ML072670365
| ML072670365 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek (DPR-016) |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1978 |
| From: | Jersey Central Power & Light Co |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| 2130-07-20506, TAC MC7624 | |
| Download: ML072670365 (192) | |
Text
/
TIlE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BENTHIC FLORA AND FAUNA OF BARNEGAT BAY BEFORE AND AFTER THE ONSET OF THERMAL ADDITION Fourth Progress Report June 1968 R.
E.
J.
K.
F.
E. Loveland, Department of Zoology T. Moul, Department of Botany E. Taylor, Department of Botany Mountford, Department of Botany X. Phillips, Department of Zoology Rutger's University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
INTRODUCTION During the period since the last progress report, at least 12 collecting cruises have been made to the study area.
The general intensity of sampling has increased, especially for biomass studies (invertebrates),
thermal tolerance (algae), seasonal variation (plankton) and primary productivity.
A considerable amount of effort has been made in the direction of compiling a bibliography on thermal studies of organisms.
Our collection of references now exceeds several thousand, uncollated at the moment, but many are on unisort cards.
The field conditions have not changed significantly in comparison with findings of previous years.
One species of algae, Codium, now appears to be the dominant plant in certain portions of the bay (viz., the mouth of Forked River).
Eight new records of invertebrates have been found for the study area.
We have learned recently that during the period covered in this report the electric generating facility was pumping water in order to conduct preliminary tests of their pumps.
After a visit to the reactor site at Lacey Township, the authors of this paper gained more insight into the engineering aspects of the study.
- However, it is felt that improved communications between the operations of the plant and the biological surveys being conducted would allow us to formulate our program better.
For example, during the recent pump test, we would have liked to obtain samples to determine if silting occurred and also to test the effect of "cold'. circulation on planktonic organisms.
One logistical problem has arisen due to the resignation of J.
E. Taylor from the program as of I September.
That is, Mr. Mountford, who is primarily a plankton expert, will now assume the responsibility of collecting and identifying macroscopic algae on a limited basis.
Perforce, the intensity of algae sampling will be curtailed starting this fall, since there is no competent algae taxonomist available to replace Mr. Taylor.
Further, since Mr. Taylor will take his truck, arrangements will have to be made with the director of Physical 7lant at Rutgers for rental of a University truck to move the boat from its present location at the N. J.
Game Farm to Forked River for each cruise.
It is becoming apparent that the initial phase of thermal addition will not take place until this fall (1968).
Since the terms of the present contract expire May 1969, we are presently considering a formal request and application for continuance of this contract for at least one year.
A statement on the budget, the results of our investigations over the past si:r months, and a list of professional activities and publications follows.
BUDGET STATEMEiT With one year remaining in this investigation, our budget willstill cover the anticipated operating expenses, We have hired Mr. Mountford to replace Mr. Taylor as a halfftime research assistant as of 1 September 1963.
Mr.
Phillips will continue as a research assistant until the end of the present contract.
Mr. Mountford is currently supported, in part, by this contract but receives no salary for his
- services, A brief statement of account is given below.
Items Amount Alloted Actually Spent Balance Salary 21,363.36 19.094.,94 2,268. 42 Research Vessel 2,808.00 2,648.51 239,49 Equipment 2,196.00 1,257.36 1,110.64 Operating Expenses 2,376.00 1, 5L6.67 6L-.49.33 Scientific Supplies 1,076.64 1,376.88
.300.24 Publication 100,00 23.16 76.84
.30,000.00 2,947 4,052.48 PUBLICATIONS AND PROFESSIOUT/,L ACTIVITIES R.E. Loveland has sent to press two manuscripts reporting research that was supported in part by this contract.
They are "Oxygen consumption and water movement in Mercenaria mercenaria" (sent to Physiological Zoology) and "New records of nudibranchs from New Jersey" (sent to Veliger).
Between October, 1967, and February, 1968, a 25-minute color sound film (:Super 8 mm Format) was produced and edited at no cost to the Project or the University by Mr.
George Chase, a Eernardsville, N.J.
- artist, and Mr, Kent Mountford, It deals primarily with the plankton survey but discusses other phases of estuarine ecology and is oriented toward the interested layman.
It was first shown before the Symposium on. the Ecology of Barnecat Day at the 14th Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Academy of Science, discussed elsewhere in this report.
R.equests for tl-film have been made by rernardsville High School Dcpcrtment of Biology, the Piscataway Township School System, and the Boy Scouts of America.
It will be shown July 3, 1968, to summer students in Marine Biology at the Nionmouth -ounty Regional High School.
Two papers dealing with aspects in the physical and plankton ecology of Barnegat Bay are in preparation but, with the bulk of sampling analysis still remaining, they are not likely to be in press this year.
A paper titled "New records and rare species of benthic marine algae from the coast of New Jersey" by J.E. Taylor, E.T. Moul and R.E. Loveland was submitted for publication.
This manuscript is now being revised and will be resubmitted for publication in Torrey Bulletin.
A symposium entitled "The Ecology of Barnegat Bay" was organized by J.E. Taylor for delivery at the Annual Mleetings of the N.J. Academy of Science.
A series of four papers were delivered, as follows:
"Tentative comments on the plankton of Barnegat Bay" by K, Mountford; "Distribution and periodicity of benthic algae in Darnegat Day" by J.E. Taylor; "Organization and distribution of the benthic invertebrates of Barnegat Bay" by F.X. Phillips; and "Along-shore fish populations of Barnegat Day" by K. Marcellus.
R.E. Loveland acted as moderator.
Abstracts of these papers were published in the Spring edition of The Bulletin of N.J. Academy of Sciences PLANKTON SURVEY The plankton through a complete annual cycle has been sampled in accordance with methods outlined in a previous report..
Live analyses have been performed and permanent quantitative collections of fixed plankton and appropriate hydrographic data have.bee~ssembled.
While sampling continues at approximately bi-weekly intervals, a major drive at analysis and counting of the collected material is underway.
This is necessary if meaning-ful sampling activity is to be pursued in the post-operational phase of the survey.
It is believed that the relatively di-verse approach taken during the last year will permit consid-erable fle:xibility iti analysis.
Sampling was designed not only to provide data on the seasonality and occurrence of species within the estuary (see Table VI, Progress Report No.
3), but also to obtain estimates of variability in composition and density between samples.
IThat, in essence, constitutes a significant change in popu-lations?
hat constitutes significant variability among stations?
Then may we declare a significant stratification to exist between surface and bottom?
Are such differences, in fact, discernable from the collected material?
Two sources of variability must be estimated in answering these questions.
First variability within a stratum at a given
-L4M.
station and second, variability in density per unit volume extrapolated from replicate counts on separate aliquots from the same sample.
The first source represents random variability which we can expect between samples drawn from what we assume to be the same populations.
Whether or not organisms are, in fact, randomly dispersed is not pertinent since the techniques employed cannot assess microdistribution.
The assumption is relative homogeneity exists within a stratum.
The second source represents estimates of. differences in counts one can expect between randomly drawn and examined aliquots of the same sample and ascists in placing confidence intervals around what we declare to be real differences among samples drawn from various locations in the bay.
On 2U April 1968 replicate samplings were made on a single station in the bay.
The resulting material was treated in the usual manner, condensed and analysed for occurrence of species and density of organisms.
This data is being sub-jected to statistical treatment designed to quantify the sources of v eriability discussed.
Concurrently, analyses are being run on each, of the two hundred fifty-odd. samples assembled thus far in the survey.
Significant differences among various parts of the bay and significant stratifications on station awill be declared when appropriate.
An annual curve of dissolved oxygen values, expressed as absolute content and percent caturation at the ambient tem-perature from April, 1967 through publication is being assembled for the next report.
In Fgeneral the dissolved oxygen technique, used through the nlankton aspects of the survey, has been subjected to analysis for estimates of variability that permit, within prescribed confidence intervals, the declaration of true differences among titration means.
Daily pyrheliometric records (see Section IV, Hydrography, Progress Report Ho.
- 3) are being used to prepare a curve of weekly integral insolation values beginning in late November, 1967.
These data should be useful in assessing natural temp-erature changes in the water column and, to some extent in evaluating estimates of primary productivity.
In April, 1968 tentative efforts were begun to secure periodic 'Held estimates of primary productivity in the water column at stations randomly selected from the research area.
A light-dark bottle method modi:'ied from Gaarder and Gran (1T27) is employed on every cruise taken since April.
BENTHIC ALGAE Sunzaary of activities, January to June, 1968
- 1. Surveilance of algae flora.
Routine collections of benthic algae and concurrent environmental parameters have been carried out on a regular basis.
The location and date of collection for these stations are summarized in Tables In and Ib.
No new species of algae have been recorded for the collections for the period covering the above months.
The general seasonal flora is shown in Table II.
It is worth noting that Codium has increased in ab-undance in the bay.
During the June-December 1967 period, the plant was found throughout the bay, but usually as small fragments.
In the last period (January-June 1968) Codium has again bean found throughout the bay but as large, well developed plants.
This is particularly so for the last two collection dates.
Every dredge haul brought aboard contained Codium even at stations that had not previously shown Codium.
As judged from the dredge hauls, the areas of greatest abundance for this plant are the mouth of Forked River, off W*aretown, and Light "I" south (shown in Fig 2.).
These areas also have large amounts of Pecten and iercenaria shells which might explain the high abundance of the plant since shell may act as substrate for the plant.
It is in these areas also that all three of the major stages in the life cycle of the plant (11oeller, personal communication) are found concur-rently.
The three major stages are (1) attached, well-developed plants, (2) free, regenerating fragments, and (3) sporlings on shell.
It is safe to conclude that Codium has become well estnblished in the bay.
- Kowever, its known distribution in New Jersey is still restricted to Barnegat Bay.
All determinations for the algal samples are complete to the date of this report.
These data and any emendations to the previously reported lists will be included in the forth-coming winter, 1968, progress report, as will the physical data for the previous six months.
- 2.
Culture e:xperiments.
Long-terra culture experiments wore carried on this spring.
Temperatures of 5, 18, and 23C0 were investigated with six species of algae.
These algae were Folysiphonia nigrescens, Ulva lactuca, Enteromorpha linza, Porphyra leucosticta, Pulnctarilatifolia, and Gracl-aria foliifera.
The plants were collected 30 January 1968 from Barnegat Bay and placed in the culture, tanks which contained filtered bay water of 20 o/oo salinity.
Both the plants and water were collected from Buoy "F".
The culture tanks were 4 litre battery jars with plate glass covers.
The tanks were sup-plied with compressed air and contained 5 cm of washed beach sand.
Light was provided by two 40 watt cool-white flourescent tubes 3C cm from the surface of the water.
The lights were on a 12 hour1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> light-dar!k cycle.
Previous studies with an oxygen electrode showed that this light intensity was more than suf-icient for net photosynthesis.
Temperature control at 5 0 C was provided by a walk-in cold room, and at i°C by an air-conditioned culture room.
The 230C temperature was that of the laboratory.
The cultures were started 31 March and ran until 26 May when the central power plant was shut down.
Porphyra was the most sensitive to the increased temperature.
TwYo days after starting the cultures the plant showed sions oC shedding spores and after one week: it began to disintegrate.
In the 1800 culture disintegration didn't occur until the third week, and in the 50C cultures the plants did not show damage for six weeks.
Enteromorpha also shed after transplantation into the 23°C culture.
At the end of the experiment, the Enteromorpha was still intact in the 50C tank, slightly damaged in the 1i00 tank, and completely gone from the 23°C tank.
Gracilaria showed damage such as pigment loss after the third week in the 23'C culture, and no damage for the-entire course; of the experiment in either of the cooler tanks.
This was also the case with Punctaria and Polysiphonia.
Ulva was the most 1-csistant to the change in temperature.
The plant showed slI.-ht damage only one week before the ex.ýperiment was terminated in the 23'C tank, and not at all in the other two.
These results correlate with the observed changes in the seasonal flora of the bay.
During the annual cycle, Porphyra is
-)resent as either large, free-floating individuals or small epiphytes only during februar-y and March.
Entero-morpha linza is characteristic of late winter and early spring, and is none by June.
The two species of Punctaria, P. latifolia and P. plantagenia, first appear in late December and persist until-the end of June.
Polysiphonia nigrescens reaches a ma::-imum developm-!nt in the pe.-iod from February to April, but is present in some form throughout the year.
This year we collected large tetrasporic plants as late as 21 June.
11orviall-y it is present in tLc Clora at this time of year as small (less than 4!*
cm high) pinnate plants on Pecten shells.
Ulva lactuca and the two species of Gracilaria are also present year-round.
These two,pecies show periods of heavy growth in the spring and *fall.
Table Ia. Date and location of stations collected in the test area during the last six months.
A = complete algae sample; a = partial algae sample; P = physical data.
CRUISE
.60-1168-2 68-3 68-4 68-5 60-6 K1M
- 68-7
- 68-0 60-9j60-10
. 4-
.1/2013/30 DATE 4/18 5/11. 5/23 $5/31 6/4; 6/11 16/13 6/21 QUADRATE 4/7 I
8 C 9 B 11 13 B 14 B 16 B 17 A 17 C 21 D 22 B 22 D 23 A 23 D 24 A O.C.
.1 A P A P A
Y.
A nD P
A P A P A P A F A P!
AA A P Li A P a P A P AP A P a P A Pi AP' A P P1 A P A P A P P
P P
P I
A P API P
A P P
A P A P A P aP P
AP Table Ib.
Date and location of shore stations and stations outside test area collected during the last six months.
X\\ey is the same as in Table Ia.
CPU6g3 E 68-3 X M C-I 68-5 68-10 !
I DATE 5/3 STATION 3/3 4/7 5/li 6/21 lBSP*
jA P A P,P ER*
IA P SP*
A P BL*
A cc*
p 9AD I
AP Lavellette iP Light "31" 1
A P Swan Point A P A P Bluoy N "71" P
Harvey Cedars A P Brant Beach
- Shore stations; locat ions refer to winte:--,
1967 report for Table II.
General analysis of the seasonal flora of Barnegat Day.
Rare or occasionally encountered species are not included.
- 1. Perennial Flora (present year round)
Chlorophyta Chaetomorpha linum Cladophora spp.
Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides Enteromorpha spp.
Ulva lactuca Ulvella Phaeophyta Punctaria plantaginea (The winter dominant, but can be collected through out the year)
Fucus spp.
(Only on the rocks of Barnegat Light.)
Rhodophyta Acrochaetium spp.
Agardhiella tenera Callithamnion spp.
Ceramiumf'astigatium Champia parvula (much reduced in the winter, but present)
Gracilaria verrucosa G. foliifera Polysiphonia nigrescens (as a small form on shells in the
- summer, maximum development in 'inter)
- 2.
Winter Flora (Includes species that only appear in the winter quarter, as well as plants that appear fall-winter, winter-spring, and fall thtrough spring.
Chlorophyta Bryopsis hypnoides
- r. plumosa Enteromorpha linza Ulothrix flacca U.
implexa
-3.0-Phaeophyta All species but Stilophora rhizodes, Fucus SP, Myrionema strangulans, Myriotrichia claveformis, S2ac-elaria cirrosa, and Railfsia verrucosa.
Rhodophytn Bangia fuscopurpurea (particularly on rocks at Barnegat Light)
Erythrotrichia carnea Goniotrichum alsidii Polysiphonia nira Porphyra spp.
P.hodophysema georegii
- 3.
Summer Flora (Includes spring-summer-fall, spring-summer, summer-fall, and summer species)
Chlorophyta Entocladia viridis Enteromorpha intestinalis E,
plumosa Phaeophyta Myrionema strangulans Myriotrichia claveformis Sphacelaria cirrosa Stilophora rhizodes Ralfsia verrucosa
!n.hodophyta Chondria spp.
Gelidium crinale Griffithsia tenuis Hildenbrandia prototypus Lomentaria spp.
Folysiphonia scp. (Except F. nigra and P. nigrescens, all species of Polysiphon'a are late summerfia-l[)
Spyridia filamentosa BEIPTHIC INVERTEBRATES This progress report includes all data taken from the previous report (#3) which ended X-25-67 up to the present.
The results of cruise 68-9, taken V-21-68, have not yet been worked up so the benthic invertebrates are described as of V-13-68.
Field collections have been maintained as in the past.
Qualitative samples are obtained from a timed bottom haul of a Caribbean dredge (Turtox).
Quantitative sampling was by means of the Ponar grab dredge.
A collecting schedule tentatively planned at a frequency of one trip every nine days has been established for the period 1 June through the middle of September.
To date, through June, we have maintained this schedule.
The final week of July is to be devoted to the determination of the sediment size analyses of 18 stations located within the area of primary interest (along the Intracoastal Waterway and westward).
All of the data concerning the sediment size distribution of the substrate will be presented in the next progress report.
Organisms which have appeared for the first time in Barnegat Bay since the study began are listed below:
Amathia sp.
Cerebratulus lacteus Zdotea triloba Golf in--ia gouldi Lumbrineris tenuis Nassarius trivitattus Peomysis americana Pista cristata The three common amphipods which have apecared in the bay have been under investigation.
To date two have been keyed out; these identifications, however, are tentative.
Confirmation is being sought.
The two tentative identifications are Grubia compta and Ampelisca macrocephala.
Uith the addition of new species and identification of others the modifications to the key (p.
10, progress report of January, 1968) for the animal distribution are as follows.
Number Species 1
Impelisca macrocephala 2
Grubia compta el Amathin sp.
Q2
- olfingia gouldi 83 Cerebratulus lacteus 84 Edotea triloba U5 Lumbrineris tennis 86 Nassarius trivitattus 87 Neomysis americana 88 Pista cristata 89 Sthenelais picta 0
Date:
12-6-67 Area 21 D species 23 33 4ý3 45 46 52 65 69 U9 no.
no./M 2
42 6
1 3
71 105 176 7
22 Area 23 species 2
5 7
12 18 19 29 35 37 40 L, 7 50 51 52 56 63 65 LI 76 G7 A
no.
/
no./M x
X (19) x
,%r dt x
(3) x x
(1)
, (12) x X (187) x (7)
X (3)
(20)
(10)
(9) x Area 8 C - species found 7
33 40 51 69 9
35 41 52 79 18 37 45 5b.
90 20 39 50 57 Area 15 B - species found 2
2.4 47 5
35 56 18 37 63 87 Date:
12-20-67 Area 1 V
species no.
2 7
9 17 I1 31 32 34 37 3S 40 50 51 54 87 91 no./M2 x
x x
(3) x (20) xX X (16)
(3)
(
9)
"K* (9)
K (16):
(1)
Area 17 A species no.
2 18 23 27 28 33 35 37 45 48 50 52 56 63 65 69 74 76 87 v
no./A4 2
(21)
(6)
(15)
- 4. (9)
(6)
(7)
(1! 0)
(1.)
(2].*)
(21)
(80)
(Xo)
Area 17 species I
23 33 60 65 72 73 76 88 C
no.
/
no./M2 (60)
(12)
(4)
(2)
(84)
(3)
(12)
(96)
(1)
Date; 1-20C-6U Area 8 C
- species found 7
9 12 18 23 31 37 11.0 41 50 51 54 62 63 65 72 85 87 Area 24 A - species found 7
31 50 1U 37 87 Date:
3-3-60 Barnegat Light-rocks, intertidal collection.-
species found 15, 21, 39, 42, 92, Littorina Saxatilis Island Beach Ctate Park-shore collection, Area "A 7"
species found 7,
.0, 54, 81 Date:
L!.-18-68 Area 17 C species no.
i 10 18 20 29 30 31 40
- 4. 7 50 52 53 56 62 65 76 77 84 no./M2 (5)
M (5)
(2)
(1)
X (5)
X(5)
(3)
(1)
(30)
(312)
(4)
'r Date:
3-30-680 Area 8 C
- species found 5
31 51 63 9
4O 54 73 18 42 56 92 Area* 13 C - species found 10 3!5 40 51 56 73 18 39 42 54 63 92 Area 23 D - species found Area 11 species 18 23 25 28 30 39 45 48 5O 56 65 72 73 74 76 87 no.
no./M 2
(2)
(2 Li)
(3)
(2)
(5)
+
(4)
(C)
(3)
(14)
(5)
(17)
(31)
(12)
(5)
(62)
(12) 0 18 30 29 31 35 50 1,.0 52 56 63 62 70 Area 17 C - species found 7
22 9
2..
18 31 38 53 i.0 56 51 62 63 70 87 I
Date:
4-IC-68 (cont. )
j Date:
S-23 (cont.)
Area 22 A species no.
180 23 33 31 39
,,-0 43 1!, 6
- 7 50 51 52 56
.50 63 65 69 72.
76 73"1 C7 no./M2 x
X (52)
(6)
'P Ar
.7 (1)
(55) x IFX (4.6)
(1)
(5)
'7 7:. (140) x (90)
(9)
Y' (C) 6)
(6)
Area 17 A species no.
1 2
5 9
18 23 28 30 35 40 Lt2 47 50 51 52 53 56 59 65 69 73 76 no /M2 OP.)
xl (2)
(2tF.)
- x. (4)
(1)
X (4) x (7_)
%r at xl (00o) x (13)
(2)
(16)
(90)
(C)
(92)
Date:
5-23-60 Area 11 species no.
i 2
16 17 10 25 27 22 3¶ L!. C, Ll. 5 49
.156 50 56 65 69 72 73 71..
76 77 no./M2 (25)
(1) x (1)
(2)x
,qr
- 't (1)
(6)
(3)
- 7. (46)
X (23) xl (3)
(10)
.(10)
(6)
(7)
Zl (129)
(.9)
AreI 8 C spek ies no.
18 25 27 30 32 40 41 42
'43 45 46 50 52 56 62 63 65 73 74, 76 no./142 (1)
X x
2" (27)
(2)
(3)
X (69)
(1)
(6)
. )
=r (13)
(6)
(Li)
(19)
(15)
Date:
5-23-60 (cont.)
Date:
6-4L-68 (cont.)
Area 22 A species n 1
2.
24 17 23 29' 33 3b, 39 L:.6 50 51 56 60 69 72 76 no. /M2 J. (o0) x (1)
(2.)
Xi (25)
(13)
(15)
(13)
(7)
Ar Jý (3) xi(112) 7 (57)
Area 22 B species no.
15 18 23 27 29 35 39 40 L18 50 51 52 54 55 59 65 09 72 79 32 n2 2.
no./M (4°5)
(26)
.7 (7) 4
++
j-7 A
(3) x" (IL4.8) xi' (21)
X (20)
(3)
(3)
(5)
X (17)
Area 13 C Date:
6-4L;-63 Area 17 spccies 18 20 1!.0 42 51 r.0 63 69 72 7-6 77 3L' no.
I no. /M2 X
xx J-(3 X
1/2t.
(3)
(327)
(65)
¶7A" species 10 14 17 18 23 24 29 35 40 45 46 L. 7 51 53 59 60 65 69 70 78 82
`3 u89 no.
4 no.
(7)
(53)
A x (16)
(126)
'7 J..
- (16)
(182)
(4.)
(32)
(6
- . (13)
(1)
(1)"(56)
Date:
6-4-60 (cont.)
Date:
6-13-68 (cont.)
Area 23 species 58 12 18 23 25 27 20 31 35 39 L!.3 4,3 L:.6 4*.7 50 51 52 53 63 65 69 72 79 83 92 D
no, 1/
no./M 2
x (1) x x
x X1 (6)
(46)
-(12) xx A
X (2) x x (9)
(8)
(72)
(4) x X (21) x x
(23)
(4)
(1)
(3)
(3)
Area 24 A species no.
1 8
19 23 29 31 33 1
35 39 40 48 50 52 56 59 63 65 66 69 72 76 79 no. /M2 (31) x A
(1.1)
IF(3l)
(I *.)
(3)
÷ X
(1)
(13)
V.
'F A.
A.
(70) x (21)
(76)
(5)
Date:
6-13-68 Area 23 D species n 15 2b:.
25 35 1'.0 17 50 51 52 5 '
56 71:
7 G Oo
(
no./M2 (8) x
'7 A
(3)K x (18)
X (19)
- r (1)
(5)
X. (Ii) x (4)
(3)
(72)
Area 14 species 5
10 18 23 24 29 30 33 35 40 46 4! 7 59 65 69 70 73 76 7n 02 093 B
no, no. /M.
(37)
... (32) x (1)
(20) x (51) r (21)
K K (6)
(6)x
- (1)
(0)
(7) x (19)
(1)
(6)
(1)
Date:
6-13-62 (cont.)
Area 17 A species no.
1 2.
27 34 35
'40 L4.7 50 51 53 59 65 66 6:0 72 76 92 no./M2 (1~8)
X
¶7 x
X (2)
(32) xx yr x (19)
V.
x (19) x (2)
(20)
X (7)
(122)
IV
.1%
Area 21 species 2
7 i0 23 23 29 31 33 35 1:.0 4 I5 46 L7
'43 50 51 52 56 53 65 69 72 73 94 D
no.
no. /M1 x
x X (40) x X (6)
(8)
V (7)
X (77) x X (29) x x (50)
K (37)
(11)
-:' (',..8)
'p
0 TIlE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BI-NTIIIC FLORA AND FAUNA OF BARNEGAT BAY BEFORE AND AFTER THE ONSET OF THERMaAL ADDITION Fifth Progress Report March 15, 1969 0
R.
E.
F.
J.
K.
E. Loveland, Department of Zoology T. Moul, Department of Botany X. Phillips., Department of Zoology E. Taylor, Department of Botany Mountford, Department of Botany Rutger's University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
page 1 Introduction The current report differs somewhat from previous reports in
- style, format and intent, previously our reports have concerned themselves primarily with the presentation of raw data, with little emphasis on interpretation or analysis of the data.
In a study of the kind pursued in Barnegat Bay, interpretation of data concern-ing natural populations must, perforce, await accumulation of suf-ficient time to distinguish and recognize natural variation from year to year.
This report attempts to interpret the year to year and point for point variation of the flora and fauna of Barnegat Bay, with especial emphasis on the benthic forms.
In addition, certain predictions will be made regarding the qualitative aspects of benthic algae and free-floating plankton, as well as the quanti-tative aspects of the benthic invertebrates.
Because of the effort in time necessary to accurately analyze the data of three years, this report has been delayed for several months.
It must be indica-ted that the interpretation of the data is still going on and should accupy us for at least a month more during the summer.
Meanwhile, we feel that enough is now known so that certain generalizations can be made regarding the progress of the study.
Raw data will still be presented in tabular form as in the past.
All raw data from June of 1965 through December of 1968 has been compiled and thoroughly analyzed as follows,:A) Sediments and benthic invertebrates (F.X.phillips and R.E. Loveland),
B) Benthic algae 0
(J.E. Taylor, E.T.
Moul and R.E. Loveland),
C)
Plankton (K.Mountford).
Hydrographic data is presented, but little interpretation is attempt-ed at this point; further correlations of biotic and abiotic data will be attempted in the future.
After presentation of the data, we will attempt to predict the spacial and temporal distribution of algae, invertebrates and plankton in the study area.
Finally, a research proposal is being written to request con-tinuance of this research study.
Budget A detailed statement of the budget will not be presented in this report.
We expect to summarize the budget expenditures in the next report (June 1969).
Suffice ittD say that the current grant is completely expended.
We anticipate the award of contingency funds to the amount of $1000.00 in order to finish the observations of Spring 1969.
We have exhausted our funds sooner than anticipated because of the inflationary increases of equipment and material and, especially, salary for the research assistants.
All material has been inventoried and accounted for.
The research vessel Clio is in fairly
- good shape after extensive engine work last Fall.
-wehave been fortunate to be able to keep the boat in the water throughout the winter at Forked River State Marina.
Mr.Holmes Lane,the Super-visor, hae bee Too-st co-operative and helpful in maintaining and caring for the boat in our absence.
page 2 O
publications and Presentations J.
Taylor, E.T. Moul and R.E. Loveland have co-authored a paper titled
'New Records and Rare Benthic Algae from New Jersey",
which has been recently accepted for publication in the 'IToirreya'.
R.E. Loveland, G. Hendler and G. Newkirk have a paper on NJ.
nudibranchs ("New Records of Nudibranchs from Ne* jersey'r) in the April issue of Veliger.
R.E. Loveland and D.
jr.. Chu have a paper
(`Oxygen Consumption and Water Movement in Mercenaria mercenaria")
which will be published soon in Comparative Biochemistry and pyPhsi_
ology.
R.E. Loveland and J.H. Welsh have published a paper titled "5-Hydroxytryptamine in the Ascidian, Ciona intestinalis" recently in Comparative Biochemistry and physiology.
F.Y. Phillips, J.Taylor and K.
Mountford attended a Thermal Addition Workshop at the Institute of Marine Resources in Solomons, Maryland, last Fall.
Mr.
Mountford gave a paper titled
'Dissolved Oxygen as an Indicator of Primary Productivity',
which is to be published soon in Chesapeake Science.
Mr.
Taylor spoke of his work on the algae in Barnegat Bay, and on Standing Crop as a Measure of Primary Production, the results of these presentations will also be published in Chesapeake Science.
K.
Mountford will conduct a symposium in Aquatic Biology at the Annual Meetings of the New Jersey Academy of 3ciences, April 1969.
one of the papers will be delivered by F.Y. Phillips titled
'Sediment Relations in Barnegat Bay".
F.X. Phillips has been invited to speak on his work on Barnegat Bay at Jacksonville University in Florida.
E.T.
Moul will publish 'The Flora of Monomoy Island, Massa-chusetts' in Rhodora..
K. Mountford participated in the F.W.P.C.A. National Estuarine Survey public Hearing held in Seattle,Washington 23 July,1968.
Benthic Algae It will become quite obvious to the reader that most of the data collected for benthic algae is qualitative.
The only quanti-tative aspects that can be ascertained with accuracy are location in the bay and time of collection.
It has been virtually impossible to standardize techniques for collecting benthic algae in a manner which would allow expressions such as species per squared meter, or biomass per squared meter.
The reason is two-fold: A) most of the algae in Barnegat Bay appear to be unattached.
Great masses of the dominant species are literally drifting along on the bottom; B) the algae do not appear to be uniformly distributed; thus, two dredge hauls in the same area yield such variation in abundance that charac-terization becomes difficult.
We have recently begun to express relative abundance, i.e.,
the percent of the total sample constituted
Page 3 Benthic Algae (contid) by the individual species.
- However, qualiAtative data does inform us about the species composition on the bottom from point to point and from time to time.
Unfortunately we have not had `.he tl.me to carefully analyze point for point (spatial) verl.W'.ion in tho benthic algae.
only a 'itbaywideri interpretation of tbc,>-r.thic 2lgae will be presented, with major emphasis on the tern,".uL dist-VnutJon and variation.
A.
Raw data.
In keeping with the format of previous repcrt:3, we herewith present the raw data for benthic algae in tabular form.
This infor-mation occurs from p.
4 to p. 12 Kent Mountford, while engaged in the plankton aspects of the survey, has taken over the sampling of benthic aIal material.
Since the separation of Mr.
Taylor from this team,
- ".'rty-eight stations were sampled on seventeen different dates.
O0; 15 Pecember, a parti-cularly intense survey was carried out coverirn.. tv'elve stations for the examination of distribution for the dominant species.
Because of unfamiliarity with the benthic algae, it is likely that many of the rarer species have been overlooked.
Some prelimin-ary data has been collected on the Cyanophyta, proviously omitted because of taxonomic complications in Mr.
Taylor's original collec-tions.
It is felt that some general idea on the periodicity and distribution of this phylum would be useful.
Several occurrences observed in the collections are worth recounting.
- 1. The sporelings of Codium fragile were recovered epiphytic on Ceramium species at sta. 17-B-,Naigational Buoy G) on 18 Decemter 1968 with a bottom temperature of -0.5oc and a surface salinity of 23.4 o/oo.
There was a 1.5 cm ice cover at the time.
- 2. Seirospora griffithsiana, a species previously unrecorded for Barnegat Bay, was found at station 7-D on 15 November 1968 epiphytic on Spyridia filamentosa, at 8.30 C, 20.4 cvoo and 10.51 mg 0 2 /l.
The identification was verified by Dr.E.T.Moul.
.3. No significant concentration of epiphytes has been observed since Mountford began benthic algal collections, with the possible exception of Fosliella lejolisii, frequently found during late autumn on decumbent blades of Zostera marina.
Page 4 Benthic Algae Quadrate 2-D and 3-D Species Nov. 24
- Nov, 2
Enteromorpha intestinalis 1
Ectocarpus confervoides 3
3 Desmotrichium balticum Tr.
Polysiphonia denudata 2
Ceramium rubrum 2
Fosliella lejolisii 1
Oscillatoria I
Quadrate 7-C, D Species Nov.15 Oct. 1 Nov°!5 A-ov. 24 Feb. 16 Anabaena sp.
1 Ceramium sp.
1 Cladophora refracta 1
Enteromorpha intestJiu*i--
1 Spyridia filamentosa 2
3 Cladophora rudolphiana 1
Ceramium fastigatum 1
Ceramium strictum 1
Codium fragile 2
2 Ulva lactuca 3
Lyngbya sp.
4 Seirospora griffithsiana 5
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia denudata Tr.
Elachistea fuaola Tr.
Agardhiella tenera 2
Ceramium rubrum 3
Desmotrichia undulatum 5
Acrochaetium sp.
- 6 Oscillatoria sp. (sheathed) 7 Quadrate 8-C (Light 2)
Species July 29 Sept. 7 Codium fragile 1
Enteromorpha plumos a 1
Enteromortha prolifera 1
Sphacelaria cirrosa I
Agardhiella tenera 1
Ceranmium fastigatum 1
1 Ceramium rubrum 1
Champia parvula 1
Gracilaria foliifera 1
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
i Polysiphonia denudata
.1 Polysiphonia harveyi i
Ceramium sp.
1 Polysiphonia sp.
1
Page 5 Benthic Algae Quadrate 10-C (Oyster Creek Channel)
Species Dec. 3 Ulva lactuca 1
Gracilaria verrucosa Tr.
Ceramium rubrum Tr.
Fosliella lejolisii 2
Quadrate 14-B (D-1)
Species Aug. 16 Dec.
18 Codium fragile 1
5 Ulva lactuca 1.
Acrochaetium sp.
1 Agardhiella tenera 1
2 Callithamnion sp.
1 Ceramium fastigium 1
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
1 Polysiphonia denudata 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
3 Quadrate 14-C (C-I)
Species Aug. 16 Ulva lactuca 1
Agardhiella tenera I
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia denudata 1
Polysiphonia subtillissima 1
Quadtate 15-B Species Oct. 29 Dec. 3 Dec. 18 Gracilaria verrucosa 1
2 Gracilaria foliifera 1
Agardhiella tenera 1
3 3
Ulva lactuca Tr.
2 4
Polysiphonia harveyi 3
4 1
Spiridia filamentosa 5
Codium fragile 2
Gracilaria verrucosa Anabaena sp.
Tr..
Oscillatoria reddish Tr.
Enteromorpha intestinalis Tr.
Fosliella lejolisii Tr.
Page 6 Benthic Algae Quadrate 16-A (N-66)
Species July 29 Codium fragile 1
Ulva lactuca 1
Agardhiella tenera 1
Antithamnion criciatum 1
Ceramium fastigatum I
Champia parvula 1
Cracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
Polysiphonia denudata 1
Quadrate 17-B (G)
Species Aug. 16 Dec. 3 Dec. 18 Chaetomorpha linum 1
Codium fragile 1
2 1
171va lactuoa 1
1 4
Punctaria plantaginea 1
Sphacelaria cirrosa 1
Ceramium fastigatum 1
Fosliella lejolisii 1
Tr, Gracilaria folifera 1
4 Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia denudata 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
3 Spyridia filamentosa I
Agardhiella tenera 53 Lyngbya sp.
Tr.
Oscillatoria sp.
Tr, Ceramium rubrum 2.
Page 7 Benthic Algae Quadrate 17-C (F)
Species July 29 Dec. 3 Codium fragile 1
Enteromorpha intestinalis 1
Tr.
Enteromorpha plumosa 1
Enteromorpha prolifera 1
Ulva lactuca 1
3 Agardhiella tenera 1
2 Ceramium diaphanum 1
Ceramium fastigatum 1
CeramiuM rubrum 1
1 Champia parvula 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 4
Spyridia filamentosa 1
Gracilaria foliifera 1
Cladophora sp.
Tr.
Lyngbya sp.
Tr.
Quadrate 17-D (Lt. 1-3)
Species July 29 Oct. 16 Codium fragile 1
1 Enteromorpha intestinalis i
Enteromorpha plumos a Entocladia viridis 1
Agardhiella tenera 1
3 Oracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia denudata 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 5
Spyridia filamentosa 1
Hyolla Tr.
Ulva lactuca 2
Ceramium fastigatum 4
Omcillatoria (phormidium)
Tr.
Spiruluna Tr.
F'oliella lejolisii Tr.
Calothrix Tr.
Page 8 Benthic Algae Quadrate 18-D Species Dec. 3 Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Ceramium rubrum 2
Oscillatoria sp.
3 Quadrate 19-D Species Dec. 3 Ulva lactuca Tr, Codium fragile 1
Agardhiella tenera 3
Polysiphonia harveyi 2
Quadrate 21-D Species Dec.
3 Feb. 16 Gracilaria verrucosa 1
1 Agardhiella tenera 2
4 Ulva lactuca 3
2 Codium fragile 4
5 Polysiphonia harveyi 3
Quadrate 22-A (Lt. b)
Species July 29 Sept.7 Oct. 1 Oct. 16 Feb. 16 Ulva lactuca 1
2 2
I Agardhiella tenera 1
1 4
1 3
Gracilaria foliifera 1
Codium fragile 1
3 3
4 Gracilaria verrucosa 1
5 1
2 Polysiphonia sp.
1 Spermothannion Tr.
Oscillatoria Tr.
Polysiphonia harveyi 5
Polysiphonia denudata 4
Page 9 Benthic Algae Quadrate 22-B Species Polysiphonia harveyi Spiridia filamentosa Calothrix Ulva lactuca Gracilaria verrucosa Codium fragile Agardhiella tenera Ceramium fastigatum Quadrate 23-A Species Codium fragile Agardhiella tenera Gracilaria folifera Ulva lactuca Polysiphonia harveyi Ceramium rubrum Lt. 12 F.R.)
Oct. 16 Oct. 29 Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
Tr.
11 1
1 Dec. 18 1
2 3
5 Tr.
Species Ju 2
Codium fragile x
Ulva lactuca X
Ralfsia verrucosa X
Gracilaria foliiferoa X
Gracilaria verrucosa X
Polysiphbnia nigrescens X
Agardhiella tenera Polysiphonia species Polysiphonia harveyi Callithamnion sp.
Spyridia filamentosa Callithamnion baileyi Ceramium fastigatum Enteromorpha sp.
Callithamnion corymbosum Ceramium rubrum Cladophora albida Elachistea fucicola Chaetomorpha aerea?
ne 1-Sept.
Oct.
20 8
2 3
Oct.
16 25 Oct.
29*
3 3 5 Dec.
3 3
2 Dec.
18-1 5
Tr b
Tr 2
1 4
3 1
2 2
3 h
1 2
1 Tr 1
Tr 6
Tr 7
4Tr I
x Tr 4
Tr Tr Tr Tr Tr
- Two collections made on same date.
Page 10 Benthic Algae Quadrate 24 A-D Species Aug.16 Dec. 18 Chaetomorpha linum 1
Codium fragile 1
2 Enteromorpha intestinalis 1
Ulva lactuca 1
i Ralfsia verrucosa 1
Agardhiella tenera 1
4 Ceramium fastigatum 1
Champia parvula 1
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
3 Polysiphonia subtilissima 1
Cernamium rubrum Tr.
Quadrate 16-A Species June 21 Enteromorpha intestinalis 1
Ulva lactuca 1
Ectocarpus confervoides I
Ceramium diaphanum 1
Oramium fastigatum 1
Ceramium rubrum 1
Champia parvula 1
Gracilaria foliifera 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
Spyridia filamentosa 1
Page 11 Benthic Algae Quadrate III-7 Species June 21 Cladophora gracilis f.
tenuis 1
Codium fragile 1
Enteromorpha intestinalis 1
Ulva lactuca 1
Ceramium fastigatum 1
Ceramium rubrum 1
Gracilaria verrucosa 1
Polysiphonia harveyi 1
Quadrate Swan Point (Off Grid, Upper Bay)
Species Sept. 29 Oct. 1 Oct. 23 Dec.22 Feb.2 Cladophora expansea 3
Agardhiella tenera 1
Enteromorpha compressa 2
Polysiphonia denudata 1
Ulva lactuca Tr.
3 2
3 Spirogira sp.
1 Oscillatoria 1
Anabaena 1
Ulothrix 1
Kylinia virgatula f.
luxurians 1
Polysiphonia harveyi Gracilaria verrucosa 2
Tr.
1 Cladophora rudolphiana Tr.
Dasya pedicellata Ectocarpus siliculosus 2
page 12 B. Species composition During a thirty-six month period (June 1965-June 1968), samples of benthic algae were collected from Barnegat Bay during at least twenty-six of those months.
A total of 119 species were identified.
of these, many species were found only a few times and only a few species were found every time.
Figure A-I is a plot of the species of benthiu or epiphytic algae, with the X-axis illustrating the specie*,: code number (see page 18for master species list and code numbers) and the Y-axis indicating the number--of months that eaah species was found out of a possible twenty-six collecting months.
Two striking observations can be made from the plot of Fig.A-l:
I) there are only a few dominant species of algae in the bay (Ulva lactuca, Ceramium fastigiatum, Gracillaria verrucosa and Agar--hiella tenera); II) the majority of the species (8675-l of benthic algae occur less than 50 percent of the time.
At least thirty-one species can be considered rare since they occur, at most, only twice during a three-year period.
Over half (58%)
of the species occur less than 25 percent of the time.
Finally, only 16 species (= 13.5%) occur more than 50 percent of the time.
Part of the reason for such a skewed distribution in time can be attributed to the difficulty 0f identifying all of the rare species every time one makes a collection.
- However, it seems reasonable to conclude that many species are very transient visitors to the bay.
It is conceivable that these rare species, many of which only occur during the summer months, will be the most sensitive species to environmental change because of their tenuous existence.
Any shift in dominance in the future would also be readily detected, especially if it occurs in a downward direction (viz, Ulva suddenly occurs below the 50% Time line).
Two important conclusions can be drawn from Fig. A-I.
- First, it is apparent that Barnegat Bay is a complex and diverse system with respect to the algae.
Many species occur throughout the year, either continuously or sporadically.
The species composition tends toward heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity.
This seems intui-tively to be true for both spacial and temporal distribution.
We would expect, therefore, that Barnegat Bay will remain a relatively diverse ecosystem in the future, without the loss or sudden increase in the rarer forms.
Secondly, it appears that the effort necessary to gather data on benthic algae need not be as intensive as in the past.
It no longer seems necessary to collect benthis algae every ten days.
We suggest that a collecting schedule of once every two months would yield all the necessary data on benthic algae.
- However, because of the summer transients, once a month collections seems more reasonable, during that season.
Figure A-2 is a graphical representation of the species abun-
.dance month by month over three years.
The greatest number of species.
FigoA-1.,
Species distribution of benthic algae over a three year inte:N;a.
(o,6-Iv-o T
0 T
2 3.
6 9.
10 lO 12 13
!5
.16 17is 19 20 21 22 23 2625 26 1
13 20 33 31 44 58 8 14 18 32 54 61 65 9
10 11 19 22 24 36 h
4o0 46 70 86 102 106 2
28 37 68 76 78 87
.1 16 42 50 62 75 07373-5=5i f5 i=
52 66 71 90 93 129 23 29 77 85 BK 1C8 112 L5 105 25 30 h9 69 130 27 51 64 92 95 17 72 80 63 82 89 99 104 74 97 100 101 103 38 48 57 6?
73 116 121 122 11?
11 12-1.27
-1.11 91 107 113 1.?,
1!98
.13 7
.?
66 6?
585'
.,~
i~-(fl~
- ;50% Time 26 96 21 31 7
81 109 2
28.5%
5 5
3 0
2 2
1 2
0 0
13.5%
2 OQ CD~
120 124 119 5 98 81
- 41. 94 110 2
0 1
3 119 0
0 0
',)ae 14 90-N U
0 SP c
75-60 -
45" S30 15 I.
I I
I I
I I
II' J
F A
l.w J J
A S
0 N
D Fig. A-2.
Three year average phyletic comnosition of benthia alae in Barnegat 3D*y.
Chlorophyt~q.
heht odtyt P-haeophyte Rhodorhyta i....i
page 15 B.Species composition (Cont'd) occurs in June.
We thought, at first, that this might indicate bias due to our sampling schedule.
- However, in 1968 our sampling sche-dule was evenly distributed throughtut the year and June still prov-ed-to yield the greatest number of species. September, on the other hand, produces a paucity in diversity.
Very few species occur -
in fact, no brown algae have ever been detected in Barnegat Bay dur-in-September.
Throughout any year, the numbor of species increases n*,ed03" between Mar:ch end June.
The phaeopPyta especi_*]ly increase in pd:*>. during this period.
During the warmer '.months, the repro-ductl;.-,:opacity of most species appears to be stressed.
This is foill,,,sc*
- j-r a precipitous drop in species composition, reaching a low of eleven -peci.js in September.
It must be pointed out, however, that September has always been the month of least activity in the Bay, so a sampling error may be involved here.
At any rate, the species composition remain-, low until the winter? dominants appear in December.
There seems to be no change in the ratio of Chlorophyta versus Rhodophyta throughout the year; that is, their relative abundance is roughly equal during any one month.
The phaeophyta show the greatest degree of change throughout the yasr and may be much more sensitive to temperature change.
The four year totals for all phyletic groups of algae are indi-cated in fig. A-3.
pr6baiiitr oT occurring.
A study ýas made of tKe-probability of any species of benthic algae occurrir,* on a baýwide basis.
The species were ranked accord-ing to their p-.obability of occurring 12 months out of 12, 11 out of 12..
11......,
out of 11, 10 out of 11,....
etc.
We were then able to construct a sequential checklist which would read from the most probable species (the dominants) to the least probable species (the rare forms).
Those species that would occur with equal probability are listed together.
We would, indicate that in some instances only the Genus was identified, species could not be ascer-tained due to the lack of fruiting bodies.
The final list is pre-sented on page 18 and 19 The number beside each species indi-cates its probable rank in any collection at any time of the year.
For example, number 34 (Pllaiella littoralis) will occur with greater probability (and frequerncy-y ah-ff*num--uber--5T-REalfsia verrucosa).
Fig. A-4 is a plot of the frequency - probability distribution for benthic algea.
It is simply a matrix which demonstrates how difficult it becomes to predict the occurrence of any species of benthic algae.
In general, the fewer months a species appears, the more difficult it becomes to predict that that species will appear with the same frequency year after year.
Some species are consistent in their distribution, year after year; these appear at the 1.000 probability level.
on the other hand, nearly 50 percent of the species cannot be predicted with a probability of 1.000.
At least
Page 16 Figure A-3 FWUR-IEAR TOTALS FOR ALGAE COLLECTED IN B.RNEGAT BAY, NEW JERSEY.,
DOES NOT INCLUDE BARNEGAT LIGHT OR SHORE STATIONS.
MONTH NUMBER OF SPECIES o/o COMPOSITION 00 o0o u
0 0
.6 0~~
~
~
~
E-Qc8c JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 10 9
13 8
19 31 25 15 3
12 2
17 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
0 14 13 37 14 12 35 15 22 5o 9
15 32 21 24 64 22 35 89 8 34 67 3
23 41 0
8 11 3
23 38 1
13 16 21 19 57 27.0 25.7 26.0 25.0 29.6 34.8 37.3 36.5 27.2 31.5 12.5 29.8 0
0 0
0 0
1.1 0
0 0
0 0
0 37.8 35.1 40.0 34.2 30.0 44.0 28.1 46.8 32.8 37.5 24.7 39.3 11.9 50.7 7.3 56.0 0
72.0 7.8 60.5 6.2 81.2 36.8 33.3
page 17 Species of Benthic Algae Listed in Decreasing Frequency Through Year.
I
- 1. Ulva lactuca, 2. Agardhiella tenera, 3. Ceramiur, fastigiatum,
- 4. Champia parvula, 5. Gracilaria verrucosa, 6. Polysiphonia harveyi II
- 7. Acrochaetium sp., 8. Polysiphonia nigrescens III
- 9. Gracilaria foliifera IV
- 10. Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, 11. Entocladia viridis
- 12. Polysiphonia denudata V
- 13. Enteromorpha intestinalis, 14. Callithamnion sp.
VI
- 15. Enteromorpha linza, 16. Desmotrichium undulatum VII
- 17. Halothrix lumbricalis, 18. Rhodophysema georgii VIII
- 19. Ceramium rubrum IX
- 20. Cladophora sp.
X
- 21. Punctaria latifolia XI
- 22. Chaetomorpha linum, 23. Punctaria plantaginea, 24. Stilophora rhizodes,
- 25. Callithamuion roseum XII
- 26. Cladophora gracilis f. expansa, 27. Sphacelaria cirrosa,
- 28. Erythrotrichia carnea, 29. Spyridia filamentosa XIII
- 30. Asperococcus echinatus XIV
- 31. Enteromorpha prolifera, 32. Ectocarpus confervoides,
- 33. Ectocarpus confervoides v. heimalis, 34. Pylaiella littoralis,
- 35. Goniotrichium alsisii, 36. Hildenbrandia prototypus XV
- 37. Myrionema strangulans XVI
- 38. Ceramium Nubriforme XVII
- 39. Enteromorpha marginata, 40. Enteromorpha plumosa, 41. Ralfsia clavata,
- 42. Polysiphonia nigra XVIII 43. Bryopsis hypnoides,
- 44. Bryopsis plumosa XIX
- 45. Ectocarpus siliculosus, 46. Giffordia granulosa XX
- 47. Enteromorpha biflagellata, 48. Ulvella lens, 49. Antithamnion cruciatum XXI
- 50. Cladophora glaucescens,51. Enteromorpha clathrata, 52. Rhizoclonium sp,,
- 53. Ectocarpus sp., 54. Myriotrichia. clavaeformis, 55. Ralfsia verrucosa,
- 56. Scytosiphon lomentaria, 57. Fosliella aejolisii,
- 58. Polysiphonia subtilissima
Page 18 S
XXII
- 59. Cladophora gracilis, 60. Elachistea fucicola, 61. Ceramium diaphanum,
- 62. Porphyra umbilicalis XXIII 63. Ascophyllum nodosum v. scorpiodes, 64. Hypnea musciformis XXIV 65. Chaetomorpha aerea XXV
- 66. Cladophora refracta, 67. Enteromorpha compressa,
- 68. Rhtzoclonium riparium, 69. Farlowiella onusta,
- 70. Chondria tenuissima, 71. Griffithsoa tenuis, 72. Lomentaria baileyana XXVI
- 73. Codiolum gregarium, 74. Ulothrix implexa, 75. Desmarestia viridis,
- 76. Myriotrichia.
fillformis, 77. Bangia ciliaris, 78. Gelidium crinale XXVII 79. Cladophora crystallina, 80. Callithamnion byssoides,
- 81. Callithamnion corymbosum XXVIII82.
84.
87.
90.
93.
95.
Cladophora albida, 83. Cladophora albida v. refracta, Cladophora expansa, 85. Cladophora flexousa, 86. Gomontia polyrhiza, Protoderma marinum, 88. Ectocarpus tomentosus,
- 89. Giffordia sp.,
Leathesia difformis, 91. Bangia fuscoprupurea, 92.
Chondria baileyana, Chondria nsdifolia, 94. Lomentaria baileyana v. valida, Porphyri leucosticta XXIX
- 96. Cladophora gracilis f. tenuis, 97. Kylinia sp., 98. Polysiphonia sp.,
- 99. Polysiphonia urceolata XXX 100.
102.
104.
107.
109.
114.
116.
117.
Blidingia minima, 101. Cladophora flavescens, Cladophora rudolphiana, 103. Monostroma oxyspermum, Percursaria percursa, 105. Vaucharia sp., 106. Fucus sp.,
Giffordia mitchellae, 108. Petalonia fascia, Punctaria latifolia f. crispata, 110. Acrochaetium flexosum, Callithamnion baileyi, 112. Chondria sp., 113. Chondria strictum, Cruoriopsis ensis, 115. Dasya pedicellata, Lomentaria baileyana v. filiformis, Polysiphonia harveyi v. arietina, 118. Polysiphonia harveyi v. olueyi XXXI
)cOh I
]19. Spirogyra sp., 120. Seirospora griffithsiana, 121. Spermothamnion sp.
122. Desmotrichium balticum, 123. Anabaena sp., 124. Calothrix sp.,
125. Hyella sp., 126. Lygbya sp., 127. Oscillotoria sp., 128. Spirulina sp.
J' - S f iC 11 i
ii-
.h yr...3.11,4,*.
page 19 Fig.A-4.
Frequency-probability distribution for benthic algae.
Example, there are four species of algae which have a 0.777 probability of occurring nine months of the year.
1.000 19 18 7
9 h
1 1 2 1
6 P
R 0
B A
B I
L I
T Y
L E
V E
L
.917
.888
.875
.857
.833
.800
.777
.750
.714
.666
.625
.600
.571 2
2 6
2 3
h 1
4 6
1 2
2 2
1 1
3 3
1 2 3 L 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Occurrence (# months)
page 20 C. Probability of occurring (Cont'd) 30 percent of the species can only be predicted with an accuracy or probability of less than 0.800.
One must, therefore, be cautious in predicting the occurrence of an algae species in Bernegat Bay.
D.
prediction tables.
Careful qualitative analysis of the benthic algae for three continuous years of data allow one to make predictions regarding the temporal distribution of each species throughout any year.
These *dis-tributions can be best presented in bar diagrams, wh:ere each species is listed along with its probable distribution throughout a year.
Such a depiction is presented in Fig. A-5.
These two pages indicate the most probable occurrence of all species collected in Barnegat Bay.
(Errata -
Cladophora albida and Cladophora albida v.
refracta were inadvertently omitted from this list; both of these species are limited to the months of Pvlay and June).
An arrangement of species as in Fig. A-5 allows one to visually perceleve two things:. I)
The individual occurrence of any species of algae - for example, the dominant species listed on the probability checklist appear as a block assemblage or algae which are found throughout the year.
II)
By reading down the columns, one can detect assemblages of clgae which are found dur"ig certain months of the year.
Unfortunately, such a presentation tells us nothing about the abundance of each species, nor anything,bout its spacial distribution.
We may,
- however, use such prediction tables to actually test the distribution of species in Barnegat Bay.
For this
- purpose, we have constructed a probable-distribution table for the top 66% of the species of the checklist; this data is present in Fig. A-6.
It is apparent ft-om this figure that June still represents the month with the greatest number of species.
Each species is listed by code number and rank.
The actual species can be determined by referring.
to Fig. A-5; the rank number indicates its relative probability of occurring.
Again, assemblages of algae can be seen.
A more detailed analysis of assemblages will have to await analysis of this data by standard association techni-ques.
We have essentially repeated Fig. A-6 for each year in Figs.
A-7 A-10.
If one compares the actual occurrence of each species with the predicted occurrence of Fig.
A 6, one finds that out of 825 independent ooservations of individual species of algae, only 23 observations ( or 2.78%) were predicted wrong.
That is, only 23 observations of algae occurred outside of the months in which it was predicted to occur.
Thus, Fig. A-6 provides a good estimate of which species one is likely to find in Barnegat Bay during any month.
If the species does, in
- fact, not occur during its predicted month, we would not be as disturbed as when it occurs during a month when it was not predicted.
The reason for this statement is clearl it is more likely that we will miss a species during a month, because of sampling error,than It is for a warm water species, sZ:-,
to occur during the winter.
page 21 Fig. A-5 Predicted Anhual Species Distribution of Benthic Algae iti Barnegat Bay C
T C Y A D P E
E K SPECIES
,Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 40 G 7h Uloth.implexa 128 R 62-.1orphy. umbilici 2 G 43 Bryops. hypnoides 80 B 24 Stiloph. rhizodes 77 B 56: Scytosi. loments 47 B 30 AspercoccA echinatus 62 B 46. Giff. granulosa 53 B L5 Ectocarp. silicul6.
51 B 32 Ectocarp. conferv.
52 B 33 Ectocarp. conf. heim.
73 B 34i Pylaiella ]ittor.
108 R 35 Goniotric. alsidii 70 B 21 Punctar. latifol.
27 0 15 Enterom. linza 66 B 37 Myrionema strang.
72 B 23 Punctar. plantag.
23 G 47 Enterom. biflag.
17 G 26.oClado. grac. expans.
78 B 27: Sphacel. cirrosa 64 B 17 Halothr. lumbr.
129 R 16 Rihodophy. georgii 105 R 28 Erythro. carnea 49 B 16 Desmotric. undulat.
98 R 4. Champia parvula 120 R 6-Polysiph. harveyi 94 R. 3 Ceramium fastig.
110 R 5 Gracilaria verru.
hl G 1. Ulva lactuca 8h R 2 Agard. tenera 81 R 7 Acrochae. sp.
124 R 8-Polysipb. nigres.
21 G 10 Codium fragile
.31 G 11 Entocladia viri.
119 R 12 Polysiph. denud.
88 R 14 Callitham. sp.
26 G 13. Enterom. intest.
7 G 20 Cladoph. sp.
- 96 R 19 Ceram. rubrum 109 R 9 Gracilaria f']i.
95 R 38 Ceramium rub;..,
42 G 48 Ulvella lens 5 G 22 Chaetomor. lJnum 85 R 49 Antitham. crucia.
h 0 65 Chaetom. aerea.
130 R.29. Spyridia filament.
92 R 25 Callitham. roseum 76 B 65 Ralfsia verru.
71 B 109 Punctar. lat. fol.
57 B 69 Farlow. onusta 68 B 76 Dyriotrich. filifor.
67 B 54 Myriotrich. clavae.
25 G 51 Enterom. clath.
29 0 40 Enterom. plumosa 46 B 63 Ascophy. nodos. scor.
38 G 68 Rhizo. riparium 125 R 58-Polysiph. subtil.
28 0 39 Enterom. margin.
106 R 57. Fosliella lejo.
37 G 52. Rhizo. sp.
50 B 53 Ectocarp. sp.
24 G 67 Enterom. compres.
54 B 88 Ectocarp. tomento.
19 G 66 Clado, refracta 75 B 41. Ralfsia clavata 30 0 31 Enterom. prolif.
I x xxxc4Axxx4~xx I
XXX
~XýX~QxX~xxxXXX xxxxx J0(XZxxx=
XXXYxY2A~g
,xxXXxxwxxcxx=Xxxxxxxxxxxxmx 2XXXX)'XXPXnXJJXVXXUcX~x2J(t 1
2xxa)xxX)=XxX~XX~xxxxxx) XXX0CX xx Mxxxxxxx 1
xxxxxx x
X)O XXiX x~xMXX~X xXX XXX XXXXXXX~
XXXCXXCX
)XXXXXXXXXXXXXYXXXX)XJCX xXýxxxxx~x xoxxxxý oc xx xX x2OXXXpXX~
IXXX
!X VXK~XXXXXnxxxxxxxX~xX xX 4 M~xJxcX X
ýxx X XXJXXXXX XXXXXXXX~x XXX XX xXXXXXXXXX xxx xx~x~o~xx 2xxxxx~xxxxxxxxflC2xxx I x
)Xx XX1Xxx~kxxxxx
.AAA.4AAA AAAAA4AAx.AAAAAAAAAAAJ)AAAm AAA&AAAA "Xxxý IXxxX~~cxxwXxX x
xxxxx~xM xxxxxixknxxxbc-xkx x~xx~cx~
Cxxxxxaxxxxx~qcxuxxxxYxxx.
Xxxx lXXXxxXXXXZX2(XXXXXXXXXX4 XXX
~ <I xxxxxx~c~~xoocxc XX x xxpaxxxxxxxpmxxx IXXlXXx IxxxTx(xa I XXX xxxxxxXX xXXxxx,
- xXXXXjX xxxx x0cxxxaxxxxn xxqxxxx yXXXXXX XXXX~(Jc x
!xmx Ixxxixxxx Ixý-
IxXXX
~
xxxxnqxxxýcxxxic XXXX(
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xx~x Ixxxx x~xx)
Page 22 Fig.A-5 Predicted Annual. Species Distribution of Pen.thic Algae in Barnegat Bay (Cont'd)
C T
R 0
Y A D
P N
E E
K SPECIES Nov Dec ian 'eb 6ar jApr ýMay ljun iiul Aug Sep.Oct 127 R 95 *--Porphy. leuco.
h8 B 75, Desmar. viridis 3
G 44-Bryopsis plumosa 55 B 60
.Elachist. fucic.
1 G 100 ' Blidingia mini.
97 R l13,,.Chondria strictum 114 R 97
- Kylinia sp.
87 R 77
.Bangia ciliaris 123 R 42
- Polysiph& nigra 10 0 79 Oladoi arystal.
18 0 96 Cladoa gracilis 113 R 64 Hypnea musci, 112 R 36
- Hildenbrt proto4 69 B 108u-Petanonia fascia 14 G 85-Cladot flexalisa 61 B 89.--Giffordia spa 86 R 91 s-Bangia fuscot 65 B 90 L-Leathesia diffoi 118 R 98 *-Polysiph.
sp.
22 G 73 Codiolum greg.
15 G 50 Clado. glauc.
44 Y 105L. Vaucheria spI 13 G 101 Clado. flaves.
104 R 115. Dasya pedicel.
20 G 102. Clado. flaves.
82 R 110, Acrochaet. flex.
58 B 106-'Fucus sp.
122 R 118-Polysiph. harv. olue.
63 B 107. Giffordia mitch.
101 R 93 -,Chondria sedif.
100 R 92 Chondria bailey.
32 G 86 G
Oomontia poly.
11 G 84 Cixdo. expansa 115 R 72 Lament. bailey.
111 R 71 - Griff. tenuis.
102 R 70 flhondria tenuis.
107 R 78 Gelidium crinale 16 G 59.
Clado. gracilis 93 R 61 Ceramium diaph.
90 R 80 u Callitham. bysso.
91 R 81 Callitham. corym.
36 0 87 Protoder. marinum 103 R llb, Cruorio. ensis 116 R 116 Lament. bail. fili.
99 R 112 Chondria sp.
34 1014 -Percur. percur.
117 R 94, Lament. bail. vali.
33 0 103-Monost. oxysperm.
126 R 99,- Polysiph. urceol.
89 R 111 Callitham. baileyi 121 R 117 -- Polysiph. harv. ariet JCLxxx~xxxx~cx X
XX XXX X~~x XXXJXXXXX XXIw XX.
ý6
ýoouxxi,
ýxx vxlx IxX~XX' XX
- Xxx' 1XX X XXXJ00U
))XX XXYXXJXXXX~XX
'XXXJýXXAXUXJOXP XX1 YYYYXYXYXXXcm X=x xNxx~xxm XXX~Xx xxxx xxoccxx Xxxxx
Page 23 Fij.A-6 Most Probable Species Distribution P-"
Period (1965-1968) in Barnega.:
Code Rank Nov Dec Jan hO-
.-... (7h----------.-.-..-..--
128 62 xxx; 2
L3 xx,-
80 24 XXJL-"
77
- 56.
X xxxxxxxz h7 30 XXYXXXXX I
62 h6 XXXxxX 53 15 xxxxxx-51 32 xxxx xxX 52 33 xxxý:xxIxxx 73 34 XXX,.
108 35 xC-xxxxx:Ix 70 2 1 27 15 xxxxxx........ '",,,......
66 37 XXXXXX T'x'::7 X,"..
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98 14
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xxxxxxxxMC"x'Xxxxxx 1 0 6XXXX.XXXXX,,,.
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'XXXXXXXYIxZC~fXXXXXXL2YI 119 12 XXXXX)XXXXXXXXY,,
7Z. ?K..............,
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a.xxxx' x*.
26 13 xxxxxxxxxXX xx x....i A,
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0X2-,
17 20 U.....
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109 9
~XXXXXXX xxx7 XYY xxxs,,-I~ixxxxzx~~~l-101.
C.-XI 95 38 XXX XXX..
A A
f
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..... K XX X 142 148 xxxx y(
7"C.7§AY 5
22 XXXX.
(X:('CX VVYX.2X XXXAI 85 IS2
.XXXXXX XX:;CY:X.
.nAA,]O.
- ":(_<X) X
..i,',tXXAJXAXZ 96 49 Xxxxxx,:..
.. v+ '
14 65 xxxx 130 29 1XXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX X'
IX:DC-:X X
92 25 xxxx xxxxx,"x.....
76 55 xxxx x K 57 69 XXXX
..,X ':
67 54 xxxx (7, -.:... I."-
25 51 XXXX 29 140 xxxx
~A 46 63 XXXXXX X
38 68 xxxx.
.i 125
- 58.
xxxx 28 39 xxxx xxxx
.106 57 xxx).
- zcyc 37 52 xxxx X-'
A 50 53 xxxx xx..
214 67 xYxx xxb0(
_X'&
19 66 x.rxxx
- 75.
51 xxxxx
,x,;
x 30
.31 XXXX XXX
"--a,7*:--"CAX',
3 106 15 XX X
xx :"""""" "Y"'.
55 60 xxxx""xx x -"x X.
123 642 XXX.hA.
113 614 x.x xx dxrZx',xxxxxzza
.n4 113 60
- XXX, XX,'XTX) U_ I!_\\ XZ.x x XJX.
7-2 36xxx v..--
22 73
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15 50 X 0: 'Y,<:X'L
- 115 72'v
..r -,:--
i 71X,.,
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i I 7o
Page 24 Fig.A-7.
Distribution of Benthic Algae in Barnegat Bay 1965 Code Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 2
eO boC Xixocl 77 I
732 I
47 6253 52 X
23 X
108 70 Xxxx XJ 237 XXXX'I 721 xxx 129 119 Ixxxx;x 26 1xxxxx xxxx 92
,iXXX' I
3i i
- xxx~ x 110
' xxxm=:xx "bow 126 I
I X*XX X)XXX 85 I
xxxx~xx1 x
17 mixg II i
210 XXI Xx 25 xI xxxx 219 1
F 3I xxxkxx i8o xxxx 28 I
- 1.
xxnxxl 1 6 Ii 96 xxxxxr :
106 XI I
I 19 4XX 75 i
xxx 30 (XX XXX C 30 I
I xx~x 123 XXXXI 1i3 I
kZXXXXX 112 I
cX InX iI
)
XxxXxlx 157I i*
- xxmxi 102
- XXX*XX 16
,x I
93
Page 25 Fig.A-8.
Distribution of Benthic Algae in e--
1966 CODE N'ov Dec Ian Feb Mar Apr P
... j 40 228 2
77 47 62 53 51 52 73 108 70 27 6Y 72 23 i7 6L4 129 105 49 98 120 94 110 41 84 81 124 21 31 119 58 26 7
96 109 95 L2 5
85 4
130 92 76 57 67 25 29 L6 38 2*25 28 106 37 50 24 19 75 30 3
55 123 113 112 22 18 115
'xxxk Xxxxý XX XX
'lxxx; xxxxxxx xxxxxxx
!xxxxxxxX
- xxxxxixxx xxxxxxx
- xxx~xxxx xxxwxx lxxxp xxxxý xxxxxxy lxxxk xxxx xxxxi
- xxxt xxxt CI AX (132 xx7 Y',
xxxx-xx:-x x
ý,JXu
-xO
\\2", k;!:
X":.:
1 (J
'xx xx,
.;,x:.:XX
.:XX< :-,::*:
it.':-::7
".(kA;t..
.::.':-X AL*!<XX ({XiL,<
"Y::%
XXXXXAJ XXXXXXXC..
x., X:x X:,v:: X'
- .....................4 Xxx X
X7X
",x xx~xxx-,xxIxI'cuxx:'
lxxxx x xxx.
'XY XXUX x".ý_:::
xxx.XX-'a XX XXV\\
XXXX
- ý: XX 0
i Page 26 Fig.A-0 Distribution of, Benthic Algae in Barr.cgat Dal.,
1967
.Code Mov Dec.Jan Feb Mar Apr if-,- Jun jul Au,7 Sep Oct xxxx- -
I...
128
- xX xxx
- I I
2 CX~XXX~X
=:xxx*K2::
2I YYxxxxK
,xzcMI:1-x 80
.xxxx.
)
xL:XI 77 PXXX 62 xxxx
- xxxxx mx 62
- xxxx xxxxxxxk*
x::
51 xxxx xxxxxxxx
'Xx=x--
52IXXX X)XXXKXX
- xyA 73 I
208 xxxr Xxxxxxx 70 xxxx 27 jXXXX*
'XXXXXXXX*
XXYd:,K7:x 66 72 xxxxxxx*
xxX:X::zX 23 xxx 17
!xxxW xxxx X
78 129
ýXXN X
xx~x,:
.XxK 105
.Xd O(XXXxx I
,X..(XXXX 19 bxxx xxxx xxg xx:xxxx:
I 98Oxx XXLKX
~(XXJ X'
" XX~yXX Y
XXX4 CXxxxX 1XXX1XXýXXXX, 98 XXxX xxxxx xxx:,:xxxx xxX X'Xx 120
.Xx X~x XD(X XX XYXxX"X X Xx 9Lo
- xx xýXxxxxxxx yy:xxxxx zx x: xx 8h ixxxi vxxxxxxx
- x x v
'-:(:':": xXX MxX no I
xxx xxxx xx x,:,:.x:xxx:.:xxx::xxx~,xxxx 81 1
xxxx xxxxxxjc Xx.XX 12h xxxX CXXXXXXX fXX XXX.A XXX
- XXXX 21 1XXXX CXXXXXXKX" xx Xx Xx '
X(X 119 xxxxxx
.xx:,.*a xX*
Xxxx 21 I
xxx
- xxxxxx xxx;:'xx.:xxxLxxx lxxxx 81
!XXXx
]
- X*xx XX
- 7XX 26 XXXX
- XXXXXXX:.axXxxX xXxx 8.xxxx
- cxxx xxx:x:(::xŽXxx
,,x 7
XXXX,
XXXXXX X XX XXXx 96 xxxx XXXX XXXAYxxxxx xxxo 9'
XXXX XXXX X(4 (i 9 5 X X X
.x x
- x x
5
- XXXx XXXXXXX)X X XX 7,XYV w
"XjX 85 XXXX "A Uxx 4
xxxx 130
!Ix XXX)(XLX~x"xx'm Xxxxx 92 pXXX
!OXy:
76 XXX X :
57
-YMx X 67
- xxxx UxxYy'xM 25 IxxX XXXIXX 29 Ixxxx YXXXXXXX
,6
.XXXX 38 125 XX XX lXXX XXXXXX 28 Xxxx.
!xx~x
_Ux,
XXXX 106 ixxXv xxxx 37 Xxxx xxxx 5
- Xxxx, FCXOX XXXXIX'Xxý 24xxxi xxx.
xxx,:Xý
- 19.
ýxxxxx 30 xxx,'
xxxx 39
{xxx 123 I.
xx
.xx.,xx:x lxxx xxxx 55 pXXXX
- XXXX!,Kq 123 X
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XXXX"AA 113 XXXW 112
'xx:(xxX 22 15
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115
- XXXx 102
-,-v-,v 16 XYXX
?3.
Page 27 Fig.A-10. Distribution of Benthic Algae in Barnegat Bay - 1968 Code 40.
128 2
80 77 47 62 53 51 52 73 108 70 27 66 72 23 17 78 64 129 105 49 98 120 94 110 4184 81 124 21 31 119 88 26 7
96 109 95 42 5
85 4
130 92 76 57 67 25 29 46 38 125 28 106 37 50 2h 19 75 30 123 113 112 22 15 115 ill 102 16 Nov Dec. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
-xr
.X.
.J
)O(.......
XXXX xxxxl
,Cxxxxuxx xxxx xxxx*
xxrxxxxxxxxodxxx xY.xA, xxxrxxxyxxxý x xxxxx
.xxxxxxk XXXX XXXX XXX)"
XXXXXXX xxxx Xxx~xxyxx x
xxxx xxxx Y(XUlxxx xxxkx xXXX XXX xx
?"Xxxxxxx xx,'.
xxxx kx~xx xxxx xi XXXX xxxx XXY.'.
XXY.X xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx xxxxxxxx xxxx xxxx XXXXXXx KXXXX )(XYX
%XXXXXXXXX >XXx2-; ). 1,; X xxxxx x x xx xxx m
- xx,.xxx xx y:.. x yxxxxx XX.XXXXXXXXXX 7(XX\\kXX
..,. XXA.XXA hxx.,xxx ;*xx'.xx SXxxxxxXXX xxxxxx:
.xxxxxX x
- x, x xax.xxLxxx xx: x,. x xxxxxx XXXXX:.xxxxx x }x::.
xxxxxx,.
I XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXA X.XX KXXYJ( XXXXXC, XXXX x:'XX xxxxXXXXXX. /
Lxxxx xxxx xxxx XXXX X X X XX2.".,: 0 XXX XXXX-
.U yiX XXXx X XX xxxxy xxxxxx., YXXxYY X.Xx
)(XX YXXX XXVXXcX.;XKXC" Xx
.xxxx XXX)OXYNXX XX'.KY XXXXX"XýX)X XXI\\XX I>.
ý.XXXXX YZX xXXXXX.
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.xx~
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W.XXXXX.(X xxxx xxMY XXXxxxx x :L:::
XXYX* YXX). X
'XXX
'x~xxx xxxx~xxxxx.xxx xxxx xXxx XX XX). : [xx xxxx
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Page 28 D.
prediction tables (contid)
In Fig. A-11, we have arranged those species which will occur only once, twice, thrice, etc.
in any given year.
Fig. A-1I-A ac-d Fig. A-11-B differ primarily in the probability level of occurring, with Fig. A-lI-A being more accurate.
- Again, this type of plot says nothing about special relations or quantity (abundance) of each species.
- However, on a baywide basis it compares favorably with the actual data of Fig. A-1.
Fig. A-12 predicts the relative abundance of each phyletic group of algae.
Again, you will notice that the Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta are relatively equal throughout the year, whereas the phceophyta diminish toward September and occur in greatest abundance in the winter.
E. General conclusions on benthic algae.
Although extreme variability may occur in natural populations due to en-vironmental factors which may be subtle or blantantly obvious, variability often is a function of the quantitative aspects of species composition.
In Barnegat Bay, the benthic algae do vary in their abundance throughout the year.
This is ilLus-trated in the quantitative study of biomass summerized in Fig.A-13.
However, the qualitative aspects of benthic algae in Barnegat Bay seem to be more stable, year to year.
This is especially true for the season in which certain species can be expected to appear& Only one dominant has appeared during the study which was r.."
a dominant prior to 1965 - this was Codium fragile.
No dominants have disappeared and no rare forms have become common.
The diversity of algae in Barnegat Bay has remained high throughout the study, which suggests that a rather stable con-munity persists.
We would predict, therfore, that inthe absence of any stress-ful conditions in the bay, that the algae populations will first, adjust to the ensuing competition generated by Codium and then continue to exhibit a hetero-geneous composition with few or no rare forms changing their status.
In short, we would expect the algae populations to behave in a conservative manne,, One distinct possibility which might result from the thermal addition conditions, which will occur soon, is the loss of species in the Phaeophyta during the sum-mer months.
We anticipate no change in the ratio of Chlorophyta to Rhodophyta after thermal addition.
Page 29 Fig.A-1*. Species distributio!i of benthic algae over three yearF.
Fig. A.Species that occur at least once during indicated month, with probability level of 1.000.
Fig. B. Species that occur at least once during indicated month, with probability level 1.000 and less.
Fig. A.
Species Total 2
8 3 19 4 :15 5 -28 6,47 7 ;70 8 '27 9 i26 10 21 11 81 12 41 13 20 33 34 44 9
11 14 32 36 24 38 57 102 111 25 37 50 67 76 29 75 123 2
3 30 51 52 73 108 5
72 80 92 17 49 64 129 96 7
86 31 119 109 124 84 9h 98 110 120 5854 115 77 53 112 78 63 69 61 65 22 40 106 125 62 23 66 95 105 130 71 86 48 16 42 82 100 6855 85 89 101 87 93
- 99 117 107 128 97 103 104 116 121 122 127 18.114 118 126 46 113 4
19 18 13 16 11 9
9 6
2 2
6 Occurrence, number of months per year.(=Y axis)
Species Fig. B.
1 2
3 14.5 6
7 89, 1
8 1915 28 47 70 27 64 9
24 25 292 30 49 129 96 20 11 38 37 75 3
315 17
- 3 57 50 123 46 51 72 78 34 44 58 32 36 5h 102 111 115 67 76 77 16 55 93 113 52 73 108 80 92 66 105 130 95 63 61 18 106 128 6965 114 125 10 71 86 118 22 90 82 100 126 40 91
.89 99 97 103 104* " -6 ! -1 101 117 127 18 114 118 126 48 68 87 107 Total 122 19 18 ii15 115 11 10 7
2 0
14 112 53 62 4
23 42 85 10 109 11.
12 4-1 814 914 98 110 120 81 124 21 31 119 26 86 Occurrence,number of months per year (=Y axis)
Probability decreases in this direction
Page 30 Fig.A-12 EXTRAPOLATED SPECIES COUNTS MONTH JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC NUMBER OF SPECIES o
pw 12 16 15 43 13 17 14 44 15 17 22 54 13 16 22 51 22 24 25 71 33 1
22 37 92 26 9
35 70 16 2
28 46 10 0
22 32 12 3
23 38 8
2 16 26 17 21 19 57 0Pý 0
- a 27.9 29.5 27.8 25.5 31.0
.35.9 37.1 32.8 31.2 31.6 30.8 29.8 E-i 0
0 0
0 0
1.1 0
0 0
0 0
0 p-,
0 P-1 0
m
% CCMPOSITION 37.2 34.9 38.7 31.8 315. 40.7 31.4 43.0 33.8 35.2 23.9 40.2 12.9 50.0 4.3 60.8 o
68.8 7.9 60.6 7.7 61.6 36.8 33.4
Page 31 Fi-*
A-13 Results of the strip harvest studies.
Values reported are in grams biomass per square meter, except the values in the two.
dredge loads for 10-25-67.
These are dry weights for the total load.
8-16-66 (18)
Do-16-67 (15-B Wet Dry Dredge Wet Dry Dredge 10-25-67 (23-A)
Dredgo Diving No.1 No.2 E -oecies E-r-zpsis plumosa C'..reto-o.rha linum CEa2oph-ra sp, Codium fragile ssp.
tomonto.-oides Ulva lpctuca Agardh'.clla tenera Callithamnion sp.
Ceramium fastigiatum Champia parvala Gracilaria foliifera G.verrucosa Polysiphonia denudate P. harveyi rnigra Spyridi a filimentosa
+
+
0.80 0.03
+
0.05
.o*3o 640.0 577.0 3.70 L 80 8.10 0.30 2.10 0.02
+
.4 0.08 0.01
+
+
28.7 1.40 0.10
+9.10 1.20
+
"0
+
÷
+-
+
.4
+
+
.4 0.13
+
+
63.90 8.60 4.30 19.90 1.30
.4.
Page 32 Progress Report #5:
Penthic Invertebrates.
T.,e
'Vin-.s and their densities (expressed as number per -- uare
-M a
presented in the standard format, viz. *each specie..' char-
-nun.ber followed by that species' density at the particular c-...d:.
on a specific date.
The number within the parentheses follow-Gate is thie nrmber of species recorded for quantitative sampling.
- i'r qualitative sampling was also conducted these data are presented quant-itative material.
If an animal appears in both types
'-.1pioDs on the samo day this is
% enoted by an (X) follou'.'
- _ species
,h quanti." ative presentation.
o.
.te cadrate dosignation are the specific station locations,.
for ihe most part, self explanatory.
If no definite location the otation-was positioned by us3 of a se:,tant and subsequently FPoC and QCC refer respectively to Forked River Channel, c"..".f......from -;ight 12 to
.ght 4, and Oyster Creek Channel, from the mo...
c2 Oyster Creek to Light..3.
A:.-mals ar'ded to the checklist since the last report are:
90 C'-.
92 93 95 97 99 100 C.-.rcinus ir :aas Czllipalle..a 'revirostris
.:areis succinea Pista cristata Busycon cenaliculatum Mac-ma balthica Amphitrite ornata Yoldia limatula S'.*hW-elais leidyi (picta)
Cancer irroratus ILaloclava producta 101 102 103 104 lO5 106 107 108 1C09 110 Nereis virens aminoe solitaria Oxyurostylis smithi Sabellaria vulgaris Podarke.obscura Pista palmata dief i
senile Drilonereis longa Marphysa sanguinsa Tubularia crocea
Fag(, 33
- 3ttcInrvertebra-tes 21k 23 2')
C5 55)
Light )
163.
29 Quadrate 23D Mouth Oyster Creek June
- 1.
(5) 0 S -.cicis Nloe 48 Denr '..ty 190 S40 7
9 11 72 92
.1-
.;c' l
129 ito b0~02 ~mr':*.-
- ~Bu oy (12)
DcinsJ ty 42 h
(.
- i 9
1
.c9A1T.
T ur 21 (9)
.15 1 d 7
2 Af.tElhit -tive S)
- 131P,2b, 29,
'a,6.
65 33 6
110 76 173 77 31
".2 23
,:ior'asc 8.27 rn/rnm2
Page 34 Benthic Invertebrates 1-dS:-'
ate 23A
'".3 2)Ju 21 3335 4o 46 60 65 72 73 76 C9 Light 3
(' )
Density 9
2 7
140 1
4 7
14 8
3 361 35 2
Quadrate 22A July 1 Species No.
1 17 24 25 29 39 65 76 96 Light 4 (9)
Density 2
3 60 3
1 pres.
36 2
Biomass 6.54 gm/rn2 Quadrate 22A July 1 FRC (8)
Birmass 15.47 gm/m2 Quadrate 22A July I Species No.
17 33 35 46 52 65 72 FRC (7)
Density 7
16 3
15 14 190 5
Species No.
17 23 43 146-52 60 72 85 Density 3
91 30 7
3 Bionass 2,52 gm/m 2 Biomass 3,08 gm/M 2
Page 35 Benthic Invertebrates Quadrate 8C July 1 Species No.
1 2325 3940 4 5 48 52*
65 73 76 85 92 Light (13)
Density 5
33 pres.
9 16 2
5 1
15 16 2
4 2
Quadrate 17C July 1 Species No.
1 17 24 3352 65 73 76 95 97 F Buoy (10)
Density 20 35 2
13 3
32 7
336 1
2 Biomass 4.35 gm/m2 Quadrate 23A July 1 Species No.
8 16 17 24 25 35 3941 45 h8 50 60 72 73 74 76 79 (17)
Quadrate 23D July 1 Species No.
1 2548 65 76 J Buoy (5)
Density 10 6
1 3715 Density 3
pres.
2 11 17h pres.
1 13 3
9 1
3 20 1
27 2
Biomass 3.14 gm/m2 3=---
Page :36 Benthibc invertebrites Quac~raite 14B Bqoyý D Qart ~
u Quadrate 15C 13"o"")D" July 8
(!O)
July 8 Species No, D -nsity Species No.
Density 17 135 10 pres.
23 6
17 11 33 38 29 3
45 8
33 5
106 11 35 9
60 96 74 4
65 57 76 36 69 23 96 2
78 73
-- 9Biomass 1,93 2~m Biomass 6.14 gm/M 2 Quadrate 23D III-1 July 8 (4)
Quadrate 15B BuoyE July 8 (6)
Species No.
Density Species No.
Density
- 5.
40 17 290 65 410 23 9
95 1
24 20 1.46 105 Biomass 4.17 gm/M 2 52 49 60 23 Biomass 18.97 gm/m2 Quadrate 25A Light 19 July 8 (2)
Quadrate 22A Series No.
Density
"-ii**8.
"54 180 95 3
Species No,.
Density 17 1
18 4
23 4
25 5,
33 6
48 4
52 16 65 52 74 9
76 35 Biomass 11.42 gm/m2
Page 37 Benthic Irvertebrates Quadrate 24A July 19 Species No.
24 33 46 52 60 76 93 Waretown (7)
Density 3..
16 8
20 2455 Quadrate 23D July 19 Species No.
17 2954 65 72 92 GCC (6) 0 Density 8
4 24 80 2
1 Biomass 3.11 gm/ 2 Quadrate 16B July 19 Species No.
.24 45 52 72 76 (5)
Density 204 100 3
76 Qlairate 23D 0 a.1ly 19 Species No.
23 29 33 35 48 61" OCC (12)
Density 24 5
7 24 58
ýj Biomass 2.47 gm/nm Quadrate 16B July 19 Species TIo.
1 2h 2L' 33 48 67 73 76 "N 66" (8)
Density 30 13 6
6 22 15h Biomiass '1.73 gm/ln4
~Ci Ar a.e 22B July 19 Species No.
Ti ght 12 (8)
- i. -ns i ty pie -s.
pres.
20 3
3 20 39 08 C' 9,'
BiorrýF, 6659 gm/rnŽ
Page 38 Benthic Invertebr ates Quadrate 17C July 19 Species No.
1 17 23 60 67 72 76 97 Buoy F (8)
Density 11 7
13 3
3 180 2
Quadrate 17A July 19 Species No.
1 17 23 24 48 52 60 69 72 73 76 98 Buoy G (12)
Density 21 3
13 31 6
15 12 7
3 12 41 Quadrate 22A July 29 Species No.
40 (x) 48 65 76 Light 4 Density 71 318 218 o50 0
Biomass 4.97 gm/m2 Qualitatively found (7) 2, 18, 40,ý 47, 50, 51, 56 Quadrate 16B July 29 Species No.
1 17 23 Mx) 52 60 65 72 73 76 (x) 93 N66 (10)
Density 23 78 6
31 10 224 15 16 163 13 Quadrate 17C July 29 Species No.
1 18 (X) 28 (x) 48 52 (x) 63 65 69 73
.76 (x) 97 Buoy
.F (11)
Density 10 1
131 21
.3 29 4
224 1
Biomass 5.11 gm/M 2 Qualitative (10) 5,18.,23,341-35,40,51,53,59,76 Biomass 3.22 gm/m2 Q,*I**'1 -'.ve (13) 2, 8, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, 29, 38, 52, 62, 76, 99
Page 39 Benthic Invertebrates Quadrate 8C July 29 Species No.
8 (x) 3' 40 (x) 50 (x) 52 (x) 65 (x) 69 72 76 85 Qualitative 3,8,18, 20,
'2, 59, 65 Light 2 (10)
Density 15 7
6 15 4o 7
14 20 3
(12) 28, 39, 1,0, 42, 50 Quadrate 11 July 29 Species No.
8 (x) 17 18 (x) 32 40 (X) h1 72 73 76 (x) 98 100 Light 1 South (11) 0 Density 7
21 9
22 4
5 1
16 100 1
.1 Qualitative (14)......
5, 8, 18, 29, 34, 37, 38, WO, 50, 52, 56, 62, 63, 76
)mu a.rate 15C ug. 16 3pe;ies No.
2.L 33 (x) 35 (X) 15 51 (X) 60 7(3 74 76 (x )
Limy D 1.
(11)
DJensity 3
7 423 5
.12 3
15 3
60 Quadrate 17A Aug. 16 Species No.
1
- 7 22 23 28 (x) 33 145 (x)*
48 5.* (x) 52I ( x) 56 (x) 60 65 72:
76 (X)
Biomass 7.61 gm/In2 Qualitative (12) 2, 18, 21,
- 213, 34, 52, 56, 63, 76 Buoy G (r:)
Density 7
16 2
115 4
66 3
160 9a 12 21.
67 Qua-litative (15)
II 9
- ' i
, 6 5, 6 7,
V s" .,
1 0 i 1 0 2 145,9.50, 51
.Page 40 Benth'i Invertebrates Quadrate 24A Aug, 16 Species No.
12 17 18 (x) 23 25 28 (x) 3334 (x) ho (x) 41 (x) 48 5o (x) 52 63 65 69 76 85 93 103 Wwretown (2o)
Density 15 8
2 2
6 7
pres.
12 1
4 26 3.
1 7
.3 68 4
1 1
29, 34, 4O, Quadrate 13A Aug. 16 Species No.
23 24 46.
52 59.
60 65 89 Bioy C 1 (8)
Density 4o 7
93 170 1O 10 20 14 Qualitative (12) 8, 18, 20, 27, 28, 41, 5o0, 51, 79 Quadrate 23D Sept.20 Species No.
17 29 50 (x) 51 52 63 (x) 65 (x) 76 104s Light 3 (12)
.Density 9
4 11 3
19 6
31 56 2
14" 43 many Biomass 11.21 gm/m2 Qualitative (15) 2, 5, 20, 21, 22, 34i 37, 39, 4o, i45ý -49, 50, 63, 65, 101
Page 41..
Benthic. Invertebrates Quadrate 22A
. Sept.27 Spacies No.
18 29 hi 52.
6.5 76 89 93 1O5 Biomass 3.01 0,,1/m 2
Light h (10)
Density 4
- II 9
26 16 103 27 9
2 1
Quadrate 22A Sept.27 24 33 46 60 65 83 Miomass 16.77 gm/m 2 18 21 156 3
184 1
FRC (6)
Quadrate 23D Sept. 27 Species Vo.
18 23 25 29 4i 45 50*
52 65 76 92 3o5 Biomas3 6.83 gnm/m2 Buoy J (13)
Density 3
16 9
23 11 15 9
47 200 78 1
Quadrate 22A Sept.27 Species No.
1 23 29 3h 41 45 48 52 65.*.**
76 85
.(11)
Density
.50 11 4
pres.5 33 1115 31 145 3
Page 42 Benthic Invertebrates Quadrate 15B Sept.27 Species No.
17 2324 25 33 39 60 65 72 76 105 106 E Buoy (13)
Density-210 36 9
7 15 pres.
24 14 9
29 2
3 Quadrate 15B Sept.27 Species No.
17 2324 3346 60 65 69 73 78 1/2 Buoys DI-E (10)
Density 17750 38 29 32 20 53 41 8
18 Quadrate 15C
-Sept. 27.
Series No.
23 24 26 29 3341 45 60 65 76 106 107 D 1 Buoy (12)
Density 16 3
3 9
16 255 57 35 2
Page 43 Benthic Invertebrates Quadrate 16B Oct.8 Species No.
2 5
23 28 35 6 5 76 io6 Amphitrite sp.
N66 (9)
Density 1
6 3
21 8
178 15 Quadrate 23D Oct. 8 Sr-cies No.
17 2324 33 60 65 76 Biomass 10.74 gm/mr2 Light 3 (7)
Density 24 6
17 8
8 700 23 Quadrate 23A Oct. 8 Species No.
. 54 72 89 11-1 (3)
Densi ty 64 1
Quadrate 17C Oct. 8 Species No.
1
- 18 29 36 41 52
.65 69 76 77 Buoy F (10)
Density 4
7 3
154 41 41 2
161 3
Quadrate 22A Oct. 8 Species No.
1 17 18 23 24 33 43 46 52 65 76 82 85 89 102ý FRC (15)
Density 5
13 8
17 4
12 1
9 23 1200 18 2
1 43 3
Biomass 27.84 gm/m2
Page 44 Benthic Invertebrates 0
Quadrate 22A Oct. 8 (16)
Quadrate 25A Oct, i8 Species No.
Light 19 (D)s Density Series No.
1 la 2325 27 28 43 48 52 59 65 7685 101 1.06 108 Density 21 3
9 2
4 7
8 140 3
235 306 45 1I I.
320 Biomass 19.07 gm/m 2 Quadrate 22A Oct.16 Species No.
11 18 (x) 23
.26 33
.:..*34.-(X). -
36 41 Mx) 52 (X) 65 72 73 76 106 Light 4 Density 1
2 5
44 16 160 1
8 41 8
Qualitative (1s) 2, 5, 18, 28, 29, 39, 41, 49, 50 52, 59, 63, 92, 107, 109
Page h5
- lenthi, Quadrate 23D
- Oct, 16 2~pec~.s INo.
Ti-,-h t 33 C.
76 (X)
)3.l 3 9t:
Qu.'drate 2,.'3 Oct.. 16
...ecie. No.
9 U.
155 89 23 177 (x.
9*. (x')
- 4 70 (x) 79 (x) 89 0..9 Light 12 (16)
Density pres.
51 6
20 1
14 17 9
110 19 lO 1
10 20 Qual7tat6ve (17) 5, 18, 26,
- 268, 2:. ý ý,
b1, 4b 50, 51, 52, 56, 63.,
3 65, 76, 10b Qu6,.atjve (1].',
2, 2
54 63, 'I0 79 Qu.-JvatE;:2 Oct. 29 Species N'c.
23 76 FRC (6)
Density 22 623 7
2h1 62 38
Page 46.
Benthic Invertebrates CC Quadrate 15C (1-5)
Oct.29 Qr.adrante 23D 0*o~v29 Species 1\\o*
2 17 18 23 28 40 5o 59
.60 65 72 73 75 85 Density 4
231 16 104 7
2 21 167 3
9 17 4
Species No.
23 33 60 65 69 71-76 101 106 Buoy D 1 (9)
Density 21 93 2175 1
52 2
Quadrate 23D Oct. 29 species No.
1 23 29 34
- 51 52 63 65 72 76 J Buoy (11)
Quadrate 23D Dec.
9 Species No.
17 18 (x) 65 Light 3 (3)
Density:.
21 3
.49 Density 54 (x) 1
+
2 7
24t 3
26 (x) 1 43 Qualitative (5) 18, 27, 35, 40, 63 Qualitative (7) 2, 5, 18, 34, 50, 63, 65 Quadrate 22B Dec. 9 Species No.
9 11 15 18 54S 70 Light 12 (6)
Density pres.
1 9
43 168 2
Quadrate 23D Dec. 9 Species No.
23 41 48 54 65 106 11outh O.C.
(6)
Density 33 1
3 84 351 1
Page 47 Benthic Invertebrates Qu t2:x te 23D Jc*C~ 9 Spe *.ies No.
23 33 5),
III-i (3)
Density h
3 19 Quadrate 24A Dec.18 Species "o.
4o 63 (x) 69 76 Qualitative (3) 18, 35, 63 (1!
)
0 Density 1
20 13 48
- 111, Light 19 (1)
-::.Density 152 Quadrate 21D Dec. 18 S. cies No.
18 24 29 34 46 48 54 63 6573 Light 1 North
.(10)
Quadrate 22A DezJ!8 Sp-isNoý 17 33 h43 I45 4665 72 92 FRC (10)
Density 28 4
21 21 1.
17 71 86 16 10 Density 21 11 pres.
21 12 16 7
3 Quadrate 23A Dec.18 Species No.
1 25 29L5 4850 51 52 65 72 76 Qualitative (5) 9, 11, 18, 29, 63 (1l)
Density 3
1 4
3 11 13
+
16 57 1
39 Quadrate 17A Dec.
18
-i'ies No.
8 35
- P0ho S76.
Buoy G (6)
Density 2
7 3
16 17 73
Page 48 S
Benthic Invertebrates....
To construct some predictive pattern for the section of Barnegat Bay studied, certein Areas have been emphasized.
These regions are within and around the two creeks, and farther removed statiohs (control tireas"').
The quadrates selected to represent.these regions are 22A, 22B and 23D as the experimental areas and as "controls" 11, 17C and 21D.
In comparing stations within the same quadrate, it has become obvious that among the stations in the experimental ateas there is considerable variability-in the-community compositions.
For this reason, the experi-mental quadrates have been-subdivided into smaller areas of similar bottcm conditions (chiefly sedimentary) and animal distributions.
The "control" quadrates show much more homogeneity within themselves concerning bottom type and associated animals.
The section of the prediction concerned with what animal (s) may reasonably be expected to be found is more easily generated than the por-tion dealing with projected densities.
For this reasonj the predicted densities--have been-presented-as-a range of values.
Predictions have been based on both quantitative and qualitative sampling.
Quadrate 11 Light #1 South 52 spp. found Number of sa~ple dates used for prediction Time of year of sampling:
April -
August Total Sampling (quan. + qual.)
% samples appearance 100 85.7 71.4 51.7
- 7. (5 quantative; 5 qualitative)
.Species number
.:18, 56 76 72, 73, hO,- SO 28,. 49, 59 Quantative sampling:
% appearance (density* range)
SPECIES NUMBER:
100%
15U (i-9)..
72 (1-30).
'73 (9-18) 76 (55-144) 80%
56 (4-60%
-23) 17 (1-34) 25 (2-3) 4 0e (1-6) 74 (4-7)
Quantitative sampling only-21 spp. found (spp. nos. 17, 23, 24, 25, 26 32, 33, hI, 45, 48, 60, 65, 67, 69, 72, 73, 74, 77, 87, 98, 100)
Qualitative sampling only-18 spp. found (spp. nos. 2, 5, 10, 11, 16, 29, 31, 3h, 38, 42, 49, 52, 62, 63, 66, 70) 27, 58, Common to both types of sampling-13 spp. (spp.
nos. 1, 8, 18, 28, 30, 36, 37, 39, 4o, 50, 56, 59, 76)
- Number of individuals/square meter
Page 49 Benthic Invertebrates 0
Quadrate 17-C
. F Bioy
.63species total Number of sampling Jates used for prediction - 13..
(10
+ 7 qualitative).
Time of sampling -April
- December quantitative Total sampling (quan. + qual.)
% times appEmared SPECIES NUMBER:
Quantitative sampling -
39 spp.
% times appeared SPECIES NUMBER:
100%
69.3 61.5 53.8 76 1
18 33 52 ho56 6265 100%
80 70 60 50 76 (83-66) 1 (4-60) 52 (2-41) 65(3-84) 73(2-33) 17(1-35) 33(1-15)
Species found by qualitative sampling only (22 spp.):
2, 5,
8, 10, 20.. 21, 22, 27, 31, 38, 39, 42, 47, 51, 59, 62, 66, 70, 78, 79, 8h, 99 Species found by 17, 23, 24, 77, 88, 95, quantitative sampling only (19 spp.):
25, hl, 43, 46, 48, 54, 60, 61, 68, 72, 73, 74, 97 Species found by both types of sampling (22 spp.):
1, 18, 24, 28, 29, 30, 33, 35, 36, 40, 45, 50, 52, 53, 56, 60, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 76
Page 50 Benthic Invertebrates Light 1 - Stouts Creek S
Quadrate 21-D 28 Species Number of sampling dates -
5 (4s quantitative +1I qualitative).
Time of sampling:
June -
December Total sampling (quan. + qual.)
%sample appearance SPECIES'NUMBER:
lOO1 80
.60 52(2-105')
29 (2-
)
33..(6-12) 46 (21-77) 65 (49-176)
A presentation of.quantitative sampling is not presented since it is identical with the..total sampling results.
Since only one qualitative haul was made at this station all of those animals, except species number 52 (Mulinia lateralis), were found only once.
Qualitatively found:
8, 35, 40, 47, 50, 56 Quantitatively found:
15, 18, 23, 24, 25, 29, 33, 55, 63, 65, 69, 72, 73, 78, 89 34, 43, 45, 46, 52, 54.
Commonly found:
52 Quadrate 22-A Light 4*
Number of sampling dates -
- 15.
(13 quantitative +
Time of sampling:
March - October 64 species 8 qualitative)
Total sampling (quan. + qual.)
% sample appearance SPECIES Quant:.'tative sampling
% sample appearance SPECIES 86.6 73.3 66.7 60.0 53.3 76 18 52 23 50 65 100 76.9 69.3 76 (b:306) 52(2-140) 23(1-52) 65(4-235)
Species found in quantitative only (23):
11, 15, 17, 25, 26, 27, 33, 36, 43, 45, 46, 54, 60, 72, 73, 74, 85, 89, 93, 101, 105, 106, 108 Species found in qualitative only (18):
2, 16, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 62, 66, 70, 78, 107, 109 Species found in both types of sampling (23):
1, 4, 5, 10, 18, 23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 39, 40, 41, 48, 52, 56, 59, 63, 65, 69, 76, 87, 92
- These data represent the area immediately around the Light 4 area.
Another data sheet will follow which is from the area around the mouth of Forked River.
Page 51 Benthic Invertebrates Forked River Channel*
all quantitative June - December 26 Quadrate 22-A SaRmpl:-.j dates - 6:
Time of sampling:
species 83.3 times appearance 100 66.7 50.0
.SPECIES. NUMBER:
46 (9-156) 17 (3-183) 33 (7-21) 65.(40-1200) 23 (4-29) 24 (4-18)
- 52. (11-30) 43 (1) 60 (3-62) 72 (5-16)
Specieý rncountered:.1, 17, 18, 23, 24, 25, 33,. 35, 42, 43, 45, b6, 52,. 55, 60,.65, 69, 72, 76, 78, 82, 83, 85, 89, 92, 102
- This region is from thu mouth of Forked River eastWard toward Light 4 1 The bottom"dep6ists are high in the finei' materials (silt-clay) composition as compared with the sandier environ-ent of the imediate Light 4 area.
Page 52 Benthic Invertebrates Quadrat'e 23-D Light 3 Number of Sampling dates: 16 (15
.me of sampling:
May - December Tot-- sampling. (qual.
+ quan.)
qaantitative + 1U qualitative)
.,times appearance 81.2 75.o 68.7 56.2 50.o SPECIES NW"'"TR 18 50 29 52 65 76 40 56 Quantitative sampling times annearance 73.3 60.0 53.3 9ý times appearance 73.3 65(2-700) 76(9-93) 52 (1-192) 18 (2-12) 50 (2-150)
Species found quantitatively only (22):
Species found qualitatively only (16):
Species found with both types of samples 1, 17, 23, 25, 33, 42, 43, 46, 57, 60, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 83, 89, 92, 104, 105, 106 9" 12, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 34, 37, 39, 49, 62, 66
.2, 5,
7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 35, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 56, 59, 63, 65, 70, 74, 24, 29, 50, 51, 79, 101
53 Benthic Invertebrates -
Summary As may be seen from the foregoing tables there are relatively few species which occur regularly throughout the areas concei>..
trated upon in the predictive portimn of th-Is report.
Ps a gen-erality the infauna serue as a more reliable index than the e4-fauna due primarily to their life habits.
Among those ahil.*
encountered within the substrate there are three species wh.ch are most commonly encountered, these are Tellina agills (#76),
Pectinaria -ouldii (#65), and Mulinia lateralis (#52).
Ti I first two species are more characteristic of "sandy" areas while !ullrlia tends toward less sandy areas although it appears with some regularity at stations dominated by the first tvbo.
In areas where there is good current movement but still large amounts of flner sedLiient materials (silt-clay fraction) the polychaete Maldanopsis elorigta becomes dominant,, such an iarca is seen in Qusdrate 22A, the Forked River Channel area.
It would be practically impossible to predict precise den-sities of animals due to natural variability within the system, for this reason the densities were presented as ranges.
It should be exmected that !n th',e coming sampling season the anr-mals and thelr densities.0.l1 not beapprectabl;)differernt f:'o-n the wateriai presented here.
- "' 'r 54
.1Wper1t.t.rn Profiles of the Intake and Efflnent Channels D-kaC-iies w.-re nada along the canals in which water moves directly
%::wcr.:.-- a;way from the gencrating station.
Temperature was recorded at
,_n*
s
- ..*s o>;.twc
..:.et. from surface to bottom.
Salinity of the bottom
? '-."
,.3
- -r.
a` tho s'mae tiree.
'Ph'-
d..'s of the two canals examined are similar, the Forked Pfer cti*"_3 aopp'oximately 2700yards long while Oyster Creek is about- _()0 :rds
- longer, Both longitudinal transects begin. at U. S. Route se poinhs it is still a few hundred yards to the pcear plant,
.i ph.'ysically irTpossible to proceed any-closer by boat0 The Oyster
-.c'l..
run:- immcdiately to Barnegat Bay., while the 7orked River channel ene.:z 7.hcro the South Branch joins the-main body of the river in
.. s. of Light ji..
Fiom this point. it is, an additional 15OO yards to Bar3..:at B a.r" Slon b..
canals is -iocated at the respective bridges cr img St2.'.ions 2, 3 and 4 on the Oyster Creek side are locat-d at, cisi:ani.c3,- of appro:.-imately 750, 1650 and 2600 yards from sta"i on rl, On Th o-hrkeS Liver side, tho stationis are located at dis-
`...aces of 7 C0, l*OC, 21CO and. 2700 yards from st-tion i,-
Location of ULe statioU s, in "he field re.lies upon stationary points and estimated di LUa:._ces frcrm thcse.
Precise. time of the tid&'1 stages for the channels is not known.
Time corrections for Waretown, as listed in the Tide Tables of the C. &
G-Sý,
have been used for approximating the tidal stage in the cha.ioIls..
I
- i*T irec. an average of 40 minutes to sample each channel for tempera-ture and salinity so the time range gives, at best.:an approximation of thL rtago o' tide in the channels.
. The actual time of sampling at each st'at'.on is recorded.
In the following tables the stages are rounded. off the nearest quarter-hour..
Fig, Z--l Oyster Creek Channel.- Temperature Profile (Tem-z':'atures are oc.)
Shation One-
.,t, Oct.T Oct. 29 Dec.
9 L~~
o Q:1,
-i2
- T'5 L'o-0 3 UW T 7 T 7'
- 5 empe S6 T en S,____
.Tom-C, G' 22 9 145 8 16.9 14,2 2.9 2' 23,1.
17.2 15.2 2.8 4
2340 17.2 15.2 2.5 6! 22.8 16.5 15.3 2°5 6' 22.2 16.5 15.3 2.5 10' 22,3 16.3 15.4 265 12' 22.7 16.3 15.4 2.5 14' 22,5 23,96 16.4 26.06 15.4 26.26 2.5 21.67
page 55 Fig. T'...
Oyster Creek Channel - Temperature Profile (Temperatures are °C.)
Station Two Sept, 20 Oct. 29 Dec.
9 em T:......emp..
Sa Temp.
S%
Temp.
S:
0 4'
6:
81 10, 1!,
23.1 23,1 22.4 22,.0 21,7 21,5 21,7 13022 17.2 17,2 17,8 16.8 16.7 16.8 26.27 13.5 13.6
.13,6 13,6 13.8 14.3 25.91 2,8 2.8 2.8 2,6 2.5 2,5 20M82 Station Three O'
22,2 15,79 17.0 27 22Ae 17.5 4f 22,1 17.3 6'
21,9 17.0 25.07 ST 21.4 10' 21.3 12' 21.3 24.88 12.9 13.0 12.8 12.6 12.7 12,7 13.2 28.17 2.5 2.5 2.5 2,7 4.5 4.9 21.89 Station Four O'
22.0 23,31 17.1 12.2 2.5 2'
22.0 17,0 12.2 2,5 4'
22,0 23.62 17.0 12.2 2.5 6'
16.8 12.6 2,4 8'
16.8 27.39 12.8 27.97 2.4 19.20
pAge 56 S
Fig.H-3.
Forked River - South Branch Intake Canal Temperature Profile (Temperatures are oc.)
Station One Oct.
' Oct. 29 Dec. 9 Tiae: Hi +3:00-3:45 Lo +0.00-0.15 Hi ÷0.30-1;00 Temp.
S%
Temp.
S9 Temp.
O' 18.0 13.8 2.8 2'
18.0 14.0 2.5 4'
17.9 14.1 2.5 6'
17.6 114.1 2.5 8'
17.8 14.0 2,5 lO' 17.8 14.0 2.5 12' 17.8 21.09 14.5 24.74 2.5 22.83 Station Two O'
17.8 12.7 2.5 2'
17.8 12.7 2.5 4'
17.7 12.8 2.5 6'
17.9 13.0 2.5 8'
17.9 22.41 13.1 24.61 2.5 23.59 Station Three O'
17.3 12.2 2.8 2'
17.3 12.2.
.2.8 4'
17.7 12.2 2.8 6'
17.8 12.9 2.8 8'
17.7 12.9 25.07 2.8 24.72 9'
17.7 23.64 Station Four O'
17.5 11.7 2.9 2'
17.3 11.6 3.1
.4' 17.7 11.9 3.3 6'
17.4 12.5 3.3 8'
17.2 25.03 14.4 24.96 3.5 25.19 Station Five O'
17.5 11.7 2.5 2'
17.5 11.9 2.5 2.5' 18.1 20.19 2.5 24.45
page, 57 Sediment Study During the four year study period (summer 1965-summer 1968) z..
tions' bottom types were sampled to determine the particle size distribution of the s"Qbstrate.
Quantitative bottom samplers were used in obtaining the bottom materials; random aliquots of the total sample iere returned to the laboratory for the determinations.
After oven drying to constant weightý the bottom raterials were sorted in the diameter range of hOOO to lp-Coarse analysis of the sands (4000 -
62ý+/-) was achieved by mechanical agitation of the dried sedimeant through nested standard sieves (ASTM #422-51 modified).
Those materials finer than 6 2p. (silt-clay fraction) were subsequently analyzed as to particle size by the hydrometer technique of Bouy-_ *-
Determination of these finer fractions was not conducted for each station, quite frequently the low percentage (less than 5% by weight) of this portion did not wrarrant the 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> hydrometry study.
Ir determining the physical properties of the sediments such as med.an grain diameter (M2),
sorting coefficient (SO),
and skew-ness (S as described in The Oceans (Sverdrip, Johnson and Flem-ing), i-is necessary to know only the upper cumulative 75% of the size distribution.
Knowledge of this segment of the distributional curve enables one to calculate the physical parameters listed above.
Thus, if 75% o-_-
- ". --.... is contained in the sands frac-tion, it is unnecessary to undertake the longer hydrometry section to achicve description of the bottom by the physical parameters.
As mentioned above, however, hydrometry was conducted when the silt-clay was '
, than 5% of the sample.
The cumulative cur--cs of the particle size distribution have been prepared and are available if desired.
- However, it was thought that their inclusion in this repcr. would require more space than this section warrrnted.
Data have been presented in tabular form, both the.physical parameters and the variation among the individual size classes at the same station.
Rather than tabulate all the stations sampled, many of which are no longer routinely examined, those sites which are located within or in close proximity to the main interest area (that most likely to be noticeably influenced by the power plant's operation) are presented, These include stations in cr adjacent to Forked River and Oyster Creek and a few possible outside "sediment control" areas.
Where appropriate, qualifying or explanatory statements have been included with the presentation of the data.
In the following tables, each size class (in microns)
- - Oescribed by that fraction's weight percentage.
The physical characteristics are M2 = median grain diameter, Ql and Q3 first and third quartile grain size, So= the sorting coefficient, and Sk= skewness.
The first three properties are given in microns (p),
the final two properties are dimensionless.
page 58
-Sediment Data Station III - 1, quadrate 23-A, 150 yards inside mouth of Oyster Creek Particle size 1965 1967 1968
- a.
b.
~4000Ij, 2000 O. 1%
0.15
.1000 0.3%.....
3.4 0.10 500 1.1 4.7
.1.60 6.3 250 2.6 5.8 9.85 12.05 125
.5 13.4 16.35 16.25 62 13.0 33.9 33.70 32,.90
-62 76.8
.38.7 38.00 32.25 M2 24p
- 79p.
92g QI
.19
-*37 30 Q3 54 135 175 So 1.98 1.91 2.42 Sk 6.54 7.95 7.55 In 1965, the station was sampled closer to the creek bank than in the following years.
The shift toward slightly larger
,composition size in the latter two years is bestlexplained by an increase in current velocity since these station locations were situated closer to the maintained channel.
Variation in the 1967 data stems from removal of shell and Zostera fragment's in the b series prior to: analysis, this probably accounts for the weight/percentage difference in the larger particle classes.
page 59 Sediment Data (cont. )
Station III -
2, of Oyster Creek.
Particle size.
Quadrate 23D.
Light #3, located 300 yards east 1965 1966 1967 1968 a.
b.
4000pi 2000 1000 500 250 125 62
-62 0.5%
0.7
.0.9
.5.4 18.7 16.3 39.4 17.9 109 68 268 1.98 12.93 o.45%
1.15 6.45 12.65 8.10 40.65 30.25 94 62 180 1.70 10.90 24.9%
1.1 4.5 30.1 43.3 8.3 8.0 215 145 365 S1.58 15.7 1.2%
4.2 36.1 33.6.
7.4 9.7 7.7.
425 250 690 1.66
- 20. 1 0.25%
0.60 1.20 2.50 4.50 43.95 147.05 67 38 98 1.61 7.45 M2 QI Q3 so Sk The noticeable difference between 1967 and the other years is, I believe., due to dredging which was executed to allow passage of the reactor core.
Dxedging occurred in 1967, this disruption of the "normal" bottom could explain the difference.
Series a and b were taken five weeks apart with a Petersen and a Ponar grab re-spectiv~ely, the differences seen here might be due to the different digging characteristics of the two grabs and/or environmental deposi-tion or reworking of the site materials.
page 80 Sediment data (cont.)
Forked River Channel-'
200 yards past of Light #12 (II-2); 22-A Oyster Creek.Channel 200 Yards east of III-1; 23-D 1968 Particle size 1968 20004 1000 500 250 125 62
-62 0.40 1.90 6095 8,.95 251 90 55165 4.45%
2.50 4.75 6.65 25.35 35,60 20o85 112 70 195 1.67 11.0 M2 Qi Q3.
So sic 48 29 98 1684 7-?
Light #19, II-lj quadrate 22-B Light #12, II-2j quad ra 22-Pa94t4e size 1965 196-4965 1968.
2000p 1000 500 250 1P5 62
-62 M2 Q1 Q3 so Sk 1.9 21.0 14.6 32.8 1363
.36.3 130 28 470 4.09 10.07 0.3%
1.15 7.65 8.40 11.95 24.85 45.35 72 35 160 8.82 4.2%
6.6 10.5 10.6 12.9 24 9 30.0 1Q8 55 400 2.70 14.27 21.75%
9.70:
9.80 7.75 8.45 14.40 28.10 230 54
- 5.36 19.1 Light 19 -
The sample for 1968 was. taken from an area inside a small elbow of land, thus the :area was probably more protected and allowed the finer materials to be deposited as opposed to the more open area sampled in 1965.
Light 12 -
The 1968 sample included a great deal of foreign material such as Zostera fragments, molluscan (Nassarius and Crassostrea) shells, and stones which shifted the upper region of the curve.
This resulted in large differences in the secondary characteris-tics, most notably in the third quartile value and subsequently the So and Sk.
page 61 Sediment Data (cont.)
Station Light Ah, 11-3, quadrate 22-A, 800 yards es-of Light #12 0
Particle -size 1965 1966 1967 1968 20001 1000 500 250 125 62
-62 0.2%
1.2 22.9 -
45.5 12.3 10.2 7.6 335 195 500 1.60 17.06 0.95%
1.00 16.10 41.75 14.65 20.70 14.70 340 120 485 2.01 13.08 0.20%
3.10 31.55.
57.65 5.15 1.70 o.65 415 210 610 1.40 21.3 0.30%
1.75 15.70 38.50 15,20 17.65 10.85 280 105 495 2.17 13.6 142 Q3 So Sk Suggested "sediment control" areas.
Quadrate 17-C Buoy F Intracoastal Waterway Particle size 1966 1967 1968 20 00%
1000 500 250-125 62.
-62.
M2 Qi Q3 So Sk 0.15%
0.45 0.70 1.70 9.95 71.30 15.60 86ýL 68 110 1.27 9.32
- 0. 307 0.20 0.70 1.90 15.40 68.30 13.40 90%L 70 118 1.30 9.58 0.10%
0.55 0.85 1.60 12.05 70.95 14.00 8811 72 110 1.24 9.45 The agreement among the three years' data for this station is very good.
A reasonable explanation for the apparent constancy might be the location of this station in relation to the Oyster Creek Channel which links to Barnegat Inlet.
Buoy F marks the Western end of the Channel.
Hydrographic data indicate that oceanic influence is very marked at the b-y area, so it would seem plausible that the currents running through the channel are of suf-ficient velocities and duration to maintain a fairly "clean" sand bottom of overall uniformity.
page 62 Sediment data (cont.)
Suggested "sediment.control" areas.
Station I-I, Light 1 "North" off Stouts Creek.
Quadrate 21-D Station
, Light 1 "South"; SW X W of Clam Island.
Quadrate 11 Particle size 1965 1968 1966 1968 20001 1000 5o0 250 125 62
-62 M2 Q1 Q3 So Sk 6.5%
3.8 4.4 5.0 7.9 24.1 48.1 64 22 150 2.61 7.18 0.15%
0.30 6.25 5.90 7.90 24.85 54.35 0.60%
0.45 0.80 1.60 26.20 61.65 8.45 1.20%
1.30 1.00 1.45 30.35 57.05 7.40 108 84 133 1.26 10.15 58 28 105 1.94 7.12 96 73 130 1.33 9.32 Light 1 "North" is immediately off Stout's Creek (N of Forked River).
It is an area of sedimentary deposition due to the very low currents prevalent in this region.
It would serve as a good control area since it is in close proximity to the mainland and hence will demonstrate "natural" changes (precipitation + runoff variation, etc.) which might not be picked up as rapidly as farther removed stations.
The variation in materials greater than 1000p is a reflection of inclusion of molluscan shell frag-ments, etc.
Light 1 "South" is similar in some respects (hydrographically and topologically) to Buoy F.
This station is the terminus for a channel running behind Clam Island and joining the Oyster Creek Channel.
The bottom is "clean" sand as is Buoy F, but SCUBA diving has revealed, at least apparently, more biological material at the Light (large growths of the sponges Cliona celata and Microciona prolifera).
In addition, the algae Codium fragile is seen in large amounts growing attached to suitable substrata.
page 63 Fig. H-4.
TIME DATE (EST)
Jan..6 1125 1235
- Jan.13 1420 J an, 28 1230 1330 1335 Feb. 4 1330 Feb,18
.0o45 Mar.3 1120 1145 21430 1530 1...:'
0 1400 1420 Mar.19 1745 Mar.30 0930 lo45 1200 1430 Hydrographic data STATION for study DEPTH (M) 7-C 1-B 7-C
'3-C 2:..-A 7-D 7-D 2-D 7-D 5-A
'3-D
.3-B 8-AD
- 7-C D
- .'2-A 22-B 2-D M6-B 21-D 11
,.7-A 17-C 0
.63 ICE 0
ICE
.40 0
1.37 0
2.74
.0 1.52 0
.40
.50 ICE ICE ICE
.30
..40 0
0 0
30 0
3.66 0
0.91 0
3.05 0
2.44 0
2.14 0
°85 0
2.75 0
2.89 0
0 2.59 0
o74 area in TEMP.
-0.4
-0.4
-1,0 0.2 1.6 I-9,15
- h. 7 2.5
.00 25
'0.14 2.5
ýO,
- 1-7,.2 I1,, 0
- 10. 4 I4 17.2 1O,8 19,2 10.1 J--.. 5
- 11.
0,
!':-.a 17, 2 Barnegat Bay for SALINITY
(°Ioo) 20,,5 7.1 134..8
~i-0 ll 0
.C,.
b6 93
-.7 25o 6
.,6
- 22
"'Q.,
27 2 82 23.33
," >.68
- .0 5
- -'..23
'.317
.25,48
-J,. 51 3.13 2 %6 23.0 2k*O 27,00 27.01 149
.---,73
.-'.14 o08 37B 52B E.
1,00 B !ttom 1968.
SECCHI (M) 1500 1515 1510 1420 n.22 0*61 1,22 2.,7 1,52 1,3 0.,5 22.B Apr.l Apr. 7 1445 Apr.18 3.025 1107 1230
page II.
DEPTH STATION (W) 64 TIME DATE (EST) 1315 1325 1335 24-A 16-B 23-D 22.-.:t 21-jD 16--,
May 11
- JlCc, 120C" i:>v" 23 o810 11 17-:,
24, -A 1050 3-230 J 4001
.r 31 073-0745 093C 094.:
0950 1000 1040 105c June 4 0710 0845 0910 1325 1415' 1510 Jun-. 11 091C.
1115 1240 22-A 0
1.22 0
2.74 0
2.28 0
2.44 0
2 2.07 0
2.74 0
1.98 0
2.59 0
2.14 0
1.67 0
2.,28 0
2.5 0
2.6 0
3.1 0
1.8 0
3.36 0
2.60 0
2.44 0
i.22 0
1.67 0
-. 22 0
3.0 0
0 2,44
- TMP, (0c) 13.O 13 o0 12,2 10.5 12.1 L2,13".I
.0
-.I
.6.5
'5.1
,5, 8
-6.0l
- .6.2
.9 3.4 9.5
- .7.8
.12.8
ý'7.0 C'.5 9.8
.2
°83
ý1.0
-9.1 5
.9.8 26
.71
.,.7 SALINITY
(°/oo) 25°97 25.28 25.28 23,33 25.i6 5,7
'5, 7O, Lh t;
26.7.
"'7,0C 5,32 53 24.85 25.05
.-1.08
-3.9 "5.9 7.3 3.5 5.9 45.2 23.3 23.3 1L7.60'
- 3.62 2l.16
'1.217
-1.27 5.14:
,"5.772
.5.80
% 8 SECCHI (M4) 1.22B 198 n C?
8 2,.30 1,98 2714B Iý67B 23.'
17..-
7-.;
13:;
13- :7 17-d 23--
23--,
22-B 1
-p i1 1.0 3ottom 1,68 1.37 0o91 1*22
-,7
page 65 III TIME (EST)
DEPTH STATION (M)
DI-TE Jiue 13 0730 0900 1510 Jurg 21 0800 0915 1045 1300 (obout) 1500 July 1 06 45 0735 0810 1010 1240 1320 14oo 1430 July 8 0940 1030 1135 1235 1250 21-D 14-B 17-A 24-A 23-D 22-A 23-D 16-A 9-AD 23-D 8-c 22-A 22-A 17-C 23-D 23-A 23-D 23-D 14-B 15-c 15-B 23-D 22-A 22-B 0
2.44 0
3.51 0
3.050 2.14 0
2.44 0
2.13 0
1.98 0
0.91 0
o.61 0
2.75 0
2.13 0
2.13 0
1.98 0
2.59 0
2.14 0
1.37 0
2.28 0
2.06 0
3.04 0
3.05 0
3.35 0
0.91 0
1.83 0
0.61 TEMP.
(0 c.)
19.8 19.4 18.5 17.8 19.8 17.3 21.0 19.0 20.2 18.3 20.0 21.8 20.2 21.5 20.0 20.9 22.0 21.2 23.1 21.0 23.8 23.13 23.4 21.15 23.5 22.34 24.0 21.25 25.0 22.16 25.8 23.0 25.2 23.05 25.8 23.22 23.2 22.4 3 23.2 21.65 23.3 20.0 25.3 24.3 24.4 24.12 26.8 26.48 SALINITY (0/00) 18.30 19.78 23.68 22.94 21.17 19.31 19.54 20.17 19.58 15.07 20.53 21.00 19.76 21.71 21.24 23.46 21.31 21.47 20.21 20.39 21.46 24.72 23.33 12.99 SECCHI
_ML 1.22 1.52 1.22 1L22 1.22 1.37 1.37 0.91B o.61p 0 91 1.37 1.12 0.91 1.22 1.07 1.07 0.84 1.44 1.22 1.06 1.17 0.61 1.07
page 66 IV DEPTH STATION (MW TIME (EST)
DATE July 12 2120 2155 2230 2300 July 13 0700 0720 July. 19 0810 0910 1005 1100 l1h5 1300 1400 1510 July 21 0615 0715 July 24 0745 0800 0820 o84o 0900 0920 0945 1005 15-B_
21-D 21-D 23-D
.23-D 24-A 17-A 17-C 16-B 16-B 22-B 7-D 13-B 21-D 14-B 15-C 15-B 16-c 17-C 17-A 16-B 23-D 23-D 0
2.6 0
2.6 0
2.6 0
1.67 0
1.37 0
1.98 0
2.44 0
2.74 0
2.74 0
0 1.52
.35 0
.40 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
TM.
24.2 21.4 24.4 23.7 23.8 23.1 27.1 26.92 27.,5 27.37 27.3 27.6 27.12 27.3 25.68 27.7 27.5 28.0 27.75 30.1 28.52 23.2 24.2 24.1 26.7 25.87 27.0 26.68 26.8 2.5.30 26.8 25.0 26.9 19.91 26.8 19.89 26.5 21.62 26.7 24.67 22653 2701 22.56 27.9 26°56 SALINITY (0/00) 24.3 31.1 23.9 27.1 21,7 23.4 24.72 20.o79 25.50 25-53 26.00 26.09 14.96 23.8 23.8 SECCHI (M) 1.07
.1.07 1.22 1.22 0.91 Bottom
page 67 v
DATE July 24 TIME (EST) 1205 DEPTH STATION (M)
TEMP.
SALINITY (0c.)
(0/00) 23-A 23-D 22-A 22-A 22-B 22-B 0
0 0
0 0
0 July 29 0755 0920 1200 1300 Aug. 16 O715 0900 0930 1110 1250 134o 1335 1405 1435 1450 8-c 0
1.52 16-B 0
3.05 17-C 0
2.14 11 0
1.98 22-A 0
2.44 22-A 0
1.22 17-A 0
2.51 24-A 0
17-C 0
2.44 13-B 0
3.36 21-D 0
1.98 15-C 0
3.36 23-D 0
1.83 23-D 0
1.67 23-D 0
1.83 22-A 0
2,13 22-B 0
1L07 22-B 0
1.83 28.6 28.30 27.3 27.05 27.5 26.25 27.9 27.68 29.7 28.46 29.5 29.42 24.8 24.8 24.1 22.9 25.0 20.9 26.2 24.6 25.8 25.1 27.2 26.6 23.8 23.85 24.5 23.82 24.5 24.45 24.3 24.65 24.8 24.50 26.5 25.47 27.2 25.30 25.4 25.09 24.8 24.80 26,1 25.97 26.3 25.20 22.36 24.14 24.22 25.86 23.80 25.61 25.97 24.25 26.56 19.63 24.56 19.85 20.64 21.71 23.37 21.49 23.26 23.03 23.55 23.59 23.o4 2303 20M88 21.55 18.50 23.42 SECCHI (M) 1.52B 2.14 2.14B 0.91 2.13 2.51B 2.44B 2.28
- 1. 98B 2.59 1.o44 1.07 1.83B 0.73 0.91
page vI 68 S
TIME (EST)
DATE Aug.27' 0900 0940 Sept. 7 0730 0745 0830 0842 Sept.l5 0930 0935 Sept.20 1155 Sept.27 0715 0900 1000 1225 1310 DEPTH STATION (M1) 7-D
.50 14-D 0
2,0 8-c 0
2,!0 22-A 0
2.50 7-D
.10
.50 23-D 0
1.83 15-B 0
3.36 15-c 0
3.36 15-C 0
22.-A 0
2.44 22-A 0
2.14 23-D 0
1.98 22-A 0
2.44 oyst. Rt'9 0
3.20 22-A 0
.50 7-D 0
.25 22-A 0
1.98 22-A 0
1.67 17-C 0
2,,44 16-B 0
2.74 23-D 0
2.14 23-A 0
1.22 22-B 0
0684 TEMP.
(°c.)
20.8 24.2 24.2 22.1 22.2 22.2 22.4 21.4 21.7 21.47 22.4 21.65 22.4 22.21 22.3 22.30 22.8 22.70 22.9 22.82 2209 22.95 23.4 23.05 18.2 21.1 19.8 20.0 24.3 24.3 15.3 16.54 15.5 16.08 15.8 15-57 16.1 16.90 16.6 17-05 16.9 16.77 17.5 17.72 SALINITY
(°/oo) 25.2 2.3.3 23.7 23,7 2%33
.21.7 21.7 23,26 24,,98 21,,42 28.214 23,84 26.91 23.71 27.07 24070 25-12 25*03 24,.94 25,07 19.9 19o 9 26.,5 26.69 1414 25;,44 27.65 29M04 25-53 26.27 20.19 SECCHI (M)
Bottc'n 2.0 2no 2.1 Bottom 1,83B 1.83 2.06 1.98 1.93 1.98 1.90 1.83 1.30 1.98B 1.67B 2.44B, 2.14 1.98 1.22B
- 0. 84B Oct. 1 0845 0840 0940 oct. 8 0750 0900 1100 1105 12 55 1500
page 69 VII TIME DATE (EST) oct.16 o850 1015 1455 Oct.29 o850 1005 1300 1355 1430 Nov.15 1330 Nov.24 1025 1315 Dec.
3 1008 1120 1145 1215 1240
.1308 1340 1405 1425 1505 1520 1535 STATION 22-A 23-D 22-B 23-D 23-D 14-B 22-A 22-A 7-D 7-D 2-D 14-C 15-B 23-D 17-C 17-A 18-A 18-D 10-C 3-D 9-D 8-C 14-D DEPTH (M) 0 2.14 0
1.83 0
1.22 0
1.98 0
1.75 0
2,59 0
1,83 0
1.83 S20
.20 0
3.0 0
3.0 0
3.0 0
3.0 0
2.9 0
2.5 0
1.6 0
3.0 0
2.0 0
1.9 0
0 TEMP T0 c) 18.0 17.70 18.0 18.30 20.5 20.35 8.1 12.54 12.0 12.76 11.8 11.82 12.0 12.2 11.8 12.38 8.3 7.8 70.,5 7.9 8.0 7.2 8.3 8.6 8.3 8.4 8.6 7.9 7.9 7,, 8 7.2 8.0 8.2 9.0 8ý5
?.7 7,?
7.6 8.2 7.8
.7.8 SALINITY (0/00) 23.k 26.89 20.0 23.42 21.94 27.1 25.90 26,29 25ol 24.69 24,k29 2.83 20.4~
22,6 27.5 23,0 23,9 25.4 24.7 26ýi 26. 1 24c7 24.1 22,1 22.0 SECCHI (M) 2.14B
- 1. 83B 1.22B 1.98B
- 1. 75B 2.5o 1.83B Bottom 2.1 2.0 1.6 1.7
.1.9 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.0 2.3 Diag.
21.7 0
page 70 viii TINE DEPTH TEMP SALINITY SECCHIT DATE (EST)
STATION (M)
(°C.).
(0/00)
(M)
Dec.
9 1030 23-A 0
2.5 0.76 2.15 0.61 1055 23-D 0
2.5 1,22 2.15 19.20 0.61 114o 23-D 0
2.4 2.44 2.18 27,40 0.76 1255 22-B 0
3.5 0.91 2,20 25.59 0.Ls6 1350 22-B 0
2,5 0.76 2,20 24-45 0,30 Dec.18 0950 21-D 0
-0.5 22,),.
2.44
-1,15 23ýOX 1.22 1100 22-A 0
-0,8 22.. 7 183
.0o52.
22.:5 1.22 1135 23-A 0
-.,0.h 23,-)
0,84
-0.50 2k...7 0o.84B 1230 17-A 0
),2 2 5'.
2,44
-K,5 26o.73 1,0
PLANKTON INVESTIGATIONS CONDUCTED IN BARNEGAT BAY, N.J.
(contract 27-4656)
SUB-TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE PLANKTON SECTION 1-P SUB-SECTION HEADING PAGE Field Sampling Schedule 3-P Internal Evaluation of Method 3-P Examination of Live Material 4-p optimum holding conditions 4-p preserved -phytoplankton Samples 4-p losses in concentration 4-p fixative effects 5-P repeatability of density estimates 5-P Zooplankton Collection 6-P disc filtration 6-p DNet Sample contamination 6-P comparison with plankton net 7-P.
Effect of Net Pore Size 7-P mesh characteristics 8-p losses compared with net 9-P Losses in Concentration 9-P Enumeration 9-P Variability in the Density of Plankton Organisms 10-p historical approach to variability 10-p surface methodology il-P explanation of surface anomalies 12-p dissection of individual populations 13-P limitations of method 15-P Variability within Stratum 15-P confidence intervals 15-P future sampling j6-p pooling of Samples P just 1. f ication 17-P loss of information 17-P 0
PLANKTON 2-P SUB-TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR THE PLANKTON SECTION (Cont'd)
PAGE Observation of Plankton Stratifications 17-P discussion 18-P Table Phytoplankton Stratifications 20-p Generalized Seasonal Cycle (Phytoplankton) 21-p A Predictive Diagram 21-p Seasonal cycle (comment) 22-P Alphabetical Register of Phytoplankton Species 25-P Graphs of Cell Counts for Individual Phytoplankters (25-A) the annual cycle 1967-1968 for dominant members Generalized Seasonal Cycle (zooplankton) 29-p preliminary Checklist for the zooplankton 33-P Graphs of Zooplankton Organism Abundance (34-A) the annual cycle 1967-1968 for dominant members Dissolved Oxygen 35-P method 35-P S
graphic summarizations (36-A)
Investigation of primary Productivity 37-P Method 37-P.
Analysis of Method 38-P in-situ and on-deck comparisons 38-P aTtenuation of plankton productivity with Depth 39-P Nighttime Plankton Respiration 240-P productivity Estimates 41-P applicability of pyranometer data 43-P
- data from individual estimates 44-p
/
PLANKTON 3-P FIELD SAMPLING SCHEDULE:
Sampling for the plankton program was conducted on thirty-five dates during 1968.
Nine cruises were supported using a small cabin boat fitted out and maintained at no cost to the project, with only applicable operation costs reimbursed.
Sixxvisits to maintain the pyranometer (Chart changes and cleaning the cell) were also utilized for the collection of plankton, benthic algal, and photosynthesis data.
The balance of twenty dates were worked in conjunction with other phases ofthe project, or at the person-al expense of the investigator.
PLANKTON SAMPLING DURING 1968 MONTH Jan0 Feb. Mar 0 Apr. May Jun0 Jul0 Aug. Sco Oct. Nov 0 Dec0 DATES 6
Lt 3
1 11 11 1
16 7
1 15 3
With-13 18 10
.7 23 19 12 27 15 16 24 18 in 28 19 18 31 13 20 29 22 Month 28 21
- 2.
STATIONS within Month 9
2 7
10 12 5
10 12 4
10 3
23 Total Stations 105 Total Dates 35 INTERNAL EVALUATION OF METHOD:
Considerable supportive material is included with this report dealing with internal evaluation of sampling techninues and the variability of the material.
Considerable effort has been devoted to this. aspect of the research and, while all sources of varia-bility have not been dealt with adequately, we seek to repeatedly confront them in the hope of avoiding unwarranted Conclusions0
4-P PLANKTON
.EXAMINATION OF LIVE MATERIAL Customarily a live sample (225ml) was retained from each sampling location.
These were examined individually after centrifugation.
Various conditions of refrigeration and aeration were evaluated in July 1967 to determine the optimal conditions under which live sam-ples should be held to minimize changes before examination could be carried out in the laboratory.
In examinations made -.0, 29.8 and 44.O hours after collection, total cell count and species composition were most stable and percent mortality was lowest when material was held near ambient environmen-tal temperature and gently aerated by the finest possible stream of bubbles.
Refrigeration for 44 hours5.092593e-4 days <br />0.0122 hours <br />7.275132e-5 weeks <br />1.6742e-5 months <br /> at approx. 40 C increased mortal-ity 40% over the ambient holding condition.
The initial species list for each date is based primarily upon examinations of live material, thus largely eliminating the loss of recognizable organisms through fixation.
PRESERVED PHYTOPLANKTON SAMPLES Phytoplankton samples were ccllected in half-liter screw-cap plastic oontainers and fixative added immediately in the field.
Returned to the laboratory, they were allowed to sediment at least two days before the supernatant was siphoned off and the residue brought down to uniform volume for storage and subsequent enumera-tion.
Losses in this process were estimated with the 28-IV-68 mater-ial by collecting all the siphoned and centrifuged supernatants, con-densing them by long-term high speed centrifugation, and enumerating the organisms observed in the residue as though they composed a sep-arate sample.
Losses approximating 5.29 cell/ml were estimated for the larger phytoplankters, an amount considered negligible.
Losses in the nannoplankton approximated 52.9 cells/ml about 1.01 o/o of the estimated total number in these samnles,
5-P PLANKTON PRESERVED PHYTOPLANKTON SAMPLES (Cont'ad)
The effects of four different fixatives were evaluated in July, i967, both from the standpoint of total cells recovered and ease of recognition for the more delicate species.
The o.2016 I 2 -Kireagent mentioned in previous reports was most satisfactory.
A slight modi-fication of this reagent was considered in November, 1968 and simul-taneous samples were run in six replicates to evaluate its superior-ity.
The resultant body of data also provided a convenient assess-ment of the accuracy of density determinations and the stability of species composition among aliquots drawn from a homogeneous source.
The modified preservative was slightly better but differences were not statistically significant.
The 95% confidence interval on mean total cell number was + 16.9.cells/ml or, for these samples, 4.2%.
REPEATABILITY OF DENSITY ESTIMATES AND SPECIES COMPOSITION IN PHYTOPLA.TKTON SAMPLES INDEPENDENTLY DRAWN FROM A CARBOY OF HOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL SPECIES RECORDED R E P LLICATES KI-I Plus Merthiolate A
B C
D E
F Number of Species:
19 T8 T8 T8 T9 T8 Skeletonema costatum 164.8 164.8 123.2 187.8 138.3 134.0 Cocconeis spp.
17.6 17.6 24.0 26.2 36.4 30.6 Cryptomonas sp.
36.0 28.0 12.0 18.2 25.5 36.4 Euglenoid 1.6 1.6 0
1.5 1.5 3.6 Gyrodinium pellucidum 1.6 6.4 11o2 12.8 18.9 29.1 Bipedomonas ?
72.0 40.0 76.0 61.9 40.0 94.6 Carteria sp.
0 0
0 0
0 3.6 Unident.Micro-flagellate 40.0 28.0 36,0 40.0 40.0 51.0 Gymnodinium incoloratum 0
0 4.0 1.5 1.5 4.4 TOTAL INCL ALL OTHER SPECIES 426 402 406 404 397 458
'x B 0=401.3 All figuers cells per ml.
E F= 403. 0
6-P PLANKTON S
ZOOPLANKTON COLLECTION:
Analyses of the zooplankton are based on fifty liter samples drawn together with the phytoplankton material at each station.
During the initial summer a diaphragm pump was utilized to pump an equivalent sample from the bottom for both phytoplankton and zoo-plankton analysis.
Filtering of the sample is thru removable stainless steel A-S.T _M 230 mesh discs which, initially, were thoroughly back-flushed with a stream of water between samples and, as additional discs and a suitable filter holder became available, the entire disc was chang-ed after each sample.
NET SAMPLE CONTAMINATION The purpose of disc filtration was to eliminate between-sample contamination which had been suspected in the use of conventional plankton nets.
To assess the importance of this factor, the follow-ing analysis was undertaken.
A plankton net (G.M.Mfg.,reverse cone mouth with removable standard bucket) was purchased in 1967 and used only for marine sampling on Barnegat Bay.
It had been washed with fresh water after every use and in this analysis it was carefully re-washed using 1 liter of distilled water.
The rinsings were collected and centri-fuged to remove suspended matter, which was then examined microscop-ically.
This investigator was amazed that after drying 17 days since the last use, so many cells would have been judged viable by their appearance in routine examination.
Similarly, stainless filter disc #1, which had been in use at that time for nine months and washed between samples, was dried 17 days following the last use, and vigorously scrubbed in distilled water.
The washings were centrifuged for examination.
7-P PLANKTON NET SAMPLV CONTAMINATION (Cont'd)
RECOVERY OF ORGANISMS ADHERING TO PLANKTON NET MIATERIAL BETWEEN SAMIPLES (reported as number of species observed)
Nylon Bolting Cloth. Stainless steel mesh % on Stai.nrss, Phytoplankton 25 9
27.8 Zooplankton 6
2 55°5 Seven of the nine species retained on the filter were found on the netting.
Of material retained on the
- filter, only two cells (a stalked benthic diatom Licmophora) would have been judged viable in enumeration.
It was therefore concluded that while the filter apparatus logisti-cally limits the size of sample,(it cannot be passively towed like the net),
it significantly reduces contamination between samples from station to station.
With the filters now changed after each sample and cleaned more thoroly under laboratory conditions, contamination should be negli ible EF-FPF(
OF NET PQEP SIZE it was desired to examine the effect of net pore size on the efficiency with which organisms are removed from the water.
Random samples of both net materials were made and under the microscope, micrometer measurements were taken. of pore diameter and diagonal dimensions.
For woven netting where dimensional differences exist between the warD and woof, approximately half of the measurements were made on. each.
Twenty-five diameters and ten diagonals were measured on each sample.
8-P PLANKTON SEFFECT OF NET PORE SIZE (Cont'dd)
RAJDOOJLY SAMPLED PLANKTON NETTING PORE SIZE
.BOLTING CLOTH STAIILESS 230 MESH Mean Diameter 83.72 u 105.90 u Range 102.72 u 60.20 u Std.Deviation 25.08 u 16.29 u Mean Diagonal 119.90 u 153.50 u Std. Deviation 11.15 u 13.06 u Pore size in the stainless material was adjudged to be more
.uniform, even though the sample had been in use for nine months0.
The bolting cloth was new and unused. Clearly, the pore size is greater for stainless filter discs.
The density reported, there-fore, for early naupliar stages, small tintinnids, and minute planktonic eggs is probably less than actual.
Heinle (1966) found he was losing most of the early nauplii even through his bolting cloth nets (0.074 u) as well.
Since such organisms are periodi-cally of great abundance in Barnegat Bay, a way must be found toi!
circumvent these losses.
In line with this concern, samples were drawn at four stations on the same date with both the plankton net and the filter.
The volume of material retained by both systems was evaluated by cali-brated centrifugation and no statistically significant differences found, although surprisingly the filter retained, on the average, a
slightly higher volume.
Enumeration of the samples revealed no consistent trend toward loss in any of the major zooplankton groups although variability was great enough that further investigation ist-warrented.
- Heinle, D.R. (1966) Produ ction of a Calanoid Copepod, Acartia tonsa, in the Patuxent River Area. Ches.Sci.7:
9-P PLANKTON EFFECT OF NET PORE SIZE (cont'd)
NUMIBER OF SPECIES AND SANPLE VOLUME RECOVERED IN PAIRED NET AND FILTER SAMPLES, 1-X-68
- (50 liters taken within five minutes of each other on station from an anchored vessel.)
Station Net Sample Filter Sample No.
Volo(ml)
No.
Vol.(ml) 8-27 16 0.06 15 0.05 7-29 17 0.o11 16 0.16 0"-28 11 0.07 13 0o07 12-27 0.08 0.15 LOSSES IN CONCENTRATION Estimates of losses in concentration (not filtration) of the zooplankton material showed that essentially all zooplanktons re-moved from the filter were retained in the final condensate.
Between 1.8 and 2.3% of Zoothamnium
, ar. epizooid and Acartia sP.,
was lost in conc~ntration.
Because of its phenomenal seasonal abundance and lack of uniformity. in distribution on host copepods, Zoothamnium has not been included in the numerical abundance data.
Its occurrence ho,.ever is always noted on the data sheets for purely comparative purposes.
ENUMERATION Zooplankton Pamples are enumerated by depositing 1 ml.
of suitably concentrated material in a Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell and counting ten random fields with the scanning lens atX 32.
For large and infrequently ooc.urý.ingspecimens the entire cell is occasionally counted.
PLANKTON lo*r VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS SThe variability of natural plankton communities both in space and time is an accepted fact.
Investigators, furthermore, have long been faced with the problem of evaluating and describing changes in the component populations.
The depiction of average numbers by date produces confidence intervals so great in magnitude that often the statistical significance of date to date variations is masked.
One of the purposes of this study has been to develop a means for handling this variability, so that changes in the environment, natural or artificial, which produce measurable changes in the plank-ton community can be evaluated.
This does not presume we will be certain to detect any changes which occur but it is believed at least that, for each point in time, we should be able to adequately characterize the existing community.
Verduin (1951) faced similar problems of variability in the distribution of a natural phytoplankton community.
He despaired at gaining more than minimal insight from single station collections and suggested the possibility of altogether abandoning the station concept of sampling.
Rather, he proposed, one should draw frequent successive samples at known intervals along a pre-determined course.
He felt that averaging these would provide a better picture than any individual determination.
Verduin,J.
(1951)
A comparison of Phytoplankton data obtained by a Mobile Sampling Method with those obtained from a Single Station. Am.J.Bot. 38: 5-11
PLANKTON 11-P VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORG.NISMS (Cont'd)
It was believed in Barnegat, however, that since.we were try-ing to determine position effects, the station concept could not be entirely abandoned.
Thus, areas were chosen which igh be expected to reflect differences and stations kept within these areas.
(see synoptic statement at beginning of this Plankton Section)
The concept of response surfaces has proven of immense wotth in evaluating experimental data.
The extension of the response surface or contour mapping into natural environments has not ap-peared with great frequency in the literature.
Hulburt (1956) presents contour maps of the phytoplankton of Great Pond, along with the associated physical parameters.
Patten (1968) recently used three-dimensional surfaces to pictorially represent his factorial approach to productivity in an Atlantic Coast estuary0 Isopleth maps have long been used in limnological and oceanographic work to depict depth-time changes in various environmental para-
- meters, including nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations.
It was found that for most data collected during the initial summer, representation was sufficient in the five major areas to allow presentation of nearly continuous records, As an extension of surface methodology, organism abundance can be employed as the response and a space-t me matrix as the reference plane, represent-ing all the complex v iables of temperature insolation,salinity, and other hydrographic effects0 Patten,BoCo and Chabot,B.F.
(1966) Factorial Productivity Exp,-ri.ments in a Shallov, 1,*,t+/--y:
Ches. Sci. 7:1/7-37,0.
. PLANKTON 12-P VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
This mechanism shows definite promise for describing and evalu-ating the plankton and its component populations over distinct areas in the bay at successive points in time.
The description of vari-ability among stations is never sacrificed by an averaging process.
The phytoplankton for summer, 1967 is shown according to this technique in Figure 14IA Station 9-.28 is the mouth of Forked River close to the Intake Canal, 10-30 represents the potential effluent area off Oyster Creek.
The utility of the method for following changes in phytoplankton abundance at a particular station should be obvious0 Anomalies in the surface can almost always be explained by re-ference to individual sample data.
The immense peak at station 10-30 in mid-August is, for example, accounted for by a concentra-tion of the microplagellates Carteria and Bipedomonas (?)
Sp STATION 10-30 OYSTER CREEK MOUTH 15-VIII-67 2 Species Copepod IMicroflag.
Nauplii Temp.0C Salinity Oxygen Depth
/.
no./m o0/60 rag//
Surf.
1,786,000 14,580 22.5 22.2 6.76 2.8m 398,000 3,280 21.3 28°5 8.69 The microflagellates were of an order of magnitude that makes them acceptable food particles for the nauplii.
Although no direct evidence of feeding is available from fixed material, Heinle (1969) successfully uses Carteria to rear Acartia tonsa in culture0
- Heinle, D.R 0 (1969) Culture of Calanoid Copepods in-Synthetic Seawater 0 JoFish.RschoBd.Cai.26:
1.50-153.
TOTAL_ SUMM ER PWTOPLANKTON 1967 106 CELLS! L 3r Ix 2
1 8-25 SO-28 I-30 STATION 7-29 5-2?
11 TOTALSUMMER ZOOLANKTON i
L)
,,'*,i..,.
xlo 5 3
2 825ý 9-2I AT O-3 MA "iH, ON
?-29% 5-27
TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON Zu KtTORFM
- BOTTOM CELLS/ML I-I0000 100 0
0I
ORGANISMS / LITER o SURFACE
. BOTTOM 10000 0-0 Aj I O0
-L 2..
AP AY
- U
- J@
jG C
IZ.A O
SUMMER I^7 DISMTRIOUTION OF SKELE" M
A
! O6G LLS/L i ;\\*"t"*
4
- r.
I
- I
=.
/.
_____7
!-51I
<' */"--"
- -""-./-
i I./
i
,,'>-.V 9-28 IV.K-;$
7-*Z 5-',:
%TE STATI ON
r l.,42 A Xo 4 CELLS/L.
X I ELL
/L
"*i,,
I/I
- \\
f 40-
.r:
2000
-4;30 DAk 0
8-25 7,76 9-28 IO8O
- ST AT IDN.
GYMlNO.lhILI-SPLENDEu 1000
.e I00'000 GOC or---W, 01 AUG.
SE.001.
pil E!A k i (r:'
- I r%'. F ifA
PLANKTON 13-P VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
With the separate enumeration of individual species making up each sample, a practice followed throughout this investigation, the dominant organisms. during a particular period (for which reasonable confidence can be obtained in estimating abundance) may be dissect-ed from the total picture and arrayed in a similar fashion.
A lo-
=
calized bloom of the dinoflagellate Gmnodinium splendens is. shown in. figure I__
, with the conventional "mean by date" separately presented below.
The latter method says nothing about maxinal ob-served densities, or where the organism occurred.
In making any inferences about effects at a prarticular position, both these pieces of information are essential and both are r.-ovided by. the surface.
A further examrle is useful.
In August, Skeletonema costatum became the most abundant diatom.
in Barnegat Bay, a position it relinq~uishes only temporarily during the flowering of colder months.and to occasional. anomalies such as Asterionella.which Edgar (personal communication) reported as a spring dominant shortly before this survey began.
One can follow the small seed stock appearing as a trace at one"-
station or another, chiefly at the bottom in the channel off the west shore, through the summer.
This continued through 2 VIII until 11 VIII, when the diatom appeared in small numbers at all but one station.
Three days later, on the 15th, one encounters a veritable wall of Skeletonema rising rapidly to peak at different stations on different dates.
Maximum develol'ment occurs at 8-25, the mouth ofL Stout,'s Creek, on 13 IXo
PLANKTON 14-P VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
Cufl and McLeod (1961) determined expeiimentally the response of Skeletonema to several environmental parameters.
They found a salinity optimum for photosynthesis at and slightly above 20.0 o/oo.
Station 8-25 was 23.1 o/oo, the lowest and most nearly optimal sal-inity encountered on that date.
The temperature, at 16.61C was the lowest observed on that date.
Skeletonema becomes light saturated at about 15 X 103 lux at 15-180.
A secchi reading of 0.9m, lowest of the four stations, probably served to attenuate incident surface radiation (which might have reached 100 X 103 lux) sufficiently to prevent inhibition.
It might be useful to note that Skeletonema seemed to become more abundant high in the water column as the bloom progressed.
This trend is obvious even in the average data (Fig. 2 A).
It istb not clear whether this trend is accounted for by increased buoyancy, or by differential reproduction.
Application of this technioue in the present report has been restricted chiefly by the availability of time, great amounts of which are demanded by the arithmetic operations involved.
Future applications, it is hoped, will have the support of a computer, which quickly and inexpensively can present material in a suitable form.
Curl,H and McLeod,G.C.(1961)
The Physiological Ecologr of a Marine Diatom, Skeletonema costatum (Grev.)
Cleve; J. Mar.ThIs.:
PLANKTON 15-P VARIABILITY IN THE DENSITY OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
ILimitations of the method are obvious.
Interpolations between sampling dates and sampling locations tell us nocthing about what actually occurred between points, and, while the surface represents our best estimate of what is going on at a partP;'lar point, the estimate is blurred by the width of the confidence ixiterval sur-rounding each determination.
VARIABILITY WITHIN STRATLUMI:
If we replicate sampling of a given stratum and replicate ali-quots drawn on each of those samples and then replicate counts of teaf fields within each alicuot, we have a body of data permiting a rouigh estimate for the 95% confidence interval expected about a single determination on a single sample.
The confidence interval means that for a given estimate we have 95% probability this inter-val contains.the true mean concentration present in the source water.
Based upon such replication, this interval for the current data approximates + 17% for a single phytoplarkton determination, and
+ 11% for a single zooplankton determination.
Replication at any point gives a considerably better handle on our density estimate.
Full replication is of course hopelessly ambitious, but in future work some continual control on sampling and counting variability will be run.
It is also considered essential to incorporate some of Verduin's ideas on mobility: to c:.erate rather qlui.ckly. rea¢.cing an adeouately large number of stations in a relatively short time, so that effects operating over a tidal cRcle can be minimized..
16-P PLANKTON VARIABILITY WITHIN STRATUM: (Cont'd)
The Barnegat estuary, with wide tide-swept areas to the east, where water masses apparently change completely in a single tidal flux. and the deeper western portion with much slower turnover
- and an axis oriented essentially north-south, should be relatively well monitored by a single longitudinal transect that would cut across both intake and effluent canals and include a number of stations between and on either side.
Such a situation would be ideal for the application of surface methodology, and there is no reason why photosynthesis would not also be an appropriate response.
17-P PLANKTON POOLING OF SAMPLES:
When some ouestion arose with respect to continuing support for the plankton investigation, it was no longer possible to devote the time and effort necessary for uniform individual sample determinations.
Therefore, following enumeration of the initial summer's mater-ial an aliquot of each sample collected was pooled and a single de-termination made, resulting in an average evaluation of the plank-ton for each date.
This operation removed any possibility of dis-criminating differences within date, between stations, or.strata within station, but enabled a rough monitoring of seasonal patterns and abundance.
It is hoped that support will.be restored for more complete examinations in the future.
Dates embodying the usual degree of variability from station to station were chosen from the 1967 material, upon which numeri-cal determinations had been made some months before.
Aliquots of both the phytoplankton and zooplankton were pooled and these were then enumerated in duplicate.
The pooled determinations lay within one least significant interval (Lo~oIo) of the grand mean of indi-vidual enumerations and theref-ore would not have been declared statistically significant from the grand mean at the P=.05 level.
The approximation for zooplankton was less satisfactory than for phytoplankton, as might be expected.considering the relative abun-dance and therefore theiusual number of organisms counted during a determination.
Because of the tremendous loss of pertinent information inher-ent in this method, however, it cannot be recommended.
Portions of each sample, unpooled, are retained for the benefit of any fu-,
ture investigations.
OBSERVATION OF PLANKTON STRATIFICATIONS:
During the initial summer, considerable detailed sampling was conducted to examine the existence and stability of stratification in the plankton community.
The necessity of maintaining a flex-ible schedule of station visits made it impossible. to continue
PLANKTON 18-P OBSERVATION OF PLMTKTON STRATIFICATIONS:
(Cont'd) this detailed investigation beyond September, 1967.
It was poss-ible to gather some similar data in 1968 for the phytoplankton but the time and support reouired for analysis has not become available.
In examination of the summer phytoplankton twenty-five instan-ces in which particular organisms were significantly stratified in the water column were noted (Tabie*.OP))
It is worth noting that of the eleven taxa, eight are motile species, and therefore at least in principle capable of responding to vertical gradients or stimuli in the water column.
The species involved are all, at one season or another, domin-ant or at least very important components in the phytoplankton community.
Generally, stratification high in the, water column would increase the probability of entrainment to the condensers for a given organism, and stratification near the bottom would probably preclude it.
The tendency to favor an optimum in light or sa.linity pro-bably plays an important role in stratification, either thru migration or by differential reproduction and floatation.
During the all-night run 12-13 July, 1968, a remarkably complete migra-tion of luminescent dinoflagellates to the surface was noted.
No luminescence could be detected in bottom samples brought to the surface from below two meters at station 9-28, the mouth of the intake canal.
For an analysis of data collected on this cruise refer to overnight respiration in the Primary Productivity Section.
The tendency in zooplankton stratification is less clearcut.
In five out of the eight significant (
15,000/m3) concentrations of polychaete setigers, the largest numbers were found near the bottom. Sanders et al (1962) reports this behavior typical of many juvenile polychaeta where exposed to a tidal stream.
- Sanders, H.L., Goudsmit, Mills, Hampson (1962)
Intertida] Fauna of Barnstable Harbor, Mass.
19-P PLANKTON OBSFRVATION OF PLAVIKTON STRATIFICATIONS:
(Cont'd)
Station 7-28 where this stratification was most graphically expressed, although relatively shallow (ca.2 m.),
is strongly swept by the tidal currents radiating from and converging upon, the Inlet.
The mean number of pelecypod veligers bW date, however.as greater'at the surface in all but two cases, with the gr*eatest observed mean concentrations occurring at the surface in late August and mid September.
In scanning the graphic data in sections to follow it appears generally that phytoplankton density is greater near the surface between perhaps May and early September.
Than for the breif period before individual determinations were suspended, the stratification breaks down or reverses.
With the zooplankton, a converse pat-tern may be the case with concentration near the bottom until the end of August and. higher in thc-water column afteirwardo
PRONOUNCED STRATIFICATIONS IN PHYTOPLANKTON The 1967 Summer Phytoplankton of~ Barnegat Bay 20-P DATE ORGANI SM SAMPLE STA-COUNTS IN CELLS PER ML.
TION SURFACE BOTTOM May 27 prorocentrum Trian-gulatum If Cyclotella Jun 25 Gymnodinium Incoloratum 27 Cryptomonas f I Gymnodinlum Incoloratum t
i Calycomonas Gracilis Jul.19 Gymnodinium Incoloratum prorocentrum Trian-gulatum Aug.
2 G. Incoloratum IT
" P. Triangulatum
" CalycomonaS Gracilis "1
" G.Incoloratum 15 Skeletonema Costatum f"
" p.
Triangulatum Cyclotella.
Carteria &Bipedomonas
" S.Costatum Cyclotella S.Costatum
" S.Costatum Sep.13 Gymnodinium Splendens Gonyaulax Digitale "t
" S.Costatum "f S.Costatum Nitzschia Closterium 67-19 67-23 67-25 67-27 67-31 67-33 7-29 9-28 8-25 8-25 7-29 5-27 0
3110 323 2o4 105 14 "I
3 254 51 0
65 6o 72 67-36 8-25 67,36 67-45 67-47 67-47 67-50 67-54 67-55 67-54 67-56 67-57 67-56 67-59 67-715 67-73 67-73 67-72 67-74 67 -74 8-25 8-25 7-29 7-29 8-25 7-29 7-29 7-29 10-30 10-30 10-30 9-28 8-25 7-29 7-29 7-29 10-30 10-30 68 124 481 122 92 1786 103 201 90 44 0
0 676 524 43 0
247 117 182 45
.109 22 211 398 581 TR 187 192 394 394 149 128 112
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PLANKTON 21-P A PREDICTIVE DIAGRAM An initial objective was to examine the plankton through at least one complete annual cycle and determine to what degree the succession of specieswas predictable.
Toward this end exhaustive live examinations have been made and checklists on individual sam-ples have been prepared as a monitoring device.
- As the enumeration of fixed material progresses, additional species are added and some idea of the expected abundance develops.
An alphabetical taxo-nomic index of the plankters recorded is presented in synoptic form, to supplement that appearing in a previous report.
The phytoplankton survey has been underway in middle and lower Barnegat for considerably less time than the Benthic survey.
None-theless, sufficient repetition in succession has been observed to warrant development of a preliminary predictive model for the Phytoplanktono Initial concern was with the occurrence rather than phylo-genetic relations. among organisms. -Because of the difficulty iden-tifying the members of some genera to species without special pre-paration of the cells, a number have been grouped arbitrarily (Peridinium spp.), etc. but only where members of the group appeared together or in close association.
For each organism an occurrence histogram was developed and arrayed on a true. time scale represent-ing the annual cycle (arbitrarily April to April since sampling began in April 1967)"
The family of histograms was then ordered solely on the basis of appearance, with organisms occurring early in the cycle at the top, and successively those appearing later, and for longer periods, lower in the array0 The result was a com-plex diagonal pattern representing the recorded seasonal succession0 Since, after all, the diagram was intended for predictive pur-poses, the data from an additional twelve months collecting was broken out by species, and arranged in the same order0 The histo-grams were added, and the two patterns compared.
Many organisms did not of course exhibit a clear pattern of seasonal appearance.
By and large, preliminary indications suggest that the variability in abundance of many such organisms is seasonal, but the data are as yet inconclusive, so these histograms were removed from the diagrams.
PLANKTON 22-P A PREDICTIVE DIAGRAM (Cont'd)
The remaining two arrays, representing separate sampling and analy-sis of nearly two years' data bear a remarkable similarity.
They are presented side-by-side in Fig.o2.0A..
One will note an apparently reduced frequency of occurrence for many organisms in the second year.
This is because nearly all the 1968 material subsequent to April has received only preliminary live examination.
The 1967 and early 1968 material has been subjected to repeated analysis with collections from each date receiving an absolute minimum examination of 40 fields spread over three distinct subsamples.
For this data, of course, reasonable numerical esti-mates are available on each important phytoplankter.
GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (PHYTOPLANiKTON).
The annual cycle is perhaps most adeouately represented by the diagram.
Therefore only a general comment will be made.
The spring bloom seems to begin in February, starting, perhaps with aninnoculum of Thalassiosira nordenskioldi and Detonula confervacea and possibly Detcnula cystifera introduced through the inlet.
The presence of heavy and persistent ice cover.may atten-uate illumination sufficiently (see Primary production estimates for 11-1-69) to prevent full development of the bloom until melting occurs.
Post-ice development of Thalassiosira ws phenomenal early in 1968.
It appears to be augmented significantly by strong and frequent west winds typical of February and March following the passage of extra tropical cyclones.
These winds produce, a migra-tion of surface water from west to east in the bay and out the in-let (3-111-69 surface salinity at Barnegat Inlet 27.7 o/oo) ac-.
companied by an upwelling of more saline water along the West shore (3-III-69. surface salinity near Oyster Creek mouth 30.6 o/oo +2.21C.
wind NW 20 knots).
While Thalassiosira was the dominant single species during the bloom,it is significant to note that total microflagellates exceed-ed even this dense population (615 of every 1119 cells were micro-flagellates).
These tiny organisms appear to be of great numerical importance in the estuary regardless of season.
They are either tolerant of extremely variable conditions or capable of producing
2000.
X10 3 CELLS L.e TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON 1500 0
IV v
vi VII VIII I
X Xi X"!
1 11 111 IV
23 -P.
PLANKTON GENEALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (PHYTOPLANKTON)
(Cont'd) almost limitless ecotypes in response to drastic environmental pre-sure s The Thalassiosira-Detonula complex in many estuaries is suc-ceeded by Skeletonema costatum apparently almost completely on the basis of a higher thermal optimum greater than 2o0. (Riley, 1966).
Skeletonema becomes important in Delaware Bay in late vrinter and early spring (Haskin, rersonal communication)* - Significant. zooplank-ton grazing, with a high standing crop of cope-?ods, apparently pre-vents the intense bloom conditions from continuing.
Productivity, judged by food requirements must remain very high, but a delicate dynamic equlibrium seems to exist between a succession of phyt0-plankters and the grazing populations.
By June, rising water temperatures beyond. the optimum of cold water diatoms and the sudden decimation of the copepod stock by predacious Ctenophores brings this equilibrium to and end.
- Here, with warming more rapid, we see a. distinct shift in the phytoplank-ton to a series of dinoflagellates, particularly Prorocentrum spro Occasional "red-tide" concentrations are observed.
Dinoflagellates are distinctly dominant through much of the peak-temperature season.
In general terms, one can predict that in late summer, Skeletonema costatum will become important, probably exceeding 100 X 106 cells per liter at most stations. Cyclotella (probably meneghiniana) is the only other diatom of condiserable importance throughout the warmer months.
This diatom is apparently encountered near the mouths of creeks and may, indeed, receive an innoculum from fresh water.
A diatom closely agreeing with this species was isolated in millipore filter-ed Erd-Schreiber enriched Barnegat bayw.,Tater at approximately 23 o/oo salinity from an exploratory culture taken in lake Farrington, a fresh-water lake, totally landlocked and separated from its outfall by a 23 foot damr The diatom fluurished for some time before the cul-ture was lost thru a medium deficiency.
Riley, Gordon A, (1966) in Marine Biology (Proceedings) N Y, Acado Scio page 165.
PLANKTON 24-P GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (PHYTOPLANKTON)
Cont'd licroflagellates. again, are of extreme importance during the summer months, with great concentrations exceeding a million
.cells per liter forming from time to time (see variability section).
The chlorophyte Na-nochloris was not adequately enumerated owing to its minute size and remarkable abundance.
A few estimates made during summer blooms of this organism in Barnegat Bay indi-cate it may superimpose populations of between 101 and 10o3 million cells per liter on the rest of the phytoplankton community.., which itself.
may exceed a million cells per liter at the s.ame time.
Phytoplankton abundance decreases toward a minimum in early January, while a strong shift in species composition occurs.
The dinoflagellates are again replaced, with falling temperature, by a mixed diatom population, with traces of T Thalassiosir;.-, and Detonula appearing to represent seed-stock for the February spring bloom.
The synoptic, list and graphic materials summarizing individual phy.toplnkton density -dcterni ninti oi-s follow.
0
'7-
'31 PLAi1KTON ALPHABETICAL REGISTER OF PHYTOPLANKTON ORGANISMS RECORDED FROM BARNEGAT BAYN J,
- 1 Particularly important species, seasonal dominants or ubiquitous members Achnanthes longipes.
CerataulLr). bergoni Act_*.nopt-rchus undu.J atus Cerat-unium brepiL luri
'?
Agle.nellun spo C. fusus Amphidinium sDp.
C. macroceros A.
carteri C. minutuin A fTsiforme
- Ceratium tripos.
Ao. ;.phenoides Chaetoceros spp.
Amphiprora incompta C. approximatus A. surirelloides C. boreale Amphora sp.
C. curvisetum.-
Aphanothece sp.
C. debilis Asterionella japonica
- C. decipiens Biddulphir spp.
C. dichaeta B. arctica C.
didymus B biddulphiana C. fragile v B. favus C. secundus B. grafhulata C. simile B. vesiculosa C. S*implex
- Bipedomonas sp.?
C. subtile
- Calycomonas gracilis -1 forms -
Chlarnydomonas Campylodiscus sp.
Chroomonas sp.
- c.
fastuosus
- Cocconeis Carteria sp.
Cochlodinium helicoides r-
PLANKTON 26-P ALPHABETICAL REGISTER OF PHYTOPLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
Coscinlodiscus Sppo Fragillaria sp.
C. angstii F. crotonensis C. centralis.;
F. cylindrus C. excentricus Glenodiniur Spo C. radialtus G. danicum
- <h--ylptoronas spp.
G. foliac(ccn Cylotella nara ?
Gleocystiw gigas
- (! meneghiniana Gomphonitzschig sp.
C7."':ella spp.
Goniodoma sp.
D-.i.;nula sppo Gonyaulax sp.
- D. confervacea
- G. digitale
- D. cystifera G. polygrsnma Dirnophysis Sp.
G. scrippsae D. acuminata
- G. spinifera D. acuta G. tricantha Do ovum Grammatophora spp.
Dliploneis sp.
Guinardia flaccida Do
'rabro Gymnodinium spp.
Diplopsalis lenticula G. incoloratum Distephanus speculum G. nelsoni Ditylium brightwelli G.
punctatum Ebria tripartita
- G. splendens Eucampia groenl.ndica Gyr'odinium spp.
E. zodiacus G.
dominans
- Euglena Sppo G. pellucidum
- Eutreptia sp.
G. pingue
27-P PLANKTON ALPHABETICAL REGISTER OF FHYTOPLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont' d)
Gyrodinium resplendens Nitzschia sp.
Hemidinium sp
- N. clOO terium Lauderia glacialis N. paradoxa Leptocylindrus sp N. seriata.
L. '.anicus No ctilucBL miliaris L
'*-.Dinimus Ochromonas sp.
J-...:. ;,ophoi. a sp.
Oscillato. ta ST;..*
L-. ..odesm.-um ui.Adulatum Ostreopsi-iuon,-,tis
-,,.7ya sp.
Paralia (yielosJlra) sulcata i:...3artia Sp.
Pediastrum sp.
Melosira sp.
Peridinitum sop.
M. borreri P. brevipes Fl
-ranulata P. claudicans M. juergensii P. depressus N. nummiuloides P. excavatum
- Nannochloris sp.
P. granii No atomus ?
P P. leonis Navicula spp.
P. pallidum N. crucicula P. roseum N. distans P. trizuetra N.(S.chizonema) gravelei
- P. trochoideum N. gregaria
- Peridinopsis rotunda N. monilifera Phormidium sp.
N. nunmularia Pinnularia sp.
N. peregrina P. ambigua Nematodium sp.
Pleurosigma (Gyrosigma) o.
N. armatum P0 fasciola
PLANKTON 28-P ALPHABETICAL REGISTER OF PHYTOPLANKTON ORGANISMS (Cont'd)
Pleurosigma formosa Spirodinium fissum P. marinum.
Spirulina sp.
Polykrikos Spo Striatella unipunctata P. barnegatensis Surirella spo.
P, ;.rtmani1 S. smithii P,
.*.ofoidi Synedra s..
.wrocentrum micans S. henned ana redfieldL TabellariE-So P.
,cutellum Thalassiornma H-p.
triangulatum T. frauenfeldii Py-amrnimonas sp.
T. nitzschiodes P. tetrarhynchus Thalassiosira spp.
P. :orta T. condensata Rhabdonema adriaticum T. gravida Rhizosolenia sp.
To hyalina R.
olata
- T. nordenskioldi R. cylindrus T. pacifica R. delicatula T. rotula R. fragillima Thallassiothrix longiss R, semispina Z.ygnemopsis ?
- R. setigera MISCELLANEOUS:
R. stolterfothii Chlorococcales Ciliate algal swarmers Scenedesmus quadricaudata Cyanophyta misc.
Schereff lia dubia Cysts - mostly dinoflag Schizonema (navicula) gravelei Diatoms (unidentified)
Dinoflag. (unidentified
- Skeletonema costatum icoaglas MicroflagellateS Zoospores, Algal 3ima ellate
)
XI&
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29-P PLANKTON GENERALIJIED SEASONAL CYCLE (ZOOPLANKTON)
SPRING The spring flowering provides abundant forage for a tremendous upsurge in zooplankton, dominated by calanoid copepods, chiefly Acartia s~p2, which in 1968 began with the first week of March, and cý'_,-tinued cuite strongly through early April.
Zooplankton at this son may be so abundant as to clog the filter after only 25 1. and a-,roximate 60 ml settled volume per cubic meter.
The occurrence of the delicate Chaetognath Sagitta is of interest.
the specimens examined were S. elegans,and this appears to be only species thus far penetrating the bay.
In previous work dur-imV 1964-1965 at the Northern end of the Bay, only an occaional tta appeared during the winter, unable, it would appear to sus-t-,.:, populations at much lowered salinities.
SAGITTA ELEGANS IN BARNEGAT BAY 5 Min. Net-tow Abundance Date Temperature Salinity 1 individo in 5 stations 20-XII 4.E50 27o5 o/oo hundreds in single sample 5-I1 2.2c.
30.6 o/oo many in single sample 10-III 4°7' 25.6 o/oo 2 individo in 4 stations 7-IV 920 24.0 o/oo Sagitta is a voracious zooplankton predator, plentiful around the time of seasonal minimum temperatures and arparantly (since at Mantoloking, immature specimens were observed twice in active con-dition between 16 and. 17 o/oo) more sensitive to temperature than
PLANKTGN 30-P GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (ZOOPLANKTON)
SPRING (cont'd) salinity.
They have never survived holding in our experience at 16-20° C for more than a few hours.
Spooner (1933) reports Sagitta t:-s positively phototactic and we have nearly always taken them in c.-.rface samples.
This would increase the probability of their en-
.ainment thru the condensers.
Zooplankton numbers remain fairly high through the spring, and tizing limits the development of an extremely rich phytoplanktono ough April, a number of small medusae (Perigonemus ? Aecuora)
,-,n which the taxomomy is incomplete are encountered.
Their dis-S.bution is variable, and they appear to move about quite passively
.-.h the tide.
SMALL MEDUSAE 7-IV-68 FIVE MINUTE DRIFTS OT 0 l m NET STATION 10-55 10-30 8-.25 7-23 GULF PT OYSTER CR, STOUTS CR CEDAR CR.
Temp. oC 10.0 10.o llo0 ll.6 Salinity o/oo 23.2 23.0 20.4 21.4 Mature icm 33 6
1 1
Immature under lcm 26 37 17 2
- Spooner, G.oI (193i3)
Observations on the Reaction of Marine Plankton to Light. J.N BoAoUoKo 19: 385-438.
h.
400 30 0 200 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 0.
if' I'
I, J
/
100 I
a a
B I
I IV V
V1 VIP X
X!
xU I
1968 11 111 IV/
pILANKTON 31-P GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (ZOOPLANKTON)
(Cont'd)
SPRING (Cont'd)
When water temperatures exceed 15' the large Coelenterate Cyanea capitata becomes particularly abundant.
It feeds rather heavily on small fishes and has been observed taking Menidia menedia, the metamorphosed juveniles of Anguilla americana and small stickle-Dackso Cyanea disappears rather abruptly from the bay, usually in
'-ate Nay, when they are seen in great numbers lying scenescent in
-.be warmer shallows along the lee shore of Island Beach.
None are
.c*
zountered until the following spring.
- -... ' ER :
The appearance of the Ctenophore Mnemiorsis leidyi late each
- .',ring in Barnegat Bay is a remarkable phenomenon.
The date of ap-
.. arance at Mantoloking has proven predictable + 1 week for several
- m.,ars now0 Temperature may be the controlling factor and it is thus not surprising that the single monitoring of this onset in lower Barnegat came somewhat later than at Mantolokingo The densities generated in a few days are remarkable, with counts exceeding fifty organisms in 50 liters (estimated 1000/mni).
These creatures are efficient predators on the zooplankton, feeding with particular selectivity on the calanoid copepod Acartiao Zooplankton sample volumes are immediately and drastically reduced0 The. initial and.subsequent swarms of Nnemippsis graze zooplankton heavily throughout the summer.
Adults appear to be distributed somewhat randomly through the water column during the day but may rise to the surface at night, where extensive highly bioluminescent swarms are encountered0 Mnemiop.sis appears to be the most important zooplankter for long periods in the summer, A considerable body of data is being
PLANKTON 32-P GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (ZOOPLANKTON)
Cont'd)
SUMMER (Cont'd) assembled on these populations and will be published at a later date.
AUTUMN According to the experimental work of Mayer (1912) iMnemiopsis is more sensitive to increases in temperature than decreases.
i,\\utumn specimens, acclimated to lower temperatures, when brought ato the laboratory and warmed slowly to 200 will dieintegrate in matter of hours.
They may be refrigerated for several days with-cat damage, and are found viable even in December about the lower wT: y, often lying motionless on the bottom. IMnemiopsis,to some ex-Ui-tt~is replaced in autumn by a second ctenophore species Beroe
- .I;-,Ia.
Both species apparently cease to be important predators by
- .,,.t mid-October.
Despite the removal of massive predation, and perhaps because oII increased thermal stress from falling temperatures, zooplankton
- Ci'-c.tinued to dwindle into winter.
It took the copepod Acartia until
.1Iember to produce even.a token adult population, so that during
- I'.3 fall, exclusive of naupliar stages, the rotifers Asplanchna and Snychaeta along-with tintinnid protozoa became important.
The large loricate tintinnid Favella has had rather predictable outbursts each fall in Barnegat since 1964, when collections at Nantoloking began.
In 1967 a mean density of 8400 / m3 was recorded on 14-X, WINTER A significant accumulation of zooplankton was observed by early January 1968; then, during the period of minimum temperatures, zoo-plankton fell to extremely low levels or became torpid and sank from the water column.
(if, indeed, we can judge from a curtailed sampl-ing program)0 They remained so until the February flowering.
Zooplankton began responding., apparently to increased phyto-plankton, in early February0 A lag of 27 days was observed between the apparent maximum of phytoplankton and the subsequent peak of zooplankton abundance, a remarkable 2,076,100 organisms per m3.
Mayer, A.G.
(1912)
Ctenophores of the Atlantic Coast of North America,Camz.egie Institute, Wash.
X10 3/M 3 to0-ADULT AND JUVENILE oSURFACE e BOTTOM STAGE GOPEPODS total with all other Cop3pods 10 I
L a-a!
a r-~
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I i
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10 II.I ds
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VELIGERS-GASTROPOO 8 *VELIGER07 4L
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DISTRIBUTION DURING SUMMER 1967 100 50 0
V Vi VII DATE Ix 8-25 9-28 10-C0 -e-26
.3 4I0/
30 M3 PCOLYCHAETE $ ETIGERS w -
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PLANKTON 33-P GENERALIZED SEASONAL CYCLE (ZOOPLANKTON)
Cont'd)
WINTER: (Cont'd)
Graphic materials follow this section, summarizing the census data for a number of. the more important zooplankton organisms..
rreakdown of surface and bottom density is presented for the
,i.itial summers's data as applicable.
This investigator is not prepared to commit the data to a predictive diagram as has been
- .ire with the phytoplankton.
A preliminary checklist for the u-oplankton organisms is, however, included.
PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF ZOOPLANKTERS COLLECTED IN BARNEGAT BAY Hold and Tycho-Plankters indicated
- otozoa utenopnora Foraminifera Beroe ovata Mlemio --- leidyi Pulvinulina sP.
Nemathelmia Radiolaria
- Unidentified Nemat Unident. Radiolarian Infusoria Chaetognatha Amr~hilervtus tta Sagitta elegans Cucuus Rotifera C
Tndylostoma sp.
Asplanchna sp DacuTlopusia F'Eevicornis A
ancheas Phrys; a
~pe-iculatus Unidentifiel RotJ 0aameci um-s T Unident.Rotifer I Zoothamnium sp Unident. Hypo-rich protozoans Polychaeta Tintinnoida
- Undifferentiated Favella sp Tro chophore s Tintinnus a.
- Undifferentiated UidTeant.
Tintinnids Setigers Porifera Arthropoda Unclassified Statoblasts (Arachnida)
Coelenterata
- Hydrobates sj*
Cnidarian Blepharoplasts (Crustacea)
Cnidarian Planula Cala p
Aecuoa sp.Calanroid copepods,j Aecuora pao Acartia tonsa (c CYanea.ca~pitata Cetoae Obelia geniculata ?
C a
es spp.
Perigonemus rytemoraS o.
Temor-m ?a gcornj Tort*--7anu' d/scaudE
- odes 0
Lfer Egg 18-1
.ncl.:
Lausii)
-s Itus
PLANKTON PRELIMINARY CHECKLIST OF ZOOPLANKTERS COLLECTED IN BAINrEGAT BAY Hola and Tycho-Plankters indicated (*)
Arthropoda (Crustacea)
- Harpacticoid Copepods U-ndifferentiated Nauplii Various Copepodid stages Undifferentiated Copel-od eggs incloEvrytemora
- Brachyuran Zoea Balanus (Eburneus?) Nauplii Cladocera
- Unidentified Amphipods
- Unidentified Mysids
- Unidentified Cumacid
- Ostracods SNollusca
- Gastropod Veligers
- Pelecypod Veligers Polyzoa
- Bryozoan Statoblasts Echinodermat a
- Pluteus Larvae Chordata (Tunicata)
Oikepleura Doicia (Pisces)
Anguilla America-Lna (post.-elver juveniles)
Undifferentiated Fish Iaivae
PDLANKTON 35-P DISSOLVED OXYGEN It was considered useful to develop a body of dissolved oxygen data for the test area covering the pre-operational period thru at least a single annual cycle.
Twenty-two months data have now been assembled.
Both surface and bottom samples were drwwn with a Kemmerer or V*,
Dorn sampler and fixed in the field including acidification.
-.. :rd "La Boheme" and "Beroe" samples were stored in the dark, or i
jubdued light below dock to inhibit photooxidation and thermal e&:. :sion.
This was not possible because of space limitations aboard Duplicate titra'ions were always mad.i on each bottle, and
- j.
hese did not fall within 0.05 ml thiosulfate of each other, a licate titration was carried out.
The data for this work, expressed as within-date means,(Fig.35 A) c,..ace and bottom, indicates a fairly consistent decrease in oxygen ftrd the bottom.
Oxygen is highest during the winter and even in
°*y shallow water does not appear to deplete beneath thick and pE..,.istent ice cover.
It is not clear whether this reflects a sus-tained photosynthetic capacity of the phytoplankton or minimal bac-terial and zooplankton respiratory demands in water that is frequent-ly below 00 C surface to bottom in as much as three meters depth.
Two approaches have been taken in presenting the oxygen mater-ial.
First, the standard two dimensional meamwithin date,(Fig. 35-A )
and second a matrix approach, (Fig.35-B) which follows a series of stations, essentially contiguous to each other in the bay, through somewhat over six months in 1967.
Contour maps have been constructed i'for both surface and bottom oxygen.
The irregularity with which in-dividual stations were visited leaves unavoidable gaps in this mater-ial and it is hoped that far better use of this approach might be made in later efforts, The convenience of such an array in attemp-ting to assess the effects of plant operation are obvious.
36-P PLANKTON DISSOLVED OXYGEN (Cont'd)
A number of very low dissolved oxygen readings were observed at station 4-27 (5-27 area off Island Beach).
This is a shallow, easily wind-aerated region but one particularly subject to severe d.i'rnal warming at almost any season.
A differential in water*
- .,.....erature from 1.5 to lO0C was observed over a horizontal dis-L e approximating ten meters on 15 Feb.,
1967, and in summer in-
- .-e temperatures may exceed thirty degrees.
This natural thermal
.ling may be responsible for lowering dissolved oxygen but the of substrate materials (although the bottom is sand with patches
,.ostera marina) c~nnnlt bp rul]d out at this time.
WITH IN-DATE DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEANS oSURFACE L4 CD' U'
MG. 02 PER LITER
- BOTTOM 15 i0
/
I I
I N
0 S
5
&STA 4-27 0
STA 4-27 ICE ICE~
b'p=
-I
- I
778 INLFTLI FLOi
'\\
\\\\
S"TK I\\
P FORKCID Y[OU
\\
J j' *..
' i 3"
- '*D a
?
A
-il
.-' w
- w
.wg
~~:J~W~
IV V Vi I
VIi iX 1967 BOTTOM OXYGFN X
iv V
Vil Vil VIi!
IX i967 SURFACE OXYGEN X
37-P PLANKTON INVESTIGATION OF PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY:
It was not considered reasonable to totally ignore primary pro-duction (the rate at which new organic material is generated).
The light-dark bottle method of Gaarder and Gran (1929) offered, as an extension of the dissolved oxygen work in this survey, a method of estimating productivity and also of assessing the significance of respiration.
Because of the peripheral nature of the work, only minimal replication was possible.
METHOD Numbered series of 500 ml (306 ml to permit introduction of re-agents) dissolved oxygen bottles, washed in distilled water and air dried before use, were 'uspended at one or more stations and at one or more depths within station.
The dark bottles were black vinyl taped and then wrapped in aluminum foil to totally exclude light and minimize differential warming in comparison with the uncovered light bottles, a factor discussed by Patten, et al (196tI).
Conversion from the measured parameter of dissolved oxygen to carbon fixed was made by applying a factor of 0.375, representing
- a. photosnythetic quotient suggested as appropriate by Dr.FoBoTrama, Department of Zoology*
The demands of multiple station operation made it impractical to suspend productivity rigs on station for more than a few hours.
Significant oxygen changes were often obtained in as little as 1.5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br />.
These, of course, are virtually point-in-time measurements, but give a general idea of daily patterns0.
Minimizing the time of exposure has the distinct advantage of reducing bacterial contamination of the bottles and the resulting inflation of respiration.
In addition, Pratt and Berkson (1959) have shown that differential reproduction and mortality may occur within bottles during customary 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> experiments0 Such long ex-posures seem warranted only in the most oligotrophic of waters0 Pratt and Berkson (1959)
Two sources of variability in the Light and Dark Bottle Method. Limnolo& Oceanog.IV:
328-334.
38-P PLANKTON ANALYSIS,OF METHOD:
The variability in weather conditions, particularly cloud cover, may have had dramatic effects, either by inhibiting light saturated populations, or enhancing those in sub-optimal illuminations.
Vandals, on several occasions destroyed or removed productivity apparatus from station while the R/V was continuing its sampling nearby.
Consequently a few estimates were made on plankton samples immersed in tubs or buckets on deck, in which the water was frequent-ly changed to minimize temperature fluctuations.
The results of such estimates were reasonable when compared with simultaneous estimates of material suspended on station, although the system is not entirely practical aboard the R/V Clio.
PRELIMINARY in situ AND ON-DECK PRODUCTIVITY COMPARISONS Date 7-IX-68 20-IX-68 Net Gross Net Gross In situ In situ 0.1 m 13.0*
27.1 0.1 m 20.1 24oS(poss.anoma-';r)
Bottom 1.9 m 22.4 58.6 On Deck 15.4 24°3 On Deck 24.8 57.5
- All values expressed as mg C/m 3/hour
PLANKTON ATTENUATION OF PLANKTON PRODUCTIVITY WITH DEPTH:
In August, September, October and January, estimates were made to assess the response of plankton photosynthesis to depth and de-creasing illumination in the water column.
Several experiments were attempted in other months but the apparatus were either stolen or destroyed.
On the basis of this very preliminary data which, unfor-tunately, includes only dates upon which visibility and hence light transmission was reasonably high, there is no clearcut evidence of either a reduction with depth, or inhibition by surface intensities.
To obtain a complete picture for each date, it is necessary to con-sider not only incident radiation (available from the Pyranometer data, when organized) but the individual sample cell counts, which, for 1968 have not been completed INVESTIGATION OF ATTE!TCTATION OF PLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY WITH DEPTH 1968 -
1969 SUB--ICE DATE STATION EXPERIK]ENT 27-VIII 15-IX 20-IX 16-X 29-X
_---6._...
DEPTH (6-27)
(4-27 (11-29)
(9-28)
_(10-29)
(4-27)
Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross Net Gross SURFACE 24.8 57.5 9.4 28o.__
Oolm 27.0 41.3 Neg. 27.1 20.1 24.8 0.2m 4.1 l**. 0 0o3m 51.4 63.6 0.5m NeEo 55.8 91.8 l1o 3 24.8 27.0 l.5m 72.0
- 1. 9m 22.4 58.6 2.Om 26.0 288.0 2.3m 35.9 73.4 20 5m 128L 137.0 cc Over 2m Bottom Over 1.9m 3.Om 0800 2.5m Bottom Sfeechi" 1.o3m 1425
PLANKTON 40-P NIGHTTIME PLANKTON RESPIRATION
'1 nIconnection with the productivity work it was desired to obtain some estimate of the respiratory requirement of the plankton during the hours of darkness.
During the overnight cruise 12-13 July,1968, the following data were gathered at two stations between 2200 and 2300 hours0.0266 days <br />0.639 hours <br />0.0038 weeks <br />8.7515e-4 months <br />.
PH.SICAI DATA FOR TWO NIGHT S:CATIOYS 12-VII-68 mg/lo Dissolved Percent Sta.
Location Depth Temp.
Salinity Oxypen Saturation 9-27 Ncuth Forked R.
0.2 m *24.21 24.3 o/oo 7.96 111.6 2.6 m 21L4' 31.1 O/co 5.16 72.
8-25 Mouth Stouts Cr. 0.2 m 24.40 23.9 o/oo 6.95 97.2 2.6 m 2.3.7.- 27.1 o,/oo 6,80*
95°9
- Only a single replication was obtain;& on this titra-tion, the seconr2 was Lo low as to be considered an ancmaly.
In a 6.75 hour8.680556e-4 days <br />0.0208 hours <br />1.240079e-4 weeks <br />2.85375e-5 months <br /> dark bottle experiment 2300 -
0545, respiration in the surface water at station 8-25 was estimated at 0.0222 mg 02/l/hr and at the bottom (2.6 m) 0.0533 mg 0 2/l/hr.
The same sta-tion, measured between 0700 -
1030 the next morning showed dark bot-tle respiration increase at the surface to 0*.0486 mg 02 /l/hro Despite this rise, net photosynthesis indicated by light bottle in the morning experiment would have been sufficient to compensate for ten hour's respiration in total darkness (considerably more than ac-tual) with on]y 1.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> of daylight.
The supersaturation at station 9-27 was associated writh a fairly dense population of an apparently bioluminescent dinoflagellate, Glenodinium (danicum ?). Prorocentrum trianilatýum shared dominance.
PLANKTON 41-P NIGHTTl**E PLANIJKTON RESPIRATION (Cont'd)
No Glenodinium were observed in live examination of the bottom sam-ple which was puite low in dissolved oxygen (5-ra mg/l, 72%).,
The high nighttime respiratory rate at 2.6 m.on station 8-25 waa associated with a dense population of Eutret_
- sP_,
not present in such abundance at the surface.
PRODUCTIVITY ESTIW..P*ES Basf:,d upon ei--:hteei-. dates,covering nine maonths, wi h 42 sample seats estimated by r-,ver 250 titrations, mean a--t primary productivity by, the p-o.ankt.:'n co..tmunity amounted to 20.95 n'-gC/nT1/hr of deylight.
Mean gross primary production by the phytoplankton and associated photosynthetic bactieria was 117.1 mgC/m3/hr of d&ylighto As.might be expected, g--oss productivitj in.:-artic.ular showed responses to certain major phytoplanktou phe-lomer..
Gross produc-tivity would prediýht de'rceaz=ing cell coantc from spring into summer with increases later in August, and a decrease into September.
Ex-amination of the generalized phytoplankton cell counts in (Figl]A) shows thils to be the case. Correlations within station against in-dividual cell counts would most practically be tackled by the computer.
The four dates 18-XII-].968, 11-I, 3-IT and l6--II,1969 closely follow the early spring diatom bloom, zn,Lch of which occurred sub-ice in Barnegat D-ay,ui.der attenuated illumination which contributes to the less than phenomenal responses in terms of apparent production0 While productivities were generally higher about the summer solstice and lower near the winter solstice, it is considered haz-ardous to othe.'rwise discuss seasonal differences, sat this stage.
ESTIMATES OF /MAN PRIMARY PRODUCTION BY THE PLANKTON COMMUNITIY ARRAYED BY DATE Date of Experiment
~
~
1 NoS8.mPT C /m 3/h C/rn 1 /hr' in mean*
31 V VI
- 1) VII 2.- VII i.6 VIIi VIII 7 IX 15 IX 20 IX 1 X 16 x 29 X 15 xl 24 XI 18 XII 24.3 110.3 154.3 1,.9 700.0 117.0 1
5'.3 21.8
-7.9 2:?.4
- 139..3 37.4 172.4 90.1 72.9 170.3 39.2 41.5 53.0 310.8 55.3 137 19.6
.001 6.6 21.4 79.7 21.5 97.3
- 1515 0.0 11 I 3 II 16 ii 10.3 6.8 75.7 1.2
- Each sample represents a light and dark bottle together with accompanying initial dissolved oxygen determination.
The estimate for each bottle is based upon duplicate titrations, usually + 0.05 ml thiosulfate and occasionally a third titra-tion where variability exceeded this limit.
LIGHT-DARK BOTTLE PHYTOPLANKTON.PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES o NET
- GROSS-MG.C/M R.
1000.
N)
.i9 87 ESTIMATE f
I I
d 1'-
I I
I I
C-I
.I j
III Ix Xv I
ci I
I.
1 1
I I
0 4-A NEGATI\\
I aI 41 I
a I
!'ýý
ý,.
7'.
ý- -
W. t-,
IV V
VI VIi Vl xIl 1
II IIIi
PLANKTON 43 -P PRODUCTIVITY ESTIMATES (Cont'd).
It was intended that pyranometer data, collected for the last year on Island Beach, be utilized in the analysis of primary produc-tion estimates. In particular, the insolation curve can be inte-t.ed over a portion of the daily cycle,during which. a productivity e-'.rin..t was carried out, and over some mc-.t'hs.-f e-, erimfaitation a -.;catt i-diagram e
- d to examine the rJ lti.*mhip bet1.,:en ac-
.,.l incident radj. tion ýtt the sea surface aLod the estimates of i-.itu carbon fi:-:-.ticno Rjrthermore with frequent se.&;hi disc re,;.Aings (Fig
) the degree to which illumination is attenuated in the water column can be examined in relation to productivity.
The pyranometer charts also give a modsrately direct read-out on solar thermal input to the bay.
The relationship of this input to changes in water temperat-are would be valuable to examine, parti-calarly since fifteen months of virtually continuous pre-operational records have been obtained.
Unfortunately, the time recuired to integrate the graphic re-cords exceeded that available to the survey staff, and the exhaus-tion of funds precluded hiring even relatively inexpensive student assistance.
It is anticipated that it will be possible to utilize these records during future operations.
44-P PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY FIELD.ESTIMATES OF PLANKTON FIELD ESTIMATES OF PLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY Treat-ment Lite Tot.0 2 Changes ExPos.
mg C/m3hr.
Init.
Dark Net Gross Time Net Gross Date Sta.
196-7"-
4.cxI 5-27 4 -rT 5-27 5-27 TI 7-28 l* 2.8'II 4-25 2,1..
4, I
2 7 16-III
- 2.2-31 16-VIII 7-29 5-27 III 4-27 r
.II 6-27 2'
.7111 6-27
- (-.X 7-29 7-IX 7-29 7-IX 9-28 1 -..Tx 4-27 15 *. x 4-27 20-Ix 11-29 20-IX 11-29 20-TX 11-29 1.-x 2-4 1-X 4-27
- 0. 1M O.im
.0.1m O.lm O.lm 0.l1M
- 0. lm
- 0. lm
- 0. 1M
- 2. Om C.lm Deck 0.lm
- 0. lm 0.5m 0.1m Deck 1.9m 0.irM 7.75 7.81 8.46 9.50 7.30 3.23 7.48 7.08 6.3d6 5.02 6.92 7.01 6.51 6.49 6.66 5.97 5.98 7.90 7.93 7.76 9.10 7.26 7.26 8.28 8.46 6.86 3..135 6.81 7.04 5.99 4.19 6.77 6.9o 6.41 6.3-7 6.47 6.04 6.09 7.77 7.77 7.63 Io.4o 13.16 7.14 7.22 3.26 8.40 6.69 2.72 6.46 6.98 32 6.69 6.80 6,30 6.30 6.32 0.49 0.55 0.18 1.04 1.44 0.10 0.67 0.04 0, 81 0.11 0.10 0.12 0.19 0.25m12,76 2 2 I-X 4-27 Q.25m13.0)4 13.1.6 5,90-.07 5.72 -.01 7,74
.13 7.56
.16 7.42
.13 8.49-1.30 12.70-
.40 11.92-..12 12.31 -.59 8.55 0.72 8.59 0.33 7.30 0.46 8.45 1.o4 0.61 0.59 5.20
.1.10 1.61 C.51 02 1.10 0.37 1.50 0.23 1.21 0.21 0.19 0.34 0.14 0.27 o.16 0.37 0.34 1.91 o.46 1.24 1.26 0.89 0.36 0.95 0.. 553 5.40 5.40 34.1 42.4 38.2 41.0 2.8
. 24.3.700.0 3.5), 110.3 117.0 3.`-0 154.3 172.4
- 2.
17 9 90.1 5.(,3 49.5 75.5 4.J7 3.60 99.1 3.1' 4-4.0 3.08 101.
1C2.
2.08 27.0 41.3 1.58 26.0 288.
2.92 13.0 27.1 2.92 15.4 24.3 1.92 36.9 66.2 1.92 -13.5 27.1 1.83 -
2.18 55.8 2.42 20.1 24.8 2.42 24.8 57.5 2.17 22.4 58.6 2.38-205.
301.
1.18-127.
147.
1.18-138.1 394.
1.18-187.
401.
5.25 51.4 63.6 5.00 24.8 27.0 4.883 35.9 73.4 4.25 91.8
?
1-x 4-27 X2
].2.90 13.16 16-x 16-x 16-x 9-28 9-28 9-28 1.3m.n 2.35m 2.3m x2 0.5m 9.44 8.95 8.25 8.72 8,62 7.79 29-x 10-.29 8.98 7.94 A single pair of productivity estimates.was made in 1967 in connection with a study of the Ctenophore population of Barnegat Bay, work which will ultimately be published under separate cover.
(Tah.e ncont 11.1lUd next page)
FIELD ESTIMATES OF PLANKTON PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (Cont'd)
Treat-Tot.OpChanges Expos.mgo C/m p/hr.
Time
.Tet Gross Date Sta.
nent Lite Init.
Dark Net Gross 29-X 10-29 1.5m 8.88 8.11 8.50 0.77 0°38 4.00 72.0 29-X 10-29 2.5m 9.29 8.01 7.92 1.28 1.37 3575 128.
x2 mean 15-.XI 4-27 0.iam 9.56 X of 2 24-XI 4-27 O.22m 8.89 x2 18.XII 8-26 Deck 12.29 Sur-9 1379 19.6 10-51 9.42 -0.95 0.14 2.67-135.
9.28 8.96 12.15 12.20
.3 face 5-27 x 2 Sub-Ice 5-27 x 2 16,78 16.29 16.45 16o53 16.29 16.37 1117 10.16 10.11 0,
0 0.14 0.16 0.07
.1.01
-0.07 3°5.
0.0 -
.001 0.09 5.17 10.3 6.6 0.49 6.42 9.4 28.7 0.24 6.42 4.1 14o0 1.06 5.0.
75.7 79,7 0.19 3.3o0 1.2 21.5
.- I 7 -II 5-32 73
-II 9-28 3
12.82 12.81 12.77 0.01
S THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BENTHIC FLORA AND FAUNA OF BARNEGAT BAY BEFORE AND AFTER THE ONSET OF THERMAL ADDITION Sixth Progress Report June 1, 1970 Robert E. Loveland, Department of Zoology Edwin T. Moul, Department of Botany with the assistance of Kent Mountford, Phillip Sandine, Donna Busch, Edward Cohen, Nancy Kirk, Marsha Moskowitz, and Charles Messing.
Rutger's University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
4e Inctroducotion The PrIncIPle Pureos of the Curs/t 1, t~ o bring thO re,"iever up to dz% on ths gwýits df 100
,a abora~s.
p~antto of raw aa-, will be attempted au i,, the pagt,,
Instead thic dfftsA 11~ bvý_!C stored in the~ Dbpario--vtnt of 2Zoc,2,ogy Ct Rtftse-m Unimrurity zn-- u111 bwe ittd* avaliqibý,3 cn requegr,.
We will attempt In this TtX~
to review the g'~:'1Implica'..
U0118 Of OUP dAta and t_- oautaine cir inteant;iuit
-or futurLt vork In~ BarnegTit Bay,,
ikr the first 'to-me 6durlng 1-his study, tv. have begun very er.t,,'UL anmyIT81 ox h
titA4 tqtchniques oxf stntlaTIc *and compute~r' ~e~
-j.if~tu~r~p-Vly, etflyei
-1 o
60f &ý4t a 10 A RX c~. n v W n
't ak a rd wi -. u jdo u bFdl y 1vbo have been~ ah't1 Ica~
~
t aii V
z v-e,-y core-ioist~d In orb~ enwp2l M
th ooŽi
- 'is&n1 the~ rawi 1abomtzn-rS SO.e goenora 1i.
z-tior-a viiar.fting thý prj%ý:q tr
- bina, In 19639 we had almos'll t-L ooiip',kte ti~rn-G'Alr of y),:'a-onnej; mto of the aa igtants jcj3rj.d,A yitr litti.c or na
'~os te~
lence.
Howatnr, ? i e
i LRttjtuI6 Q1,41, ; -. It~~g We have beco,-."
much c ~onuv;:d wi-th acue nd vn-,p re~
tatioff of dt ow2a rf1Plenrilng.
T1Ku2:,
although It way &ppaar -that w6 hnve donis qzmntjtatifl~ly IV.. than in pre-r1~ous years, we arm mu,_2n rzr confl.denst '-:n our nampli~ng toob-AIiqU09 and 16oratoT7 &Yalyelse rw3 h~io focu~ti't on fire regions oft the bay for xPMiri4,n stati.onge. 1.) !orared RPilvoe at Rouite 9; tions have been takenr~
rom other' riegiong of 1110,)&y, Ug wejLl &V rA-0u %It.t3..n the) confPi "0 f this gV110MAIrneP14i p
- Itself, rUrl. ng 10Owe Lods 1? orizia*z -'or banthi' lnrert3 alonet.0 Wa Asvo vaIdall montha J~t~arnuary, April and Orer 12(D bonth.lo ~a"..p~se werie ftn'1eX< for ine'.t~rc-.t*g Additional ainalsoi
&n aui!pjee wsi-e male for cTI-.
planktC&l, t'hic iAtgoo a.:4 gtvt tV~Aee0s
- i.
Lillis h
_.t-,e
'uninterrupttid,.
19~
J 4 %,
w~t 7 &djýt-.t cruigpje being eadie thro~ugh May 1urC.
16t is 0o.r ho0pe thijt tjAis; ~ruzj4it till continue for at le~aust ona more year...to t.4nt e rft
%m rjcau981Ing MuT;rlf iRFit aiy 2'-A for ouwrn.r 9'0 ý,n for.
t~'~
3 Pbloatiorig and pyPSt.a Loveland, R. E,,, Gordon Yonder and 0417 Muk'm.+/-t 1089 Now rooort&u of aud-braInchm ftvsm Uu Jei~i,.
fta~ Yelag Lovalarad, A.S. and )av1d S.19, ftu.
196.,
oxy~gen eon..-
eBpp~ou and water movviint 1In
'00~~a~a Can,-
parat~1m Daoobeiud%'Vr7 und PhyalI T r, T-T &.
Taylor, Jon~athan 71.
Zdwin T.
F-aand. !t.T Lo,.lari.
1969.
Mew rooorde and mro banthic mwarlm a\\R fyývý ;9% zermr'.
%aleltiz of th1 Terrey Biotanioe.
O1b 761. Qt-'
257i Lo~wland A.J.
aMA J.8. Wiasew.
1959.
tyi2o.
I~ml and hisutologictaX evildeao of a ohmorsra V Sn t.1 7 tenna o:ý Oriiiu yp.,
the ammaw pIl.bug.
2V-1 Lle110n 0O"j Aoad. Bel.T-
ý-FSa,
9 Mr. Pbilllp W. -an4e hb ke 3olnediour ;i.-cjot and w11 be primarily ocniern-ed 4ltn th, field. optntion.
Hi1 princIple Interest in resea-rh I prductivity In populnt.onh.
He had boen asmpling the water in arM arcunr, tn, area of tbe goermrting sta~tion Through the k1nd preiiAof Mr. Bi.A Johansen of the Jer.ey rontrak ?ower and Li2. Co.
Visa Nancy Kirk, an undergra~uate, 21V Do',ac hsie been raponrsible for.4ortirm' a
abukting "er.....dentifiti from samplcs.
Sh.
h i been Covo ar.edlytAnF P',i, tsa and V--lthnia.
Mr..dwari2 Cohen. an undergrodu& 1*&i
.a;a been studyinr.
the; otteoto of Ze'qsir.a--
the pj-:uotiv-ity of Codia r~y~~g.li rec-W.'3nt ityt~partF3T Oe~anojt~tph at he~ Unirst ahn'~n HNrs ým Mri b,"1n i~tk~ ts. v2. gr17Vtu E tt io tu 5?is t ftie Z at ent Of ZOcOigy At Ruiger, A's,*. ten Ccoditt."
A criLcl e;ur~eo ot the o.,orei.>.'of b&mhi, !nv*~rte.,
frvoit Zi.
- flh-IPIS s~t-z4Y a.ssho bl.
- tc*r
,rinrc.pio
"-.Ahtrdrht is in the statit'tirý,t of iir. VxXrle VaifLJngt2\\f av doxgrt,ýk.atei
>¶tiautgeve~l~g*
has been etuz-iing tho
- 4sa-t"y........
thrvoughout %Thz t.y.
&v kio re%,tly bc p:.i t, d to n.n N3 Dr, R.
Lc.v&lad iwehrat vet'tcc d:
in Pt..kster'&
ýeapital ft~'r surg.'ry oni fl1/4 w2v&wc ttt4~
T~r-%t ifury aua to an Accidenit on tiho RCjk Clt9 at P&til.
Mr., Arsn Phlllipv !!
now teach~.ns vt S tniverily of
- akea I..Uin.JsckUA:+/-Cil..
r!oyd
fa Expnzssa for tlis p-r-ocot hban t~itn nt3n.4ly inor-i'ta1.-1g.
Two reasanw aim
-tctfte:r tIAgi 1)1 *g w-t0wsothr
,nic
- nduooa the-f Ptob Fh g
£ w
- N*
- piYd,
- a.,
wE 1.t b.t4n rely more and fffl'-,,r o
- vv ca,
-v 1!,i.t
&oqtiita*"ft a&f~Sn
~td mt
' 1th gaito this last pt fl, u-.a, Itf
..r. *.,,
J*,
c-in cos..
bStohES expe.l In tWwLP If ttr she.)
- onoentflter ita v:r*
Sr4A v? I5rJ?'on 1
br*gP &&t?0h
.*.c;i*
k t.iE on Att!.J& 5 1.*-'.*t,*
rroioo.t..Son* 02,@W?
tb.-
peeplr
- Pfl;2.A...
nwvard vhatacevex'%;
<I&~
'rt b4$!!
p,ý56.O
- .Zm
,.)V We hasn fowxid tiNt, ini vvt--6-w 1'r "..
A~ 3.
we an t1O$~
t)9' a4~~.V ti 1.1r>w*a tqr the monith of 7,ý0 0txr futi vt
- h 4tfd,.,;tr
.1n July.
fhl ' xa.-.nrit of ck4Y.
Sr.
an
.&ditio I**l'
. :t'z prcjBc. thro..-h.
i 1"--
t -;f.
subcri~t a 8ez4.rcV:ý y1ci1V G5ýt
- j
,ý
?u..*&n for th1/2 y..t.,t..
Th.
V li.n..
<C,.:
,tK S
tXrVWgI I
1:Yw 11+/-!
~'
t4uM4 thispwral-tat; nt t!I kt.e,.roh
.rwA*
q
- 4.-
j(.flflont, and am, Lýý V.
r hot.
ve'4lea*.
c Ft '..
Introduction Much of our' previous effort atudyIng the pl&;cýAn of Barnngat Bay has been directed. toward finding aotm, I~aqn bI,. stable invJ4leator of change an well as obtaiýUng som~e ux-iderstaxi~di-i of tho syste.:'I as it operateso This has required a rather hvoad rvppiLouch an:! has not mat with favo~r in-all quarttra.
During the pact year a great deal off add~itic-nzC. ACffrt, hai, been invested studyin~g ch).orcphyll con l.
-ountiton, and r'espiration aasocc.ated w~ith c~hanges in tLIA plklzarn>.~-
T[ '
potential r~ole o-;
sone cornpc-jnt popl1-lti2.ati:1.
I.S c
- i.
pcL regitrar patterns of ct :cixIe withn tjje so.
e naVeo regulirly dondnat-ed tý.,
ipla Wkton at rltvcx
.able int(;z-va-,m and a I-pe ar I.-o s i gnal c) r m I -,ae asoim. 1. ti h1,~
fi tz.rnc anid disap-ýeara-nce of theso orgar-Isms Is.3 voii....at>edw changas in the auenItity snd i-,rodctitvitty c2 L-
- p.
n:c o'.Unity, Sumna.a&Y of oDerations During the year Ma-rch, 1 969 through ?eabit.*wr'y, the foll owing field o.-eratiorns were carried out in co-neati-.
- w-tU planktýPn Number of
,I,*
- ~**
2 Number of transect eainsd...~
Q Total) stations ind uding canals..........
1).,
)?hytoplan~kton aeip~
Ir5 Zooplainkton aila..
Chio,1rophyl).
deo-iatoa
~. -&
2, ft/V Beroe operational Five regular statione are workeC. on each T hey are apa:ced 1700 to ~220(
raetet a apart oni a North--.:x,,uth "V;r nsoct 7,ý3 khion~itera in'longth.
Stat~io.ns off ParP:-d Rl-.,er arul'i G.f ystor t~raak axre replilbated cor'.ý)etoly on each er-v.dac to olotain ast.--Ltos of sxapling v'aria bility within -station.o
'2P3
- alU A
CC 607enty replical-e deterninamtions for eaoh mvajor b-i..logi c O) 9-axam13ttor (Zooplankt~on. densi ty,, phto1 n:.Y lc
.'unts, cniloro-phyl3,, reapiration, gros. and nsitpo~s-
~s per*mdts afair estimtato of the confidence Literval abou.t,31nj.,e dator Anatior,,,t Tho trafl380t is run iritthin a fracrsioi of c,-i Fijdal cyclo, usually about three houxrs, to limit the of'%icots of ox:clmnge, aR,-d alterniv-Iely fr.om the North, c?. z;,uth to r.i.nirize tý-
bias fro' irctx,ýxri~on differences.
No sycteiutic oTL,-:Cts havi -fot been 'tod from ýt.~ss s4ou~rcee with the poisaalbe ez ir that i.7.1-ass
~
ti may tand to be higher near ebb tide durnn-t
~h1 tent with-. our ouaervattiofl th~xt the higIIa-ar-s&2..`t.n~t.y ~.I-tions,
.:iiy F'
71 S
jrod~.ctivi&,z at djs:
Prior~y producticri a~nd planktern reardiratic'n tas been estimated usBing tim light and dark bo~ylv i nethed, wl.tdo ox-)osure
=ado ct ivibient light i~nten~sity.
Our previ'o)u8 ýxpbrinzv.,J, with vanclalism.
dtotates shiipboard incubation~ of the cai ajm ude aou two 4vair&ter3 Of ~Wate', VPPr'oXinL.aingF 410 oir~
-r COAc'~tio Pa3plicate deter-niratiorn augs a atv.-daxý6 vl.4or rts
>o duation approximating mo 20 mig 02-m-cor.1jr~,
i;.%t,-c'val approxi.wr~tri t30) nig o2&3.jl
,I c,'
- -c~t-oSynth3i~Si hý '"on n'ora v~ra~ofOyat6-Crs.1c
.4~
to -.1.t.9tiflgU1ib re.;;t'.
hi tii imt n~"~
~c ~
mer.ial diftoraoosc 27-ý dilqvtn,;o_
x'1 I-a
- 1
'1't-h few 4IO0 t~ionq, 1-Ot j.j&/tet t.r lz S
1/4ir
.itont qucsionabtle vlhata aev:':,!o atpply a
of zaCIO, ant ina highly varlabllQy. tutitioi*t ae-I t
1{ydrogrphic.dl te. 1"akit troyai
~
1.*.
~~~~
are Seem~lly qiiitct stir.-i pF'-
~4,txnr of the~ !,ctcrr.-dc Wa~v.
o Ur y
0 tnc tc, etyeSalin:Ltli wl tile
&S L~
Z. j n
in V369 thv~rn v!;
i Ori,(icutvi~ty iC~
t~Q'i.~
hwt hjae ioý4 b'-'art do tre t-22 f'. t z-n F;~) 3 1T dur i
.ig sum-
.Oxrr.~
t ~
a,,.on~
~ tr~pera-ie it lat.
1uar~ t ~
f a
,ar&~ 1~ 4,s
~
u~c 2
P ~
7 T,.
'I d.
t" L Br.
'~:_
- l -
8.
710 w E
I ca.~~
/
~~U AYRt p..
i 5'"'
3O0
/
-- Ii II
/
/1 I
a I
'J p
p6
.1
~l ~g A
z
~A t "1.
~
'~. +/--'
I p
B
'I io~
0
-U III
~V j7j) v ~
- i f I
II
104l I 4
FIGURE.2>.
NAN-IOCRLO-91S ATMUVS.
4 b I
,I 4
0 a
0 4
U I
I 4
F I
0 fl#~Uj
~
~
!~
p74)
Jo.
.A partial light-tomperature reaponsc surface was rtui with this organism and indicated an optimnm at or bel~ow 160 C,, depression of photomynthesis at 26-28UG and negative production at 3j4.-380 C.
Phytoplanktcn dSivereity was estimated uriuv':g the average numiber ct cells and average number of species recoirdsd diraiig onuinmration on each dL to.
Trhe relationship; S -a -logs1 0
war. employed according to a gVaphical method~b:&d by L-eWs and Tayl~or, 1967. Without including Ncnnochlor-4 c
rD-4 thero i5 a slight tandancy for phlytcr-lankton-XfvTe'{ty-t~o ciGo.-taoo d-oring the sumxira~r (The effect on d&ver.iaty nf includib-ig a'choi is i~s shownm in Fia.5.
Planktn rsprat~on:
There is a aiwier ineLreaz~e in 1).
hni:n m
.ito eazmured by dark, bottle -ini tia3. differeneas wlhiah-Yiat ý.a ::~i-fciated,-',,-
chaxnges in seasoryal tenjx-raturo patterns.
lrki ini;ase in 7ariability during winter seems quitcoal y a cia
,Aýh.'4.rong salinity stress when virtually fresh water riunrf
'noivy ice cover.
Only limited.ixing ocoixs but plank~ton diatxm~s.9oi into this situation are covered wit,6h larso clustors of tActer.la.
J;a::ple.s0 taken fromu this layer had app-,,re~nt-res~pir-atiorci r;,! Xro~ 139. to 4~136 mng 02.ra 3.hr-I e Fig. 4'. ihovsi th.a otse-v7, pa t ern.
Ghlo~ph~la:
Chlorophyll determainatione woen replic&Aei~
- t almos;t &ll stations thr'oughout the yoar following.tero~ain of Stricklsaid and Parsona, 19F48 Th a-eý cbtýd oxong re~.licates was of the order of 0.5-1,5 ugt1'* The ppatter-.A oIx dlistribution ic bhovm in -Fig.
M.Iaxin.um 'Yalues wero obsex-ved-dx.~-'g the w-1xtte-spring blooms dominates' by ThalassioAir and Detonqla Corifervacea.
These species aonst tut.,. tile coeoi
.kdsi'~l
- olciwater rI'ora.
Mhere is a aeoondar~y
-,axinn-an iriu n mn-n associated with peak oall par-ricanaly,. with the de-r'elopmernt of N!%nnochloris, Thoughout much of tJ31-t yoar-Oy-*tt.r Creak fjpc~n -:tly contri-butod chlorophyll to the bays This *rrtr-,c)t! C-.
-ra xia 1. in July axd coincided with tha hiJ,7~
obdorv'sd 0clmK cunt~s, TUBs contribution muay not be present dju'ia-a n~~l~situst,tion when the balk of clnorophlO.l appar~ntly cozza fram -r:.alae-sio!fira wJhic~h seems more succossfu2l in higer saVit-Y coo;,al -Ter It. L-conceivable, that ilthaer p:%'oduativity
';ýA ohloro&1yll oat-'mtaa, associated with'Ovstar Creak cu'ul-d ;1e to organiro Po01.ut 1o 1P_ fecto or. ti.iimTlo q7rpiaw~n
~'h',-aia-tllfzýPMA3.
oftfoots. This is etaipeCia117,u trua in 3)ý3h
!7-11.,,-1 that t gent~ratirng P2.~it did rot 8,T-§ 11 ris iz'ri ti-a~~A iur of 'I969.add.o~3
~i~d7;o
~
t
~~:a-
DIVERSITY DEPRE51N BY NANNOCHLORL5 DEMPRESITN Of:
DIVER31V WN EX FIGURE 3.
4-0 4.
1 4V (A
m iv
- J V
- V il va il i X
XI IIII I !
0' 1?6~
11?70 DAT E Co--puting l.
tc.,.a1ton 1ivc.'sity with mnd wlt`iout
-,:-l-*",
)-
lu.*.
llaj_*c:*,,
!_. )roJucGs tv..;,' dli'Z>'ent i :.'i~co.
X di;'_cbencetb-.:*.;cr tne t:wo in "Liv.:'-t;; :-.it:"
1.8 co~i i~iLe" to represean1 a iep-res;-iorn in div,,rsity CoC:tri2uted by hanriochlox'is, S
a S
~J. '4 60CF 4-FIGURE 4.
-.MkANKTON RE5PI RATION 2.,OO
.I 0
Il IV M59 V
V1 V11 Vill Dx x x1 X11 L
1 DATE
OYSTER CI dm 0-40 REEK FGR TRAI5EC.T STATION S
/MEAN 5
10, 0
III IV V VI Vii ViII IX 1"69 PATE K
XI X1II I I) 11 I170
o30 tC.
RFIGR be SURFACE 11 zo
,5SILA Io 6
t3 I
A I
II 4*
n e
k a
S I
a a
-III IV V VI VilII M.-
I. X.x X1 XII DATE 11 1970 III
W
.at the intake'-outfall on the property of Chio gen&rating plant and downstream on both Fork~d River and Oyster 2r ee1
-'ight experiean~
parformed between Decemiber ý69 and Maurch 170 in-dioate that the not produictivity of. Forked River wav,, on an aterage, tw-to.e as h:*Lgh an not productivity in Ch. tar Greek (Oi.4 mli8 021 1itar/bŽr'. vs. 0.1 1 mis C2/1lit6er/hr., respe!ctively).
Raapiration r~atos ;'or both r"orked River and Oyster Greekc plankton was, on the the saaieg In addition, a study of mortality' Of ec-IM.19 conducted on 31 March. 1970. quantitative somplea o;" WaUQr i ~orlzzsd R-iver (50 C~) and Oyster Creek (i~),(both san-§-los take.-n ý.e.t Route J9 bridge) were brought to the 1. bors.tory -s.th~u:-. ct.
n ?,ompfz atuis &
Living and dead capem),ýdz were count'sd.
it
-..-a..-;
f ound that. the parcerta,-e dead -cccopods wais ý-Jo~c-ro
~re.ta for.;ýorked Rliver (32.7, "
4
~
ciiv
)
T n,.3 waa found that bydrozoan TadUSa.
we6r!
gencly
~
Xte~r
'i>.z through the genera.ting rsta-hlon..
Ch-lorophy1.a concenr~it..~i-CApS
~
pr~~
~cnl approximation of' p:-irmsry tP u.I.?b~
t}i rudSueta si.Pe4a~ prodiction"I is not b3'.J~h
'tor sfýr,.rl zi c.
~
it com~pletely ignores the effect cf s olar riadiatdii.-
0!
di
ý e1i t
for ua eryg inconie to c(iaah to'oi.
e.,
~
froim pyranomoter r.-cords.
'in aiddit;Aon, Uth."
apupi 1,0 Ira e oc effoo.ts opar 'ting.
I' t.If rposible -t po3 n t&
!ýr,71-3Ste,, b7
- eye, subsets of'pit re ýa:ýating dealing as well 'Wi'th eroarvientai. orroi+/--~
in~ -ot.
uti
%]n-ii-s chloY'ophyl]. andth*o ý%astL e'-.&it foyn.,r6'.-en+/-e~
I-Ave been reasonably wall. q~~taart10cae by
-t c
Teixnorat'u'e is. carIfatnl)y an~ ixpVai I.iotc 'Lan'ý aL~kl of tieso changes. but -IUn rola is S-1.7h~stq ak~
axnd 'n-teractiLng Zactors.
Evren dieta'kidd
.np-L:~'
~d~.on of our dwta revecilz cnly na:Litica"s*
'>'wv.:&tiple iýrege sion techniques are bai~ng triced %o t q~efin z
.h rel - tive rolo a oP ta ie's pn.ramLeters..Ti techniqjue, 1~C-0 1 A:.rz anda, we are qute4a 1' ),he as.niaot' i~ons *'
c bo, a rid ocloasiornTi11y violated,~ in ftts ~LcI f,
Dist~inct, i -L spor ad c,
pno AlI:r~i~
~
a with ',he 7 Decemiber, 196-,9 crl~ifo w"If'n a Moeir.
Cf-'
~,wa a ob aii::'vo b,-,t n Fr Po r~
k Li I 6)a P~r aq ria t; do wn t i-mie at th pJ2 L t A?;ý-o-i 2 w -2..',ID1.I-aIa qIA C~.Ok~naton ani
&~ufkmoC4 4n sr.-IL'ii.~iti 1
tu.J
.o;4 o f specific efrect cs o., 0
&hZa sI.1;'i L,'
- 'L g;5.2.
M the abillty to
.-lan 3a~pltn rn "oiiriz.v oj; c
c!ratilon aric. r0.t'he' sz ec if i i..af
.in~t
~
rv od.e
~
oe~e or a Fly d-G 7r;)
o2 ai v a.U
Forked Riveci-ysfer Creek Plankton Compariwon 20 samples, each cokBaining 10 wls, wrere counted.
Only adults were counted.
Mortality
=a defined ao no novewnt or reponse of the copepod aftor being touched rith a probe three time.
.LO.C Live LRdi~ve
&1 94 5
15 13 13 4
19 11 25 7
10 4
31 2
24 5
15 4
26 6
16 4
7 14 17 2
13 11 23 5
25 7
18 3
is 13 22 0
15
.12 36 6
29 3
20 4
13 8
17 i
16 8
22 9
39 r/
14 3
43 4
10 5
33 15 38 6
31 2P3 32 6
18 13 18 4
16 13
- 45 30 26 Forked River tot.-1 live total dead totWal. ansias
.o'Cr creek total live dead 526 85,o11%
92 14,89%
618
,,,36 67o 2a/
2.1Ž 9232,72P N 20 x 526 x 2 20,,280 x
26°t30 z 18.42 2x 339.,7 20 92 528 4.60 2.35 5.52 436 1-1, 272 20 212 93 a.-.
10'.60 5.01 253o05 totj3 ani.n.,*.s,,* ""3 C1U au*alsi2,)
- .1s x 1.6CO vIs in jar/lO0 I 49A44
.wiff,-./liter j.: Lt.etv Creek 643 xnimGis/2C-'.s x 100 ta1.i in jiro 100 1,I 5-"-5134 wtarim*_ls/l~te'r 0
17 II.. Detic Aimn Qualitative fifmPles vere collbted at nine istationv on a north-south tranacotV atarting at 8uto(1-reek and ending
- 5.t Buoy G below Waretoin.,
Samplee from ~a&-h etVI-on were ocl-lected using a 9poaocher" dr~dge durIng the maneths of June, July, hugunt, September, Novsm',erf ftbr-aary, Api:'.1 I and May.
The samples were returned U~ Nelson Labs for sortirng and Identifioa-U.ion.
- Vt we! *ght and dry waight -Ass determl 'oo(t for each speciee; thisa data was thin converte6d to relative or. pe:'-1,etage dry, weight.,
A total of 38 samiples hav baen cornplav.3ly a-,rt-:d 'to date. 'by Dr.
1~.T. Moul, violdiag onlty V? speoiou of lben 4 o iwcro-algae.,
LAes emphasis has been placi on~ the t~s111o2 f orms of epi-phytes b~eoauoo ol tim*~ limitationa.
h dno tsn pec-iogi con-tinue to b6 Cod-lum 1ra1l,vUa P-rid.
o
Ž*lra1 For each species T)th-
%er' fl:%Z-:TteeTv' abundance through Urtim sr.A aitticon. Inedi~2w dlver~silsf Inm-dicoas have been comuAtivI. for each i
".2 nex varied r~
0.307 (August, off m~vh c~f Fork~'ed Hr
- r.'
(June, at Buoy F, Warvto-Rn).
Wo prosently L
~n elfyI vrariance ti, see i)' CVerý, a~ro any cligrgoa In~r~ -
- fth3, d16yernity of banthi0 algazi from a3tpticn' to s~~n or fri~w time to time In Sx'neg;t 207
ýkoj1'y
? !t
,_"g, we h-av* founc.
no large ctifferenaec in the &Lnd&-acz,
of Algal a~eOise for 1969 In comnpari~son to~ previous ycaiý o
uL1 haail is coortV.nue C. to spread ~n R 5outher'ly h~~.c~-sfas now bo6rL recoried for Brart Beaoh,,
For ~i=,t uv"i n.r Cotlui; h&.s yet to appear' in Atny other votuary of YX-i; to thtbeat o1O cur knocwledge.
We have spent a cofloid-.vofount of this past year study-Ing the the~'ms3. cfec~te G,-, ýA~ucIivý.Ly in Cod~urLK!a~lb in our laboratory.
Samp-, 3 of collected in BarnegrAt Bay dueln~g the Pal aV~
nd cultuired.
in cur Instnnt Oeoqzi at 31J-lC0. at, a i2,ti.*.
De' lte r-wrInatuions of Qocý were Lia;ýi r~t tavpratu'!'en.-'ýagla 1rox 4-.0O Oxygen doe.ermlrmationis 'wera per formd
-ing1
ý
&,ze.3A I"notitute modifl.aýt':on of the sanc-i'ad
rktc t ethoy.¶.
Noi prod~uctiv-ity IrnOv.eases ft-cp dhi from 4" to P4
,WhnIrt it rea c!he x Itsa p e nk; I t t hen d. a aiZý5_ &
t!
6k,-r; ta72 with lethallty oc-curring &.t 4;.1 C.
R~e Mr-r 5, m
~
t11.>
t Increapse u n t I I W"C..
It le nrzipooefc t..n v.iontlnus t etudy of Codium uoirg the same' therr-ial v'z, nowi a
'11lte:'
the sMinI ty.
In this way, we hop~i tc p,;Ptr-' 6 a. rerepc.7ese or-tr face for Codlo. fo.- the~ n~omte'l range oftn~~
- r r~
RI~
Ity found ln-r'ragat B3&'T
00, a
A.
0 I
P 0¢
~-~--'~
r
+/-
I j
.4~ ry~
,~. +/-21>1 I
-~
/
4 ~t~*~6~22i I
- ~~r~777~
7,/I
'7/I Ca Ce a
~
.1 Neo productivity and respiration of Coddu.
fLM e.
We have been Irczcea.eirgly avv or tof problenn of q 4ant~fying aoouratoly thei benthic populattcna,.) Inverte-brazee.
T11herefors, 6ocm effort vao mad to ---or--alnte t,!ie vrolume. and area of samplje obtain'ed?
frci elngcle Ponar dredgv IraU]
ul vitt-t le type.of andime~nt folrxA.
An would be expeoia.d, there Is a grea - am~ount of varian-we In of."c.~~
ef lcency by the '-cnar for~ ha&rd sandy sedimente, with r:angvax'-
1.anre lij~ hgltyll sedimnezta.
A. Vtaoouqgn ci-yý. vi mo~ds of this cv11oot'.rg effilciency of the Ponar by Mr.~ -1P1i.Apa In Juna of 19899 hC":3ver-.S the detal8s of hie ~tst-iIy ),Bve in-ota yet been maed
&*rallabl-zo our -roup.,
ige zilevs--~
~
ble to atimtxete the actu'2, giz o~
evez¶y za.rrple vlt~er 196D~~
b, cirfL.
we have ::cutirnely anal.. t~s-4*tho sint
- for eamolrffe z4n At the mcmaito all of. Dotr data rn r,~I' 1an)iii
ý.ehretev t;Dax weaekured
ýIhe f'ollowlnr4 t~al CO~.U
'C' ev-.......
jjai"3 r of P'onar hiauls, extimm~tjd kii2'o4 u.
-in N.l.Is~,
vlolvmT!
O-f eample (eoaeonal-I, wet ol:
tc' 0~...
(to I a n.
Ind4ividual, ge'sj*;A,ý Wt-uM~
0-3 Of M -
awmrga diiveroity of 'the
~
an:I).
rh~'t'~1elt;f 0.1i the aamIpic (H
~
n ja44Iýtj r) e7 r;;'
) --i.-......e hzr v lngle,," cul for
-nzJ'o iý-
~-..I he tv, dom-I nants tn t.,e bay crt i
I t~he dornir~ant specles pre'.ý;t fc.,
L 1-io
- I to note ",ha,, t-he a
- ý&z aroun i.! 't CX-0.U wer a
C~reek show t e givstesi' ahangeain
- 11r,
~~exFt Al-though no lr.,-rtebratox were coLje a
ii 15&c8 'Wxing Cinody coliect,4ed ?or those A
Vtý
whchw
&bVO d~zigrated as gIanta~ ?3 Zý clEr,,
Fot.c-tak~on from thiii ayrea ~es~~~..;1y
~
n pi to other rioeof Vt:k ba-.
We) h,:ve~~z
~i~
of mullinla :'rom F~outls Cri,.
Ri-E~vcw r-týe Crvel; in each case 50 ain:Xmle voý r~dm-.
ch-can ~r:,ý
ý<ic aau wd :rcv b4:.th longth and width, Vhn imetii vl pjeh Arfc:ge CV" Forked River, Vi.-ir~,I em.
~t th-fre is3 a In*ar of the sarnp1q.
Efrects o.4.
V'76~
. 1
,,Rh~~y
.Ind4 gi..3'cr Of colleU'nn hAqvo ye t, hl?
r~
n an~4?~~-M~1',
simpl.y q'i'terptIng, Ito Ac1r'5t'tPv-ty"~*rJ.v~'a po~pulnztion"? of I'l ullr 11. r "vt'~~*'
~c?
Benthic Invertebrates 70, From 1 July 1969 through 31 Deceaber 1969, fourteen cruioes Were in'e on Baznege t Bay covering in greneral, Forked Ritver-Light 4 to Boute 9 Bridge. Oystcr Creek-Light 3 to Route 9 Bridge, the area surrounding Light 1-StoUt's Creek, and the areas between the three lighta.
At each light and at Route 9 Bridge (Forked River and Oyrter Creek) a tight grid was sampled in order to characterize each area according to dominant specices there.
In all. 110 qualitative and quantltati-e sarples ou benthic invertetrratea were collectcd for analysis from 131 statiors coq,-r*-.d dýurinr, the f'o.r,',
crii,;ea.
Mi'aI.Z'
-dd%-.i t,. the check list since t.e i.. t repoý-t,!v.-* ht-.ss obtwix.
(i"i:),
jtylochiu.. cliptIcus (2112),
and Triphora (perver*n) nr-rocin'.ta (.i13) ikWinant sl*,cies av rreusented here. in Srier
- f abtu*ande fvr each area.
For lights 1, 3, 4, a 100 yard.radiuw about e.Lich ii~rr.t defino t.ie :1am'lig area.
Route 9 ri4,M(j'.)4.
F'ec t naria Imuldii kmpli sra.acroccephnla I z 4t e 9 Fir;d~r!(c ilu:3toffoan x~rrir mtune% c%%&1iculata and F.H.
134-jrch Club rie
.&ipelic mBAiacrocepiiala Aanpe lisca nacro~cr'p~hal&
E.cf 0yter Crer-* ýarnp Mulinia latoralic~
Azu-licca e'acroo, "'ucla Pec ctinaria gr uldi i I~etusa canali~culp'ta an~d Mitrella lunata Lnt~dl Co~ve P-tinaria go UdiiA 1.1gh t 4
.Allh~t ArpiL~'
'~aŽrc'phata
~,ft2Ir~3p.~
0
We are continuing our study of the relaitionship betwe~en the grain size of the '6"ot5.narta tube Fpd the grain aito of the surrounding sedlmelnto, -INsuff'iclent mns).ysia of. theb data ont this project prohibits definite conoluslo~r;~e Finally, we ha~ve performed dtvarsi-ty caL~ulatlons for a large number of berithic Invertebrate eapla G~iriervlly speaking, the diversity Index for earmvlee tak,,,n fromt the area around Oyster Creek tenid to be lowtr than com;xrable sanmplea for Fo-1'.ed River or Stout's Creek.'
We ear
- ~ny at~cmpt-Ing to use the diversity index an the mcet ~.~semethod of opmparing samples from &iff.ýren*Gr regions
~
a~21 t& dl~er-en't tim~es.
If the divrerfolty lrult.- proveuc to3 ',
norvaly dlia-tributod we will urae this Indox P-o a cvlter!c-
- xl'sirdfleance In all of our sation ooprlns 8( ii oll t:,- Yscults of taese onleulations follow on2 searat.?
h ave iilo listed the spc.dea ol' Inrrtdbrstes In n~~~
n n~ oap~ar-at* sheet (this IAC~ting include.- the ntrioe, c:ý: t~ranary-11F.
1969).
N
(
I U.,
4~L~
- ¶4~
I~¶41 I.
(I 0
su~~J~CA~ ~
S~OILXs CreeX ~ U~t. "j 1.103
in 04%
<4.
di w 175
-17
.Loot Lkjf'cask
. rSi 0
0
0 0
..E N
.1k?
.880
.657
- sot.
at,
.7'7 UA Ov-crCrc.AZ 4
Species collected from I July 1969 throuh 31 October 1969 for:
Route 9_ B4MLLF.R.J_
Ampelisca macrocephala Mulinia lateralls Pectinaria gouldii Retusa canallculata h4.xt 4(lR.
iopell oca maec *-ephala Anadara ovalis Balantin improvious Bittiux, alternatum Crepidula convexa Cyathurn pnlita Dlopatra cuprea Epitoneum rupicola Eupleura caulita Glycera awcrica*!a Byduoides dianthus Lyonsia hyalina Maldanopsis elongata Pambranipora Marcenaria mercewatx~
mitrella lunata NAflinia lateralis f~a aranaria Neopanope texri Fec tinaria gouldii Re tusa canaliculata Hhri thropaxopeus tzrrisi Solemya velum Stylochus ellipticus Tellina agtis Triphora aigrocincta T-4rbonilla sp.
9
-outo2 kige(.)
Ampol isca macucepha Mulinia later-alis Pectinarla gouldii hri thropanopetL harrisl Ampelieca macrocepixrl&
Amdra' ovalis
'Balaaus is provisus Bittlha alternstum Caliiner tea spi.'dus Corianthus amerieanug Clymenella torquata Crarq'% ceptero pjium.&
Cyathu Xa puiita Diopatra cuprea SpitanArma rupicols Uploura mdrata Glyusera &%ericwma Crubia compta Hydzmidez than thum
.Lymomj1 hy-slina
- Oxhmnipora MercemaxA rnercine-r-a ka3,inia latera.ais Hya aranaria Mytilua edlui)s Neopenopo tezani P1ict~ineXi 4 gouldi/i Ret~ma cenalica.laata Ehrithropopoeus har rii 3o1elkya velul Stylochua,sllip icue Tollina ai,11is TvIlina vermicolor
..*'bodu&11)a s*p, Urosalpinn ciznera yoldlA limatula Light'] (.Cs.1 Ampolisca macrocaphaa Bittium al terzv.tum Ce rian thus americawu Clymencila torquata Cyathurn politta Diopatra cuprea Npitaneum rupicola Ruplaura cau,4ata GCycera atrtic na HydroiJes d it_ thus LyonwiA hkalai"+/-
?Macama. to-N-te kaidanwpia elCngaat Rerconaria eerarn a
-itl, ren A,Aata ML!inia l aýor~liz ra~L-iu3obsolzrtus P1ectinaria go-ddii Re tusa caruliaiOata Solemya velum Talleouina* ae-.i Additional naw spec.ea fromm Ba,-neg,4t Bay:
Aci;onr punctosetriatus Gykris
- ittata Raxlnoea l60*l.tarI&
Tagwn ba luolsa Thyoe n* bro~un
Benthic Invertebratea of 3mnegat Boy-1970 Ibylum Kollusia caO Clase Gwatropodal XMachis avara bittium alternattm
]~ycon canaliculatua (ratenta pilata Crepidula convexa Cropidula fornicaste-Crepidula Fplna.
Ipitonewa rupicola Nupleura caudata lAinea solitaria Mitrella lunata UbIa.orius obnoletua a.searius vibox Polinice3 duplicatus R* tusa canalicuva.ta 39 tusa obtu.a rij.phora nigr'ocincta Turbonilla ap.
Urosalpiru cinerea Claks flistivia; Ar.adara ovAl" Ancsia aimpleX
&&isa directus G
a gema Laevitri wuL u
ortoat JAkoV5a hya ina Macoma baltica Macoma tents Morcamaria marccwria Nulinia latera~lis 11 rtduax o!liz NUCMA proxtaa Pactan irm-diana Fo *Ico:A Pholad'S..cii 6ol0ya veikn TUluWa d*iia.i J
J.i.
veaIcoar Phyam Mnnelida al.oso Fo ychaetas Amphitrite ornatta...
Cirratulis grandie Clysenella torquata CIya.21 scralia Diopatza cuproa D71 !o*nere, is
- r.Oga GClycera ae ric-aA glyc.tak dibranchata Qonisda maculata Hamothoa imbricata Uydridea diar thvu Le pi.donotus Squami t-W Lu*.1rineris tnui.is Npthys& ee~nrjiife Sera i^ aretcGeodonta Nereii pLel g4ica Nerss o
,uccinea Naz~i
-ri~re Wotoaatua lnterou2 Pecti*aria gouldi Pista crintat.
Pista pa&mat.m W ihn -. a'ý)...s 'c=.: !.*picta.)
Sth bxI
'.Ž.!::.o
$*.l
- 'iode.
0"..ok
P*ylim Arthropods Class Cruetacea:
Ampelisca aacrocepbajla mpithoidae Balamws balanroides Balanus lmproviBu)B Cellnec tea sapidua Ca.lUiillene brevirontr'ii Cancer irruratua Caprella geoometrica Caprella lnearis Care inuw meawas Crangon 3eptemspinosus Cyatbura polita Edotea triloba Krichonella at tenuata Ericho,nella filiformie yrpranope de-rcaza Grubia compta Phylum Fchinodermats Class Atercidea:
Astarias forbesil Autoriaa vulgarls 1byliu Porifera Cliona calata Halichoudria boverbanki Kiciociona prolife ra ZT.
B'retroy-as' formosa
]Rippol,"te sostericolor Idotea baithida Libinia emarginata Jecasyis americana x.opanop. tE4anA Ovalipea ocellatu-Oxyroatylig Smi thi Pwuru longicalr-c Paguras pollearis Paias.monetea vulgaris Rhitthzipanopeus hasr2'-d.
Claw Holothur-idc*:
Leptoyraapta Phylum Chidaria N.uce1llane*~i Caspanularidae Carlnn thus awericantm Baloclava producta Bydractinia ochinata Natridium senile Obelift sr.
Penr-arra tiarella Tubuli-i a crocea Ontry-I'lu rvcf*_oasor Uuga'bi turrita Wem!Abranipo-ra
- MOIgUlg, ma-nbat tUai3.
Saccoglosaus IowaLaetý: ii SagittS elegn*IS Stylochus ellipticus
IV..
Fydro~rýphY Routine hydirographio..arialyass have 'teer. pesrfcrnid throughout the yee~r.
rho'ea Inallude meatluri;Cf-..Lts of~tr Pr-ima-.y emphasis henu beenz -laced or, sodlern:,'--aysi.e i'&
it Is our opinion tlat 'biological earnplor,n cc~a~
~~
in~vertebrates) cannot he compared unllei4 the et knzown,.
Spec~fic poInts 'i'rh1r eacýh r.agion so~ h".ghly variablo In terio.rsedime.nt composi t orn, t
v art p1'i-1.%
wore emrnasis on t.-e n~.u~o h
ud~t t1/2 r
p~oint in space..
Thus, we~ find it dIf'ficult tQ:orpqo
,-~'Y biOlOgICAI' pArameter (ýprnpulatlon sizcz, speclaý 11rits, nil,-
Masse. di.ve q~ty.
-.,itCc unltoss we P-13o *v.x ne ac-e camDe from similar sedlwent typ~s.
Fn: ýLT-rJfdl
~ivý-rs 1ty Indices are li1ste& by region, thet t o
'.1.tt1,!P~r ralatir~n from. eample to aaimpla; If,
~~v
- erpr divsrelty i1"1dicee for tsamples fro.ý,
d
~'r.
yK3 corralntlorif bec!,o more obvI~vii.,
Pxelil!rI.
_,crmar! fn6-of "79 aediment is iplea fol~*dtr 196cS (dry nz stasndardj inaaa o
tla 62,,, -
20C.,zi rlin.go er s..
~
in sedimfenlt type In (wr~i op';1 able dlffezer~ca, x
~~~hne o~clLr' Route 9 focr botn F'ork!o-J Itiver ard OyB(8ec C
Az bo-.h places,, and Perwc~ally.44. Oysetr C04-eek.~
',he~i ',bJo
~h velocity of puti~ped itcrtr !hir r-io%-ed ::,oet ol
.ý finzer imrits, leaving only It.hc; andsand CAi~
NIO attempt Its mad~z In this ropoz't ~
- ~1ct J
dragrapnlc deat~ pointi],.*,
Thoy are ava', l~j 1.!i
- ;:ýqueait. a,.:,
are be-Ing complied al.ong with fy rpi~~~
or othe:
people worklirt on thict :.xjs'jot..
g~.rr P
- t pr*'ie*i-tri-bution 'for 1969 rf
- llors&.
I'
..~.
'.4
~
t,~
'~
I FIr' iRF F(p
~
'~1 5URAC TEMPERA-VRE L,:-.
!/~~,
POVSTMR Clk.
5s
°h.
a I
1 I
I I
a
'1 m
m-
~,
Rv.
IV Wv WVil.IV X X XI XV 1i IIl i*?0 RATE
V.
Concluding remarka:
For the f'irst tim6 duri~ng this~
project we have bee:,,
.able to rou.tinely collect fromi stations *i.n th-t. stud1y arenx for every month of the year.
Ve are presontly on.5. teri-dnyachY d
ule for plankton a tudiss a.-d a aeevn-6-ay schuAC.c fotr bothli.
Invertebrates.
We alao feel more sectre 4Jn tih6 ncc'.rao-- of our data and In our ability to typify an am#%~. of~ the bayt, Ur-fortunately, there are v-ariables Ini our %'ork. %vv-we arsv un-
.able to assess; these Inolude c~urrL'nts, alagn G' t~de~, bc ground organlo pollution, effecto of low ~~r~in chlortne in 'the wa~ter, andz ratinitIon.
Our p l~.-oti f r 41s still to charP. tar:1r~e the stu6y-nrzA so thxrs.hly f!
will be able to dotect-largro chi*rgua in tecr~
~r 2
abundance of marine o rgan~isms wli o~ hr.ricea J,- u ý;
rf t u regimes 0 Hopefully, our tenhnique will b-1, ardti fi point where isubti~ ahe-nfg.ex will a~lso. b- 'inteolt A b.- nti ta analysis. We can fri~i5 prmdlctinrif
'3n.
1w nttzjf~+/-
benthic flora anC-1 ffunA I.n tha3 stuýjy
'& ?r'
'~w~
n son; however, t.2he crptric-m v1:1 A
- ?
fi c',d tk diversity~, will be len3 I nfluerweaJ tyq rIton more respoint"v. t'O majcz-nhanUs~
'd a
~
t