapproximately100feetforthe"thrust"faultstructures.Thedegreeofstrainreliefdiminishesprogressivelywith-distancefromthefrontofthestructure;thatis,paralleltotheslipvectororextensiondirection.Thisnon-homogenousdeformationshouldexpressitselfintermsofgradientsofremanantstrainenergybothperpendicularandparalleltothefaults.Theidentificationofthesegradientswastheprincipalobjectiveofthisprogram,inthecontextofdefiningtheextent.ofthe"thrust"faultstructures.HorizontaltranslationresultingfrombucklingontheCoolingTowerFault,aswellas"thrust"faultrelatedtranslations,wereheterogeneousintermsofmagnitudeanddirection.Thisnon-homogenoustranslationcan,asinthecaseofothergeologicalstructures,resultinchangesofdistortionalstrainpatternsinadditiontoextensionalstrains.Thedifferencesinslipvectorswillbereflectedindifferent67 quantitiesofshearstressesactinginverticalplanesorientedparallelandnormaltotheboundaryfaults.Intermsofstressdetermination,theseshearstresseswouldbemanifestedasasystematicchangeinorientationofnormalstressesactinginahorizontalplane(Plate3-9).Thedeformationresultingfromtheheterogeneousrelief,therefore,canbeexpectedtobeexpressedbychangesinbothorientationandmagnitudeofstressesrelativetothepre-deformationstateofstress.Accordingly,thefirststepintheinterpretationofresultsshouldbethedefinitionofthepre-deformationstressconditions.Bydefiningthedeparturesfromtheseconditionsateachtestlocation,estimatescanbemadeoftheboundariesoftherelievedblock(theextent.ofthe"thrust"faultstructures),aswellasthestressstatespertainingtotheseboundaries.Themagnitudeandorientationofthepre-deformationstresswithintheblockcanbeobtainedonthebasisofinformationfrom.BoringsOC-8,-5,-7,andRS-4.Theresultsfromtheseboringscanbetakentorepresent,thestateofstressthroughouttheentire200feetpenetrated.Thatis,throughoutthezonewithinwhichthedegreeof,extensiondiminishesprogressively.Atadepthofabout200feettheinfluencesofthe"thrust"sheetandthebucklingacrosstheCoolingTowerFaultshouldbeminimal.Itisapparentthattheseresultsshowdepthdependentchangesintheorientationandmagnitudeofnormal stressesinthehorizontalplane.Themagnitudeofthemaximumnormalstressincreasesfromaverylowvalue,nearthebedrocksurface,toasmuchas2500-3000psi,atadepthofapproximately200feet.Thevalueofthemaximumnormalstressisapproximately1100psiat100feet.Itisinterestingtonote,thatthechangeinthestressmagnitudes.isaccompaniedwithachangeinthestressorientation,toacertaindegree.Intheupperportionoftheexploredsectionthemaximumnormalstressisorientedaboutnortheast.Atadepthofapproximately100feet,wherethestressmagnitudeattainsavalueof1100psi,theorientationofthemaximumnormalstressshiftstoeast,-west,andremainsrelativelyconstantdespitetheincreaseinmagnitudebelowthisdepth.Fromtheseobservationsthefollowingvaluesofthepre-deformationalstresswithintheblockareevident:theorientationofthemaximumstresswaseast-west,and,themagnitudeofthemaximumstresswasapproximately2500to3000psi.Furthermore,thedataindicatethedevelopmentofthe"thrust"structureexposedintheradwastetrenchmanifestsitselfasachangeinstressvaluesinthehangingwallblock,relativetothefootwallblock.Theorientationofthemaximumstressinthehangingwallblockisnortheastandthemagnitudeislow,whereasinthefootwallblocktheorientationiseast-west,andthemagnitudeis1200to1300psi.Therefore,themaximum69 stressreduction(stressdrop)attributabletothedevelopmentofthe"thrust"structureis1200to1300psi.ComparisonofthestrainreliefdatafromBoringsRS-l,-2,-3,andOC-4(Plates3-2through3-6)withthepostulatedpre-deformationalstateofstressrevealsnotabledifferences.OnlyatthebasesofBoringsOC-4andRS-l,isthemaximumnormalstressorientedeast-west.-Elsewhere,departurefromthisorientationisapparentandisaccompaniedwithareductioninthestressmagnitude.ThechangesinstressmagnitudeindicatedefinitestressgradientsparallelandnormaltotheCoolingTowerFault;'.=The;developmentof.th'ese'gradients,isreadilyattributabletothelateralreliefofthebedrockalongbothdirections.ComparisonofthestressstatesdeterminedintheOC-seriesboringsandtheRS-seriesboringscanbeusedtoevaluatethesouthernandwesternboundariesoftherelievedblock("thrust"sheet).ComparisonofstressesparalleltotheCoolingTowerFaultinBoringsOC-2andRS-1clearlyindicate;thatthisfaultrepresentsthesouthernboundaryoftheblock.Comparisonofstresses(differencesofmagnitudeandorientation)inBoringsOC-3andRS-3indicatesthatthebedrockdepressionthroughthesiterepresentsthewesternboundaryoftheblock(Platesl-land3-1).70 Theresultsofstrainreliefmeasurementsdonotpermitidentifi-cationofthenorthernboundary.Thisboundarycanbeexpectedtooffer.verylowfrictionalresistancewhichcouldresulteitherfromlownormalstressorlowoverallshearstrength.Thissuppositionisinagreementwiththerotationofstressesobservedi.nBoringsOC-4andRS-4.Therearetworeasonablepossibilitiessatisfyingtheserequirements,thatis'heDrainageDitchFaultorthefreeboundarywherethestrataoutcropinLakeOntario.Definitionofthebase,aswellastheeasternboundaryoftherelievedblock,remainstocompletetheevaluationoftheboundaryconditions.Therearetwointerpreations.DataobtainedfromthesubsurfaceexplorationoftheextentoftheRadwasteStructurewereusedtopreparethegeologicalcrosssectionshownonPlate2.2-2.Fromthiscrosssection-itcanbeinferredthatthedowndipcontinuationofthe"thrust"faultintheradwastetrenchoccursintheimmediatevicinityoftheilliterichlayerinUnitAofthePulaskiFormation.ThislayerhasbeenidentifiedinBoringsRS-4andOC-4atadepthofapproximately70feet.Intheseborings(Plates3-5and3-6)theoccurrenceofthelayercorrespondstoasignificantchangeinthemagnitudeofthedisplacementsrecordedduringovercoring,beinglowintheuppersectionrelativetothelowersection.However,theorientationofthemaximumhorizontalstressisdifferentinthesetwoborings.71 InRS-4,thisorientationisrelativelyconstantthroughoutthetestedsection,averagingapproximatelyN70E.InBoringOC-4itchangesfromN60E-N70Etoapproximatelyeast-westacrosstheillitelayer.Althoughtheslipsurfacedevelopedalongthislayerispresentinbothborings,thezoneofdeeperthrustrelief(forexample,thedeformationatthebaseofUnitBshownonPlate2.2-2)ispresentinBoringRS-4butnotinBoringOC-4andthusmayaccountfortheobserveddifferences.ThissuggeststhatthelowerboundaryoftherelievedblockmaydiptothewestbetweenBoringsOC-4andRS-4.However,thebaseofthe"thrust"structureexposedintheradwastetrenchishorizontal,atleastinthissectionofthefaultblock.ConsideringthedifferencesinthemagnitudeandorientationofthestressesaboveandbelowtheillitezoneinBoringOC-4,itcanbeconcludedthattheeasternboundaryofthe"thrust,"sheetislocatedeastofthisboring.Furtherinformationpertainingtoboththedepthofdevelopmentofthe"thrust"sheetaswellastheeasternboundarycanbeobtainedconsideringthestrainreliefmeasurementsinBoringsRS-l,-2,and-3.ComparingtheresultsfromBoringsOC-4andRS-lsomesimilaritiesareevident.ApartfromnotabledifferencesinthemagnitudeofhorizontalstresswhichrepresentsastressgradientnormaltotheCoolingTowerFault,thesimilaritiesare:comparablereductioninthemagnitudeofmaximumnormalstressofthesectionsintheboreholeaboveandbelowtheillitelayer;and,72 recognizablechangesintheorientationofthemaximumstressacrosstheillitelayer.ThesenseofrotationofthemaximumstressinBoreholeRS-1acrosstheillitelayeriscounterclockwise.ThisisoppositetothesenseofrotationobservedinBoringOC-4.Thismust.indicate'thatthesenseofshearstressactinginverticalplaneswhichareparalleltotheCoolingTowerFault(Plate3-9)andlocatedabovetheillitelayerisoppositeineachoftheborings.AnexplanationofthisisapparentconsideringthelocationofBoringRS-1withrespecttotheaxisofthesyncline(Plate3-1).Inorderforthisexplanationtobeplausible,theaxisofthesyncline(andaccompanyingreversalofsenseofshearstressinhorizontalplanes)mustbelocatedwestofBoringRS-1andnottotheeastasshownonPlate3-1(plottedlocationfrom:NewYorkStateElectricandGas,1979).Ifthisistruetheseboringsarelocatedonopposinglimbsofthesyncline.ThissituationwouldresultinatendencytowardawestwardtranslationoftheupperpartsofthesectioninBoringOC-4andeastwardtranslationofthecorrespondingsectioninBoringRS-1.Thiswouldresultinanoppositesenseofrotationofthemaximumstressinthetwoboreholesabovetheillitelayer.Thisinterpretationrequiresthatthemagnitudeofdisplacementsrelatedtothe"thrust"sheetsdiminishsouthward.Accordingly,thelowerboundaryofthe"thrust"sheetinBoringsOC-4andRS-1correspondtotheslipsurfacelocalizedalongtheillite-richlayer.Also,theeasternboundaryofthe"thrust"sheetexposedintheexcavations73 mustbesituatedbetweenBoringsOC-4andRS-l,mostlikelyalongtheaxisofthesyncline.Followingthisinterpretationfurther,itisnecessarytoplacethebaseofthethruststructureexposedintheradwastetrenchalongtheillitelayer,inBoringsRS-2andRS-3.Thislayerwasencounteredlatdepthsof76and64feet,respectively.Datafromallthreeboringsinthesouthofthefaultblockshowdeparturesfromthepostulatedpre-deformationeast-westorientationofthemaximumstress.Thedepartureiscounter-clockwiseinBoringRS-2andRS-3,butclockwiseinBoringRS-l.Furthermore,themaximumnormalstressesbelowtheillitelayerinBoringsRS-1and-2increasefromwesttoeast,andreflectareversalinthestressgradientobservedabovethelayerandbetweenBoringsRS-4andOC-4.Thisreversalmayreflectthe'effectofstrainredistributionrelatedtobucklingontheCoolingTowerFault.Inthiscase,BoringRS-1wouldbelocatedeastofthecenterlineofthisbuckling(lineofmaximumfault-normalslip)whereasBoringsRS-3and-2wouldbe1'ocatedwest.ofthisline.Thisdifferenceoflocationwithrespecttothecenterlineofthebucklewouldresultindifferencesofsenseofshearstressactinginverticalplanes,parallelandnormaltothefault.Hence,thiscouldaccountforthedifferentsensesofrotationofthemaximumhorizontalstressobservedatvarioustestlocations.ThelargermagnitudeofthemaximumstressinBoringRS-2thaninBoringRS-1couldbeaccountedforassumingthatBoringRS-2islocatednearthe74 westernterminationoftheCoolingTowerFaultbucklewheredistortionisdominant.Insummary,thepresentedobservationsandanalysisimplythefollowing:'-thedistributionofstrainreliefinplanwascharacterizedbytranslationsparalleltothefaultandalongbeddingplaneswhichoccurredoneithersideandawayfromasynclinalaxislocatedbetweenBoringsRS-1andOC-4.Themagnitudesoffault-paralleldislocationsaremaximumneartheDrainageDitchFaultanddecreaseinmagnitudesouthwardwithinthefaultblock.-ThemagnitudeofbeddingplanetranslationsnormaltotheCoolingTowerFaultandrelatedtobucklingdiminishesawayfromthecenterlineofbucklingtowardtheextremitiesofthefault.Thedistributionofstrainreliefinaverticalplaneparalleltotheboundingfaultscanbecharac-terizedasazoneinwhichlayerparalleldifferentialextensionalreliefoccurred.'hiszoneiscontainedbetweentwoplanes;oneisnearlyverticalandislocatednearthebedrockdepressiononthesite;theotherplanecanbeenvisagedasacurvedsurfacedippingwestward.ThislattersurfaceintersectstherelativelyshallowillitelayerencounteredinBoringOC-4andextendsbeneaththemainsite75 excavations.Itisthebaseofthe"thrust"sheet.Thedegreeofstrainreliefofindividualstrataorgroupsofstrata,comprisingthe"thrust"sheetdiminisheseastwardandwithdepth.Asecondalternativetotheinterpretationofthepresentstraindistributionthatisconsistentwiththeknownfactsispossible.ThisalternativeinterpretationalsoconcludesthattheillitelayerrepresentsthebaseoftheRadwasteStructurebutonlyinthenorthernportionsofthefaultblock.TheeasternboundaryofthestructureissituatedeastofBoringOC-4inthiscaseaswell.Incontrasttothefirstinterpretation,thisalternativeexplainsthenortheasterlyre-orientationofthemaximumstressintheupperportionsofBoringOC-4(abovetheillitelayer)byauniformlayer-parallelstrainreliefparalleltotheboundaryfaults.Thisreliefhasbeensuperimposeduponthepre-deformationaleast-westorientedmaximumstress.Theeasternboundaryisassumedtobe:thesynclinalaxispositionedeastofBoringRS-1asshownonPlate3-1.Thepresenceofasecond"thrust"sheettotheeastofthesynclinalaxis,withaccompanyingeasterlytranslation,isnotrequired./There-orientationofmaximumstressobservedinBoringsRS-1,RS-2,andRS-3areattributedprimarilytobucklingontheCoolingTowerFault..'hecenterlineofbuckling(lineofmaximumsoutherlytranslation)ispositionedjusteastof76 BoringRS-2.RatherthanauniformsoutherlytranslationofbedsinthecentralportionsoftheCoolingTowerFault,withdistortionalstraindevelopmentrestrictedtosectionsneartheendsofthefault,agenerallycurvedpatterndefinedbythesesoutherlydisplacementsisenvisaged.Thiswouldleadtouniformlydistributeddistortionalstrainsderivedbyprogressivelychangingmagnitudesofsoutherlydisplacementalongthelengthofthebuckle.ThisalternativealsoincorporatesanincreaseinthedepthofthebaseoftheRadwasteStructure,fromthenorthtothesouthwithinthefaultblock,inresponsetothegreaterpre-existingstrainreliefinproximitytotheCoolingTowerFaultBuckle.Thisbuckle-relatedstrainreliefincludedmodificationofshearstressesintheplaneofbeddingandre-orientationofthemaximumstresssuchthatfault-paralleltranslationrequiredforRadwasteStructureformationwasnotasuitablemodeofsubsequentdeformationintheuppersectionsofBoreholesRS-l,RS-2,andRS-3.Accordingtothisinterpretation,noneofthethreeboreholeslocatedinthesouthofthefaultblockhaspenetratedtothebaseoftheRadwasteStructure.InthecrosssectionpresentingresultsfromBoreholesRS-4andOC-4(Plate3-7),theRadwasteStructureappearstobecomposedoftwolayers:anupperlayerlargelyconfinedtotheOswegoSandstonewhichshowsacleargradientoflayer-parallelN70Worientedstrain;andsecond,adeeperlayershowing77 extraordinarilylowN70Wtrendingstresses(averylowgradient).Asimilardouble-layerdistributionisapparentinthecrosssectioncontainingBoringsRS-l,RS-2,andRS-3(Plate3-8),butinthiscasetheupperrelativelyhighgradientlayerextendsmuchdeeperandisinclinedtowardtheeast.InBoringRS-3thebaseofthislayerextendstoelevation200feet.AtBoringRS-1thislayerextendstoelevation160-170feet,andcoincideswiththemarkedchangeinorientationofmaximumhorizontalstressnotedearlierinthisdiscussion.Belowthislevelinthesouthofthefaultblock,arelativeincreaseofthedegreeofbeddingplanefracturingcanbeobservedinBoringsRS-1andRS-2.Thiszoneisinterpretedtorepresentapredominanceoftheradwastemodeofdeformation.Therelativelyminorchangeoforientationfrom,apre-deforma-tionaleast-westtoN80EtrendobservedinBoringRS-l,isattributedtothesuperimpositionoffault-parallelnormalstrainreliefbyRadwasteStructuredevelopment,upontheN80Worientationdevelopedpredominantlybybuckling.Thisinterpre-tationenvisagesapassiveextensionofoverlyingbeds,stronglyinfluencedby*bucklingontheCoolingTowerFault,withanunderlyin'gzonehavingfault-parallelstrain-reliefcomponentslessinfluencedbybucklingatthegreaterdepthswheretheRadwasteStructuredeveloped.Thisinterpretationdoesnotrequirethedevelopmentoflargefault-parallelshearstrainsonverticalplanesasthehangingwallofthe"thrust"structurewasuniformlydisplacedwestwards.Thisdisplacementwas78 relativelyuniforminplan,butoccurredatdeeperlevelsinproximitytotheCoolingTowerFault.IncontrasttotheobservationsinBoringsRS-2andRS-l,noincreaseofthefrequencyofbeddingfracturinginthedeepzoneofBoringRS-3isobserved.However,thestrainreliefmeasurementsreflectantiformalbendingassociatedwithaN70WstrainsuperimposedonastrainstateinwhichthemaximumstressisorientedN60E.Thisisinterpretedtorepresentafault-paralleltranslationandbucklingofstrataagainstasperitiesonaninclinedbasalplanesimilartothatobservedintheradwastetrench.Thus,thebaseofthestructureisinterpretedtolieveryclosetothebaseofBoring-RS-2,progressivelydeepeningatagentleangleinaneastwarddirection.Inviewofthechangingsenseofshearstressassociatedwiththeaxisofthesyncline,itisassumedthattheeasternboundaryoftheRadwasteStructurecoincideswiththeaxisofthesyncline,positionedasshownonPlate3-1.IntermsoftheoverallevaluationoftheRadwasteStructure,itisthecommonaspectsoftheprecedingalternativeswhicharemostrelevant.Bothinterpretationsincludethepresenceofasynclinalaxis,representingtheeasternboundaryoftheRadwasteStructure.Thisimpliesthatstressesactingattheeasternboundaryofthestructuredonotincludelayer-parallelshearstressbecausetheaxialplaneofthesynclinerepresentsaplaneacrosswhichareversalofthesenseofbedding-parallel79 shearstressoccurs.Themagnitudeofnormalstressattheeasternboundary.ofthestructureisinferredtorangefrom700to1100psi.

3.7CONCLUSION

STheexistenceofstressgradients,normalandparalleltotheCoolingTowerFault,demonstratesthatdeformationinvolvinginternalextensionalreliefhasoccurredinboththesedirectionswithinthefaultblock.Thatis,deformationhasnotoccurredasrigidbodytranslation.Abundantgeologicalevidencehasrevealedplanesofslipparalleltothebedding,thusindicatingshearstrainintheplaneofbedding.Inplanview,theobservedstrainpatternmusthaveresultedprincipallyfromtwofactors:bucklinginthevicinityoftheCoolingTowerFaultwithpredominantlyfault-normallayer-paralleltranslation;andpredominantlyfault-paralleltranslationassociatedwith"thrusting"tothewest.TheCoolingTowerFaultrepresentsthesouthernboundaryofthe"thrust"sheet.ThenorthernboundaryisinferredtobeeithertheDrainageDitchFaultortheoutcropofthestratainthelake.Inanycase,thefault,-normalstressesarerelativelylow,suchthatfrictionalrestraintisverylimited.Thewesternboundaryofthe"thrust"sheetcoincideswiththebedrockdepressionwherenear-zeronormalstressespertain.ThebaseoftheRadwaste"thrust"StructureliesapproximatelycoincidentwiththeillitelayerinUnitAofthePulaski80 Formationatleastinthenorthernportionofthefaultblock.Twoalternativeinterpretationshavebeenadvancedtoaccountforthedepthofthebaseofthestructureinthesouthernportionofthefaultblock.Oneinterpretationrequiresthatthebaseofthestructurebeconfinedtotheillitelayer.TheotherinterpretationisthatbaseofthestructureisconsiderablydeeperbecauseoftheinfluencesofbucklingontheCoolingTowerFault.Regardlessoftheinterpretation,theeasternboundaryofthestructureisassumedtobecoincidentwiththeaxialplaneofasyncline,inferredtobepositionedinthevicinityofBoringRS-1.Thisboundaryisfreeofbeddingparallelshearstress.81 t'

Sheet1of3TABLE3-1SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-llTESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMMINIMUMDISPLACEMENT-DISPLACEMENT(AIn.)(~In.)ORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMMOD%)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMALxl0PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS41'21/2"SiliceousSandstone384-172.826577N79W43'10"46'5"SiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonetoArgillaceousSandstone441138514411003.52.6('?)4271135(?)253N81E1012(?)NSSE447'9"SiliceousSandstonewithOccasionalShaleInterbed338-15253(?)381(?)-52(?)N84E853s9n955'iliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithOcassionalShaleClasts428374-64705.74'581448112218N84WN75W121415(2)16(3)58'3"61>6314"64'81/2"SiliceousSandstonetoSlightlyArgillaceousSandstoneGraywackeSiliceousSandstonewithShaleInterbedsArgillaceousSandstonewithShaleInterlaminations333366317(?)1266(2)-18511050(?)719(?)5.43683.83833-8(.)286(?)38(?)1430(?)-101221N73WN72W1083(2)N82W(?)52(2)N82W(2)1766'1"1868'4"ArgillaceousSandstonewithSiliceousSandstoneInterbedsInterbeddedArgillaceousSandstoneandSiliceousSandstone326597(2)194(2)8.05'683876(?)308NSIW519(?)N83W(?)202271'3'11/2"ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone6036482824366.05.310461052723864N67WNjlw Sheet2of3TABLE3-1SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-11TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENT(AIn.)MINIMUMDISPLACEMENT(~In.)ORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAX1MUMMOD%)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMALx10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS2474'91/2"ArgillaceousSandstone318-136.0471139Njow2576'1"267814"2781'8's2883I10"2987'1/2"3088'2"3492'93596'10"ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneInterbeddedSiliceousSandstoneandArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneSi.liceousSandstonetoArgillaceousSandstone303378562851(?)402796563540(2)142241486(?)56441182242(?)7.2(?)3.53.9(?)6.2(?)4.34.9630(?)454563987(?)653(?)1015764652(?)436('2)151374N50EN67WN71W294(?)N86W760452N56WN82W443(?)N75W749(?)N70W(?)3698'2"SiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone5842665.2875598N89W38100'9"40(7)103'3"44120'6"48123'll"ArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneandShaleInterbedded537511(?)553(?)391(?)162137(?)-123(2)-155(?)4'4.9666682(2)7.1911(?)3.8(?)323(?)383NSSE375(?)NSOE(?)107(?)NSOE(?)24(?)NS1E(?)

Sheet3of3TABLE3-1SUMMRYOPOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-llTESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUM-MINIMUMDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENT(MIn.)(~In.)ORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMMODI)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMALxl0PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESSNOTES:1)Datacalculatedassumingplane-stress2)AxisIuncertain,AxisIIdrift3)DriftonAxisIII4)AxesI,II,andIIIslightlyunstable5)AxesI,ZIandZIIfailedtostabilize6)AxesI,IIandIZIfailedtostabilize7)AxesIIandIIIfailedtostabilizeat8)AxisZuncertain9)AxesI,IZandIIIuncertainandisotropyintheplaneofbedding.attheendofovercoringtest.attheendofovercoringtesttheendofovercoringtest Sheet1of3TABLE3-2SUMMARYOPOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-21TESTDEPTHNO.(Pt)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENT(MIn.)MlNIMUMDISPLACEMENT(mIn.)ORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMMOD]LUSNORMALNORMALNORMALX10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS222'8"SiliceousSandstone200325'81/2"SiliceousSandstone20429>7530'10"632'll"735'2"SiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone-1432770197838'8"ArgillaceousSandstonewithShale629LaminationsGradingtoMediumtoLightGraySandstone16-99-76-335-163-1123904.52203.72.4-12-244.52431.91.66436(?)684(?)57N05W85N45E48-256-67N15EN20EN57E19N51E540(?)N49E9(2)1043'8"SandstonewithShaleInterbedsGraywackeGradingtoSiliceousSandstone177(?)131-219(?)-1012.6(?)7.368(?)179-104N42E-104('?)N49E(?)1447'4"SiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceous232SandstoneInterbeds-1503.1(?)142(?)57(?)N71E1549'1/2"SiliceousSandstone391751'6"SiltyShaletoSiltstoneGradingto323ArgillaceousSandstone-72-547.93.6(?)30275(?)-117N10Ã48(?)N56E1853'955'2"GraywackeArgillaceousSandstone5651634752.2(?)3.8(?)398(?)152(?)365(?)N82E41(?)N49E Sheet2of3TABLE3-2SUMMARYOPOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-21TESTDEPTHNO.(Pt)ROCKTYPEORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUtlMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENTMOD/LUSNOfQKLNORMALNORMAL(MIn.)(~In.)xlpPSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS2056'9"2158'360'11/2"SiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneInterbedsSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneInterbedswithShaleLaminationsSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneInterbeds70542(?)-98394(?)-1422~9(?)488(?)416(?)N29E(?)4.3-151N46E2.9(?)27(?)-54(?)N36E2461'10"2563'2"276517"2866'10"3069'5"ArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone302552703180477206442603762574.23.73.64,04.8389647814205676322574754136499NllHN21EN41ENSOEN66E3171'8"3273'1"3374'5"SiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone,OccasionalShaleClasts199459150-128319-914.2(?)3.8173594(?)11469N59E497(?)NSOE40N68E34<<)76~36(5)79~6IIArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstoneInterbedsArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstonewithShaleLaminations413(?)687(?)16(?)319(?)3.9(?)408(?)6.2(?)1231(?)149(?)EW(?)850(?)N37E(?)

'ISheet3of3TABLE3-2SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-21TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)3882'1"ROCKTYPESiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone368-1496.8(?)543(?)-46(?)N55EORIENTATION)1AXZMUHMINIMUMHAXIMUHMINIMUMMAXIMUMDZSPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENTMODI)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMAL(MIn.)(~In.)x10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS4084'71/2"42()87'5"4490'4"4591'8"ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstone1025750(?)964538487-301(?)293-1303.410104.9(?)797(?)4~2(?)1117(?)5.3(?)658(?)704N52E-65(?)N51E(?)645(?)N41E65(?)N51ENOTES:1)2)3)4)5)6)DataAxesAxesAxisCoreAxiscalculatedassumingisotropicplanestressanalysisI,IIandIIIunstableI,IIandIIIuncertainbecausecorefracturedafter12.5inchesofovercoringIZuncertainbrokeat12.5inchesduringovercoretestIfailedtostabilizeatendofovercoretest TABLE3-3SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORXNGRS-31Sheet1of2TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENT(AIn.)ORIENTATIONMXNIMUMMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMDXSPLACEMENTMOD(LUSNORMALNORMALNORMAL(~Xn.)x10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS16'8>>27sll>>ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneGradingSlightlyArgillaceous38-135-312-3254.82.6-170-158-390-240N23EN64E413'2>>SiliceousSandstone48516'2>>SiliceousSandstone392718'41/2>>SiliceousSandstonewithOccasional292ArgillaceousSandstoneInterbeds1025'81/2>>ArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasional986SiltstoneInterbeds-170-168-1164243.42.62.9(?)1.9(?)219184(?)536(?)-131N45E25N74E14(?)N69E357(?)N53E27>9>>SiliceousSandstonewithInterbeds"89(?)ofArgillaceousSandstoneandShaleySiltstone-265(?)2.9('?)-128(?)-214(?)N40E(?)1432'101/2>>SiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone1983.7(?)181(?)54(?)N40N1635'll1/2>>SlightlyArgillaceousSandstoneto107ArgillaceousSandstone-1662.93895N58E1939'7>>2448'5"2854'4"3567'2"ArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstone335957ArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasional579SiliceousSandstone,ShaleInterbedsArgillaceousSandstonewithSiliceous783SandstoneInterbeds12153576-2573.3(?)2'(?)3.4(?)3.6(?)310(?)824(?)515(?)628(?)192(?)N40E619(?)N69W228(?)N60E2(?)N20E TABLE3-3SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-31Sheet2of2TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUHMINIMUMMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENTMOD(LUSNORMALNORMALNORMAL(MIn.)(WIn.)x10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS3668'51/2"3769'73/4"ArgillaceousSandstone1073(?)SiliceousSandstonewithOccasional793ShaleInterbed-373(?)-4383.4(?)809(?)79614(?)N09E(?)-214N34E3870010"3972'1"InterbeddedSiliceousSandstoneandArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstonewithShaleLaminations659804-366-43553(?)713('?)4.0(?)661(?)-196(?)N72E-169(?)N88E4174'6"4275'101/2"SiliceousSandstonewithOccasional415InterbedofArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithOccasional286ArgillaceousSandstoneInterbeds-214994.06.5345411-76N63EN60E4377'11/2"ArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstonelnterbeds735-1784.067665N65ENOTES:1)Datacalculatedassumingisotropicplanestressanalysis2)AxesI,IIandIIIuncertain3)AxisIfailedtostabilizeatendofovercoretest TABLE3-4SUMMARYOPOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-41Sheet1of3TESTDEPTHNO.(Pt)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENT(MIn.)ORIENTATIONMINIMUMMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENTHOD(U.USNORMALNORMALNORMAL(~In.)x10SISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS324'6"ArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstone292702.5(?)197(?)104(?)N07E427'11/2"528'6"630'll1/2"736'11/2"839'3"ll58'8"1260'7"1362'iliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneSiltyShaletoGraywacketoSiliceousSandstone48(?)138720(?)ArgillaceousSandstoneGraywackeArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstoneInterbeds344(?)3715SiliceousSandstonewithOccasional249(?)ShaleClasts-327-204(?)-210300(?)108(?)23(?)-228-2802.5(?)-67(?)2.34.1-67(?)702.7554(?)4.1-1155.0(?)-135(-)4.1(?)293(?)4.1(?)346(?)=-205(?)127(?)-169N85EN68E(?)N15W364(?)N64E(?)195(?)N70E-247-357(?)N51EN64E94(?)N68E(?)1463'8"ArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstoneInterbedsandShaleyLaminations7101324.2793382N71E1565'91/2"SiliceousSandstonewithShaleClastsGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone896(?)18(?)4.2(?)948(?)331(?)N68E(?)17()68'7"ArgillaceousSandstonewithOcca'sionalSiliceousSandstoneInterbeds,GradingtoSiltstone1151(?)382(?)4.2(?)1343(?)794(?)N68E(?)

TABLE3-4SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-41Sheet2of3TESTDEPTMNO.(Ft)1971'3"ROCKTYPEInterbeddedArgillaceousSandstoneandSiliceousSandstonewithOccasionalShaleLaminationsMAXIMUMDXSPLACEMENT(AXn.)839MINIMUMDISPLACEMENT(~In.)734ORIE.':%'AXIMUMMINIMUMMl:/X.!':MMOD(LUSNORMALNORMALOMALx10PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSX)STRESS42(?)1138(?)1064(?)N87E24(80'101/2"2582'11/2"SiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstoneInterbedsandShaleLaminations148(?)12203(?)4293.83.3142(?)1126689N87W49(?)N12E(?)2783'll"ArgillaceousSandstonewithShalewithInterbeds987883.9991405N77E2885'3"ArgillaceousSandstonewithSiliceousSandstoneInterbeds345(?)-274(?)'.6229(~)-144(?)N87W(?)3391'6"49115'93/4"SiliceousSandstoneInterbeddedArgillaceous.Sandstone,SiliceousSandstoneandShale676610(?)-66496(?)3.24.3(?)366623(?)-353N70E114(?)N66E(?)50116'101/2"'SiliceousSandstone223-605.227320'N33E51119'9"SiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstone9765051317954N45E Sheet3of3TABLE3-4SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGRS-41TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENT(AIn.)MINIMUHDISPLACEMENT(AIn.)ORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINLMUHMAXIMUMMOD)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMALxl0PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESSNOTES:1)Datacalculatedassumingisotropicplanestressanalysis2)AxesI,IIandIIIuncertain3)AxesI,IIandIIIfailedtostabilizeattheendofovercoretest4)AxesI,IIandIIIunstable5)AxisIIuncertain6)AxisIIuncertain,AxisIIIfailedtostabilizeattheendoftheovercoretest7)AxisIIIfailedtostabilizeattheendoftheovercoretest8)AxisIIfailedtostabilizeattheendoftheovercoretest9)AxesIandIIuncertain10)AxisIIuncertain TABLE3-5SUMMARYOFOVERCORETESTSBORINGOG-41i2Sheet1of2TESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMDISPLACEMENTDXSPLACEMENTMOD/>LUSNORMALNORMALNORMAL(AIn.)(mIn.)xl0PSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS216'31/2"SandstonewithShaleInterclasts(differentrocktypethanbiaxialtest)11384673.91237875N68E319'2"422'2"724'41/2"828021/2"CrossbeddedSandstonewithShaleXnterclastsalongCrossBeddingSandstonewithShaleIntraclastsat22'6"SandstonewithShaleXnterclastsat24'2"Graywacke/Sandstone/Shale(differentrocktypethanbiaxialtest)232(?)77510061527(?)-184(?)-209114393(?)6.1(?)260(?)7744.6111440(?)1658(?)50N74E252N78E900(?)N72E(?)-164(?)N70E(?)33~2"1438'2"SiltySandstoneSandstonewithShaleyIntraclastLayerat38'5"28576887-3824.64.5(?)361722(?)209N90E-143(?)N73E1539'll"SandstonewithThinBedofGraywacke1131at39'll"-NumerousShaleClasts3244'.5(?)1395(+)788(?)N72E1642'0"Subgraywacke1845'2"19()50'41/2-Graywacke/Sandstone/GraywackeInterbedsSandstone/Graywacke-buttonsat-Contact1743'41/2"FossiliferousGraywacke489(?)318527528(?)202(?)8627-240(?)3.73~8(?)3~9(?)5.9515(?)276(?)505(?)663(?)337(?)N22E(?)37(?)N88E143(?)N67E97(?)N63E(?)

Sheet2of2TABLE3-5SUMMARYOFOVERCORgTESTSBORINGOC-4litTESTDEPTHNO.(Ft)ROCKTYPEORIENTATIONMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXIMUMMINIMUMMAXZMUMDISPLACEMENTDISPLACEMENTMOD)LUSNORMALNORMALNORMAL(AZn.)(AIn.)xloPSISTRESS(PSI)STRESS(PSI)STRESS2056'31/2"Graywacke2159'3"Siltstone/Sandstone/Graywacke-fractureatShale/SandstoneContact(mechanicalornatural?)1162991342-3733.84.3(?)1212922(?)691N72E48(7)N52E2263'll"Graywacke/Sandstone(differentrocktypethanbiaxialtest)889-5794.7(?)821(?)-334(?)N67E2369'11/2"ZnterbeddedGraywackeandSandstone913withLargeSandstoneClasts604.61002280N78E2472'1"Graywacke/Sandstone/Graywacke-contactsat71'10"and72'2"353-216(8.2(?)572(?)-206(?)N89W2886'0"Sandstone31106'7"GraywackewithShalelayerat106I52576'1/2"Graywacke2677'21/2"Sandstone2781'9"Sandstone/Graywacke/Sandstone91910319731131934526178429-179-4944.8(?)1314(?)4.512293.74.3103211624.6(?)1266*(?)586N84E696N68W214N88W926(?)N78W998(?)N70WNOTES:1)Modifiedtoincorporaterevisedmoduluscalculations(seeTableH-10)2)Datacalculatedemployinganisotropicplane-stressanalysis.3)DatatermeduncertainbecauseofthepossibleoverloadtotransducersofAxesIandII4)Datatermeduncertainbecausecorefracturedat10inches5)Corefracturesat141/2inches.Thisdidnotaffectdataresultsbecausethefinalpointtodeterminethedeformationrangewasconsideredbeforethefractureoccurred6)Datatermeduncertainbecausethecorefracturedat121/2inches7)Gaugevibrationnotedat71/2inchesalongAxesIandII Sheet1of3TABLE-3-6SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-1TESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El-(xl0si)6E2(xl0si)6E3(xl0si)6AVG(xl0psi)61(3)2(4)3(5,6)4(7i8)812i4")15(10)SiliceousSandsto'neSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonetoArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithoccasionalShaleinterbedSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone,occasionalShaleClastsSiliceousSandstonetoSlightlyArgillaceousSandstoneGraywackeSiliceousSandstonewithShaleinterbeds4121/2"43I2ll46'51/2"47I9ll53I9ll55'8I3"61I2ll63'4"2.73.6.2,85.75.34.55.53.63.23.42:54.85.94.65.54.12.63.42.65.35.84.55.23.82.83.52.6(?)5.3(?)5.74.55.43.816(11)17ArgillaceousSandstonewith64'81/2"ShaleInterlaminationsArgillaceousSandstonewith66'1"SiliceousSandstoneinterbeds3.87.23.88.83.88.38.018InterbeddedArgillaceousSandstoneandSiliceousSandstone68'4"5.05.55.45.3 Sheet2ofTABLE3-6SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-1TESTNO.20ROCKTYPEArgillaceousSandstoneDEPTH(ft)7lsEl(xl0si)66.36.05.36.4E2E3EAVG(xlOpsi)(x10si)(x10si)66.6222425(12)26272829(14)303435363840SiliceousSandstonegradingtoArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneInterbeddedSiliceousSandstoneandArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneGradingtoArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonegradingtoArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstone73'11/2"74'91/2"76'1"78(4n81'8"83'10"87'/2"88'2"92'9"/96'10"98I2ll100'-9"103'3"5;75.67,04.63.73.66.04.24.94~45.34.55.1,.5.46.27.35.03.34.16.34'5.04.05.34.64.94.76.59.64~93.44.09.24~44.94.25.04.34.75.36.07.2(?)4.83.53.9(2)6.2(?)4.34.94.25.24.54.9 Sheet3of3TABLE36'UMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-1TESTNO.ROCKTYPE44SiliceousSandstone48ArgillaceousSandstoneand(15)ShaleInterbeddedDEPTH(ft)120t6n123'll"El(xl0si)66.7E2(x10psi)67.2E3(xl0si)7.5AVG(xl0si)67.13.8NOTES:1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)ll)12)13)14)15)16)ForanalyticalproceduresseeVolumeIII,RockStresses,Dames&Moore,1978.Alloriginalplotsandcalculationsareavailablefor'referenceintheNineMileIIprojectfileatDamesaMoore,Baldwinsville,N.Y.Biaxialtestat41'iaxialtestat43'2"Corefailedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonseondunloadcycleaftercorefailed,Biaxialtestat46'51/2"Corefailedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstload'ingcyle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleafter-corefailedBiaxialtestat47'7"Biaxialtestat61'2"Assumedmodulus(Test16,RS-1)Corefailedafter800poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.ModulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailedAVGbasedonElandE2onlyCorefailedat981poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.ModulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailedEbasedonElandE3onlyAssumedModulus(Test16,RS-1)UleorientedNOSE.

Sheet1ofTABLE~3-7SUMMARYOPBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-2ITESTDEPTHNO.ROCKTYPE(ft)El(x10si)6E2(xl0si)6E3(x10si)'*6AVG(x10psi)6SiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone22)8"25'81/2"4~43.74.73.84.33.64.53.7SiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone32slln35'2nArgillaceousSandstonewith38'8"Shalelaminationsgradingtomediumtolightgraysandstone4SiliceousSandstone29-'7"(3)5SiliceousSandstone30'10"2.44.31.81.53.62.54.41.93.72.44.81.91.63.52.44.51.91.63.6(~)9(6g7)1014(.8)SandstonewithShaleinterbedsGraywackegradingtoSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneinterbeds41'4"43'8"47'4"2.38.22.76:82.76.93.12.6(~)7.331(2)15SiliceousSandstone17,SiltyShaletoSiltstone(9)gradingtoArgillaceousSandstone49'/2"51I6ll8.97~3.'.-7.57.93.6(>)

Sheet2of4TABLE3-7SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-2TESTDEPTHNO.ROCKTYPE(ft)El(x10si)6E2(x10psi)6E3EAVG(x10si)(xl0psi)6618(10)19(ll)20(12)21(13)23GraywackeArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneinterbedsSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneinterbedswithShalelaminationsSiliceousSandstonewithArgillaceousSandstoneinterbeds5355I2ll56'9"58'0I11/2"2.13.83.24.22.14.12.44.12.53.63.04.62.2(?)3.8(~)2.9(V)2.9(>)4.324252728ArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceous'andstoneArgillaceousSandstoneGradingtoSiliceousSandstone61'10"63'2"65I7tl66'10"4.03.83.74.23.93.43.53.94.63.83.53.84.23.73.64.030SiliceousSandstonegrading69'5"toArgillaceousSandstone5.44~44.74.83132(14)SiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstone7148n73'1"04.74.34.24C34.14~4 TABLE3-'7SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-2Sheet3ofTESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)(xlpsi)6E2(xlpsi)6E3(xlPsi)6AVG(xlPpsi)63334)74I5IISiliceousSandstone,OccasionalShaleClastsArgillaceousSandstonewith76'2"OccasionalSiliceousSand-StoneInterbeds-3.53.53.64.24.34.13.83.9(?)36(16)ArgillaceousSandstonegradingtoSiliceousSandstonewithShalelaminations79I6ll6.26.06.3(?)38(17)SiliceousSandstonegrading82'1"toArgillaceousSandstone6.76.87.66.8(?)4p(18)42(19)44(20)45(21)ArgillaceousSandstone.SiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstonegradingtoSiliceousSandstone87I5ll9PI4ll91>8n4.95.284'71/2".3.43.24.95.23.65.95.63-4(?)4,9(?)4.2(?)5.3(?)

Sheet4of4TABLE3SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-2TESrNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xl0si)6E2(xl0si)6E3(xl0si)6AVG(xl0si)6NOTES:2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)12)13)14)15)16)17)18)19)20)21)z)Foranalyticalprocedures,seeVolumeIII,RockStresses,Dames&Moore,1978Alloriginalplotsandcalculationsareavailable(forreferenceintheNineMileIIprojectfileatDames&Moore,Baldwinsville,N.Y.Biaxialtestat30'8"Corefailedat1080poundspersquareinchduringsecondunloadcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcyclea'ftercorefailed.Biaxialtestat38'4"Corebrokeat1120poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadcycle.Modulusbasedonfirstunloadcycleaftercore.failed.Biaxialtestat40'10"ModulusbasedonE3onlyAssumedmodulus(Test8,RS-2)Corefailedat1100poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleafter-corefailed.Corefailedat1620poundspersquareinchduringsecondloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadingcycleaftercorefailed.Corefailedafter600poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.AssumedModulus(Test20,RS-2)Corefailedat1200poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.Corefailedat380poundsper"squareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.Corefailedat320poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.ModulusbasedonElandE2only.Corefailedat.800poundspersqureinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.ModulusbasedonElandE2only.AssumedModulus(Test24,RS-2)Corefailedat1400poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.U18orientedN57E.

Sheet1of3TABLE3SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-3TESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xlpsi)6E2E3EAVG(xlppsi)(xlpsi)(xlpsi)6.662(3)57(4)1P(5/6)11(7).ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone"gradingslightlyArgillaceousSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonewithoccasionalArgillaceousSandstoneinterbedsArgillaceousSandstone,occasionalSiltstoneinterbedsSiliceousSandstonewithinterbedsofArgillaceousSandstoneandShaleySiltstoneinterbedsI8II7'll"13>2"16'2"18'41/2"25'81/2"27'9"5.42.63.32.82.91.94.22.63.52.44.12.44.72.73.52.72.81.94.82.63.42.62.9(-)1.9(V)2.9(?)SiliceousSandstonegrading32>lptoArgillaceousSandstone3.44.14.03.7(2)1624(10)28(11)SlightlyArgillaceousSand-Stoneto'ArgillaceousSand-stoneArgillaceousSandstone~ArgillaceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstonewithoccasionalSilceousSandstone,Shaleinter-bedded35'll1/2"39t7II48I5II54'4"2.82.12.73.43.33.12.93.3('?)2.9(V)3.4(>)

Sheet2of3TABLE3-8SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-3TF~TNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xl0si)6E2(x10si)6E3(xl0si)6AVG(xl0psi)635(12)ArgillaceousSandstonewithSili.ceousSandstoneinterbeds67'2"3.53.73.53.6(?)36'rgillaceousSandstone(13j14)5851/2"37SiliceousSandstone.with69'73/4"(15)occasionalShaleinterbed38InterbeddedSiliceous(16)70'10"SandstoneandArgillaceousSandstone3.75.05.63.14.95.,03.34.96.63.4(?)4.95.3(?)39(17)4142SiliceousSandstonegrad-72'ngtoArgillaceousSand-stonewithShaleLaminationsSiliceousSandstone,74'6noccasionalinterbedof.ArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstone,75'101/2"occasionalArgillaceousSand-stoneinterbeds3.96.33.96.44.16.74~0(?)4.06.543(18)ArgillaceousSandstone,occasionalSiliceousSand-stoneinterbeds77'1/2n4.04.13.84.0 Sheet3of3TABLE3-8SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-3ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)Elf(xl0si)6E2(x10psi)6E3(xl0si)6AVG(xl0si)61)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)10)11)12)13)14)15)16)17)18)19)20)ForAnalyticalProceduresseeVolumeIII,RockStresses,Dames6Moore,1978AlloriginalplotsandcalculationsareavailableforreferenceintheNineMileIIprojectfileatDames&Moore,Baldwinsville,N.Y.Biaxialtestat7'10"Corefailedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonfirstunloadcycleaftercorefailed.EAVGbasedonElandE3onlyCorefailedat1350poundspersquareinchduringsecondloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.EAVGbasedonElandE2onlyBiaxialtestat25'6"Assumedmodulus(Test7,RS-3)Corefailedat1700poundspersquareinchduringsecondloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonfirstunloadcyclebeforecorefailed.Assumedmodulus(test25,RS-24)Corefailedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailed.AssumedModulus(Test36,RS-3)Corefailedat600poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.ModulusbasedonsecondunloadcycleaftercorefailedCore:failedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonsecondunloadaftercorefailed.Biaxialtestat68'41/2"Biaxialtestat69'3"E-basedon-Eland.EqonlyAS8medmodulus(Test41,RS-3)Biaxialtestat77'1/2"Test1and2,UleorientedN25E.Tests3through43,UleorientedN40E.

Sheet1of3TABLE3-9SUb91ARYOFBIAXXALTESTSBORlNGRS-4TESTHO.ROCKTYPE3(3)ArgillaceousSands@onegradingtoSiliceousSandstoneDEPTH(ft)24I611El-(xl0si)6.Ez(xlpsi)6E3EAVG(xlpsi)(xlpsi)66z.s(?)6SiliceousSandstone7(6)SiltyShaletogray~wacketoSiliceousSandstone4'iliceousSandstone(4;5)5SiliceousSandstone27'11/2"28I6tl30'll1/2"36'11/2"2.3'2.12.72.62.44.22.62.52.44.12.7z.s(.)2.34.12.78(7)SiliceousSandstone,occasionalShaleclasts39I3114.1(?)(8)llArgillaceousSandstone12Graywacke=(9)13ArgillaceousSandstonewithOccasionalSiliceousSandstoneinterbeds58'.8"60I71162'.95.04.25.04.26.64.1(?)5.0(?)14(lp)ArgillaceousSandstonewithoccasionalSiliceousSandstoneinterbedsandShaleylaminationsSiliceousSandstonewithShaleClastsgradingtoArgillaceousSandstone~63181165'91/2"4.93.83.84.24.2('?)

Sheet2ofTABIE3-9SUMMARYOEBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-4'1ESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xl0si)6E2(xl0psi)6E3AUG(xl0si)(xl0si)6617(10)ArgillaceousSandstone,occasionalSiliceousSand-stoneinterbeds,gradingto.Siltstone6807"4.2(~)19InterbeddedArgillaceousSandstoneandSiliceousSandstonewithoccasionalShalelaminations71'3"24252728(11)3349(12)5051(13)SiliceousSandstoneArgillaceousSandstonewithoccasionalSiliceousSandstoneInherbedsandShaleLaminationsArgillaceousSandstonewithShaleinterbedsInterbeddedSiliceousSandstoneandArgillaceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstoneInterbeddedArgillaceousSandstone,SiliceousSand-stoneandShaleSiliceousSandstoneSiliceousSandstonegrad-ingtoArgillaceousSandstone80'101/2"82'11/2"83'll"85'3"91'6"115'93/4"116'101/2"119'9"3.93.43.93.6*3.24.15.25.03.63.03.83.73.64.45.44~44~03.44.13.52.94.55.04.53.83.33.93.63.25.24.6 Sheet3of3TABLE3-9SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGRS-4rESrNOROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xl0si)6E2(xl0psi)6E3(xl0si)6AVG(xl0si)6NOTES:1)ForanalyticalproceduresseeVolumeIII,RockStresses,Dames&Moore,19782)AlloriginalplotsandcalculationsareavailableforreferenceintheNineMileIIprojectfileatDames8Moore,Baldwinsville,N.l.3)AssumedModulus(Test4,RS-4)4)Corefailedat1800poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonfirstloadingcycleaftercorefailed.5)Biaxialtestat26'101/2"6)Biaxialtestat35'101/2"7)AssumedModulus(Test6,RS-3)8)AssumedModulus(Te'st12,RS-3)9)EAVGbasedonElandE2only10)Assumedmodulus(Test14,RS-4)ll)Biaxialtestat85'51/2"12)Corefailedat1000poundspersquareinchduringfirstloadingcycle.Modulusbasedonfirstunloadcycleaftercorefailed.13)Biaxialtestat119'41/2"14)Tests3through8and19'hrough51,UleorientedN28E.15)Tests4through17,UleorientedN23E.

Sheet1of5TABLE3-10SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGOC-4TESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(xl0si)6E2E3EAVG(x10si)(xl0si)(xl0psi)6'663(2)MassiveSandstone(different17'1/2"rocktypethanovercoretest)(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwas9inchesbelowplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)CrossbeddedSandstonewith19'2"Shaleintraclastsalongcrossbedding3.86.04.26.63.85.93.96.1(?)SandstonewithShaleintra-22'2"clastsat22'6"4~44.54.24~4SandstonewithShaleintra-23'8"clasts(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwas81/2inchesaboveplaneofmea-surement-ofovercoretest)4.,34.74.74.68(3)12(4)27'10"InterbeddedGraywackeandSandstone(differentrocktypethanovercoretest)(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwas41/2inchesaboveplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)MassiveSiltySandstone(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwas2inchesaboveplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)33'0"I3.84.34.65.13.64.54.0(?)4.6(?)

Sheet2of5TABLE3-10SUbPlARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGTESTNO.ROCKTYPEElDEPTH(ft).(x10si)E2E3EAVG(xl0psi)(xl0si)(xl0si)66615(5)Sandstonewiththinbedof39'll"Graywackeat39'll"numerousShaleClasts4.84.34.5"4.5(?)1617(6,13)Subgraywacke(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwasoneinchbelowplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)FossiliferousGraywacke(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwas3inchesaboveplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)42'1"43'11/2"3.43.83.73'.73.93.83.73.8(?)18'raywacke/Sandstone/(7,13)Graywackeinterbedded45'2"4.03.93.93.9(?)19(13)Sandstone/Graywacke-buttonsatcontact50'41/2"5.85.95.95.920Graywacke(planeofmea-surementofbiaxialtestwas3inchesaboveplaneofmeasurementofovercoretests.56'1/2"3.93.83.63.821(8)Siltstone/Sandstone/Gray-59'3"wacke-fractureatShale/Sandstonecontact(mechanicalornatural?)4.3(?)

Sheet3of5TABLE3-10SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGTESTNO.ROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(x10si)6E2E3.EAVG(xl0psi)(xl0si)(xl0si)66623(13)24(10)25(ll)MassiveSandstone(differentrocktypethanovercoretest(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwasoneinchbelowplaneofmeasurementofoveicoretest)InterbeddedGraywackeandSandstonewithlargeSilt-StoneClastsGraywacke/Sandstone/Gray-wacke-contactsat71'10"and72'2"Graywacke(planeofmea-surementofbiaxialtestwas11/2inchesbelowplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)64'0"69'11/2",72Iill'5'll"4.24.67'.9:4,45.04.38.05.0'.94.88.74.94.7(?)4.68.2(?)4.8(?)26Sandstone(planeofmeasure-mentofbiaxialtestwas1/2inchbelowplaneofmeasure-mentofovercoretest)77l3II4.55.04.14.5Sandstone/Graywacke/Sand-stone(planeofmeasurementofbiaxialtestwasoneinchhI.lowplaneofmeasurementofovercoretest)81'10"3.73.73.63.7 Sheet4of5TABLE3-10SUK1ARYOFBXAXIALTESTSBORINGTESTNO.BOCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)ElE2E3AVG(xl0si)(xl0si)(xl0si)(xl0psi)666628Sandstone86'0"31GraywackewithShalelayer106'9"(12)at106'5"(planeofmeasure-mentofbiaxialtestwas2inchesbelowplaneofmeasure-mentofovercoretest)4.24.34~44.54,44.94.34-6(2)NOTES:1)Revi.sedmoduluscalculationsutilizingdPwithinacomparablerangeto6Roftheovercoretest2)Thecorenoticeablyfailedat1800psiofthesecondunloadingcycle(at18'll").Thefirstunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus.3)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan900psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at27'8"and28'0").Thesecondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus4)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan1000psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at33'4").Thesecondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus5)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthah1200psiofthefirstloadingcylce(at40'0").Thesecondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedintheclaculationofthemodulus.6)Thecorenoticeablyfailedat2000psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at43'1").Testingwasterminatedatthispoint.Thisloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus.7)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan1600psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at45'4").Thesecondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus.

Sheet5of5TABLE3-10SUMMARYOFBIAXIALTESTSBORINGROCKTYPEDEPTH(ft)El(x10si)6E2(xl0psi)6E3AVG(x10si)(x10psi)668)Assumedmodulus9)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan1400psiofthefirst.loadingcycle(at63'8").Thesecondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus10)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan1000psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at71'10").Testingwasterminatedatthispoint.Thisloadingcurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus.ll)Thecorenoticeablyfailedatgreaterthan1800psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at76'0"and76'4").The-secondunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus.12)Thecorenoticeablyfailedat1570psiofthefirstloadingcycle(at107'0").Thefirstunloadingcyclecurvewasusedinthecalculationofthemodulus13)CoredeterminedheterogeneousbasedonSchmidtHammertestresults.14)U18orientedNOSE.

4.0SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS4.1OVERVIEWOFCONSULTANTS'ARTICIPATIONApreliminaryassessmentoftheRadwasteStructurewascompletedinmid-November,1979.Tentativeproposalsforadditionalworkweredeveloped.ItwasduringthisperiodthatDames&MoorecreatedareviewpanelconsistingofDr.RichardJahnsandDr.ShailerPhilbrickunderthechairmanshipofWilliamD.Moore,Sr.,foundingpartnerofDames6Moore.Theywerechargedwiththeresponsibilityofformulatingthescopeoftheinvestigativeprogram,reviewingtheanalysisandinterpre-tation,andobtainingtheservicesofotherexperts,ifrequired.Basedontheanalysesdevelopedandtheirownexperience,theyweretodevelopconclusions.Dr.N.J.PriceoftheImperialCollege,London,hadactedasconsultantduringpreviousinvestigations.Basedoninitialresultsoftheinvestigation,hetentativelyconcludedthat',atmajorityofthedisplacementalongthe"thrust"faulthadalreadyoccurred,butthepossibilityofnewmovements(upto3incheshorizontally)couldnotbeprecluded.InDecemberof1979,Dr.Pricesubmittedasecondanalysisofthestructure,focusinguponitsfuturestabilityandtheimportanceofshearstrainsandthepossibleinfluenceofvibratorygroundmotionontheequilibriumconditionsofthebedrockonsite.Dr.Pricerefinedhispreviouslypostulatedmodelandtheorizedaboutthepossiblestressdropassociated82 withthebasalsliponthe"thrust"sheet.Thepostulatedmodelprovedusefulinpredictingtheextentofthestructureaswellasthestressdistributionwithinit.Basedontheresultsoftheovercoringprogram,Dr.Pricefurtherr'efinedandappraisedhismodelparameters.Dr.Priceconcludedthat"theradwastestructureasawholeisunlikelytomoveasaresultofbeddingparallelshearstresschangeswhichmaytakeplaceinthenext40years."However,Dr.Pricerecommendedmonitoringtodefinethemagnitudeofmovementsresultingfromrockswell.Basedonanindependentreviewofthestressdeterminations,Dr.Fairhurstalsoconcludedthatmostofthemovementalongthethruststructureshouldhavealreadyoccurredandanyfuturemovements.(withinthelifeofthefacility)wouldbenegligiblysmall(AppendixF).Dr.T.L.Pewewasaskedbythereviewpaneltointerveneontwooccasions,thefirsttocommentonthepossibleeffectoficeonthegeologicstructure,andthesecondtocommentontheclaysencounteredinthevoidsinthebedrock.Dr.PewevisitedtheNineMilePointsiteonFebruary28,l980.HeexaminedtheDrainageDitchFault,thedeformationexposedinthenorthradwastetrenchandthecoolingtowerexcavationandphotographsandmapspreparedduringtheCoolingTowerFaultinvestigations.Basedonhissitevisitandsubsequentreviewofthedataprovidedhim,Dr.Pewe83 concludedthatgroundice.didnotcausetheasymmetricfoldsinthebedrockatthesite.Dr.PewevisitedthesiteagainonApril4,1980.Thepurposeofthisvisit.wastocommentontheoriginandageoftheclaydepositedinthevoidsinthebedrock.Specifically,therehadbeenmuchdebateregardingtherelationshipoftheclaytobedrockmovementsalongtheRadwasteStructure.Becauselaminatedclayshadbeennotedinthedilatedbedrockmasstobeinclinedupto70degrees,therewassomespeculationthattheclayshadbeenrotatedbythebedrockmovements.ThiswasparticularlysignificantbecauseclayshadbeendeterminedtobeLateWisconsinaninage(10,000to13,500yearsB.P.).Dr.Peweconcludedthattheclaysoriginatedfromglacial-LakeIroquoisandwerethereforeLateWisconsinaninage.Basedonexaminationoftheclays,particularlytwo.occurrencesoftheclaylayersoverlyingdeformedbedrockstructures(withoutdisturbance),Dr.Pewestatedthathebelievestheclaypostdatesthebedrockdeformation.Hisreports,datedMarch10,1980andApril10,1980,areincludedinAppendixD.

4.2CONCLUSION

SThegeologicinvestigationsofthe"thrust"structuresatNineMilePointhavecontinuedintermittentlysincethefallof1976.Deformationcharacteristicofthese"thrust"structureswasencounteredatseverallocationsincludingthenorthradwaste84 trench,heaterbayexcavation,normalswitchgearexcavation,circulatingwaterpipingtrench,andlakewaterintaketunnels.Theseexposuresroughlydefineanorth-northeasttrendthatdelineatesthewesternedgeofthe"thrust"sheet.Investigatoryproceduresutilizedtoevaluatethegeometry,age,andsignifi-canceofthe"thrust"structuresconsistedofdetailedgeologicmappingandstructuralanalysis,subsurfaceexploration,insitustressdeterminations,aswellasanalysisofcalcitemineralizationandlacustrinesedimentsencounteredwithinthezonesofdeformation.Thedatacollected,althoughextensive,didnotalwaysallowforanunequivocalinterpretation.TheexperienceofDrs.S.S.PhilbrickandR.H.Jahnswithsimilarandcomparablefeaturesprovedtobeparticularlyimportant.Theconclusionsreachedregardingthefuturestabilityofthe"thrust"structuresarebasedontheirknowledgeoftheperformanceofanalogousfeaturesinquarriesandalongvalley-bottoms.Theconclusionsreachedaspartofthisinvestigationcanbegroupedintofourcategories:geometryandextentofthestructure,ageofdeformation,equilibriumconditions,andfutureperformance.Thefollowingsummarizestheconclusionsderivedfromtheinvestigationsandconsultationsregardingthe"thrust"structures.85 GeometrandExtent'of'hrustStructuresTheRadwasteStructureisamemberofastackof"thrust"sheets.Displacementanddeformationaremoreevidentalongthefrontaledgeofthesesheets.Towardtheeastthedeformationtendstobeconfinedtobeddingplanes.The'trendofthefrontofthe"thrust"sheetisroughlycoincidentwithanorth-northeasttrendingbedrockvalley.Thesenseofstructuraltransportisgenerallyintothevalley.Dilationalongbeddingplanesisevidenttodepthsasgreatas270feet.'esultsofinsitustressdeterminationsindicatethattheRadwasteStructureextends'atleast1700feettotheeastofthenorthradwastetrench.Radwaste-typedeformationisnotapparentoutsideoftheblockdefinedbythewest-northwesttrendingCoolingTowerandDrainageDitchFaults.Thesefaultsareassumedtoactaslateralboundariestothe"thrust"sheets.Xnsitustressdeterminationsindicatethatthenormalstressesactingperpendiculartotheboundaryfaultsarenegligible.2.'A'e'oeformati'on'ovementsalongtheRadwasteStructurehavebeenreourrent.Thisisevidentfromthedifferentstagesofdeformationrecordedinthemineralization.86

'spointedoutbyDrs.Jahns,andPhilbrickintheirreport(AppendixF),theinitialdevelopmentofthestructureisbelievedtobeassociatedwithcrustalloadingandunloadingduringepisodesofglaciation.Thissuggeststhatthe"thrust"wasinitiatedatsometimebetween12,000and2,000,000yearsago.Basedonexperiencewithsimilarstruc-tures,Dr.JahnsandPhilbrickbelievethattheageofinitialformationcanberefinedtorangefrom150,000and400,000yearsbeforepresent.Theexactageofthelatestdeformationisequivocal.Laminatedclaysencounteredwithinthezoneofdefor.-mationhavebeendatedasbeingapproximately11,000yearsold.Clearly,therehadtobesomedilationofthebedrockpriortoemplacementoftheclays.Dr.L.Sirkin(AppendixD.l),basedonhisobservationsinthenorthradwastetrench,statesthatthelacustrinesedimentsweredepositedinthebedrockopeningsandweresubsequentlydeformed.OntheotherhandDr.T.L.Pewe(AppendixF),st'atesthatthedeformationinthebedrockoccurredpriortothedepositionoftheclaysonthebasisofobservationsoftheclayoverlyingthehingeofafold.Drs.JahnsandPhilbrickagreewithDr.Pewe'sconclusions.87 Fromspatialassociationsitseemsclearthatthedeformationoccurredasaresultofthereliefofbedrockstressfacilitatedbytheerosionofthenorth-northeasttrendingbedrockvalley,aswellasthereductionofverticalconfiningpressure.Zuil'ibriumCond';tionsThe"thrust"faultingreflectsthereliefofstoredstrainenergy.Thisreli'efisaresultofthereductioninverticalconfiningpressurepossiblycausedbytheremovalofbedrockand/oroverburdenbyerosion.Thefaultingoccursontheflanksofthesmallbedrockvalley.Consequently,itisreasonabletopostulatethatfurtherdisturbanceofequilibriumconditionsoccurredasaresultoftheremovalofbedrock,concommitantwiththeformationofthevalley.Thisbedrockhadprovidedlateralrestraintpreventingtheexpansionofthestrataoneithersideofthevalley.Furthermore,thedevelopmentofbucklingacrossthelateralboundariesofthe"thrust"sheet(CoolingTowerandDrainageDitchFaults)resultedinasignificantreductionofthenormalstressactingperpendiculartotheseboundaries.Thisreductionofnormalstressmusthaveaffectedtheresistancetofrictionalslidingofthe"thrust"sheetrelativetothebedrockoutsidetheboundaries.88 "Thefaultingisnotrelatedtocurrenttectonicprocessesthatcouldintroduceadditionalamountsofstrainenergy"(Philbrick/Jahns,AppendixF).Thus,asstatedintheirreport(AppendixF),"itcanbeconcludedthatnoincreaseintheamountof.'storedstrainenergywilloccurduringthecomingcenturies".Dr.Pricepostulatedthatthestressesactingnormaltotheboundaryfaultsactasclampingstressesrestrainingthemovementofthe"thrust"sheet.Reboundorcrustaltilting.couldreducethesestressesandallowthe"thrust"sheettomove.However,asaresultoftheinsitustressprogram,itwasdemonstratedthattheclampingstressesarenegligibleand,therefore,notasignificant,factorintheoverallequilibrium..4.Fu'ture'ovemento'f'the'adwasteStructureItwasnotpossibletodemonstratewithcertaintythatnoHolocenemovementshaveoccurred.Therela-tionshipofthelacustrineclayswhichareapproxi-.mately11,000yearsoldtothebedrockdeformationisdebatableanddoesnotprovideunequivocalresolutionoftheageoflatestdeformation.Thepossiblefuturedisplacementsonthe"thrust"faultscannotberuledout.Drs.JahnsandPhilbrickconcludedthat"futuremovementsalongthestructure89, arenotlikely'tooccur".However,shouldtheyoccuritisexpectedthatfurtherreliefwillinvolve"dilationandsmallmovementsalongfracturesandbeddingsurfaces".Becauseoftheinabilityofthestructuretobuildupsignificantamountsofstrainenergy,Drs.PhilbrickandJahnsfurtherconcludedthat"theradwastestructureissonearlydeadatpresent,levelsofexposurethatitsparticipationinsuchfuturemovementswouldamounttonomorethan=asmallfractionofaninch".Based'onobservationsofanalogousgeologicstructures,byDr.JahnsinMaine,Vermont,NewHampshire,MassachusettsandNewYorkandbyDr.PhilbrickinPennsylvania,WestVirginiaandTennessee,ithasbeenconcludedthatanyfuturemovmentsshouldnotexceedl/4inch.x90

5.0REFERENCES

Connally,G.G.,1964,GarnetratiosandprovenanceintheglacialdriftofwesternNewYork:Science,Vol.144,p.1452-1453.Connally,G.G.,andSirkin,L.A.,1969,DeglacialHistoryoftheLakeChamplain-LakeGeorgeLowland,NewYorkStateGeol.Assoc.GuidebooktoFieldExcursions,41stAnn.Mtg.,TripI,p.I-1toI-20.Gwyn,Q.H.andA.Dreimanis,1979,HeavymineralassemblagesintillsandtheiruseindistinguishingglaciallobesintheGreatLakesregion:Can.J.ofEarthSci.,Vol.16,p.2219-2235.Krumbein,W.C.,andL.L.Sloss,1963,StratigraphyandSedimenta-tion;W.H.FreemanandCompany,SanFrancisco,660p.NewYorkStateElectricandGasCorporation,1979,GeologicInvestigation,DemsterStructuralZone;Appendix2.5I,ofPreliminarySafetyAnalysisReport,NewHavenUnits1and-2,DocketNos.STN50-596andSTN50-597.NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation,April14,1978,NineMilePointNuclearStationUnit2:GeologicInvestigation,Vols.I,II,andIII.91

INTAKEANDDISCHARGETUNNELSLA/I'-ON7A/I'/0NINEMILEPOINTNUCLEARGEIIERATINSSTATIONDRAINAGEDITCHSTRUCTUREINTAKEANDDISCHARGETUNNELS-NORMALFAULTUNITI/(/~260~i((I$yL/g,,o~/ig66~/J///(BARGESLIPFAULT(0~TEPEEFOLD"OJAMESA.FITZPATRICKNUCLEARPOWERPLANTCOOLINGTOWEREXCAVATION/lICOOLINGTONER,FAULTEXPLANATION:\TRACEOFMODERA'TELYTOSTEEPLYDIPPINGSTRUCTURE~+66~BEDROCKSURFACECONTOURIEL'NFEET)0400SOOLOCATIONSOFOBSERVEDOCCUREHCESOFSTRUCTURESSIMILARIHCHARACTERTORADWASTESTRUCTURESCALEFEETSITELOCATIONMAPSHOWINGGENERALCONFIGURATIONOFBEDROCKSURFACEANDLOCATIONSOFKNOWNOEOLOOICSTRUCTURESPLATEI-IDAMIRSEBMOOSRmE

TIONTRENDN65E/55/50TUNNELRI/45h./40GAS-IA,BGA5IC,D/55TUNNELFLOORI/50EXPLANATION:~a4vLightgraylinetoaedlumgrainedsiliceoussandstoneFosslllteroussandstonoSandstonerlthsheIyIntorclastsHadluwdarkgraytinetoaedluograinedarglIlaceoussandstoneorgrayvackoDarkgraytoblackveryfinegrainedargillaceoussandstoneorslltstoneBlackshaleBreccia-generallyangularfragrmntsotrockInsoftlightgraysandyslitsvstrlxGA5IAs8JointorfractureJointortracturetilledulthcalciteorsultldes,respectivelyOpenJointortractureCalciteorsulfidecoatingsonsurfacesparalleltocrosssectionArrovsIndicaterelativesenseotnovenent;openrheroinferredSa~yieLocation

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DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORING800BEDDINGDIP(DEGREES)504002010I-0-Ch(EL.241.4')FRAC-LITHOLOGYTURES~~~~~~~~~~~~~DESCRIPTION~~~~~~~~~~~~SANDSTONE,INTERBEDDEDWITHGRAYWACKE(*SMALLPOCKETSOFYELLOWFINESANDONFRACTURE)+CALCITE/SULFIDEMINERALIZATION41'~~~~~(FROMGAMMALOG,ANDCORES)EL.200'RAYWACKEWlTHBRECCIA,STRATIGRAPHICPOSITIONISAPPROXIMATEBETWEEN41.2'ND42.0'YMBOLS~~y~~~~~~~SANDSTONEGRAYWACKE42'31~~~~~~~~LEJIOO(FROMGAMMALOG)SANDSTONE;INTENSELYFRACTURED;STRATIGRAPHICPOSITIONAPPROXIMATEBETWEEN42.0'ND43.0'FROMGAMMALOG)BRECCIAWITHGOUGESTRIKEANDDIPDIRECTIONOFBEDSUNKNOWNDASHEDLINESREPRESENTESTIMATEDCONTACT~~SHALECLASTS4OCCURENCEOFMINERALIZATIONFCCFOSSILS~~LOS~EL.198'ROSS-BEDS441451~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LOST.'i+ILOSTC:="-.:=LLIIEE-CAOOOA~~Ir~~oMr~~~l~~~~~~~~~GRAYWACKE,SANDYGRAYWACKEWITHBRECCIATIONBETWEENTILTEDBEDS,STRATIGRAPHICPOSITIONBETWEEN43.0'ND45.6'SAPPROXIMATETYPE1CALCITEMINERALIZATION(DEFORMED)(SAMPL'E801-'MI)+TRAVERTINEMINERALIZATIONBEDDINGTRAVERTINEMINERALIZATIONBEDDING(SAMPLE801-M2)46'~~~~~,-(FROMGAMMALOG)+CALCITEMINERALIZATIONBRECCIAFRAGMENTS~'I~472~~~~LEEI-OOOAEL.195'ANDSTONE,DIRTY:STRATIGRAPHICPOSITIONSAREAPPROXIMATEBETWEEN45.6'ND47.1'TYPE1CALCITEMINERALIZATION(DEFORMED)(SAMPLE801-M3)RElQIgI~~~~~~~~(FROMGAMMALOGANDROCKCORES)rGRAYWACKE

DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORING802(EL~248.2')BEDDINGDIP(DEGREES)50403020100o54>FRAC-LITHOLOGYTURES~~~~~~~~~~~DESCRIPTIONEL.194'5'~'tJ\~.'hJ.~~~~~~~~~~~~FRACTUREDIPS10oFRACTUREDIP10o,MINORCALCITEMINERALPATCHESFRACTUREDIPS35,MINORCALCITEMINERALPATCHESBEDDINGPLANEFRACTURESWITHCALCITEIRREGULAR70to90FRACTUREWITHFINE-GRAINEDCALCITEMINERALIZATION80FRACTUREWITHPOSSIBLETRAVERTINEPATCHES56<~~~APpJ~"%atLOSTILLITE/CHIORTE80FRACTURE'WITHPOSSIBLETRAVERTINEINROCKPATCHES.TRUNCATEDBYBRECCIA/GOUGEONHORIZONTALFRACTUREINZONEOFCORELOSS.WITHINZONEOFCORELOSS:GRAYWACKEISCUTBYHORIZONTALFRACTURESANDBY80FRACTUREWITHBRECCIA/GOUGE.BRECCIA/GOUGEALONGBEDDINGFRACTURENEARBASE.57'0~~~~~~LOST60DIPOFFRACTUREWITHCALCITE90FRACTUREWITHTHISCALCITECOATINGLOSTREMNANTSOFBRECCIAONBEDDINGPLANEAT57.6'8'~~~~~~~SYMBOLS~~~~~~~~~~~~~SANDSTONEGRAYWACKEBRECCIAWITHGOUGE9PrygmSTRIKEANDDIPDIRECTIONOFBEDSUNKNOWNDASHEDLINESREPRESENTESTIMATEDCONTACTSHALECLASTSOCCURENCEOFMINERALIZATIONCC4FOSSILSCROSS-BEDS

DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORNG802(EL.248.8')BEDDINGDIP(DEGREES)I-FRAC-50403020100IMDLITHOLOGYTURES66'ESCRIPTION/r////67'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ZONEOFBRECCIA/GOUGEANDLOSTCORE,OPENFRACTUREINROCKBENEATHBRECCIAZONEDIPOFBEDSAPPEARSTOBESTRUCTURAL,CAUSED-'YDILATIONOFZONEBELOWFROM68.7TO70'FT.68I69'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r~~~~~~~~~e~rueWWlV'~~o~'~r.~~"r~~~~~'~SILTSTONELAYERSPARSELYFOSSILIFEROUSGRAYWACKESEL.180'YMBOLS~~~~r~~~SANDSTONEGRAYWACKE70I~~orSr~r~~~~rrr~LOSTPOORRECOVERYANDZONEOFCOMPLETELOSSOFDRILLINGWATERPROBABLYDILATEDOPENINGSBEIWEENBEDS@jjy~;BRECCIAWITHGOUGESTRIKEANDDIPDIRECTIONOFBEDSUNKNOWNDASHEDLINESREPRESENTESTIMATEDCONTACTSHALECLASTS71'~~~~~~~~~~~~LOSTSLIGHTLYTOMODERATELYFOSSILIFEROUSBRECCIA,GOUGEALONG30DIPPINGSHEARFRACTURE0-5,IRREGULARSHEARFRACTUREWITHBRECCIAANDGOUGEZONEOFIRREGULARpCLOSELYEL175ISTLTYSAPPSTPPE'-Spppppppj~Zppzpp'TpproBEDDINGFRACTURESOCCURENCEOFMINERALIZATIONScSFOSSILSCROSS"BEDS72'~~~e0rQyI8Q73'~~~~~~~~~~70DIPPINGNORMALFAULT(0.2"DISPLACEMENT)TRAVERTINE-'IKECALCITEINFRACTURESURFACEPOSSIBLEINCIPIENTCONJUGATESHEARATBASE90FRACTUREINTERSECTEDBYFAULTALSOCONTAINSCALCITE/TRAVERTINEMINERALPATCH

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DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORING803(EL."249.0')BEDDINGDIP(DEGREES)50.403020100FRAC-LITHOLOGYTURESI-DESCRIPTION76~'40IRREGULARFRACTUREWITHSMALLMINMPATCHESOFCALCITEMINERALIZATION77'IRREGULARBEDDINGPLANEFRACTUREAT76.5'NCIPIENTCONJUGATESHEARSWITHNODISCERNABLEDISPLACEMENTS.ACUTEBISECTRIXANGLEIS25,ANDHORIZONTAL.INTERSECTIONLINEOFFRACTURESISHORIZONTAL.FRACTURESOPENEDUPONEXTRACTIONOFCORE.BEDDINGPLANESHELDTIGHTBYVERYFINE-GRAINEDCALCITE.BEDDINGDIPOF10MAYBESEDIMENTARY.70-80IRREGULARFRACTURESILTSTONE,ANDSILTYGRAYWACKEFINE-GRAINEDCALCITEHEALINGIRREGULARHORIZONTALFRACTURE(77.2FT.)ZONEOFINCIPIENTWEAKLYCEMENTEDFRACTURESORTHOGONALPATTERNBELOWCONJUGATESHEARPATTERNIRREGULAR50FRACTURE,WITHTOOTH-LIKEASPERITIES78'~~~ZONEOFMANYWEAKLYCEMENTEDFRACTURESSIMILARTOTHOSEABOVE.CALCITEONIRREGULAR)CURVEDHORIZONTALFRACTUREAT78.05'DDITIONALWEAKLYCEMENTEDIRREGULARFRACTURES40TO901I079'~~~~~~~~r~~e~~VERYFISSILESHALYSILTSTONEFRACTUREFROM0TO30TO90,IRREGULAREL.170CALCITEON80"90FRACTURE(TRAVERTINEZ)ZONEOFINCIPIENT,IRREGULARFRACTURES,WEAKLYCEMENTEDBYVERYSMALL,VERYFINE-GRAINEDCALCITESYMBOLSr~~~~~~~~~r~~~~SANDSTONEGRAYWACKESILTSTONESHALEDASHEDLINESREPRESENTESTIMATEDCONTACTpgp>@e;BRECCIAWITH0GOUGESTRIKEANDDIPDIRECTIONOFBEDSUNKNOWN8oi~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~e~~r~~r-arINTENSELYBROKENSANDSTONE,RECOVEREDASOPENWORKBRECCIA.SOMECALCITEONFRACTURESINRUBBLEFRAGMENTSBRECCIA/GOUGE"UPPERZONEISGREEN-GRAY(SIMILARTOSANDSTONE)LOWERZONEISDARK-GRAY(SIMILARTOGRAYWACKE/SHALE)~SHALECLASTSr~~~e~OCCURENCEOFMINERALIZATIONFOSSILSCROSS-BEDS81>cd~~~r~~~~VERYTHINBEDDINGPLANEBRECCIAWITHMINORCLAYMATRIX(PROBABLYGOUGE)44I4m0I4oo82~~r~~~~~80FRACTURES,CALCITEMlNERALIZATIONINSANDSTONE,NOTINGRAYWACKESHALECONTAINSMANYWEAKLYCEMENTEDBEDDING.PLANESHEALEDBY'ERYFINE,WAFERTHINSHEETSOFCALCITE

DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORING804(EL.251.7'BEDDINGDIP(DEGREES)~5040302010090IFRAC-LITHOLOGYTURES~~DESCRIPTION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~91'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~50,SLICKENSIDEDSHEARFRACTUREWITHPOSSIBLENORMAL-SLIPDISPLACEMENTPASSESINTO,TENSILEHYDRAULICFRACTURESATEACHEND(90)~HYDRAULICFRACTURESAREPARTLYDILATED.WEAKLYHEALEDBYTHINCALCITE30o,DIPSLIPSLICKENSIDED,BRECCIA/GOUGE92'~~~~~~BEDDINGPLANEFRACTURE,25-NOBRECCIA/SLICKENSIDES.DIPOFBEDSMAYBESEDIMENTARY100FRACTURE15+FRACTURE10-15FRACTURES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M10BEDDINGFRACTURE,WEAKLYHEALED5-10FRACTUREATBASE,BRECCIA/GOUGE40FRACTURE,IRREGULARSURFACE93'4I+05,NOSLICKENSIDES,CALCITE"WAFERTHIN"PATCHES15"20FRACTUREWlTHDlP-SLIPSLICKENSIDES~~~~~~~~~~0,SLICKENSIDESONSURFACE95'YMBOLS~~~~~~~1~~~~~0-SANDSTONE-----.GRAYWACKESILTSTONESHALEBRECCIAWITHGOUGESTRIKEANDDIPDIRECTIONOFBEDSUNKNOWNDASHEDLINESREPRESENTESTIMATEDCONTACT~~SHALECLASTS'OCCURENCEOFMINERALIZATION4C4'OSSILSCROSS-BEDS, 4C DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORiNG806(EL.260.5')LITHOLOGYDESCRIPTIONDEPTH144.4o'10-5DIP,SLICKENSIDESONFRACTURESURFACE)SHALYSILTSTONE144.5o'44.6o'2ZONEOFFISSILEFRAGMENTSOFSHALYSILTSTONECONTAINEDWITHINGRAYCLAYALONGPARTINGPLANEPARALLELToBEDDINGCLAYLAMINAEAPPARENT,WITHSIMILARAPPEARANCEToCLAYAT151FT.EL.116.0P0IIA144.70'44.75'AMPLE806-S3(CLAY)r~r148;6oHALYSILTSTONE148.7o'35DIP,FRACTURE,SURFACECONTAINSWAFERTHINCALCITECOATING,BOTHARESTRIATE0FRACTUREDIPS20,SLICKENSIDESNOTPRESENT(SOME(ORELOST)FRACTUREDIPS15To17,CALCITEINFRACTUREISDEFORMEDBYSTRIATIONS.~.COr~rv148.8o'48.90'L.111.60'AMPLE806-M1(CALCITE')"".SANP)TONE.:..'~~~~~~t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~Jil~r'~~~~~~S~~~~rr~~~~SrrA~rmrrr'~~~~~~~~r~rr~~~r~~~rrrr~r~~~~~~rr~~Sr~~~r~~rr~~~~~Q1GRAYCLAY,POSSIBLELAMINAE,BENEATHFLATSHALECHIP'Q2MOREGRAYCLAY-LAMINATEDQ3POSSIBLEVOID,CLAYMAYBEWASHEDOUT149.80'5AAPLE806-S2(LAHINATE0CLAY)1gD0IEllICDg3SHALYS'ILTSTDNErv149.90'50.00'L.110.5' IC DETAILEDLOGOFPORTIONOFBORINGBQ6(CONT'D)(EL.260.5')LITHOLOGYDEPTHDESCRIPTION71150.75'5o.8o'9TRACEOF80To90FRACTUREWITHCALCITE(NoVISIBLESULFIDE)Q875-80,NoCALCITE,IRREGULARWITHPLUMOSEFEATURES150.90IC66DFRACTUREDIPS75+,WAFERTHINCALCITEMINERALSQ545,DIPSLIPFRACTURE,X-CUTBYDILATEDBEDDINGPLANE'FILLEDWITHGRAYCLAYWITHLAMINATIONS(NOSHEARALONGBEDDI'NGDETECTED)EL.109.50'51~00'IIISAMPLE806-.Sl(LAM)NATEDCLAY)SLTSONE151.10'51.20'~~~~~~~0~SHALYSIL'TSTONE~~~~~~~~0~y~~C,~eo~,nr-~~~~151.30'4FRACTUREDlPS350,D.S.SLICKENSIDESQ3FRACTUREDIPS80<-55<DIPSLIPSLICKS40I0.4",DISPLACEMENTQ2FRACTUREDlPS300,DIPSLIPSLICKENSIDfS~w+~~'+~~~~~~~~~~4~~,~AJ~~~~~~~~~~~~~'DSTONESAN~~~~~~"',~+~~~0~~+~~~'~~~rV~~~~0~~~J~151.50'51.6o'51.70IQ1FRACTUREDIPS45,DIPSLIPSLICKENSIDES(FRACTUREOCCURSALONGOLDPENECONTEM-PORANEOUSFAULT)STRIKEQ1$'30-40STRIKEQ2Q4EL.109.00'arngl9cv~~~~~1~I~~151.8o' P

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CL~CCLCbCbOOI-COutOC~~n.toulOICIOOutoCI-tuZZQI>>-4000BORINGRS-1-RESULTSOFINSlDISPLACEMENTSORIENTATIONofPDISPLACEMENTulZulZO~aitgI0R00400Iocbssg00400600800l000l200l400Z/020IIIOI-COOC0OO50ulZOteZOIlnZILI6'070eoOI-XCLOILIZ~XLLITCLe>>lAttsuasl.lCCBllsloCS/00hdCOCLCFGCNOI//0/20IZsubuBCTICALBCSccIABzoolucrLAtlsBRccclA4Is>>IGraycedlungroinedsiliceoussandstoneGroyanddorkgray,nedluetotinegroinedargillaceoussandstone(gray>>sokeondsubgreyuecke)0orkgrayondblocksittstcneandtintgrainedsandstoneBlacksteleandsittstonerr~FewII5~~~ShaleIntro-clastsu>>t*Cross-beddingletterAdenotesassuredrod>>l>>c USTRESSDETERMINATIONSFFERENCEMODULUSxIOPSISTRESSPSISTRESSDIFFERENCEPSI0I2S486784002000200400800I0000200400600270250250240Af2/0I0200/90/eo/70/50/50PLATE3-2DAMES8MOORE Q.CLCgII-COcoOOIclCseIululCsCslalWIICuI~ecctulu?IZa800inches0800400DISPLACEMENT600800IOOOORIENTATIONOfPulgoetuIZZr~DISPLACEMENTDIFFERENCElaches080040060080080RINGRS-2-RESULTSOFINSITUSTR/020CIIIOCOOCOOIIIO50hlZOluZcsISI?ccIultmr.u~~SSCCCIA70XOI-XCt:OCl.IZ~onccclA80CWaliihdCO0.anEccIAI?/00LFGFIIOIGrayradlungroinedslIlceoussandstaneGrayonddarkgray.~linntotinerrainedarg'llaceoussandstone(grayuackeandsubgroyuscke)OsrkglsyandblockslltstonesndtinegrainedsandstoneglacksnsleandsiltstonerrrFossils~~~Stelaintra-cfostsCross-CeddlngII>te:LatterA4enotosassumedmo4ulus SSDETERMINATIONSMODULUSx10PSISTRESSPSI-4002000Soo4008001000STRESSo'ooDIFFERENCEPSI40060026'0250240220?A2/0tat200e/90/80A??/70/80PLATE5-3DAMES8MOORE

<CBwM55Wk(SSCxfZO8SECTICNTREIO,TopotexposureLIGHTGRAYFINKTOMEOIWGRAINKOMASSIVESAICSTCNKTHINLYINTERIAYEREOSANDSTCNE,SILTSTCNEANOSHALEde(oreadbytlovrolls,unablatod(stlngulsh~=~.IndivldueIbeCk~~PP~PP'PPP~DilatedsandstoneMEDI(MGRAGRAYFINETONEOIWGRAINEDTHINLYx~SeveralknellfoldsInbrecciazone,steepeasternIlnbIndicatestrsnkpOrtotuspkrbedstotheasst(outOfsedlnentsrychannel).FoldsccvcoksdoftabularfragnantsotsandstoneInsoftgreysandysiltrntrfx.DECO!NOPlANKBRECCIAZONE+NOIEtLitho(ogleunitsbelovnskslvesandstonearefracturedv1thlovtosedsrsteIntensity.Cnlythroughgoingor~lnaralIzedfracturessreshove.FloorotexcavationsndbaseotsedlnsntsrychannelSECTIONLIGHTGRAYFINETOMEDI(NGRAINEDMEOIWSEEDEDSAOSTONKLIGHTGRAYFINKTOMEDIWGRAINEDMEDIWBECDEDSANDSTCNKPMThinbeddingplanebrecciaSandstoneIIIlednudcrsckMEDIWTODARNGRAYMASSIVESILTSTCNEMEDIWGRAYF(NKTONEOIWGRAINEDTHINLYBEDDEDSANDSTONESEED(M)P(AAKBRECCIAbrokencleats(.DI'-.OS')otsandstoneandelltstoneInsott-siltysandyclaysYnatrlxFoldingalongBrecciaPlaneanticlockvisoridg(dMrotationotslabsIndicatedbyvadgashapedopen-logkZetveentoneotthan a)tona)lowafapxSECTICNTREND~)So%4kllourLIGHTGRAYFINEToPEDHHGRAINEDHEDIIHTONASSIYELYBEOO(DSAM)ST(NE237~xINFOtmlh0SATCNE~'2369NEDIIHGRAYNASSIYESILTSTOhESandstonetIIIsomudcreckSandstonefilledmudcreck235AEDGEDSANDSTONE~-ThinbreCCleCrpkku~add(ateIcwangl~,dbesnofoonslstmMtnite-shearpTena23((~4BeddingplanebraCC(eSP(ltkIntOtunthIntcnekon~IthersloeotthInsancktonebedNodisplacementdlscernabl~,houauar,smallkagaants(.05-~IO')OfbaCkappearrntatedekSheen,interpretationofsenseotshear2((0L(CHTGRAYFINETOKOILHGRAINEDNEDRAIBEDDEDSANDST~UQITGRAYFILETaEDHHGRAINEDNEOILSIBEDEESA)4STCNE239CROSSSECTIONOFWALLSOFUPPERSUMPTRENCHINCIRCULATINOWATERPIPINGTRENCHEXCAVATION.>>=OARKGRAVTOBIACKSHALE=-yiFINELYBRECCIATEDTONEDIIHGRAIN'EOONEI.ICHTCRAYFH4Eshel~notentirelybrecciated~~~'~.~~.~.budoescentalIallycontiusus.'~~seamottinebcoccla238I'5237SEDIIHToDARKGRAYSILTS'IONEBasseprox.O.l'hickandbrokenbyfractures'NDIVHGRAYFiNETOPEOIWGRA(hEOTHINLYBE(GEOSAIOSTONE~th~g'~lag'I'r<<tares'236235agmantsotsandstone(0.01'-0.10')lnitsandygrayclaymatrixLIGHTGRAYFINEToREDIIHGRAINEDNEOILHBE(GEOSaNDSTCNE..~rrvmFloorotaxcauatlonSlabsofsandstone(0.5')ulthsubhorlzontalbeddingsurroundedcna(lsidesbymatrix'otsoftgraysandyclayeysiltcontainingsemiIbrecciacleatsofsandstone23((NOTE:Locationotcrosssectionshounonplate2.1-2PLATE2.I5DAMSES8MOORS lCC"~~~~~~~"~~~l~~l'lC'~'~~~~~~C"C"C.Cl~~l~l'l Ownwl4wvw-~Hf.ThisthinlyboIracturaavetOcater~ww~~,~.NLONSIGRAYINTERBEIIEOSA!4STCNEANO5ILTSTONEs~brocclasalongbeddIngShalldlscontlnvouszoneotbracclatlcnandrotatedbedding.sensesofrotationasshownSubhOrlzontaldilatedIractvresLIGHTGRAYFINETONEOIISIGRAINEDHEOIISIBEODEOSAICSTGHEFloorofexcavationBaseofbrocclereneo,4I.IGHTGRAYVERYPIASTICNASSIYECIAY'AypLEGASSl8GRAYBRCHHLANINATEOSILTYCLAYcontalnlngsonsangelarsandstone~fragnantsLIGHTGRAYVERYFTASTICCLAYvithsonsangularfragnentsofsandstoneand~InorpocketsofgraybrownlanlnatedsiltyclayvL~CROSSSECTIONOFWALLOFUPPERSUMPTRENCHINCIRCULATINGWATERPIPINGTRENCHEXCAVATIONNOTE~Locationofcrosssectionshownonplate2.1-2PLATE2.I-4OAMSS8MOORS i3'a4c'IGHTGRAYTOWHIT243MEDMPIGRAYTHICKBEGGEDCLAyEYSliRED-BROWNMASSIVE5!I/atoI/2"VERYPLASTICGRAYC(AYI/2"toI"THICKMEDI(I(GRAYPlASTICCLAYTHINCLEANMEDI(IISANDBENCH240ALTEIMATIISILAYERSOFREDBROWNAK!TANIAIINATEDSILTANDFINESAIOvlthlayersotdorkgraycloyvlthlnunits,somelamlnstlonsarecontortedsndtheresrelocalconcentrationsotdloplrlcstructuresCROSSBECOEDTANSILTANOFINESANDSARKGRAYCLAYvlthdlscantlnucu<<ssndccntortedlsLIGHTBROWNSILTCCNTORTEOLIGHTBR(hd(SILTAQDARKGRAYSILTYCLAYDARKGRAYClAYEYSA<<OYSILTvlthscensmallpobslesOONTORTEOWHITESILTlAMIHATICNDARKGRAYBROWNMASSIVECLAYvlthatevIsa(not(one~~0bsovnandvhlteslitlayeringdlscontlnuou<<andcontorted235Y/oCt,q,/0qg~0(0Eh(oI.gIg.oo/0.~O<<G<<gjoo./..$.(tg'0OpOR<<00oooc,oc(Dr'o~0,04csn/nt.-hcpcppScs<<oni(ega'.es(rcpyb'O~..o<.g.pt+<D-~."Po'.OLD.-'.6>o0qO'.-~0".Iut.'0.0+0:IL(so(TO@~'Ik'vo'-<'0~(p'OL<<'>5<<(0!T>>Q<<D<<(S<<lgoly'E0~4ovq<<e<<~"'HLO'0'(po<<s.g~ip<<<<eAQ'3<<DOCSSSSS0<<g+0~'0Oct0+0+4GO(SBg0ncDC>>Q+GT~5P+%4p<<poep'DIESID<<.g9;(Is&0(SoOOOQpn+.<<<<.Dgpo<<o0$"Do00SOQ;P~~-Dog.-=-~~VVR(g44'4<<SS0<<<<TQ(SDO.'0'0O'iONyw<fPOrD'DO>Q~"<Ooo.Oe'<<<<'P~P'pr<<0'O4.~.P<<qoPDD':(bD+(DP'P(QfA'PoQcs<TL',,'oge02P<<':(<<<to3~0.((I>.QustgP'n'PD'04~A~+P0>>'.'9'(ynrne.,;".g',0.(2'(DB2,4/PeF(t0Bedrocksurtace0IDOo0'o.~q<<~v'o....OO.A?4IDo,.~nv>DO~<<DP0+0DOOoo40ELOOpt>op<<'o'<<(2e00rrgec844<<+42<<kcr'0(rnid(7~.n.aogOcs<<0FLOOROFEKCAVATICN(BEOROCKIs(atomTssnoSTSTGRAY~EMSANDYSILTSTONFDARKGRAYSILTSTOhfZoneotIntenM<<trscturingFLCORCf'HAhhEL(SANDSTONE)

LLI-VIARI)LATEDTORASSIYECALDERECVSC(AY(CM(b)NRL)I~ur~vlthoccasionalthinsiftysandlani>>at(one,>>245TBLOvlthsr(norclay~~D-BROWTOGRAYSILTYfihESAIOAIOSAINTSILT,thinbeddedelfhseelIscalecross.ddins,ninorthInclaybeds(c)/a)GRAYQA~SILTVlthDS>>utkS~RE(KE(Y)WSILTYCIAYvlthcontinuouslan(nationsofthinsiltylinesand240inatlonsofthinslit'd)DARKBROWC(AY,InterallyccntlnuausalternatinglanlnationsSSWITESILTc)oodI'o()Qg'>>cfr'D'Q~0'G200hv0t0(0~~WITESIL'IXOIILIIII255CROSSSECTIONOFNORTHEASTWALLOFLOWERSUMPTRENCHINCIRCULATINSWATERPIPINGTRENCHEXCAVATION~~~BraceIa~GRAY-GREE)IS(LTSTCnE=K)ARKGRAYTOBLACKSIIAL$==-LIRITCfHIGHLYFRACTUREDAIIOSTQIE~f(DORCfEKCAYATIO(250NOTE(Locationofcrosssectfonshownonplate2.12PLATE2.I-5OAMSS8MOORS N-S9200e~Brecciaand1III1,IIr//Tillatboseotscarp9910S'SOOBrecClaandTIII.<<1205.1-+0+f//i/Fracturesfilledtith1lllGEOLOGICPLANVIEWOFPORTIONOFRELOCATEDCOOLINGTOWEREXCAVATION+tao0H'fSCCod0hOSCALEFEET0SIO-$9'TO2OB.SEOT.B+205.t2'TS'llIIandBreccia1IIIandBrecciaLSsusxfv//'///h245.50~20C,.C0Sou+tes.c,testS980RAD'WASTEFAIILTUNITUNIT20TRENCH2AREASHOWNINPLANVIEWI~(I/\PITITRENCHSCOOLINOTOWEREXCAVATIONICOOL<<NCWATERo<<TAKEsHAFTT--ourna4=Sandst<<neBrecciaTrendandsenseofrotationofsfelleonclinc1rendotverticalfractureAttitudeoffractureTrendotbedrocksuftacestriationBedrocksteporscafp(nei9nt9fvenIn(actiCrestotsatluantary<<kennel+Elwatfonatcoordinatelocation2us.'Oafds~<<10LIiIItilledfractureAe.Prlarsf-DenselyfracturedendbfokanrockNtsaTilltilledtraCtureRocksurfaceccnslstsottlapstone"polyponalpattern,boundin9JointsaresolIIllle++I~'O;,n,Lai'r'0s.oas'rpSIOOOarror9IDIOPLATE2.I-6DAMITISBSIISOOSSES

SectionTrendN20ES78~l248S978.2leaf60.0BedrockSurfacei045S985.5IIIC64.56"void~0::::'.O.VoidsTillandBreccia0~-.ii'...a249FloorofexcavationEXPLANATION:02FEETLighttomediumgraymassivecrossbeddedsiliceoussandstonej)..o.'(7:Fraciere+PlantgridcoordinatesS978.2CROSSSECTIONOFPORTIONOFBEDROCKSCARPINRELOCATEDCOOLINGTONEREXCAVATIONNotes:DilationsbetweenfoldedlayerscontainsmallamountsofsandandtillLocationofcrosssectionshownonplatePLATE2.I"7

SectionTrendS58WS28WS75WN54W249BedrockSurface0i2345FEET248247246245244BrecciaandTill248242424<240289S955.7W111.3'vvf~'w~4'4TillandBrecciawsImdi4S951.1W137.3~288TillfillsspacesbetweenrotatedslabsofbedrockCalcitemineralizationonbasalsurfaceofdisturbedhorizonFloorofexcavationBaseofsedimentarychannelinsandstonewithshaleinbottomoftroughTillpresentalongshalechipbrecciazoneEXPLANATION:LighttomediumgraymassivesiliceoussandstoneBlackshaleBrecciaCROSSSECTIONOFPORTIONOFBEDROCKSCARPINRELOCATEDCOOLINGTOWEREXCAVATIONFractureOpenFractureArrowsindicaterelativesenseofdisplacementS955.7W1113+PlantgridcoordinatesPLATE2.18WMWRCIQLAM~imIC1

N60WSECTIONTRENDTopofRoc240OSWEGOSANDSTONEGA4-94275a3N139s3220TRANSITION"ZONEl~p9':"-I(GA495CGA4-SL7ABGA4r.II;;~r/Ir~~~~~-~~~GA4-53~,-'226.90N'If4GA4-X5~el~~04rGA4-5EXPLANATION:LIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEFOSSILIFEROUSSANDSTONEGA4-92GA44FloorofExcovotionGA4-6GA457MEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEORGRAYWACKECZ-r,~r.WaOMEDIUMGRAYTOBLACKSILTSTONEGA49BLACKSHALEPULASKIFORM.UnitABRECCIA;CONSISTINGOFANGULARROCKFRAGMENTSINSOFTSILTYCLAYEYSANOMATRIX05FEETGA4-I275.3N159.3WFRACTUREOPENFRACTUREARROWSSHOWRELATIVESENSEOFDISPLACEMENTINDICATEDACROSSSTRUCTURESLOCATIONANDNUMBEROFMINERALIZATION/SOILSAMPLEPLANTGRIDCOORDINATESWALL.OFNORITHRADNASTETRENCHPLATE2.1-9CSASVSQSS95SVSOORSSGENERALIZEDCROSSSECTIONOFNORTHEAST

SECTIONTRENDN6IWN70WN90WN76EN80W240OSWEGOSANDSTONE-I~IIs~~230GA4-12~l3,IS,IB5IT~~GA4IIA-ETRANSITIONZONEGA4-Iora<<'aa4a163XI9Wrr'eCA4-BIA,B&H.rr,'+~~Va~,evpee<<'sss)ss/~r~r~~'.~~ai~~~e1%4'eres~-~es~WRY>~res220~..GA4-S9~~s~-ees.ses.0<<srrr~~<<aci-....~A4-3GA4-Tsss-sss,eFloorofExcavationDaII0ssa.s~~EXPLANATION:esp<<<<aTRANSITIONZONEPULASKIFORMATIONUnitAGA4-2GA4SBGA4-B242.24NI32.BIW05FEETLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONE210~~FOSSILIFEROUSSANDSTONEMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEORGRAYWACKEresre/serMEDIUMGRAYToBLACKSILTSTONEGA4Itg273.3N+139.3WBLACKSHALEBRECCIAeCONSISTINGOFANGULARROCKFRAGMENTSINSOFTSILTYCLAYEYSANDMATRIXFRACTUREOPENFRACTUREARROWSSHOWRELATIVESENSEOFDISPLACEMENTINDICATEDACROSSSTRUCTURESLOCATIONANDNUMBEROFMINERALIZATION/SOILSAMPLEPLANTGRIDCOORDINATESGENERALIZEDCROSSSECTIONOFSOUTHNKST%ALLOFNORTHRADWASTETRENCHIPLATE2.I"l0

N55WN65WOA4'-.825GI2252733N139.3W0.8EXPLjLNATION6,9'A4-I6.81+~-~128.07WII/IIw///v4lightgraytinetoendivegrainedslIlceoussandstcnefoss1IIter>>ussandstoneSandstonewithShalylnterclastaHsdiu>>todarkgreyfinotoa>>diosgrainedargillaceoussandstcneorgraywacke2217DarkgraytoblackverytinegraInedarglIlaceoussandstoneorelltstone8!ackshaleBreccia-generallyangularfragwsntsofrockinsaltlightgraysandysiltrat/In2/5JointorfractureJointorfracturetilledwithCalciteorsulfides,respectivelyOpenJointorfracture0I234Calciteorultidecoatingsonsurface\parolleltocrosssectionOr+recceotgrayt>>salveortsnlaminatedclayArrowsIndicaterolatlvesenseofnovw>>ntiopenwhereInferredJ273.3NI139.38I0.8GA4-83PlantGrigDcordlnates481II4.4iilnerallzatlonscapi'ocationIZ>>onsolldatodsedlr>>ntsanplelocationApparenthorizontal,verticalanddipseparationinplaneolcrosssectionoflithologicunitsindicated N60INSECTIONTRENDlalOXCoOlalIgCoCoESo>Co255OA4-SSA,Or~0.5fIIIIIIIrlOIJIXOI-CoRI250225ES7.osNSFEEiOA4=OA4-X~'A44OA4-SEfloorofErroovotioaOA4-efIIOA4-SrI4.0'OA4-9III294.90N9S.ESWSEICoCLJ~2202/5DETAILEDCROSSSECTION-NORTHEASTWALL,NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.I-IIDAMEES8MOOSOB N88WN60WN72WCaf0>CS0CCIIyCOCO~0~CO2502250ICOKI-OA4-8frA,S,H0.6IIIII28fr22C230I-Q.0~~~OA4S88OA4=S8AI'CC,~JcrOA43OA4-72/5'IFloorofExoovotioaI484,l0l2343FEES S88W875WNSRWNTRENDSECTIOtte.i'.0IIIL-3.9IIIIIIIII'I":':-.~.'.I::.'i~4rI~r236.84NJ63.09W255250Plrrrt',~~~'dr~'-'r~~z4rrrrror24k24NQZ.BIW./.'gOA4-2OA4-seOA4-8EXPUSATIONLIghtgraytinetosedlungrolFosslIIforcussandstoneSandttcnevlthShalyIntarCISSIttdlvvstodarkgraytinetoseddelIiceoussandstoneusgrainedarglIlacooussandstoneorgrayvsckoOsrkgraytoblackwryfinegrIsedarglll&CecusSandstcnoorSlltstone225fdetailsconcerningthelocationotclayInthIsarea.~2z2.24Ni132.8litSlacksteieBreccia-generallyangulartrasondyslitnatrlxplantGridcoordinatentsotrockInsoftlightgray220JointorIractureJointorfracturefilledvlthcalciteorsultldes,respectivelyOpenJointorIrscture2/54el4.4IApparenthorlzcntal,vorticalonddipsepsrstlcnInplaneofcrosssectionoflithologicunitsIndicatedI+vc.GA43GA4-33Calciteorsulfidecoatingsonurfacesparalleltocrosssectioni0ccurenceofgraysesslveortntlsninatodclayArrovsIndicaterelotlwsenseotnovenentlopenvhereInterredI'ilnerolizationssvplelocationVnconsotidatedsedleontsavple'locationII1DETAILEDCROSSSECTION-SOUTHWESTWALL,NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.I-I2DAMSS8MOORS OOOlOO3N300PLANTNORTHhSCREENWELLAREAN200EXPLANATION:Structuralcontoursofmarkerbedin~tSXOhangingwallblockofradwastestructure.0IO203040F.EETNORTHELECTRICTUNNELPLANVIENOF,RADIASTEBUILDINGEXCAVATIONSHOWINGSTRUCTURECONTOURSONBASEOFOSWEGOSANOSTONEPLATE2.Il6

te~4PHOTOGRAPHOFPORTIONOFNORTHEASTWALL,NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.1-17DAM%5dMOORE II

/55SECTIONTRENO/55/50TUNNELROOF/50/45la.h./45+Is/40/$5~~~~~ŽTUNNELFLOOR/50EXPLANATIONt~~~sLightgraylinetomediumgrainedslllceoussandstoneFosslIIferoussandstoneSandstonewithshalyInterclastslladlumdarkgrayIlnetomediusgrainedarglIlsceoussandstoneorgrayuackeOarkgraytoblockveryfinograinedargillaceoussandstoneorslltstoneBlackshel~Sreccls-generallyangularfragmentsofrocklnsoftlightgraysandyslitmatrixIOFEETJointarfractureJointorfracturetilledwithcalciteorsulfides,respectivelyOpenJointorfractureCalciteorsulfidecoatingsonsurfacespareil'tocrasssectionArrovsIndicaterelativesenseofaaveaent;openshoreInferredGROSSSECTION-RtSHTRIB,EAST,INTAKETUNNEL-STATION0<l0TO0<80PLATE2.I-IBctucLNftcgcgcgsaftdgcpcotN

d/002505ItitpKICOalNTOyIOCl660650tpXOIOddOOSWEGOSANDSTONE6506506IO54600I60ZONEI,boringRS-2strainstateplusadditionalrelistresultingIfont1.GreaterproxinitytoIrontotrsdvastestructure2.OevelopeantotgeologicalstructureslocaltothacoolingtoverexcavationCwbinatlcnof5I.Ouckllngcncoolingtowrtwit2.NZO'NnonfatstressreliefbyredestostructureS.localdatornatlonicoservedincoolingtovarexcavationRadv55taStfuotufa(leverSubtone15IOCatedSdJaoenttobaseotradsatestructure)2StrainstateInZONEIatboringRSIvithouchgreeterreliefcausedbybuckling/slidingonthecoolingtonerIaultandradvastastructuredevelopment.TRANSITIONZONExmNofnalStfa5$col>etb'Ifocus\tostfuotufesuperimposedon~ItactotbucklingonecollngtOvertaultIanhanoedbuokllngeltOCtSreletlVetoRSIlocation.IPULASKIFORMATION,xICosstantStrainInplaneparalleltonornalfaults,partiallyrelievedbybuckling/slidingoncoolingtamertaultsndrodvsstestructuredevelopment.TRSNstyI0NzohE/60ITO5RsdvastestructureN(gharconstantstrainconditionthanInoverlyingronaretlectlngdecres5edIntIwnceotbuckling,ptusnoffnlstraInroliatbyrodvsstestructuredevelopment/60UNIT8TRSNSITIONZfprtI50RsdvastaStfuotufaId00200SobCROSSSECTIONTHROUGHRS-3)RS-2)ANDRS"ISHOWINGHORIZONTALNORMALDISPLACEMENTSINVERTICALPLANESORIENTEDN70WTOTHESOUTHOFTHEFAULTBLOCKPLATE3-8IDAMZZS0MOO%Em

4JOI-CI<<ChCCDOQlOOLMfE.245TOPOFBEOROCKCIRCULATINGWATERPIPINGTRENCHANDRELOCATEDCOOLINGTOWEREXCAVATIONXIVlCLINORTHRADWASTETRENCHOI-UOEE.l65r~rBOTTOMOFREACTOREXCAVATiON',PRESENTBOTTOMOFNTAKESHAFTCOOLINGWATER'NTAKE'HAFTAND4.Agg'WATERINTAKETUNNELS.APPROXIMATESTRATICRAPHICINTERVALS'HEREIN"THRUST"FAULTSlNEREMAPPEDOURINGTHISINVESTIGATION

"~a PLANTNORTHCAPIealsggtE"COLD~1'~I'pt~IaeTITACEOl'ROSSSECTIONIPLATCIII5I,I~I$VSIOOAS5$VPPERSUTIPTRENCH5reweelecrasat~ace~~4~stnOl'151Owewwarrrwr~Aweaas.oAW~r,~r""+IAIll~4~arecaerr*PCOIF~CQIfp~rraareaNNOlein0I4rtrrD~~444r~~~~5ra44et~Para4j/(~r~44~+Sl~~areear'ISdO+DIDO~I4IOe<5ETIO+NXNI/IDIIIIC>>I'C./4F/a+TRACEOFOIOSSSECTIONIPLATEIISI4erre51'6r+10IWCOOLIEVllttWTAACSNAfIAADOASTCTDIE.TIRCITE~4>~45.AREASHOWN'4rCSIL.HPTatleCNt~ITIn(7~lefCIPLANATIOeLLCOOLw$TONCIICICAVATEWTAINTONCDIOIDCDCCODANISAAT10DLACNSNALCKolw10<<A5511CLTocDDEDPIK10NEOIvelCallKD5ILICIOV5SANOSTOK0Ifelr~4re'.~~I~05dd$0fCCTAOCISCARPOaSTCPVITAKIOITCletaINtAatNIK5CS~w4OSASKCAS$1+STAO+ONfOTAACCOPDEDOINCPLAKDKCCIATAACCOPPEPAC5CNTATIYCPAACTVAElalccorpaAclvacssorileaolaccTIDNasdAaoweopoltTAACEOP'IEATICALPAAClvatTaaccol'ptataaclvacTAACEOtPAACTVAE~lifeCALCIltNINCAALIIAIIONlaactOPPaACIVACVITNQAPNIDCNINIAALIIATIIWTaactOPTNCCaCSTOP4SCOIINNTAATCKIPstL~5CNICIACLCSIWCNAAKLSIDESTAIAEANDDl~OPSCDOlleSLOCATIONOPSVOdalltalaLSvat*CCCOATCO~IINCaLCITCNIK*AI.IIATHWASTEAIOIlleOIClltTallCALCITCCEKNT~SACCCIACLASTSLOCKTOIOtSNALLPCADIAAAOrINOICaltSDIKCTIOIOttLWat,ASSDWTOPPLWSEASINDICATEO~OTAIIOISENSEl'ISNOVNLOCATIONANOIWKtaOtNINEAALIIATTIWSANPLCLOCATIOIANONVKEAOPVNCONSOL'IOATCONATEAIALSANPLC~LvelSAIDCOOaDINATCLOCATION)4~lpeIgj'EOLOGICPLANVIEWOFAPORTIONOFTHECIRCULATINGWATERPIPING1RENCHPLATE2.12DAMRCI0MOORR

SSOWNR35.6IWI2389CAOSSSECTIONSHOxNONpIATE2I~Iav~r\'IJ2aeetstse~set'ssva~LI~et~~aET....2/I~;'IcI,~2'O'A4-S2Gva~v~r~vv~",ssTerSIw~'rI~~aF'g(gue'7,,~egrF2,,Q~~eeN254.78WI54.05r~seeI+sewEXPUSATI05:hJXP4JVP~~20Q3GA-S24+N234Lightgreyflee-endlessgrainedsandstoneBreccia-sngvlsrtragwtntsofrockInsoftsiltysendaetrlxAttltvdsofbedrockslobOpenFractureAttitudeoffracture~,OrlsntatlonofverticalfroctureLocationctssrpl~ofunllthlfledssdlnentPlantGrfdcoordinatesNOTES:1.DarkgraybrcvnlanlnatedSiltyClaylsnlnssshowdlstcrtlnnhyInldlngE~Xshearsense.2~LighttanIsnlnatodclayeyslitIanlnsescaewhetdistortedbutgenerallyparalleltorotatedbedrockslob.Lighttenlanlnstedclayeyslit,lavlnae~xtrenelyccntnrted,sedlnantccnlalne~ubangulartnangularfragnenteotssndstcne,contortionotIanlnaeandnlxlngwithbrecciacleatsprobablyassnclatedwithfaultnovewent.a.HcderatelydlpPlngeandetcneSlabwithlighttenclayeyslitandsanesandstonecleatsonuppersucfac~slitlanlnnefnldedasIollowstS.SeepsCAa$2esanoasCAa-S2Sbutoccurredbeneathnatorlalshownasionthisplan.IOKOLOGlGPLANVIENFLOOROFEXPLORATORVEXCAVATiONINTOSOUTH'NESTHALLOFNOR'THRAOXASTETRENCHSCALEFEETPLATE2.I-13SRA,MOISTESMESCSSRRE

)Q~jj>~'+~Wjr~C~II"~~~~~~~

00 SECTIONN26WTREND250I(:.'.I~~..I~I~~.':~2284.227e22840.ISNl24.56Wl1~~25I.IIN$27.05W225k.224225222~J\r~~a.g/4~svs~naea~vG4'-28~~EXPLANATION:4~LightgreyfinetoaedluogroinedslllcoeussandstoneFossltlfornussandstoneSandstonevlthshaloyInterclastsHadlundarkgreyfinotoaodlungroinedargillaceoussandstoneorgrayvackeBarkgraytnalackverytinegroinedargillaceoussandstoneorslltstoneBlackshel~BrecciagenerallyangulartrsgaentsetreckInsoftlightgreysandyslitaotrlx0I2FEET+N240.ISWI24.55GA428JointorfractureJoInterfracturefilledvlthcalciteersultides,repoetlvelyOpenjoIntorfractureCalciteorsulfidecoatingsonsurfacesptrell~ItocresssectionnrrevsIndleatorelativesenseetnoveaonttantegravclayey~IltPlantGridCoordinatesSampleIneatlenDETAILCROSSSECTIONOFEXPIORATORYEXCAVATIONINTOSOUTHWALLOFNORTHRADNASTETRENCH(EASTWALL)PLATE2.1"15CMLMRlggBSMBSCBBBBB

INTAKEANODISCHARGETUNNELSON7ARIOININEMILEPOINTNUCLEAROENERATINKSTATIONUNITI/I/UNITE/I/RADWASTE~~~/FAULT0w/rESF~/r/igSOi(r'NTAKEANODISCHARGETUNNELS~NORMALFAULTICtl"TEPEEFOLD"~)i/COOLINGTOWEREXCAVATIONJAMESA.FITZPATRICKNUCLEARPOWERPLANTINTAXCSWARTANOCASTTIANCLRAOWASTCTRCNCN(CCCCINSTOWCRANOCXSCIAATINSWATCR~IRINSTRCNCNXCAYATION5lltSINOICNIIGICATI4STCATWAST(.TITCSTCSCTSMSAIM5ITCCOOLING'OWERFAULTEXPLANATION:TRACEOFMODERATELYTOSTEEPLYDIPPINGSTRUCTURESEDROCKSURFACECONTOURIEL.INFEET)LOCATIONSOFOBSERVEDOCCURENCESOFSTRUCTURESSIMILARINCHARACTERTORADWASTESTRUCTURE0COO800SCAMFEETSLIPDIRECTIONDETERMINEDFROMSTRUCTURALELEICENTSII.S.,FOLDAXESANDSLICKENSIDES)ATPRINCIPALEXPOSURESOFTHRUSTSISITELOCATIONMAPSHOWIHOOEHERALCOHFIOURATIONOFBEDROCKSURFACEANDSLIPDIRECTIONSOFTHRUSTFAULTSPLATE2.I-27OASVSHE8BMOORHb

BOREHOLEAXISBRECCIACORINGGROOVESBEDDINGPHOTOGRAPHOFROTATEDBEDSINBORING801,ATDEPTHOF46.5FEETPLATE2.2-5OAMSSBMOORS

~Peartt+j*7r'~'0>,C7=)j-rr'~iao<<;(7P/<+.'~l"ijj,.<<[ii$~I~1\'~<<IrrbT,ilerr~J.oeJtl.gjr~<rr/to~Pllolliit4'pitrd4~a~AD~Q4'irt~e/w/ky~ol~~t~~~4i/,),r.MP"AnCPHOTOGRAPHSOFLAMINATEDCLAYINB-810ATDEPTHOF252.2FEETPLATE2.2-11OAMSSBMOORS

~'<<4l<<ttuft'I(It44~~ll44\4~~~4I-:'-r:--'4l4A4t4.rCPHOTOGRAPHSOFLAMINATEDCLAYINB-805ATDEPTHOF121.55FEETPLATE2.2-12DAMES8MOORE

WESTEAST26526o103135'o5155'o54o780'6010140840255FlLLFILL250o24524o235TILL'EAT~/iIIoH~x~4'L1NLtIIIr4TILLMphil230VERTICALEXAGGERATION60XGEOLOGICPROFILEOFOVERBURDENFROMOLDBORINGSACROSSVALLEYATLEADINGEDGEOFRADWASTEFAULT,NINEMILEPOINTUNIT2SITE

REFERENCE:

PLATE1-1PLATE2.3-1~MQOQMOORII

PARAGENETICRELATIONSHIPSOFGROUNDWATERCALCITEMINERALIZATIONATNINEPOINTUNIT2SITE01TYPE1-BRECCIAQ2TYPE2-PATCHYCALCITE03TRAVERTINE04SULFIDES05SILTYCALCITE06TYPE3SPARRYCALCITEOTBROWNCALCITEDEFORMATIONII(I(I(I((IIIIIIID5TIME~

~'C:P'-0g.'VC>yCV/ifC~iVrCdASPECIMEN(GA4-9B)SHOWINGTYPE1CALCITEBRECCIAFROMRADWASTEFAULT.NOTICESILICEOUSCLASTSCEMENTEDASINCLUSIONS.SPECIMEN(GA5-1C)SHOWINGTYPE1CALCITEBRECCIAFROMTHRUSTFAULTINEASTLAKEWATERTUNNELTYPE1CALC(TEPLATE2.3-3DAMIIS0MOOAII h,t, DISTANT(A)ANDCLOSE-UP(B)VIEWSOFSLICKENSIDEDTYPE1CALCITEBRECCIAFROMEASTTUNNELTHRUSTFAULTTYPE1CALCITEPLATE2.3-4DAMSS8MOORS

ASPECIMEN(GA4-7)SHOWINGDRIPSTONEONTILTEDLAYEROFFOLDWITHINRADWASTEfAULTSPECIMEN(GA4-11)SHOWINGBANDEDTRAVERTINEONVERTICALJOINTABOVERADWASTEFAULTZONETRAVERTINEPLATE2.3-5DAMRS8MOORS

A~>1~LOi~C~48H.t'*~lII~~10I~a~~0srMS!k"A'Ck~i+>~&DlSTANT(A)ANDCLOSE-UP(B)VlEWSOFEUHEDRAL,SPARRYCALCITECRYSTALSOVERTRAVERTINE(TYPE3CALCITE)PLATE2.3-6DAMSS0MOORS

APHOTOGRAPHSSHOWINGADISTANTANDBCLOSE-UPVIEWSOFSPECIMENGA4-S8INUNDISTURBEDPOSITION.TWOTAN-COLORED,THINPLATESOFLAMINATIONOFCEMENTEDSILTOCCURASCLASTSWITHINBRECCIAZONEOFRADWASTEFAULTiFIcSPECIMENGA4-S8SOUTHWALLOFSLOT,NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.3-7DAMSSBMOORS

ll/6J~ramHr.godu<~hIeg7o7$~~~A5p1'~-,<Q$i~+-QI0i~AkV'Jp~~ceo.Ralo>~<.7->7--7Vr.SPECIMENGA4-6SHOWINGDISTANTAANDCLOSE-UPBVIEWSOFOVERTURNEDFRAGMENTWITHINRADWASTEFAULTBRECCIAINUNDISTURBEDPOSITION,WHERETYPES1AND3CALCITEOCCURONOVERTURNEDSIDE.MINIMUMTRANSPORTDISTANCEWOULDBEAPPROXIMATELY3INCHES.Ciy~ViSPEC(MENGA4-6NORTHWALLOFSLOT,NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.3-8DAMSSBMOORS

HK-1HK-3SL-10(1978)HK-2CARBON6-B-12+8+4A.INORGANIC1.FkE5HMATERA)CAVKS,SPRINCSCONCRKTIONSO-4-8-12-16-20-24CRIHEA,USSR[3O]LIHKSTONE4EDROCKOklP5TONE4ERHUOA1.33]-ICERHANY(CAVKSOSINTERSOLOESSKIHOEL)I.ST]STOHE,USASTKANROATSPRINCSNNEVADA,USA4)HOTSPRINCS:LI4)4AHAHASFLORIDA,USIS.AU5TRALIA3.HYPERSALINKLAKES~TIVOLI,ITALYNEOTKNIOTKRMCEQYELLCMI~ENOAOIIIK,SNITZESMIN2.IIARINEA)OOLITKS:4AHAHASI.49]4)DOLOHITKCALCITE1.18]:h+DOLEXiCALCITKSEARLSLAKE,CALIF.(80)~L.EENNETILLK,NTAN[IOLXPYMIIIOL,HEV.B.BIOGENICI.HAHINKA)HOLLUSCS~REEFTMCTNfLORIDA648][Lsj~~NANANAT[LKII-ISEaslss[TSj~KNEESOsTOAANINITKAA[33]CREATSALTL.,UTAH4)COMLSf42]E)fCHINODEIUISf.9]f)~MCHIOPOOSI9]2.KSTUARIES,4AYS,ETC.(INLLUSCS)~[Ad]3.FkE5HMATER'HOLLU5CS[40]LARCELAKES4.LAND5NAILS[89](4I]RIVERSFIG.6-.B-7.DISTRIBUTION,OF6VALUESINRECENTCARBONATESEDIMENTSRELATIVETOPDBSTANDARD.(NUMBERSINSQUAREBRACKETSSEEADDENDUMONREFERENCES6-ATO6-0p.18.)(TAKENFROM'APPENDIXB.1-5)D(STRIBUTlONOF'RATlOSOFCARBONATESSHOWINGRELATIONSHIPTOSITESPECIMENSPLATE'2.3-9DAMSS8MOORS

HK"1HK-3SL"10(1978)HK-2CARBON6-B-10+6+4+20-2-4-6-8-10-12-14-16-18-20-22-24-26IATNOSPNERICC0239lEXTRAPOLATKO60ATNININOIC02CONTENT'URALAIRONLYCSEA~TEROI$$0LVEOCARSONATE:[3NA>71K97N73K6AN63]KSTUARIESSAY5,ETC.LAIKAN.T.CIT[73]NI$51$$IPPISOUNONUOSONRIVERIFLORIOARAY[97]LAXE5A)FRESN~TERIOINICTICLANESOFNENENCLANO,USA(bINEARSURFACE;o!NEARSOTTON)[59]KIIMKMCCQUONNIAPAUCLIN5LEYtONOIIIOUKECNY~0IIAUTINNOVERTURN,LIN5LKYPONO:~)SALINELARKS[09]lI--".~-.~CALIF.~CREATSALTL.,UTAHRlVERS:NU050NR.(EXTRAPOL.TOZEROSALINITY)oooPOTONICR.IIISSIPPI![97]NlSSI(EXT~)KCIIINAIIATKNI[!KTINKK.NKMs.KKCCssI'as]!CAVEUATKR,USA[A]~NOIYORKSAY(EXTRAP.)FlG.6"B-6.DlSTRIBUTIONOF8VALUESINTHEATMOSPHEREANDHYDROSPHERERELATIVETOPDBSTANDARD.(NUMBERSINSQUAREBRACKETSSEEADDENDUMONREFERENCES6-ATO6-0I3.18.)(TAKENFROMAPPENDIXB.1-5)DISTRIBUTIONOF"CRATIOSOFCARBONATESSHOWINGRELATIONSHIPTOSITESPECIMENSPLATE2.3"10DAMSSESNOORRR

QJATKRNARYTERTIARYI<0'Smow)202224262830LJCRETACEOUSI100MORASSICTRIASSICRKRNIAN200acCBC)UJCO4ROONIFKROUSOEVONIANSICURIAN300<<D400-OROOVICIANCANORlAN500RRECANRRIAIIX-10-8-64-280'/oo(PDB)600FIG.8-B-25.AVERAGEISOTOPICCOMPOSITIONSOFMARINEANDFRESHWATERLIMESTONES,BYGEOLOGICAGEGROUPS.THELINESREPRESENTPLUSORMINUSONESTANDARDDEVIATION.KEITHANDWEBER(1964).DASHEDLINESREPRESENTFRESHWATERLIMESTONES.(TAKENFROMAPPENDIX8.1-5)DISTRIBUTIONOF"0RATIOSINCARBONATESSHOWINGRELATIONSHIPTOSITESPECIMENSPLATE2.3-11OAMEKbSMOORlm

PHOTOGRAPHSSHOWINGDISTANTAANDCLOSE-UPBVIEWSOFMIXTUREOFTANANDGRAYCLAYWITHINBRECCIARADWASTEFAULT.

REFERENCE:

PLATE5.1-11FORSAMPLELOCATION.MIXTUREOFBRECCIAANDSEDIMENTASSHOWNBYSAMPLEGA4-S5NORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATE2.3-12DAM%88MOORS

Fill255FILL25E)245DISTHC'TCONTACT7)80)22)SL912)4))S)OSLIOGRADATIONALCONTACTGRADATIONALCONTACTGRADATIONALZONEGRADATIONALCONTACTDISTINCTCONTACTDISTINCTCONTACTSASYEYPOINTW62).5'82).2$El'46.9As-e)ScagAS66AS66gRSBe~QQAS6).,~g~~AS-62~~W'I-IAS6O~gBIAS-S9~5558ASSBSamaAS)7AS)6~MRASS).AS)6'BBAS)5'++iAS)2'LACKORGANICCLAYEYSILTWITHFINESANO,GRANVLARIPEAT)BLACKORGANICSANDYSILT,PLATYSTRVCTVRE(PEAT)l)GHTTANSILTYFINESA)K)yINK)K)ANTfOS5IL5INARI.)TOPTNOI)CHESHASPLATY5'IRVCTVREPROBABLEDESICCATIONfRACTVRESPINKISHGRAYClAYEYSILTWITHFINE'ANO,TRACEfOSSILSGRAYSILTYFINESA!K),NOT)LEOYELLOWISHBROWN,RIPPLEDGRAYSILTYF)NESANO,TRACECLAY,RIPPLEDREDIYRWMTOGRAYLANINATEOCLAYEYSILTWITHSOIESANOLANINAY)ONSDISTINCTCONTACTROCKTILL.EXPLANATIONAS60~POLLENSA)PLELOCATIONSL9~CARBONI~SOPLELOCAT)ONT)80t22)CARBONI~CATEINYEARSBPCOORDINATESREFER'TOPLANTGRIDSYSTDIRlfERTOPLATEIIFORLOCATIONOf'ECTIONPOLLENSAMPLESWESTWALL-COOLINGTOWERTRENCHCTT-IPLATE2.3-13DAMETSBMOORS

/00f'1illii,'1i'iillIIi(WIiit'Iil'li90IIl'Vi706'0'IlfWf'litlt"lifIIFWcIV",11(IIFi"ItW.ttiF('llIiJ5040QO8020/0SWtf(ItIiI<<1V1ilI,II"IiliI>1iiFWt"".W"WIt'IV'SWl'Wl"i'Wrl';(i1WfIiii1(fftiIW(i'liitV'W.,ithiiIIWifWWII(WvltiWt(llIIIV!>>ll"gI'"FifIII'Viit!IItl(WIiIWIiI(I"IIi.lli+filiIII'tlI'll(II:I0CbyOmgiub/0.0/0ISI0./GRAINSIZE0/AIFIETERfmmJ0.0/GRAINSIZEDlSTRlBUTIONCURVE"IIISlliI0.00/IVIV

/00wi!t4illwttt'11'1lt'llf'wiAtl90,I,li'8070J80>so(40N20/0fi1tIitgfttiti,f.Ift'll'w1,iwAili"IlI'ttftl<)lnIIAtwftI'I~IiAhwill'i)lh"IInIIi'I'"Ii1I'l"Ii',VÃi'i,I'ii(It)it"4111IInlitt.Iit.,Il!I,t.'"'I'iiifillit"IItt1'3~I!-53~50/00/.00./0.0/eeA//f/sizzuiauErFai~/GRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONCURVE

/00eo7080504.40NI"ItIfI,titI20/0lit(lfIilH05rIgroNo0/0/.00./GRAINSIZEDIAMETER(mm)0.0/GRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONCURVE0.00/

/008070sfstisshttliifsstrtt.lttIIIIs'hsI1~IiL~L-tiIt'it"I11ishsI'.iI"hh'<tiltI,ssli,itssstrtl'II1"'1st'th11111ssltiisII'litl,h.sillslit,f1st'ls*lsIsthIIstt,t1st605'040oX20/0:"IIssIJtliti11hssiils"i11itisttIitItitiflttsil,its,i"I'tttiI'l1tiIrttrsitfsI;~'IiifiIt'siltl"II'is;rtt's'll'ithIIisit,s,II,'4i(li"itlfhItsstiliiitlIIlsIsIsl's,il'.'Itst"fstt1~il'siiii'I'1sthtislitIs5rIOIRt00/0./.00./&i'A///S/ZFDIA/i/ETERfmmJGRAINSIZEDISTRIBUTIONCURVE0.0/0.00/

/00i'IIii'iIfih90il!hlh7060Ih1ItitMiiilit'.h"lliI"IIfh;~oN5040Itrhi'iih0a5rClmgraCO/0.0/.00./GRAINSIZEOIANFTERfmmJ,GRAINSIZE'ISTRIBUTIONCURVE0.0/0.00/

/00'sisti'sI1itI$~IMiljhIIj3,I'Ifitsj,IstI~~"jiht:tIjslFlLtsf,sssIIPs,~idsis',"f'IIIIssfeo70s'rihsitI'stsli4t'Ifs.'IstflitjjsI4sssIisKt'sii;ii,IhffsitV~,f"IitsIiItifit!,'iIstKlisI'Iff.filiIIh.80MS~sfViitlsts'issII,Mooso4'020/0'ssiiss4isfIltf4V.'eaf'lU~IIIiCis1stlt,Ii'fitliVl"ss'14"s'IsiIsjis,st'fIis'tVii1'llTsis'",I,lstiittlsiiI~sh14Itisi,iisri'.;llI1stihliiI,Iss1',ss'shhf'.iifgtIshliIiffhMt~KIlsssI0ClmjroII/0.0/.00./GRAINSIZEDIAMETER(mm)GRAINSIZEDISTR/BUTIONCURVE0.0/000/

/0090iigV'IIvj.li~iiII8070VP'V'6'0504'I40So4li!"Ii20tiIV/000Img4IIO/0.0/0LL0./BRA/iVSIZEOIA/v/FTER(mm)GRAINSlZEDlSTRIBUTIONCURVE0.0/0.00/

0 KEY:70AS43andAS44fromTrench4GroupIfromN.R.T.0040E0/0I-I-I-Kl0LH'LLITECIECRIrEFELDSRIRSILICAPERCENTMINERALCONTENT"OFSAMPLES'FROhlTRENCH4ANDNORTHRADWASTETRENCHNote:Bargraphshowsrange.Arrowshowsarlthmetlcmean.

Reference:

Plate1-4ofVol.ll,NiagaraMohawkPowerCorp.,1978PLATE2.3-22~SBLSORCRSNCHILI 1

8o6o4oZn=22420S0%WW%~0<%~ARBOREALPOLLEN6o4o0Zn~149204V~ONON-ARBOREALPOLLENFREQUENCYDIAGRAMSFORPOLLENSPECTRA*REPRESENTINGTOTALOFSAMPLESFROMNORTHRADWASTEANDCIRCULATINGWATERPIPINGTRENCHES*DOESNOTINCLUDESPOREFREQUENCIESPLATE2.3-24SAMOS0ONCN7RS

PHOTOGRAPHSOFLATEPLEISTOCENECLAYSHOWINGCLAYLAMINAEWITH70DIPEQUALTOTHATOFSHORTLIMBOFKINKFOLDALONGRADWASTEFAULTZONEPLATE2.3-25DAMES8MOORS

REFERENCE:

2.1"12PLATE hV PHOTOGRAPHSOFDEFORMATIONINLATEPLEISTOCENECLAYSSHOWINGA)LOCATIONOFFOLDSB)FOLDINCLAYS

REFERENCES:

1.PLATES2.1-13,142.PHOTOSCOURTESYOFSTONE6WEBSTERENG.CORP.PLATE2.3"26PAMSSBMOORS

ALAMINATEDCLAYINCONTACTWITHSHORTLIMBOFKINKFOLDDIPPING50oWESTCONTORTIONSINCLAYINDICATEDOWN-DIPTRANSLATIONOFCLAYSSCALE:TENTHSOFONEINCHSIMILARIIIEWASAPLATE2.3-27OAMSS0MOORSPHOTOGRAPHSOFDEFORMATIONFEATURESINLATEPLEISTOCENECLAYNORTHRADWASTETRENCH

'

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FluidInclusionAnalysesforDamesandMoore,Inc.SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,Unit-2,SeriesGA3Jobi/4707-022-19TransmittalLetter04707B-DB-T0489H.L.BarnesConsultingGeochemistSeptember4,1979

DiscussionofResultsThetexturesofthecalcitesfillingthefracturesinthesesamplesindicateaclearcutsequenceofevents.Thissequenceisbestseenbyclassifyingthecalcitesintothreedifferenttypes.Type1isassociatedwiththesub-horizintalbrecciasandisintenselydeformedoftentobecomegranulated.Type2isfoundonsub-verticalfracturesandismildlydeformed.Type3iseuhedral,small,undeformedcrystalsinfillingopenfracturesandvoids.TemperaturesFluidinclusionswerenotdetectedineithertypes1or2veryprobablybecauseofdeformation.Theoccurrenceofmarcasiteassociatedwithtype2indicatestemperaturesbelowabout157'C.Inclusionsintype3calcitewerepresentbutdifficulttoidentifybecausebubbleswereabsentintheirfluids.Conse-quently,thiscalciteanditsinclusionsformedatverylowtem-peratures.Theseinclusionswereheatedtodeterminedecrepitationtemperaturesbecausetheyrepresentmaximumfillingtemperaturesandtotestbythisdistributionoftemperaturewhetherthistypeincludedmorethanonepopulation.Figure1showsthedistributionforprimaryandsecondaryinclusionsand"Figure2bysamplenumber.Bothindicateasinglepopulationandthelowesttemperaturesof40'Cindicatethattheywereformedatorbelowthistemperature.

~~~

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Twoinclusionswerealsocooledtotestforseparationofavaporbubbletobetterdefinethefillingtemperatures.Nobubblesformedbuttheinclusionsfrozeat-3and-4'Cwhichshowthefluidtobedilutewithconcentrationsequivalentto5-6wt.%NaC1..'hecoolingevidenceandthelowdecrepitationtemperaturesdemonstratethattype3calciteformedattemperaturesindistinguish-ablefrompresentambienttemperatures.Implicitly,therequirementsofevenshallowgeothermalgradientsprovethatcalciteprecipitationoccurredatornearthepresentsurface.Thelowsalinityiscom-patiblewiththisobservation.ParagenesisTheparageneticsequence,asindicatedbythetexturesandtemperaturedatafromthesamplesisshowninFigure3.Thetexturalrelationshipbetweenmarcasite,pyrite,andsphaleriteindicatesthatthepyriteandsphaleriteweredeformedbyDofourreportofOctober,1977.Theupperstabilitylimitof157'Cformarcasite,aswellasitsweakerdeformation,indicatesthatitwasdepositedafterD,butprobablybeforeD,whichwasa2'ervasivedeformation.NoneofthethreetypesofcalciteobservedintheGA3seriesof1samplesissimilarintextures,color,andinclusionstothelowesttemperaturecalcitesdescribedinourearlierreport.Thelowertemperaturelimitof85'CduringD4ishigherthanthetemperaturesfoundforthecalcitesintheGA3series.Intheabsenceof

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oftemperaturedataforTypes1and2calcites,theymayhavebeendepositedduringorafterD4.However,botharedeformed,indicatingafifthperiodofdeformation,D>.TheopeningoffracturesduringDallowedverylowtemperaturefluidstocirculate,precipitatingType3calcite.ThisevidencefitsbestwithverylowtemperaturesD.Temperaturesforsingle-phaseprimaryandsecondaryfluidinclusionsindicatethattemper-atureswerewellbelow100'Cbythistimeandprobablywerealsobelow40'C.TheundeformedcrystalsofType3calciteprovethatdepositioncontinuedafterDandmaystillbetakingplace.

DescriptionsofSamplesTensamples(GA3)ofafine-grainedorthoquartzitecontainingcalcitecoatingsonfracturesurfaceswereexaminedforfluidinclusionsmineralogy,andtextures.Thesepropertiesareillus-tratedforhandsamplesinthenextsectionbyphotographsnumberedconsecutively1through17andforthinsectionsinthelastsectionbyfiguresnumberedbetween.1-1and2-10.Afterexamination,Ithecalcitesweredividedintothreetypesonthebasisoftexture1andmodeofoccurrenceasdescribedbelow.Te1CalciteOccurrence:Type1calciteoccursasthematrixmaterialinbedding-planebrecciasandmicrobrecciasinsamplesGA3-1,-4,-7A,-16,-18,andpossible-17.(SampleGA3-17wasexaminedinhandspecimenonly).ExamplesareshowninPhotos3,4,and7wherethebedding-planebrecciaiswell-developed(samplesGA3-4and-7A).DeformationandTexture::Type1calciteisintenselydeformedasshownbythefine-grainedcataclastictexturesillustratedinPhotos2-3,2-9,and2-20.Theaveragegrainsizeofthecalcitefragmentsisabout15@m.Photos2-18to2-20alsoshowevidenceofpost-deformationalsolutiontoType1calciteformingvoidslinedwithType3calcite.Associations:Type1calciteisassociatedwithangularfragmentsofthequartzitehostrockupto1cminlength(Photo4)

andangularfragmentsofindividualquartzgrainsupto75<minlength(Photos2-3and2-20).InsampleGA3-16,Type3calcite(sparrycalcite)occursfillingfracturesorvoidsinthebrecciaofwhichpartisType1calcite.Inclusions:NofluidinclusionswerefoundinanyoftheType1calcitesamples.Thedeformationhasliberatedthefluidinclusionsandthesmallgrainsizemakesimprobablethediscoveryofanypreservedinclusions.Type1calciteType3calciteDeformationTime~

Te2CalciteOccurrence:Type2calciteoccursasthin,patchycoatingsonsub-verticalfracturesurfacesonsamplesGA3-12-13and-14,(Photos8through12).Thefracturesurfacesareveryirregular,makingsamplepreparationextremelydifficult.DeformationandTexture:Type2calciteisdeformedbutnotasintenselyasType1.Thedeformationisexpressedasabundantopencleavagesinthecalcitebuttheindividualcleavagefragmentsarenotalwaysseparatedfromoneanother.Pyrite,marcasite,andisphaleritegrainsarealsofractured(Photos2-4,and2-6).Thedeformationdoesnotextendintothehostrock(i.e.thereisnoobservedbrecciationontheverticalfractures.)Associations:Marcasite,pyrite,andsphaleriteareassociated,withtheType2calcite.AllthreesulfideswereidentifiedopticallyandpyriteandmarcasitewereconfirmedbyX-raydiffraction.Allthreearefractured,thepyriteandsphaleritemoresothanthemarcasite(Photos2-4,and2-6).CloseexaminationofPhoto2-4showsthatthesulfidegrainisactuallyamicrobrecciaofpyriteandsphaleriteclastsinamarcasitematrix.Photo2-6showsagrainoffracturedmarcasitealone.Lowmagnificationexaminationofthesurfacesrevealedthatmostofthesulfidesweredepositedonthewallsofthefracture,ratherthanonorinthecalcite.Afewundeformedhemisphericalrosettesofmarcasitearepreservedindepressionsonthesurfaces.

10ParagenesisTime~Pyrite,sphaleriteMarcasiteCalciteDeformationAThisparagenesisisconsistentwiththatdevelopedinourreportofIOctober20,1977.Thepyriteandsphaleritehaveundergonemoredeformationthanthemarcasiteasshownbytheseparationandrotationofpyriteandsphaleriteclasts(Photo2-4)asopposedtotheminorfracturingofthemarcasite(Photo2-6).Furthermore,thecalciteonthefracturesurfacesappearstobeyoungerthan".themarcasiteandisalsodeformed.Comparisonoftheabovepara-genesiswiththeparagenesisfromtheOctober,1977reportsuggeststhatDAmightwellbeD2ofourearlierreportandD>couldbeeitherD3orD4.

Type3CalciteOccurrence:Type3calciteoccursassugarywhitecoatingsonsubhorizontalsurfacesandassociatedverticalfracturesonsamplesGA3-1,GA3-7andpossiblyGA3-18.OnsampleGA3-16itoccursfillingsmallsolutionfissuresandholeswithinType1calciteandalongtheboundariesseparatingType1calcitefromquartzitefragments(Photo2-18).Type1calcitefromsampleGA3-7Ahasinplacesbeentruncatedbyfracturescontainingtype3calcite(SamplePGA3-/AG.)DeformationandTexture:Occursasstubbyeuhedralcrystalsupto1mmindiameter.In'A3-18thistypeofcalcitecoatsandcementsseveralfragmentsofquartziteonthesurfaceofafracture(Photof/17).Type3calciteappearstobegenerallyundeformedexhibitingcloselyinterlockinggrainboundariesandnoevidenceoffrosting.Smallfracturesoccurinsometype3grains,occa-sionallypassingthroughthecrystalbutrarelyshowingmuchsepara-tion.Sometwinningwasobservedinthecalciteneartheedgesofpolishedsections.Associations:Usuallyverycleanofothersolidsandnotassociatedwithanyotherminerals.Inclusions:InclusionsarefairlycommoninsamplesGA3-7AGandGA3-7AJbutweredifficulttodetectowingtotheabsenceofbubbles.Primaryandsecondaryinclusionswereobservedinthesesamples.

12NoinclusionswereobservedinsamplesGA3-16,GA3-18orGA3-1.Onlydecrepitationtemperaturesweremeasuredinthe32inclusionsfoundinsamplesGA3-7A(G)and-7A(J)(Figure1)..Theseshowaconsiderablerangeandarenotseparableintoonthebasisofdecrepitationtemperaturesintopopulationsofprimaryandsecondaryinclusions(Figure2).TwoinclusionsinsampleGA3-7AJfrozeat~'emperaturesof-3'Cto-4'C,equivalenttoa5to6wt%NaC1solutionfillingtheinclusions.Whenheated,thissameinclusionleakedabout17'C,probablyduetorupturingofthewallsoftheinclusionduringfreezing.Theinclusionsoccurisolatedwithincrystals(Figure2-12)or,assecondaryinclusions,whentheyareusuallyassociatedwithotherinclusionsorientedalongsurfacefractures(Figurel-l)orgrainboundaries.Inseveralinstances,theinclusionswere'ntvisibleuntiltheirdecrepitationtemperaturewasreachedandtheysuddenlybecomeopaque.Occasionallyfluidscouldbeseenleakingfromtheinclusionswhentheywoulddecrepitate.Theinclusionsgenerallyhadveryirregularoutlinesand,dependingontheirorientationsgradedfromtransparenttonearlyopaque.ParaenesisType1calciteType3calciteDeformation

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33Phodo2-9SampleCa3-u(C)>g~l<+lchecuitgvarfx,fragmentsCq)FieldofVie~=O'PSxl80~n,Phoo'a2-/8San))aleQg3-ISgSevdose~c(a~/sing)ephaseAlvinincfue)~inr>pe8ca)'cn'eFieQofYle~e2VOXI40~~Phoyo0-/8dao-/6C~)~ice8calcivcliningrac~ure-li4eopenirijcin4>eceia,Gnomes&nlco/z.FieldoXPiece"-I.S')(/comm

34Phoa2-IqSampleOr93"/4(p)Tiypc.3ea(cn'eAnilopennopi~6recc,igI-ielcfofVicarI.SXliOntinA$~l>tX43II&PAoyoZ-2OJan)pie883-IbCE)guni.yegfeclastand'oidggJ/edavgghape3ca(el+<7ypcIcalciticp(ela'Pt/(curI5XIO~m).'9

FluidInclusionAnalysesforDamesandMoore,Inc.SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,Unit2,NorthRadwasteTrenchJobNo.04707-022-19,W.I.7070SamplesGA4-1AandlBH.L.BarnesConsultingGeochemistOctober29,1979

DiscussionofResultsThesetwosampleswereexaminedtodeterminethetexturesandtheinclusionfillingtemperaturesofthecalcitegrainscoatingsurfaceswithinfractures'hesecharacteristicswerealsocomparedwiththoseoftheGA-3seriesofsamplesforpos-sibleidentitywithoneofthetypesfoundinthisseries.ThecalcitesformingthematrixofthebrecciapatchesofsampleGA4-18arehighlydeformedandfreeofinclusions.TheircharacteristicsappeartobeidenticaltothoseofType1calcitesoftheGA-3series.AslickensidedwhitecalcitewasfoundonthesurfacesofportionsofbothsamplesGA4-1AandGA4-1B.Thiscalciteoccursonthetopographichighareasalongthefractureswherecontactbetweenthewallscausedabrasionandcataclastictextures.BecausethesecalcitesarecloselyrelatedtotheType1calcitesfoundintheshadowzonesbetweentheareasofcontactalongthefractures,thisnewtypeofcalcitehasbeenclassifiedasType1a.Bothtypesprobablyrepresentthesameperiodsoffracturing,crystalgrowth,andrepeatedfracturing.

DescriptionsofSamplesTwosamples,GA4-1AandB,ofafine-grainedgray(Oswego)sandstonewiththincoatingsofslickensidedorbrecciatedcalcitewereexamined.Twotexturesofcalciteswereobserved.OneoccursonGA4-1Bonlyandformsthematrixwithinpatchesofbreccia.Thesecond,whichoccursonbothsamples,isathin,white,slickensidedcoatingofcalcite.Theyaredescribedindetailinthisorderbelow.MatrixCalcitesOccurrence:Thesecalcitesoccurasthematrixofthesmallpatchesofbrecciafoundinthetopographic"shadows"ontheuppersurfaceofGA4-1B.ExamplesareshowninPhotos3,4,5,and6.DeformationandTexture:Type1calciteisintenselydeformedasshowninthephotographs.Theaveragegraindiameterofthecalciteclastsisabout15pmwhereasthesandstoneclastsinthebrecciamayrangefrom90pm(singlequartzgrains)toseveralmillimeters.Thisbrecciaispoorlyconsolidatedandfriable.Associations:TheType1calciteinGA4-1Bisassociatedonlywiththesandstoneclasts.Inclusions:Nofluidinclusionswerefoundinthesecalcites.Thedeformationcouldhavedestroyedanyinclusionsthatmighthave 1

beenpresentinitiallyandthesmallgrainsizeprecludesthepreservationofanyintactinclusions.Inallmajoraspects,thecalcitesofthebrecciaonsampleGA4-1BareapparentlyidenticaltothoseoftheGA3seriesofsamplesthathavebeenclassifiedas"Type1".SlickensidedCalcitesOccurrence:Thesecalcitesoccurasthin,white,slickensidedcoatingsonthesurfacesofbothGA4-1AandBasillustratedinPhotos1,2,7,and8.DeformationandTexture:Thecalcitesamplesaremacroscopicallyslickensidedandshowacataclastictextureinthinsection(Photos9,10,11,and12).Theaveragegrainsizeis5to10pm,abouthalfthatofthematrixcalcites.Deformationhasbeenintense,buthas'otseparatedthesecalcitegrainsfromthesurfaceofthehostrock.Associations:Afewsmall(<5pm)crystalsofpyriteoccurinthiscalcite(Photos13and14).Someofthecrystalsareeuhedral(suchastheoctahedrainthephotos)whileothersaresphericaltosubsphericalgrainswithoutanyvisibleinternalstructure.Thelatterappeartoberoundedsinglecrystalsratherthanframboidsandmayhavebeendislodgedandabradedgrainsfromthehostrock.Afewgrainsofquartzcanalsobefoundintermixedwiththecalcite.Inclusions:Nofluidinclusionswerefoundinthiscalciteduetoitsintensedeformation.

ThesecalcitesareclassifiedasTypelAbecausetheyoccupythecontactingsurfacesofthesamefractureswithinwhichTypeEcalcitesarefoundintheshadowzones.

PhotographsandDiagramsofHandSamplesThephotographsarenumberedconsecutivelywiththenumberofthefilmrollandthepicturenumberonthatrollbeingshowninparentheses.The*megascopiccharacteristics:ofthesamplesareshownbyphotosnumbered1through5andthephotomicrographsarenumbered6through14.Thelocationsofthephotomicrograph'sareshow'nonthefollowingtwodiagrams.

/~~~/t>>J~r/-b/-eI-/o)SczrnpleC8Z-/~Ske+cAsAocuInylocationoFphoeo/nicroprap4-8ar>>c(-/O.~/pled'7/pyle'fea./gape/a.CalcIge.Conpa>>-ecufy'APhofo2.-0.//2p//P~//7/'/P'jhgpr.c';.'.p~~'fo'...i~8r/Xie((-.x~+':~'~~,'R-2o~+8Sa~</<QpQ-/Q5'l<e+cA<Aocviny/oca+/o~sofpAofo>craphsanclpAotomi'erographs.LplAfsf/@pleda/ea/zf~~qla.eo.(viteandh0avqStippleda.rQQ.IsTypeIca.lc,<fe,Compareoui+4Phcto2.-3

Photo1(2-0):SampleGA4-1A.Allofthelight-coloredcalciteonthissampleisType1A.tVE0gIN8V-l8.Photo2(2-3):SampleGA4-1B.BothTypes1andlAcalcitearevisible.

Photo3(2-6):SampleGA4-1B.Aclose-upshowingbrecciapatchesadheringtothedown-slipsideofraisedsurfacefeaturesandslickensided.calcite(Type1A)onthe.up-slipsideofthesurface.Photo4(2-10):SampleGA4-1B.Aclose-upofType1calcitebrecciapatchfromthecenterofPhoto2-6.Photo5(2-13):SampleGA4-1B.Aclose-upofType1calcitebrecciaatrightsideofPhoto2-6.Thefinestriationsareprobablyduetosmall-scalemovementsofrockchipsagainstthefriablebrecciaduringmovementalongthefracturesurface.

'*,QgJ'f~*~ll~~p~~~.,l~>tIpjpjf~P'~j'~,jx,,g)i,fVr!,I,bi'~,...'~>/pp"411p

10Photo6(1-20):SampleGA4-1B.Alowmagnification,incidentlightphotomicrographofType1calcitefromthebrecciapatchshowninPhoto5.Thedarkfragmentsaresandstonechips,thegraymatrixisType1calcite,andt'ewhitepatchesinthesandstonearesmallpolishedsurfaces.Thesampleasawholecouldnotbepolished.Thefieldofviewis1.56mmx1.05m.

Photo7(2-8):SampleGA4-1B.SlickensidedType1Acalcite.Notestriationsrunningfromupperlefttolowerright.Photo8(2-11):.SampleGA4-1B.Aclose-upofType1AcalcitefromthelowerrightcenterofPhoto3(2-6).1division=1mmonscale.

Photo9(1-6):SampleGA4-1A.ThetypicaltextureofTypelAcalcite.Blackobjectstoleftofcenterarepyritecrystals.Circlesinthelowerleftquarterarebubblesintheimmersionoil.Fieldofview:270pmx180pm;transmittedlight,oilimmersion.JPhoto10(1-16):SampleGA4-lA.TheboundarybetweensandstoneandType1Acalciteboundary.ComparewithPhoto12(1-14)forthesametextureinsampleGA4-1B.Fieldofview:270pmx180pm;transmittedlight,oilimmersion.Photo11(1-12):SampleGA4-1B.ThetypicaltextureofType1Acalcite.Fieldofview:270pmx180pm;transmittedlight,oilimmersion.

ttJ,ti'I14'ti4.r(iftf'.-'.-~sic'('o;"':-tQv%tf'Jcrj()\)ttjii4'IIrt/Ct',<~i4I1rt

14Photo12(1-14):SampleGA4-1B.TheboundarybetweensandstoneandType1Acalcites.ComparewithPhoto10(1-16)ofthesametextureonsampleGA4-1A.Fieldofview:270pmx180pm;transmittedlight,oilimmersion.Photo13(1-17):SampleGA4-1B.SubsphericalandoctahedralpyritecrystalsinTypelAcalcite.Fieldofview:270pmx180pm;reflectedlight,oilimmersion.Photo14(1-18):SampleGA4-1B.ThesameviewasPhoto13(1-17)butwithtransmittedlight.

@Cjolc\Wc<~\CQCpYPS+~g,~g~,r~i~a+~~I15!Qvo.~ax,jIIlŽ,(I,

FluidInclusionandCompositionalAnalysesforDamesandMoore,Inc.SamplesfromNineMilePointNuclearStation,NorthRadwasteTrenchJobNo.04707-022-19,W.I.7070SamplesGA4-2toGA4-9,GA4-11,GA4-BH,GA4-SS-A,andGA4-XH.L.BarnesConsultingGeochemistDecember14,1979

DiscussionofResultsThecarbonatesdepositedinthefracturesrepresentedbythisseriesofsamplesfallintothreecategoriesbasedontheirsequenceofdeposition.ThefirstoftheseistheoldestandincludesbrecciatedandslickensidedType1calciteidenticaltothatoftheGA-3seriesplusvarioustravertinenodulesanddripstones.ThesecondcategorycontainsavarietyofsparrycalcitessimilartoType3oftheGA-3series,andtheyoungest,thirdcategoryisrepresentedonebyabrowncalcite.Thetype1brecciaandthetravertinedepositsareparagenetical3grelatedbydirect+underlyingtheothercalcites.Thistexturalpositionimpliesthatthesetwocalcitesmaywellbecontemporaneousalthoughtheyareapparentlynevercontiguous.Theyarenotfoundtogetherbecausetheirmodesofoccurrencearedifferent.Type1calciteinfillsfractures'nthehostrockandwasdepositedbelowthewatertable,whereasthetravertine,iftypicalinorigin,wasasuperficialdepositfromgroundwaterson,ornear,thesurface.BoththeType1calcitesandthetravertinearedeformedbutType1ismoresevere~crushedasexpectedforthemoresusceptibleveinfillings.TheseveredeformationofType1hasobliteratedanyadditionaltexturalevidencethatmighthaveservedtoparageneticallylinkType1withthetravertinedeposits.Thesparry,Type3calciteisfoundinavarietyofhabitsrangingfromsmall,stubbycrystals50pmindiametertolarge,radiatingcrystalsmorethan1mminlength.Type3calciteoccursinfracturesandopeningsinthebrecciasandtravertine,showingit

tobeyoungerthanthedeformationofType1,Doftheparagenesis.SomeoftheType3calcitehasbeenmildlyfracturedinayoungerdeformation,D,asshownbysomehealedfracturesintheType3calciteofsampleGA4-2andbybrokenchipsofplatyType3calciteinsampleGA4-7.Theyoungestmineral,thebrowncalciteliesontopofType3,sparrycalcite.Itisonlyiriegularlypresentbeingbothdiscon-tinuousandofvariablethickness.Thisbrown"calciteisundeformedandcoatsandcementsbrokenchipsoftheplatyType3calcite.Con-sequently,ithasbeenplacedafterDintheparageneticsequence.ThecalciteveinsofsampleGA4-S8-Acouldnotbereliablycor-relatedwiththeparageneticsequenceoftheothersamples.Thissamplewasassociatedwithbrecciasanditscalcitesweredeformed;therefore,theyappeartobeolderthanD5intheparageneticsequence.Onlyindirectevidenceofdepositiontemperatureswasfoundinthesesamples.FluidinclusionswereabsentinbothType1calciteandthetravertine.Nevertheless,thefinegrainsizeofthetrav-ertineimpliesalowtemperaturebecausecalciteiseasilyrecrystal-lizedevenattemperaturesbelow100'C.Single-phaseliquidinclusions,bothsecondaryandprimary,arecommoninsomespecimensoftheType3sparrycalcite.Againtheseinclusionsindicatelowdepositionaltemperatures,belowabout30'C.Noinclusionswereobservedinthebrowncalcite.IntheparageneticsequenceofFigure1,.shownaredepositionalstagesforminorsiltycalciteandpyriteaswellasforthedominantcalcitetypesallwithrespecttothemoreseverestageofdeformation, a

Travtv.win<Pgpl+6.Silkyl"a.lcHe.Spa~<gCa>cite.Type3)Bf'oluQCQ.la,H.e.??Deformeat'ionFissurej

D,andthemilddeformation,D.Thetwostagesofsilty,pyriticcalcitemaybetheproductsofeitherinsitusettlingsoonaftereachperiodofdeformationoroftransportedmaterialwashedinfrom~otherareaswhilethefractureswerestillrelativelyopen.Bothstagesofpyriteareverysimilarinthatbothcontainfine-grainedeuhedralandsphericalcrystalsasshowninPhoto26ofsampleGA4-7.Theparagenesesoftheveinfillingforeachsampleareshownonthedetailedparageneticdiagram,'igure2.Thisfigureprovidesdocumenta-tionofthesummarydigram,Figurel.ThreesampleswereexaminedbyX-raypowderdiffractionmethods-todeterminetheirmineralogicalcompositionsasshowninTablel.SampleGA4-Xisnotanaturalmaterial,butisaman-madecementcom-posedofportlandite(Ca(OH2)),vaterite(CaC03),minorcalcite(CaC03),andverysmallamountsofquartzandfeldspar(probablyplagioclase).SampleGA4-BHisknowntobeagroutandwasusedforcomparisonwithGA4-X.Thequartz,feldspar,andpyroxenearepresentinGA4-BHassand-sizedclastsboundbyaportlandite,vaterite,and.calcitecement.SampleGA4-SS-Aisdominantlycalcitewithminoramountsofquartzandclay.

Figure2Inlividu~(Sc~p4.Pataqeee.sesSParrot'QokcAt4beauaC'I0r.Rahio.tickyCa%cite+ye~+e.Bred.ca.~sqccdc,~Trave<tine.Spa.rrqCalcite.'Trae.vtieeWr'ite.SfarvqCalcite9cecc.so.SPar<<Ca,lc,ite.Tiaveveicie.lieth+prateham.~ayS~iHCcLc,ife.Co'lucnnecvSar~Calcite.S~i4CAC,itcPNrifeBrownCalcite.PciteQrccc.'Lo~Travertine,Pcite.SA+qCale<<<~r>>e,Co)ucncio.v-Spec.reCcheitePiece-ScannedtanCalcite1 0

Table1.X-RayAnalysesofSelectedSamplesConditionSample12PhasespresentGA4-BHQuartz,calcite,pyroxene,(feldspar),(vaterite),(portlandite)UntreatedGA4-XPortlandite,vaterite,calcite,(quartz),(2feldspar)GA4-S8-ACalcite,quartz,(clays)TreatedwithHClGA4-BHGA4-XGA4-S8-AQuartz,pyroxene,feldsparQuartz,(2feldspar)Quartz,(clays)1MinorphasesthatareinsolubleindiluteHC1wereconcentratedforanalysisbyremovingsolublephaseswithlOXHC1.2Phasespresentarelistedindecreasingorderofabundance.Parenthesesindicateveryminoramountspresentandaquestionmarkindicatesthepossibility,butnotcertaintyofthepresenceofthatphase.

CharacteiisticsofIndividualSamplesDetaileddescriptionsaregiveninthefollowingsectionsforeachsamplein.numericalorderfromGA4-2toGA4-9,'A4-11,andGA4-SS-A.Photographsoftheentirerocksamplesandassociatedfracture-fillingmineralsarefoundinsimilarorder.(exceptasnotedinthecaptions)inthelastsection.

GA4-2Occurrence:Calcitemineralizationoccursonasiltstonelayeratthebaseofabrecciazonesub-paralleltothebedding(Photo1).DeformationandTexture:GA4-2calciteisdominantlyasparrycolorless,clearcalcitewithanequanttexture(Photo2).Thiscalciteshowsevidenceofminordeformationinhealedfractures(Photo3)anddeformationtwinning(Photo4).Twinningisuncommon,thoughpresentinonlyabout2%ofthegrams.Grainsizerangesfrom100pmupto1mm.Thecolorless,coarsecalciteattheedgesofthecoatingareradiatingfan-shapedsheavesofcalcite(Photo5).'tcontainsnumerousair-filledsecondaryinclusiontrainsandshowswavyextinction.Pyrite,is-associatedwiththeoutermostcalcite,whethersparryorradiating.Browncalciteoccursincontactwiththesparryandradiatingcalcite(Photo6).Inotherpreparedchips,theouterportionsofthesparrycalciteissilty,containsstreaksofextremelyfinegrainedmaterialand,insomespots,quartzshardsandeuhedralpyriteaswell(Photo7).Associations:Anhedralpyritewithsparrycalcite,radiatingcalcite;euhedralpyrite,quartzshardsandsiltwithsparrycalcite;othersasdescribedabove.FluidInclusions:Secondaryinclusiontrainsarecommon,buttheinclusionsaregas-filled,singlephaseinclusions,andarenotsuitableforgeothermometry.Primaryinclusionsareverycommonalonggrainboundaries.Allareveryirregularinshapeandcontainonly

liquid.Abubbleoccupying1%ofthevolumeoftheinclusionifpresentwouldeasilybeobserved;onecanshowthatatemperaturedecreaseoflessthan10'Cfrom25'Cwouldcausesufficientcon-tractionoftheliquidphasetoproducesuchabubble.Thefactthatalloftheinclusionscontainonlyasinglephasedoesnot,4however,indicatethattheinclusionsformedbetween15'nd25'C(althoughthisispossible),onlythattheinclusionsformedatatemperatureoflessthan25'C.Severalotherinclusions(Photo8)wereobservedtocontaininordinantlylargebubbles.Theproximityoftheseinclusionstofractures(orthepolishedsurface)leadsonetosuspectthattheyhaveleaked.ParaenesisSparrycalcite(T<25'C)RadiatingcalcitePyriteBrowncalciteDeformationGA4-3C.DOccurrence:'alcitepatchesonasandstonelayeratthebaseofabeddingplanebrecciazone.Patchesexhibitslickensides,andareelongatedparalleltoslipdirection..(Photo9)

Photo1:SampleGA4-2.Scaleis10mmlong.Photo2:GA4-2.Polishedsectionunderobliquetransmittedillumination.Thecoarsecoreisclear,sparrycalcite.Thefinegrainedmate-rialattheleftendisbrowncalcite.Thechipisapproximately7mmlongPhoto3:GA4-2.Secondaryinclusiontrain(healedfracture)insparrycalcite.Fieldofview(FOV)=460x310pm.Photo4:GA4-2.Twinlamallaeinsparrycalcite.Reflectedlight.FOV=580x390pm.

'h+hC).,It"II'Q1'.'lfl,.T".~'.lPIIi)j/+iy(sli+rII'IP4'l)I.I-1II0@I'fIII-tIII'rI4')Fj

Photo5:GA4-2.Fan-shapedcalcitewithsecondaryinclusions.FOV=1.3x0.9mm.Photo6:GA4-2.Sparrycalcite/browncalcitecontact.FOV=1~6x1.1mm.Photo7:GA4-2.Quartz(highrelief)andpyrite(white)insparrycalcite.Photo8:GA4-2.Inclusionsinsparrycalcite.Thesecondaryinclusiontrainsoccuratlowercenterandlowerright.Anarrowindicatesaninclusionwithavaporbubble,probablyduetoleakage.FOV=160x110pm.

JIJi~>gJ7II.1/),PILr4~WAlTJ~t+~,~i4~~~JP<<g'-t/~4CII4I!

00g1 14TextureandDeformation:IdenticaltosamplesGA4-3D,GA4-6andGA4-8:fine-grainedcataclasticcalcitematrix(Type1)sur-roundingangulargrainsofquartzandquartzite(Photo10).Somehealedfracturesareevidentasirregular,patchynetworksofcoarser-grainedcalcite(upto150pm)(Photoll).Theaveragegrain-sizeofthematrixis10-30pm.Theaveragegrain-sizeofquartzandqu'artzitefragmentsis30pmand250pm,respectively.Minorscatteredsulfides(pyrite,sphalerite)arefoundthroughoutthesamples,andappeartobeassociatedwithquartzandquartzitegrains.FluidInclusions:Noneobserved.ParaenesisType1calciteDeformationHealedfracturecalciteSulfides(inhost)GA4-3DOccurrence:Microbrecciapatchesonsandstone.Basically,thissampleissimilartoGA4-6andGA4-8.AmatrixofcataclasticType1calcitesurroundsangularscatteredquartzgrainsandfragmentsofquartzitebedrock.Minorsulfidesarescatteredthroughoutthesamples.

Photo9:GA4-3D.IsolatedpatchesofType1calcite(brecciaandslickensides).Photo10:GA4-3C.SlickensidedType1calcite(fine-grainedmatrix)containingangularquartzshardsandsandstonefragments(highrelief).Whitegrainsarepyrite(subhedral)andskeletaldetritalilmenite.FOV=1.6x1.1mminreflectedlight.Photoll:GA4-3C.Healedfracturesinbreccia.ThecalciteinthefracturesismorecoarselycrystallinethanType1andmaybeType3calcite.FOV=1.3x0.9mm.

'

4'd~'i'~'~cf--/~l~rJ-(44P,p.i&.J'Ok5g':~ik'4

17GA4-4Occurrence:Smallcalcareous"concretions"on35east-dippingshearfractureatthebaseofabrecciazone.DeformationandTexture:Thedepositsconsistofveryfine-grained(5-10pm)argillaceouscalcitecontainingafewquartzshardsandabundant,extremelyfine-grainedpyrite(<1pm).Thematerialisbanded,invariousshadesoftanandgray,butthetextureisfairlyuniformacross.thebands.Somebandscontainvugslinedwithsparrycalcite.Pyriteisconcentratedalongthebands.Thespecimensarefracturedbycompressionnormaltothefrac-turesurface.Thefracturesshowastopographicfeaturesonthesurfaceofthespecimens(Photo12)andascalcitefilledcracksinthinsection(Photo13).Associations:Seeabove.FluidInclusions:Nonebecausethegrainsizeistoosmall.Paraenesis"Nodular"calcitePyriteSparrycalciteinfracturesDeformation

Photo12:GA4-4."Nodules"ofargillaceouscalcite.Notethesurfaceexpressionoffracturesinindividualpieces.Photo13:GA4-4.Apolishedthinsectionofa"nodule,"underobliqueincidentillumination.Notethesemi-circular,sparrycalcite-filledfractureanddistinctbanding(nonconcentric).Thechipisabout15mmlong.

4r~Y

20GA4-5Occurrence:Sparryandmicrocrystallinecalcitepatchesonfracturesurfacesinthenorthwalloftheslot,(Photo14).DeformationandTexture:Thissampleisatexturallycomplexdepositofseveraltypesofcalcite(Photo15).Theearliestcalciteisveryfine-grained(<10pm),brownishincolor,andbanded.Itoccursasangular,welldefinedfragments(Photo16)aswellaspoorly-definedpatches(Photo17).Asecondtypeofcalciteoccurspredominantlyasamatrixtotheearliesttype.Thegrainsizeisgenerally20to40pmandthetextureandcolor(tan)arefairlyuniform.Contactswiththeearliercalciteisgradational,possiblyduetorecrystallizationorcrystalenlargementalongthecontacts.Thethirdtypeofcalciteoccursascross-cuttingveinsofclear,colorlesscalcitecrystalsabout40-70pmindiameter.AllthreetypesofcalcitecanbeseeninPhoto16.Euhedraltosubhedralpyriteisunevenlydispersedthroughthefirsttwotypesofcalcite,butdoesnotoccurinthefracturefillings.Associations:Seeabove.FluidInclusions:Noneobservedbecauseth'egrainsizeistoo

ParaenesisCalciteinfragmentsCalciteinmatrixPyriteCalciteinfracturesDeformation

Photo14:GA4-5Photo15:GA4-5.Travertine.Notethevarietyoftextures.Theblackspecksarepyritegrains.Thechipisabout10mmlongandwasphotographedunderobliqueinci-dentlighting.Photo16:GA4-5.Fragments,matrix(upperleftandright),andfracturefillingcalcite.FOV=1.6x1.1mm.Photo17:GA4-5.Indistinctfragmentsandmatrixcalcite.Blackgrainsarepyrite.FOV=1.6x1.1mm.

23Il>>y~g~I,>><<f'<<'$-<<>>."

24GA4-6Occurrence:Smallpatchesofmicrobrecciaarelocatedonthesurfacesofapieceofbedrock(Photo18).Severalofthepatchesshowslickensidesassociatedwithfiner-grainedmicrobreccia.DeformationandTexture:Thesampleconsistsofangular,scatteredquartzgrains(upto300pm)andfragmentsofsandstonebedrocksurroundedbyamatrixofmosaic,irregular,fine-grainedcalciteupto60pm(Photo19).ThiscataclasticcalcitematrixisidenticaltotheType1calcitedescribedinearlierreports(Sept.1979,p.7).TheType1calciteoccasionallygradesintoacoarser,cleaner,non-deformed,idiomorphiccalcitewhichcoatssolutioncavitiesintheType1calcite(Photo20).ThislatercalciteisidenticaltotheType3calcitedescribedinearlierreports(Sept.1979,p.7andp.11,sampleGA3-16),andisnon-deformedandgenerallyfreeofquartzgrains.Scatteredsulfidesarefrequentlyassociatedbothwithscatteredquartzgrainsandwithquartzgrainswithinbedrockfragments.Thequartzisoccasionallysurroundedbychalcopyrite,whichisinturnsurroundedbypyrite.Otherinstancesshowscattered,isolatedgrainsofchalcopyrite,sphalerite,andpyrite;thelatterinfrequentlysurroundsdetritalheavyminerals.,Noneofthematerialobservedmicroscopicallycouldbecorrelatedwiththeslickensidedcalcitenotedinhandsample.Associations:AsnotedunderDeformationandTexture.

25Inclusions:NonewereobservedinType1calcitebecauseitistoofine-grained.Thetype3,sparrycalciteliningvugsinsampleGA4-6'ontainsveryfewoptical3grecognizablefluid.inclusions.Theinclusionsthat,arepresentareverysmall(ontheorderofafewmicrometersindi-ameter)andgeneralitysingle-phase.Therelative3grare,two-phaseinclusionscontainorgyasma11vaporbubbleinconstant,randommotion.Theinclusionsaretypica13gfoundinthree-dimensionalpatcheswithinthecrystals,suggestingthattheinclusionsareprimary.Afewinclusionswereobservedalongtheinterfacebetweentwocrystals.Suchinclusionsmaynotbeprimary.Thesmallsize'ftheinclusionsintheType3calciteprecludesanyIheatingorfreezingtestsduetothelimitationsofmagnificationandresolutionofthelensesusedwiththeheating/freezingstage.However,thesingle-phasenatureofthemajorityoftheinclusionsandthesmallsizeofthevaporbubbleinthetwo-phaseinclusionsareconsistentwithalowtemperatureoriginforthiscalcite.Basedontheobservedfluidinclusionsandtexturalrelationships,thesparrycalciteliningvugsinsampleGAL-6clearlyappearstobeType3calcitea'sprevious3ydefinedandusedhere.ParaenesisIdenticaltothatnotedinearlierreports(Sept.1979,p.7-8)~

Photo18:GA4-6.Brecciapatches.Photo19:GA4-6.Type3calcite(breccia)containingquartzgrains(gray,highrelief),pyriteandchal-copyrite(whitegrain)andsphalerite(lightgrayrectangulargrain).FOV=580x390pm.Reflectedlight.Photo20:GA4-6.Type3calcite(bottom)andquartzwithType1calcitearoundvug(top).FOV=1.3x0.9mminreflectedlight.

27

28GA4-7Occurrence:Acalcareous,dripstone-likedepositonasandstonebedinazoneofbroadfoldingofthehanging-wallblockofthedis-continuity.Abrecciazone,sub-paralleltobedding,islocatedapproximatelyonefootbelowthespecimenlocation.Thesamplecon-sistsofseveraltypesofcalcite(Photo21).Onetypeformssemi-cylindricalrodsofdripstone,someofwhicharestillintact,butmorearecollapsed,havingbeenhollowtubesatonetime.Onepiece(Photo22)isbadlybrecciated,whileothers(GA4-7)arecollapsedtubesfilledwithaslightlycoarsercalcite(Photo23).Thedripstonetubesaredepositedonathin,laminated,platysub-strate(Photo21).Thisplatycalcitealsooccursasbrokenchipswhichhavebeencementedtoeachotherandtothedripstone.Thecementingcalciteisdistinctfromeithertheplatyordripstonecarbonateandoccursasasparrycoatingonsomeofthedripstone,andasacementbetweenbrokendripstonefragments.DeformationandTexture:Theplatycalciteiscomposedofatleastthreedistinctlayers(Photo24).Fromoldesttoyoungest,theseareasfollows:theoldestlayeriscomposedofclear,sparrycalciteincolumnsorientedperpendiculartothegrowthsurface.Thelowertwo-thirdsofthelayercontainsmanysmaller,anhedralcalcitegrainsshowinghighreliefamongtheprismaticcrystals,whereastheupperthirdofthecolumnarlayershowsfinegrowth-layeringmadevisiblebyapalebrownishcoloration.Thecalciteprismsareterminatedbycrystalfaces.Thiscolumnarcalcitelayer

29isoccasionallyverythinorabsentinwhichcase,browncalcite(below)maybedepositeddirectlyonthedripstone.Thecolumnarcalcitelayerisoverlainbyathinlayerofdark,veryfine-grainedcalcareousmaterial.Pyriteisabundantinthislayer'nddisplaysoctahedral,cubic,andsphericalhabits.Quartzfragmentsaresometimespresent,indicatingthatthismaterialis,inpart,clasticandmayrepresentfinedetrituswashedfrombrecciapatches(seethedescriptionofsampleGA4-6).Thepyrite,however,doesnotappeartohavebeentransportedordeformed.Thedark,pyrite-richlayerisusuallypresent,althoughinsomechipsitisdiscontinuousorentirelyabsent.Positiveidentificationofthislayercanbedifficultbecauseotherpyrite-richsiltylayersalsooccurelsewhereintheparagenetictextures.Abovethefinegrained,siltylayerisafrostingofundeformed,euhedral,browncalcite.Thecolorandunusualhabitaredistinctiveandcanbeusedtopositivelyidentifythismaterialthroughoutthesample.Thecrystalsareelongated,withslightlyroundededgesandfaces,andareterminatedbyrhombohedralfaces.Thecrosssectionistriangularandispreservedevenwhenthecrystalsarecloselygrown,leavingopenspacesbetweenthecrystals(Photo25).Theseintersticesarefilledwithfine-grained,pyrite-richmaterialfromthelayerdescribedabove.Thedripstonerodsaredominantlycom-posedoflaminated,veryfine-grainedcalcite.Thesecalcitegrainsareequantandtheaveragegrainsizeisabout7pm.Pyriteispresentasveryirregular,anhedralgrainswidelyscatteredthrough

30thedripstonecore(Photo26).Thecoreofthedripstoneisoftenfracturedand,inonefragment,(Photo22)partiallybrecciated.Adark,fine-grainedlayercoatsthefracturedmaterial,butthefracturesdonotextendintothedarkermaterial.Sparry,sometimescolumnar,calciteisdepositedontheoutersurfaceofthedripstone.Thelayervariesinthicknessandmaybeabsentorrepresentedbyonlyafew,scattered,singlecrystals.S'iltystreakssplayawayfromthedripstoneintothesparrycalcite(Photo27),butdonotdisruptthegrowthofthecrystals.Ontheoppositeedgeofthesectionisalayerofbrownsparrycalcitecon-tainingalargeamountoffine-grainedimpurities.Similarrelation-shipsinotherchipsindicatethatthebrowncalciteisthesameasthatobservedintheplatycalcitechips.Thefracturingofthedripstoneindicatesthataperiodofdeformationoccurredafterthedepositionofthedripstone,butbeforedepositionofthedarkgraylayer.Theplatycalciteha'salsobeenbrokenandrecementedbybrowncalcitetothedripstonerods(Photo21).Thisevidenceofaseconddeformationisvisiblemacroscopically.Associations:AsdescribedinDeformationandTextures.Inclusions:Thedripstonecalciteistoofinegrainedtopreserveusefulinclusions.Thecoarserbrownandcolorlesssparrycalcitesarecoarseenoughtocontaininclusionsbutnonewereobservedineithertype.

31DripstoneSiltycalcite(clastic?)PyriteColumnarcalciteBrowncalciteDeformationD(D)~Thefine-grainedtextureofthedripstoneindicatesthattemperatureshaveremainedlowenoughtopreventrecrystallizationofthecalcite.

Photo21:GA4-7."Dripstone"andplatytravertine.Notebrecciatedpieceatrightandcollapsedtubeatcenter.Photo22:GA4-7.ThinsectionofbrecciatedpieceinPhoto21.Onlythedarkcoreisfractured.Thechipisabout2cmlonginobliquetrans-mittedlight.Photo23:GA4-7.Crosssectionsof"dripstone."Thelongitudinalsectionshowsafaultedcorerimmedbysparrycalcite(top)andbrowncalcite(bottom).Theothertwosectionsshowfracturefillingsofsparrycalcite.Thesetwosectionsarefromcollapsedtubes.Thelargepieceisabout15mmlong,inobliquetransmittedlight.Photo24:GA4-7~Crosssectionofplatycalcite.Fromlefttoright:siltylayer,columnarcalcite,siltylayer(dark),browncalcite(grayanddarklayersatright).FOV=1.3x0.9mm.

.1ck'Il.~t0"l~I4I-4<<~,4p...+'fgtA'I~'lq

Photo25:GA4-7.Browncalcite/pyriticsiltcontact.Sectioniscutparalleltocontactsurface.FOV=580x390pm.Photo26:GA4-7.Pyriteinsiltylayerunderbrowncalcite.Allareeuhedralinvarietyofhabits.FOV=160x110pm.Reflectedlight.Photo-27:GA4-7.Sparrycalcitefillingfracturein"dripstone"coreandcoatingendofthechip.Noteargillaceousstreakinsparrycalcite.FOV=1.3x0.9mm.

l.1lt'lt"~ptlF0$C.J~l'Q-Q.405'g.~~~I'l~4Oc6lA

36GA4-8Occurrence:Slickensidedmicrobrecciapatcheslocatedonsiltstone(Photo28).DeformationandTexture:Samplesconsistofafine-grainedcataclasticcalcitematrix(upto60pmgrainssurroundingscatteredangularquartzgrains(upto300pmgrainsandangulartosubroundedfragmentsofquartzite.ThiscalciteisidenticaltoType1calcitedescribedinearlierreports(Sept.1979)andisidenticaltothatfoundinGA4-6.Scattere'dgrains(upto50pm)ofsulfides,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,andpyrite,occurthroughoutthesamples.Theyarefrequently,thoughnotalways,intergrownwithquartzgrains.Thecataclastictextureofthecalcitematrixistheonlytextureindicatingdeformation,andtherearenosolutioncavitieslinedwithType3calciteasthesewereinsampleGA4-6.FluidInclusions:Nonewereobservedduetothecataclastictexture.ParaenesisType1calciteSulfidesDeformation

37Photo28:GA4-8.Type1calcitewithslickensides.Photo29:GA4-9B.Apatchofbrecciaonasubstrateofdarkgraysand-stone.

38

'lt14qkJ*t~g4k'.2~l*'CT1l 39GA4-9Occurrence:Brecciapatchesoccurona25'-dippingshearsurfaceatthesouthendoftheslot.Thehostrockisadarkgrayfossiliferousgraywacke(PulaskiFm.).TextureandDeformation:AllofthecalcitedepositsonthesesamplesarepatchesofbrecciatedmaterialcontainingTypelcalciteandsandstonefragments(Photo29),asdescribedforsamplesGA4-3,-6,and-8.FluidInclusions:None(notpreserved).ParaenesisTypelcalciteDeformation

40GA4-llAandCOccurrence:SeveraltypesofcalcareousdepositsoccuronverticalfracturesurfacesofthesamplesofGA4-llincludinglightgray"nodules"(seeGA4-llB),darkgraysparrycalcite(browncalciteinthinsection),andcoarse,radiatingcalcitecrystals(Photo30).DeformationandTexture:Thecolorless,radiatingcalcitecrystalsrangeinsizefrom2.5mminlengthdowntolessthan100pm.Thebasalportionsofthecrystalscontainabundantargillaceouspatchesthatextendfromasilty,calcareoussubstrate(Photo31).Thecrystalsareclearandfreeofbothinclusionsandanyevidenceofdeformation.Thesiltysubstratehasacalcitematrix(grainsizeof5-10pm),commonveryfinepyrite(1-10pm)anduncommonquartzshards(<75pm).Associations:Finegrainedcalciteisfoundwithpyriteandquartzandclear,radiatingcalcite.FluidInclusions:Nonefound.ParaenesisFinegroundsiltycalcitePyriteCoarse,clearcalciteDeformation

41Photo30:GA4-llA.Radiatingcrystalsof,sparrycalciteonsilty,bandedtravertine.Thelabelisapproxi-mately3cmlong.Photo31:GA4-11C.Apolishedthinsectionofaportionoftheabovesample.Thechipisabout1cmindiameter,inobliqueincidentillumination.

30

GA4-11BOccurrence:Thischipwastakenfromanirregular,verticalfracturesur'face(Photo32).SeveraltypesofcalcareousdepositsoccuronthesamesurfaceofwhichoneisdescribedhereandtheothersareunderothersectionsunderGA4-ll.Thedepositsare1-2mmthickandincludelightgray"nodular"depositsanddripstone,aswellasdarkgray,sparrycalcite(browncalciteinthinsection).DeformationandTexture:The"nodular"veinfillingisalaminated,fine-grainedtravertine(5-10pm)containingabundantclay-sizedgrains,probablyofquartzandpyrite.Pyriteisabun-dantasanhedraltoeuhedralgrains(<1pmto20pm)andisconcentratedparalleltothelaminations.Theinfillingisfaulted(Photo33),indicatingdeformationafterdeposition.Associations:Seeabove.FluidInclusions:None.Thematerialistoofine-grained.ParaenesisFinegrainedcalcitePyriteDeformationD5

Photo32:GA4-llB.Severaltypesofcalcareouscrustsonafracturesurface:lightgray"nodular"depositsatright,"dripstone"(rightcenter),andbrowncalcite(darkgrayatextremeleft).Photo33:GA4-11B.ApolishedthinsectionoflightgraydepositssimilartothoseinPhoto32.Notethefaultattheright.Darkareasar'epyritic.This.,chipisabout1cmacross,inoblique-incidentillumination.Photo34:GA4-llE.Bandedandmottledtravertine.Darkareasarepyritic.Thislargechipisabout12mmlong,inobliquetransmittedillumination.Photo35:GA4-llE.Pyrite(zoningpresentbutnotvisibleinphoto)andquartzfragmentsinfine-grainedcalciteofthetravertinechipshowninPhoto34.FOV=460x310pm,inreflectedlight.

45CJQCJCIIjll~gj,.IOp','44I'DIP1gQIJII4')1

46GA4-llEOccurrence:Severalformsofcalcareousdepositsoccuronanear-verticalfracturesurface,includingalightanddarkgraydripstoneornodularencrustations,darkgraysparrycalcite,andcolorless,clear,euhedralcalcitecrystalsradiatingfromthesurfaceofthedarkgraycalcite;Thedepositsare1-2mmthick,andvaryinareafrom2mmdiameter-toseveralcentimetersacross.DeformationandTexture:Thedarkgraydripstone-likecrustiscomposedofverysilty,horizontallylaminatedcalcareousmate-rial(Photo34).Quartzisabundantasangularshardsand,rarely,asroundedgrains.Thesearecementedtogetherinanimpure,veryfine-grainedcalcitematrix(averagegrainsizeabout10pm)(Photo35).Pyriteisverycommonanddisplaysawiderangeofgrainsizesandshapes.Thepyritealsoshowsatleast2zones-aninner,brighterzoneandanouter,darkerzonenotvisibleinPhotograph35.'hezoningmimicsthepresenthabits,indicatingthathabitchangeshavenotoccurred.Enechelonwispsofextremelyfine,darkmineralsoccurinsomeofthelayers.Thereisnoevidenceofdeformationinthissample,butthematerialitselfmayhavebeendepositedasaresultofaperiodofdeformation.Thebroken,angularquartzshardsandsedimentarytexturessupporttheideathatsiltymaterialreleasedorformedduringdeformationwasdepositedandcemented,formingthepatchesofcalcareouscrust.

,Ixi 47Associations:Quartzshardswithcalciteandzonedpyriteasdescribedabove.FluidInclusions:None;thematerialistoofinegrained.ParaenesisCalcite(f.g.,silty)PyriteDeformation

48GA4-S8-AOccurrence:Cemented,laminated,silty"clay"ispresentonbeddingplanesandinbrecciaofthesouthwalloftheslot.Thesamplesexaminedareunattachedplateswithroundededgesandangular,brokenedges(Photo36).DeformationandTexture:Thesampleconsistsofveryfine-grainedcalcite(5-10pm)withlessthan5%quartz(10-25pm)andatraceofanhedraltosubhedralpyrite(-4pm).NoclaymineralswereobservedinthinsectionsordetectedbyX-raydiffraction.Thetextureisuniformandquartzandpyriteareevenlydispersedthroughthesample.Thesurfacesofthesamplesarestriated(Photo'7)andbothpiecesshowevidenceoffracturingand'compression.Thebrokenpieceshavebeenrecementedalthoughthecementingcalciteisnotdistinctlydifferentfromthatinthesampleitself.Deformationisnotevidentonamicroscopicscale,presumeablydue.tothehomo-geneityandfinegrainsizeofthesample.Associations:Sub-roundedquartzandsmallpyritecrystalsareassociatedwiththecalcite.Inclusions:Theveryfinegrainsizeofthecalciteinthissampleprecludesthepreservationoffluidinclusions.CalciteDeformation

49Photo36:GA4-S8-A.Veryfine-grained,tancalcitefromabrecciazone.Notehealedfracturesandroundededges.~Photo37:GA4-S8-A.Same'asabove.Notethestriatedsurfaceandcompressedareasalongtheupperedge.

50!!.+O's!t1Q*~$t.ICc*500.-.*j~-,~.i~t4I*'I!./A'~3'7

GA4-XOccurrence:Averyfine-grainedgrout-likesubstanceoccurringwithinopeningsinthebreccia(Photo38).X-rayanalysisindicatesportlanditeandvateritearema)orcomponents.DeformationandTexture:Anextremelyfine-grainedmaterial,containingscatteredgrainsoffine-grained,nearlyopaquesolids.Thefine-grainedmatrixisgreenincolor,buttoofine-grainedtoresolvemineralogically.Therelativelyhighreflectivity(about15%)ofthegranular,opaquemattersuggeststhatitmaybeheavymineralsororganicmaterial.Fracturesoccurnearthemarginsofindividualgrains,butareapparentlyduetosamplepreparationratherthan.deformation.Severalscattered,angulargrainsofquartzandfeldspar(upto0.6mm)occurinafewsamplegrains.TheX-raydataandunusualtexturessuggestthatthissampleisartificial.Thefine-grainedmatrixinthissampleissimilarincolorandappearancetothegroutmatrixinGA4-BH.However,thelatterlacksthegranularopaquematerial.

52Photo38:GA4-X.Chalkywhite,grout-likematerial.

Photographsof"RockSamples.ShowingLocationsandTexturesofFracture-FillingMinerals.

Photo39:GA4-2.Photo40:GA4-3C.Photo41:GA4-3D.Photo42:GA4-3G.

0

,~.'/--/'.3/rIC'1<l.->>alt(.((I1'}=1v-f-~lj))CI1IvXt.'II'1IIICI/

Photo43:GA4-4.Photo44:GA4-5.Photo45:GA4-8.Photo46:GA4-9A.Note:GA4-6-SeePhoto18.GA4-7-SeePhoto21.

~lC~q>O.'I*'hI'/CM.:2tgWR-sL.flfJ~l.V,-f-'~~(gIDCGRs-RR

Photo47:GA4-9B.Photo48:GA4-9C.Photo49:GA4-9G.Photo50:GA4-9H.

GN~cJ9'73 J'

60Photo51:GA4-9J.Photo52:GA4-X.Note:GA4-SS-A-SeePhotos36and37.

p~/--/('~)fj~6~'l"'93,I4,iQ.'.:j'~jI4i'.~C'f,'ti'I!,t,fq,p~*t'w>~iriii~~~III1QLQ"X P

Consultinggcoefiemisf213EASTMITCHELLAVENUESTATECOLLEGE.PENNSYLVANIA16801814.865-7573814.2382695February26,1980Mr.H.ScottLairdDamesandMoore,Inc.2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NewYork13027

DearMr.Laird:

Aswediscussedbyphone,fivesamplesofindividualgenerationsafcalcitecoatingsfromtheNineMilePointsitehavebeenseparatedascleanlyaspossiblefordatingby14Candfor180measurements.EnclosedaredetaileddescriptionsofthesamplesandtheoriginaloftheDamesandMoore"SampleShipmentandTestInstructionForm"whichwassentwithsamplesHK-1andHK-2toKruegerEnterprisesonFebruary26,1980.Theremainingthreesamplesarenowheldinreserve.Thesampleswerepreparedinthefollowingmanner.Generallythecalcitecoatingswereeasilypriedfromthesandstonesubstratewithasteelspatula.Sometimesitwasnecessarytouseahammerandsharpchiseltoloosenthecalcitecoating.Theseparatedcalcitechipswerecollectedoncleanpaper.Impuritieswereseparatedfirstbyhandsortingandthenduringexaminationunderastereomicroscopewherenecessary.Ineachsample,avirtuallycompleteseparationofanindividualparageneticstageofcalcitewasfoundtobepossibleasnotedintheencloseddescriptions.Notethatanyspraypaint,oftenusedtolabelspecimens,mustbescrupu-louslyavoidedwhensamplingforradiocarbondating.Thequalityoftheisotopicsamplescouldbefurtherimprovedbytwoeasyprocedures.PossiblecontaminationbysweatduringthecollectingandhandlingofthesamplescouldberemovedbyadiluteacidwashpriortodigestionforC02separationandisotopicmeasurements.Secondly,the180measurementsshouldbemadeonlyontheC02liberatedafterthesamplecleaning,andnotthegasesproducedbydigestionwithBr'.Thepenta-fluorideattacksthesilicatesfromthehostrockandfromsiltsbutonlythecarbonate180isimportantinanattempttoidentifythesourceofthecalcite-formingsolutes.Sincerely,jjg~tH.L.BarnesHLB'licEnclosures

CalciteSamplesSeparatedForIsotopicAnalysisSamleDescrition17.35GA4-9Type1calcitebrecciafreeoftravertineorothercalcites.Individualpiecescon-tain15-50%sandstoneandquartzfragments.8.49GA4-11ETravertinewithlessthan5%totalofquartzpluspyritesilt.7.86GA4-10Travertinewithlessthan5%totalofquartzpluspyritesilt.Thereisalsoatotaloflessthan1vol.%ofeitherType3orbrowncalcitestages(undeter-mined)foundonsomechips.1.56GA4-llFTravertinewithlessthan5%totalofquartzpluspyritesilt.0.89GA4-11C,,-llG,-11HType3sparrycalcitewith5-10%impuritiesofquartzsilt,sandstonehost,andafewfragmentsoftravertine.Thesmallsamplesizeprecludestheeliminationofallfrag-mentsalsocontainingsomeofthe(older)travertine.

PARgPg,COnaulh'IIggEOliEInI'St213EASTMITCHELLAVENUESTATECOLLEGE.PENNSYLVANIA16801814.865.7573814.238.2695March28,1980Mr.HEScottLairdDamesandMoore,Inc.2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NewYork13027

DearMr.Laird:

TheisotopicanalysesoftheType1calcitebreccia(sampleHK-1)andofthetravertine(sampleHK-2)fromtheNineMilePointsiteprovideusefulindicationsofboththeconditionsandtimesofdepositionofthesecarbonatesinfractures.Thereasoningbywhichthesefactorscanbeevaluatedisdescribedbelowassuming,ofcourse,thattheenclosedtableofisotopicresultsareasaccurateasonemightexpect.ThehighCratioofHK-1iscommonformarinecarbonates,orsprings13fromsuchrocks,andiscomparativelyrareamongfreshwatercarbonates,asshownbyfigures6-B-6and6-B-7.Incontrast,thesamefiguresshowthatthelowratioofHK-2ischaracteristicofbothfreshwaters(includingtheHudsonRiverandsomeNewEnglandlakes)andfreshwatercarbonates.The0ratiosofbothHK-1andHK-2areshownbyfigure8-B-25tobe18normalforfreshwatercarbonatesifyoungerthanTriassic.However,evenifasoldasTriassic,amarineoriginofthecarbonateoxygenisalsounlikelybecausepaleogeographicreconstructionshowsthattherocksofthisregionwereemergentanderodingthroughouttheMesozoic.Consequently,afreshwateroriginoftheoxygeninbothcarbonatesamplesisprobable.Circulationthroughthestratigraphicsectionofthisregionbyfreshwater(withisotopicallyheavyoxygen)couldleachheavymarinecarbonfromtheorganicsorcarbonatesofthesesediments.Wheredecreasedcarbondioxidepressureswereencounteredduringsolutionflowintooralongfractures,acommonphenomenon,thissaturatedsolutionmustthenprecipitatecarbonatesoftheisotopiccharacteristicsofHK-1.DepositionofHK-2requiresasuperficialsourceofbothcarbonandoxygeninfreshwatersofrelativelyshallowcirculation.Theprobableoriginoftheoxygenfromfreshwaterlimitsthefeasibledepthsofcirculationofthewatersthroughthestratigraphicsectioninthefollowingmanner.Themaximumsalinityforsuchwatersisroughlyequiv-alenttoabrackish5,000-10,000p.p.m.oftotaldissolvedsolids.(T.D.S.of5,000p.p.m.isbarelytolerabletolivestockandisdescribedas

Mr.H.ScottLairdMarch28,1980"moderatelysaline"byHem.)BoththecompilationofwateranalysesbyWhite,Hem,andWaringandthediscussionofformationwatersofsedi-mentarybasinsbyHunt(illustratedbyfigure6-3)showthatsuchlowsalinitywatersareunexpectedinsedimentarysectionsatdepthsevenasgreatasone-halfkilometer.Huntstatesthatverymanyformationwatersincreaseintotaldissolvedsolidsby15,000-100,000p.p.m.per1,000ft(0.30Km)indepth.Thisproportionindicatesthat0.5Kmisapparentlyanunusualdepthforthecirculationoftherelatively"fresh"watersofthetyperesponsibleforthedepositionofHK-1.Implicitly,thedepthofburialduringdeformationD4,about3Kmbasedongeothermalgradients,musthavedecreasedsignificantlypriortothedepositionofType1calciteatlessthan0.5Km.Inargumentsconcerningthethermalandchemicalevolutionofthegeosynclinefoundintheregionofthesiteduringtheearlytomid-Paleozoic,comparisonshavebeenmadetothepresentGulfCoast.Suchacomparisonisvalidonlyifthesitewerealsolocatedinawarmclimateduringthein-fillingofthegeosyncline.ExaminationofthepaleolatitudesforthisregioninSiluriantime,basedonpaleomagneticreconstructions,wasfoundtobeabout15'outh.Consequently,thetwoclimatesaresufficientlysimilartowarrantcomparisonofthetwogeosynclines.Sincerely,~/gif('.e~.-~H.L.BarnesHLB:licEnclosures

~Isotofc~AnalsesNumber:HK-1HK-2Sample:SourceRock:~Te1CalciteBrecciaGA4-9TravertineGA4-11E14CAge(yrs.)c(%,)0(%o)>36,000+3.1+21.1+0.214,180+5507e5+22.6+0.2

SourcesWedepohl,K.H.,editor(1978)HandbookofGeochemistry.Springer-Verlag,NewYork.Vol.II-1.Figures6-B-6,6-B-7,and8-B-25.Hunt,J.M.(1979)PetroleumGeochemistryandGeology.Freeman,SanFrancisco.Figure6-3.White,D.E.,Hem,J.D.,andWaring,G.A.(1963)Chemicalcompositionofsubsurfacewaters:U.S.Geol.Surv.Prof.Paper440-F,Table1toTableII.Hem,J.D.(1970)Studyandinterpretationofthechemicalcharacteristicsofnaturalwater:Sec.Edit.,U.S.Geol.Surv.WaterSupplyPaperNo.1473.

HK-2Carbon6-B-10+6+4+20-2-4-68-10-1214-16-18-20-24-26-28f39]Extrapotato'd5oatminimumC02content:(ruralaironly)CSea-warangeatonetoastity'IM1erdissolvedcarbonate:[34,1197736463]EstuariesOaLowerN.YBf73]Mississippi5HudsonrLakesoundFloridaBay'7a)Fsh-waterDimictictakesofOuassapaugOuonniapaugLinsleypondOueechyAu(umnoverlum,Unsleypond:ewEngland,USA(a:nearsurface;o;nearbottom)[59]eLakesf~]PyramidL.,Negt~b)Sali[tMonoLalegalCalifjPotoGrounda~GreatSaltLUtahR.(extrapol.toserosalinity)cRMississippi(extrap)ter~~Springs,wells,G~0~[87]~NewYorkBay(extrafx)Cavewater,USAf4]Fig.6-B-6.Distributionof&valuesinthcatmosphereandhydrosphererelativetoPDBstandard.(NumbersinsquarebracketssceAddendumonReferences6-AtotrOp.18)

OualerriaryTertiaryI!40+(Sriow)202224262830~~0CretaceousJurasscTriassiCPermianCarboniferousDevorilariI~0300~ZSilurianOrdovicianCambrian~Precambrian-lp-8-6-4-240.,)oo(PDB)Fig.8-B-25.hvcrageisotopiccompositionsofmarineandfreshwaterlirnestonc,bygeo-logicagcgroups.Thelinesrcprcsentplusorminusonestandarddeviation.Karatand'WznnR(1964).Dashedlinesrcprescntfreshwaterlimestones02,000(609)Pennsylvanian,OklahomaOrdovician,OklahomaEC4@00g.(l,219)Volga-Ural,USSR6,000(),829)EoccncWilcox,Lords(anaJurassictoCrctaccous,%uthcrnArkansas-NorthcrnLouisiana8,000(2,438)l00,000200JXSTotalSolids,ppm300,000Flgurts&SChangeinsalinityofreservoirwaterswithdepth.tDickc)r1969]

B~RgPg,C.OnaultI'uggeOal)eIIIM213EASTMITCHELLAVENUESTATECOLLEGE,PENNSYLVANIA16801814865.7573814238.2695Mr.H.ScottLairdDamesandMoore,Inc.2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NewYork13027May12,1980

DearMr.Laird:

ThemethodsusedtoseparatesamplesHK-3andTU-Ifromtheirhostrocks,andtopreparethemforisotopicdating,wereverysimilartothoseusedforsamplesHK-1andHK-2asdescribedinmyletterofFebruary26,1980.SampleHK-3wasseparatedfromrocksamplesGA4-3A,E,F,andH,GA4-9D,E,F,andK,andGA4-11A,B,C,D,andE.Alloftherelativelysparsecoatingoftype3,sparrycalcitewasremovedfromtherocksur-faceseitherbypryingwithastainlesssteelspatulaorbychippingwithasmallchiselandhammer.Fragmentsofthehostsandstonewereremovedascompletelyaspossiblebyhandpickingunderalowpowermicroscope.Theproduct,1.07gramstotal,wasestimatedtobe90-95%type3calcitewiththeremainderbeingquartzsandandsiltgrains.ThissamplewassentbyregisteredmailonApril24toKruegerEnterprisesfor14Cdating.SampleTU-1wasseparatedfromrocksamplesGA4-3B,C,D,E,F,G,H,andJ,GA4-6,GA4-8,andGA4-9A,C,D,E,F,H,andK.Againthecalcitecoatingwasseparatedusingahammerandsmallchisel.Thefirmlyadheringcoatingoftype1,calcitebrecciarequiredmoreforceforsepa-rationfromthesandstonehostthanwasnecessaryfortype3calcite.Thechipswithlargerproportionsofsandstonewereremovedbyhandpickingunderamicroscope.Theremainingchipscontainedvariableratiosofcalciteandquartzgrains.Inthetotalof16.49gramsofproduct,theestimatedcontentswere50-60%ofcalciteand40-50%ofquartz.Thesampleisbelievedtobefreeofanycalciteyoungerthantype1.ThissamplewassentbyregisteredmailonApril26toDr.T.L.Kufordatingbytheuranium-thoriumdecayseries.AreportisenclosedsummarizingtheresultsoftheexaminationofsamplesfromseriesGA5and801carriedoutbyJ.B.MurowchickandR.J.Bodnarundermydirection.HLB:licEnclosureSincerely,H.L.Barnes 4

CharacteristicsofMineralizationinFracturesofSamplesGA5-1A,B,"C,D,and801-M2,-M3Summary:Theparageneticsequencerevealedbythetexturesofthecalcitefracturecoatingsandtheirinclusionsarevirtuallyidenticaltothoseoftypes1and3calcitesfoundinothersamplesfromthisarea.Theprincipaldifferenceisthatsomeclastsinthetype1breccia'ofthisGA5serieshavebeenidentifiedasfragmentsoftheearliermilkycalciteofthepreviousparageneticsequence.ThecarbonatemineralizationinsamplesGA5-1A,B,C,andD,GA5-2AandB,and801-M2and-M3iscomposedofthepreviouslydescribedtype1andtype3calcites.Nonewcalcitetypeswerefoundalthoughthesourcematerialforthetype1calcitehasnowbeenidentifiedbaseduponthefollowingevidence.SamplesGA5-1AthroughDandGA5-2AandBeachcontaintype1calciteasamatrixenclosingbrecciafragmentsofthesandstonehostrockandalsoofanothercalcite.Thissecondcalcitehasdeformationtwinning,healedfractures,containssulfidemineralsandfluidinclusions,andismilky(photographs1-6).Furthermore,theliquid-to-vaporratioisapparentlythesameasthatobservedinthemilkycalcitesoftheJT-23toJT-51seriesofsamples.Consequently,thesecalciteclastsaretakentobefragmentsofthemilkycalcitefromearlierintheparageneticsequence.TheseclastshavenotbeenfoundintheGA3andGA4series.OnelargeclastinGA5-2Bwasabout5mmacross.ThedetailedcharacteristicsofsamplesGA5-2A'and-2BareidenticaltothoseoftheGA5-1samplesshowninphotographs1-5.

Type3calciteisalsopresentandexhibitstexturessimilartothoseseeninGA3seriessamples(photographs7and8).Drusytype3calcitecoatsthesurfacesofthesamples.Samples801-M2and-M3bothshowthesamedetailedparageneticcalcitesequencebeginningwithtype1calcite(withoutmilkycalciteclasts),anovergrowthofcolumnartype3calcite,andfinallyabrowncalcite.ThetexturesandsequenceareidenticaltothatobservedinsampleGA4-7.Zoninginthelaterhalfofthecolumnartype3calcite,andathin,pyriticsiltylayerbetweenthecolumnartype3andbrowncalcitesarealsopresent,asinGA4-7.Thepyritein801-M2and-M3is'identicalinshapeandtexturetothatobservedinGA4-7,evencontainingthesamesingle,thindarkerzoneinthecorethatwasobservedpreviously(photograph7)butmarcasiteismoreabundantinthesetwosamples.Marcasiteoccursasrosettes,sometimeswithacoreofsphalerite,andasrimsonthepyritespherules(photograph8).

Photo1:GA5-1A.Clastofmilkycalciteintype1,calcitebreccia.Notethenumerousdarkinclusions,deformationtwinning,andhealedfractures(lowerleft).Alsonotetheovergrowthsofundeformedclearcalcite(probablytype3)ateachendoftheclast.Fieldofview:1.8mmx1.2mmintransmittedlight.Photo2:GA5-1A.HighermagnificationviewofareaattherightendoftheclastinPhoto1.Notetwinning,inclusions,andundeformedovergrowthoftype3calcite(right).Fieldofview:463pmx314pm.Photo3:GA5-1A.Type1calcitewithquartz(breccia)andmilkycalciteclastshowingdeformationtwinsandgrowthtwinsincalciteovergrowth.Theboundarybetweenthemilkycalciteandtheovergrowthisindicatedbythechangeinthedirectionofeachtwinband.Fieldofview:463pmx314pminreflectedlight.Photo4:GA5-1B.Brecciatedchalcopyriteintype1calcitebrecciawithquartz.Thechalcopyriteispartofthepyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite-galenaassemblagethatiscontemporaneouswiththemilkycalcite.Fieldofview:582pmx394pminreflectedlight.

t,e,'3-pL%F"+LI,UC7LIpr//)/VrJI)ir)/)fflII//IjI+I'/',,"I/)J4-'cJyjOg"".aQ,IFg'44pgGocgWPC.g+jAghj

Photo5:GA5-lA.Primaryfluidinclusionsinmilkycalcite.Thebubblesarenotvisibleduetoconstantmotionduringexposure.Fieldofview:162pmx110pmintransmittedlight.Photo6:GA4-1D.Clustersofeuhedralpyriteintype1calcite.Theclustersapparentlyseparatedduringbrec-ciation,sothe.pyriteprobablyformedfairlylateinthetype1paragenesis,possiblyattheexpenseofearliersulfides.Fieldofview:463pmx314pminreflectedlight.Photo7:801-M2.Zonedpyriterimmedbymarcasiteintype3calcite.Thegrainis35pmindiameter,inreflectedlight.Photo8:801-M3.Marcasiterosettes,onewithasphaleritecore.Type1calciteistotheleft,browncalciteistotheright.Type3calciteisverythininthisparticularview,butisrep-resentedbythegrainsimmediatelytotherightofthemarcasitewiththesphaleritecore.Fieldofview:463pmx314pminreflectedlight.

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P.I.gP,RgZS,CO>>~ultuIgQEO6lisnIISf213EASTMITCHELLAVENUESTATECOLLEGE.PENNSYLVANIA168018148657573814.238.2685September29,1980Mr.H.ScottLaird'amesandMoore,Inc.6CommerceDriveCranford,NewJersey07016

DearMr.Laird:

SixsamplesoftheGA-5series,fromtheEastLakeWaterTunnelattheNineMileIIlocation,wereexaminedforcomparisonoftheirfluidinclusionsandparageneticcharacteristicswiththosefoundinprevioussamplesfromtheregion.ThetreatmentisthatspecifiedunderpurchaseordernumberSR-0402,datedJuly31,1980.Notethattheuseofultra-violetilluminationwithournewNikonmicroscopehasmadepossibleresolutionoftheancestryoftheyoungercalcites,therebyconsiderablysimplifyingthelaterstagesoftheparageneticsequence.Thecompilationofcharacteristicsoftheyoungercalcitesinthisreportandtheirsimplerparagenesismakeusefulareappraisaloftheclas-sificationofthecalcitesfoundinsamplesexaminedsometimeago.Asaresult,thecalcitesofsamplesJT-13,-43,and-44cannowbeidenti-fiedasveryprobablytype1becauseofthefollowingsharedcharacteristics.Eachcontainsingle-phasefluidinclusions.MarcasiteoccursinJT-44andpyriteinallthreesamplesasinmostothertype1calcites.Inaddition,JT-13andJT-43aredescribedasbreccias.TwosamplesdatedbyDr.T-L.Kumayalsobetype1calcites.SamplesSW-1andSW-2werebothfoundtocontainexcessThdescribedbyhimasof"extraneousorigin."SampleTU-1alsohasthesameisotopicnatureandisknowntobetype1calcitewheretheanomalousisotopiccontentisattributabletomixingfromtheoldcalcitebrecciaclastswiththeyoungcementingcalcite.Consequently,thenominalagesofSW-1andSW-2,170,000and20,000yearsB.F.,areofdoubtfulvaliditybecauseoftheprobablecontaminationfromoldercalciteclastsindicated,asinTU-l,bytheexcessTh.ThepreparationofsamplesandmicroscopicexaminationswerecarriedoutprincipallybyJ.B.Murowchick,R.J.Bodnar,andA.F.Gizeundermydirection.Sincerely,H.L.BarnesHLB'lic

Enclosure:

report,7colorslides

CharacteristicsofMineralizationinFracturesofSamplesGA5-3,-3A,-4,-5,-6,and-7.Summary:Thesesampleswereseparatedintotwogroups,'netoprovidematerialforpossibleisotopicdatingandthesecondtobeusedforexami-nationforparagene'ticcharacteristics.Initially,calcitepatchesandveinfillingswereexaminedfromsamplesGA5-4,-6,and-7todeterminethetypesofcalcitepresentandtheirrelativeparageneticsequence.Thetypesfoundappearedidenticalwiththosepreviouslydescribedandshowednodeviationfromtheearlierreportedparagenesis.Theuseoffluorescentilluminationhasbothveri-fiedthesequenceoflaterstagesoftheparagenesisandhasprovidedcluesthattype1calciteincludesrecognizableclastsofearliercalcites.Type1calcitebreccia,becauseitcontainstype3asacement,is'para-geneticallyequivalenttotype3calcite.Becauseofseveralstrikingsimilarities,types1,2,and3calcitesandthetravertineareveryprobablyofthesameparageneticstagebestdatednear13,600yearsago.Allexposedtype3calcitewasseparated.fromsamplesGA5-3,-3A,and-5fordating.However,theamountavailableandcollected,0.15gtotal,isinsufficientforthispurpose.Inaddition,thecomplexoriginsofthecomponentsofthistypeofcalcitearenotideallysuitedtodatingbytechniquesbasedonradioactiveisotopes.Alternativemethodsseemnecessary.ThenatureofthemicroscopicdataisdiscussedbelowandthecompileddataaregiveninPart1,DescriptionsofSamplesandinPartIIFluorescenceofCalcites.

Discussion:ThetypesofcalcitefoundinsamplesGA5-4,-6,and-7aredescribedinsequenceasfollowsbeginningwiththeparageneticallyoldesttype.Atypeofcalcite,apparentlyequivalenttotheclearcalciteplusgeothiteoftheJTseriesofsamples,wasfoundtobecommoninthecoarsecalciteclastsofGA5-4and-7.Fluidinclusiontemperatures(uncorrectedforpressure)forthiscalcite,about152'C,arewithintherangepreviouslyfoundfortheclearcalcitewithgoethite,about150'o175'C.Afewhigherhomogenizationtemperatures,e.g.241'C,werealsofound,butaresuspectbecausethesetemperaturesarefromleakyinclusions.Consequently,bothtexturesandfillingtemperaturesindicatethattheseclastsarefragmentsoftheparageneticallyearliergoethite-containingcalcite.Thetype1calcitebrecciainvariouslocationsisnowknowntocon-tainsandstonehostrockfragmentsaswellasclastsofmilkycalcite,clearcalcite,orclearcalcitewithgoethite(alsoequivalenttoclastsreferredtoascalcitewithelongateinclusions).Theclasticmaterialiscementedbytype3sparrycalcite.Therefore,type1and3calcitesareparagenet-icallyidenticalanddifferonlytexturally.Type1isacalcitebrecciacementedbytype3calcite;wherefreeofclasts,itissimplyidentifiedastype3calcite.Thetype3calcitecementwasdepositedfromlowtemperaturephreaticsolutionsand,basedontheevidenceinTable1,apparentlyderivesatleastpartofitscarbon,oxygenandtraceelementcontentsfromthebrec-ciatedcalcites.Evidenceforthisinherit'anceisgivenbythedarkredUVfluorescenceseeninboththetype3calcitecementandtheclearcalcite

Table1:Characteristicsofthetypesofcalcitesdepositedbelow50'C.ypeofCalciteTextureIsotopicDataOtherFeaturesType1Intenselydeformed(breccia)CementisundeformedU/Thage:14Cage:Csource:0source:<300,000yrs()>36,000mrs(1)marine(~)fresh~aterOccurrence:Sub-horizontalfracturesFluidinclusions:Allsingle-phaseAssoc.minerals:()mc,mk,py,poFluorescence:palebluebecomesdarkrednearclastsofoldercalcitesContainsclastsofthreeoldertypesofcalcite(milky,clear,orclearwithgoethite)Type2Type3TravertineBrownMildlydeformedUndeformedsmalleuhedralcrystalsindrusesorradiatinggroupsMildlydeformedveryfinegrained,layeredUndeformedeuhedraldrusycrystalsnoanalyses14Cage:notpossibleduetohighsulfidecontentCsource:freshwater0source:freshwater14Cage:13,600yrsCsource:fresh~ater0source:freshwaternodataOccurrence:Sub-verticalfracturesFluidinclusions:nodataAssoc.minerals:mc,py,slFluorescence:nodataOccurrence:OpenspacefillinginfracturesandinbrecciaFluidinclusions:Allsingle-phase;5-6wt.%NaC1.Assoc.minerals:mc,py,slFluorescence:paleblueOccurrence:infracturesprobablyonlyabovethewatertableFluidinclusions:noneAssoc.minerals:pyFluorescence:weakpaleblueOccurrence:Incomplete,thindrusesontravertineandfracturesurfaces.Fluidinclusions:noneAssoc.minerals:noneFluorescence:doesnotfluoresceThese"ages"areinaccuratebecausetheydependontheisotopicproportionsinheritedfromthemixtureof(1)oldcalciteclastsandyoungcalcitecement.()MarineCisveryprobablyderivedfromthecalciteclastsinthebreccia.Theultimatesourceismarinecarbonaterocksinthestratigraphicsectionsoftheregion.()mc=marcasite;mk=mackinawite(ametastablelowtemperaturemineral);py=pyrite;po=pyrrhotite;sl=sphalerite.

incontrasttothetype3calcitefreeoftheearliercalcites(suchasthatcoatingthetravertinedepositsdescribedinourDecember14,1979report)whichfluorescesaweakblue-whitecolorratherthanred(SeePartIIofthisreport,photoA-13).Veryfine-grainedclasticcalciteisabsentfromthebreccias,presumablybecauseitshighsolubilitywouldfavoritsdissolutionandincorporationintothetype3calcitecement.Theidentificationoftype3calciteasthedominantcementoftheclastsinthetype1calcitebreccia,foundlargelyduetotheuseofCfluorescence,providesakeycorrelationtoimprovethedetailedpara-geneticsequenceofthelow-temperaturecalcites.Thefivetypesof"calciteinTable1wereinitiallyclassifiedonthebasisoftextureandoccurrence.Exceptforthebrowncalcite,whichwasunequivocallydepositedlast,thesequencefortheotherfourcalciteswasnotwelldefined.How-ever,types1,2,and3calcitesandthetravertineshowverysimilarfluorescence(i.e.,traceelementcontents),associatedminerals,andfluidinclusioncharacteristics(SeeTable1).Consistentwiththesedataisthepossibilitythatthesefourcarbonatesaredifferentfaciesofthesamedepositionalstageintheparagenesis.Theirdifferencesintexturesareattributabletothesitesofdeposition:thetravertinewasdepositedabovethewatertable,types2and3formed,respectively,nearverticalfracturesorinopencavitiesbelowthewatertable,andtype1fillednearhorizontalfractureswithbreccia'luscalcitecement.Isotopicevidenceindicatesthatboththecarbonandoxygenoftype3calciteandthetravertinehavefreshwaterorigins.Theapparentmarineoriginofthecarbonintype1calcitecouldeasilybeinheritedisotopically

fromthecompositionsoftheoldercalciteclastsinthebrecciawhiletheoxygenisderivedfromcirculatinggroundwaterandbotharetheisotopicproductofmixingofyoung"freshwater"calcitecementwitholderclasticcalcite.Fluidinclusiondata,whereavailable,indicatelowtemperaturesofdepositionforthesecalcites.Theassociatedsulfidemineralassem-!blagesaresimilaramongthefourcalcites,andaredistinctfromboththebrowncalciteandtheoldercalcites.Iftheeffectsofimpuritiesfromthecalciteclastsintype1istakenintoaccount,type1cement,type3calcite,andthetravertineshowidenticallightbluefluorescenceincontrasttothered,brown,yellow,orverydarkblueoftheoldercalcitesshowninthephotographsofPartIIofthisreport.Becauseofthesestrikingsimilarities,itisprobabletypes1,2,and3calcitesandthetravertinedonotrepresentgeneticallyortemporallydistincttypesofcalcite,butareinsteaddifferentfaciesofthesamedepositionalevent.Theisotopicdataonagesofdepositioncannowbeexaminedforthesefourtypesofcalcite.TheCageof13,600yearsforthetravertine,14basedontheabovediscussion,appliestothedepositionoftypes1,2,and3calcitesaswellandalsotodeformation,D,wherebythetype1brecciawasformed.Althoughthisrepresentsonlyasingleparageneticstage,thereisnodirectevidenceconcerningitsduration.Althoughthereisnoapparentreasonfordoubtingthereliabilityofthisisotopicdate,theagesfoundfortype1calciteareindeedopentoquestion.Mixingoftheisotopiccompositionsoftheolderclastsandtheyoungercementpre-eludesdatingbyU-Pb,Pb-Pb,C,U-Thdecayseries,andfissiontrack14

methods.TheexcessThfoundinsampleTU-1,type1calcite,iscom-230patiblewithcontaminationfromtheoldercalciteclastsasarealsothecompromisedagesoflessthan300,000yearsbyU/Thdecayseriesandofgreaterthan36,000yearsbyCmeasurements.Ayoungagefortheselow14temperaturecalcitesisindicatedbytheshallowdepthofburial,lessthanabout0.5km,implicitindepositionbyfreshwatersandisinconformitywiththeirpreferredageof13,600years.

~SamleGA5-4AthickpatchofbrecciaontheN35E-trendingfaceofthesample(photos1and2)providedmaterialforexamination.Thebrecciacontainslargeclastsofcoarsecalcite(upto2cmacross)aswellassandstonefragmentsandquartzgrains.Sparrytype3calcitecementsthebrecciaandcoatstheN70Efaceofthesampleasshowninphotos3and4.Petrographicexaminationofapolishedthinsectionofthebrecciashowsthatthelargeclastsarecomposedofclearcalcite(photos5and6)(firstdescribedfromsamplesJT-23toJT-51inourOctober,1977report)andacalciteequivalenttotheclearcalcitewithgoethitedescribedinthesamereport(photos7and8).Identificationwasconfirmedbyvisualappearancebasedprimarilyontextures,fluidinclusiontemperatures,andUVfluorescence.'hecalcitecontainingmanyelongated,taperingfluidinclusionsongrowthsurfacesisinthesamestratigraphicposition,andhasidenticaltexturestothoseofpreviouslydescribedclearcalcitewithgoethite.Itis,therefore,takentobeanequivalentcalcitethatwasdepositedunderconditionswheregoethitewasunstable.Thearrangementofthefluidinclusionsandgoethiteneedlessuggeststhatimpuritiesweredepositedonthesurfacesofthecalciteduringgrowthprovidingpointsofnucleationforthegoethiteorinhibitinggrowthtoformfluidinclusions.Thebrecciafragmentsarecementedwithtype3calcite(photo9).Thiscalcitefluorescesdarkred,liketheclastsofoldercalcite,insteadofitsusualpaleblue-whitefluorescence(photoA-13).Thisisprobablyduetotheincorporationoftraceelementsfromfinelycrushedclearcalciteduringcementation.

Fluidinclusionsarenumerousinthecalciteclastsbutabsentinthesparrycalcitecement.Severalgenerationsofinclusionsarerepresentedintheclearcalcite(photos5-8).Inclusionsl-ll(photos10-19)areallsecondaryinclusionsgivinglowhomogenizationtemperaturesofabout40-50'C.Inclusion12(photo20)homogenizedat92.5'utmayalsobesecondary.Inclusions15and16(photo21)areprimary,butinclusion15,leaked.Inclusion16homogenizedat152'Candmanyoftheothersmallinclusionsinthefielddecrepitatedat150to200',indicatinghomogenizationtem-peraturestowardthelowerend,ofthatrange.Thesetemperaturesareconsistentwiththoserecordedfortheclearcalcitewithgoethite,butduetotherangeoftemperaturesfoundfortheclearcalcitewithgoethite,thesetemperaturesdonot,bythemselves,confirmtheidentificationofthiscalcite.Paragenesis:ClearcalciteClearcalcitewithelongateinclusionsType3calciteDeformationD4D5

DescriptionofSamples

Photol:GA5-4.Wholesample,N35E-trendingfacewithbrecciapatches.Photo2:Close-upofbrecciapatchinphotol.Thelargeclastsareclearcalcite.Photo3:GA5-4.Wholesample,N70E-trendingfacewithtype3calcitecoating;Photo4:Close-upoftype3calciteattheleftendofthesampleinphoto3.

,~k>a~~-~$sIt:w~/p)g9p4~rIrr'IQVt',~'trOqSr(~gs,.-y%,~(,!IJ.0i~-i$;Wr'lCtn~',.-i~>>,~J'

Photo5:GA5-4.Clearcalcitecontainingseveralsetsoflowtemperaturefluidinclusions.Fieldofview=683x461pm,intransmittedlight.Photo6:GA5-4.Typicalclearcalcitedisplayingnumeroussetsoffluidinclusionsalonghealedfracturesandcleavageplanes.Fieldofview=1.37mmx0.93mm,intransmittedlight.Photo7:GA5-4.Boundarybetweenclearcalcite(bottom)andclearcalcitewithelongateinclusions(top).Thelatterisequivalenttotheclearcalcitewithgoethitefoundinotherareas.Fieldofview=1.37mmx0.93mm,intransmittedlight.Photo8:GA5-4.Close-upofclearcalcitewithelongateinclusions.Thedirectionofcalcitegrowthisfromtheupperrighttolowerleft.Hanyoftheinclusionsinthiscalcitehaveasolidparticleattheiroldestend(arrows)whichprobablycausedtheformationoftheinclusions.Fieldofview=683x461pm,intransmittedlight.

C1CjIg)ifiiA')lra4gI!--'gl'I'XCr~.4"'<>>r'~k4.,.c~~.',r-qV

Photo9:GA5-4.Type3calcitefillingopenspacebetweensandstonebrecciafragments.Fieldofview=1.37mmx0.93mm,intransmittedlight.Photo10:GA5-4.Overviewoffluidinclusionsinclearcalcite.Thenumberedinclusions,areshowninthefollowingphotographsandwereheatedtoobtainfillingtemperatures.Fieldofview=683x461pm,intransmittedlight.Photoll:GA5-4.Inclusion1..Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo12:GA5-4.Inclusion2.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.

'",yMtQQ,(J>>qL';a,/.,I(V",JJ\i~c'(Jt]lj.yi,j/EW40t'g)Plc-4C~'tzt1~)CS~,J'lST

=;:e AuAlYSTsR5seh~~a9~>~~ex'.m'LUID=LlCLOSlNSRETZNE5.CsipMojllLLVSlal4NO~~cL,p2.dJ(Ag4oJoQlfglOO'~~~.+-rqa'tr~ofucmsiovh)a~~+~4'~us>ovNo)QQ0$1OEJhJO~)(g}iA1$othersaroundthisinclusionleakedat%150-200'C.Thistemperatureisprobablytoohigh.

Photo13:GA5-4.Inclusion3.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo14:GA5-4.Inclusions4and6.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo15:GA5-4.Inclusion5.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo16:GA5-4.Inclusion7.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.

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Photo17:GA5-4.Inclusion8.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo18:GA5-4.Inclusions9and10.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.Photo19:GA5-4.Inclusionll.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intrans-mittedlight.Photo20:GA5-4.Inclusion12.Fieldofview=170x116pm,intransmittedlight.

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Photo21:GA5-4.Inclusions15and16.Notethatmanyoftheseinclusionshaveaforeignobjectattheirbroadend.Fieldofview=683x461pm,intransmittedlight.

22~SamleGA5-6CalciteinsampleGA5-6occursasirregularpatchesupto1x2cmonthesurfaceofthesandstoneblock(photo22).Thesepatchesarecomposedofnearlyequantcrystalslessthanonemillimeterindiameter(visibleatthelowerendofthepatchinphoto23andinphoto24).Thecalciteshowstwinning(D4)andopencleavage(D5)andthepatchesoftenareslickensided(D5).Thecalcitecontainsvarioustypesoffluidinclusionstypicaloftheclearcalcite.Temperatureswerenotobtainedbecausemostoftheinclusionswereunsuitableforobservationduetopoorvisibility,size,orleakage.UnderUV,thefluorescenceisdarkredtypicaloftheclearcalcite.Onthebasis'fthesecha'racteristics,wehaveidentifiedthiscalciteasclearcalcite.Itmaybeusefultopointoutthattheclearcalcitehasbeeniden-tifiedinthreemodes:coarse,clean,unbrecciatedveinfillingsintheiroriginalpositions;clean,crushedcalciteinplace(suchasonthissample);andclastsofclearcalciteincorporatedintoabreccia.Paragenesis:ClearcalciteDeformationD4D5

Photo22:GA5-6.Wholesamplewithpatchesofdeformed,butinplaceclearcalcite.Photo23:GA5<<6.Close-upofdeformedclearcalcite.Individualcrystalscanbeseenatthelowerendofthepatch.Photo24:GA5-6.Twinnedclearcalcitefromthepatchinphoto23.Fieldofview=1.37mmx0.93mm,intransmittedlight.

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25~SemleGA5-7AthickpatchofbrecciaontheN53Etrendingfaceofthissample(photo25)providedamplematerialforpolishedsections.Thisbrecciaistypicalofthebrecciasexaminedinothersamplesbutitalsocontainsfragmentsofadarkgraysiltstone(visibleontheuppersurfaceinphoto25)inadditiontothesandstoneandcalciteclasts.Asintheothersamples,thecalciteclastsarecomposedofclearcalcite(photo26)andclearcalcitewithelongateinclusions(photo27).Mostoftheinclusionsaresecondarysinglephaseinclusions,butinclusions13and14(photos28and29)appeartobepartsofalargeprimaryinclusionthatwascutbyafractureduringoneoftheearlierperiodsofdeformationandwas"reset"tothetemperatureatthattime.Inclusion13homogenizedat118'Cbutinclusion14homogenizedat252'C.Eitherinclusion14leakedoritcontainedabubblewhentheoriginalinclusion=wasfracturedthenresealed,resultinginahighhomogenizationtemperature.The118'Cforinclusion13(thetemperatureatwhichitwasfractured)isnearthe105'CtemperatureassignedtoD4(October,1977reportonJTseriesofsamples).Thebrecciaalsocontainsseveralironsulfideminerals.Euhedralmackinawite(photos30and31)andpyrrhotite(photo32)appeartohavegrownsoonafterbrecciationbutbeforetype3calcitecementation.Boththemackinawiteandpyrrhotitecanbefoundwithrimsofpyrite(photos30and33,respectively),andinseveralinstances,thepyriteisreplacingthemackinawite(photo34).Mackinawite'supperthermalstabilitylimit i

26isnotpreciselyknown,butisintherangeof145-155'C(pressurecor-rected),indicatingthatbrecciationoccurredatorbelowthesetem-peratures.Paragenesis:Clear'alciteClearcal.withelong.inclusionsPyrrhotiteMackinawitePyriteType3calciteDeformationD4D5

Photo25:GA5-7.WholesampleshowingN53Etrendingfacewithabrecciapatch.Thetopsurfaceofthesampleisadarkgraysiltstonewhiletherestofthesampleisafine-grainedsandstone.Photo26:GA5-7.Brecciafillingafractureinpreviouslydeformedclearcalcite.Inclusions13and14arefromthischip.Fieldofview=2.74x1.88mm,intransmittedlight.Photo27:GA5-7.Elongateinclusionsoriginatingonthesurfaceofaclearcalcitegrain.Fieldofview=340x230pm,intrans-mittedlight.Photo28:GA5-7.Inclusion13.Theshortarrowindicatesabubble.Longarrowsindicateahealedfracturethatsplittheoriginalinclusionintotwosmallerinclusions.Fieldofview=340x230pm,intrans-mittedlight.

~)0' Tp/1Q~Q~4p,.gA~~LkII'~iaoC.~yt"4~0

I)4tlA51OHHO7HCLLSIOhlMO~

Photo29:GA5-7.Inclusion14.Theshortarrowindicatesabubble.Longarrowsindicateahealedfracture.Theout-lineofinclusion13isdotted.Fieldofview=340x230pm,intransmittedlight.Photo30:GA5-7.Subhedralmackinawite(mk)crystalwithanovergrowthofpyrite(py).Thehostmaterialisabrecciacontainingquartzfrag-ments(Q)inatype3calcitecement.Fieldofview=340x230pm,inreflectedlight.Photo31:GA5-7.Mackinawitecrystalsinabrecciacontainingquartzfrag-ments(Q)intype3calcite(T3).Fieldofview=683x461pm,inreflectedlight.Photo32:GA5-7.Aneuhedralpyrrhotitecrystal(po)intype3calcite.Notethelownumberofclasticfragmentsinthefieldeventhoughthisisinthebreccia.Fieldofview=340x230pm,inreflectedlight.

j1+f),')fIIfl).('!~1)fIJaoQ~IfQ1(I@pi'f).~g+'IA$I"I+tI,lI~)yO,,qilrf.hJ~Q.,I)JI

<<~V<<g~1ocue~co.acne."<.gl~~4~'F'~~/.~goe;4.r~<<g@pi'I'V'hoto33:GA5-7.Pyrrhotite(po)surroundedbypyrite(py)inthebreccia.Fieldofview=137x94pm,inreflectedlight.Photo34:GA5-7.Irregularpyritecoatings(py)replacingmackinawite(mk)cores.Quartzgrains(Q)arealsopresent.Fieldofview=1.37x0.93mm,inreflectedlight.

PartIIFluorescenceofCalcitesThefollowingphotographsillustratetheresponsestoultravioletlight-inducedfluorescenceobservedforsixoftheseventypesofcalciteidentifiedfromallsamplesexaminedfromtheNineMilePointregion.Theeighthtype,thebrowncalcite,doesnot,fluoresce.Thephotographs'eretakenusingaNikonepifluorescenceunitwithUVexcit-ationfilterandNikonphotomicrographicequipment.Allexposuretimeswereautomaticallycontrolledandrangedupto12minutesinlength.KodacolorIIfilm(ASA100)wasusedbutduetothelongexposuretimes,exposurecorrectionsweremade-inaccordance,withtheinstructionsenclosedwiththefilminordertoapproximatetheobserved,truecolors.Thephotographsarefairly,accurateincolorrenditionbutsomecolorshiftshaveoccurred.duetothelongexposuretimesand.duetocolorbiasingbytheautomatedcolorprinter.Theshiftsarenot-"large,beingmostnoticeableinphotoA-'2whichhasanoverallgreenishcastmakingtheactualredlookbrownish.'omeofthefluorescencecolorsareverysubtleand'remoreeasilyseenfirst-handthanrecorded'nfilm.Thebluesin'hotoA-8andtheredofthetype3calciteinphotoA-13illustratethisobservation.

34'PhotoA-1:Milkycalciteintransmittedlight.Thefieldofviewis685x468pm.(PSUsampleC-3C.)PhotoA-;2:Milkycalcitefluorescing..ThisisthesamefieldofviewasphotoA-1.Theentirefieldisfilledwithmilkycalcitewhichisfluorescingtovariousdegrees(note,calciteatthetopandrightsides).Thelightbluepatchesareimpuritiesthatwereemplacedincracksandholes'duringsamplepreparation.

34 35 4\

36PhotoA-3:Clearcalciteandclearcalcitewithelongateinclusionsintransmittedlight.Thefieldofviewis685x468pm.(DamesandMooresampleGA5-4.)PhotoA-4:Clearcalcite(red)andclearcalcitewithelongateinclusions(blue)fluorescing.ThefieldofviewisthesameasaboveinphotoA-3.Theblueareaatthecenterbottomofthephotographiscausedbyflarefromafilmofglueonthesurfacejustbelowthefieldofview.

36 37

38PhotoA-5;Clearcalcitewithgoethiteintrans-mittedlight.Thebrownishareascontaingoethiteneedles.Thefieldofviewis2.74mmx1.88mm.(PSUsampleC-3C.)PhotoA-6:Clearcalcitewithgoethite-richareafluorescing.Goethitedoesnotfluorescebuttheneedlesappeartobecoatedwithayellow-fluorescingorganicmaterial.Thefluorescenceofthismaterialdrownsoutthebluefluorescenceofthecalcite,someofwhichisvisibleatthecenterbottom.(Thelightblueatthetopiscausedbyglueonthesurface.)Thelargeyellow-fluorescingobjectmaybealargepieceoforganicmaterial.Similarobjectshavebeenfoundthatappeartohaveacellularstructure.Intransmittedlight,theseobjectsappearasthinbrownishfilmsandinternalstructuresarenotvisible.

38 39

40PhotoA-7:Clearcalcitewithgoethiteintransmittedlight.Fieldofviewis685x468pm.(PSUsampleC-3C.)PhotoA-8:Clearcalcitewithagoethite-richareafluorescing.Thecharacteristicfluores-cenceofthecalciteisblue(upperleft)butthisisofteninvisibleduetothestrongyellowfluorescenceoforganicparticlesusuallyassociatedwiththegoethite.Noteherethatmostofthegoethiteneedlesinthisphotographarenotfluorescing.Often,however,theyarecoatedbyayellow-fluorescingsub-stance.ThefieldshownhereisthesameasaboveinphotoA-7.

40 41\~g~~'4""$I't'4It

42PhotoA-9:Travertinewithfracture-fillingtype3calciteintransmittedlight.Thefieldofviewis2.74x1.88mm.(DamesandMooresampleGA4-4.)PhotoA-10:Travertinewithtype3calcitefluorescing.ThisisthesamefieldasaboveinphotoA-9.Thetravertinefluorescesaweakpaleblueornotatall.Thepalebluetravertinefluorescencemaybeduetodis-persionfromthepalebluefluorescingtype'calcite,whichisfillingfractureshere.

42 43

44PhotoA-11:Type3calciteintransmittedlight.Thisistype3calcitefreeofforeignclasts.Thefieldofviewis2.74x1.88mm.(DamesandMooresampleGA4-11C.)PhotoA-12:Type3calcitefluorescing.ThisisthesamefieldasphotoA-ll.Thispalebluefluorescenceistypicaloftype3calcitethathasnotbeencon-taminatedwithfragmentsofmilkycalcites.

44 45

46PhotoA-13:Type3calcitewithaclastofclearcalcite.Thetype3calciteherehasinfiltratedalongopenedcleavageplanesintheclearcalciteclastandhasbeenonlyslightlycontaminatedbytheoldermaterial.Thecontami-natedcalcitehasaslightreddishcast,visibleinthecenterofthephotograph.Thefieldofviewis343x232pm.(DamesandMooresampleGA5-4.)

0 a'I4.4'aT.i'aaBate',<iggKRUEGERENTERPRISES,tNC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISIONAa~%wawwtsw\Iawswl%a~24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS02139~I617I87636916June1977MarthaW.PendletonDames&Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NewYork11027

DearMartha:

IamenclosingthefinalwrittenreportsandtheinvoicedealingwiththetwoadditionalsamplesfromtheNiagaraMohawkNineMileIIsitewhichyousentusabout10daysago,andtheresultsofwhichIgaveyouonthephonelastFriday.Igatheredfromourdiscussionthattheresultswouldbeofhelpinevaluatingthechronologyofthearea.Ifyouhavefurtherquestions,pleasegivemeacallatyourconvenience.Meanwhile,Ihopewecanbeoffurtherservicewhenyourequirethistypeofdataagain.Sincerely,HaroldW.KruegerHWK:hrnencl.SPECIALISTSINGEOCHRONOLOGY8ISOTOPEGEOLOGY

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MA.02139~(617)-876-3691I.RADIOCARBONAGEDETERMINATIONOurSampleNo.GXŽ4861'.Your

Reference:

TelecomreJobI707-025REPORTOFANALYTICALWORKDateReceIved:31Nay1977DateReported:3June1977Submittedby:MarthaM.PendletonDames8Moore,2996BelgiumRoadSaldwfnsvf1le,NewYork11027SampleName:tffagaraMohawkIIIfneNfleIIsite.SampleSL-10,mar1fromwestwallofcoolfngtowertrench.Shells.AGE=12,545+330C-14yearsS.p.(C-13corrected).Description:largesampleoffresheatermarlfifthdispersedsmallshells{atleast2varietiesofgastropodsand1ormorevarfetfesofverysmallpelecypods).Pretreatment:Comment:Themarltwasdisaggregatedfnanultrasoniccleanerandthegastropodandpe1ecypodshellsstereconcentratedbysfevfngandhandsortfng.Theshellswerethenthoroughlymashedintheu1trasoniccleanertoremoveanyresidualmarlfragments'fromtheirsurfaces.Theysf&rethenhydrolyzedwfthdiluteHC1,undervacuum,torecovercarbondfoxfdefortheana1ysfs.Uncorrectedagewas12,260C-14yearsS.P.TheC-13analysfsindfcatesthatthebogmayhavehadsfgnfffcantcontributionsofoldcarbonatedissolvingfromlocalglacfaltflls.TheagemaythusbesomewhatolderpDB-6.9/oo.thanthetrueage.ofthemarls.Notes:ThisdateisbasedupontheLibbyhalflife(5570years)forC'4.Theerrorstatedist1I7asjudgedbytheanalyticaldataalone.Ourmodernstandardis95%oftheactivityofN.S.S.OxalicAcid.TheageisreferencedfotheyearA.D.'1950.

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,1NC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION~rnaeos~avrraa~z~a~~W24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS02139~I617)876l369114March'980ScottTaird"DamesaMoore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY

DearScott:

13027Re:JobNo.04707-022(7070)AsIreportedtoyourofficebyphonethisafternoon,wehavefinishedtheradiocarbondatesonthetwocarbonatessenttousbyDr.Barnes.Ourfinalreportsareenclosedalongwiththeappropriateinvoice.The0-18analysesshouldbedoneinafewmoredaysandwillbesentthen.TheTypeIcalcitehasnoC-14ofsignificanceandgaveanageof36,000C-14yearsorgreater.ItsC-13suggestsanoriginfromhydrothermalsorcesorfromremobilizedmarinecarbonates.Thetravertinegaveanageof14,180+/-550C-14yearsB.P.anditsC-13suggestsasourcefromdescendingmeteoricwaters.I'msureyoumayhavequestions,andI'lgladlydiscussthematterindetailifyouwillgivemeacallatyourconvenience.Sincerely,HaroldW.'KruegerHWK:hrnencl.SPECIALISTSINGEOCHRONOLOGY&ISOTOPEGEOLOGY

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MA.02139~(617)-876-36IIIPRIORITYBASISRADIOCARBONAGEDETERMINATIONREPORTOFANALYTICALWORKOurSampleNo.yourFieference:TelecomPerS.LairdDatepeceived:27February1980DateReported:14March1980Submittedby.ScottLairdDames6Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13027NiagaraMohawkPowerCo.NineMilePoint,N.Y.JobNo.04707-022(7070)SampleName:SampleHK-1.Carbonate.AGE=Greaterthan36,000C-14yearsB.P.Description:17.35gramsoftypeIcalcitebrecciafragments.TakenfromfieldsampleGA4-9.Brieflyrinsedinverydiluteaceticacidpriortoanalysis.1Theentiresamplewaspowderedto-100meshandasmallsplitwastakenfor0-18analysis.Theremainderwashydrolyzed,undervacuum,withHClandthecollectedcarbondioxidewasusedfortheanalysis.Comment:NosignificantC-14activitywasdetectedinthissample.Thesamplesizeallowsalimitageof36,000C-14yearsB.P.butthesamplecouldbemucholder.gC13~Cpoe=+3.1o/oo.Notes:ThisdateisbasedupontheLibbyhalflife(5570years)forC'4.Theerrorstatedisk1aasjudgedbytheanalyticaldataalone.Ourmodernstandardis95%oftheactivityofN.B.S.OxalicAcid.TheageisreferencedtotheyearA.D.1950.

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MA.02139~(617)-876-3691PRIORITYBASISRADIOCARBONAGEDETERMINATIONOurSampleNo.GX-7220Your

Reference:

TelecornperS.LairdREPORTOFANALYTICALWORKDateReceived:27February1980Da<<<<por<<d:14March1980Submittedby:ScottLairdDames6Moore2996BelgiumRoad.Baldwinsville,NY13027NiagaraMohawkPowerCo.NineMilePoint,N.Y.JobNo.04707-022(7070)SampleName:SampleHK-2'.Carbonate.AGE=14,180+/-550C-14yearsB.P.(C-13corrected)Description:8.49gramsoftravertine.TakenfromfieldsampleGA4-11E.Brieflyrinsedinverydiluteaceticacidpriortoanalysis.Pretreatment:Theentiresamplewaspowderedto-100meshandasmallsplitwastakenfor0-18analysis.Theremainderwashydrolyzed,undervacuum,withHClandthecollectedcarbondioxidewasusedfortheanalysis.Comment:-Thesamplewasrelativelysmallandwascountedoneachoftwodayswithgoodagreement,theaveragebeingreported.13pDB-7~5/oo.Notes:ThisdateisbasedupontheLibbyhalflife(5570years)forC'".Theerrorstatedis+1oasjudgedbytheanalyticaldataalone.Ourmodernstandardis95%oftheactivityofN.B.S.OxalicAcid.TheageisreferencedtotheyearA.D.1950.

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC,GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION+'4BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMGRIDGE0MASSACHUSETTS02139~1617)876369119March1980ScottLairdDames6Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13027

DearScott:

Re:JobNo.04707-022(7070)Wehavecompletedthe0analysesonthetwocarbonate18samplesfromNineMilePoint.Ourwrittenreportisenclosedalongwiththeinvoicefortheseanalyses.Bothsamplesgive0valuesbetween+21and+23o/ooand18I'mnotsurewhat,ifanythingthey'ltellusaboutthecarbonates,theirorigin,ortheirformationtemperatures.IwilltrytoreviewtheliteraturetoseeifIcanmakeanythingoutofthenumbers.5Ieanwhile,youmightcallDr.Barnestoseewhathehadinmindwhenhewantedtolookatthe0-18values.Sincerely,HaroldW.KruegerHWK:hrnencl.SPECIALISTSINGEOCHRONOLOGY&ISOTOPEGEOLOGY 0

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MA.02139~(617).876-3691STABLEISOTOPERATIOANALYSES,REPORTOFANALYTICALWORKSubmittedby:ScottLaird'Damesi;Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13027JobNo.04707-022(7070)DateReceived:27pebruary1980DateReported:19March1980Your

Reference:

TeleCOmPerS~LairdNiagaraMohawkPowerCo.NineMilePoint,N.Y.OurLab.NumberYourSampleNumberDescriptionAnalysis6018OR-13424HK-1TypeIcalcite(GX-7219)+21.1OR-13425IIK-2Travertine(GX-7220)+22.6'Unlessotherwisenoted,allanalysesarereportedin%onotationandarecomputedasfollows:RsampiestandardWhere:0/HstandardisSMQWC/CstandardisPDB0/0standardisSMOWS/SstandardisCanonDiablotroiliteDoubleatomratioAnd:Rstandrd'~0.000316RstandardO.ot1237Rstandard~0.0039948'standd00150045

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MASSACHUSETTS02139~16171876.369128April1980H.ScottLairdDamest;Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13027

DearScott:

Re:JobNo.04707-022(7070)WehavecompletedthePRIORITYBASISradiocarbondatingofyoursampleofligniticmaterial(GA4-S31).Ihaveenclosedoutwrittenreportandalsotheinvoiceforyoutoapproveandforwardforpayment.Thesampleprovedadequatebasedupontheprimarysetofsubsamplesandthealternateswerenotrequired.Theyhavebeenstored.Theagedeterminedis11,060'/-360C-14yearsB.P.IfIrecallourconversationcorrectly,youwereanticipatinga"lastinterglacial"(actuallylastinterstadial)ageandtheresultseemstoagreewiththat.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,pleasegivemeacall.WehavejustnowreceivedthetinycarbonatesamplefromDr.BarnesandI'lgetintouchwithMurthytoseeifhewantstobearoundduringtherunningofit.Inanycase,thatresultsshouldappearinabout10daysto2weeks.Sincerely,HaroldW.KruegerHWK:hrnencl.sPEcIALIsjsINGEocHRQNoLQGYaIsoToPEGEQLoGY

KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE,MA.02139e(617)~876.3691PRIORITYBASISRADIOCARBONAGEDETERMINATIONOurSampleNo.GX-7257Your

Reference:

p.O.ySQ-0355(Changeel)Submittedby:H.ScottLairdDames6Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NEWYORK13027REPORTOFANALYTICALWORKDateReceived:llApril1980DateReported:28April1980JobNo.04707-022(7070)SampleName:SampleGA4-S31.Organicmatter.AGE=11,064-+f380-C=l<-years-.B-.'.'~~-Lignitic'rpeaty'materialingrayclay.Pretreatment:Comment:Theentiresamplewas.dispersedinalargevolumeofwaterandtheclaysandorganicmatterwereelutedawayfromanysandandsiltbysedimentation,anddecantation.Theclay/organicfractionwasthentreatedwithhotdiluteHCltoremoveanycarbonates.Itwasthenfiltered,washed,dried,androastedinoxygentorecovercarbondioxidefromtheorganicmatterfortheanalysis.6cpDB=oooo.Notes:ThisdateisbasedupontheLibbyhalflife(5570years)forC'4.Theerrorstatedisa1easjudgedbytheanalyticaldataalone.Ourmodernstandardis95%oftheactivityofN.B.S.OxalicAcid.TheageisreferencedtotheyearA.D.1950.

iN KRUEGERENTERPRISES,1NC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTONESTREET~CAMBRIDGE.MASSACHUSETTS02I39~(617)876.369113May1980ScottLairdDames&Moore14CommerceDriveCranford,NJ07016

DearScott:

IamenclosingthereportonyoursampleHK-3(Type3calcite)whichwetriedtoanalyzeperyourletterof4/23/80andJobNo.04707-022(7070).Ialso.enclosetheinvoicefortheworkcompletedalthoughonlythecarbonisotopiccompositioncouldbemeasured.Thesampleprovedto'etoosmallforanyreliableC-14agedeterminationwhichisprimarilywhatyouwanted.WewereabletoobtainenoughgasforaC-13/C-12analysisasnotedonthebottomofthereport.Iamsorrythattheeffortthatwentintohandpickingthismaterialhasnotyieldedallthedatayoudesired,buttheresimplywasnotenoughcarbonpresent.Pleasegivemeacallifyouhaveanyquestionsaboutthesample,orifwecanbeoffurtherservice.Sincerely,HaroldW.KruegerHWK:hrnencl.SPECIALISTSINGEOCHRONOLOGY6ISOTOPEGEOLOGY

IIII7/KRUEGERENTERPRISES,INC.GEOCHRONLABORATORIESDIVISION24BLACKSTDHESTREET~CAMBRIDGE.MA.02139~(6171~876~3691PRI0RIYBASISRADIOCARBONAGEDETERMINATIONREPORTOFANALYTICALWORKOurSampleNo.GX-7272Your

Reference:

letterof4/23/80fromDamesaMooreSubmittedby:H.L.Barnes213F:astMitchellAvenueStateCollege,PA16801pateReceived.28APril1980DateReported:12May1980JobNo.04707-022(7070)Sample>>me:HK-3.Type3calcite.AGE=Toosmallforanalysis.(C-13corrected)Description:Verysmallsampleofcalcitefragments.Thecalcitewashydrolyzed,undervacuum,withHC1andtheevolvedC02wasusedfortheanalysis.Comment:Sampleyieldedlessthan0.050gramsofcarbonandwastoosmallforreliableradiocarbondating.6CPDB47/QQ13Notes:ThisdateisbasedupontheLibbyhalflife(5570years)forC'4.Theerrorstatedis+117asjudgedbytheanalyticaldataalone.Ourmodernstandardis959ooftheactivityofN.B.S.OxalicAcid.TheageisreferencedtotheyearA.D.1950.

'

230234Th/UDatingofTU-1(Report8DM-3,5/12/80)Teh-LungKuTheresidue,consistingof46.42>ooftheoriginalweight,wastotallydissolvedwithHF-HC10.Radio-gentleheating.chemicalanalysesofuraniumandthoriumisotopeswereper-formedonboththeleachateandresiduefractions,usingisotopedilution(withUandTh"spikes")andalpha-232228spectrometrictechniques.Theanalyticalresultsarelistedbelow:TU-1isanimpuxecarbonatesamplereceivedfromDr.H.L.Barnesthroughtransmittalsheet04707B-DK-T0666datedApril26,1980.Xtweighs16.49grams,intheformofsmallchips.Abouttengramsofhandpicked,light-coloredchipswerepul-verizedin'aball-millmixer,andleachedwith0.5NHC1underFraction238U2,34dpm/g232Th.2,3,0Th..23,4.23,0Th238U234U0.57+.020.93+.030.28+.013.99+.092.20+.162.12+.151.68+.103.98+.211.33+.081.48+.070.93+.053.98+.111.61+.070.96+.074.32+.181.88+.171.12.+.05,2.,6.9+.12L:leachate;R:resedue;W:wholesample(calculatedfrom:W=.5358L+.4642R).Thequoteduncertaintiesareonestandarddeviationsderivedfromcountingstatistics.

Asseenfromtheabovedata,thesampleasawholecontainsexcessThunsupported.byitsUparent,renderingthe230234230234Th/Udatingtechniqueinapplicable.TherearetwoexplanationsfortheexcessTh:(1)Opensystem:post-230depositionallossofuraniumhasoccurred.(2)Closedsystem:theexcessThwas.initiallypresentatthetimeofcalcite230precipitation.Explanation81wouldrequireextensivealtera-tionofthecalcite,whichseemstobenotsupportedbythestableisotopicdata(as,indicatedonthetransmittalsheet).Also,itwouldrequireananomalouslyhighuraniumcontentof>5ppmandU/Uactivity.ratioof'1.5(Uisgenerally234238....234moreleachablethanU)forthecalcite.Wethusfavor238explanation82,whichisfurthersuggestedbythesample'scontainingafairamountofFeandpossiblyMnasnotedbyusduringanalysis.Themineralphasescontainingtheseelements(e.g.,hydroxidesor'clays')couldscavenge,.Th.andform-a.partofthesample.Acceptingexplanation82,andassumingthatthediluteacidleachingservestoseparateUinthecalcitefrom238thatindetritalminerals(inwhichsecularequilibriumamongU,UandThisassumedtoexist),onecal-238234230culates(seeKuandJoshi:Datingterrestrialcarbonatecementationwithuranium-seriesisotopes.In:B.Patel,ed.,ManagementofEnvirenment,551-557,WileyEasternLtd.,1980)thatthecalcitecontains:Th=5.60dpm/g,U=0.86230234dpm/g,and=0.57dpm/g,oractivityratiosU/U=238234238

1.50andTh/U=6.51.Ifthecalcitewereprecipi-230234tated(togetherwith,say,aFe-Mnhydroxidephase)morethan300,000yearsago,itwouldinitiallyhaveratiosof234238U/U>2andTh/U>90.Thisishighlyunlikely.230234Insummary,becauseoftheexcessThpresentinTU-1,230thesamplecannotbedatedbytheuranium-seriesmethod.However,fromtheavailableinformationandmakingappro-priategeochemicalassumptions,itisnotunreasonabletoassignamaximumageof300,000yearsasthetimeofcalciteformation.

URANIUi';-SERIESAGEEATINGOrCALCITElRTZRlAL'(J.O.No.12177)Teh-LungKuUSCGeochemicalReportNo.S'8-1Dec>>17,1976Resultsofthetestingon,thetwqsamplesprovidedbyG~N~Page(letterdatedNovember.10,1976)arehereinreported.Thesamplesaredesignagedas.SY-landSN-2.SX-1iscalciticmaterialfromarock(502lbs.)facecontainingstriationsorslickensides.SN-2is"drusy"calcitecdatingontwosmallerrocksurfaces..Theaccompanyingtableliststheanalyticalresultsandtheestimatedminimumagesforthespecimens~Theindicateduncertaintiesarebasedonone-sigmacountingerrorsonly.ThetestingprocedureshavebeenoutlinedinmyOctober22ndlettertoMr..J.,H.i7iu3.lin.ExlanationoftheresultsForeachsample,activities(expressedindisintegra-tionsperminute,ordpm)ofU3~U3,Th3andTh328weremeasuredontwofractions.Theleachatefractionisthatportionsolublein1NHCl.andcomprisesmostlyCaCOTheotheristhe1NHClinsolubleresiduefractionwhichconsistsmostlyofalumino-silicateA.distinctfeatureofthe'-dataoverUintheleachatefractions234magnitudqoftheexcessescannotbedetritalminerals.istheexcessTh-~2~0ofbothsables.Theattrib'utedtopreferential

p,2solutionofThfromthedetritalsdtiringtheleaching2/0procedure,astheamountsofresiduesareinsignificantIcomparedwiththoseofacid-solubles.Therefore,theexcessThmustbepresentinthetotal;samples,which.canbe-takentoindicatethateitheruraniumhas.beenleachedoutorTh230hasbeenaddedtothesamples.Weacceptthelatterasabtterpossibilitybasedonthefollowingconsiderationsifirstly,inviewoftheobservedexcessUoverU(i,e~,230238U/U>l)intheleachatephase,itisunlikelythat0-leachwasaffected,asUisknowntobemoresusceptible~234.toleachingthanUduetotheformer'srecoil-produced~238origingsecondly,thepresenceofTh.intheleachates232-indicatesthatpartsoftneThinthesamefractionscould230beofextrarieousorigin(TatsumotoandGoldberg,lg$9).Thisisparticularlyplausibleaswenoteasignificantquantityof4'ronpresentinthecarbonatesduringdissolution(whosehydroxidesmayservetoscanvengeTh),andthefactthat,thecaseofsampleSÃ-2,werealltheThassociatedwith232theresiduephase,thelatterwouldhavecontained4$ppmofrthorium.-aninordinatelyhighvalue~silicateminerals.AcorrectionforthisextraneousorcommonThisin230order.ThecorrectionshouldbeR$7hexp(-)t),inwhich232gistheTh/Thratioenteringthecalcitic-material,230Xidthe.decayconstantofThandtisthetimeelapsed2/0'inceadditionofthecommonTh.Weestimatetheunknowns230Randtasfollowsa

p-3(1)Rmayhavearangeofvaluesas-reflectedbytheTh/.h230,232dataonnaturalwatersandsoils(Szabo,1969~Cherdyntsev,1971)commonlybetween1and2(KaufmanandBrocker,1965),'echoosetheTh/Thratiosfoundintheresiduesto230232bethevaluesforR.'heyarerespectively0.98and1.11forSN-1andSN-2.(2)AsthetimeofintroductionofThandThisuncertain,230232wetaket=0,meaningthattheadditionofthetwoisotopesoccurredveryrecently.Suchanapproachenablesustoderive'minimum'agesforthedepositionofthecalcites'I(asshownintheaccompanyingtable),becauseinsodoingIwearemaximizingthecommon-Thcorrections.Itshould230benotedthata"true"ageof>~300,000yearsforthetwosamples(approximateupperlimitfortheTh/U'dating230method)isallowablebythedataandinterpretationspresentedabove.ReferencesCited(97)ProgramforScientificTrans1atxon,.234pp.Kaufman,lg.and.Broecker,Ã.S,(1965)ComparisonofTh230andCagesforcarbonatematerialsfromLakesLahontanandBonneville.J.Geoah~s.Res.7024039-54,Szabo,B.J.(1969)Uranium-seriesdatingofQuaternarysuccessions.FtudesiurleQ>>aternairedansleliionde,'pp.941-49.ContressIiiQUA,2Paris,th.Tatsumoto,fi.andGoldberg,E.D.(19/9)Someaspectsofthemarinegeochemistryofuranium.Geochim.Cosmochim.A~cta1<201-8.

RadiochemicalandAge'DataoftheSamplesSample"No,gacid-U3.solubles(dpm/g)U231s(dpm/g)Th3(dpm/g)Th230.(dpm/g)Th3.carr.(dpm/g)MinAge(10~yrs~(L)SW-2(R)0,0942,00398,71,7%.08(L)0.0892.005.SN.-.l.93i9(R)1.38~.05"'3.70k20>>)1,302.05Oel33ke004l,lie,060.1221,004li782.08'e57ki081~09ko050,2071,0060'72k.,00781210.le75~e090~1542,007'0891.0040,2212,0070~1332008'LandRrefertoleachatefractionandresiduefraction>respectively>"<<AssumipgrecentadditionofTh.andcorrectedaccordingtoequations230Th=Th=<<R~Th,whereR~Th/Thintheresiduefraction230230232230232<<<<<<Calculatedfromequation>Th/U-(U/U)fl>>exp(-At)g+Ill-(UN)g)L~e(All"~y~lL>"e"P(~vwhereA(andA~arerespectivelydecayconstantsofThandU~subscriptLdenotes230234leachatefraction,

6/7/7961KensingtonRdGardenCity,NY11530RonaldPeTaylorPro'ectGeologistDames&:ashore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NewYork13027eRE:047079-DS-L0482

DearIh.Taylor:

Ihavecompletedtheanalysisofsample$CWT-1forpollenandsporecontentVisualinspectionofthebagsamplesindicatedthattheycanbeseparatedintotwogroupsbasedoncolor:bagsA.B.andCrangeincolorfrom5Y5/1to5Y6/1,whileEandGare25Y5/2,and,A,'s2.5Y7/2.Sincethebagsareallfromthesamehorizon(9C~lT-1)accordongtoyourdetermination,onebagfromeachcolorgroupwasprocessedandanalyzedinordertoprovideadequatbcoverageoftheoverallsampleandtodetermineifthecolorchangeissignificant.Consequently,approximately25gmofsedimentweretakenfrombagsBandGforprocessingandanalysis.BagB.Thesampleiscomposedofveryfinetocoarseclasticsediment.Thecoarsefractioncontainsangulartosubroundedfinesandtofinegravel,thelattercomprisedofsandstonefragments.Noorganicdebrisormicrofossilswereobserved.Thefinefractionyieldedthefollowingpollenandspores:pine(3specimens),birch(12),cedar(1),willow(1),grass(0),ragweed(1),othercomposites(1),pondeeed(1),~Shanom(1)BagG.Thecoarsefractionrevealedslightlymoreoxidationonthegrainsandfragmentsofsediment"thanthatofbagB.Pollenandsporesincludepine(3),spruce(2),birch(3),alder(1),hickory(1),oak(1),cedar(3),grass(1),,ragweed(2),othercomposites(1),unknowns(1),fernspores(3),andstellateleaf-hairs(1)Discussion,Overallthemicrofloralpopulatiianissparse,Thedominantformsarebirchandpinewithminorspruceandcedarandtracesofothertreepollen.Nonarborealpollenrepresentationisaboutone-thirdofthepollensum,Futher-more,severalofthespecimensappearwornIntheabsenceofastatisticallysignificantpollensum,determinationoftheageofthesampleissomewhatspeculative.However,withlargeramountsofpine,birch,andspruce,ascatteringofothertreepollenandtheabsenceofhemlockintheAP,andlowerNAPvalues,thesamplecouldrepresenttheA4subzoneofthesprucepollenzone.IncomparisonwiththepollendiagramdevelopedfortheSLandASsamplesfromthissite,thiscorrelationseemsreasonableIfyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthisreportsecontactme.IwillsendmystatementandrepresentativemicroscopsestoyouYostrsu'n

7l17l7961KensingtonRdGardenCityttY11530,RonaldP.TaylorProjectGeologistDames5Moore2996BelgiumRoad.Baldwinsville,NY13027Re:P.O.SR0316f04707-022-19

DearNr.Taylor:

Ihavecompleted,thepollenanalysisofsamplesGA3-Sland.GA3-S2afterprocessingapproximately25gmofeachsample,OfthetwosamplesonlyGA3-Sicontainedanymicrofloralspecimens.SampleGA3&2wasbarrenofmicrofossils.SampleGA3&i.Thissamplecontainsasparsescatteringoftreeandherbpollen,andsporesoflatePleistocenetomodernage,andatraceofPaleozoicsporesTreepollenincludespruce(1specimen),small-sizepine(l),alder(2),~Corlus(1),birch(1)Nonarborealformsincludeasmall-sizegrass(2),Artemisia(3),ragweed(5),andUrtica(2).Thesporesaree7).z'"'(').*Thissparseassemblageprohibitsadefinitiveagedetermination,butcomparedwithpreviousstudiesatthissite,a'sprucezone'geispossibleThelateglacialorsprucezoneageissuggestedintherelativelyhighNAPrepresentationalongwithafewcoldenvironmentindicatorslikespruce,Thereisalsoevidencetoindicateanopenvegetation,ie.fewtreesand,moreabundantNAP,particularlygrassandragweed,andwetground,ie,correlationwithCHT-.iandtheASandSLsamplesmightbeextendedtoincludeGA3-S1~Yourstruly,LesSirkinencl:-statement

8/7/7961KensingtonRdGardenCity,NY11530GordonAppelProjectGeologistDamesEcYoore2996'elgium,RoadBaldwinsville~NewYork13027Re:04707B-DS-L0482and04707-022-19

DearGordon;Accordingtoyourinstructionsinourrecentconversation,

IhaveanalyzedadditionalmaterialfromsamplesCNT-1andGA3-Sl.IndoingsoIhavesignificantlyincreased'thepollensumforeachsampleandhavedeterminedrelativepollenpercentagesforthecombinedsumsforeachsample(seeaccompanyingpollendiagram)~Theadditionaldatahaveprovidedmoresubstantiationforthetentativeconclusionsstatedinmypriorreportsonthesesamples,particularlyintermsoftheageandcorrelationofthesediments.Thepercentagesofthetaxashowthatbirch,alder,andconifers,includingspruce,twosizesofpinepollen~andcedar~arethemostabundantarborealforms.Pollenofdeciduoushardwoodsarerareandincludeonlyspeciescharacteristic.ofcoolerclimatetrees.Shrubs,representedbyEricaceae,'.Rosaceae,including~D~as(V)inGA3-Sl~andinpartbirchandaldersarecommon.Thenonarborealtaxaaredominatedbygrassandcomposites,particularlyragweedinGA3-SlwheretheNAPaccountfor56$ofthepollen,Inbothsamples~Polypodiaceaesporesareabundantand~Sha~urnissignifi-cant.LyycoodiumismoreabundantinGA3-S1.Aspreviouslydiscussed,.bothsamplescontainpollenassemblagesthatindicatethatdepositionoccurredduringtheSprucePollenZone,withaminimumageof10,000yearsB.P.,theyoungestagedeterminedfortheA4subzoneoftheSprucePollengoneasindicatedinthereportforjobj04707-02Sm'LheadditionalpollendatafurtherdemonstratethatacorrelationinagecanbemadebetweenthesamplesItisalsopossiblethatthesesamplesaresomewhatolderthantheA4subzone,ThehighshrubandNAPrepresentationindicatesavegetationalsettingmorelikeaconiferparklandthanaconiferousforest~thatis~aregionwithamoreopenaspectandmoregroundcoveralongwithareasofwetgroundorwetlandsmarginaltothepostglaciallake.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthisreportpleasecontactmeatyourconvenience,Forthenextweekorso,IwillbeinRhodeIslandwhereyoumaycallmeat4014662174'estrrLrinEncl:Statemere,

q0.t(~P'ja~(CtlrItrtt~I~jr',1I:'((:IzI(1tr+4'.~(t(';!f(?(clII;,'I~~~1(t(,~Irc~1I>>tI~rr!';!(1..1.t!(l~ll~Itt~.t9+I~~bI'~X~*it'jr(I~j,'I((((~I'r,1Icrlc.:~'((Ir(P,tt-(L:(~tt~I~llrlt1tp,.rr(IrIrtl1(1Slrrlrrlstent;E;..-1i1~!h'iI!CISLc!;(II'r(((.'.('tIIt(tTtOIct~t.c~111lttlgttt1;I1gC(11((t.1!Settcjc11I~c<,C~<g~c(c~qsr'I(cI((ll."it'"'ll'l~.I1t(tt(cc1cell(SS(>>~rr,"t'fP!Cl'.:Iclitt1':1,1~,LriIILl0,1I((c(l~'('+4~~;,.csPa4y<~CCr44/0+ppygc'7~8C~Q.'+~+>tSIy8~AQ+~~1'/peS~~~-Cgg.j<acorn>~g~~P~4r~oplHC~~"Isc,'r

11/12/7961KensingtonRdGardenCity,NY11530H.ScottLairdProjectGeologistDaaes8gMoore2996BelgiuaRdBaldwinsville,NY13027

DearMr.Laird:

kIhave,processed.andanalyzedforpollencontentthesixsamplesinthe,GA4series:Si-A,S2-ADS4-h,S5-h,S6-B,andS8-B.Basedonpriorstudiesrelativelylargeaaountsofeachsaaple(approximately2530ga),wereprocessedinordertoincreasethepollenyield,Furtheraore,accordingtoyourinstructions,sampleS5-hwasinspectedforpossiblesplittingintotwodifferentsedimentfractions.Becausethesamplewassmallandtheaixingofthesedimentswascomplex,Ididnotfeelconfidentthatsplittingofthesaapleintotwodistinct3gdifferentsedimenttypescouldbedonewithoutcontamigatioa.Ifalargersaapleofeachsedimenttypecouldbeobtained.and/orthetwofractionscouldbesplitbyyou,Icouldattempttoevaluatethepollencontentofthetwosaaples.Theresultsofpollenanaly'sisoftheGA4samplesisasfollows,withthesignificantpollendataplotted.onapollendiagramthatcanbecomparedwiththeresultsofpreviousreports.SamleGA4-Sih.Thissamplecontains47specimensofpollen,plusseveralspores.Aboutoftheaicrofloraconsistsoftreeandshrubpollen,predominantlypine,representedbyboththelargeandsaall-sizedforas,alder,birch,spruce,uillos,poplar(t),and~Shehardia.Thenonarborealpollenincludethecomposites,mainlyragweed,andgrass.Theoverallpollenasseablage,althoughlowindiversityprobablyrepresentsthesprucepollenzoneofthelate-glacialfollowingrecessionoftheMoodfordianglacier..Thepresenceofthesaall-sizedpinepollen,generallyassociatedwithP.bardcsiana,alongwithseveralpossibleshrubvarieties,spruce,annhigh&AP,suggestsaboreal,.spruceparklandorshrubtundravegetationwithscatteredtreesThisassociationischaracteristicoftheearlysprucepollenzone,asforexamplesubzonehi.ThelackoftundraherbsrestrictsassigninganHerbPollenzoneagetothesample.*.Ilittledatatoevaluate.SleGA4-S4A.ThissaapleissimilarinmanyrespectstoSi-hinpollenyieldanqonen+utwithsoaedifferenceindiversity'.About4'$ofthepollenofwhichthecompositesaretheaostabundant.ThehP-consistofspruce(1),large-sizedpine(5),hemlock(1),cedar(3),poplar(2),willow(1),birch(ll),alder(2),oak(1),andEricaceae(1)~Of12sporesfound,9areinthePolypodiaceae.ThemaindifferencesinthepollenasseablagesarethehigherNAP,lackofsaall-sizedpineand.spruce,and,theappearanceofcedar,healock,oak,andEricaceae,allsuggestingsomewhatwarmerclimaticconditions,Assuch,thisassemblagecoaparesaorefavorably'iththelatersprucesubzones,i.e.subzoneA4.

4

SPAC-lfww~jjtftI~I'41t.11J=gtrJJ4Itt44lt414\PWJJ+.4~j~tbIjfjtItI~I~gWei+tt4if'BTtN~el~Ž4g4Lttt44JJ14I,I\cgT~IXjpg~JTL~I~l114$j/,j~'I~JIJJItee~'"I

:,I:j.tp"l1ttegr.tm~-II+f1,t4+141~4454-++t1~tJ1titPtJW~TJ'~~+4tJrPTg@gJ~~J,rte.1~~'O'r~~t~t~~I*"$IJJI-'"~'I4~'

p2.Sirkinreport*provedtobeextremelylow<pine(4specimens,2small,2large),birch(2),alder(1),grass(1),andspores(1),Nd.letheoutcomemayappearacademic,theabsenceofPaleozoicformsmaybesignificant.InfactnoneofthesamplesinthisgroupcontainedPaleozoicforms.Mhilethesampleyieldisnotsignificant,thepine,.birchrepresentationmaysuggestarelationshiptotheothersaaplesandhencethesprucepollenzone,ThelackofPaleozoicformsmaysuggestthat,mixingofinsituandtransportedsedimentshasnotoccurredhere,'amleQk4-S6-B,Thissamplealsohasaverylowyieldwithpine(1),birch(2)~'rass1ycomposites(1),.andspores(3),represented~again,toofewtoassignadefiniteageSleOA4-S8-B.hgaintheveryfewspecimensretrievedfromthissamplecanonlyrovideahintofthesampleage!spruce(g),pine(g,ismall,2large)~emlook(1),grass(1),ragweed(1)~Possibleageisprucezone,subzone44,Insummary,itappearsthatthesesamplesverederivedfromsedimentsthatcontainpollenassemblagesthataremostreadilyassignedtothesprucepollenzoneofthelate-glacial.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsoonoerningthisinformation,pleasecontactmeatyourconvenience,-Sineoyours,lesSirkimConsultantEncl.:StatementSentseparately:onesUdeforeachsample.

3/10/8061KensingtonRoadGardenCity,N'X11530H.ScottLairdProjectGeologistDamesEcIIoore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13027Re:P.0.SR0316,Changeorders-f3,g404707B-DS-T0609

DearScott:

IhavecompletedthepalynologicanalysisofsamplesGA4-20~.21,21A,22,24,8c26.Basedonpriorexperience,relativelylarge(ca30gm)sampleswereprocessedandtheresidueswerereruninorddrtoconcentrateasmanypollenandsporesaspossible.Allofthesamples,however,hadalowyield.Thepollenweremainlywholegrainsandwellstained,althoughseveralfragmentswerealsocounted.GA4-S20.Abundantligniticparticleswereconcentratedintheorganicfraction,butonly8pollenand1sporewereretrieved.'Ihepollenincludepine,spruce,birch,alder,andhollyandelm.ThesporeisS~h~num.GA4-S21.Onlyonepollengrain,analder,wasfound.GA4-S21A.Thissamplecontains12pollenand3Polypodiaceaespores.'thepollenincludespruce,pine,birch,willow,cedar,oak,composite,grass,andRosaceee(DrZas?)~GA4-S22.Tenpollenand2sporeswerefoundinthissample.Thepollenincludebirch,Rosaceae,grass,andcomposites;thesporesareL~coodiumendPolypodiaceae(onseach).GA4-S24.Thissampleyieldedsevenpollenand6spores.Thepollenareofpine,Ericaceae,grass,composite,willow,and?walnut;thesporesinclude~Sha~numandPolypodiaceae.ThreePaleozoicsporeswerealsocounted.GA4-S26.Eightpollen,mainlybirch,willow~cedar,Rosaceae,composite,andbasswood,and3spores,oneeachofLcoodium,~Shanunc,andPolypodiaceae~werecounted,Althoughsparse,thepollenaremainlythoseoftheborealassemblage,thatis,pine,spruce,birch,willow,andRosaceae.However,fourofthesamplescontainatleastonepollengrainofacooltemperatespeciesofhardwoodtree,TheNAPareconsistentlyrepresentedbygrassandcomposites.~ShagnumandPolypodiaceae

Sirkin,3/10/80,p.2sporesconfirmtheoriginofthesedimentsinafreshwaterwetland,whilethelycopodsporesindicatecoolorborealconditions.Eventhoughthepollenyieldislow,thespectragenerallysuggestanassociationwiththelate-glacialsprucepollenzone(A4)andwereprobablyderivedfromsedimentsdepositedatthattime.Theevidencefavorsaninterpretationofcoolorborealconditions.Iwilllookforwardtohearingfromyou~andpleasecontactmeifyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthisreport.Yoursy~LesSirkin,Consultant.Encl:Thestatementattachedincludesthesitevisit,report,and.expensesforthatvisit;andpollenanalysisandreport.RepresentativeslidesfortheGA4sampleshavebeenshippedtoyou.Encl!confidentialreports,draft

4/28/8061KensingtonRdGardenCity,NY11530H.ScottLairdProjectGeologistDamesCcMoore2996BelgiumRoadBaLdwinsville,NY13027Re:P.0.SR0316Changeorderg5('cct4707-022-197070)

DearScott:

1kavecompletedthepalynologicalanalysisofsamples806-Sl~806-S3,810-1,810-3~810-4~and805-1.Ineachcase,theentiresamplewasextensiv"lyprocessedinordertoextractasmuchofthepollenaspossible.However,onlyafewfossilpollenandsporeswerefound.ThesemicrofossilswereweU.stained,althoughseveralwerebrokenandnotreadilyidentified.Allofthesamplesmntainconsiderablefine-grained,blackopaquedebris.805-1,121.55ft.Thissampleyieldedoneragweedpollengrain~andonetriletespore(Folypodiaceae?).806-Sl,15100ft.Onespore(polypodiaceae?)wasfound.806-S3~144.70ft.Onecomposite-typepollen(ragweed?)frag-mentsndoneL~ooodiumsporewereoounted.810-1,207.3ft.ThissamplecontainsoneChenopodiaceaepollengrain,oneRosaceae(?)pollen,andonespore(Folypod-iaceae?)~810-3,251.4ft.Onetricolpatepollengrain(genusnotdetermined).810-4,252.25ft.ThoroPolypodiaceae-typesporeswerecounted.Themicrofloraobtainedfromthesamplesprovidedforthisstudyisinsufficientfordeterminationoftheageofthesediment,Thepresenceofrosaceousandchenopodpollen,andfernandlycopodsporesmightbeanindicationofcoolandwetconditionsatthzsurfacesourceofthepolleniferoussedimentandwouldtendtoconfirmpriorstudiesatthesite.However,withsuchasmallsamplepopulation~thatpointisonlyspeculation.Ifyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningtheseresults~pleasecontactme.Yoursly,Lesirkin,ConsultantEncl:Statemmt;representativeslides-sentsePar<<ely

BRQCKUNIVERSITYRECIONNIACARADepartmentofCeologicalSciences416/684-7201Ext.273St.Catharines,OntarioL2S3A1CanadaMarch17,1980REPORTONPALYNOLOGICALANALYSESOFLAMINATEDSILTYCLAYNineMilePointNuclearStationUnit2NiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation04707B-DT-L0625submittedbyJ.TERASMAE

Enclosures:

1.Personaldatare.theinvestigator2.Analyticalprocedures3.Reportonresultsofanalyses4.Rawdata

REPORTONRESULTSBothsamplescontainedcalciumcarbonate(strongreactionwithHCl).Pollenconcentrationinbothsampleswasverylow(about300-400pergramofsediment).AllpollenwasofPleistoceneage.NoPaleozoicspores-werepresentintheslidesexamined.Pollenpreservationwaspoorandsomepollengrainswerebroken.Theundissolvedmatrixofthesampleresiduewasfoundtobeinorganic,withonlyafewplanttissuefragments.Inmyviewthesesamplesindicatedepositioninglacialenvironment,mostlikelyaglaciallake.Thelowpollenconcentrationandpoorpreservationindicatetomethepresenceofglacialclimateandabsenceoflocalvegetation.Atmospherictransportfromsourcestothesouthcanaccountforthefewspruceandpinepollenfoundinthesesamples.Incontrast,postglacialsedimentsintheGreatLakesregioncommonlyhaveapollenconcentrationoftensofthousandsofpollengrainsperonegramofsediment,andover100,000pergraminsomesediments(seeforexample,McAndrewsandPower,1973).AlthoughPaleozoicsporesarequitefrequentlyfoundinglaciallakesedi-mentsofthesouthernGreatLakesregion,theyarenotnecessarilypresentineverysample(asindicatedbymypersonalexperienceoversome20years).Intermsofage,theseglaciallakesedimentsmostlikelybelongintheLate-Wisconsinanepisode(datedabout13,000to15,000yearsbeforepresent).Thegeo-graphicalrelationshipofyoursitetoknownicemarginalpositionsofLate-Wisconsinanagemayprovidesomehelpfulguidance.ThereisnoabsolutelysurewaythatanolderPleistoceneagecanbedefinitelyexcluded(atleastonthebasisofpalynologicaldatafromonly2samples).However,thepresenceofabundantcar-bonate(indicatingnoleaching)supportsaLate-Wisconsinanage,ratherthansomeearlierPleistocenetime.InmyopinionthegeologicalfieldevidenceshouldbegivenpriorityinrespecttothedecisionofwhetherornotthesiltyclayismostlikelyofLate-Wisconsinanageorolder.McAndrews,J,H.andPower,D.M.,1973.PalynologyoftheGreatLakes:thesurfacesedimentsofLakeOntario.CanadianJournalofEarthSciences,volume10,no.5,pp.777-792.

ANALYTICALPROCEDURESThefollowingsequenceofanalyticalprocedureswasusedforpreparationofthe'B.tyclaysamples.Note:someabbreviationsusedbelow:HC1-hydrochloricacid(dilute,10K)HF-hydrofluoricacid(concentrated,42K)C-centrifugeM-wash(distilledwater)1.Determinedryweightofsample:-Weightofsample(ovendry)andcontainerWeightofcontainerMeightofsampleused(ingrams)2.Addca.50mlHC1tosampleinbeaker;stir;leavetoreactovernight2tabletsaddedtoeachsample4,Transfersampleto15mlcentrifugetube;C&M&C(repeat)5.Transfersampleto100mlnetalcrucible6.Add30mlHF;warmuponhotplate;leavetoreactovernight7.DecantmostofHF;add30mlwater(distilled)8.Transferto15mlcentrifugetube;C&W&C(repeat)9,Add7mlHCl,warmto80C;C&W&C10.Add3ml'glacialaceticacid;Canddecantacidll.Add7mlofacetolysismix;heatto100CinwaterbathlC&M&C,decantwater12.Makeslidesofresidue;cornsyrupusedasembeddingmediumNotestheHC1,HF,andacetolysisstepsaredescribedindetailonattachedpages(circledinred).Thepreparedslideswereexaminedundermicroscope,using400xmagnification

RAMDATASamplesSampleweight(ingrams)e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GA4-S2316.5510GA4-S2513.2829Pollencounted:Totalsurfaceof3slidesscannedPicea(spruce)Pinus(pine)Betula(birch)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~6~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s~~~~~~~5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1Oueucus(cak)Otherpollen(unidentifiedbecauseofpreservation)~~~~~~~~~~~~~poor......5Total17"Spike"(Lycopodiumspores)counted........,.....691383SpikeaddedPollencountedPollenconcentration---.-------xSpikecountedDryweightofsamplePollenconcentrationisexpressedasnumberofpollengrainsinonegramofdrysediment.Sample."A4-S23:--'--x---=372pollenper1gofsample-25,000176916.55SampleGA4-S25<25,00083x1328-"295pollenper1gofsample13

~.RUTGERS,TMESTATEUNIVERSITY>OFNEWJERSEYDr.AndreasH.VasslllouNov.17,1979NEWARKCOLLEGEOFARTSANOSCIENCESQOEPARTMENTOFGEOLOGY~NEWARK~NEWJERSEY07102MINERALOGXCANALYSlSREPORTTOcMr.H.ScottLairdDamesEcMoore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwlnsvllle,NewYork13027RE>MlneralogloanalysisofsoilandrockspeolmensasperSR0334JobNo.00707-022-19PROCEDURES(s)SamplePreparationBedrockseolmens~representativeportionsgroundandsmearonsidesfor.XRDanalysisasBULKspecimens.Thinseotlonspreparedforpointoounts.X-raychartsandthinsectionsenolosed.Sollseolmens~XRDsampleswereprepared,bysedlmentlngolsy-sizeparticlesontoglassslides(beakermethod)Allsedlmented.slideswereolasslfledandranasILZ(55'h1.~11((f((for"heavies"content.Representativeportionsaoidtreated.foroarbonatecontent,throughcsloulatlonofweightloss(COq).Eightofthesamplesweretestedtwdceforverificationpurposes~(b)StandardsUsedChem.CarbonatecontentsSteppreoedurestestedforqualitycontroyusingPlserScientificReagentGradeCaC03.Differencebetweenaotuslandanalyzed.valuesforthelatter(usingsteppreoedures)determined.tobelnthe0.01area.X-radiffraction>permaquartzstandard.usedlneverchartoraignmentcontrolandverification.TislsshownoneveryX-rayohartenolosed..X-rayAnalysis(mineralidentification)wss.doneusingthreereferenoesources~(1)A.P.I.olayreferenoestandardsranonourownmachinesforactualcomparisons.(2)ASTMfilecardsforverlfioatlon.(3)Thereference

AHV-2tablesofChen(1977).IntensltfactorssFornon-clayandclaymineralsdetermined,experimentallyusing100$contentforeachmineralpresentlnsamplestested)~Values(forscaleof500)comparewellwithvaluesofSchultz(1964)andJohnsetal(1954).Quartz(21o)s8$0sPlag.(28o)s2800>Calcite(29')s2600Dolomite(31o)s3100'lays(chl.,111.,kaol;)s1500Chlorltes6.4I~Illltes8.9Itimesfactor2$kaollnites6.4times1.2factor.from12.4I.RESULTS(a)Allanal~leresultsarelisted.lnTable1(attached)(b)Commentsonanalyticalresults.(referenceTable1)1.Therangelnweightperoentcontentofcarbonate(wetchemical)indicatesthatChesamplesare~.homogeneous.Mostoftheclay/siltsamplescontainrookohlpsandfragmentsthatmostprobablyconti'ibutetoChelnhomogeneltyofthematerials.2.Thelnhomogeneltylsalsoevidentthroughtheotheranalyltlcaldata(non-clayand.claymineralcontent)sincethereisnoclearseparationofsamplesaccordingtoorigingroups(l.e.S5,S6,S7groups).3.Thecarbonate'contentthroughXBD,separ4Aedintocalciteand.dolomite(withsomeeid.erlte),providesthesimplestandmostpracticalcompositlonsldistinctionsbetweengroupsand.individualsamples,specificallylntermsofthetypeofpredominantcarbonatepresentorlntermsoftheratiobetweenthetwoprincipalcarbonateslfbotharepresent.4.Theaccessorymineralcontent(heaviesoraccessories)doesnotprovideanypracticalcomposltlonaldlstlnctlonbetweenthesamples.5.Thetotalclaycontentand.specificclaymineralcontentareoftenimportantcomposltlonaldlfferentlatesamongclay/slitspecimens,cou'pledwithdataongrainsizedistributionand.theratioofquartztofeldspar.Herethesefactorsdonotdifferentiatethesamplesintorelativelysimplecomposltionalgroupsduetotheapparentvariationwithinsamplinggroups.However,lfonedisregardstheclassificationaccordingtosampling(l.e.S5,S6etc.)and.looksat'theindividualclaymineralcontent(lntermsof100percenttotalclay),onecanseecertaincomposltlonalcharactersasevidencedfromthefollowinglisting>

0'00

'I0~I~Ql~~Dl~~~~g~~~~~t~~~~~I~~ll~~~~tf~~~~I~-~~~~~II~~~~~~II~~1~ltl~~~~~~'I~'II~~II~~~II~~~Il~~It'I~~~~~~~~~II~~~II~~II~r~~II'~'"~~'~~~~~~ll~~~~~~~'~~II~~~~~~~~~~~~'l~'~'lII~~~~tl~~II

AHV-4PercentofClaContentChloriteIlliteKaolin~Samle393937363229272624222219171513356161636468677168707065686875681,01313151019S6-AS7-CCWPT>>2MCWPT-1MCMPT-3MS5-Bs6-cS5-DS6-DiS4-BS2-MS1-BS6-D2S5-C'S7-BS7-A+ThesefigurescanbeobtaineLbyrecalculatingtheclaymineralcontentintotalsample(seeTable1)topercentclayproportions

-RLITGERSTHESTATEUNIVERSITYOFNEWJERSEYDr.AndreasH.VassikiouMarch17,1980NEWARKCOLLEGEOFARTSANDSCIENCES~DEPARTMENTOFGEOLOGY~NEWARK~NEWJERSEYGII02MINERALOGICANALYSISREPORTTO<Mr.ScottLaird.Dames&Maore2996.BelgiumRoad,Baldwinsville,NewYork13027REi.HeavymineralseyaratlonandidentlflcatlononclaysamplesGAO-S27,GAL-S28,andGAS-S29asperSR0334ChangeOrd.ergiandJobNo.04707-022(7070).PROCEDURESANDMETHODSHeaviesfromeachofthethreesamplesvereseparatedandtheirweightyercentcalculatedusingtwasomewhatdifferentprocedures.Thestepslneaohcasetogetherwithpertinentabservatlonsareoutlined,below.Thefinalresultsrepresentaveragesfromthetwopraaedures.(ABromoform-FunnelSeration1~Weighsamplebeforeseparatingheavies(P2.85SG)lnbromoform,usingfunnelwithstopperandfilter.2~Microscopicobservationofseparatesshowedthepresenceafsulfideencrustationsonclaysurfaces.g.Aftercrushingofseparatestofreesulfidesframthecompositegrains,heaviesvereagainimmersedinbromoform,andresultingseparateswereweighedtod.eter-minepercentcantentofheavies.4~Heavyfractionwaspassed.through-aFrantzIsodynamicSeparatorbutnomagnetiamineralswereseparated..5~Identificationofheavyfractionusingphysicaland.opticalcharacteristicsaswellasX-raydiffractionanalysis(representativeX-raychartenclosed.).TheX-rayldentlflcationvasbasedonstandards(perma-quartz)andtheJCPDSfile.

emRLITGERSTHESTATEUNIVERSITYOFNEWJERSEYNEWARKCOLLEGEOFARTSANDSCIENCESeOEPARTMENTOFGEOLOGY~NEWARK~NEWJERSEY07102g2DEcM3/17/80BBromoform-CentrifeSerationSamestepsas1n(A)aboveexceptthatthecen+fugewasused.intheseparationprocesswhichproducedslightlymoreseparates1nashortert1me.RESULTSItcontains0.5weightpercentheav1escomposed.ofmarcasiteand.pyrite.SamleGAL-S28Itcontains0.4percentmarcasiteand.pyr1te.2Itcontains0'percentmarcasiteantpyrite.NOTESa)Zneathofthetrheesamplesshove,themaroasfte1sslightlymoreabundantthanthepyrite.ItalsoappearsthatsomeofthemarcasltehasaltereIitothemorestablestructureofthepyrite.(b)Inspiteofverycarefulmicroscop1cexam1nat1on(usinga250Xtheoreticalmagnification),nogarnetgrainswereobserved..'nlyone1solated.red.grain,thatcould.begarnet,wasobserved.insampleGAL-S29.Besidesthesulfid.esand.theclayand,quartzgrainsthatformencrustationsnoothermineralgrainswereobserved.(m1croscopicallyothroughXRD)1ntheheaveyfract1ons,

2/20/8061KensingtonRdGardenCity,NY115/0H,ScottLairdProjectGeologistDames&:Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,New'ork1/027

DearMr.Laird:

IamwritingtoyouconcerningmyobservationsofthegeologyoftheNorthRadwasteTrenchexposureat'heNineMilePointNuclearStationUnit2site.IvisitedthsitewithyouandtheDames&Ygooregeologists,accompaniedbyDr.Coateson2/15/80,inordertoexarainethebedrockexposureandinvestigatethesourceandsettingpertainingtotheoriginofandthesettingoftheclayandsilt"samplesthatIhaveanalyzedSorpollencontent.TheNorthRadwasteTrenchexposurerevealsabedrockstructure,afaultzone,inwhichfine-grainedsediraenthasfilledinopeningsinthebedrockbetweenthebeds,inthefaultbreccia,andinjointsandotherfractures.ItisapparentthatmarryopeningsexistinthebedrockandthatthepermeabilitycreatedbytheseinterconnectedopeningscouldallowforthepassageofgroundwaterandSinesed-imentverticallyandhorizontallythroughthesection,Furthermore,theclaysandsiltsaredeforraedwhichindicatespostdepositionalbedrockmovements.SamplesofthesesedimentswereobtainedforpalynologicalstudyfrommembersoftheDames8gMooregeologicalstaff.Thesesamples,whichweretakenpriortothisvisitandshippedtome,werecarefullytakenfromfreshexposuresbythesegeologistswhopackagedthesamplesdirectlyattheexposure,accordingtomyinstructions,inordertoeliminatecontaminationbyairbornepollen.Pollenanalysisindicatesthatcontaminationhasnotoccurred.Nuraeroussaraplesofclayandsiltfromavarietyofdepositsinthebedrockopeningsconsistentlycontainpollen.assemblagesthatindicatealate-glacialage,basedoncoraparisonwiththeestablishedpollenstratigraphyofNewYorkSorthelate-andpostglacial,thatis,after15,000yearsbeforethepresentforthecentralNewYorkregion.Thepollenassemblagesfromthesesamolesgenerallyin-cludepollenofspruce,2pinespecies,birch,alder,willow,borealshrubs,grassandcomposites,andsporesoggoharnumandferns.Theseassemblages,whichcontainverySewpollenofdecidu-ous,hardwoodtrees,arebestcorrelatedwiththesprucepollenorAzonethatoccurredinthisregionaround12,000yearsago,andindicatethatspruceforestsexistedhereatthattime,Thelackofhardwoodstestifiesbothtothelackofcontarainationfromthemodernhardwoodforestandtherefore,thespruce(A)zoneageforthesediments.ilternatively,inthesurfaceexposureofpro-glaciallakesedimentsintheCoolingTowerTrenchasequenceof

p.2Sirkinradiocarbon-datedpollenzoneswasencountered,thesprucezoneatthebase,succeededbythepine(B)zone,andtheoak(C)zone.Inaqualitativesense,thepollengrainsareallwellstained(astainisaddedintheprocessingofsamples)whichindicatesayoungerageforthe,pollengrainsandrelativefreshnessofthewallstructure,EarlyPleistocene.orTertiarygrainswouldonestainlightly,oldergrainswouldnotacceptthestain.Theabsence","ofpre-Pleistocenepalynomorphs,exceptforthoseofbedrockage,rulesoutapre-Pleistoceneagefortheinfillings.IncomparisonwiththepollenstratigraphyoftheoverallNineMilePointsite,basedonsectionsfromotherexposures-whichIhavepreviouslystudied,andwiththeagesofthesedi-mentssupportedbypollendataandradiocarbonages,theclaysan4siltsinthebedrockopeningsareoflate-glacialage.Thepresenceofsedimentsofthisageinproglaciallakedepositsoverlyingthebedrockatthissiteprovidesadirectsourceofpollenbearingsedimentforfillingofthebedrockopenings,Thereisnoothersourceofsuchsedimentinthisarea.Xtis,therefore,probablethatthelacustrinesedimentsfromthebasal'artofthelakesectionwereremobilizedandredepositedinthebedrockopeningsbygroundwaterandweresubsequentlydeformed.Deformation,then,postdatestheinitialdepositionoftheclays,silts,andpollenduringthelate-glacial.Insummary,myrecentinspectionofthesiterevealsthatdeformeddqusitsofclayandsiltextensively,occurwithinequallyextensiveopeningsinthebedrockstructureinthistrench.Pollenanalysisshowsthatsprucezonepollenassem-'lagesarefoundinthesesedimentsandalsooccurinnearbylate-glaciallakedeposits.Analternativesourceforsuchsedimentsandpollenhasnotbeenfound.Iwilllookforwardtohearingfromyouconcerningtheseobservationsandwillbeavailabletocommentonthemifyouhaveanyquestions,YoursyLesSxrkin,Consultant,

538E.FairmontDr.veTempe,AZ8528"April10,1980Hr.JohnJ.MarkhamProjectManager,Dames&Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13207

DearMr.Markham:

ThefollowingisaletterreportinitiatedatyourrequesttoconsidertheoriginandageoftheclaydepositedinvoidsinthebedrockinandneartheRadwasteFaultZoneinsedimentarybedrockatNineMilePointNuclearStation-Unit2,Scriba,NewYorkandtherelationshipofthisclaytobedrockmovementalongthefault.Thereportisbasedondiscussionswithgeologistsworkingatthesite,readingofpreparedreports,andtwositeinvestigations.IntroductionGeologistsofDames&MooreandStone&WebsterhavebeenstudyingthebedrockandoverlyingunconsolidatedsedimentsattheNineMilePointsiteforseveralyearsforthreepower,sites.MyfieldinspectionofthesitewasinthemorningofFebruary29,1980andintheafternoonofApril4,1980.NineMilePointNuclearStation-Unit2isontheshoreofLakeOntarioatNineMilePoint,ScribaTownship,Os~egoCounty,NewYork.GeologyGeneralstatementTwothoroughbriefingsweregivenbygeologistsofDames&MooreandStoneandWebster.Thefirstsitevisitdealtmainlywithinvestigationsofbucklesinthesedimentarybedrock.DiscussionswithStone&Webstergeologists-tookplaceontheafternoonofFebruary28,1980inBoston,MA,andonthesiteinthemorningofFebruary29,1980.DiscussionsindetailwithgeologistsofDames&MooreoccurredFridayafternoonatthesite.InthemorningofFriday,February29,therewasafieldsitevisitinwhichweexaminedthegeologyintheDrainageDitch,theRadwasteTrench,theScreenWellarea,NorthElectricCable"tunnel"andtheCoolingTowerExcavation.Inaddition',it'waspossibletoexamineblackandwhiteandcolorphotographsaswellasmanyfieldsketches,

preliminarydiagramsofgeologicalexposures,and'tudyeciogicalr'orts.TnesecondsitevisitwasonApril4,1980.Atthistimethereweredata'leddiscussionslimitedexplicitlytothephysicalfea'turesortneclay'intheRadwasteTrench.DiscussionswerewithgeologistsofDames&MooreandStone&Webster.IntheafternoonorApril4itwaspossibleformetomakeabouta2hourexaminationoftheclaydepositsinthebedrockintheRadw'asteTrenchinaspecialexposurethatwasprepared.IwasaccompaniedbyMr';ScottLairdofDames&MooreandMr.NickDrakul'ichofStone&Webster.UnconsolidatedsedimentsThearealiesintheErie-OntarioLowlandan'dhasbeenoverriddenbyglaciericeseveraltimes.Unconsolidatedsedimentsincludetill,oflateWis-consinanage.Unpublisheddataprovidedbysitegeologistsindicatetwotills,adensebasaltillandtheoverlyinguppertill,interpretedtobean.'ablationtill.Overlyingthetillsarevariousglaciofluvialdepositscharacteristicofstagnatingglaciersandth'awingground,'inclUdingmeltingglacial"iceblocks;Also'reportedtobewidespreadinthesiteareaarefinelylaminatedclay-silts.,'--'offormerLakeIroquois.LakeIroquoisformed,withthewithdrawlof'thec'ontin-'ntalglacier;thelakeis-reportedtohaveleftthesiteabout'13,500'-years;:-',,'go.Itexistedforhundredsifnotthousands'fyears.Inthebottomofthelakewasdepositedtypicallaminatedclaysandsiltsandcl'aye)~-si'its,aswellassilty,clays.These'depositsinsomeplaces.directlyoverliebedrock.'In-thesiteareaandadjoiningareastheclaysandsiltshavebeenmappe'dandexaminedbygeologistsandconsultantsofDames&Moore.Detailedmechani'cal'.,analysesofthesediments,aswellasmineralogicalstudieshavebeenmade.Also,pollenanalyseshavebeenperformed.Thepollenischaracteristicof~~lateWisconsinantime.BedrockTheconsolida'tedrocksatthesiteare'of,theOswegoformationofupperOrdovicianage.The':rockscons'istoftabular,thintomediumbedsoflightgreytogreenish-gra'y,'fine;grainedsandstoneinterlayeredwiththinbedsofgreysiltstoneanddarkgreyshale.Inthesitearea'he'topbedisarathermassivegreysandstone3to5feetthick.Thebedsdipverygentlytothe-southorsouthwestlessthanonedegree.Exposuresin'heRadwasteTrenchpermittedobservationofbedrockfacestotallingasmuchas15to16feetverticallyand40feethorizontally.-Smallfaultsinthebedrock.oftheNineMile.Pointareahavebeenstudied:'Barge.SlipFault,DrainageDitchFault,(anextensionoffaultintheFitzpatri'ckexcavation),coolingTower,Fault,'ndtheRadwasteTrenchFault.Thelateris'of.interestinthisinves'tigation.0TheRadwasteTrenchFaultappearstobeabedding"planeslipwh'i:chalso.involvestherupturingofsmall,sharp,asymnetricanticlinesthatoccurinthe.thinbedsoftheOswegosandstone.'ssociatedwith.thefracturingisagr'eenishgreyto,greygougeorbrecciawithafine-grainedmatrix.'hethin(~~-1inch)sandstoneorsiltstonela'yershavebeendeformedand,inasmuchasthey,werebrittle,'.

ha".up"uredansomepiecesoftnerockarerotated.~'-th-...-::suitaresaidtobedisplaced1to7feet.Theoci:sal.ongtneThemostimportantaspectsofthestructureisthatthemovementhas<<;'createdadilationofthebedrock,especiallynea"thefaultzone,andtherearenu'merousopeningsalongbeddingplanes,andespeciallywiththefract'ured,;andfoldedbedsandrotatedrockfragments.Thevoidsobservedareasmuchas'2inchesindiameter.Intheopeningsinthebedrockisdepositedlocallya,calcarous-antogreyslightlyplasticclayeysiltwhichshowsverydelicately'p'reserveominutewaveylaminations,anddeformationsofmanytypesincluding""folds,drapesandratherirregularconvolutions.Closeexaminationreveals,thatthereisagreyclayandatanorbrownishclay,thelaterofwhichseems<<'to'preservemoreof'thelaminationsanddeformationfeatures.Claydepositsareupto2inchesthickbutgenerallyaremuchthinnerandformacoating.on",bedrocklayerswhethertheyareflatortilted,evenupto30-40degrees.Itistheage,origin,andrelationshipof.thisclay,tothebedrockwhichiscentral:,.tothisreport.lClayeysiltfillingvoidsinbedrocke~\~OriginTheunc'onsolidated.fine-'grainedsedimentsfillingbedrock'voidswillbe.'referredtoasclay,althoughit;hasbeenshowntobeasiltyclaywithsome,:thinlaminations,*mostlysilt,andinmostplacesaclai'ey"silt:ExpertsundercontractwithDames&HooreandDames,&Yioorepersonnelhavecarefullystudied.thesizegradedistribution,'-'min'eralcomposition,c'alciumcarbonateconc'entration,.'ndpollencontentoftheclayanditsass'ociationwiththegougewithfinegrainedmatrix.Thecalcarousclayisalmosttotallydifferentfromthe'iliceousgouge"matrixandthereforeconsiderednottohavebeenderivedfromthegrinding,ofthebedrockduringfaultingorbyweatheringofthebedrock.The;clayisremarkabl'elysimilarinalmostalldetailsto,thepollen,mineral,andcalciumcarbonatecontentandsizegradedistributionoftheoverlyingclayeydepositsofextinctLakeIroquois.Iconcurwiththeseworkersthattheclayeysilt,fromtheoverlyingLakeIroquoisfiltereddownwithgroundwater,especiallywhenRakeIroquoiscoveredtheregion,andwascarriedbyverticalandhorizontalcurrentstobedepositedinthevoidsofthebedrockunderlyingthelake.Age~NoC-14dateshavebeenobtainedonorganicmaterialintheclayinthe"..bedrockvoids.However,pollenandanalyseshavebeendoneonclaybothin1979'.;and1980.Thesestudiesindicatethat'hesiltyclaysweredepositedduring,Pleistocenetimein'an;,environmentabundantwithspruce,most,likelylateglacial(i.e.lateWisconsinantime).Thisisessentiallythesame.pollenspectra'eportedfromtheoverlyinglakesediment.Althoughitcannotberuledoutthat'theclaywi'thpollencouldbe-ofanearlierPleistocenesprucetime,itwouldappeartome,baseduponworkofthepollenexperts,thattheageofthe';,clay.isindeedlateWisconsinan,10,000-13,500yearsBP.

,~Qr'cgnostuturesintntcSc'entistsandengineersstudyingtheclayhavenotedtn"ceformationorthelaminatedclay,andvarioussketchesandphotographsoftne..zterialwere-'ayai)ablefromDames&MooreandStone&5'.ebsterformyinspection.In;addition,afewexposuresofthedeformedclaywereseenintheRadwasteTrench'nApril4,1980.Thelaminatedclayisminutelyderormedinplaceswithfoldsand=-aves'anddistortionsintheorderof1millimeteruptofoldsanddeformationsupto2inches.Thetermsundulatinglaminations,wavylaminations,involutions,,convolutions,drapes,rolls,folds,minutebreaks,intricatedeformation,and.'thershavebeenusedi'ntheliteraturetodescribethesestructures.The;structuresintheRadwasteTrenchareinlayersofclay~~to2inchesthickon"horizontal,andespeciallysloping,sandstonesurfaces.IhaveseensimilarstructuresinAlaskaandEuropeinlatePleistoceneglaciolacustrinesiltyclaysandclaysandtheyarecommonlydescribedinthe-literatureinsuchsedimentsfromPaleozoictoHoloceneage,especiallythelater.Suchstructuresaregenerallydescribedaspenecontemporaneous,meaningthattheyformedduringthedepositionorneartheendofdeposition,andformedbyslumping,,partialplasticdeformationandperhapssomeliquefacationofthewater-saturatedfine-grainedmaterial.Somedeformationcouldbeatthetermin-'ationoftheclayaccumulation.k:Ibelievethatthesiltandclaysizeparticleswereconductedd'ownward;andlaterallybycurrentsthroughminutetolargeopeningsintherockwhenLakeIroquoisexistedaboveprovidinga"high"watertable(bedrockandlakeclayscompletelysaturated).Thesediment-bearingcurrents(microturbiditycurrents)carriedthefinegrainedparticlesthroughtheopeningswheretheysettledoutonhorizontalorslopingsurfaces.Thesoft,water-saturatedclay"layercouldalsohavebeendisturbedbythesediment-laden~atercurrentsinwhatcouldbedescribedasasmall,orminutecaveenvironment.Mostofthedeformationprobablycanbeattributedtotheeffectofgravityonthesedmentsaidedbywatervelocityanddirectionofcurrents.Anydisturbancetotheenvironmentduetolocalshocksduringglacialwithdrawl,lakewithdrawland-landreboundingwouldhavebeenfavorableformicrodisturbancesthatmighthavecausedoraidedintheslumpingorliquefactionofthesediments.Therefore,insummary,Ibelievethatthedeformationobservedintneunconsolidatedslightlyplasticclaveysiltisduetopenecontemporaneous,orwhatcouldbe:,.calledsyndepositionalandmaybesomepostdepositional,distortionandarenottheresultofthefoldingandfaultingofthebedrock.RelationoftheclaytobedrockIthasbeensuggestedthatdeformationoftheclaytookplaceduringmovementofthebedrockalongthefaultandthatthismovementproducedsomeormuchofthebedrockstructureweseetoday.Twopointsshouldbementionedhere.First,Ibelieveclaystructuresaresyndepositional(contemporaneousdeformation)and/orimmediatelypost-depositionalanddonotrequirebedrockmovementtoform.Second,duringfieldexaminationsonApril4,1980intheRadwasteTrenchIfound 0 intwoplaceswheretneclayw=.scl'earlypost-depositional.oves.,a"1,snarp,asymmetricbrokenbedrockanticlinesiniolvingsandstonelayers-'-to."':inchth'ck.Theclaycleariyoverlaytneinclinedsandstonelayerandtn'ebrokenedgesofthesandstoneslabs.Inarepor'tbygeologistso"Stone&websterstatethatonFebruary291980examinationintheRadwasteTrenchindicatedthattheyclearlyobservedaclaylayerdepositedacrosstheentirewidthofananticlinalhingewhichwouldindicatethatthe'claypost-dates'hebedrockdefor-mation.Conclusion"'hegreyandtan'lightlyplasticclayeysilt'sfillsvoidsinthebedrock'ssociatedwithalowanglethrustfaultexposedinR'adwasreTrench.3.4.Tneclayey.siltoriginated,fromtheovexlyingglaciolacustr-'ne:deposi'tsof,.LakeIroquoisthatformerlyoverlaythesite.TheclayeysiltistherefoxelateMisconsinaninage,l0,000-13,500yeaisBP.Duringdepositionoftheclaybysmallverticalandhorizontalwatercurrentsinthebedrock,aswellassettlingfrom.non-movinggroundwater,thefine-grainedsedimentlayerswereminutelydeformedbyslumpingandplastic"deformationofthewater-saturatedsedimentsandperhap'sbysome.lique-faction.Thesestructuresare.syndepositional'andpost-depositionalandaresimilartothosereportedingla'ciolacustrinesedimentsinm'nyplacesintheworld.5.Becausethedeformedstructuresin,theclay,aresyndepositionaland'becauseitcanbeshownthattheclaylayersinplace"-.overliewithoutdisturbancethedeformedbrokenbedrockstructures.and'h'arp.brokenedges.ofthesand-~stonelayers,Ibelievetheclaypostditesth'e'bedrockdefoimation.SincerelyyouVTroy.Pdwe,PhD.ProfessorofGeologyConsultingGeologistRegisterecGeo1ogistStateofArizona~6445RegisteredGeologist~StateofCalifornia'4'834RegisteredEngineeringGeologistStateofCalifornia0832TLP:phh

PHOTOGRAPHOFCLAYOVERLYINGBEDROCKSLABINNORTHRADWASTETRENCHPLATED.2-1OAMSS6MOORS

TABLEE-lU.S.B.M.GAUGECALIBRATIONRECORDSGAGEW-33W-33T-32W-54SST-39W-33T-32W-54SSW-54SST-39W-33T-39T-32T-39W-54SST-32W-33W-54SST-39T-32T-39W-54SST-32T-39W-54SST-32T-39W-53T-38W-54SSW-54SSW-53T-38DATE4/03/804/07/804/07/804/08/804/09/804/11/804/11/804/11/804/15/804/16/804/17/804/17/804/17/804/21/804/21/804/22/804/22/804/22/804/24/804/24/804/25/804/25/804/29/804/28/804/30/804/30/804/30/805/01/805/02/805/03/805/04/805-05-805-06-800.980.991.010.911.040.971.020.900.891.070.981.081.041.030.871.021.010.881.071.001'.040.881.011.140.891.051.031.061.040.840.911.101.04K2(X10In.)1.011.011.000.891.081.010.990.900.911.091.001.081.001.080.891.000.970.921.090.981.080.920.961.200.920.981.101.091.050.920.901.101.06K3(X10In.)0.991.001.020.911.051.001.000.930.921.070.981.051.031.080.901.021.010.901.041.001.080.921.011.170.921.021.091.081.120.890.891.061.12 I

GAGEW-53W-54SSW-53W-54SS,T-38W-54SSW-33W-54SST-39W-54SSW-33W-33W-54SSW-53T-39W-54SS,'-53W-53W-53W-53W-53W-53W-54SST-39DATE5/07/805/07/805/09/805/14/805/14/805/18/805/18/805/20/805/21/805/28/806/03/806/04/806/05/806/10/806/11/806/11/806/12/806/16/806/18/806/19/806/20/806/24/806/24/806/25/80TABLEE-1CONTINUEDKl(X10In.)1.070.851.010.911.030.901.000.891.050.951.001.030.951.011.050.951.031.021.021.011.041.021.031.061.100.870.990.871.030.930.990.911.081.001.001.020.940.961.051.030.990.980.990.970.970.980.941.07K3(X10In.)1.030.871.010.891.090.950.960.941.030.940.991.000.910.961.050.941.000.990.991.011.011.011.051.09

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60050'0II00PLANEOFMEASUREMENTlOIZ300(C0Vn200Z100-100101216INCHESOVERCQRCDKEYIAXISI0AXISII0AXISIII~R1=580-(-4)=584BR2=590-10=580BR'488-6=482K1K2K30.88PIN.0.92WIN.0.92WIN.U1=0F88X584=514U2=0.92X580=534U3=0.92X482=443ROCKTYPE:MEDIUMTODARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAIN.RELIEFMEASUREMENTSBORINGRS-2TESTNO,25DEPTHH'2"NOTE>APOSITIVEIH'REASEININDICAIORVNI5INDICATESEXIINSIONOFTHCCRHOLEDURINGOVERC('RINGARROIIS(I)'NDICATETDTALDEFORNATIONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-51DJLMEISBWOOAEI V

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PLANEOFMEASUREMENT300200O1OO0g10010121II1618INCHESOVERCOREDKEYIAXISI0AXISII4AXISIIIBR1=198-(-4)=202BR2=124-0=124BR3=94-(-6)=100K1=0.88WIN.K2=.0.92)1IN.K3=0.92PIN.U1=0.88X202=178U2=0.92X124=114U3.=0.92X100=92ROCKTYPEsLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONETOMEDIUMGRAYSLIGHTLYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAIN-RELIEFHEASUREf'1ENTS'ORINGRS-2TESTNO.28DEPTH66'10"NOTEIAPOSITIVEINCREASKININDICA'TORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEDURINCOVKRCORINCARROWSI0)IHDICATETOTALDEFORHATIONUSKDTOCALCULATKSTRESSPLATEE-53DAMSSESMOORS

600500400'LANEOFMEASUREMENTv>300IROIV2002~4100INCHESOVERCORED10121618100KEYsAXISI0.AXISIIAXISIIIAR1=542-6=536QR2=310-0=310BR3=380-6=374K1=0.88PIN.K2=0.9211IN.K3=0.92PIN.U1=0.88X536=472U2=0.92X310=285U3=0.92X374=344ROCK.TYPEIMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEGRADINGTOLI'GHTGRAYS'ILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAIN:RELIEFblEASUREI'1ENTSBORINGRS-,2TESTNO.30DEPTHIC9'5"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORVHITSIHD)CATES'X>AHSIOHOFTHEEXHOI.EDURINGOVERCORIHOARROWSft)INDICATETOTALDEFORHATIONVSEDTOCALCULATESTRE55PLATEE-54DAMESBMOOSENI

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500II00ol300Z0200V~4PLANEOFMEASUREMENT10010010121410INCHESOVERCOXEOKEYIAXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIAR1=488-(-4)=492BR2=340-(-10)=-350~R3=442-(-2)=444K1=0.89)1IN.Kz=0.92llIN.K3=0+92tlIN.U1=0.89X492=438U2=Oo92X350=322U3=0.92X444=408ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFHEASURENENTSBORINGRS-2TESTNO.32DEPTH73'j."NOTE>,APO5ITIVEINCREA5EININOICATORUNIT5INDICATESEXPANSIONOPTHEEXHOLEOURINCOVERCORINCARROVSIi)INOICATETOTALOEPORHATIONUSEOTOCALCULATE5TRES5PLATEE-56ESANSSESNOOAEE

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT200100~'4%IPlO510010121618INCHESOVERCORED200KEYIAXIS"IoAXISII~AXISIIIARi=154-(-4)=158BR2=-72-0=-72L))R3=16-2=14K1K2K30..891JIN.0.92'WIN.0.92WIN.U1=0.89X158=141U2=0.92X-72=-66U3=0'2X14=13ROCKTYPE)LIGHTGRAYSLIGHTLYSILICEOUSSANDSTONETOCCASIONALDARKGRAYSHALECLASTSSTRAINRELIEFI"lEASURENENTSBORINGRS-2TESTNO.33DEPTH74'5"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORVNIT5)HO)GATESEXPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEDURINGOVERCORINGARROVSII)INDICATETOTALOESORNATIONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRE55PLATEE-57DAMEISESMOOREI Yt II00PLANEOFMEASUREMENT3002002NO100Q10121618INCHESDYERCDRED100200KEYIAXISI0AXISIIoAXISIIIARI=322(10)=332BR2=6-(-12)=18QR3=360-0=360K1K2K30+89WIN.0.921IIN.0.9211IN.U1=0.89X332=295U2=0.92X18=17U3=0.92X360=331ROCK:TIYPEIARGILLACEOUSSRNDSTONE,OCCASIONALLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFMEA,"UREMENTSBORINGRS-2TESTNO.54DEPTH76'2"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASE'ININDICATORVNITSINDICATE5EAPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEOVRINCOVERCORINCARROWSIIIINDICA'IETOTALDEFORHATIONVSEO'TOCALCVI.ATESTRE55PLATEE-58ESAMIESBMOORE 0

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT800700600500itlIII00D53000220010010010121IIINCHESOVERCOREOKEYIAXISI0AXISIIAXISIII~R1=708-(-16)=724BR2=580-(-2)=582BR3=626-(-22)=648K1K2K3.ROCK0.89PIN.U1=0.89X724=6440.9211IN.U2=0.92X582=5350.92)1IN.U3=0.92X360=331TYPEsMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONETOLIGHTGRAYSANDSTONEWITHSHALE'LAMINATIONSSTRAIN.RELIEF'iEASURENENTSBOR*IN6'RS-.2TESTNO.36DEPTH79'6"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEIHIHDICATORUNITSINDICAIESEXPANSIONOIcTHEEXHOLEDVRIHCOVERCORINCARROVSINIINDICATETOTALDEFORHATIOHUSED'TOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-59DAMSSESMOORS

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PLANEOFMEASUREMENT8007006005004002300IV020010010121416100INCHESOVERCORED200KEYIAAXISIoAXISII4AXISIIIL1R1=810-(2)=812~R2=66-0=66BR3=-140-0=-140K1K2K30.9111IN.0.90PIN.0.89PIN.U1=0.91X812=739U2=0'0X66=59U3=Oo89X-140=-125ROCKTYPEILIGHT'RAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFf'iEASURENENTSBORINGRS-2TESTNO.42DEPTH87'5"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASEININDICATORUNITSINDICATESfXRANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEDVRINGOVERCORINCARROW~l4IINDICATETOTAl.DERORRATIONV~EDIOCACCVGATSSTRESSPLATEE-62ESAMEESESMOOREE

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PLANEOFMEASUREMENT100-1005v~-20010121II1INCHESOVERCORED-300-400KEYIAXISIoAXISII0AXISI'IIAR1=-229-PR2=-330-~R3=-176-(-15)=;214(-13)=-317(-14)=-162K1KpK30.98lIIN.1~Ol)IIN.0-99)IIN.U1=0.98XU2=F01XU3=0.99X-214=-210-317=-320-162=-160ROCKTYPE:LIGHTTOMEDIUMGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEGRADINGTOMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFt1EASURENENTSBORINGRS-3TESTNO.2DEPTH7'l"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOPTHEEXHOLEDURINCOVERCORINOARROVSI))INDICATETOTALDEPORHAIIONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRE55PLATEE-66D1ILIVIIESESEVEOOSEEE

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PLANEOFMEASUREMENT800700600500II00C0300OZ2001001II1INCHCSOVCRCORCD100KEYIAXISIAXISII0AXISIIIROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONE,OCCASIONALSHALECLASTSANDSHAlEINTERLAMINAESTRAINRELIEFNEASUREf1ENTSBORINGRS-3TEST.NO.13DEPTH31'81/2"HOTCiAPD~ITIVCINCRCASCIHINDICATORUNITSINDICATCSCSPAHSIONOPTHCCXHOLEDURINGOVCRCORINGTCSTRCSULTSHOTINCLUDCO"INTHCOVERALLINTCRPRCTATIOKOUCTOTHCIRRCGULARITYOPTHCRCSULTSPLATEE-72CSAMCISBMOORCI

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800700600PLANEOFMEASUREMENT500II003005IUo200100101216'INCHESOVERCOREO100200KEYsAXISIAXISII~AXISIIIBR1=517-0=517BR2=102-7=956Rg=381-16=365K1K2Kg1.0111IN.0.971JIN.1.011JIN.U1=1.01X517=522U2=0.97X95=92U8=1.01X365=369ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHOCCASIONAL.SILICEOUSSANDSTONEANDSHALEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-3TESTNO,28DEPTH54'4"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASEIHIHOICATORUNITSIHOICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEOURIHSOVERCORIHCAHHOVSI4)IHOICATETOTALOEFORHATIONVSLOTOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-'80OAMSESESMOORS

600500tt00PLANEOFMEASUREMENT300VtIo200IV0r100-10010121ttINCHESOVERCORED-200-300KEYIAXISIAXISIIAXISIII602(18)=620AR2317(-12)=329l(R3=-230-(-19)=-211K1=1.06PK2=1,09K3=1.08IN.IN.IN.U1=1.06X620U21.09X329U3=1.08X-216573591=-228ROCKTYPEtMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHSILICEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFl'1EASUREilENTSBORINbRS-'TESTNO,35DEPTH67'2"NOTEsAFOEITIVEINCREASEIHIHOICATORVHITSINDICA'tESEXRANStOHORTHEEXHOLEDVRINGOVEACORINCARROWSIi)INOICATETOTALOEFORHATIOHVSEOTOCALCVLATESTRESSPLATEE-81OAMESEtMOORE

700600500400PLANEOFMEASUREMENT3002002o100<>O2010121416100INCHES'VERCORED200300400KEYsAXISIAXISII~AXISIIIBR1=629-(-19)=648.,BR2=.663-(-12)=675BR3=-356-(-12)=-344K1K2K3ROCK1.06)JIN.U1=1'6X648=6871.09)1IN.U2=1>09X675=7361.08WIN.U3=1.08X-344=-372TYPEsMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFflEASUREf1ENTSBORINGRS-3'ESTNO,36DEPTH68'5j./2"N>>IE>Al>OSITIVEINCREASEININDICATORVNIT~INDICATESliXPAHSIONOPTNEEXHOLEDVRINCOVERCORINCA><ROWSISIINDICATETOTALOt>>ORNATIOHVSLD'IOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-82DAMESBMOORS

800700600500PLANEOFMEASUREMENTII00300200ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEWITHBLACKSHALEINTERBEDioo~4n210010121618INCHESOVERCORED200300II00KEYsAXISI0AXISII~AXISIII~R1=755-(-17)=738BR2=-206-(.-188)=-19QR3=-317-(-107)=-210K1K2K31.06fJIN.1~099INo1~08llIN.U1=1.06X738=782U2=1'9X-19=-21U3=F08X-210=-227STRAINRELIEFNEASUREf'lENTSBORINGNO.RS-3TESTNO,37DEPTH69'73/4"HOTSIAPOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORVN'IT5INDICATE5EXPANSIONOP'THEEXHOLEDVRIHGOVERCORINGAIIROXSII)INDICATETOTALDEFORHATIOHVSEDTOCALCVLATESTRE55PLATEE-83ESAMESESESMOOSER

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT50040030020010020V-100101216INCHESOVERCOAEO-200-300-II00-500KEYIAXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIBR1=430-(-9)=439BR2=-414-6=-420QR3=483-(-12)=495K1K2K30.85)1IN.0.87)1IN.0o87)1IN.U1=0.85X439=373U2=0.87X-420=-365U3=0.87X495=431ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONETOMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFI'lEASUREI'lENTSBORINGRS-3TESTiVO.38DEPTH70'10"t<<litsAROSITIVEINCREASEININOICATORVHITSI~OICAIESEXRAHSIOHOFTHEEXHOLEOVRIHSOVERCOAINCARROVSII)INOICATETOTALOEFORNATIOHOSEOIOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-84DAM4$ESMOOSE4

800700600PLANEOFMEASUREMENT500II003002001PPAVn2100101216INCHESOVERCORED200300ROCKTYPEsLIGHTTOMEDIUMGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEWITHSHALECLASTSGRADINGTOMEDIUMGR'AYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHSHALEINTERLAMINAE-400-500KEYIAXISIoAXISII~AXISIIIK1=0.85)1IN.K2=0.879IN.K3=0.87)1IN.BR1=274-(-9)=283AR2=-438-(-3)=-435BR3=777-(-17)=794U1=0.85X283=241U2=0.87X-435=-378U3=0.87X794=691STRAINRELIEFHEASURENENTSBORINGNO,RS-STESTNO,39DEPTH72'0"NUIEsAPOSITIVEINCREASCININDICATORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHECXHOLE-DURINGOVERCORINGAlROVEIIIINDICATETOTALDCFORNATIONUIED10CALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-85CSMINEEESSVSCSCSS\CI

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT5004003002005V100~0-100121416INCHESOVERCORED-200KEYIAXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIBRI=478-100=378AR2=-130-105=-235hR3=243-30=213K1=0~85PIN~K2=0.87PIN.Kg=0.87)JIM.U1=0.85X378=321U2=0.87X-235=-204U3=0.87X213=185ROCKTYPE)LIGHTTOMEDIUMGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEWITHMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSTRAINRELIEF"lEASURE;"1ENTSBORINGNO.RS-5TESTNO.41DEPTH74'6"NDIT~APOSITIVEINCIIEA54ININDICATORVNIT5INDICATESEXPAN5IONOfTHE4XHOLEDVRINGOVERCOIIING'NROVSIf)INDICATSTOTAIDEfORHATIONVSEDTOCALCVLATESTRESSPLATEE-86DAM%88MOORS

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PLANEOFMEASUREMENT200H.100ZCOIVOX10IIIINCHESOVERCORED-100KEYILAXISIoAXISIIeAXISIIIROCKTYPE:LIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,j.DEPTH22'2"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASEINIHDICATDRUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEEKHDLEDURINGOVERCORIHGTESTRKSULTSNOTINCLUDEDINTHEOVERALLINTERPRETATIONDUETOTHEIRREGULAR!TVOFTHCRESULTSPLATEE-89KSAMRSKSMOOROI

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT300200Z100CU0200INCHESOVERCORED-100KEYSAXISI0AXISIIAXISIIIROCKTYPE:LIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO.2DEPTH23'4"NOTE~APOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEERHOLEOURIHSOVERCORINCTESTRESUITSHOTINCLUDEDINTHEOVERALLINTERPRETATIONDUETOTHEIRREGULARITYOFTHERESULTSPLATEE-90ESAMEIS8MOORS

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT400300s2002a0sv1000ZiNCHESOVERCORED-100KEY;A'AXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIGR1=228-(-30)hR,=175-(-32)BR3=52-(-23)25820775K1KgK31.02)1IN.~99llIN~1.00llIN.U1=1.02X258=263Ug=.99X207=205U3=1.00X75=75ROCKTYPEIMEDIUM'GRAY.A'RGILLACEOUSSANDSTONETOLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASUREMENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,5DEPTH24'6"NOTEsAPOSITIVEISSCREASEININDICATORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTSSEEXHOLEDVRINCOVERCORINCARROVSIIIINDICATETOTALDEFORNATIONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-91~SANIESESMOOSEg 0

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT1000I~\2100V-20014INCHESOVERCORED-300KEYsAXISIo-AXISIIAXISIIIhR1=-230-'(-7)='223hR2=-272-'(-8)=-264hR3=-1'0-(-10)'0K==1.02)IIN1K=0,994IN.2K3=1.03)IIN.U=1.02X-223=-2281U2=0~99X-264'-261U3=1.03X0=0ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,4DEPTH27'j.j/2"NOTE~AROSITlVfINCREA5EININDIC*10RVNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEfrVOCEDVRINGOVENCORINGARRORSIIIINDICATETOTAI.DEFDRNATIONV5EOTOCACCVI.ATESTRE55PLATEE-92~INES55MOOR%

PLANEOFMEASUREMENT1000s<-100~4-2001012IIIiNCHESOVERCORED300KEY.IAXISI0.AXISII~AXISIIIR1-109(2)1072=-226-(-26)=-200R3-650=-651~04WIN.K2---1.00~IN.K3=1.03pIN.~Ul=1~04X~U2=1.00XU3-103X-107-200-65-111-200-67ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASUREfkENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,SDEPTH28'6"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEINIHDICATORUNITSINDICATESESSPANSIONOFTHEEXSIDLEOVRIHGOVERCORIHGARROWSIIIINDICATETOTALDEFORHAT'IONISSEDTOCALCOS.ATESTRE5SPLATEE-93DBMSES0MOORS

PLANEOFMEASUREMENTl00s05V100IHCSSESOV&RCOREO-200KEYsAXISIoAXISII~AXISIIIKl=1.04PIN.K2=1.00PIN.K3=1.03lIIN.DR)=-28-(-6)=-22DR2=84-(-24)=108hR3=-187-(-5)=-182Ul=1.04X-22=-23U2=1.00X108=108U3=1.03X'182=-188ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASUREI'1ENTSBORINGRS-0TESTNo.6DEPTH30'lll/2"HOlEsAPOSI7IV&IHCRtASEIHINDICATORUNITSINOlCATESEXPANSIONOPTHEEXSSOLEOURIHGOVERCORINGARROWSl$)INOICATETOTALOEPORNATIOHUSEOTOCALCULATESTRtSSPLATEE-94DAIA&RS&SMOOR&&

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300PLANEOFMEASUREMENT200oo100,IV0100101214INCNSSOVSRCORCD'KEYIAXISIo.-AXISIIAXISIIIR1=181-0=181R2=114-0=114R3=231-0=231K1K2K31.02PIN~1.001JIN.1.02PIN.U1=1.02X181=185U2=1.00X114'=114U3=1.02X231=236ROCKTYPEsLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONETOCCASIONALSHALECLASTSSTRAINRElIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,8DEPTH39'3"NO'StIAPOSITIVtINCRCASCININDICATORVNITSSNOICATSSSXPANSIONDfTNStXNOLtOVRINCOVSRCORINCARROVS.IIIINDICATtTOTAI.OSSORNATIONVSCOTOCALCVLATtSTRtSSPLATEE-96tSAMSSS0MOORS

900PLANEOFMEASUREMENT800700600500400300200100101214100KEYI,AXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIROCKTYPEIDARKTOMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEGRADINGTOLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFf'lEASUREf1ENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO.9DEPTH54'6"NOTKfAPOSITIVEINCRfASEININOICATORVNITSINOICAlrsrRfANSIONOf'HEKRHOLEOURINGOVKffCOftINGTESTRESULTSNOTIHCLuOEOINTHKOVERAt.LINTERPRETATIONOVETOTHKIRRKGtfLARITYOffTHERESVLTSPLATEE-97KSAMQSBMOORS

600500PLANEOFMEASUREMENTtt00300Iu200100101216INCHESOVERCOREO100-200KEY-AXISIAXISII~AXISIIIQR1=206-18=1886R=-6-(-8)=22BR3=412-44=368K1K2K30~85PIN,0~87)1IN.087PIN.U1=0.85(188)=160U2=0.87(2)=2U3=0.87(368)=320ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONE(GRAYWACKE)STRAINRELIEFNEASUREi'"ENTSBORINGRS-0TESTNO,11DEPTH58'8"NOTEtAPO5ITIVEINCREASEIHINOICATORUHIT5INOICATE5EXPAN5IOHOFTHEEXHOLEOURIHGOVERCOttINC*ttsoesillINolcATEToTAI.05FORHAIloHussoTocAccucATEsTwsssPLATEE-98DAIIasESE5MOOREI

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2ooPLANEOFMEASUREMENT100C0I.Vo-1005~010111213INCHSSOVERCORSO200300II00KEYAXISI0AXISII~AXISIIIAR1=-218-(-22)=-196BR2=-32-(-4)=-28BR3=-288-0=-288Kl=,Ox85PIN~K2=,.0.87t1IN.K3=0'7)1IN'1=.0.85X-196=-167.,U2=,,0.87X-28=-24'U3=0.87X-288=-251'OCKTYPEI'ED'IUMTOLIGHTGRAYARGI'L'L'ACEOUSSANDSTONETOCCASIONALSILICEOUS.SANDSTONEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFl'EASURENENTS'ORINGRS-<fTESTNO,13DEPTH62'0"NOTSsAPD~ITIVtINCIISAStIHINDICATORVNITSINDICAICStXPAHSIONOSTNStXNOLCDVRIHGOVSIICORINGARROVSIIIINDICATtTOTALDSFORIIATIOHVSSOTOCALCVLATSSTRCSSPLATEE-100PAMISSSSSMOOSttt

800700600500IIOODIV300P%PLANEOFMEASUREMENTQ200100-10010121II16INCHESOVERCOPED-200KEYIAXISI0AXISII~AXISIII~R1=600-176=4246R=488-270=21826R=778-6=7723K1K2K30+91PIN.U=.0'1X424=3860.87PIN.U=087X218=1900.89PIN.0'9X772=68723ROCKTYPEsMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEANDSHALEYINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO,14DEPTH65'8"NDIEsAPOSIIIVEINCREASEININDICATORUNITSINDICATESEAPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEDURINGDVERCORIHCARROVS(I)INDICATETOTALDEFORHATIONVSEDTOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-101ESASVSSISBSVSOORIm

120011001000900PLANEOFMEASUREMENT800700nIZ600V500400ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEGRADINGTODARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONE3002001001001012,1II1618INCHESOVERCOREDKEYIAXISoAXISeAXISIII~R1=860-366=494QR2=172-80=92~Ra=1234-290=944K1=0.91K2=0.87K8=0.89PIN.11IN.)jIN.U1=0.91(494)=450U2=0~87(92)=80U8=0.89(944)=840STRAINRELIEFNEASUREI'1ENTSBORINGRS-<iTESTNO,15DEPTH65'91/2".NOTE>APOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOSTHEEXHOLEDURINCOVERCORINCARROWSI1)INDICATETOTALOEPORNATION'ACVLATESTRESSNOTE:AXISIIUNCERTAINPLATEE-102ESAMSIS8MOORS

400PLANEOFMEASUREMENT3002005v100100KEYI1214INCHESOYERCOREOAXISI0AXISIIoAXISIIIROCKTYPE)'LIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONE,-OCCASIONALMEDIUMTODARKGRAY'ARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSSTRAIf4RELIEFf'fEASUREI'lEf4TSBORINGNO.RS-4TESTNO.16DEPTH67'11/2"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEININOICATORUNIIN)S)CA)FESSPASS~)ANOFTHEEXHOLEDURINGOYERCOss)NGTESTRESULTSNOTINCLUOEOINTHEOVERALLINTFRPRETATIONOUETOTHEIRREGULARITYOFTHERESULTSPLATEE-103DAMm)S8MOORS

12001100PLANEOFMEASUREMENT1000900800700600I~>>2500II400300200ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONE,'OCCASIONALLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSGRADINGTOSILTSTONE100121416INCHESOVERCORED100200KEYIAXISIoAXISII~AXISIIIK1=0.91PIN.K2=0.87PIN.K3=0>>89jlIN~BR1=840-(-4)=844~R2=492-(-4)=496AR3=1234-0=1234U1=0.91X844=768U2=0.87X496=432U3=0'9X1234=1098NOTE~APOSITIVEIHCREA5EIHINDICATORVHITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOXTHEEXNOI5DVRINSOVERCORINCARRO'N5ISIINDICATETDTALDEPORNATIOHUSEDTOCALCULATESTRE55PLATEE-104DAMIRSESMOOSEESSTRAINRELIEFf'1EASURENENTSBORINGNO,RS-4TESTNO,17DEPTH68'7"

900800PLANEOFMEASUREMENT700600500400V300z2001001216INCHESOVERCOREDKEY)AXISIoAXISIIAXISIII~R1=798-(-2)=800BR2=767-7=760AR9=."890-'(-3)'=893K1"=K2K90.951AIN.1.00PIN.0.94PIN.U1=0.95X800=760U2=1.00X760=760U9=0.94X893=839ROCKTYPEsINTERBEDDEDMEDIUMTODARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEANDLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONE,OCCASIONALSHALELAMINATIONSSTRAINRELIEF'EASURENENTSBORINGRS-4TESTNO.19DEPTH71'3"HOlE~APOSIT)VEINCREASE)NINDICATORVN)TS)HD)CATESEXPAHS)OHOFTHEEXHOLEDVRINGOVERCOR)HCARROVSlt))HDICATETOTALOEFORHAT)ONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRESSE-105DAMR88MOORS

400PLANEOFMEASUREMENT30020010010010121416INCHESOTERCOREOKEYI4AXISI0AXISII~AXIS'IIIBR1=,276-132=144BR2=257-174=83BR3=75-63=12K1=0.,95liIN.K2=0~94MIN~K3=0.91PIN.U1=0~95X144=137U2=0.94X83=78U3=0.91X12=11ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFNEASURPlENTS.BORINGRS-4TESTNO.24DEPTH80'101/2"NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEININOICATORUNITSINOICATESEXPANSIONOPTNEEXHOLEOVRINGOVERCORINGARROWSII)INOICATETOTALOEEORNATIONVSEOTOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-106ESAMEE8BMOORS

1300120011001000PLANEOFMEASUREMENT900800700600Os500Z400300200ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMTODARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONE,OCCASIONALLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDS10010100INCHESOVERCOREDKEYIAXISIoAXISII~AXISIIIK1=0.95PIN.K2=0.94)1IN.K3=0~91WIN.QR1=582-(-15)=597AR2=739-2=737DR3=1322-(-ll)=1333U1=0.95X597=567U2=0.94X737=693U3=0'1X1333=1213NOTEsAPOSITIVEINCREASEININDICATORVNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTssEEXHOLEDVRINCOVERCORINCARRORSIIIINDICATETOTALOEFORNATIONUSEDTOCALCULATESTRESSSTRAINRELIEFf'lEASUREiIENTSBORINGNO,RS-0TESTNO.25DEPTH82'11/2"PLATEE-107DAMIESBMOORS

900PLANEOFMEASUREMENT000700600500n400ms4v30020010010121416INCNESOVERCOREO-100-200KEYs4AXISIAXISII~AXISIIIDR1=450-(-15)=465DR2=169-(-25)=194QR3=981-(-15)=996K1K2K31.01))IN.0.96))IN.0.96)1IN.U1=1o01X465=470U2=0.96X194=186U3=0+96X996=956ROCKTYPEIMEDIUMTODARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHSHALEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEF)"'IEASUREt>ENTSBORINGRS-0TESTNO,27DEPTH85'l"NOTE~APOSIIIVEINCREASEININOICATORVNITSINDICAlesexP*NSIONOFTwfEXNOIe'VRINGOVERCORINGARROWSIIIINOICATETOTALOEPORNATIONVSEOTOCA(.CVLATESTRESSPLATEE-108PAMEISESMOORS 0

400PLANEOFMEASUREMENT300200lOID100VQ01216INCHESOVCRCORKD100200KEYIAXISI0AXISII4AXISIIIBR1=-180-(-15)=-165QR2=-48-(-21)=-69BR3=320-(-33)=353K1K2K31.01WIN.0.96PIN.0.96PIN.U1=1.01X-165=-167U2=0.96X-69=-66U3=0.96X353=339ROCKTYPEsDARKGRAYSILTSTONETOARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONEWITHLIGHTTOMEDIUMGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEINTERBEDSSTRAINRELIEFi'lEASURENENTSBORINGNO.RS-0TESTNO,28DEPTH35'3"NOTS~APDSITIVSINCREASEININDICATORVNITSINDICAICSCXP*NSIONOFTNtCXNOLCDVRINGOVCRCORINGARROWSISIINDICATCTOTALDtFDRNATIONV5CDTOCALCVLATC5TRC55PLATEE-109DAM%0CSMOORS

600PLANEOFMEASUREMENT500II00300200100VlIE-100COIV-2001012C1II16INCHESOVERCOREO-300II00ROCKTYPEsLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONE-500600-700KEYsAXISICIAXISII~AXISIIIK1=1.03WIN.K2=0~98WIN.K3=1.00lIIN.~R1=32-(-40)=72QR2=-659-(-42)=-617BR3=524-(-25)=549U1=1.03X72=74U2=0.98X-617=-605U3=1.00X549=549STRAINRELIEFf]EASUREi'1ENTSBORINGNO,RS-4TEST,NO.33DEPTH91'6"HOTS~APOSITIVEIHCREA5EININOICATORVNITSIHOICA'IE5EXPANSIONOSTHEERHOLE,OVRIHGOVSNCVHIHGARRORSIS)IHOICATETOTALOESORNATIONV5EOTOCALCVLATESTRE5$PLATEE-110~SAMEISESMOOSEEI

600500PLANEOFMEASUREMENTI)00300vlI2200QPV1OO10.121)IINCHESOVERCOREO100200KEYAXISIoAXISII0AXISIIIK1=1.03PK2=0.94PK3=1.05pIN~IN~IN.QR1-318(13)3315R2=-109-(-22)=-87QR3=479-(-9)=488U1=1~03X331=341U2=0~94X-87=-82U3i+05X488512ROCK'TYPEIINTERBEDDEDARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONE,'LIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONEANDBLACKSHALESTRAINRELIEFNEASURENENTSBORIi"IGNO.RS-4TESTNO.49DEPTH115'93/4"NOTE~APOS)TIVEINCREASEININO)CATORUNITSINOICATESEXPANS)ONOFTHEEXHOLEOVRINGVVERCOR)NGARROWSII)INOICATETO'TALOEFORHAT)ONVSEOTOCALCVLATESTRESS\PLATEE-111PAMIEE)ESIVIOORIE

Il00PLANEOFMEASUREMENT300200100121IIINCHESOVERCOREO100200KEYIAXISI0AXISII~AXISIII~R1=148-(-73)=221BR2=-60-(-54)=-8AR3=8-(-24)=32K1=1+03PIN.K2=0.94WIN.K3=1+05WIN~U1,=1~03X221=228U2=0+94X-8=-8U3=1~05X32=34.ROCKTYPEILIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFj'lEASURE('1ENTSBORINGNO,,RS-4TEST.NO,50DEPTH116'101/2"HOIE~APOSITIVEINCREASEIHIHOIC*TORUNITSINDICATESEXPANSIONOFTHEEXHOLEOVRIHSOVERCORIHCARROWSI5IIHOICATETOTALOEFORHATIONOSLOIOCALCULATESTRESSPLATEE-112~SAMOSESNODSECI

1000PLANEOFMEASUREMENT900800700600IM500QIVO40030,020010010121416INCNLSOVERCOREO100KEYSLAXISIoAXISII~AXISIII~R1=905-(-3)=908BR2=560-(-1)=56'1BR3=720-(-3)=723K1K2K31'3PIN~0.9411IN.1.05)1IN.U1=1+03X908=935U2=0.94X56'1=527U3=1.05X723=759ROCKTYPEsLIGHTGRAYSILICEOUSSANDSTONETO~DARKGRAYARGILLACEOUSSANDSTONESTRAINRELIEFi'fEASUREYiENTS'BORINGRS-4TESTNO,51DEPTH119'9"NOTElAPOSITIVEINCREASEIHINDICATORVHITSIHOICAICSCAPANSIONOlTHEEAHOLEDVRINGOVCRCORINGANNOYSIIIINDICATETOTAIOESORHATIONVbEOTOCALCVLATESTRCSSPLATEE-113DAMNEECSMOOSSS 0

ASSESSMENTOFTHERADWASTESTRUCTUREATNINEMILEPOINTNUCLEARSTATIONBYNevilleJ.Price,D.Sc.Ph.D.B.Sc.

INTRODUCTIONInthisassessmentoftheRadwasteSTructureIhavetriedtokeeptothespiritoftheletteraddressedtoMr.MarkhambyMr.Klein.Ithasnotprovedpossibletoanswereachofthepointsasexpressedinthisletterbecausethetopiciscomplexandthequestionsareinterrelated.TheonlypointtowhichIdonotapplymyselfisItemg)."Canfurthermovementalongthefaultbeimpededorprevent".Myreasonsfornotdoingsowillbecomeapparent.

AGEOFRADWASTESTRUCTUREInapreliminarymeetingtheexternalconsultantssuggestedthepossibility,evenprobability,thatthestructureinquestiondevelopedduringthe:Palaeozoic.ThisisaviewpointcompletelycontrarytothatexpressedbythestaffofDamesMoorewhoholdthatthestructureoccurred,inanearsurfaceenvironment,inrelativelyrecenttimesandthatasignificantproportionofthemovement,hastakenplacewithinthelast10,000years.OnthisissueIconcurabsolutelywiththeviewpointheldbythestaffofDames&Moore;-'-"TheRadwasteStructurehasageneralgeometrywhichissimilartostructures,foundelsewhere,thathavedevelopedinsedi-ments(directlycomparablewiththoseexposedatNMP)butwhichundoubtedformedatdepths-of.severalklometers.Hence;thereisasuperficialcaseforconsideringtheRadwasteStructuretohaveformedat,considerabledepths.LetusplayDevilsAdvocateandmaketheassumptionthattheRadwasteStructurewasformedat,depth.Inorderthat.thebrittledeformationandvoidspaces(whicharesuchconspicuousfeaturesoftheRadwasteStructure)could.havedeveloped,itwouldbenecessarytopostulatethattheeffectiveverticalconfimingpxessurewasclosetozero.That,is,thefluidpressure(P)wouldhavebeenalmostequaltothetotalvertical

pressure(S)(hereweintroducethesymbolX[=P/S>]=l.0)Suchconditionsareknowntodevelopinthecrust.However,notonlymustthefluidpressurebehighbuttheremustalsobesufficientquantitiesoffluidavailable,inordertofillandsupportthevoidspaces.Whensuchconditionsactuallyexistinstructureselsewhereintheworld,andwhentheP.T.andchemistryofthefluidsissuitable,hydrothermalmineralsdevelopinthevoidstoformveinsandvugs.Veinmaterial(e.g.calacite)[whichyieldshightemperaturesdatafromhomogenisationtemptestsonbubbleinclusions]hasnotde-yelopedinthevoidspaces.Yetitisknownthatconditionsinthesesedimentswereconduciveto.thedepositionofhydro-thermalcalciteinfracturesetc.duringPalaeozoictimes.Thus,theabsenceofcalciteveinsetc.whichyieldhighhomogenisationtemperaturesmitigatesagainsttheconceptthattheRadwasteStructureformedatdepthduringthePalaeozoictimes.LetusnowconsiderthephysicalpropertiesofthebrecciatedmaterialsintheRadwasteStructure.Thismaterialisadense,siltyclay.Onecanextractitfromthefaultzoneanddeformitbetweenonesfingers.Itisductileandrela-tively,uncompacted.SuchmaterialwouldcertainlybeproducedinadeepstructruewhichformedwhenX=1.0.However,highfluidpressuresaretransient.Ithasbeenar'gued';[N.M.P.Report,AppendixIII-L]thatwhenthenormalfaults(onsite)wereinitiatedthefluidpressurewasabout6000lbinata2

timewhentheverticalpressureS>was12,500bm'.i.e.X=0.48.2...Thus,iftheRadwastebrecciaformedatdepth,whenX=1.0,itwouldsubsequentlyhaveexperiencedveryconsiderablecompactionandwouldhavebeentransformedintomoderatelycompetentmaterial:whichcouldnotbedeformedbydigitalpressure.Whenoneturnstothealternativeproposal[i.e.thattheRad-wasteStructureisonewhichdevelopedundernear-surfaceconditionandthatsignificantmovementhasoccurredduring.thelast10,000years]theavailableevidenceslotsnicelyintoplace.1)Theconfiningpressureundernearsurfaceconditionsislow-sothatvoidspacespresentnoproblem.2)Therocksare"cold".-sobrittlebehaviouristobeexpected.l3)WhatcalciteisformedinassociationwiththeRadwaste.Structureistheresultof"lowtemperature"mineralization.4)Post-glaciallacustrinedepositsareincludedintoanddeformedbythestructure.[1'nthiscontextonemaynote:thatthe..generationofvoidspacesinthestructureswillresultintheinduction(sucking-in)of,clayladenwater.Onewouldnot.merelyneedtorelyonthe"washingin"ofmaterialbymigratinggroundwater]andfinally5)Thebrecciahasbeensubjectedtolittleverticalloadandthereforehashadnoopportunitytocompact.

TheDames6Mooreconclusionsarebeyondreasonabledoubtandmustbeaccepted.Onemustassumethatthestructureformedintherecentpastandthatthewhole7footofdis-placementdevelopedinanearsurfaceenvironment.Nearehereconcernedwithsafetyproblemsofmonumentalproportions.TheonusofproofrestswithanyonewhoadvocatesthattheRadwasteStructureisofPalaeozoicage.Isuggestthat,thisis'taskorachallengewhichnocompetentgeologistwouldbepreparedtoaccept.Geometrand'xtentofRadwasteStructureInFigure1A-C,Ihaveattemptedtoindicatethegeometriesinplanand.'.section.Itisemphasisedthatthegeometriesarepresentedinanextremelysimplisticmanner.Forexample,inFigure1Cthe"Ramp"intheprofilethroughthestructureisrepresentedasasimplelinearfeature;whereas,weknowthatintheRadwasteTrenchtherampgeometryiscomplex.Never-the-less,thesefiguresenableonetoindicatethemagni-tudeoftheproblemsofinterpretationwhichfaceus.Thefactsavailabletousregardingthegeometryavailabletousare:1)thedisplacementD(orD'nFigurelA)2)theupliftU(orU')3)thegeneraldirectionoftransport,and4)an)averagevaluefor6R.Otherwiseourignoranceofthestructuresgeometryiscomplete.Inplan,thestructurecouldhavetheoutlineindicatedinFigurelA.Ifso,wheredoesthesectionthroughtheRadwasteTrench

FILESUBJECTSHEETOFooIIIooghana~5+~IhgL<Pgynic-5LlIKoIII00LDual.13~~ooLltvCgTownyF.5Fcdogas~rqoQlRa~p~oCDoox~UIIIQZ0eOAO.IIe~tealPRINTEDINV.S~AOAMPS8MOOEE6

occuronthisplan?ItwouldindeedbesurprisingifthesectioncoincidedwiththemaximumdimensionofL(alongAA').TheRadwastesectioncouldbealongBB'oranywhereelseinthestructure.AsecondpossibilityisthattheRadwastestructureisconfinedbetweentheCoolingTowerandTepeefaultsasindicatedinFigure2B.Forthissituationthefaultboundariesmayhavebehavedasnon-slipplanes,orplanesalongwhichtheRadwasteStructuredetacheditselfandexhibitedsomedegreeofslip(seeFigure1B').Thefaultboundarycon-ditionsinfluencethemodeofdissipationoftheenergythatgaverisetotheRadwasteStructure.Iflateralsliptookplaceenergywouldbeabsorbedbyfrictionalsliding.'-Alter-natelyifhorizontalslipdidnottakeplaceonthesefaultboundariesenergywouldbeabsorbedindevelopingashearstrain(g)[OnemayinferthatshearstrainenergywouldalsobestoredintherocksiftheplanoftheRadwasteStructureisasrepresentedinFigurelA].,Thisnon-slipsituationhas~thegreaterdangerpotential,asfarastheengineeringstruc-turesareconcerned.InassessingtheRadwastestructureitisobviouslyimportanttoestablishthedipandextentoftheramp(Figure1C)andtodeterminewhethertherampturnsintobeddingplaneslip(andifsoatwhatdepth2thisoccurs).If2andGRareknownitispossibletoestimatethestressesneededtoovercomefrictionandmovetherockmass(M)ontheramp[Energyisalsoabsorbedininitiatingfractures,buckling,overcomingtheresistanceofthestepsontherampandinthehysteresisofflexuringofthebedsastheytransfer,nearlineXinFigure1Cfrombeddingsliptoramp-slip.Theenergyconsumedbytheseelementsinthesebrackets,'renot

easilyassessedandwillbeignored].Thus,wecansetupanapproximatestressequationofSI-Sg+SSlipE-RwhereSI=Theinitialstressstatethatresultedinthedevelopmentof'theRadwasteStructure.SQ=Thestressesusedtoindu'cetheshearstrainsfSSlip=Thestressesneeded!toovercomeslipandcausemasstransferSE=ThestressavailabletocauseelasticrecoveryandgiverisetodisplacementsDandUSR=Theresidualgroundstressesstillobtaining.SomeconstraintscanbeplacedontheprobablemaximumvalueofSI.Reasonableestimatescanbeput,forwardfortheresidualstressesSR.IfaspecificmodelischosenandvaluesofZ,Wetc.areassumed,thenitispossibletoestimatethestressesSS~iandSQneededtoinduceslipandshearstraininanymodelperunitlengthsLu.Thus,SEcanbeestimatedforsomelengthLwhichiscompatiblewiththeotherstressesanddimensions.Whenthisexerciseiscompletedweareinapositiontoestimatefuturemonumentsetc.whichcouldbeormaybeinducedbytheresidualstresses(SR)-FORONESPECIFICMODEL.Thefirstquestionthen,iswhichmodeltochoose?ChoiceofModelIfoneassumedtheRadwasteStructurehadaplancomparable

withthatinFigure1A-itimmediatelybecomesapparentthat,becauseonehasnoknowledgeofthepositionoftheRadwastesectioninthisplan,onecannotputanyconstraintsonthesizeofthestructure.Thiswouldleadtoopenendedestimatesandexploration.Fortunately,therearereasons,otherthanconvenience,whichleadsonetoconsiderthesecondmodel,representedinFigurelB,inwhichtheRadwasteStructureisco'ntainedintwofaults.IarguedinNMP.Report,AppendixIIIthatthecross-flexuresassociatedwiththedevelopmentofnormalfaultingcouldgiverisetohighstressvaluesapproximat'elyparalleltothetrendofthenormalfaults.ThesestressesitwassuggestedcouldhavegivenrisetothestructuresobservedintheHeaterBayexcavations.Themagnitudeofstructurewhichcouldbeinferredfromtheanalysis,presentedinAppendixIII,wassamlli.e.displacementsofinchesandfractureextent.measuredinafewtensoffeet.AtthetimeIconductedthisanalysistheexistenceoftheDemstercomplexwasunknown.Hence,theconclusionsreachedintheearlieranalysisneedstoberevised.PromthedistributionofstratumcontourspresentedbytheN.Y.StateE&GCorporation[Figures.5-16]itisobviousthat,duringitsdevelopment,theDemsterStructurecausedflexuringoftheOswegoSandstoneandadjacentunits.Asone

wouldexpect,thiseffectdecreaseswithdistancefromtheDemsterStructure.Atadistanceof5milesitsinfluenceislikelytobelimitedtobringingaboutanincreaseintheNN-SEstressesandcausingarelativelysmalldegreeofaugumentationofexistingminorstructuralflexures.Itissuggested,therefore,thaL'thepredictedgentleflexureorrollinthevicinityoftheHeaterBayincreasedinamplitudeandwavelengthbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheDemsterStructure.Insodoing,theextentofthezone'fhighstresses,alsopredictedinthepreviousanalysis,becamesufficientlyex-tensivethat,.whenthestratawasupliftedtonearsurfaceenvironments,theyeventuallygaverisetotheRadwasteStructure.Theoriginaldeflexionscausedbymovementonthenormalfaultchangedatthefaultplane.ItislikelythatwhentheseIoriginaldeflexionswereaugment,,thefaultplanescontinuedtorepresentboundariestothelateraldevelopmentoftheflexure.Hence,theplanrepresentedinFigure1Bisthemodelwhichmost,probablyrepresentstheextentoftheRadwasteStructure.IthasbeennotedthattheboundaryconditionswhicharelikelytocausegreatestdangertoEngineeringstructuresisthat,inwhichstrike-slipmovementalongtheinclinedfaultplanesiscompletelyinhibited-withtheconsequencethathorizontalshearstrainsofconsiderablemagnitudesmaydevelopinthe srK rocksinthehangingwalloftheRadwasteStructure.Becauseweareconcernedwithsafetywear'eobligedtoconsidertheworstpossiblecondition.Atfirstsightthiswouldappeartoexistwhenbothboundariesarefixedalongthefaultplanes.Asweshallsee,ifslipoccursononeplaneandnot,ontheotherthiscouldpossiblyrepresentasituationofevengreaterpotentialdanger.InitialStressSOnecouldwriteatlengthontheprosandconsofanysuggestedmagnitudeofstressSI.Hence,Iwillfollowtheconclusionpresentedinthep'reviousanalysis(AppendixIII)andtakethedifferentialstressatfailuretobe23,000lbin2.Ithasbeenargued,henceandelsewhere,thattheRadwasteStructuredevelopedundernearsurfaceconditions.Thatistheconfiningpressurewasverysamll:soonecantakethemagnitudeofstressSI(actingN60E)tobe23,000lbin-.02ResidualStresses(S)Thestresses(intheN60Edirection)whichcurrentlyexist01inthenearsurfacerocksandwhichprobablyexistatmodestdepthscanbetakentohaveanaveragevalueof2000lbin>.StressesReuiredtoInduceSlidin(S.)andShearStrain(S)Asnotedearlier,toestimatethesequantities(i.e.SSlipandSQ)itisnecessarytoattributespecificvaluestoW,Z,Oramp(OBwecanputatzero)andL.InourmodeltheslipiscontainedbetweenthefaultssoW=2,600ft.LetusassumeZ=100ftandthat

9=20.ThevalueofLmustbechosentobecompatiblerampwithallotherparameters.Thisvaluecanbeobtainedanalyticallyorbytrialanderror.InthetimeavailableIchosethelattercauseofactionandarrivedatavalueL=2100(Slip)BytakingvaluesofM=0.4forslidingfrictiononbeddingandusingp=l.0asafudgefactorforslidingontheramp-therebyaccommodatingsomeoftheeffectsoframproughness-oneobtainsavaluethatS(l.,=850lbinslip)Stress(S)ReuiredtoInduceShearStress'PocalcuatethisquantityIhaveassumedpointloadingwhichgivesrisetoachevron:likedistributionofshearstress(seeFigure2).Morecorrectlyoneshouldusethecorrectdeflexionmodel(alsoindicatedonFigure2).However,lackoftimeandreferencefacilitiespreventedmefromdoingso.Usingthispointloaded,chevronshearstrainmodelandtakingtheaverageshearstraintobe0.0027(i.e.3.5ft/1300ft)andtheshearmodulus6=1.75x10lbsin;thenSQ"9400lbin6.22Thisvaluewouldbesmallerusingthecorrectstrainmodel,butitwillsurficeforourpurposes.Stress(P)AvailabletoCauseElasticRecoverandDislacement(D)Allthequantities,exceptone,forthestressequationSI[Slp+Ss1ip+SE]SRhavebeen.found.Consequently,SE=

SI-Sg-Sslip-SR23,000-9400-850-2000=11,750lbin2IfwetakeL=2100ft,SE=11,750lbin2andE=3.5x10in6.2thenthepredicteddisplacement(Dpr)=7.05ft.Thus,thepredicteddisplacementiswellwithinthelikelyerrorbandforthedisplacementDestimatedfromthefielddata.-UsintheModeltoPredictFutureMovementsonRadwasteStructureOnemayinferfromtheaboveargumentthathighstressescontinuetoobtaininthesiterocks.Thiswealreadyknew,ofcourse.Thetotalmagnitudeofthestressescontaintwocomponents(thisisapointIdeliberatelyskatedoverwhenconsideringthevalueoftheresidualstresses).Theyare1)the"residualstresses"whicharestillavailabletocausemovementontheRadwasteStructureand2)thestressesassociatedwiththeshearstrainsinducedbypreviousmovementson.theRadwasteStructure(thesewillnotcontributetofurthermovementonthegeologicalstructure-but,ofcourse,wouldhaveconsiderableeffectuponEngineeringStructures-apointtowhichIwillreturn).Whatmovementscouldbeinducedbytheresidualstressesinthefuture?IfwetakeSR=1000lb.inandnotethat,the2stress(Sslip)neededtoinducefurthermovementis850lbin2thenonly150lbinremainsavailabletoinducefurthershear2strainandbyfurtherelasticrecoverytogiverisetoafurtherincrementofdisplacement.ForthevaluesofL,E,etc.pre-viouslyusedwearedealingwithfurtherincrementsofdisplace-mentoflessthan1.0inch.

FILESUBJECTSHEETOFclLooIUooI-Rmli~4ic.-)~Assu~~II00VlXoISI70qS++rqg~OooIOOi%40eGOLIfagtoAiR,F-i000w/ZQxwl-rJlineGAMES6MOORS945.IIS72)PAINTCOINU,S,A,

Thisdisplacementrefers~onltothismodeland~onlforthevaluesofstressesused.AwholesectrumofvaluescouldandshouldbeusedincalcuationstodelineatetheossibleraneofmovementswhichcouldbeexectedontheRadwasteStructure.Moreoverthisexerciseshouldbereeatedforothermodelswithotherboundarconditions.OnlthencouldoneredictrobabletolerancesofmovementontheRadwasteStructure.Thecorallarytothisisthatalimitedprogrammeofgroundexplorationshouldbecarriedoutsothatgeologicalconstraintsmaybeplacedonwhichmodelisapplicable:andgreaterprecisionofpredictionattained.ModificationoftheModelThestressesinducedbyshearstraininvokedinthemodelarelarge.Thesewerebasedonassumedaverageshearstrains.Theprobabledistributionofshearstrainiscurved,asindicatedinFigure3.(Unit2straddlesthecentrallinewheretheshearstrainsareattheirsma(lest-buttheengineeringstructurecouldexperienceshearstrainrecoveryinaclockwisedirectiontothesouthandcounter-clockwisetothenorth:whichcouldcausecompressionontheEwallsandtensionontheWwalls).Theshearstrainandhencetheshearstressesontheboundaryfaults(forthismodel)arethereforeveryhigh.Theyareprobablysufficienttocausestrike-slipontheboundaryfaults-orperhapsonlyontheCoolingTowerFault.Theargumentpre-sentedforthesimplemodelwithrigidboundariesshouldtherefore

eFILESUBJECTSHEETOFooLIJooI-looIAXoIIJIIIIJJr9Ki4)+HKAR~AiruSQHFAgf-WuIT+<<LlggFPg,gzgI~INS,gag-Nab-SIiPl-o~oIIIaoIJJVIIJIJ.xoDAMES6MOOR%K045'(2'72)PRINTEDINV.SA

beextendedtoincludeanelementofslipononeorbothfaultboundaries.Ifsliphasoccurredonbothboundariestheshearstraincomponentcanbereduced(butcannot.possiblygotozero).IfsliphasoccurredononlytheCoolingTowerFaulttheshear-straindistributionwillbeskew(seeFigure4)andalmostcertainlywillvarywithdepth.ThisrelationshipofskewshearmayalreadyhavemadeitselfmanifestinthetrendoffoldaxesintheRadwasteTrench.OnceagainoneshouldemphasisethattheseshearstrainsinducedbytheRadwasteStructurearestable-untilyoudigaholy.'henyourtrouble.begins.Stressmeasurementsanddisplacementpatternsaroundholesatselectedpointsonsitewillhelpdeterminethemagnitdueoftheengineeringproblemstobefaced-aswellasbeingcrucialinindicatingthemodelwhichbestfitstheRadwasteStructure-andthisinturnwillleadtomoreconfidentpredictionsregardingfuturemovementsontheRadwasteStructure.RatesofMovementHere,Iassume,weareconcernedwiththeratesofmovementassociatedwithanypossiblefurtherdisplacementsoftheRad-wasteStructure.Inparticular,willsuchdisplacementsgiverisetovibratorygroundmotion?Theformationofbrittlefracturemustbeaccompaniedbysomemicroseismicactivity.Hencethefracturingofindividualbeds,asseenintheRadwasteTrench,musthavecausedmicroshocks.However,theenergyinvolvedwouldbeextremelysmallandwouldhavenosignificanteffect.

FILESUBJECTSHEETOFoOIUoOI-II-ooVlKO1U>-0fI(F)E.iasI-agPP(IZd<-Qvr~e+VISC.OV,GO~+g~809m'iuspalp.opv(scow(tg1UIo0Uasarvaaseevaoossa045~1(S721PAIN7COINV.S~A

Themainstructure-Ibelieve-isnow,andformostofitslife,hasbeen,aseismic.Myreasonforbelievingsoisasfollows.Thebasalmovementplane,asexposedintheRadwasteTrenchcontainsabout5inchesofrelativelysoftbreccia.IfthisbrecciaextendsundermostoftheRadwasteStructure(anditprobablydoes)thenitwillexerttheinfluenceofa"shock-obsorber".Themechanismhasbeenpredictedontheoieticalgroundsandhasbeenseentooperateinphysicalmodels.Thephysicalandtheoretical.modelscompriseathickelasticcoveronathinviscoussubstratumasindicatedinFigure5.Itcanbeshownthatifapressureissuddenlyappliedatoneendofthemodelthetime(T)insecondstakenforthestresswavetotraversedistanceLisgivenby:XrWhereEisYoungsModulusindynes~cmand7isinpoise:2TheotherdimensionsareasindicatedinFigure5andmustbeexpressedincms.Onehastoguesstheviscosityofthe12breccia.Itisweakbutprobablyhasavalue7=10poise.YoungsModulusE=2.4x10dynescm.ThethicknessofelasticIIblockZ=hl=30metresor3000cm.Letusassumethataveragethicknessofbreccia(h2)is10cmsandL,ofcourse,isapproximately700metres-ThenT=10[jx10]24xloltXlox300080days2014=7x10Sec49x107.2x10

Ifgissignificantlyhigherthan10poisethede-stressing12periodcouldlastforyears.Thisconcepthelpsoneunderstandtheslowclosureofpitsandcutsalreadymadeonsite.Theclosuresareadelayed~elastic.reponse.Conclusions1)TheRadwasteStructureisahighlevelbutaseismicstructure.2)Analysisofmodelswillpermitthepossiblerangeofmovementonthestructuretobeforecast.3)Limitedfieldinvestigationsrecommendedwiththeobjectivesa)finding'2'depthtobeddingslipb)establishingnatureofinterceptofRadwasteStructureandCoolingTowerFaultandc)surveyofshearstraindistributioninthesitearea.~OinionWelackbasicknowledgeregardingthegeometryandotherparametersrelatingtotheRadwasteStructure.Consequently,thepossibilityofnewmovementscannot.beruled.out.However,evenifitmoves,itismyopinion(Icannotgofutherthanthiswithoutfurthercalculations)thatthedisplacementswillbesmall(saylessthan3inchesinthehorizontaldirection-andpossibly1-1.5"intheverticaldirection).Thedamagehasalreadybeendone.PreviousmovementsontheRadwasteStructurehaschangedthesiteareawithcompressionalandshearstrains.

Priortotheon-setofconstruction,thesestrainswereinmeta-stableequilibrium.Excavationsfortheerectionofengineeringstructureshavedisruptedthisequilibriumsituation.Theshearstrainsarepotentiallythemostdestructive.Toassesstheengineeringproblemsitisnecessarythatbetterdocumentationbeobtainedrelatingtothemagnitudeanddis-tributionofthesestrainsinthesitearea.

FURTHERTHOUGHTSONTHESTABILITYOFTHENINENILEPOINTSITEbyNevilleJ.Price,D.Sc.,Ph.D.AnInternalanalCONFIDENTIALReportforDAMEShNOORE J

IntrocluctionWW&&&&WWWW&WThestabilityoftheNineRilePointArearesolvesitselfintoanumberofdistinctbutinterrelated.problems.Thesecanbecategorised.ass-1)Thefuturestabilityoftheregionregardingmovementsinageneralnortherlydirection.ThestabilityoftheRad.-wasteStructureregardingmovementsinadirect-ionN70V.Themagnitudeofthemetastableshear-strainsintheSiteareaand.move-mentsassociated,withtheirreleaseasaresultofengineeringconstruction,Thepossibleinfluenceofvibratoryground.motiononthestabilityoftheMeshalld.iscusstherpoblemsind,icated,inthesecategoriesinthefollowingsections.ReionalN-SStabilitThesiteisbounded.tothenorthbyLaReOntario,thefloorofwhichisinclinedtothenorthatanaveragedipof0.3(figureobtainedfromtheTimesAtlas).Consequently,aconsiderablethicknessofthesedimentsofther'egionwhich,intheSiteareadiptothesouthatabout0.7,cropoutinthelakefloor.Thelakefloor,therefore,constitutesafreesurface.Thepoet-glacialrebound.continues~anditcanbeshownthatthiswillinduceshearstrainswhichwill,inthenext00years,reducetheresistancetosl&ingonbeddinginageneralnortherlydirectionbyapproximately6lb.in.Thisprocessoftiltand.inducedshearinghasbeengoingonforseveralthousand,years.Consequently,itisextremelylikelythatthisprocesshasproducecLaconditionofmetastabilityinthearea.Asaresult,slipalongbeddingplaneshasalmostcertainlyoccurredintherecentpast.Iconsiderthatslipwould.have

occurred.onanumberofselectbedd,ingplanes(wheretheinherentslipresistancewasminimal)assoonastheshearstressesontheseplanesreached.thecriticalvalue,Suchslipplanesareprobablyseveral,ortensof,feetapartintheTransitionmdPulaski,beds~butarerareand.impersistentintheOswego.Move-mentontheseselectbecMing'planeswouldprobablyproducethinlayersof'gougematerialwithalowerresistancetoshearfailure.Intheargumentswhichfollow,acoefficientoffrictionofPL,0.3(g16.7)isassigned.totheselayers.(Ihavenoevidencetojustifythisfigure).Thus,startingwiththeassumptionthatthesedimentsintheSiteareaaremetastableand.thattheycontainseveralplanesofeasyslip~whateffectscanbeexpeoted,intheSiteareaiftheresistanoetosliding(inanortherlydirection)iseverywherereduced.byabout6lb.ininthenext40years?2Theeffectsarethreefold..a)SlipondeepplanesofeasyslipcanresultinthebulktransportoftheSiteinageneralnortherlydirection.b)Thestressdropattendant'uponthisslipresultsinextensionofthebeds,i.e.north-southtensilestrainswilldevelopintheSiterocks,and.c)Lateralregionalvariationsintheamountofslipcanresultinlateralshearstrainsbeinginduced.intheSiterocks.Iwillnowconsiderthesethreeaspectsand.attempttoquantU'ytheamountofslipand.extensionwhicharelikelytobeinduced.inthenext40yearsanttheamountofshearstrainwhichmayhavealreadybeeninduoed..Norther~1SlipThe'odelused.inthefollowingargumentsisthetriangularwedgerepresentedinFigurela.IthasalengthLand.averticalthicknessattherearboundaryofZ.Shearresistanoealongthebaseiseverywherecontrolled.bytheshearresistancetosliding(Amonton'sLaw)csothatc.AA.n'hatis,theshearresistancedecreasesfromseroattheapexofthewedgetoa 0

maximumattherearboundary.Incalculatingthestability,Ifind.thehorisontalforce(aHZ)whichisgustcapableofovercomingtheshearforceSRwhereSHt.Land.~Pe~Z.2wherepeffectivedensityofrock.Takingthewatertableasbeingimmediatelybeneaththequaternaryclays,1p.g.1.6grams/cc.'l'heshearforceonthebaseofthewedgeresultsinaclock-wiseturningmoment.ItisusualtocounterthismomentbyconsMeringashearstxessactingontheverticalboundaryplane(Figurelb)'.OnecouldchangethebasalslipplanefromZtoZ'"'nd.themodelwouldbebasicallyunchanged.Itcanbeinferredthattheverticalshearforceonthisverticalboundaryis~.TimHarperhassuggestedthatbedding-parallelshearstressesmayexceedthelimitingvaluesetatthebasef'rslMing.Ifsuchapossibilityisconceded,andthedistributionofshearstresswithdepthisasindicatedinFigurelc,thenonemayinferthat,iftheshadedareasareequal,theverticalshearforceisthesameasthatinFigurelband,thattheoriginalmodelhasnotbeenseriouslymodifiied.If,however,oneassumesthatthedistributionofshearstresswithdepthisasindicatedinld,thentheverticalshearforceisgreaterthanforlb.Consequently,thestabilityoftheoriginalmodelhasbeenupsetandamuchmoresophisticatedanalysisisrequiredtodeterminetheboundarycondtiOns..Iwill,therefore,onlyconsMerthesimplebasalslipmodelrepresent-edinFigurla(andlb).Considerslipononespecificlayerwhichissituated.atadepthof170feetbeneaththesouthernlimitoftheCoolingTower(2,500feetfromthelakeshore).ThehorisontalstressesforstabilityatboundariesAandB(whereBis1milesouthofA)axecHand.grespectively.AscanbeseenfromFigure2,theseaveragestressesare968and,1,519lb.inrespectively.2

Itisemphasisedthatthesestressesazeaverages.Thatis,theyarestresseswhichonewouldexpecttofindatdepths2/2(at85'nd.140')~Inupperlevels,thestresses.arelikelytobesmallerandatdeeperlevelstheywillprob-ablybelarger.Also,theyaremagnitudesofstresswhichreflect,and.azeacompromisebetween,the'high'tressesinsandstonesandthe'low'tressesinshales.Themannerinwhichstzessintensityvarieswithdepthisnotknownwithanyprecision'.However,fromOCAdata,there-isatrend.forthehorisontalstressestoinczeasebyabout300-500lb.inperhundredfeetincreaseindepth,2Hence,theaveragestressesgland.g2would.probablyvarywithdepth,asindicatedinFiguzes3aandb.IntheOswegosandstone(wheretheproportionofshaleissmall)theaveragefigureprobablyrepresentstherealrockstressrequiredforstability.IntheTransitionbedsandpulaskiseries,theaveragestressesmustbead)ustedforrocktype.Thismlgustmentmusttakeintoaccounttheproportionofdifferentrocktypesandtheirzespectiveelasticmoduli.Thisisapointtowhichweshallreturn.Wedonothavesufficientdata,Isuspeot,todeterminewhethersuchadeepplaneis,infact,metastable.However,Idoubtwhethertherockstressesaresufficientlyhightocauseslip.Nowconsiderslidingonabeddingplanewhichisatadepthofonly55feetatthesouthernedgeoftheCoolingTower.ThissituationismodelledsomewhatmorecarefullyinFigure0.Itwillbeseen,thattheaveragehorisontalstressforN-Smetastabilityis444lb.in.2OnemayinferfromthedatafortheOswegotakenfromOC-4thatthe2averagestresssome1,000feettothesouthcouldeasilyattainavalueof444lb.inandresultinametastablecondition.Onecanconclude,therefore,thattherocksbeneaththeSitepassfromthemetastablesituationtoastablesituation.Thistransitioncouldoccuratsomedepthbetween55feetand170feet.Also,atsomedistancetothesouth,themetastablewedgemusteventuallyencounterstressconditionswheretheybecomestaMe,

Stress~DroLetusnowoonsiderwhatstressdropwouMaccompanyachangeinshearresistanceof6lb.in,bytakingthemodelindicatedinFigure4.Ifthe2shearresistanceonthebasalslipplaneisreduced.from8lb.into2lb.in,22thenthenewmetastablehorizontalpressureisilllb.in.Hence,thestressdrop2wouldbed")333lb.in.Thereleaseof333lb.inofcompressivestresswouMresultinanorth-2erlyextensionoftherocksand,therebycauseadisplacementonthebasalslipplaneofthemodel.Thisdisplacement,onarelativelydeepslipplane,could.resultinanortherlytranslationoftheSiteby8or9inches.This,however,wouldnotbesignifioant.MhatwouMbeimportantistheaccompanyingextensionoftheactualSiterocks.Theextension'd.'ftheSitewouldbegivenbys-ri"L"xo~d1'0EForaSitelength"L"2,000feetand,E3.5x10lb.in(thevalueused.62previously),d,2000x12xx102.3inohesA500'onghd.Mingwouldextend.by0.6inches.ThevalueofEiscritioal.Givenanaveragestressdropd~insedimentsofhighandlowmodulusElaudE2,droptheaveragemod,uluswillbet-EaE1+bE2a+'brwhereaandbaretheproportionofmaterialswithmoduliEland,E2Thus,ifEl3.5x10andE22x10andab,thenE2.75x10lb.in,and.the666.2quotedstrainswouldbecorrespondinglylarger.LateralRegionalVariationsinSlipIfthemetastablewedgereachesadistanceof7,500feetsouthoftheshoreline,thenthewedgewould.extendbyabout8to9inchesinthenext'Y3

~+years.Theprocessofglacialreboundhasbeengoingonforthousandsofyears.OnecannotstateforwhatlengthoftimetheSiteazeahasbeenundergoingN-Sslip.However,duringtheMahraltystageoflakedrainagefcoN3itionsespBciBllyfavourableto5-Sslipexisted.~SlipwhichalmostcertainlyoccuerecLatthistimeprolably..contributedtothedevelopmentoftheTepeeaaLCoolingTowerbuckles.Hence,onemayinferthata,generalslipofseveralfeetN-Shasalreadyoccurred,.intheSiterocks.Onemayinferfromtheslip-staMlityanalysispresented,herethatthedipofthebeddingplanesisoritical.TheDemsterstructurehasinucedveryconsiderablevariationintheorientationofbeddingintheareatotheeastoftheSite.Consequently,theeaseordifficultyofN-Sslipwillvaryasthisstructureisapproached.Indeed,atthestructureitself(andhereIamrelyingonmemory),etheorientationoftheOswegowouldcompletelyinhibitnortherlyslip.Thus,relativetotheDemster,themetastableSiterockshavemoved,Nbyseveralfeeta@isowillhaveinducedlateral,clockwise,shearstrainswhich,onaverage,willbeabout0.2x103radians(1/100).AnycalculationregmiingN-SmovementofSiterocksinthenext40yearsthatneglectsthecomponentofstressrelease(whichincreasessuoh.lateralshearstrains)willresultinasmallover-estimateoftheN-Sdisplacementsand,extensionswhiohwilldevelopbymovementofthemetastablerocks.2.StabilitoftheRadmmteSIntheinitialreportontheEMmstestructure,Iconsideredthequestionofitsstabilitybyevaluatingthevariousstresslevelsinvolvedinthestructure's"EnergyBudget"~whichIpresented.intheformc-1JlipEROwhereStheinitialstressstatethatresultedinthedevelopmentofthe1Rad.wastestructureSythestressesusedtoinducetheshearstrains

AMSlithestressesneededtoovercomeslipandcausemasstransferslipSthestressesavailabletocauseelasticrecoveryandgiverisetoEdisplacement(9)oftheRadwastestructureandSRtheresidual(orremnant)groundstressesstillobtaining.IevaluatedthestressesforamodelinwhichtheRadwastestructurewascontainedbetweentheCoolingTowerandTepeeFaults.Onreflection,Iconsiderthatthisisstillthebestanalyticalapproachtothestabilityproblemsbutnowthinkthatthevariousvaluesofstressassignedtothesymbolsshouldbereappraisedand.thatthemodelrequiresmod.iiia--tion.Letusfirstconsiderthemodel.WNcdelNodificationsInthepreviousreport,theRadwastestructurewasrepresentedasarampthrustJoiningatdepth(2)asingleplaneofbedding-slip.Thisstructurewascontained,betweentheCoolingTowerandTepeeFaultsandthatstrike-slipmotionalongthese(60-75dipping)faultboundariestotheRadwastestructurewasinhibited.Indeed,inthecalculationspresentedinthepreviousreportitwasassumedthatslipwascompletelyinhibited..However,whenpresentingaqualitativeargument,itwasindicated,thatstrike-slipalongthesefaultscouldhaveoccurred.Inowwishtoamendthemodelpresentedinthepreviousreportintworespects.a)TheRadwastestructureshouldbeconsideredasa"Ramp"whichjoinsnotone,buttwoormoreplanesofbeddingslip(seeFigure5a)~and.b)Strike-slipmovementontheboundingCoolingTowerandTepeeFaultsdidoccur.Thedetailsofthesemodificationsaffectthevaluesofstress(Sletc.).Ishallthereforeconsiderthesedetailsandpresentargumentsforreassessingthevariousstressvalues.

ValuesofStressInitialStress(Sl)Inthepreviousreport,Ifollowedanevenearlierassessment(AppendixIIIoftheN.N.P.Report)and.tookthestressrequiredtoinitiatefailureas23,000lb.in.ThisvalueofstressisprobablyrequiredtoinitiatetheshearfailureswhichdefinetheRamppartofthestructure.Suchhighstresseswouldnot,however,berequired.togiverisetoslidingonbeddingplanes.Consequently,InowthinkthatitisunrealisticandunnecessarytoassumesuchahighvalueofSl.Inowconsiderthattheaveragestressesassociatedwiththeinitiationanddevelopmentofthewholestructure(includingthesliponbedding2planes)wasmuchsmallerthan23,000lb.in-probablyIC4f~halfthisamount(seeFigure5).Giventime,andbymakingassumptionsregardingtheprobablevalueoftheregionalstressSRand,thevaluesofpositiveandnegativeradiiofcurvat-Regureetc.,onecouldderivethedistributionofvaluesof'tressinaverticalplanewhichtrendsN60W.However,fromFigure5b,onecanseethatinitiationoftheRadwasteRampprobablyocc~atsomemodestdepth(100>>200feet)andthatmovementonbeddingplanesenabledthereliefofthehorinontalstresstooccur.Itmaybeinferred,thatthelowerplanesofbeddingslipastheypropagated,totheSEwouldfirstencounterlowlateralstresses(theresultof-Rassociatedwithdown-throwonthenormalfault.SeeAppendixIIIoforiginalN.H.P.Report).Hence,theplanesofbeddingslipneazerthesurfacewouldhavethegreatestlateralextent.Thus,wetentativelyconcludethattheaveragelateralstressesatlevelZinFigure5wouldbe%066ii~fl5$KQOll,500lb.in.ButatahigherlevelZtheaveragevalueoflatera1stresseswillbelowerandclosertothemagnitudeoftheregionalstressSR.Theseconsiderationsare,tosomeextent,Reg' academic.Theyhavetheirvalueinestimatingthelateralextentofthebeddingslipplanes.However,fromelsticitytheoryandaknowledgeofD,itisknownthattheplanesareofconsiderableextent.Consequently,thestabilityoftheseplanesisthequestionwhichreallyconcernsus.Fromthetrenchexposures,onemayinferthatbeddingplaneslipoccursintheTransitionbedsandthatmovementonthisplane(orplanes)mayhaveattaindd,atotalslipof30inches.ItisreasonabletoexpectthatthisslipplaneextendsinaSEdirectionbeyondOC-4.Consequently,itissignificanttoconsiderthestabilityofthestructureonthis40feetdeep,slipplaneinthelightofthemagnitudeofstressesdeterminedinOC-4,adistanceofaboutl,400feetfromthe'outcrop'ftheRadwastestructure.Themodelusedtoestimateresistancetoslidingonthe40feetdeepbeddingplaneisrepresentedinFigure6.Onemaynotethattheassumed10'fquaternarywillcontributetothenormalstressontheglideplane,butthehorizon-talstresswillbesignificantonlyintheOswegoandTransitionbeds.FromFigure6,itcanbeseenthattheresistancetoslidingona40feetdeep,beddingplaneplusthe'buttress'ffectoftheRamptotals467lb.in.Letusnowconsidertheresistancetoslidingontheboundingnormalfaults.SlidingonNormalFaultsItwillbeassumedthattheshearresistancetomovementislimitedtothesolidrockandthatanyresistancetoshearofferredbytheQuaternarysedimentswillconstituteasmallsafetyfactor.Becauseofthecoefficientoffrictionofsandstoneonsandstone,coupledwiththeroughnessofthefaultplane,itfollowsthatweshouldnotusePL0.3forthesecalculations.Ishallchoose+0.5(g26.5)!andthisisprobablyaconservativefigure.Toestimatethefrictionalshearresistance,wenowrequiretheaveragenormalstressactingonthetwofaults,Theaveragenormalstressescanbeestimatedfromtheaveragehorizontalstressactingperpendiculartothefaults,

eThesehorizontalstresseswillbecloseinvaluetothestressesnecessaryformetastability.So,clearly,wecanmaketwogeneralstatements.1)TheshearresistancewillbefargreaterontheCoolingTowerfaultthanontheTepeefault.2)Theshearresistancedecreasesonboththesefaultsasonetransversesfromeasttowest.Thesevariationsinshearresistancewillhaveanobviousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofshearstrains.However,firstconsidertheaverageshearresistanceofthetwofaults.Thiscanbedonebytakingthemid-line(betweenOC-4andtheRadwaste"outcrop")whichisperpend.iculartothetrend.ofthefaultsandcalculatingthehorisontalstressesrequired.formetastability.ThislinemeetsthetraceoftheTepeestructuzewhereitinterceptstheshore-lineand.theCoolingTowerfaultatthewesternmarginoftheCoolingToweritself.Thenormalstressesonthefaultsatthesepointsareabout330lb.inand,200lb.inforthe2.2CoolingTowerand.Tepeestructuresrespectively,Hence,theshearfozcesalongthesetwofaults,resistingmovementontheRadwastestructure,are20xlOand86x10Us.respectively.(Thedifferencesinmagnitudeoftheforcesreflect'Inotonlythediffezencesinthenormalstresses'utalsothefactthattheareaoftheCoolingTowerfaultinvolvedintheslippingisalmosttwiceaslargeasthatfortheTepeestructure.)Toovercome.theseforcesacomponentofstressof180lb.inmustact2perpendiculartotheRad.wastestructure.Thus,thehorizontalstressesperpendiculartotheRadwasterequiredtoovercomeslippingonthenormalfaultsandthe40'edd,ingplaneand.alsotoovercometheRampeffectneed.tobe647lb.in.Tothisfigureacomponentof2stress(Sg)mustbeadd.ed,whichcauseshorisontalshearstrains(f)intheRaclwastestructure.Assume,forthemoment,thatSf100lb.in.Then,the2stabilitystressontheRadwastestructureatadistanceof1,400feet(i,e.nearOC-4)isabout750lb.in.

NowcomparethisfigurewiththestressdataavailableforOC-4Theresolvedcomponentsofstressformeasuringstations1-4(forsolidtrianglesonly;i.ereliabledata)areindicatedinTable1.Thesmoothchangeintrendofclbetweenstations1and.-4and.theabeuptchangebetweenstations4and.5and.6,leadonetosuggestthattheslipplaneliesbetweenstations4and5.Table1,Stresses~~endiculaztoRadwast~efromOC-4StationDepth(approx)14'4'8'5'Rw1025lb.in525Ntl870IIH375Ittl225lb.in360lttl375N75III~Meanvalues698.75258.75rC700lb.in~260lb.in.22ThesestationsareallintheOswego~and,ifthemeasurementpointswerenotlocatedtooclosetoshalepartings,thestressesarepresumablyrepresent-ative,Iftheaveragehorisontalstressistakentobe700lb.in,thenonemayinfer2thattheportionoftheRadwastestructuzetotheeastofOC-4iscurrentlystable~withasafetyfactorofabout50lb.inbeforethemetastableconditionisreached.2Thequestionnowarises-willthestructureremainstablethroughoutthenext40years'PThestabilitycanbeinfluencedbytwomainfactors.1)Theshearresistancetoslidingonthe40'eddingplanecould.breduced.byahigheringofthewatertable.(Thisfactorcanbecountered..Indeed,-ifthewatertablewereloweredby40',bypumping,thiswouldgreatlyincreasethestabilityoftheSiteazea)2)GlacialreboundisinducingshearstrainsinageneralN-Splaneandthese,ashasbeennoted.canreducetheresistancetobeddingslipintheN-Sdirectionbyabout6lb.in.'L'hisfactorcanhavetwoeffectsontheRadwastestructure.2

>>12-a)TherewillbeacomponentofreductioninshearresistanceinadirectionperpendiculartotheRadwaatestructureinduced,bytheN-Srotation.ThiseffectcanresultinareductionoftheshearresistanceperpendiculartotheRadwastestructureby2lb.in.Thiscouldresultinacomponentofpotentialstress2dropperpend.iculartotheRadwastestructureof85lb.in.2b)Theaverage,potentialN-SstressdropinthevicinityoftheRadwastestructure"whichislikelytotakeplaceinthenext40yearsisoftheorderof250lb.in.2ThisstressdropwillgreatlyreducetheshearresistanceontheCoolingTowerand.Tepeefaults,aothatthesewillcontributeafurthercomponentofpotentialstressdropperpendiculartotheRadwastestructureofapproximately140lb.in.2Thetotalstressdropis,therefore,likelytobes-a~85+140.-50lb.in175lb.in,drop(where,itwillberemembered.thatthe50lb.inisthecurrentsafetyfactor).2e(Ifthewatertablewerelowered.,bypumping,by30feet,thiswouldincreasebeddingstabilityby3.9lb.in(shearresistance)andprevent80lb.instress22drop.)Astressdropof175lb.inwouldgiverisetoadisplacementonthe2RadwasteforL1,400feetofs-d.~1x1400x120.84inches'.5x10If,astheresultofpumping,thestressdropiakeptto95lb.in,2a0.46inch~s.jThesediaplacementswould,beapproximatelydoubled.iftheRadwaatestructureextendedafurther1,400feettotheeastofOC-4.TheextentoftheRadwastestructurewillberelatedtothestressdropassociatedwithitsinitiation;andthisisspeculative.However,theinitiationoftheshearsintheRampwhichcutacrossbedsmusthavegivenrisetoasignificantstressdrop.Also,thedecreaseinstress,actingnormaltotheCoolingTowerand.Tepeefaults,whichtookplacewhenthebucklesand.pop-upa

developed,,musthavebeenoftheorderof2,500lb.in.Suchareductioninnormal2stresswouldhavepermitted.astressdropperpendiculartotheRadwastestructureofaboutl,@0lb.in.Consequently,onecaninferthatthestressdropassociated2withtheRadwastestructure(Rampand.beddingslip)could.easilyhaveexceeded.3,000lb.in,2Iftheaveragestressdropwas,infact,3.000lb.in,theextentof2thestructure(L)would.be2,900feet.Thus,onecanconcludethatthedisplacementinthenext40years,onthe40'lipplane,&likelytobeabout1.7inches(orabout0.9inchesifthewatertableislowered).Ifmovementsoccuronseveralplanesofslip~thehigherpercentageofshaleinthelowerhorizonswouldmeanthattheaverageEislowerthan3.5x10lb.in.Consequently,thetotalslipontheRadwastemaygetashighas623.0inches.LetusnowturntoshearstrainsintheSiteazea.3.ShearStrainsIthasbeennoted.,thataclock-wiseshearstrainhasprobablybeeninducedbydifferential,northward.slipoftheSiteazea.However,iritheupperlayersoftheRadwastestructure,itmaybeinferredthatthissenseofshearstrain~hasbeenreversed.BecausethenormalstressesontheTepeefaultazelo~erthanthoseontheCoolingTow'erfault,thenorthernpaztoftheRadwastestructurewasabletomovedifferentially,relativetothesouthernpartofthestructure.TheaverageshearstressactingperpendiculartothetrendoftheRadwasteRampinOC-0isabout260lb.in(seeTable1).Thesestressescould.beassociated.with2shearstrains(lP)ofs-260.0.00015radians~1500000.004TheresistancetoslipontheTepeestructuredecreasestothewest.Hence,theshearstrainswouldincreaseasUnit2isapproached..Eveniftherewereatenfold

increaseintheshearstrains,thevalueofatUnit2wouldbeonly0.01.Theereliefofsuchashearstrain,astheresultofengineeringconstruction/wouldgiverisetoasheardisplacement,ofabout1inchina500'ongengineeringstructure.Thisshearstrainanglewoulddecreasewithdepthand.evenreverseitssenseofshear.Whatprecisedifficultiesthiswouldpresenttoengineeringstruc-turesarenot'easytoenvisage.SeismicRiskTheimportantquestionregaxdingseismicrisktotheSiteconstructionsrelatestothemagnitudeofastresswaveattheSitewhichhasbeengenerated.byadistantseismicevent.Ifoneconsidersthata-volumeofrock,radius1.25miles(2km)exhibitsanear-instantaneousstressdropof1,000lb.in(70bars).Then,using2.value,areasonable~fortheelasticmodulus,theenergyoftheeventwillgiverisetoanearthquakeofmagnitude6.0.Atadistanceof125milesfromtheepicentre,themagnitudeoftheP-wavewillbelessthan1lb.in.(ThisconclusionisreachedbytakingthestressattenuationfollowingacurvederivedbyAhrensandO'Keefein"ImpactandExplosionCratering",ed.Roddyetal.,Pergamon)Ahorizontalstressof1lb.inisunlikelytobesignificant.If,2astheresultofrefraction,theP-wavetravels.at05tothehorizontalintheSitearea,thentheverticalcomponentwouldbe0.7lb.inandthiscouldreducetheshearresistanceby0.2lb.in.Thisloweringofshearresistancecouldpossibly2triggerasmallstressdrop.Buttheeffectisnotlikelytobesignificantnor(forreasonsdiscussedinmypreviousreport)rapid.Ihavetopassthequestionbacktoyou.Istherelikelytobeanearthquakeofgreaterthanmagnitude6.0within125milesoftheSite7Toassesstheriskoneneedstoknowthemagnitudeof'shock'thestressdropand.the'sphere'factivity.AresuchdataavailablefortheregionVi)$9.+~,./2LP

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THIRDTHOUGHTSONTHESTABILITYOF'QiERAG-WASTESTRUCSJREbyNoJ+PriceDSc~yHlsD~IntroductionHytwopreviousreportsonthestabilityoftheRad-wasteStructurehavebeenconcernedwithconceptua1models.Theconclusionsreached,usingthisapproachareonlyvalidprovidedthamodelparametersand.theassumptionsmadearealsovalid.Iwillnowreviewsomeofthestatedandtacitassumptionsand.valuesused.inthepreviouscalculationsandreappraisemyearlierconolusionsinthelightofthisreviewandthenewdataobtainedfromRS2and3.ThequestionofwhetherornottherewillbefuturemovementontheRad-wasteStructurewillbeconsidered.intwomainparts.Firstly,IwillconsiderthequestionofthegeneralandintrinsicstabilityoftheStructureasawhole.secondly,Iwillestimatewhatmovementsmaybeinducedlocally,perhapsonsomeelementoftheRad,-wasteStructure,astheresultofexcavationand.constructionofengineeringstructures.Whendealingwiththissecondaspectitisnecessarytoconsiderwhatmovementmaybeexpected,froma)thereleaseofelasticallystoredhorizontalshearstresses,b)thereleaseofelasticallystoredhorisontalnotmalstressesandc)fromtheswellingofshales.Thelastofthesethreeaspects,relatingtotheswellingofshaleshasbeenstudiedbyDrs.T.Harperand.J.Ssynnanski.IfeelthatIcannotimproveontheirexpertiseandthereforewillnotcommentonthisaspect,further'utwilldealwiththeremainingaspectsintheordersetout,above.'ntrinsicstabilityoftheRad-wasteStructureOneofthemostimportantitemspresentedinmypreviousreports,relatingtothefuturestabilityoftheRadwasteStructure,wasthatbeddingparallelshearstressesaredevelopinginthesiterocksasaresultof'rebound.'.Ipreviouslyestimatedthatinthenext40yearstheseshearstresseswouldincreasebyabout6lb.in.Thisfigurewasbasedontheaveragerateof2rebound.AsmaybeinferredfromFigure2ofyourdraftreportarriasquotedonpage2ofthatreport,thecontemporaryrateofshearstringisapproximately0.5k/1mile/1year(Thiswouldbebetterexpressed.as0.025mm/1km./peryear,or2.5x10rads./peryear).Thisrateissignificantlyslowerthantheaveragerateandwouldgiverise,inthenext40years,toachangeinbeddinparallel

shearstressofnomorethan2lb.in(using,aspreviously,thevalueof2shearmodulus'G'1.75x10lb.in.).Thus,theshearstresseffectexpressedinmypreviousreportisover-emphasisedbyafactorof3.0.Iftheotherparametersused.inmypreviousanalysisare,forthemoment,assumedtobeunchanged~thenthereductionintheN-Snormalstresswhichmaytakeplaceinthenext40yearswould.beonlyalittlemorethan100lb..in.(ratherthanthe330lb.in,previouslyreported).Hence,thechangeinSiteogoflength2000feetwouldbeapproximatelygwhilea500footlongbuildingwould.extend.byonly0.2in.Itwillberecalledthatthesecondary,butimportanteffectofthisN-Sstressreductionrelatedtothe'clampingstresses',exhibitedbytheTepeeandCoolingTowerfaultsontheRad-wasteStructuremustalsobeaccountedfor.BecausetheN-Snormalstressesarelikelytodecreasebyonly100lb.in.,2theconcomitantstressdropnormaltotheRad-wasteRamp,astheresultofthiseffect,isratherlessthan50lb.in.Thesmallcontributionofthecomponent2ofchangeinthebeddingparallelshearstress(relatedtorebound.)wouldpermitthereleaseofanadditionalcomponentofhorizontalstress(normaltotheRamp)ofabout$0lb.in.Thus,thecombinedeffectsofchangesinbeddingparallel2shearstressescould,inthenext00years,giverisetoastressdrop,perpen-diculartotheRad>>wasteRampofabout75-80lb.in.2XnmypreviousreportIsuggestedthattheRad-wasteblockwasnotmetastableforslidingintheN70Mdirectionand.thatconsequently,thepotentialstressdropmaybesignificantlylessthan80lb.in...probablyabout30lb.in.22Ifthisstressdropoccurredoveralengthof3000feet,movementontheRad-wastewouldnotexceed.oneinch.Eventhismovementcouldbeobviated,byloweringthewater-table.(Thisisalsotrueregardingthepotentialchangesofwatertablelevelwhichmayresultfromtilting)Letmenowconsideranotherpoint.AtacitassumptionIusedinmypreviousreport,whenassessingtheN-SstabilityoftheSiteduringthenext40years,wasthattherewasaprogressiveincreaseintheN-SnormalstressasonetraversessouthfromtheLake.Onreflection,thereisreasontodoubtthevalidityofthisassumptionbasedonaprioriarguments.However,moretothepoint,thenewstressdatafromRS2and.3demonstrateconclusivelythatthistacitassumptionisnotvalid.ThenewdatashowthattheN-SnormalstressesinRS2and3arelowerthaninOC4and,alsothatthenormalstressactingparalleltothetwonormalboundaryfaultsarealsolowerintheRS2and3holesthaninOC4.Twosignificantpointsresultfromthesenewdata.Firstly,the"clampingstresses"onthenorma1faultsareofsmall,orevennegli~bleimportance,sothatchangesinthebeddingparallelshearstresses,inthenext40yearswouldalsohaveanegligibleinfluenceontheover-a11future

stabilityoftheRad-wasteStructure.Secors3ly,theaveragehorisontalstressactingN70Missmallerthanthatassumedinmypreviousreport,where,itwillberecalled.,thecomponentofhoriuontalstressnecessarytoovercometheclampingstresswasestimated.tobeabout180lb.in.Hence,iftheaverage2valueofstressintheN70Mdirectionis180lb.inlowerthanthevalue,02whichwaabaaed.onthedatafromOC-4,theRadwasteStructureisalmostcertainlystable.ThedifferencebetweenthenewdatafromRS2and3aresodifferentfromthatfromOC-4~adetailedanalysisinvolvingorientationseasenotnecessary.Oneneedonlylookatthemeanvaluesofnormalstressand.meanhorinontaldifferentialstress,asgiveninTablel.TABLE1BOREHOLERS-2OC-4MEANHOR.STR.95lb.in100lb.in.2625lb.in.2$~MEANDIFF.STR.=>~q90lb.in85lb.in.2600lb.in.Fromthenewstressdataonemayinferthatthenormalstressactingperpend.iculartotheRad.wasteRampis'manyhundredsof'oundspersquareinchlowerthanthevalueused.inmypreviousreport.Moreover,evenifoneassumes,asIdidpreviously,that,awedge,withitabackwa11atOC-4weremetastable,onecanconclud.ethatsimilarN-SorientedwedgeswithbackwallssetatRS-2and.RS-3respectivelyarecertainlynotmetaatable.Evenifchangesinbeddingparallelstressesinduced.duringthenext40yearscouldproduceN-SmovementoftheOC>>4wedge,theRS-2and3wedgeswouldremainstabletosuchmovement.Becausethecomponentofbeddingparallelshearstress,whichmaybeinducedbyrebound.inthenext40years,intheN70MdirectionislikelytobemuchsmallerthanthatwhichwoulddevelopintheN-Sdirection:IconcludefromtheavailabledatathattheRadwasteStructureasawholeisunlikelytomoveastheresultofbeddingparallelshearstresschangeswhichnaytakeplaceinthenext40yearsMovementsonelementsofRadwasteStructureinduced.QEngineeringConstructionWW&WSW&WWWWAlthoughtheRadwaateStructureisintrinsicallystable,theexcavationsassociated.withengineeringconstructionwillreleaseaportionofthestoredelasticenergyinthesiterocks,withtheresultthatsomemovementonelementsoftheRadwasteStruoturewillalmostcertainlytakeplace.Asindicatedearlier,movementcanbeconsidereduoierthreeheadings!theeffectsofnormalstressrelease,shearstressreleaseand.swelling.

Hovementsresultingfromthezeleaseofstored.normalstressesTheaveragenormalstresauinRS-2and.3azeabout100lb.in.2Providingthatthesemagnitudesofstressarerepresentativeofthestressesobtainingthroughoutthesiterocksinthevicinityoftheconstruction,thenonecaninferthattheaveragemovementswhichwillresultfromthereleaseofallorpartofthesenormalstresseswillnotbelarge.Thus,ifa500ftdiameterexcavationreducedtheaveragenormalstzessby594overadistanceequaltothediameteroftheexcavation(i.e.500ft),thenassumingtheaveragevalueofE(includingbothsandstone,siltstoneand.shale)is2x10lb.in.6.24teumovementsofthewallsoftheexcavationarenotonaveragelikelytoexceed.0.15inches.However,itshouldbenoted.thatthisisanaverage.SomeofthestressesdeterminedintheRSboreholesaretensile.Onewould.expecttheexcavationtoopeninresponsetothereleaseofthesestresses.Atlevelswhezethestoredstressesazecompressive,theexcavationwilltendtoclose.Atsomehorizons(e.g.atabout40ftinRS-2)thecompressivestressesazeashighas600lb.in.Ifallthesestresseswerereloeved-2overadistanceof500feet(amostunlikelyevent)themovementatthislevelwould,beapproximatelyOe9ins(usingthespecifichorizonmodulusof4x10lb.in).Hence,fromthedataavailabletome,itieunlikelythatmovementsresultingfromthereleaseofnormalstresseswillreach1.0inch.Novementeseresult~fromthereleaseofstored.horizontalshearstressesTheemplacementoftheRadwastestructuremayhavelocallyinducedrelativelyhighshearstrainsintheSiteRocks,particularlyadjacenttoand~tintheRamp.However,~~5ofsuchshearstrainsarepermanentand.azeofnoimportanceasfarasmovementinthevicinityofexcavationsisconcerned.Hereweneed.onlydealwiththestored.elastichorizontalshearstrains,orstresses.OnemayseefromTable1thatinRS-2and3,theaveragehorizontalshearstresses(i.e.halfthedifferentialstressinthehorizontalplane)isle&sthan100lb.in,Ifalltheseshearstresseswerereleasedbythe2excavationand.takingtheshearmod.ulusasle75x10lb.in.theresultingangle-62sheardisplacementwould.beabout6x10radians.Foranexcavationof500ft.thiswould.resultinaninsignificantdifferentialmovementoftheexcavationwall.Hence,provided,thestressesasdetermined.inRS-2and.3arerepresentativeofthesiterocksinthevicinityoftheexcavations,shearstressesintheserockswillnotgiverisetosevereengineeringproblems,

Movements~esulti~fzomrockswellAsstatedearlier,thetwopeoplewhoarebestqualifiedtocommentonthistopicareDrsHarperand.Szyzmunski.Itismyopinionhoweverthatthisistheaspectofrockbehaviourwhichi4,ikelytorepresentanengineeringproblem.Icanenvisagenoconditionswhichwould.enableme,orprobablyanyoneelse,toguaranteethatmovementzeultingfromrockswellwillbelessthanoneinch.CONCLUSIONSThedataobtained.fromtheRSholesareextzemelyvaluableand,permitconclusionstobereachedregardingthestabilityoftheRadwasteStructure.Merethesed,atanotavailable,opinionsregazclingthestructuresstabilitywould.ofnecessityremainconjectural.2)PzovMed.themagnitudesofstressesmeasured.inRS-2and.3arerepresentativeofstressesinrocksadjacenttoconstructionsareas(IhavenoinformationrelatingtoRSW);thentheRadwasteStructureasageologicalentityisstableand,willnotmoveinthenext40years.3)SmallmovementsarelikelytotakeplaceonelementsoftheRadwasteStructureastheresultofexcavationswhichlocallyreleasestoredstresses.However,subjecttotheprovisomacleinconclusion2),neitherthestored.normalnorthestored.shearstressesshould,onrelease,giverisetorockmovementswhichconstituteahasaxd.toengineeringstructures.Rockswellprobablyconstitutesasignificantengineeringproblem.However,movementsresultingfromthismechanismwillbeslow.Monitoringwouldobviouslybeessential.

538E.FairmontDriveTempe,AZ85282March10,1980Mr.JohnJ.MarkhamGeologist,Dames&Moore2996BelgiumRoadBaldwinsville,NY13207

DearMr.Markham:

ThefollowingisaletterreportinitiatedattherequestofMr.Willi'amSwigerofStone&WebsterandlaterbyMr.JamesT.DetteofDames&MoorethatIconsidertheeffectofpermafrostwithsubsequentgrowthofgroundiceintheformationofsmallasymmetricfolds(buckles,teepees)associated.withsmallfaultsinsedimentarybedrockatNineMilePointNuclearStation-Unit2,Scriba,NewYork.Thereportisbasedondiscussionswithgeologistworkingonthesiteandabriefsiteinvestigation.IntroductionGeologistsofDames&MooreandStone&WebsterhavebeenstudyingthebedrockandoverlyingunconsolidatedsedimentsattheNineMilePointsiteforseveralyearsforthreepowersites.Myfieldinspectionofthesitewasabout2hoursinthemorningofFebruary29,1980.TheNineMilePointNuclearStation-Unit2isontheshoreofLakeOntarioatNineMilePoint,Scribatownship,OswegoCounty,NewYork.GeologyGeneralstatementMyunderstandingofthegeologyisdependentuponthoroughbriefingsgivenbygeologistsofDames&MooreandStone&Websterandabrieffieldsiteinvestigation.DiscussionswithStone&WebstergeologiststookplaceontheafternoonofFebruary28,1980inBoston,MAandonthesiteonthemorningofFebruary29,1980.DiscussionsindetailwithgeologistsofDames&MooreoccurredFridayafternoonatthesite.InthemorningofFriday,29th,therewasafieldsitevisitinwhichweexaminedthegeologyintheDrainageDitch,theNorthRadwasteTrench,theScreenWellArea,NorthElectricCable"Tunnel"andtheCoolingTowerExcavation.Inaddition,itwaspossibletoexamineblackandwhiteandcolorphotographsaswellasmanyfieldsketchesandpreliminarydiagramsofgeologicexposures.

UnconsolidatedsedimentsThearealiesintheErie-OntarioLowlandandhasbeenoverriddenbyglaciericeseveraltimes.UnconsolidatedsedimentsincludedtilloflateWisconsinanage.Unpublisheddataprovidedbysitegeologistsindicateper-hapstwotills,adensebasaltillandtheoverlyinguppertill,interrpretedtobeanablationtill.Overlyingthetillsarevariousglaciofluvialdepositscharacteristicofstagnatingglaciers,andthawingground,includingglacialiceblocks.Alsopresentarelaminatedclay-siltsthoughttobelakeclaysofformerLakeIroquois.Fieldinspectionandthenumerousdiagramsindicatethattheunconsolidatedsediments(soils)overlyingthebedrockarecharacteristicallyminutelydeformedwithslumps,drapes,faults,minorfolds.Sucharecharacter-isticofglacialsedimentsthroughouttheworld.Theseminorstructuresareubiquitousintheunconsolidatedsediments.BedrockTheconsolidatedrocksatthesiteareoftheOswegoFormationofupperOrdovicianage.Therocksconsistoftabular,thintomediumbedsoflightgraytogreenish-gray,fine-grainsandstoneinterlaidwiththinbedsofgraysiltstoneanddarkgrayshale.Inthesitearea.thetopbedisarathermassivegraysandstone3to5feetthick.Thebedsdipverygentlytothesouthorsouthwestlessthan1degree.Existingexposurespermittedobservationofbedrockfacesasmuchas30tomorethan50feethigh.SmallfaultsinthebedrockoftheNineMilePointareahavebeenstudied:BargeSlipFault,RadwasteFault,DrainageDitchFault(anextensionoffaultintheFitzpatrickexcavation)andtheCoolingTowerFault.Thelatertwoareofinterestinthisinvestigation.TheDrainageDitchFaultandCoolingTowerFaultareapproximatelyparalleltoeachotherandstrikeaboutnorth77degreeswestanddiparound75degreesnorth.Theyarereverseorthrustfaultswiththehangingwallmovinguprelativetothefootwall.Stratigraphicdisplacementrangesfromafewinchestoafewfeet.Thegougezoneislessthananinchtoseverlinchesthickandfilledwithsandyorclaygougedependingupontheparticularbedinvolvedinthedisplacement.Thebedsadjacenttothefaultonbothsidesaredisplacedupward,upturnedalongthefault.Thedeformationoftheedgesoftherockstratarangefromafewdegreestolocallyalmostvertical.Generallyitisagentlearchthatmayhaveanactualdisplacementofafewinchestoafewfeet.Thearchingisreflectedawayfromthefaultfromadistanceof1toasmuchas10feet.Thesefoldshavebeenreferredtoasbucklesorteepeesandareasymmetric.Forthemostpartitappearsthatthesteeperlimbisonthefootwallsideofthefault.Itisreportedthatthebucklingextendstoadepthof80toasmuchas200feetwhereitdiesout.Theupwarpingfollowsthefaultandthereforeisalinearfeaturethatextendsatleast1500feet.Thebucklingisdefinitelyassociatedwiththethrustfaults.Theoriginandageofthebuckles,teepeesorthebrokenfol4isofinteresttothisreport.Thebucklingcouldbedirectlyassociatedwiththefaultinoriginandtimeor,thebucklingcouldhaveoccurredalongthefaultatsometimeaftertheinitialfaulting.Suggestionsmadeforpost-faultbucklingrangefromtheinitiationbytectonicmovementtodisturbancebyglaciericeandoriginbygrowthofgroundiceinpermafrost.

Frozengroundandgrowthofi.ceinrelationtothebedrockfoldsGeneralstatementAccordingtoatelephoneconversationwithMr.WilliamSwigeronFebruary19,1980,Iwasaskedtodeterminewhethericewedging(growthofgroundice)couldhaveformedthefolds(buckles,teepees)presentalongtheDrainageDitchFaultandtheCoolingTowerFault.Thisisaninnovativeidea,andin-deed,thegrowthofgroundicehascausedgreatdisturbancetothesedimentsadjacenttomassivebodiesoficeintheQuaternarysedimentsinAlaska,NorthernCanada,andSiberia.(Uponre'turningfromthediscussionsandsiteinve'igationsIreceivedaletterfromMr.JamesT.DetteexplainingthatIwasbeingrequestedtoevaluatethepossibilityoficewedgingbeingthecauseofrecentmovementontheDrainageDitchFaultandtheCoolingTowerFault).PermafrostInconsideringthegrowthofgroundiceasthecauseofbuckling,onemustestablishthepresenceofpermafrostbecausethefeaturesinbedrockaretoodeeptohaveformedbyicegrowthinseasonallyfrozenground,eventhoughseasonallyfrozengroundformsannuallyatthesitetoday'lthoughnoperma-frostispresenttodayatthesite,permafrostwaspresentwidespreadinthenorthernpartoftheUnitedStatesduringPleistocenetime.Thepresenceofice-wedgecastsandpingoscarssupporttheideathatpermafrostwaspresent,mostfirmlyinthelate(andearly)WisconsinantimeinnortheasternUnitedStates.Permafrostwaspresentneartheedgeofthelate(andearly)Wiscon-sinanicefrontsatthemaximumstand,anditalsoformedinfrontoftheicesheetasitwithdrew.Permafrostwasnotthoughttoexistwidespreadunderneaththeicesheetinthetemperatelatitudes.Atthesite,LakeIroquoisformedwiththewithdrawloftheglacier,andnopermafrostformeduntilthelakewaslessthan4feetdeeporabsent.Thelakeisreportedtohaveleft13,500yearsago;therefore,permafrostformedintheareaafterthatdate.Around10,000yearsago,withtheameliorationoftheclimate,permafrostdisappeared.Permafrostatthesitemayei.therbepost-WisconsinaninageoritmayhaveformedbeforetheadvanceoftheearlyWisconsinaniceorafterthewithdrawaloftheearlyWisconsinanicesheet.Inotherwords,therearemanytimeswhenpermafrostandsubsequenticegrowthattheNuclearPowerPlantSitecouldhaveformedwithinthelast2millionyears,thelatestbeingfrom13,500to10,000years.TypesoficeinthegroundPermafrostisanatural-occurringmaterialthathasatemperaturecolderthan0Ccontinuouslyfortwoormoreyears.Thislayeroffrozengroundisdesignatedexclusivelyonthebasisoftemperature.Partsorallofitsmoisturemaybeunfrozen,dependinguponthechemi.calcompositionofthewaterorthedepressionofthefreezingpointbycapillaryforces.Mostpermafrostisconsolidatedbyice;permafrostwi.thnowater,andthusnoiceistermeddrypermafrost.Theicecontentofpermafrostisprobablythemostimportantfeatureofpermafrostaffectingland-use.Iceinperenniallyfrozengroundexistsinvarioussizesandshapesandhasdefinitedistributioncharacteristics.

Asimpleclassificationoftheformsofgroundicegroupstheiceintofivemaintypes:poreice,foliatedoricewedgeice,pingoice,segregatedorTaberice,andburiedice.Poreiceisdefinedasicewhichfillsorpartiallyfillstheporespacesintheground.Itformsbyfreezingporewaterinplacewithnoadditionofwater.Thisiceexistsbothinseasonallyfrozengroundandperenniallyfrozenground.Thegroundcontainsnomorewaterinthesolidstatethanthegroundcanholdifthewaterwereintheliquidstate.Thereisnoiceheavingwiththisiceandthereforeitcannotbeconsideredintheformationofthebedrockbuckle.Foliatedroundiceorwedeiceisthetermgiventolargemassesoficewhichgrowinthermalcontractioncracksinpermafrost.Itisthemostcon-spicuousandcontroversialtypeofgroundiceinpermafrostandthelargeicewedgesormassesarecharacterizedbyaparallelorsub-parallelfoliatedstructures.Foliatedicemassesoccuraswedge-shaped,verticalorinclinedsheetsordykesonequarterofaninchto10feetwideand10-30feethighasseenintransversecross-section.Somemasses,whenseenonthefaceoffrozencliffs,mayappearashorizontalbodies.Icewedgesgrowinthermalcontractioncracksabout>>inchwideand6to10feetdeepwhichforminthefrozengroundduringacoldwinter.Inearlyspring,waterfromthemeltingsnowrunsdownthesetensioncracksandfreezes,producingaverticalveinoficethatpenetratespermafrost.Whenthepermafrostwarmsandre-expandsduringthefollowingsummer,horizontalcompressionresultsintheupturningoffrozensedimentsalongthewedgebyplasticdefromation.Duringthenextwinter,renewedthermaltensionre-openstheverticalcementedcrack,whichmaybeazoneofweakness.Overtheyears,averticalwedge-shapedmassoficeispro-ducedandtheadjacentsedimentsareseverelybuckledandeventurnedtoaverticalpositionadjacenttothemassiveicewedge.Forthegroundtocrackinpermafrostinthecoldwinter,themeanannualairtemperatureoftheregionshouldbeabout-6Cto-8Cand'hetemperatureatthetopofthepermafrostshouldbearound-15C.Thegroundthatcracksisgenerallyicerich.Althoughthedeformationofformerlyhorizontalfrozensedimentsadjacenttoicewedgesisaboutthesamemagnitudeinhorizontaldistanceasthebucklesinthebedrockatthesite,thebedrockbuckleswerenotformedbythegrowthoficewedges.Toformbedrockbucklesasseenatthesitewouldrequireenormousicewedgesasmuchas5feetacrossandupondisappearanceoftheseicewedges,therewouldbeformedlargeicewedgecasts.Therearenosuchicewedgecastspresentatthesite.Also,icewedgesgenerallyformsymmetricalbucklesorsymmetricalfoldingoneachsideofthewedge,andthebedrockbuckleatthesiteareasymmetrical.Inaddition,thebucklesextendfartoodeeplyforthegrowthofanicewedge.ThelargeicewedgesthathavebeenreportedfromAlaskaandSiberiaareasmuchas30feetdeepandmayhaveformedasthesedimentaccumulated.Anotherpointisthateventhoughthebedrockwassaturatedwith~ater,itwouldnotcontainnearlytheamountofwaterasicecontentthatthefrozenunconsolidatedsedimentshavetopermitanexpansionandcontractionoftheground(inthiscasethebedrock)betweensummerandwintertoallowwidec'ontractioncrackstoform.Afinalpointisthaticewedgeshavebeenveryrarelyreportedfrombedrock.Thosethatareknowntoexistinbedrockformedinarathercrushedbedrockwithmanysiltandclaysizeparticleswithhighicecontent.

~Pinoiceisasecondtypeofmassivegroundiceinpermafrostthatcausesseveredisturbancetothesurroundingsediments,evenbedrock.Pingosareisolatedsteep-sidedhills;thatareuniquetopermafrostareas.Theyaregenerallycirculartoovalingroundplanandrangefrom10tomorethan100feetinheightandfrom50to1000feetindiameter.Theyarecomposedofacoreofmassiveicewhichisoverlainbyafewfeetofsilt,sandorpeat,orevenbedrock.Thesemoundscommonlyhavecratersontheirtopswhichareoccupiedbyponds.Pingosformwhenlarge,massivelayersoficegrownearthesurfaceofpermafrost.Therearetwodistincttypesofpingos',theclosedsystemandtheopensystem.Theclosedsystemtypeformsinnearlyearlylevelareaswhenunfrozengroundwatermigratesunderpressuretoasitewherethepermafrostisheaveduptoformamound.Thesearethelargeroftwotypesofpingosandoccurinareasofcontinuouspermafrost,thetundraareas.Thetundraareasareoneofmostrigorousclimateandthemeanannualairtemperatureisgenerallycolderthan-6C.Theopensystemtypeisgenerallysmallerandformsonslopinggroundwherewaterbeneath,orwithin,thepermafrostpenetratesthepermafrostunderhighhydraulicpressureand,alongwiththecrystallizationpressure,heavestheoverlyingmaterialtoformamound.Thelatertypeofpingosarefarthemostcommoninthesubarctic.Whenpingosgrowtheyarchthesedimentsorbedrockonthesidesoftheicecorefromafewdegreestoasmuch*as45degrees.Whentheicecoremelts,thesummitsedimentsorrockscollapseintothepitalongwithfine-grainedmaterialandacircularorovalpitsurroundedbyalowridgeremainsasapingoscar.Suchpingoscarsarecommonintemperatelatitudestoday,suchasIllinois,Belgium,Ireland,wherepermafrostnolongerexists.Theyarealsopresentinthesubarcticandarcticindicatingtheformerpresenceofpingos.AlthoughsomepingoshaveturnedupbedrockstratasimilartothebucklesandteepeesreportedattheNuclearPowerSite,thepingofeatureisgenerallyoneofmuchlargermagnitude.BecauseofthisandotherpointsitisfeltthatthebedrockfoldsattheNuclearPowerSitearenotrelatedtothegrowthofpingoice.Iftheywerepingos,thescarwouldbegenerallyovalorcircular,notlinear,andtheredefinitelywouldbeascardepressionorfillingofsomesort,whichisnotpresentatthesite.Also,theshortperiodthatpermafrostexistedinlateWisconsinantimeatthesiteprobablywasduringanintervalofnotthemostrigorousclimate,therefore,notfavorableforthegrowthofclosedsystempingos.Itwasdefinitelynotfavorableforthegrowthofopensystempingosbecauseforthelackofhillyterrain.Finally,pingosinbedrockareextremelyrare,althoughtheyhavebeenreportedfromnorthernGreenland.Therefore,allevidencepointsthefactthatpingoicegrowthisnotresponsibleforthesmallasymmetricarchesinbedrockseenonalineartrendattheNuclearPowerPlantSite.SereatedorTabericeisthemostcommontypeofgroundice.Itisdescribedasicefilms,seams,lenses,podsorlayersgenerallyafractionofaninchtoaninchortwothickthatgrowinthegroundbydrawinginofwaterasthegroundfreezes.Thesesmallicesegregationsarenotspectacular,andyettheyareoneofthemostextensivetypesofgroundice.Grounddoesexpanduponfreezingbecauseofthegrowthofice.Greatgrounddistortionhappensasfreezingoccursinfine-grainedmaterial(siltorclay).Waterisdrawnto

'thefreezingicecrystal,andicelensesorothertypesoficesegregationsofcleariceform.Geologistsandengineershaveproventhattheexpansioninvolumeofthesoiluponfreezingcannotbeduealonetotheexpansionofwateroriginallycontainedinthesoilvoidsbecauseasmuchas60-140%expansioningroundvolumeisrecordedduetofreezing.Thismeansthatextrawaterhastobedrawnin.ThepresentconceptoffrostheavingperhapsowesitsorigintoaNorthAmericangeologistnamedTaber;therefore,thetermTabericeissometimesusedforthistypeoficesegregation.Maximumforcethatcanbedevelopedduringgrowthoficecrystalsinaconfinedspaceis29,100lbspersquareinch.Duringtheprocessoffreezingsoilmoisture,additionalwaterisdrawntothepointsoffreezingfromtheadjacentunfrozenground.Thebasicphysicalphenomenonpermittingexpansioningroundvolumeuponfreezingisduetothefactthatsomewaterinthegroundremainsliquid,althoughsubjectedtotemperaturesbelow0C.Thereareseveralhygothesisastowhytheliquidwaterremainsliquideventhoughcolderthan0Candwhyitmigratestothegrowingicecrystals.Itisnotnecessarytoreviewtheseconceptshere.Itisonlynecessarytonotethattheamountoficefinallyconcentratedinthegroundandthesize,shapeandpositionoftheicesegregationdependuponmanyphysicalfactors.Themostimportantareairtemperatureandtextureandmoisturecontentoftheground.Textureofthegroundmeansthesizeofthesoilparticlesandtheirdistribution.Itisthesizeoftheparticleofgrain,andthesizedistribu-tionofthegrainsthatcontroltheporesize.Insmallporesorvoids,suchasthoseinsiltorclay,somewaterremainsliquidattemperaturesconsiderably0below0C.Insand:andgravel,andopeningsinbedrock,thevoidsareso0largethatmostofthewaterfreezesnearorat0C,.andnochannelsareleftopentosupplyagrowingicesegregation.Leanclay(lowplasticity)andsiltcontainporesizesthatareidealforthepassageofliquidwaterwhiletheyarefreezing;fatorheavyclay(highplasticity)haveallormostofthewatersotightlyheldintheabsorbedlayerthatnofreewatercanbeadded.Insummary,siltorsiltyclaysoilinitsnaturalstateisthemostfavorablemediumforgrowthoficesegregationsuponfreezing.Thisconceptisbornoutbyextensivefieldandlaboratoryinvestigations.Theamountoficewhichformsinthegrounduponfreezingdependsuponthemoistureoriginallyinthegroundandtheamountofwaterthatcanbedrawntothefreezingcentersfromtheunfrozenground.Poorlydrainedareasunder-lainwithfine-grainsedimentarethereforeideallysuitedforthegrowthoficesegregationandsubsequentfrostheaving.Insummary,probablythemostfavorableconditionforthegrowthoficesegregationandtheresultantfrostheavingistheslowfreezingofmoistnonhomogeneousorganicsiltorsiltyclay.Whenwecomparetheconditionsforthegrowthoficesegregationsinthebedrockatthesiteweseethatitisnotaltogetherfavorable.Althoughthewatertabletodayishigh,andcouldhavebeenhighinPleistocenetime,andtheredoesexistsomeshaleandclayseams,theconditionsarerelativelyun-favorableforicesegregations.Therearenolayersofsilt,andtheclayseamsandshalesarenotRealforcapillarytransmissionofwaterandthegrowthofgroundice.Iceindeedwouldforminthebeddingplanesandinthe manyjoints,butconditionsareunfavorableforcontinuallydrawinginofwater.Itisnecessarytohaveareasonforthelocalizationofgrowthicetoformbuckles.Theonlypossiblereasonistousethefaultwithitsgougeasaconduitforthewater.Thegougeisnotnecessarilysiltybutsandy,andinmanyplaces,clayey.Icewouldundoubtedlygrowinthegouge,butitwouldhavenoreasontogrowinthejointsofbeddingadjacenttothegougeexceptforicefillwithoutabilitytocontinuetobringmorewatertoaparticulararea.Greatamountsofsegregatedicewhichareknownthroughouttheworldoccurinperenniallyfrozen(formerlyunconsolidated)sedimentsandnotinbedrock.Itwouldbewelltoconsiderexposuresofperenniallyfrozenbedrock.Exposuresofperenniallyfrozenground,bothnaturalandartifical,throughouttheworldarealmostentirelyinunconsolidatedsediments(soil)rangingfromverycoursetoveryfine.Exposuresofperenniallyfrozenbedrock(permafrost)arerare.Theyareknowninminesandsomeexposuresmadeintheconstructionofdamsinthefarnorth.Mostminingexposuresareincrystallinerockanddescriptionsofsuchexposuresrevealnolargemassesoficenorbucklingofthebedrockbyice..LastsummerIwasfortunatetoexamineperma-frostinSvalbard(Spitsbergen)incoalminesinhorizontalsandstonesandshales.Thegroundicewasveryrare,andwhatdidexistwasinsmallseamsfillingjointsandbeddingplanesandnottypicalicesegregations.Eventhoughthebedrockwascutbyfaults,therewerenodistortionorbucklingoftherock,eitherawayfromornearthefaults,byiceinthesebedrockexposures.Thefrozenbedrockwithasmallamountoficeinseamsandjointswasexposedfromthesurfacetodepthsof1000feet.Insummary,itappearsthatthegrowthoficesegregations(Taberice)causingfrostheaving(icewedging)wouldbeunlikelytoproduceanyofthebedrockbucklespresentattheNuclearPowerSite.Thefifthtypeofice,buriedice,isrelatedtovarioustypesofglacialiceorlakeicethatmayhavebecomeburiedbysedimentsandcontinuallyexistedinpermafrostforalongtime.Itisamiscellaneouscategoryanddoesnotapplytoourparticularproblem.Itisinterestingtonotethatalthoughthebedrockmaynothavebeendisturbedbyperenniallyfrozenground,theoverlying10feetofunconsolidatedsediment(soils),inadditiontobeinghighlydisturbedbyslumping,settling,andotherwisebeingmovedabouteitherduringdepositionorafterdepositionbythemeltingofglacialice,wasalsoundoubtedlyalternatelyfrozenandthawedmanymanytimesduringthelast10,000years.Seasonallyfreezingandthawingplus,naturalslumping,folding,drapinginglacialsedimentsdoesproduceanenumerableminorstructuresthatarecommoninsuchsedimentsthroughouttheworldandseemtobewellrepresentedinthevariousexposuresmadeatthesite.Ithinkitwouldbemostdifficulttodemonstratethatthesestructureswererelatedtoundergroundmovementsofthebedrock.ConclusionItismyopinionafterhavingseenthesite,discussingthegeologywithgeologists,readingreports,andexaminingphotographsofexposuresthatthe/

perenniallyfrozengroundwithsimultaneousgrowthorsubsequentgrowthofgroundicedidnotcausetheasymmetricfolds(buckles,teepees)thatareexposedinthebedrockin'alineartrendalongfaultsandreportedtoextendtoadepthof200feet.AfterstudyinggroundiceformanyyearsinvariouspartsofthearcticandsubarcticinNorthAmerica,Europe,AsiaandinAntarctica,Ibelievethatnoneofthefivemaintypesoficeinpermafrostcreatedthebedrockbuckles.Poreicedoesnotdistorttheground.Foliatediceandpingoicewouldleavewelldevelopedicewedgecasts,pingoscars,andotherfeatures.Sucharenot'present.Foliatediceandpingoicedonotdistortrocktodepthsof200feet.Icesegregationswouldnotgrowasrequiredtodistorttherockbecauselackofunconsolidatedsiltandsilty,claylayers.Buriedicewasnotpresent.Thegrowthofgroundiceisextremelyimportantinland-useplanningandengineeringgeology,butitgenerallyreflectsdisturbancesintheunconsolidatedsedimentsandnotinthebedrock.Thankyouverymuchforallowingmetoconsiderthepossibleeffectofgrowthofgroundiceinthebedrockinrelationtofoundationproblemsinthearea,andIwouldbemostpleasedtoaddadditionalinformationifnecessary.Sincerelyyours,Tro.PdwdPressorofGeologyRegisteredGeologist,StateofArizonaNo.6445RegisteredGeologist,StateofCaliforniaNo.2834RegisteredEngineeringGeologist,StateofCaliforniaNo.832TLP:phhcc:J.T.DetteW.Swiger".860GEO(e~~4,ygLCA7s~+o6445TROYL.pfwd

PÃBITIALFOR97fFERKNTLALNVKNKNALONGNNASTESTRUCK(NfNEHULKp07fF,NBSVQRK9%RYHKBERT50YEAl5CharlesFafrhurstConsultantNay23,7989IntroductfonTheRahsasteStructurefsa)owang7e{totheheifzontal)thrustfau)CfeatureexposedfnashallowexcavatfonontheproposedsiteforUntt2oftheNuclearPowerP)antatNfneHflepoint,)nUpperNeetYorkStateonthesouthernshoreefLeseOntarfo.Theexposurerevealsthathorfzenta)translationalmvesentapproaching7A.hasoccurredalongthestructure.Sfncethstructurefs,f8chooseproxf@ftyCotheemergencycooifngl4ikter'!tunnelfartheefeaplant,andfnte~ectstheactoreaeavatfon,fefa,obvfouslyfeportanttoassessthepotIntfal'ordfsplac~nttooccur@TongthestructuredurfngtheeperatAng3ffeofthenuclearplant;approxfeatHy50years.Actingasa~~m'fanadvisorypanelconvenedbyGamesand%ore.geotechnfca1consultantstothep)antowner,Niagaramohawkpower~ssfon,lhavecarefullystudfedthereportspreparedbyGamesandffoore,andpapersandceamwtsbyStoneandMebster,theplantdesfgners.Ihavealsovfsftedthasfte.fnspectedtheRadmsteexposure,anddfscussedgeotechnfcalquestionsconcernfngiCwithGamesendReborepersonnel.Asaresultofthesedelfbera-tfonslhaveforledtheopfnfonspresentedbelowconcerningthegeneralprob)emposedbytheRaAestestructure.Theprogramof9eotechnica'linvestigationendanalysisconductedbyDemosandNorefsvel'ythoroughandccNgRtent.Etprovidesaverygood,'logical

bas)soneh)chtoexaminethestab))ftyoftheRa&astestructure.Themostrecentreport.a21pagedocument*with23platesandanAppendix~isasuccinctstatementofDamesandNore'scurrentviewsonthgenesisoftheRahestestructureanddisplacementsalongit,andservesasaveryusefulbasisonshichtopresentayomvfewsonthestructure,Rathevthanrepeatthepointsaade4ntheOasesandmoorereport(05Ireport)>lsha11refertothespecificsectionsasappropriateinthecemsentsbelt+.l.mechanicsofFormationoftheRaAesteStructureRecentexploratorydri11$ng(P)ate15,058report)indicatesthattheRadwstestructureisprobablytheupparaestoftmormoresimilarstructures,eachincreasing4n'scalewithdepth.Thestructuresseemtobcclear)ytheresultofhighnormalstressesact)ngessentiallyparalleltothesurface.Thefaultin9,bedNagp1aneslip,etc.,seenintheRa&ostetrenchsuggestthatthenearbyerosionalvalley$ntheQseecpsandstonecouldhaveprovidedthe'localstressconcentrationthat.producersthestructure().e.~asdescribedinpagel0,05Nreport}.A1essp1aus)hie,butpossible.interpretationisthattheshear-slipoccurredthroughtheOwegosandstonedirectlytothesurfaceandthatthevalleyformedsubsequentlyasaneasityeradablepathforglacialaction.Yhiapparentlackofshearing4nthe)owerportionoftheOswego,abovethestructuretendsto~henthisexplanation.Theexistenceofadeeperstructuresuggestsadeepererosionalvalleyfurtherweherd,$.e.~tnthefloorofLa%iOntario.Lttsalsopasseth>ethatthe)acrstructuresasereaconsequenceoftheRahestestructure,inthatslipalongthelatterreducedthenorse)stressesabove$tandcausedstressconcentrationbÃoe)t,thksleadingtobedding-p)meslipbelm.ThisesIvenforthereport.~OisplacemantsoftheMallofACuttnHoHaontallySeddedRockduetoJointShearandSl)NngunderReliefofH)ghIlorfzonta)6roundStress(byJ.A.Frank)in)~1)p.

processwillcontinuepragressfvelyuntHtheprincipalstressorfentat$onfssufAstentlyfnclfned(f.e.,norea1stresshighenough)tothebedNn9planestopreventfurthers1ip.Thelowerstructureisalsoofinterestinthatitistobeexpectedthatthe(essentiallyhorfrontal)nomaIstressbelowthelowerplanesof'eddingplaneslipshould.besignfffcantlyhigherthanabovethoseplanes.andwouldtendCotndfcatetheeagnitudeoftheorfgfna)near-surfaceno~3tressPinIfLNlmport,e.g.,PlatesRO,RS).Sincetheloterstructuren3fesentfrelybelletheplantsitedfsplaceaentsalongit,iftheyoccur,areunlikelytocausedffferontfaldfsplaceeentofonepartaftheplantfoundatfonwithrespecttoanother.Thechangeinobservedlateraltranslat)onalongtheRadwstestructuref03Nreport,p.31)canptebablybe'ascrfbedtoacoahlnatfonofunaccountedfor'ntrastrata)beddingslipandrelativetranslatfonduetoswe11ing.Thedippingnatureottheoveralldfsplacelentzonesuggeststhatfurtherdfsplaceaentfsless>fkelythansuggestedterS.Price'sassumedsfnglehorizontalplaneofsliding.'".ThefnclfaedshearRaneandassociated.apparentlycontemporaneous,dflatfonstronglysuggeststhatMmitmcturedevelopedunder3ownorma)'"pressure.$.e..nearsurfaceconditions.tfitisarguedChat8ilatfondeve1opedlaterthanthefnftfolshearzonethenitmustbeacceptedthatthedilatation(whichrequireslesnona@1stress,$.e.,nearsurfacecoefftfons)dttt(l,pNLIIIll\IIII\\~httoear1ierfomatfon.

2.AofRahesteStructureIfeeTunqua1$fiedtofudgethevalidityofthe~v)~,thatthestructureisscient(ii)))onsofyewso>d)or'Noaern'12,000years'young'.However,iteppeajrsdifficulttoreconcilethenear-surfaceenvironsentconsiderednecessaryforforeatfonofthestructure,withShe3badepthofteria)thatexisted$nPalaeoxoicendearlyNasozoictimes(seePlate$.68Nr'eport).Itsees,fleaPlatel.thatthedepthofburialaeryhavebeeneiniaelforthepast1millionorsoyears.3.~5lhAltfldtRtItisquitecertainthattheRadrrastestructuredevelopedduetohighlateral(i.e.,essential)yparalTHtothebeddingplanesjstresses(i.e.,thestrainenergystored4ntherock,referredCofn,088report:seee.g..p.16).Theboundaryconditionssuggestedinthe95Nreport,pp.15-17.seoulappropriate-recentstressdeterm)nat$oassuggestthatthenormalstresses(cp)ilongtheboundaries0fendP(~lingVeen'aultandQainageNtchFnu)t)proalmostnegligigi.',sothattheshearresistancealongthee,dS>anddS>fD58report,p.17)Mi)lbealsosmall.NsplecemntslonytheitpuctureAllreducetheepplielstress(ejunt$)thedrivingforce(F)andresistingforce(F)fshmrresistancealon9beddingplanesandagainst'steps'ntheinclinedshearpath))ustbalance.enddisp3aceeenLceases-simplyinaccordancewithNmton's188Dfmotfon:(F-F)=merwheremisthemassoftheslidingstructure(rockabovetheslfdfngsurface)~'a'sthe,acceleration(du/dt~reudiplacement,t=time)ofthatmass.Obviouslyifthedisplacement(ujstops,thena=0,andF=F.n e

EfFincreasesandforf'ecreases.thenahhtfcnaIdisplacementvilloccurTlnIs.thequestfonofthestabilityoftheRa~testaturemayhesimplyNvidedintotwoparts:i)villFfncreaseff)nilFdecreaseX.f&ther4qpensthenmovementAllocmr.'CnOrleFerneF.c'b~AThefore@(F)orstress(e)cawingmsMardaeveamnt(ofthupperRahestemass)couldarise-freyseveraIsources:L)remanent3atera3cesyressionduetoo~gnatfcprocesses.Th)scouldbe,inessence.anoverallpa~co3apressionuponMichprocessessekIs$f)see)4besuperfeyoset.,,'Lpf$)CiffermHal,uplffC'dueCeeaehfnatfonofleis-teratectem)cuylfft.and9)acfalrebound'see95,H,Plate2C).Theforce(orstews)couldee4arsorldvetfon,oremreversaldueto'daweerpfnl'uringperfectofg7ac$alehrnnce{e.g..as$nNate20).DependingantherateofdwHopepntandchratfonofdaeeerpfng(andOeviscouscharacterfst$cs'fthebcANngplanes)thiscouldrewItfntensilestresses-beinggeneratedintheteakagaeenttothebeMingplanes.Seaeestimateofthemagnitudeandrateof'evelopmentof(ii)augbeobtainedfromrecordsof'erticalcrustaleovenentsintheregion{D5Hreport.Plate2),&$chindicatesadifferentialup'lfftrateoftheorderof-(-2+1)~25adler(contourinterval)peryear,or0.04aefiliiefyr.Thiscorresponds-approxfestelyto:.'0.94apfamfyr~Z.SxIOradslyr

-

Ifaeassamanovers)lshearmodulusoftherockfornationsoflx$0p.s.i.6thentheshearstressproducedbydffferentfaluplfftfsoftheorderof2.5xl0~0.02p.s.i./yrorl.s.f.in50ars.Thus,-itweldappearRatupliftshouldhavenoeffectondisplacementoftheRahestestr'ueturaoverthelffetfmeoftheplant.5.ChaninResfstfnForce(F<)TheresfstfngVorceispnMmAnant7ytheshearresistanceofthebeddfag~7planesfnvoledfnthe.'s)4y'bake'ftheRndllastostature.Apartfreeslong-tenscrmpcausingaprogressivesindisplaceeent,theothermainpossibilityofrieduct)onfntheeffectfvo.strengthofQebeddfnyplanesandslipsurfacesisduetoerfseintheeatertab)e.AccordfnltoPlate6(055deport).theRsefatha)evaloftaheOntarfohasbeenverygradual,correspmdfnytoapproxfaetely50ft.in8,300yearsor4fnches4n50yean.(seea7sep..3ofD5Hrampartj.4inchesheadofeatercorw-spondktoanup)fftpressureof..0.)Sp.s.f.Agafn.ft~ould.seemthatthisisanegligibleanent.Thus,itnouleappearthat~shansinthestressesoverthenextMyears.otherthanthosemsultfng'fnethefnteractfonbe~ntheapp'1fedtectonicstresses.(t)above.andtheshearstrengthafthebeck.shouldbenegligible.Meeil),then.tu~attentiontotheexistingsituation.6.StressOetereRnationsOvercorfnsmnsuramants(somastillundemay)inthevfcfnftgoftheRadwstestructureinNcatettetthestressesarelmclosetothesurfaceatthe'front'fthestructure,fncmasfng'la&edheleethe's1fp-plane

reoion'andagainincreasingwithdistancefromthe'front'fthestructure.ItappearsfurtherthatthestressesnormaltotheCoolingTceerandDrainage0)tch(baunding)FaultsarequitelowsuchthatthesefaultsurfacesprobablydonotseverelyinhibitslipoftheRadvastestructure.Theaboveorgusentssuggestthatitisreasonabletoconsiderbeddino-ylanedisplaaeantalon9theRnhestestructuretobetheresultofaconstanttectonicstressaandIt$m-dependent(decreasing)shearresistancealon9thebeddinyplane-slipsurface.Insuchacasethed5splaeement{d)mybeexpectedtoincreaseexpo-nentiallyuntilafixedea1ueisreached.Atthispointthe(decreasing)appliedforceFHl7balancetheresistingforceF..Littletsknceeabouttheverylong-tensshearstrengthofrocksorrock.surfacesbutitseensreasonabletoassuaethatthe)ong-tennvalueofF,say(F)isgreaterthan0.f"?fnot,"ithasbeenargued,"hmcouldwehavemounta)nsT"(assuaring,afcourse.thataeontainupliftisnotcompensatingforthelong-termcreeptowardsaplane3.Theexponentialgnashofthedisplacetnentraaybeexpressedas:where4isthefinalNsp1acesentf~(F)t~(F}]4t$sthedfsplaceeentatticetaisthedecayconstantt$sthetogaefmestartofdisp)acelnent.Ifmassume,farexample,thatha)fofthetotal(final)displacementoccursintimet~l,ttNfle~0.7or V

Thusaftertice>Otor.99.9%ofrilltheaeveeantthatoil}ultimatelydevelops))lhaveoccurredin10tiaestheperiodrequiredforthefirst5'ftheaeveeant.lfthismadel$svalidfortheRahestestructure,thfsauld'suggest~for.example.thatif95eftherevenantoccurred$nthefirst4060years(Thavenobasisforthisne4erexceptthat,increeptestsonrockslostoftheaeveuantoccursrelativelyverIquickly)then,after10,000years.99.9Ãofallthemovementauldhavetakenplace.Thus,if100inchesdisp)accenthasoccurredin10.0004years.thena)Tbut.3I)oinchofpossibleneveeethasbeendissipatedfreethatdriv3nforce.7.GeneralCementTheaboveconsiderationstendtosuggestthateovenentontheRa4estestructures)llhene93$9ib)ysmnlloverthenextSQyears.Itshouldbeterneinmind,heever,thatnumerousassunytionshavebeenmadeinordertoproceedHthtiecomputat)ons.andthatotherfactorshavebeenneglected.Forexenple.stressdeteriainations'oshe>sfzeab)e(1,000-2.000p.s.$.}normalstressesinthenearsurfacerocks,acefredthefront($.e.,Radwastetrench)ofthestructure..Also.thenorealpressureacrossthebeddingplanes{$.e.,preventings)iding)isequa)onlytotheeoghtlunitareaoftheoverlyingcolureofreck(l.e.,at40ft~40p.s.i.).Thecohesivestrengthofbeddingp>aneia!ongAichslidinghasoccurred$sessentiallynil.Thus,ifeaterunderpressure'approachingthatsufficientto"float"theoverlyingrock(i.e.,40p.s.i.at40ftdepthjmreintroducedintothebeddingplane.releaseofthenorma)stressintherockauldoccurandpromotedisplacenentalongthebeddingplane.

Sthasbeennoted(y0grepo<.p-V}chatthslahoratoytsho<-~~)ueasuredshearstrengthsofbeddingplanes$ntheRakmsteregionweverclosetotheshearstressesobservedtobeactIngalongthoseplanesInthefield.Yhis)scons)stentRththeviorthatthesystemisjustinequi1i-brim(F.Fg0),"netastableequi'librim".AmoresensitivecepaÃsonn'ofthepotentialfarfurtherslippingalongabeddingplaceetouldbetodetamdnetheslipasafunctionofQuidpressureappl)edalongthebeddingp1ane.Suchatest.camfu11yperformedAthcontrol"outlet"boreholesaroUndacentra)Inputpressurizedborehole,wou1dbeadirecttestttmtcircvmventsanumberofarguablehypotheses.Stillanotherapproachtoassessthetendencyforeyveeantaholdbetoovercomdrtllholesthathavebeengranted,inordertodetermineethethertheretinsbeenanyoffsetinthegroutedcolme.Iunderstandthatthereamsomeholesthathivebeen@routedforalmost1Dyears.Thisisalongenoughperiodtocake'seamosQmatesoftheprobablebehav)ourover5Dyears.Oneobviousmethodofassessingwhethereoveeanthastahmplacemcentlyistoexininestructures(e.g.,$nVn)C1)buI)tonthesasmerochformetions-todeckforanysignsofSwage(e.g.,cracking)duetoqroundmovelent.1understandthatthishasbendecbothbyStoneandMcbster,andbyOavesandNcerepersonne1.Edonot,haveexactdetailsof&athasbeenobserved.8.NeedforNoeerioel~Node'llleTheabovediscussionhasbeen.directedtowardsapreliminaryassesIntofthepotentialforfurthereovanentalongtheRadNastestrocture.A1thoughtherearesevera1unknowns(e.g.,ageofRa&astestructure),itdoesappearthitthereshouldbaaneglfgibleamountofmovement,(i.e.,lessthanthe

r1inch/SOyears'HeftconsMareddesfrab)e).$ftheasset)onsarecorrect..~ver,consider+1eefforthasbeenmadetomaptheRahgstefeaturefndetail.andtoeekestressandencl)noeatermeasurenants.OeaesandMoorehavemadequalitativeendspecquantitativeintemretationsofthedataobtained$nthesefnvest)gations.Asyet,hteevet.thedatahivenotbeenincorporated.)ntoacomprehensivenumaricalmodel.sothatrationallyderivedcgtfuhtescenbetheftoftheptoh48AeNhkiem@valuesgffgtMtOdfsplaamnt.Efeelchatthesxnh)ef11conf$mayfntuftfon.basedonargumentsout)fnedabove,that,thereAllbenomovementofconsequence.I\-%eever,lweldbe>suchmomconfidentifananalys)sfncorporatlngall(ormost)oftheactuallyobserveddataverecoetucted.Asmentfonedinayear7ier1etter,Irecammendedthatthiseodgl>ingeffort4eeCartahethgSr.PaterA.",Ctedall.ldo;ihfsbecauseQr.CMndallhasdevelopedthe'<<Nscmteelezetanalysis'rocedureincorporatfngcevutee'nter-activegrayMcs.Thfs'rocehrrefsfarromappropriate{andeclat)velyeconosical}thaneO'therofekfchIam@sanafor'theparticulartypeofJproblemrepresentedbytheQa&astestructure.Ihavetakenthe)'ibertyofasHngOr.Cundalltog$veeehisopinionoftheprob1emand~heter$tcouldbeadequatelyaedelled.H)sprelfefnarycamnentsareattached.C.FafrhurstNay19SO

NSEU.lHGOFBAOQ5TF.STRUCTUREbyPeterA.Cundal)ThemeinfeaturesoftheNorthRadwasteFaultanditsassociatedstrceureshavebeendescribed$ndetailinthedocuaententitled,"GeologicEvaluation,NorthRedwasteFault.N)neNlePofntNuclearStation-@sit2names5Reeve.gob04?02~-lS.datednovemberls,i%79.Ishallnotrepeattheeinforir6tion.butw$77concentrateonthepossibilitiesfornumaricalNodelling.v~Ets~toaethatthegeolog)eelazchanismsputforward3nthereport'replausible.In,particu)ar,theevidencesofartohanddoesnotprecludethepossibilityof'utumreverentonthefault.ltshouldbeacauseforconcernthatsevenAetofQevesenthasoccurred5n,therecentgeological1past,andthatthesystemmay'beinlimitingequi)ibriva.?proposethataseriesofnwericalexperfontsbeperformedinordertoexploretheconditionsunderwhichthenotedgeologicalnechanismcanoccur.OnlythelimiteddatashmeinTablel(a)areavailable;anynumeri-caleedelmust.attheveryleast,eetehorusethesedata.Howeverthewareanuaberofunknowns)seeTablel(b)$,forwhich,valuesestbeassured.Itishopedthattheobservedbehaviourwillhefoundtooccuronlyfarnlimitedrangeoftheunknownpainters.ffth)sisthecase.thesimulationofthesystemmaybeextendedintofuturet,)me,topredictlikelyNoveeantsduringthelifeofthepowerplant-Ttepredictionstillprobablyconsistofarangeofvaluesfordfsp1aceaent,dependingontheinputassumptions.Etemu)d.beinteresting4fthenueericalarodellingderemstratedthatbedding-planekinking.ofthekindobserved.alwaysunloadsthestratapast

%P%thepo)ntofliarfting~ui3)br)um,sothatshearstressesonbeddingplanesdropmlshelterstmorstrengths.Suchun1oadingwill'occura3mostcertainlyitthekinkingtakesplacerapidly,butitisnote1earwhetherviscosityintherockss)llinhibittheun1oad)ngbyslowingd~movement.Thenuserica)modelshouldanswerthequestion.ifun1oadingdoesoccurunderallcondi-t)ons.Igoadcasecouldhemadeforexpecting)httlefuturecovenant.Kven,thoughsoakdataareunknown,acomputermodelcanprovidenewinformation,astheprecedingexemplehasshown.Themodelcanalsosuggestcritica1fieldteststhatauldenableachoke@tohemadebebeentwocel-Dietinghypotheses.Afurther.uMfor.the.mode1istoevaluateanyteAedialmeasuresthatareproposed.m@.E1(a)lNFORNTI08THATISAVAILANS,ORPART?ALLYAVAILABLE,NS%STBK.NTC%OIeNemen.eobservedverticalandhorizontaldisplacenentsacrossfault,andobservedf)na).Q00Mtryomaxieasntimefordisp1aceaanttooccurt)opresenteeasuridstressesoswellingpropertiesofintactrockoshort-tenelasticrockmodule,densitiesandjointpropertiesokneechangesinwatertableeknnregionalshearstrainingoknarnor)entationofbedding-planes

mia>(bjups(mm~m~vam)e5n50alstress-dtepodistancenorma>tosMkeatAichstressapp15wav5scos5tyofhedNngplanesandrockootteryrepert5er)aehv5nyt5m:C.y..'o5ntfiict5ooo>~Vpacer~as(Ssmenvssanicamenaeae~Zram>ass)o.)ong-termelast5e/plaetfcpmpa&5esofrockeeffectivebedding-p1anespacing II

'OTESONTHERADWASTEFAULTSTRUCTURE,NINEMILEPOINTNO.2GENERATINGSTATION,NIAGARAMOHAWKPOWERCORP.RichardH.JahnsandShailerS.PhilbrickThesenotesderivefrom(a)detailedreviewsofnotes,reports,anddocumentationpreparedorprovidedbyDames&MooreandStone&WebstergeologistsandbyTroyL.PeweofArizonaStateUniversity,(b)personalinspectionsoftheRadwasteTrenchandthebedrockexposuresitprovides,(c)severalconferenceswithDames&MooreandStone&Websterpersonnel,and(d)personalknowledgeofotheroccurrencesintheeasternandsouthwesternUnitedStateswherebedrockstructurescom-parabletotheRadwasteFaultarepresent.Itshouldbeaddedthatsomeofthecurrentlyavailablereportsandfindingsrepresentinvestigationspost-datingourownvisitstotheNineMilePointSite.Asexposedintheexcavationfromwhichitisnames,theRadwasteFaultisawell-definedzoneofrupture,dislocation,anddisplacementinstratifiedrocksofPaleozoicage.Itstrikesapproximatelynorth-southanddipseastwardatlowangles;averagedipinthetrenchexposuresisnear15degrees.Thesensofslipisessentiallyeast-west,withrelativelywestwardmovementonthehangingwall.Dipslipof4.0ftand6.8fthasbeendeterminedattwoplaces,anditisevidentthatsomeassociatedsliphasbeenaccommodatedalongbeddingsurfacesadjacenttothefault.ExplorationintheareacenteringabouttheRadwasteTrenchindicatesthatthe'faultispartofafamilyofsubparallelbreaks,eachofwhichevidentlyflattenseastwardintooneormorezonesofbedding-surfaceslip.AsindicatedbyDames&Mooregeologists,expressionsofthefaultstrucutrediminish'astwardfromthetrench,andeastwardfromtheeasterlymarginofasmallburiedbedrockvalleywithwhichthebreaksarespatiallyassociated.Allthebreaksevidentlyareconfinedtotheshallowsubsurface.TheradwasteFaultStructurehasbeencarefullyexploredandanalyzed,ingreatestoveralldetailbyDames&Mooregeologists.Theirprincipalconclusions,whichweregardasdemonstrableanddefensible,canbesummarizedasfollows:Thefaultingreflectsreliefofstrainenergythathasbeenstoredinthebedrock.Inthetotalcontextofregionalgeologichistory,itcanbeconcludedthatnoincreaseintheamountofstoredstrainenergywilloccurduringthecomingcenturies.

2.Thefaultingreflectslengtheningofalocalcrustalblockinthenear-surfaceenvironment,anditprobablywasat.leastinpartlocalizedbythepresenceofasmallvalleycutintothebedrock.3.Loadingandunloadingofthesubjectground,asassociatedwithepisodesofPleistoceneglaciationanddeglaciation,couldwellhavebeensignificantfactorsinpromptingmovementsalongoneormoreofthefaultbreaks.4.ThefaultingislateCenozoicinage.5.Thefaultingisnotrelatedtocurrenttectonicprocessesthat.couldintroduceadditionalamountsofstrainenergyintotheaffectedground.TheRadwasteStructure,withcharacteristiclowdip,downdipflatteninganddiminishingofdisplacement,occurrenceinanear-surfaceenvironment,anddaylightinginadomainoflargelyde-stressedrocks,representsalargeandwidespreadfamilyofstructuralfeaturesordinarilyreferredtoas"exfoliationproducts".Suchsurfacesofruptureanddisplace-mentreflecttheexpansionandmovementofrockmassestowardthenearestfreesurfaces,mostcommonlythegroundsurface.Thestressfieldishighlyanisotropic,androckfailureoccursalonggently-dippingsurfaceswhereverpre-existingbreaksarenotavailableintheproperorientationsforreliefofthestrainthat.ispresent.Thestrainenergyinrocksthat,onceweredeeplyburiedtypicallyderivesinpartfromearliertectonicinputandinpartfromerosionalunloadingoftherocks(the"residual"component).BreaksoftheRadwasteStructure,alongwithassociatedzonesofbedding-surfacemovement,aredilatationalfeaturesthathaveaccompaniedextensionoftheoverlyingrockmasses.Thesemasses,intheirpresentcondition,havebeenprogressivelydestressedbothupwardtowardthegroundsurfaceandup-dipalongtheRadwasteStructure.Recentinsitustressdeterminationsintheareabespeakthisprogressiverelationship,andtheyarecompatiblewithdevelopmentoftheRadwastefaultingbydown-dippropagationfromoriginaldaylightlines.TowardassessingthepossibilityoffuturemovementsalongtheRadwasteStructureinthepowerplantarea,itisnecessarytoconsidertheageofthemovementsthathaveoccurredinthepast.Onthisscore,Dames6Mooregeologistssuggestthat"amajorityofthedisplacements"probablyoccurredduringHolocenetime.Thisviewisbasedmainlyupon:1.Deformationofclayeysiltsthatoccurwithinthezoneofrupturing.Thesesiltsprobablywere

associatedwithglacialLakeIroquois,andtheyhavebeendatedasapproximately11,000yearsofage.2.Presenceofcalcitemineralizationwithinthefaultzone.Thecalcitehasbeendeformed,andsomeofithasbeendatedasabout14,000yearsold.3.Presenceofsignificantlevelsofstrainenergyintherocksatthepresenttime.Incontrast,theclayeysiltsnotedaboveareregardedbyStone6Webstergeologistsasyoungerthanthedeformationexpressedinthebedrockofthefaultzone.ThisviewissharedbyPewe,whoascribesdeformationofthesiltstosyndepositionalprocessessuchasslumping,differentialsettling,andliquefaction.Wealsoareinclinedtotheviewthatthesiltspost-dateessentiallyallofthebedrockdeformation,althoughwehavenothadopportunitytoviewalloftheevidenceontheground.Therelationshipsthatwehaveseen,however,canbereadilyexplainedassyndeposi-tional.Itcanbeaddedthatwedonotregardtheoccurrenceoflayeredsiltswithsteepdipsasnecessarilyanindicationoftiltingorotherdeformation,assuchsiltscommonlyareplated,layerbylayer,onsteeplyinclinedandevenverticalsurfaces.Late-glaciallacustrinesiltshavebeenobserved,forexample,assteeplyinclinedcoatingsonthesidesofice-raftedboulders,withoutassociatedfaultingorotherdeformation,atmanylocalitiesinthenortheasternUnitedStates(e.g.,ConnecticutValley,ChamplainValley).TheevidenceprovidedbysomedatedcalcitemineralizationstronglysuggeststhatsomemovementhasoccurredalongtheRadwasteStructure,orpartsofit,duringHoloceneand/orlatestPleistocenetime.Thismovement.neednothavebeenmorethanasmallfractionofthetotaldisplacement,but.wehavenotseenenoughofthepertinentevidencetoholdafirmopinionconcerningthenatureandtimingoftheinferredmove-ment.ThatthebedrockalongandneartheRadwasteStructurestillcontainsstrainenergyiswelldocumented,andindeedistobeexpectedinthelightofknowngeologichistoryoftheregion.Theenergylevelsunquestionablyarelowascomparedwithwhattheyoncewere,thanksinparttoreliefthroughmovementsalongtheRadwasteStructure.OurconclusionsconcerningageandactivityoftheRadwasteStructureinthepowerplantareaareasfollows:l.Thestructurewasinitiallydevelopedinpre-Holocenetime,andprobablyinpre-Pleistocene 0

time.Thatatleastmostofitsmovementoccurredinpre-Holocenetimeisindicatedbythepartialinfillingofstructurally-formedopeningsbysiltsthatareabout11,000yearsold.2.Initialformationofthestructureprobablywasabrupt,withdisplacementsatagivenplacerelativelylargeatfirstandattenuatingwithtime.3..MovementsalongthestructureprobablyoccurredduringPleistocenetime,aspromptedbyepisodesofglacialloadingandunloading.4Post-Pleistocene(Holocene)movementshavebeensmalliftheyhaveoccurredatall.ItcannotbedemonstratedthatnoHolocenemovementshaveoccurred,asnoreferencefeatures(e.g.,datedinfillingsediments)extendentirelyacrossthezonesofdisturbance.5.Futuremovementsalongthestructurearenotlikelytooccur.Furtherreliefofthelimitedamountsofstrainnowintherockswillbedistributedintheaffectedgroundasdilationandsmallmovementsalongfracturesandbeddingsurfaces.TheRadwasteStruc-tureissonearlydeadatpresentlevelsofexposurethatitsparticipationinsuchfuturemovementswouldamounttonomorethanasmallfractionofaninch.6.TheRadwasteStructureisnot,seismotectonicinthedefinedsenseofthatform.Towardgeneratingfurtherperspectiveonagesofdeformation,theroleoftheRadwasteStructure,andthepossibilityoffurthermovementalongthisstructure,weofferthefollowingcommentsconcerningsimilarandcomparablefeaturesthathavebeenstudiedinNewEnglandandadjacentpartsofthenorth-easternUnitedStates.ExposedatseverallocalitiesinMaine,Vermont,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,andNewYorkarelow-anglethrust-likefaultsthataresimilarinallimportantrespectstotheRadwasteStructure.Theyoccurinmanykindsofcompetent,rocks,generallywithin300ftofthepresentgroundsurface,andtheonesthathavebeenstudiedindetailarewellexposedingranitequarries.Theirrelationshipscanbesummarizedasfollows:Theyrangefromknife-'edgebreakstozonesofclosely-spacedanastomosingbreaksasmuchasafewinchesacross.Thebrittlerocksaretypicallyrupturedandslickensidedindetail.

2.Thezonesdieout.intomassiverockastraceddowntheirundulatorydip,generallyindistancesoftenstoafewhundredsoffeet.3.Theyrepresentthrust-liketranslation,withnetslip(wheredeterminable)rarelygreaterthanabout5ft.4.Therockinmanyofthezonesisweathered,inallcasestoanextentfargreaterthantheeffectsofHoloceneweathering.5.Allthezonesdefinitelyantedatethedevelopmentofsheetstructureinthehostrocks.Theyalsoantedatedevelopmentofmostofthemicrofracturesthatrepresentriftintheserocks.Thethrust-likebreaksandzonesofbreaksarebestinterpretedasrelieffeatureswithrespecttostrainenergyinthehostrocks,andonthisscoretheyevidentlyrepresentacombinationofancienttectonicinputanddifferentialstressesattendantuponerosionalunloading.TheycanberegardedaslateTertiaryorearlytomiddleQuaternaryinage.Thesheetstructureintheserockscanbedatedrelativetoepisodesofglaciation,asitsorientationreflectslocaltopography.Grossmodificationsofthistopographytypicallyleadtoreorientationofsheetsastheycontinuetodevelop.Post-Wisconsinansheetsarethinandfew;notmorethanthreeoftheseexfoliationfeaturesarepresentinmostplaces,andatsomelocalitiestherearenone.Mostofthesheetstructureseeninnaturalandquarryexposruesisplainlypre-Wisconsinan,andmuchofitmaydatebacktoearlyglacialtimesandpossiblyintopre-glacialtimes.Itissignificantthatallthissheetstructurepost-datesdevelopmentandessentiallyallmovmentonthethrust.-likefeaturesnotedabove.LiketheRadwasteStructure,thethrust-likefeatureswereformedlongago,andcertainlyinpre-Wisconsinantimes.Onceformed,theyseemquicklytohaverunmostoftheirrespectivecourses.Indeed,subsequentreliefofstrainenergyintherocksevidentlywasaccommodatedbymoreintimatelydistributedmovementsintheaffectedrocks,chieflyalongsheetandotherfractures(orsmallcross-fracturesandbeddingsurfacesintheRadwastesituation).BecausethereisasimilarityinformandgenesisbetweenthefaultsinthebottomsofsomeofthevalleysintheupperOhioRiverbasinandtheRadwastestructure,weshallconsidertheOhioRiverbasinvalleyfaults.

In1959,H.F.FergusonandPhilbrickreportedtotheEngineeringGeologyDivisionoftheGeologicalSocietyofAmericathatinthebedrockfoundationsof18floodcontrolandnavigationdamsintheupperOhioRiverbasinconstructedsince1934theyhadencounteredfaultsin11ofthosefoundations.Ageneralizeddescriptionfollows."Mostoccuraslowanglethrustfaultswithadisplacementof2feetorless.Softgougeorbrecciazonesarefoundupto18inchesthickbutareseldomrecoveredbycoring(diamonddrill)ifmorethan1inchthick.Thereisnogeneralorientation(compass)ofthestrikeofthefaultsandnoapparentrelationshiptoregionalstructures."Ferguson(1967)continuedtheexaminationofthesephenomenaduringotherconstructionoperationsinvalleybottomsinthesamedistrict.Hestates,"Thevalleybottomshavebeensubjecttocompressionforcesproducedbythatzoneofthevalleywallsthathasfracturedandexpandedhorizontally.Thishorizontalmovementtogetherwiththeloadofthismass,producesforces(similartoslabove)thatcauseawedgefailureofthevalleywallsandbottomintheformofarching,thrustfaulting,orshearbreaksintherocks.Theseareasofreleaseofstresshavebeeninthecenterofthevalleywithvalleysofuniformtopography.(Butsomehavebeennearerthebaseofthevalleywalls)Thedepthofthecompressionalbreaksinthevalleyvarywiththecompetencyoftherockwiththemoremassiverockssuchaslimestoneorsandstonehavingdeeperareasofdisturbancethantheweakernon-competentrockssuchasclayshalesorinduratedclays."Butbasicallythesefaultsareshallow.Philbrickreviewedthesephenomenabytelephoneon22March1980whenFergusonexpressedhisbeliefthatthesephenomenawereevenmorewidelydistributedthanhehadbelievedin1967.Anon29MarchPhilbrickdiscussedthisbytelephonewithRobertH.Nesbitt,formerlychiefgeologistoftheCorpsofEngineers,whoreportedhisfamiliaritywiththesephenomenainAlabama,aswell.Insummarythevalleybottomfaultsdevelopasaresultoftheverticalloadofvalleywalls,thrustingoutward,assl,withashallowthicknessofrockinthevalleybottom,s3,resultingfromeorisionofthevalleybeinginsufficienttoresistthethrustofslandfailureoccurringasalowanglethrustfault,acompressionalfailure.TheRadwastefaultissimilarinappearanceandformtothevalleybottomfaults.Themechanicsofthetwofaultsystemsissimilar,but,thegenesisisdifferent,althoughthereductionofs3tothepointoffailureiscausedinbothcasesbyerosionandremovalofrock,inthevalleysmainlybystreamerosionandatNineMilePointbyglacialerosion.

0 Severalofthedamsincludedinthellbeneathwhichfaultswerefound,asstatedinthe1959paper(FergusonandPhilbrick,1959),wereequippedwithcrestgatessupportedonpiersonadjacentmonoliths,whichmonolithswerefreetomovebeingtiedtoeachotheracrossthemonolithjointswithnothingstrongerthansheetcopperwaterstops.The.faultgouge-hadbeenremovedbeneathmonolithswherethefaultswereshallowandtheconcretefoundedonthefootwall.Asthefaultsdippedcrossstreambeneaththevalley,depthtothefootwallwastoogreattopermitallthemonolithstobefoundedinthefootwall.Thus,thelastmonolithonthefootwallwascontiguoustothefirstmonolithfoundedonthehangingwall...Thedifferenceinelevationbetweentheadjacentfoundationswasseveralfeetwiththemonolithinthehangingwallhavingasmuchasafootofgougeinitsfoundationrock.Thelackofdifferentialsettlementormotionofthehangingwallwithrespecttothefootwallisdemonstratedbythefactthatthereisreportedtohavebeennonecessityforadjustmentofthegatesorgatemachinerysupportedonpiersfoundedonseparatemonolithsoveraperiodofnearly40years.OnMay20,.1980,PhilbrickreexaminedtheRadwastefaultinthetrenchwhereithasbeenexposedallwinterandagainnoteditsimilaritytothevalleybottomfaults.ThesimilarityofthegougeandbrokenrockinanearlyhorizontalfaultintheCoolingTowerexcavationtotheinthefoundationofthelocksatNewCumberlandLocksontheOhioRiverisconvincingoftheparallelismofthestructuraldevelopmentofthetwofoundations,eachinnearlyhorizontallybedded,sandyandshalysedimentaryrocks.NewCumberlandLockshavebeeninoperationforover20yearswithapparentlynodistressinthegates.Itisapparentthatmotiononthevalleybottomthrustfaultshasceased,eventhoughsomeofthemarepost-Wisconsinan.ItwouldseemreasonabletobelievethatthemotionontheRadwastestructurehasceasedsinceitsoriginanddevelopmentcloselyparallelsthecauseanddevelopmentofthevalleybottomfaults.

0=>

REFERENCESFerguson,H.F.andPhilbrick,S.S.,1959,"FaultinginEngineeringStructuresLocatedintheAlleghenyPlateau",abst.,Bull.Geol.Soc.Amer,v.70,p.1601-1602.Ferguson,H.F.,1967,"ValleyStressReleaseintheAlleghenyPlateau",EngineeringGeology,v.4,p.63-71.

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