ML17258A311

Analysis of Decomposition Effects of Vinycel Insulation in Dba.

ML17258A311
Person / Time
Site:	Ginna
Issue date:	09/28/1981
From:	Bruce M, Gleason J, Thome R WYLE LABORATORIES
To:
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ML17258A310	List: ML17258A309 ML17258A311
References
TASK-06-01, TASK-6-1, TASK-RR 17490-1, NUDOCS 8111130591
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ANALYSIS OF THE DECOMPOSITION EFFECTS OF INYLCEL INSULATION IN A DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENT NUCLEAR ENYIRtINMENTAL '-QUALIEICATION .::

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%PIFLIE 'IPGRKB REPORT NO.

SCIENTIFIC SERVICES AND SYSTEMS GROUP HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 17490 WYLE JOB NO.

il Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation I

N-BU-17089 89 East Avenue YOUR P.O. NO.

Rochester, New York 14649 OATE September 28, 1981 ANALYSIS OF THE DECOMPOSITION EFFECTS OF VINYLCEL INSULATION IN A DESIGN BASIS ACCIDENT by J.F. Gleason, M. Bruce, R. Thome Wyte shall have no liability for darnagcs ot any kind to person or property. including special or sTATE 0F ALABAMA Cal i fornia Professional r """'""""""" $

J ss Engineering Reg. No. 2635 conscrtucntiat damages. resulting from Wyie's providing the services covered by this rcporh James F. Gleason .being dulysworn, --.; u'~

deposes and says: The information contained in this report is the result of complete and PREPARED BY carefully conoucted analyses and is Jo the best of his knowledge true and correct in all i J. 6'leason,M.Bruce,R. Thome

,19 Notary Public in ar(d for the S'tate nf rttTabamaat large.

My cornmrssror empires ~ n

~/a ..r.//v .

Mur'vin J. Kimbrell

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Number 1.0 PURPOSE 2.0 SCOPE 3.0 APPLICABLE VINYLCELTEST REPORTS 4.0 TEST RESULTS 4.1 Water Vapor Permeability and Humid Aging 4.2 Effects of Heat and Pressure 4.3 Resistance to Flame Exposure 4.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis 4.5 Radiation 5.0 ANALYSIS 5.1 Analysis Including Data for Similar Materials

. 5.2 Determination of Radiation Sensitivity 6.0 EVALUATIONOF GINNA ACCIDENT CONDITIONS 7.0 CALCULATIONS 8.0 CORROSIVE EFFECTS '6 8.1 Effects on RHR Components 8.2 Effects on Carbon Steel Panel Liner 8.3 Effects on the 19-Nil Stainless Steel Insulation Facing Panels

9.0 CONCLUSION

S

10.0 REFERENCES

11.0 APPENDIX 12 WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville FaCility

Repor t No. 17490-1 Page No.= 1 1.0 PURPOSE This analysis was prepared by Wyle Laboratories for Rochester Gas and Electric Company. The purpose of this report is to provide answers to the following NRC questions:

1. Estimate of the amounts of each gas, such as hydrogen, organic gases, and hydrogen chloride, which would be produced by radiation from the decomposition of the foam during a DBA.

2'. The results of an analysis of the effect of the hydrogen chloride generated during a DBA, including corrosion of components in the, containment building.

2.0 SCOPE The scope of this investigation includes literature search and analysis of applicable data for Johns-Manville Vinylcel insulation. Test data for Vinylcel, and for a number of similar polyvinyl chloride materials is considered. The effects of'the "Robert E. Ginna plant normal and accident environments on Vinylcel are evaluated.

3.0 APPLICABLE VINYLCELTEST REPORTS 3.1 Johns-Manville Research and Engineering Center,"Test Report Vinylcel (4PCF)-Water Vapor Permeability and Humid Aging Tests," Report No. E455-T-268, December 20, 1967 3.2'ohns-Manville Research and Engineering Center, "Test Report, Vinylcel (4PCF)-Effect of Heat and Pressure," Report No E455-T-266, November 3, 1967 3.3 Johns-Manville Research and Engineering Center, "Test Report, Vinylcel-Resistance to Flame Exposure", Report No. E455-T-258, September 21, 1967 4.0 TEST RESULTS .

4.1 Water Va or Permeabilit and Humid A in Per Report 3.1, Vinylcel with 4PCF nominal density was tested for water permeability at 90oF, for 50% relative humidity, and for dimensional changes at 120oF and 100% relative humidity. The results are as follows:

o Results indicate that the water permeability of a 1-inch thick specimen was 0.06 perm-in.

o After six (6) months at 120oF and 100% relative humidity, the volume change was only 1.2% and length and width changes only 0.3 %.

WYLE LABORATORlES Huntsville Facility

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. 2 4.0 TEST RESULTS (CONTINUED) 4.2 Effect of Heat and Pressure Per Report 3.2, Vinylcel of 4 PCF nominal density, l-l/2 inches thick, was subjected to a combined heat and compression test to simulate an "incident" in a nuclear reactor containment vessel. The results are as follows:

The 30-'minute test included a maximum temperature of 334oF at 90 PSI. Eighty six (86) percent of the test time was at a temperature greater than the 286oF maximum. accident temperature at the Ginna plant." Maximum permanent loss of thickness was 29 percent. Weight loss was not measured so decomposition could not be evaluated.

4.3 Resistance to Flame Ex osure Per Report 3.3, unfaced and metal-faced Vinylcel were subjected to a number of flame tests, including building tests, vertical panel test, tunnel test, and flame penetration. 'The metal-faced Vinylcel passed all tests, whereas, the unfaced performed satisfactorily in all but the flame penetration. Attempts were made to'ignite'the'evolved gases. Only trace quantities of combustible gases (possibly

'H2 orshort chain hydrocarbons) were found.

4.4 Thermo avimetric Anal sis The complete test report, Johns-Manville Test Report E455-T-142, was not

.available, but the. test conditions and graphic results are provided in Report 3.3.

The results are as follows:

The Vinylcel was subjected to a heating rate of 8oC per minute, and the air flow was 0.5 liters per minute. Initial weight loss occurred at 140oC (284oF), and rapid weight loss was observed at"225oC'('437oF).' 38 percent weight loss was observed at 300oC (572oF). Decomposition was continued at a lower rate between 300o and 600oC (1112oF) to a 94.5 percent weight loss.

No direct analysis of evolved gases was reported (see Figure 2).

4.5 Radiation Ex osure Reference 8, notes "Radiation exposure of 8 x 106 Roentgens within 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br /> will not change the physical properties of Yinylcel significantly but 108 Roentgens within.-10, hours" will cause some progressive deterioration'." This radiation resistance was apparently based on generic data for PVC. No information on the radiation resistance of Vinylcel was located.

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville Feality

Report No. 17490-1 Q Page No. 3 5.0 ANALYSIS 5.1 Anal sis Includin Data for Similar Materials Since no specific data was available for irradiated Vinylcel, and since synergistic effects of temperature, radiation, and oxidizing conditions are known for some polyvinyl chloride-based materials, this analysis is based on data for generically similar materials. The following significant information is noted:

o At temperatures below 200oC, the only volatile product from degradation of pure, unirradiated PVC is HCl; neither H2 or C12 has been detected, Reference 16.

o For foamed or plasticized PVC based materials, HC1 is the only volatile released in significant quantities. Reference 6 identifies products released in small quantities (less than 1% by weight) from three (3) PVC-based insulations at elevated temperatures in air. These constituents wer e CO2, CO, aldehydes, ammonia, cyanides and nitrogen oxides.

o Irradiation also results in dehydrochlorination of PVC materials.

This apparently occurs at doses as low as 5xl05 rads for some PVC materials, Reference 12.

5.2 Determination of Radiation Sensitivit No datawas found for exposure of Vinylcel to irradiation. Data available for exposure of other irradiated PVC materials was therefore considered.

I The lowest radiation threshold value indicated in the referenced data for any PVC material was Sx105 rads (References 7 and 12). This value is 20 percent greater than the 3x105 rads requirement indicated for 40 years normal ser vice at Ginna, Reference 14.

The normal radiation dose of 3xl05 rads is, therefore, concluded to be insignificant.

6.0 EVALUATIONOF GINNA ACCIDENT CONDITIONS The Ginna accident condition is indicated as 286oF (141.11oC) and 60 psig for 2.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br />, followed by 219oF (103.89oC) for up to 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />, and 152oF (66.67 C) for the remainder,'of 180 days.

From Reference 6, it was noted that none of the three PVC's tested evolved HC1 until temperatures exceeded 160oC. The weight loss noted in all three samples ranged from 2.1 to 4% before HCl was detected. A comparison of TGA curves for those materials and Vinylcel indicates that Vinylcel has significantly better temperature resistance so the Ginna accident temperatures would not be expected to cause HCl evolution.

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsvtlla Facility

report No. i'(68v-l Page No. 4 6.0 EVALUATIONOF GINNA ACCIDENT CONDITIONS (CONTINUED)

Then for the Ginna accident scenario, the important parameter 'with regard to generation of HCl is the integrated radiation dose. The 180 day accident dose is 2 x 108 rads. The accumulated radiation dose at the end of 2.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> will be less than 2 x 107 rads per Regulatory Guide 1.89 Proposed Rev. 1, Appendix D. The 19-mil stainless steel facing will provide significant Beta shielding, stopping all Beta radiation with an energy'less than approximately 1 KIEV. Therefore, the radiation dose to the Vinylcel is calculated to be less than 5 x 106 rads at the end of the initial 2.8 hour9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> phase of the accident.

Reference ll states that no HC1 was found in mass spectrometer analysis of polyvinyl chloride irradiated to 5 x 106 rads. It appears that the initial design basis event transient within the first 2.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> of high temperature regime. would not generate HC1. This is further supported by data from Reference 3. Pure PVC resin irradiated to 5.8 x 10" rads and exposed to 150oC in a pure oxygen atmosphere showed negligible weight loss after 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> Reference,.3. demonstrated the well recognized fact that oxygen acceler-ates loss of HC1. It is also certain that elevated temperatures accelerate loss of HCl. It is apparent that the test conditions were more severe than the accident requirements at Ginna. Reference 24. states that pure PVC resins are not as'resistant to dehydrochlorination as PVC based materials.

Vinylcel may be significant+ more resistant to loss of HCl than the material tested.

~

Reference.3 also'provides useful data in determining a maximum rate at which decomposition might proceed. Samples of PVC irradiated to various doses in oxygen were exposed to 150oC for durations up to approximately 17 hours1.967593e-4 days <br />0.00472 hours <br />2.810847e-5 weeks <br />6.4685e-6 months <br />.

Figure 1 shows that after approximately 17 hours1.967593e-4 days <br />0.00472 hours <br />2.810847e-5 weeks <br />6.4685e-6 months <br /> at 150oC, the weight loss of PVC was as follows:

Weight Loss at 150 C at Radiation Dose (Rads) 17 hours1.967593e-4 days <br />0.00472 hours <br />2.810847e-5 weeks <br />6.4685e-6 months <br /> (%)

0""" 2.5 5.8 x 106 7 17.4 x 106 11 29 x 106 12 52.2 x 106 14 WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville Facilt ty

port No. 17490-1 Page No. 5 4

6.0 EVALUATIONOF GINNA ACCIDENT CONDITIONS (CONTINUED) 54 The rate of HCl evolution, at Ginna accident temperatures should be slower than the values above. HCl could be neutralized by the containment spray system as it is released from the Vinylcel.

The total amount of HCl formed is also of concern. Reference 12, discusses total HCl generated from irradiation of PVC. The generation of HCl is defined by the chemical term of GHCI, which is the number of HCl molecules produced per 100 electron volts of radiation absorbed by the PVC. Reference 12 notes a GHCI of 22.6 at 160OF for PVC exposed to 2 x 107 rads in vacuum.

A calculation"'assuming an absorbed dose to Vinylcel of 2 x 108 rads (see appendix) indicates that Vinylcel would be required to have GHCL = 75.65 for total loss of HCl to occur. This is more than three (3) times the highest value found but since no value was found for a radiation dose of 2 x 108 it was assumed that the calculated value was achievable. The following calculations and the evaluation of corrosive effects is based on the assumption that total'decomposition occurs.

7.0 CALCULATIONS t

Reference 13 provides an approximate structural formula for Vinylcel. The weight percent of the crosslinking agent was not identified, but since that ag'ent,would serve to reduce the percent chlorine it is adequate, for this treatment, to make the. assumption that the material is PVC. From the empirical formula (CH2 CH CL) the material is 56.8 percent chlorine by weight.

For Ginna insulated wall, an area of 36,181 ft of l-l/4" (4 PCF) Vinylcel, the total material weight is approximately 6,838,000 gms, of which approximately 3,884,000 gms is chlorine.

The applicable parameters for Ginna, Reference 14, indicate that the total dehydrochlorination would, release 1.0956 x 105 moles of HCl.

If-the HCl were uniformly distributed in the containment volume, the concentration would be 4.22 x 10 6 moles/cm3, as shown below:

I Concentration = Moles/volume Concentration of HCl = 1.0956 x 105 moles/(917,000 ft3 x 28316.847 cm3/ft3) (2)

Concentration of HCl = 4.22 x 10 6 moles/cm3 (3)

The HCl will not remain in the atmosphere, but will be condensed and dissolved in the borated water solution recirculated through the Reactor Heat Removal (RHR) System.

WYLE LASORATORIES Huntsville Facility

v v ssvo k ~ 'X 4'V J Page No. 6, 7.0 CALCULATIONS(CONTINUED) .

The total volume of solution available'for dilution is 1,079,604 liters, as shown below:

S ra S stem Tank 230,000 gal (2,000 ppm borated): 870.5 x 103 liters

. Reactor Flood Tanks 6,250 ft3 (50-100 ppm borated): 176.95 x 1Q3 liters 1',134 ft3 (2,000 ppm borated): 32.1 x 103 liters Total 1.08 x 106 liters The final maximum concentration in the solution recirculated through the RHR System could be 0.105 molar in HCl. If unbuffered, the pH would be approximately 1. The solution is actually a dilute boric acid buffered with NaOH to a pH of 8.5-1Q.O. A 5,100-gallon tank of 30 percent NaOH is maintained on site'with '1'."4'476'x'1'05 moles of NaOH. The capability to monitor and adjust the pH of the solution is available after accident initiation. Since the HC1 will be added gradually, the solution pH can be maintained in the required range of 8.5-10.0 by addition of NaOH solution.

The solution would become about 0.1 molar'in NaCl. Corrosive effects for the RHR,System would then'be those of salt solutions.

The'Vinylcel stainless steel facing and the carbon steel liner will be exposed to HCl as it evolves from the insulation. Some portion of this HCl will be absorbed by the insulation and remain in contact with the metal walls. Moisture may penetrate the insulation along the panel joints in the humid post'-accident

'enviionment. This action would result in exposure of the carbon steel liner and

'the interior of the stainless steel facing to aqueous HCl. It is assumed that the stainless facing will be exposed to significant moisture; the carbon steel liner willbe partiany protected by the insulation.

8.0 CORROSION EFFECTS Effects are considered separately for the RHR System components, the carbon steel liner of the insulation, and the 19 mil stainless insulation facing since they will be'exposed to "differ'ent environments, as noted in Paragraph 7.0.

8.1 Effects For RHR Com onents As indicated in the preceding section, these components may be exposed to a 0.1 molar salt solution (approximately 0.6 percent salt). The corrosive effects should be similar to those of sea water and the data for sea water will be assumed applicable. Components in the system are all stainless steel or stainless steel clad.

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville Facility

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Report No 17490-1 O Page Vio. 7 8.0 CORROSION EFFECTS (CONTINUED) 8.1 Effects For RHR Com onents (Continued)

Reference 20 indicates that a maximum rate for general corrosion of 316 stainless steel by sea water is 0.00063 inch per year. Low carbon and copper-bearing steels show higher corrosion rates of 0.004-0.005 inch per year. These values indicate that significant corrosion should not occur in the 180day

'ow post-accident period- Reference 19 indicated that sea water induced pitting and crevice corrosion can occur for stainless steels, but these actions would not become'significant in less than 1.5-2 years.

8.2 Effects For Carbon Steel Panel Liner The entire carbon steel liner (both insulated and non insulated surfaces) is protected from direct contact with the environment by a Carbo Zinc-11/Pheno-line 305 coating system. This would retard or prevent direct contact between HCl and the carbon steel. Phenoline 305 is indicated by the manufacturer as having "very good" resistance to acid splashes and spills and Carbo Zinc-ll is rated "good". Reference 19 indicates good acid resistance for phenolic coatings at temperatures up to 300oF. If the top coat is penetrated the zinc based primer (approximately 86% zinc) provides an additional physical barrier and may be preferentially attacked by the HCl if it is penetrated. Though the effect may be reversed under some environmental conditions, temperatures below 140oF and the presence of Cl ions would probably cause the zinc to act as a sacrificial anode (Reference 20) providing further protection of the steel liner.

Eg Since no'est data was available to determine the amount of protection provided (or whether zinc would act as a sacrificial anode at the Ginna specified 152oF ambient) the effects of direct HCl/carbon steel contact will be considered.

If moisture does not penetrate the insulation and the liner so that the carbon steel is exposed only to ~dr HCl gas, the corrosion effects would not be significant. Reference 21 indicates a corrosion rate of 0.00003 inch per year for carbon steel exposed to dry HCl at 500oF.

Carbon steel is, however, sensitive to aqueous HC1 in air environments. If moisture penetrates the degraded insulation, or passes through joints between panels, corrosion would occur. Reference 20 indicates corrosion rates for mild steel (carbon steel) exposed to 0.4 percent and 4.0 percent HCl in air at room temperatures. These rates were 0.39 inch and 0.48 inch per year, respectively.

Higher temperatures would also accelerate corrosion.

As indicated in Reference 19, corrosion rates greater than 0.05 inch per year, result in short service life for the specified material.

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsv>lie Facility

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. 8 8.0 CORROSION EFFECTS (CONTINUED) 8.3 Effects for the 19-'Mil Stainless Steel Insulation Facin Panels While more resistant than carbon steel, all stainless steels have poor resistance to aqueous HCI. Also direct aqueous HCl/stainless steel contact is more probable; moisture may not penetrate the insuIation per paragraph 3.1 or the Carbo Zinc-ll/Phenoline 305 but could penetrate along panel joints and around retaining bolts. Corrosion could occur along panel joints and around retaining bolts.

9,0'ONCI'USIONS'"

'.1 In response to NRC letter. dated 1-17-81, Question No. 2:

Question An estimate of the amounts of each gas as hydrogen, organic gases and hydrogen chloride, which would be provided by radiation from the decomposition of the foam during DBA.

Answer The only gas produced in more than trace quantities would be, HC1.

No HC1 gas would be expected until the radiation level exceeds 5 x 106 rais. The postulated peak temperature during the DBA of 286oF occuring within the first 2.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> would probably not produce and HCl as long'as the radiation level did not exceed 5 x 10> rads during this time.

The postulated total integrated dose of 2 x 108 rads would result in generation of HC1. The total amount generated is uncertain. A

'orst case-"ofotal" dehydrochlorination is assumed although the actual loss is likely to be significantly less.

9.2 In response to NRC letter dated 1-17-81; Question No. 5:

question The results of an analysis of the effect of the hydrogen chloride generated during a DBA including corrosion of components in the containment building.

Answer The HCl gases which would be released into the containment would become neutralized by the chemical spray. Minor corrosion to the reactor heat removed system may result.

The corrosion effects of dry HCl gas are insignificant.

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsvtlte Facility

port No. 17490-1 Page No. 9 9.0 'ONCLUSIONS (CONTINUED) 9.2 Answer (Continued) h ri Corrosion of the carbon steel liner could occur if aqueous HCI contacts its surface. This contact will be delayed and may not occur at all. The Vinylcel provides protection from the moist containment atmosphere. The Carbo Zinc 11/Phenoline 305 coating system is a barrier to direct HC1/Carbon Steel Contact. If penetrated, the Carbo Zinc 11 may act as a sacrificial anode further protecting the carbon steel.

Corrosion of the 19-mil facing is expected along panel joints and around retaining bolts.

10.0 REFERENCES

1. Letter from V. S. Noonan, Assistant Director for Material and Qualification, Division of Engineering, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,

Subject:

Ginna SEP on Organic Materials, January 17, 1981 (Enclosed) 2e "The Use of Plastics and Elastomers," W. W. Parkinson and O.

Sisman, Nuclear En ineerin and Desi n, Vol. 17 (1971), pp.

247-280, Wyle Library Code 438-81 I

3.') "Thermal 'Analysis of Polyvinyl Chloride," R. Salovey and R. G.

Badger, Journal of A lied Pol mer Science, Vol. 16 (1972),

Wyle Library Code 430-81 4, "Radiation Resistance of Cable-Insulating Material for Nuclear Power "Generating Stations," S. Kawata, J. Ogura, K. Kasai, and T. Onishi, IEEE Transaction, Electrical Insulation, Vol. EI-13, No. 3, pp. 164-171, June, 1978, Wyle Library Code 214-79

5. "Effects of Radiation on Electrical Insulating Materials," C. L.

Hanks and D. J. Hammon, REIC Report No. 46, Wyle Library Code 299-80 s

6. "Test Report', Thermal Decomposition Products and Burning Characteristics'f Some Syhnthetic Low-Density Cellular Material," Bureau of Mines Investigation 04777, January, 1951 7e "Gamma Ray Dosimetry with Polyvinyl Chloride Films," Ernest J. Henley and Arthur Miller, Nucleonics, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp. 62-66, December, 1951

8. Letter from C. E. Ernst, Chief Engineer, Johns-Manville Indus-trial Insulations Division, to Gilbert Associates, Inc., Reading, Pennsylvania,

Subject:

BM Containment Insulation, SP-5290 Ginna Plant, December 22, 1967 (Enclosed)

WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville Facility

aeporr. No. iv~~u-i Page No. 10 REFERENCES (Continued)

9. Letter from Jack Miner, Manager, Engineering and Technical Services, Johns-Manville Sales Corporation, Denver, Colorado,

Subject:

Vinylcel Physical Properties and Radiation Resistance, April 7, 1981

10. Contact Reports, Ray Thome to J. Richardson, Johns-Manville Product Coordinator, dated July 31, 1981,

Subject:

Vinylcel Insulation Technical Data and Reports (Enclosed) 11.'Effects'f'adiation on Material and Components," J- F.

Kir cher and R. E. Bowman, Reinhold Publishing Corporation

12. Radiation Chemistr of Pol meric S stems, A. Chapiro, John Wiley 4 Sons, Chapter 7

13. "Rigid PVC Foam Process Attracts Phillips," Article from International, not dated (Enclosed) 14.<t, Contact~ Report, M. Bruce to G. Wrobel, Rochester Gas dc Electric Corporation, dated August 7, 1981,

Subject:

Obtain Containment Information (Enclosed)

15. -

Contact Report, Ray Thome to G. Eichele, Johns-Manville Sales Coordinator, dated July 30, 1981,

Subject:

Vinylcel Insulation (Enclosed) 16., "Mechanism Chemistr and

'f PVC Technolo, Degradation," W.

164, pp. 177-216 C. Giddes, Rubber

17. "Thermal Decomposition of Poly (Vinyl Chloride)," R.

Stromberg; S: Straus, and B. G. Achkammer, Journal of Pol mer Science, Vol. 35, pp. 355-368 (1959)

18. "Vinylcel Structural Core Rigid Crosslinked PVC Foam Physical Properties (Average Values)," Johns-Manville (Enclosed)

19. NACE Basic Corrosion Course, National Association of Corro-sion Engineers, Houston, Texas, Eighth Printing, 1977 20... Corrosion and Corrosion Control, H. H. Unlig, John Wiley ttt:

Sons, Inc., Second Edition, 1971 e

21. "Properties and Selection of Metals," Metals Handbook, Ameri-can Society for Metals, 8th Edition, Vol. I, 1961

22. Radiolo ical Health Handbook, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Rockville, Maryland, Revised Edition,

p. 122, January, 1970 WYLE LABORATORIE5 Huntsville Feetttty

eport No. 17490-1

~

Page No.~ 11 REFERENCES (CONTINUED)

23. Carboline Product Data Sheets, Carboline Company, St. Louis, Missouri Enclosed

24. "Determination of the Stability of PVC Compounds Against High Temperature", J. Novak, American Chemistry Series, Advances in Chemistry, Vol 85, pp 45-46.

WYLE LABORATORIES Hunlswlla Facility

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. 12 APPENDIX The theoretical yield of HCl is 56.8% by weight or 1.5S83 x 10-2 moles/gm PVC substituting this value in the equation below and solving for GHCL identifies the G value required for total dehydrochlorination.

Moles HCl = G moles HCl/100 eV x 2 x 1010 ergs/gm PVC x 6.2 x 1011 eV/erg x 1 mole HCL/6.02 x 10 molecules

Therfore, 1 1 G = 1.5583"x 10-2"'x 100 x 2 x 1010 x 6.2 x 1011 x 6.02 x 1023 G,= 7.5.65.

Where, G = molecule HCl/100 eV Radiation Dose = 2 x 108 rads or 2 x 1010 ergs/gm PVC 1 erg = 6.2 x 1011 eV Avogardo Constant = 6.02 x 1023 molecules/mole WYLE LABORATORIES Huntsville Facility

Report No. 17490-1 Q Page No. 13 lBBADlATl'.D l'OLY(VINYLCllLORID:-. 3267 I

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à IR

/~'llA'E 40 Md4llTKS IRRADIATED PVC-FIGURE l. ISOTHERMAL THERMOGRAVIMETRY OF 150'C OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE: (0) CONTROL; (<) 5.8 29.0 M RADS; (X) 52.2 N RADS; (~)

M RADS; (D) 17. 4 M RADS; (9) 52.2 N RADS IN NITRDGEN

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. 14 TGA Curve of'INYLCEL Temperature (oP) 6oo 8oo 8o 70 50 30 20 10 3oo 4oo Temperature ( C)-

FIGURE 2

~ I V Report No. 17490-1 Paqe No. 15 CZrQ'E LYi J~8EC.

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J'.

~be z-esu1ts 'o. 'an ana1ysis of the ccetribu0ion uf. hyarom and other asks g nera 0 -.rem the:.fear to the.scents of @~Rib'le gases

.~duce~ fr~ otser scarcer during a D'"'4.

$. 7a=- res .its,of. an,ana>ysis of the effect of the hydr~en chloride

~arete" chris. a QBA, inc)udina corrosion of ccvconants $ r the coo-iMn~i bU'l1dlny~ ~

4e can cxo1ete our revi~ Qf Top.ic V5-1., Orw~ic 4; rich four weeks after xe receive the requ s e" informiian.

A5 s EQT.Mt &>,rector

'm" KxEeriats 6 Qaa3i4icatiorIs Engine rmg Oivisian.of inain~ring-cc: h'ex'age EXHIBIT A

i RePort No.

JOHN S- MAN VILLE

.Page No.

SAl.ES 1749Q-~

CORPORATlOH 16 REFERENCE 8 PACiE 1 of 2 INDUSTRIAL INSULATIONS DIVISION

~'EA5T 4Q<h 5TREET ~

NEW YORK, N.. Y. 10016 Y, 'E

'ELEPHONE: 532.MS AREA 'CODEDE 212

~ w Inc December 22, 1967 l Gi"lbe r't"'A's s oc'i'a t es, .

525 Lancaster Avenue Read ing, Pa. 19603.

Attention: Mr. K. T. Momose Re: BM Containment Insulation SP-5290' irma Plant

Dear Mr. Momose:

On Novemb o e ber 29, at your renuest Mr. E D Cox sent to your attention

'he ~

following reports '.

~

'L I Re port E 455-T-258 Vinylcel ccesistance to Flame Exposure

. eparr E 4$ $ -T-266", vinylcel (4pcf) Effect of Heat and Pressure Subseouent to thi' hi 'ou r ques e eng ineering data on the 4 pcf nyl'c e 1 s imilar to tha t pre vi ou sly furnished for 6 pcf Vinylce1.

This is as follows:

2:0'7. 2 Ba sed on. pressure"cycling tests of'om

('R t S 455-T-238) as tie moduli of 6 pcf a m def lee 'o of pc

~, and the residual deformation to be 0.8+c.

3:01.2

a. Thermal conductivity (BTU/hr sq Heat Flow Me,ter. cali'brated 'a ft n

a ed per e ASTN C>>177 Guarded got Plate.

Mean Temperature, F. 100 ~12 ~10 0 ~ 22 0 23

~ 0 25 0 ~ 27

'-Compressive yield-.stren g th--per ASTM D1621 --E 0 psi at the n on stress-strain curve.

c. Maximum operating t emperature t for c ontinuous service 175F, bQt may vary with sspecific application requ re ui rements

d. Maximum allowable temperature f'r s ecifi tt h d R o t No El45 - -266 U" C bi d H e'a t an d P res sure Test.

53-2

Report No. 17490-1 Page No. 17 REFERENCE 8 Page 2 of 2

e. Mois ture vapo'r permeability per ASTh! C-355. See attached Report No. E455-T-268, Appendix I, Table 3.

f. 'Shear strength per ASTM C-273 - 68 ps'i ultimate.

Shear 'modulus per ASTM C-Z73 - 3510 psi.

h, . Compressive modulus ner ASTM ~-1621 - 2300 osi.

Density per ASTM D-1622 - 4.0 lbs/cu f t. nominal, 3.7 lbs/cu f t. minimum.

Average coefficient of linear expansion - 9.4 x 10 in/in/F.

k. Curves for the Case IXI sho~ing temperature. before and after accident plotted against. time. See Report No. E 455-T-266, Analogue Study of Vinylcel used as Containment'nsulation.

1. Test results of permeability tests per ASTM C-355 ~ See

,. attached Report 'E 455-T-268 Predicted curve,for 6 month test as reauirod under 2:07.9.

See attached Report No. E455-T-268. Dimensional rather than weight change is given as explained under Humid Aging (Results ) of the report.

m. Radiation, exposure of'8 x 10 roentgens within 6 hours will not chan g e'he h ys ical properties of Vinylcel significantly but'0 roentgens within 10 hours1.157407e-4 days <br />0.00278 hours <br />1.653439e-5 weeks <br />3.805e-6 months <br /> will cause some progressive de ter iora tion ..-',

r The 4 p:f Vinylcel will be supplied 44 ' -

84" x 1-1/4" thick.

ck. Length Len th and,. wid.th~,tolerance will be + 1/32" Ve ry,tru3 y~ours, C ~ E~ ERNST r~ ~ - Ch ie f=%ng inc er CEE/ca P.S. As I advised your secretary on 4'ednesday, Research is sending 6 copies of report E455T238 directly to you.

5B-3

RePovt Ho. 17e)0-1 YNDKR CONTACT

~ REPORT REFERENCE 10 Contact Report Of: Telephone R Date of

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Page No. 19 INTEAfJ~TIOnIAL REFERENCE 13 PI -Id PVC foam. process at'Iraccber-Colombes polyvi>>yl chloride in the U.Sir but in Pia'stiques, S.A.

western Europe, the company shows The minority holdingin Klcber-Co-keen"interest in tliat large-volume plas- lombes Plastiques gives Phillips a cap-

~ tic. Earlier this year, Phillips teamed tive outlet for Badiphil's PVC. KI>c-up tvith West Germany's BASF to her-Colombes Plastiques has a partic-form IIadische Phillips Petroleum, ularly strong position in rigid PVC N.V.'(Badiphil)" ,in Antwerp in its foams. Its process for producing a first venture to make PVC resins cross-linked PVC foam has been li-(ChEN, June 20, page 23). It fol- censed by 14 companies in 12. coun-lowed that move last month by'acquir- tries (including B. F. Goodrich and ing a 35% interest in the Paris-based Johns-hfanville in the U.S.).

At the same time that Phillips bought,35% of Kleber-Colombes Plas-Kleber-.cojombes pictures bridges tiques, the West German Bnn', Reno-lit-lVcrke, GmbH, Worms, acquired of amide groups between chains 14%. This left a 51% interest in the hands of the parent tire and rubber goods manufacturer, Klcber-colombes, F'Vc S.A.

Phillips and Renolit are linked in Kleber-Colombes'andier the U.S. With Nation J Distdiers 14 licensees, 12 countries

",-i-tooc-'(-coo H,:. they own American Renolit, which produces PVC calendered goods.

1 Kll':ber-Colombes Plastiques willpost chanical strengths and solveiit resist of about $ 15 million this year. 'ales ance are Improved.

IRIgid PVC foam has been one of its The new process (U.S. Paten major products for 15 years. But the 3,200,089), issued to Dr. LandIcr imc Boo(;-Y-co cross-linked znaterial, Klegecell G 300, Pierre Lebel, also has tivo steps. Ad has only been offered for about a year dition of a vinylidcnic monomer, ai and a haIE..KII':bcr-Colombcs Plas- ethylcnic anhydride, a>>d a free-raclic".i

-Z niH tiques pins its hopes for increased catalyst to PVC rcsi>> anil isocmil>vite ii sales on better dimensional stability at tlie first or moldi>>g step. I>> tlie scc.

1 teinpcratures to 120 C. and Iugher ond step, a reaction with iv:iter pro mechanical strengths for the cross- duces the Bnished cross-linked foam.

linked foams. 'n Dr. La>>dier proposes a meclianisn NH its older process (U.S. Patent to explain the formation of tile ciois 2,578,749), Kllcbcr-Colombcs used a linked fo:mi (sec ciriiivi>>g). Iic. iir OC'-'(-'oop ' two-step process, i>> ivliiclitllc rcac:tio>> scl'll)cis tllc proc:ess les o>><<111 ivlll<<l of wiitcr with a diiso<<y;matc prociui~d amide group~ from tlic iso<<yon;>I<<

carbon dioiide to give a hardened, cel- bridge grafted PVC macrumol<<cuies lular structure. This product has tcics In the heat and pressure of molding i:

relatively serious drawbacks, .accord- the first step, the eth>'Icnic:>>Ihydrid:

l ing to Dr. Yvan La>>dier, manager of and vinvlidenic monomer cc>poly>ner the Paris research center of Kleber-Co- ize. Tile copolymer thc>> grartc o>>tc HoOC-'(- COSH lombes. It costs too much, since the the PVC molecule. In tlic scelnii

-I process caii't produre ro:ims wirth den- step, tile anhydride units on tile gr:i sities bcloiv 2.5 pounds pcr cu. ft. hydrolyze to acids imd re>i<<t ivitli icv x Secondly, it has poor tliernial dimen-sional stability. At 90s C. the foam cyanate molccules to cross.li>>k I i. 1 PVC.

shrinks about 40 c. At 150 to 160 Solubility studies hear oiit tliis liy-PVC C., tliese foams collapse. pothesis. Accordi>>g to Dr. L:inilll'I' Cross-linking, lioii'c'vcr, makes pos- U:S. patent, tlic Klcher-Ci>li>:>>L<<-

X Is segmeni of uinyridenic monomer in Iho sible a I'oain ivhidi I>as a density of 1.5 products arc insol>>blc in dimctliyi ~

la I e rally g ra tl ed chain poundc per cu. ft. with correspond- form:imide, v.hicli can i7iccolvc nilirl v (wiih I~o earbosyl groups) Is sagmeni oi ingly loivcr'osti. Also, temperature types or PVC-Lose cl e<<lliil:ir ni:il<<ri.ils.

~ tnylenic anhydride aller hydrolysis in Iho I ~ le>ally gralled chain stabilit> is imprc>v<<d. At 904 C., Tiic eonclucion is tliat Iiie Kli'lll>-Co.

Z I ~ carrier grouping of isoeyanale tunclions shrinkage'c only 5":r. At 150'o ion>lies products arc diitin<<ily diiiclin!

ln dl or po>yisocyana>e used 160 C., criyis-linked rn:ims rrt;iin t)icir and ni:iy I>ave a rciie>>IairrI ciru<>le urC ~ i U.S. Pa>ant 3,90O,OS9 cellular siriicture. In lid dit'ion, inc- ivjtli:iIridiincnsion.ii i>l'Iivuik.

Report No. 17490-1 CONTACT REPORT Page No. 20 REFERENCE 14 Contact Report Of: Telephone Q Visit Q Page 1 of 3 Date Of

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REFERENCE 18 RIGID CROSS I INK ED PVC I=0AM UINXLCEL FiiYSZCAL PROPERTIES" (average values)

NORMAL DENSlTX, PCF TEST 1KTHOD Compressive Strength (ultimate)~ psi ASTM D1621&4 Rt 70F 45 158 265 at 175F 38 113 185 at 212F 33 106 175 Laminar Tensile Strength, psi ASTM. 0297-61 50 165 Shear Strength (ultimate), psi ASTM C273&1 30 '75. 123 Flexural Strength ASTM C203-58

';.Modulus of .Rupture, psi'" 70 190 310

'.Fodulus of, Elasticity, psi 3000 7000 9000 Coefficidnt of Lingar Expansion in/in/F x 10 (up to 110F) 8 10 Linear, Shrinkage,, C 100 days 175F dry soa3d.ng heat 2$ 1.7$ 0.5$

100 days 158F, 100$ RH 3$ 2$ 0.5$

63 days 120F, 100+~ RH g1$ <1$ (1%

Water Vapor Permeability, perm-inch . ASTM 0355-64 0.1 0.04. 0.001 Water., Absorption,~volume HH I-524 48 hrs at 10'ead.

Pl~bili.ty, 1", thick.. ASTM E84-61 20 'A 36 (3/4~ tk.)

-. Tunnel Flame Spread Smoke Developed 80-1 00 NA P 200 Thermal Conductivity ASTM 05183T (Btu in. per sq ft per F per hr)

.20 '-22 -23 75F me BI1 OF mean .16 .18 .19 Test Data .values shown are averages as tested by standard methods.

These values .are, provided .as guides for product evaluation and are given without liability to J'ohns->~ville.

0 RePoI < "0 U4go+(

Page No. 25

.,,. ~

aC:,LtC'~ ~=-"I.'a =.".. 'et r

C=~I, thCZfll(I~f gpRgo z)NQ tt REFERENCE 23 350 HANLEY INDUSTRIAL COURT ~ ST. LOUIS, MO. 63144 ~ 314-644-1000 SELECTION DATA NOTE: Under certain conditions a mist coat or tie coat may be desirable to prevent topcoat bubbling.

GENERIC TYPE: Self curing, inorganic zinc primer. The COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER COATINGS: Apply di-coating consists of a basic zinc silicate complex. Base and rectly over substrate, Carbo Weld 11 or other inorganic

~ zittc filler mixed prior to application. zincs as recommended.

GENERAL PROPERTIES: An inorganic zinc base coat that protects steel galvanically, eliminating sub-film corrosion.

Has outstanding application properties. Can be applied at the recommended thickness in one coat. SPECIFICATION DATA RECOMMENDED USES: Carbo Zinc 11 (the first selfeur- THEORETICAL SOLIDS CONTENT OF MIXED MA.

ing inorganic zinc primer) is used as a single coat protection TE RIAL:

of steel structures in weathering exposure and as a base coat for organic and inorganic topcoats in more severe services. ~BWri hs Excellent for the interiors and exteriors of storage tanks Carbo Zinc 11 7%k ~ 2%

containing fuels and organic solvents. Has many uses as a Percent zinc in dry film 86%

maintenance primer, with or without topcoats, depending RECOMMENDED DRY FILM THICKNESS PER COAT:

on exposure. Used widely in chemical plants, paper mills, 2-3 mils (50 to 75 microns) refineries and coastal or salt atmospheres including offshore structures. Carbo Zinc 11 meets the stringent performance THEORETICAL COVERAGE PER MIXED GALLON:

requirements of the American National Standards Institute, 1000 mil sq. ft. (24.5 sq.m/1 9 25 microns)

ANSI N101.2-1972 and ANSI N5.1 2.1974. 333 sq. ft. at 3 mits (8.2 sq.m/1 8 75 microns)

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR: Immersion or indirect ex- 'NOTE: Material losses during mixing and application will

'osure to acids or alkalies without suitable topcoat. vary and must be taken into consideration when estimating CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GUIDE: (with proper topcoat) job requirements.

Heavy Fumes or Outside SHELF LIFE: Base: 12 months minimum Light Splash Weathering Zinc Filler: 24 months minimum Exposure immersion, ~and Spiiio e or Miid Fumes COLORS: Gray or Green only.

Acids NR Very Good Excellent GLOSS: Mane finish.

Alkalies NR Very Good Excellent Solvents Excellent Excellent Excellent Salt Excellent Excellent Excellent Water - Excellent Excellent Excellent ORDERING INFORMATION TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE: (non-immersion)

Continuous: 750' (399'C) Prices may be obtained from Carboline Sales Representative or Main Office. Terms Net 30 days.

Non.continuous: 800 F (427'C)

F LEXIBILITY:Fair. Good WEATHERING: Excellent SHIPPING WEIGHT:

1'$ 5's ABRASION RESISTANCE: Excellent. Abrasion resistance increases with age.

Carbo Zinc 11 23 lbs. {10.4 kg) 113 lbs. (51.3 kg)

Carboline Thinner t",33 9 lbs. (4.1 kg) 41 lbs. (18.6 kg)

SUBSTRATES: Apply over properly prepared steel, cast Carboline Thinner ~21 8 lbs. {3,6 kg) 36 lbs. (16.3 kg) iron, or other surfaces as recommended. FLASH POINT: (Pensky.Martens Closed Cup)

TOPCOAT REQUIRED: May be topcoated with epoxies, Carbo Zinc 11 Base 56 F (13 C) phenolics, vinyls, acrylics, silicones, chlorinated rubbers or Carboline Thinner 433 101 F (38 C) others as recommended. Carboline Thinner n21 53 F (12 C)

Feb. 81 Replaces Jan. 80 To the best of oui knowledge the technical data contained herein we true and accurate at the date of'Issuance and are sublect to change without pnor notice. User must conlact carboline to verity correctness before soecifying or ordering. No guarantee of accuracy is given or imolied. we guwantee our products to conform to carboline duality control. we assume no resoonsibility for coverage, performance or inluries

~esulting from use. Liability. it any, is limrced co reolacement of nroducts. Prices and cost 'data it shown, are sublect lo change without nrior notice. NO QTHER WAR RAN'ry QR QUARANTFF OF ANY KIND IS MADE=BY TfsE SELLER, ExPRESS QR IMPLIED. STATUTORY.

ey OPERATION QR LAW, QR QTHERWISE, INCLUDING MERCHANTAOILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

'6 Report No. 17490-'t.'age No. 26 PHENOL!IIEo 305 FINISH REFERENCE 23 350 HANLEY INDUSTRIAL COURT ~ ST. LOUIS, MO. 63144 ~ 314-644-109 0

5 ELECTI N D ATA COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER COATINGS: May be applied over inorganic zincs, catalyzed epoxies, modified g

GENERIC TYPE: Modified phenolic. Part A and Part B phenolics or others as recommended. Acceptable primers mixed prior to application. are Carbo Zinc 11, Carbo Zinc 12, Carboline 195 Sur.

facer, Carboline 295 WB Surfacer, Phenoline 305 Primer, GENERAL PROPERTIES: A heavy duty topcoat, Phenoline Phenoline 305 Concrete Primer, Phenoline 307 or others as 305 Finish sets to a hard, tough; smooth finish having very recommended. A mist coat may be required when applied gdod abrasion resistance. The surface is glossy and easily over inorganic zinc.

cleaned. Has excellent resistance to a wide range of solvents, caustics, cleaning solutions and acid entrained vapors of high concentration. Phenoline 305 Finish has outstanding SPECIFICATION DATA chemical, physical and application properties. Phenoline THEORETICAL SOLIDS CONTENT OF MIXED MA-305- Finish is easily repaired, has excellent resistance to TERIAL:

hydraulic fluids and meets the applicable performance criteria of the American National Standards Institute ANSI By Volume 101 .2-1972 and ANSI NS. 12-1974. It has performed satis. Phenoline 305 Finish 64+ 2~o factorily in radiation resistance and decontamination testing at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. RECOMMENDED DRY FILM THICKNESS PER COAT:

4 6 mils (100-150 microns)

RECOMMENDED USES: Phenoline 305 Finish is an ex.

cellent coating for the protection of steel and concrete sur. THEORETICAL COVERAGE PER MIXED KIT':

faces in-nuclear power plants:"Because of its glossy appear- 1 gal. kit (yields 1.25 gal.)

'ance and excellent physical properties, Phenoline 305 1283 mil sq. ft. (25.6 sq. m/I 9 25 microns) 320 sq. ft. at Finish is an excellent topcoat for use by manufacturers of 4 mils (6.4 sq. m/I 8 100 microns) industrial equipment and components. Also used in chem- 5 gal. kit (yields 6.25 gal.)

ical processing plants, pulp and paper mills for the protec. 6416 mil sq. ft. (25.6 sq. m/I 8 25 microns) tion of structural steel and concrete against severe splash, 1603 sq. ft. at 4 mils (6.4 sq. m/I 8 100 microns) spillage and fumes. Makes an excellent floor coating, addi ~

tion of Special Silica n 2 provides a non.skid surface. NOTE: Material losses during mixing and application will vary and must be taken into consideration when estimating NOT. RECOMMENDED FOR: Immersion service or con- job requirements.

tinuous spillage of hot or concentrated acids.

SHELF LIFE: 2 years minimum CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GUIDE:

Splash and COLORS: Phenoline 305 Finish: Standard colors are White Exposure C800, Gray C705, Gray C703. Consult Carboline Color Spillage Fumes Chart.

Acids Very good Excellent I Alkalies Excellent Excellent GLOSS: Glossy Solvents Excellent Excellent Salt Excellent Excellent Water Excellent Excellent ORDERING INFORMATION Prices may be obtained from Carboline Sales Representative TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE: or Main Office. Terms Net 30 days.

Continuous: 200 F (93.3 C)

Non continuous: 250 F (121 C) SHIPPING WEIGHT:

FLEXIBILITY:Fair 1 Gal. Kit 5 Gal. Kit

~i).26 ~ I.) (6.26 isl.)

WEATHERING: Very good Phenoline 305 Finish 17 lbs. (7.7 kg ) 66 iki. (36.3 26)

Phenoline Thinner 9 lbs. (4.1 kg) ~ 45 lbs. (20.5 kg )

ABRASION RESISTANCE: Very good Caibolifte Thinner Q 9 lbs. (4.1 kg ) 45 lbs. (20.5 kg )

SUBSTRATES: Apply over suitably primed metal or ce. FLASH POINT: (Pensky.Martens Closed Cup) mentitious surfaces. Surfacer normally required for poured Phenoline 305 Finish Part A 68'F (20.0 C) vertical surfaces. Phenoline 305 Finish Part B 60 F (15.6 C)

Phenoline Thinner 77'F (25 C)

TOPCOAT REQUIRED: Normally none Carboline Thinner W 30'F ( 1 C)

~

May 80 Replaces Jan. 80 To the best of our know)edge the technical data contained herein are true and accurate st the date of issiiance and aie 5ubleot IO Change w'thout prior notice. User must contact carboline to verily cotrectno55 beforo 5oecifying or ordering. No guarantee of accuracy i5 gwen or

'molted. we guarantee our products to confotm lo cstboline uuaiity control. we assume no responsibility coverage, per lotmsnce or inlutie5 re~ulting from use. Liability, if sny. )s limited to replacement of oroducts, pticos snd co52 dale if shown, for sre sub)act to chango without pr'ot nett<<, No OTHFR WaRRANTY OR GUARANTEE OF ANY KINO IS VADE BV THE SELLER. EXPRESS OR lltPLIEO.STATUTORY.

BY OPERATION OR LAW OR OTHERWISE INCI UOING x ERCHANTABILITYANO FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSF ~