ML19350C401

Nonradiological Environ Monitoring Rept,1980.

ML19350C401
Person / Time
Site:	Calvert Cliffs
Issue date:	03/10/1981
From:	BALTIMORE GAS & ELECTRIC CO.
To:
Shared Package
ML19350C399	List: ML19350C398 ML19350C401
References
NUDOCS 8104010417
Download: ML19350C401 (300)

Text

- . . , = ,_ __ - . = . - - . .. . - - .. - . . . - . . - -

! O l

! O.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Section Number I

-Introduction 1 Sunnnavy 2 Treatment Chemical Usage 3 Aquatic Chemistry Studies 4.1 Copper and Nickel at Plant Intake and Discharge k.2 Phytoplankton: Productivity, Biomass, and Taxonomy 5 Fish Bottom Trawling 6 Blue Crab Studies T i- Oyster Tray Studies 8.1 Heavy Metal Analyses of Oysters 8.2 Impingement Studies Impingement Counts 9.1 Survival Estimates of Impinged Fish 9.2 Phytoplankton Entrainment 10.1 Zooplankton Entrainment Study 10.2 4

Ichthoplankton and Macroplankton 10.3

o .

j j

• a-i e

9 810 4 010 M

IL

O INTRODUCTION Amendment numbers 23 and 7 of the USNRC facility operating licenses for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Unit Nos.1 and 2, respectively, require the submission of an annual report analyzinE the data collected to satisfy the requirenents of the Non-radiological Environmental Technical Specifications for these facilities. This report presents and analyzes the data collected for this purpose between Jan-uary 1, 1980 and December 31, 1980. For ease of reference, it has been formatted in accordance with the appropriate non-radiological envircreental technical specifications.

This report has been prepared by a cooperative effort between

'Ihe Academy-of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, it's field laboratory at' Benedict, Maryland, and the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. The authors and affiliation of each section are identified.

/"%

.u.l i

?

i' s

1

_ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _.ua__ m_--. -. --u. -

)- SG! MARY Kenneth L. Heck, Jr.

Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Acader;y of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Elizabeth I Bauereis Baltimore Gas and Electric Company The 1980 program of studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant included renitoring st~ites of physico-che=ical variables and biological populations in the vicinity of the plant, as well as special studies on the effects of im-pingement and entrainment. During 1980 both generating units at Ctivert Cliffs were in cor=ercial operation. The following passages semize the major results of the individual study elements.

Monthly monitoring cf physico-chemical variables revealed the expected slight te=perature elevations in the vicinity of the plant. However, very few differences in nutrient or metal concentrations were detected between reference stations and stations in the vicinity of the plant.

Studies of primary production revea2ed smil elevations in phytoplankton (V7 productivity near the plant discharge compared to reference stations. However, there was no detectable i= pact on overall productivity, phytoplankton cell den-sities, or on the species composition of phytoplankton between plant site and reference stations.

The phytoplankton entrain =ent studies -(using ATP as an indicator of living bio = ass) vere generally si=ilar to previous years. The temperature extremes were greater during the 1980 year of study than previous study years, ranging from 18.90C in June to 28.500 in August. The average daytime ATP value of h.40 pg/l in September vas the highest recorded in the years of study. Statistically significant differences in ATP concentrations between sampling locations occurred twice in 1980 which is cc= parable to previous findings.

Abundances and co= position of fishes collected by the trawling program vere very similar at the plant site and at reference stations. Dominant species re=ained the same as in previous years, although the relative abundence of these species shifted in 1980. Depth patterns of fish distribution remained similar to previous years.

Mean blue crab catches decreased nearly 38% from record 1979 levels but vere well within the normal range of variation recorded in earlier years. There vere no significant differences in abundance, size or sex ratios of crabs between the plant site and reference stations during 1980. There is no evidence that the operation of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant has had any adverse effect, on crab populations in the Chesapeake Bay.

, to\

L!.

l 2-1

Oyster growth was greater at the plant site than at reference stations, probably because of stimulation by warm water discharges from the plant. Oy-ster mortality rates were lov and very similar at plant and reference stations.

Analyses of oyster tissue revealed higher copper and nickel concentrations at the plant site than at reference stations. Copper concentrations vere inverse-ly related to distance from the plant site although nickel conNntrations did not show a recognizable pattern. Concentrations of both metals were also high-er at the plant site during the 1973-75 preoperational period and it is not evi-dent that the observed metal concentrations have produced any harmful en? cts on oysters near the plant site.

The estimated total number of fish impinged during 1980 was greater than in 1979 but within the range of numbers estimated during the previous few years.

However, blue crabs were impinged in much smaller numbers than in 1979 "here were few large impingement episodes during 1980 while seasonal patterns in the abundance and composition of individual species were similar to those seen in previous years. Studies to estimate survival rate for those fishes impinged in greatest numbers showed similar survival ratec at Units 1 and II at Calvert Cliffs during 1980. Three of the seven dominant species had higher survival rates in 1980 than in 1979, while the other four had similar rates in both years.

Zooplankton entrainment studies during summer 1980 showed that, as in pre-vious years, nauplii and juvenile copepods sustained the greatest losses during plant transit. Mechanical stress still seems to be the most likely cause of zooplankton losses during entrainment and there is little evidence that zoo-plankton mortality is attributable to thermal stress.

Several dominant macroplankters, including polychaetes and amphipods, were present in significantly greater numbers near the plant site than at reference g

sites. Hogchoker eggs and naked goby larvae were also more abundant near the plant site. Benthic rubble and the deep intake channel may provide an attrac-tion for those macroplankton and ichthyoplankton species that are more abundant near the plant than at reference stations.

9 2-2

I i i 1 L t

I I

1 TREA2 MENT CNCAL USAGE f

F t r i ., t a ,

The following quantities of treatment cher.icals vere I

i k

j used in the plant during 1960. I s  :

1-  ;

!. Cher.ical Amount L

,i r L

2

1. ' Trisodium phosphate 3,000 pounds >

2.- Boric Acid 63,550 pounds  :

.l' -

-3. Hydrazine 2,600 gallons j h. . Sodium hypochlorite lh1,210 gallons

J e I

=

g r

< t

- b

[ i et 6 b

y i -..O

4.  :

J k I

.. t i

1 b

i i ,

5 L

- r t

b 6

u .

I f b f~

a

l. t a

i

• b' n.

~

. 3 L 1

i, h

F-i w

i . .

. e y e-*W i e ie vr w weg g a f = +v v ew + +t-a- en rw-- w e t-* *

• p*+ w g -* a-+ r~b er + +-vey-agede -r - w

• it y *- vwww t y-v/ s vr *-r -4 9/w eer -gr4ry ves t- -g-w e te- ,r w--w wwg. = q ve e D w v v et 've 'v 'e v*-o w tw w -vs v t-w t ' +' *tw* e - e- ve w' 9f * "

AQUATIC CHEMISTRY STUDIES Brenda L. Dawson Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Objectives The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cooling water entrainment and discharge from the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) on certain chemical and physical parameters measured . in the Chesapeake Bay waters in the plant nearfield area. This data was also used to help interpret primary productivity and ohytoplankton. data. .

Materials and Methods Sampling Location Water samples._were collected at nine stations in the

Chesapeake Bay in , the nearfield . vicinity of CCNPP. Seven of these stations, hereafter referred to as '! transect stations"',

.were locatede al'ong' a transect following the 30-ft (9-m)~ depth

contour.. These were Kenwood.' Beach (KB), Long Beach (LB), Flag Pond (FP),' Plant Site "(PS), Camp Conoy^(CC),_ Rocky Point (RP) and Cove Point-(CP) (Figure ~4.1-1)'. 'Two other stations,'here-after_ referred . to as ." plant ; stations", were. located nearer to the plant: ' Plant Site Intakel(PSI) E(5. m in : front of f the cur-tain : wall ' in L the ' centeri of the intake channel) ' and Plant -Dis-charge Plume - (PLA) . For. analysis of. plant l effects,- Stations PSI,' f PLA c and , PS 1 willl be ..-referred to : 'as " lateral . stations" .

-Sampling' Procedures. ,

'S'amples'were-. collected monthly;from January through Decem-ber _1980. . Composited u surface ~. samples :were . collected using ' a non-metallic sampling' cup. _ Bottom and -middle ' depth samples

~

were : collected . using ta plastic Kemmerer bottle. ' Surface' sam :

_ples'were collected atla 11LstationsL Middle" depth samples were '

collected _ : onlyi atT Station . PSI, . at . a ? depth c of 33L ft _ -(10 m).

Bottom depth san.ples - were ? collected at a . depth, of 30 ' ft1(9 e m) . J

-at the itransectstations; and s at?a . depth : of : 49 : ftJ(15(m) Tat

-Station ' PSI.. ~ No1. bottom sample, was :taken7 at D Station 'PLA.

< Duplicate L samples..f were taken from..the surface, middle, and botton? at : Station - PSIi and' .from then surface ' at ; Station- -PLA.

. Samples ~ - to bei used ' for the chemistry; and -primary productivity 1

C7 _ studies. were< takenn from. the E same volume ; of ' water; so that data j( . _ _ ;would'be comparabl~e.

4;1 ~

r , j

\

~

- MXO" h

.$ /, @

i .

Yk

"" ef

3-M()?@%"

u y,

a N Y.- .- .g

.4

% 7 1, h a6

74. .

e LB -Y:i s O "d fgf'f

~h Q G LCNG '.9 - e FP BEACH PS

.; P L A ',

i.h.

• pgl

.o C C NP P:::._

e CC Q N

RC,l.KY , eRP

<'OiNT C 2000 u.s. '? CP e COVE POINT Figure 4.1-1. Chemistry stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) in the upper Chesapeake B'ay, 1980. " Transect" stations were KB (Kenwood Beach), LB (Long Beach), FP (Flag Pond), PS (Plant Site), CC (Camp Conoy), RP (Rocky Point) and CP (Cove Point); " plant" stations were PSI (Plant Site Intake) and PL1 (Plant Discharge Plume).

O 4.1-2

p The whole water samples were immediately divided into two V portions. One potion was left unfiltered; the other gportion was filtered in the field gthrough a 0.45 pm Millipore filter with the use of an Antlia pneumatic hand pressure filtration system.

The miiltered water was divided into four aliquots. One aliquot was placed in a 60 ml linear polyethylene (LPE) bottle to be used for turbidity determinations. This was cooled to 4C in the field and stored at 4C in the laboratory until analysis. The second aliquot was also placed in a 60 ml LPE bottle, for use in total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total per-sulfate nitrogen (TPN) and total phosphorus (TP) determina-tions. This second aliquot was cooled to 4 C in the field, and upon return to the laboratory, was stored at -20 C until analysis. The third aliquot was placed in 300 ml BOD bottles, fixed according to EPA STORET methods (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 1974), and stored at ambient temperatures for use in dissolved oxygen (DO) determina*. ions. The fourth galiquot was placed in a 1-quart cubitainer, fixed with Ultrex nitric acid, and stored at room temperature. This aliquot was used for total metals determinations, which were performs - only on surface samples from Stations KB, LB, PS, RP, PSI and PLA.

The filtered portion of the whole water sample was placed in a 60-ml LPE bottle and stored at 4'CThis in the field and at filtered aliquot 77' -20*C in the laboratory until analysis.

was used in the determination of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, urea nitrogen, silicon dioxide, orthophosphate phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

Instrumentation Tempert.ture and salinity were determined in situ using a Beckn an RSS-3 portabl e salinometer. The pH was also determined in tha field using a Markson Model 88 digital pH meter. Dis-solved organic carbon was analyzed using a Scientific Instru-ments Corporation organic carbon ultraviolet digestion manifold for the Autoanalyzer II system. Turbidity was measured using a HACH 2100A laboratory turbidimater and formazin standards. All colorimetric analyses were performed using a Technicon single channel industrial cholorimeter for the Autoanalyzer II system.

Metals analyses were performed using a Perkin Elmer model 450 stomic absorption spectrophotometer with a Perkin Elmer HGA-2100 graphite furnace.

Methods of Analysis The following parameters were analyzed according to the

,, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET methods (EPA,

! 1974), whose method number is identified in parentheses:

" ammonia nitrogen (00610); nitrate and nitrite nitrogen (00630);

4.1-3

TKN (00625); orthophosphate phosphorus (00671); total phos-phorus (00665); silica (00955); pH (00400); dissolved oxygen a (00299), turbidity (00076); and temperature (00010).

W TPN was analyzed according to the method outlined by d'Elia, Stendler and Corwin (1977), with resulting nitrate nitrogen analyzed according to EPA STORET number 00630 (EPA, 1974).

Urea nitrogen was analyzed according to the method of DeManche, Curl and Coughenower (1973).

Dissolved organic carbon was analyzed according to the Technicon Autoanalyzer II Industrial Method No. 451-76W (1976),

with modifications for salinity interference as outlined by Collins and Williams (1977).

Copper and nickel analyses were done under the direction of Dr. Steve Friant of the Academy's Philadelphia laboratories, according to the method of Kinrade and Van Loon (1974).

Data Reduction and Statistical Analysis Chemistry samples were collected from transect stations along the 30-ft (9-m) contour according to a three-factor factorial design. The factors are stations, depths, and months of sampling. These data were analyzed using analysis of vari- g ance (ANOVA) techniques and methods suggested by Tukey (1977).

The Tukey analysis was used to visualize temporal trends in the data. Tukey plots are designed by " Figure 4.1 These graphs are " box and whisker" treatments of monthly tran-

_a".

sect station data. In these plots, the lower, middle, and upper crossbars of the box represent the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles of the data set, respectively, the 50th percentile being the median value. The whiskers represen tre range of the data. For the ANOVA, the following linear n. A + was used:

Y ijk E + "i + Oj +Yk + Y@ij +OYik + OYjk + hjk where: y = parameter being analyzed i = ordinal number for station j = ordinal number for month k = ordinal number for depth p = ordinal mean a = station effect

= month effect y = depth effect up = station by month interaction ay = station by depth interaction py = month by depth interaction c random error term, assumed to follow a normal iik = distribution with mean = 0 and variance = o 2 h 4.1-4

f Some parameters were not analyzed at different depths and for those parameters all terms involving depth were deleted from the model. In all cases, the highest order interaction effect - was assumed not to exist so that an estimate of error could be formed.

Chemistry data from the lateral Stations PSI, PLA and PS were treated as a two factor design (station and month), since the inclusion of depth in the model lead te an unbalanced design with depth and station confounded. If the ANOVA for the transect stations indicated that the depth effect was unimpor-

-tant, then the depths sampled at the lateral stations were treated as. replicates. If the ANOVA from the transect stations indicated that depth was an important effect, which was the case for temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, then only the surface data were used for the lateral station analysis. The models for these analyses are:

Y ijk

• Y "i +'0j + "E ij + 'ijk using all depths Y ij k

• E * "i + j + *ijk using surface only where the terms are the same as those defined previously.

Data from the month-of December were not included in the ANOVA procedures due to the lack of December data for -Station L .

FP. Also, the month of August was not included in the ANOVA l

.h- for ,the parameters TKN and DOC due to missing values at two stations.

Results of the ANOVA for transect stations can be found in Table 4.1-2, and for - lateral' stations in Table 4.1-3. The effects of station,-depth, date, and interactions were consid-ered significant at -alpha -. levels less than or: equal to 0.05.

Where ' significant interactions were found, cell and marginal meens generated by the ANOVA . were plotted and presented in graphs. designated by " Figure 4.1- b" and "4.1- c".

When an ANOVA showed that the station effect was signifi-I cant between both the transect' stations and lateral stations, the ' nature T of 4 the station differences were investigated using Duncan's Multiple. Range. Test.(Walpole and Myers, 1972).

Results and Discussion

_Hydrograp hic ' Data HydJ:ographic'. data- J(time 'of samplingi tidal stage,-weather conditions, . wind! speed and-:-wind direction 'during sampling) . are i summarized in Table 4.1-1. In general,= . sampling ' was always

. . done . between 0800. h (hours) and 1500 h (EST). Tidal _ flows during ' these - hours varied, - and ~. the direction. of tidal - flow- can

(]

U affect i the direction :in- which chemical and physical changes will manifest themselves. . Sampling dates 2 during which slack 4.1-5

~

L b

T Table 4.1-1. Time, tide and weather during monthly aquatic chemistry sampling at nine Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Station Date of Sampling 1/16/80 2/11/80 3/27/80 4/10/80 5/19/80 6/13/80 7/14/80 8/25/80 9/25/80 10/15/80 11/20/80 12/15/80 A

KB Time (EST) 0905 1428 0957 1350 1255 1245 1313 1256 1249 1227 1353 1324 Tide

• 012 095 014 030 119 041 032 106 042 002 068 102

'g Weather ** 00 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 01 00 00 72

Wind Speed (knots) 06 07 10 02 96 04 05 03 04 0 02 08 CB Wind Direction N SE NE NE W N L 'S N SW N NE tie LB Time 0944 1404 1101 1310 1130 1210 1240 1226 1221 1146 1322 1252 Tide 019 092 044 024 112 035 027 100 039 116 062 099 Weather 00 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 01 00 00 71 Wind Speed 06 05 10 05 06 04 08 04 06 0 04 08 Wind Direction N SE NE NE W N ESE N SW N NE NE FP Time 1010 1338 1134 1250 1100 1130 1213 1157 1200 1113 1257 ***

Tide 023 086 050 019 109 029 023 098 036 111 058 Weather 00 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 01 00 00 Wind Speed 06 05 05 05 06 04 06 05 05 05 02 Wind Direction N SC NE NE W N ESE N SW W NE PS Time 1143 1320 1320 1235 1040 1115 1148 1120 1132 1048 1233 1212 Tide 038 084 067 015 102 025 018 092 032 107 054 093 Wea ther 01 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 01 00 00 71 Wind Speed 06 05 03 05 03 04 06 08 06 05 02 15 Wind Direction N SE NE NE W N ESE N SW W NE NE CC Time 1207 1137 1353 1010 0910 0915 0924 0940 0950 0900 1040 1036 Tide 043 067 073 116 091 008 114 074 012 089 035 076 Weather 01 00 00 05 05 00 00 00 01 00 00 10 Wind Speed 06 04 03 02 03 03 04 10 00 07 08 15 Wind Direction N SW NE W W NW ESE N NW SW N NE (Continued)

G G G I

w o

l 0

0 6230W 7630N 7415E 6815E

/ 0701N 3601 2871N 4871N k 5 00 N 90 10 10 c 1 1 0 1 1 a pO /

2 1

l s

s 0 2500N 0506H 7002E i 8 1000N 4201 4400 0500N

/ 1301 90 10 20 0 0 00 0 1 1 0 2 1 0 y / ,

1 yt 1 .

ri 0 7307W 1107W 7805W 2205N e.

tn 8 3800S 1800S 5900 2000 01 i

(

si / 80 80 90 5 0 0 0 1 ic 1 e mi / l hev.

ce0 0

1 0 5010W 7115W 5210W 5715W c

y c

h8 8 1000N 3000N 4200N 3200S l

/ 90 80 00 10 a ct9 5 0 0 1 1 i

d i 1 2

/ t tn, ai 9

e u t 0 8

2808N 9600 5205E 3600N 1305N 4800 4708N 0800 t

e qsn / 10 80 N 00 10 l ana 5 2

0 0 1 1 p .

me ol / od yip 8 ci lt t g0 6004E 0204E 5005E 8306E a har n8 4000S 0000S 5100S 1100S b tte i/ 81 E 81 E 00 E 10 E fb nswo o

l4 p1 0 0 1 1 oe m/ ms

m. y P a7 ui a S 0 5203W 5703W 5503W 5103W

n. 9 gBr f0 4000N 0100N 2100N 4200N h1 n _a o/

3 80 0

81 0 1 00 1

00 t1 n

iee e1 oo rkl t/ ct uac D a6 a1 deu 0 6153W 0653W 0253W 6 pN 8 0553W 0800 0900 3000 g x{ ra / 3800 80 00 01 in nd ess 9 80 0 1 1 ta

~,L hef thf 1

/

5 0

n, e

aCi se 0 0452W 5352W 0953W ed e l 8 0952W 0000 2000 5000 ti weC /

8 4000 91 91 0

10 1

10 1

pt e

.n 1 0 rh dit / g nnr 4 9i 1h a e _0 1

tv 8 9902E 2700N 6302E 5800N 0703E 3500N 8203E 4600N k

oc: %

)

e a 1, / tag 0 40 40 20 20 d a 7 2 1 1 1 1 l n 5

-)

i gC / 0si tn 3 0 w %% )

0eo 00

.ie 0 ll 19 .s

,l h 8 7304W 2903W 0205W 8000E m l .

e) e pt / 1600S 5500S 3700S 5001S o0o rr tk s 1 10 00' 20 20 r6f' ee hae mm 1 1 1 1 1 f %vv

.e0vo glk if ar iaf /

reh1 e . s l e 2

Tso adt - r nfh

.0 -

li 0de ni t 8 5716N 7316N 0206N 8516N ato uv i( na

) - 6/ 2400 0500 0300 1300 c troo h i e 20 30 10 '10 sd el c tw( w

. 1 1 1 1 1 odvc i o t / sono (d wnwo al oc u yo n n sot

_ n 1 fp o n sddl eseuuc i a u otse

(

c viroo( trsdatu i rll g9occt ttoe n .n n n 5c( s ii un o o o o s0 . ya pmno 1' i i i i i srlc i r i d.

. - t t t -

t oeatrecet ng dc dc dc dc 1 ee ee ee ee er e t d e r e z e i. o n g ol avarr r

er pi r er pi er r pi . r pi a1 cCPoI PI Ui t0 l

l 4

esD eSD eSD eSD S 0 r 013 5 017 p h h h h e0000177m

~ e n eetdd eetdd eetdd eetdd l aet

,h

• s a

l' mdann mdann mdann mdann b o ii eii ii eii iieii iieii dda o

a i

t TTWWW TTWWW TTWWW TTWWW iie TtW N T a- I A *

, t P P S L *.

• 3.,)Q S'- R C P P * *

• 4 g*pIM

low tides occurred were April, May, June, July and September.

Slack high tides occurred during the sampling dates of February, March, August, October and November. January samples h

were collected during a flood tide, and December was sampled during an ebb tide. No sampling effort experienced two slack tides.

The weather was clear on most sampling dates. Exceptions to this were on the April and May dates, when weather condi-tions were hazy with partly cloudy skies, and in December, when overcast conditions developed into a snow storm. The wind speed was below ten knots on all sampling dates except in December when winds were as high as 15 knots. Wind direction varied.

Physical Parameters Physical parameters measured at the CCNPP nearfield area in 1980 were temperature, salinity, pH, turbidity, and dis-solved oxygen. Some general trends found in the data were that: 1) all parameters were significantly affected by the month of sampling and depth of sampling, 2) turbidity was the only parameter measured where there was no significant differ-ence between levels found at transect stations, and 3) tempera-ture and salinity were the only parameters measured for which there was a significant difference between levels found at g lateral stations. W Temperature The median monthly water temperatures in the Chesapeake Bay in the area of the CCNPP are presented in Figure 4.1-2a. A definite seasonality existed, showing increasing temperature during spring, and decreasing temperatues during fall, with the seasonal low in February and the high in August. This monthly affect was shown to be significant at a significance level (a )

of 0.001 (Table 4.1-2).

There were some significant differences in mean water temperatures at different depths, as well as some signifMant month-depth interactions affecting mean water temperature (E M.

4.1-2b). From February to August, when water temperatures were warming, the bottom temperatures were lower than surface tem-peratures, due to the stratificaton of water temperatures in he spring and sunmer (Fig. 4.1-2b). From September to Jan-uary, when surface waters were cooling, the bottom temperatures were slightly higher than the surface temperatures because of the mixing caused when the cooler, denser water from the sur-face woult, sink.

Mean water temperatures at different stations were signif-icantly different from one another when tested both amongst transect stations as well as amongst lateral station (Tables h 4.1-8

O O o S6.e _ _

- 32. e_. _

28.E_ .

U . hb i O_ -24.O _

c=

:=2.

s 28.8-E3 _

i 4'

g .lT-_ _

r-i g 18. e_ _

'{ -

a g h- 12.e _ . - _

C3 3

0.8 _ _

! . iE'S 4.s _g _

i-I I I I I I I I I I I f i J F M M N J J H S 0 N D

MONTH Figure 4.1-2a. Monthly temperature data for nearfield transect stations on the 1 Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant January through December 1980.

Table 4.1-2. Analysis of variance to test the effect of Month, Station, and Depth on the dependent variables of physical and chemical parameters measured at the nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through November, 1980.

Dependent Variable Month (M) Station (S) Depth (D) M*S M*D S*D F a F a F a F 7 F a F e Temperature 7.60x104 0.001 10.11 0.001 5.82 0 025 2.28 0.001 19.48 0.001 1.73 N.S.

Salinity 3.Olx10 0.005 11.99 0.001 57.91 0.001 0.98 N.S. 1.76 0.1 2.91 0.025 A

pH 17.20 0.001 3.08 0.025 61.61 0.001 1.28 N.S. 5.91 0.001 1.75 N.S.

, Turbidity 17.00 0.001 1.47 N.S. 39.74 0.001 1.87 0.01 2.16 0.05 1.59 N.S.

p Dissolved Oxygen 1.52x10a 0.001 4.13 0.005 2.19x102 0.001 1.71 0.025 16.75 0.001 1.48 N.S.

Ammonia Nitrogen 1.71 0.10 0.81 N.S. 0.15 N.S. 0.87 N.S. 0.40 N.S. 1.02 N.S.

"" Nitrite Nitrogen U 50.60 0.001 J.93 0.10 3.48 0.10 1.18 N.S. 2.67 0.01 1.91 0.10 Nitrate Nitrogen 3.86x102 0.001 2.46 0.05 0.81 N.S. 1.73 0.025 3.89 0.001 1.56 N.S.

Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 15.48 0.001 2.50 0.05 0.15 N.S. 1.94 0.01 1.84 0.10 1.39 N.S.

Total Perculfate Nitrogen 53.56 0.001 1.02 N.S. 0.01 N.S. 0.80 N.S. 1.32 N.S. 0.64 N.S.

Orthophosphate Phosphorus 5.01 0.001 1.82 N.S. 2.73 N.S. 1.11 N.S. 1.03 N.S. 2.11 0.10 Total Phosphorus 48.13 0.001 1.47 N.S. 0.08 N.S. 1.44 0.10 1.06 N.S. 0.55 N.S.

Silicor. Dioxide 41.47 0.001 1.48 0.10 0.03 N.S. 0.62 N.S. 0.76 N.S. 0.87 N.S.

Dissolved Organic Carbon 106.86 0.001 2.12 0.10 0.21 N.S. 2.47 0.005 0.74 N.S. 0.73 N.S.

Copper 0.73 N.S. 1.0 N.S. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Nickel 3.09 0.01 0.75 N.S. N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/l a = Level of signific ance at which F statistic is significant N.S. = N it significan at a2.1 N/A = Not applicable O O O

,t 1

e 3s.s .

t i 2't. 2 .

t.

4 U

O 2s.s .

1 v

o. F w

c-p 13.s .

16 .

P;-

s, o

o.

R 18.8 .

o 4

e- ,

5.3 . [

a.s . . . .

'JAN FEB MAR -APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 2:

MONTH 1

Figure 4.1-2b. Mean temperature _at surfa'ce (S) and bottom (B)

depths at nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in'the' vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

4. .

2 4

~4.1-11.

..-.,a-.....=. ....-...-..~.-.-,-,,...,,-.-.-,-,,_:.,.,-.-,,-.-,--...,-,.-..-.-...,--..

4.1-2 and 4.1-3). Therefore a Duncan's Multiple Range Test was performed (Table 4.1-4). Temperatures along the transect increased in the downstream direction from Station KB to Sta- h tion PS. Proceeding away from the CCNPP, temperatures de-creased from Station PS to Station CP (Table 4.1-5). There was a significant increase in mean surface temperature from 14.8 C at Station PSI to 17.3 C at Station PLA (see Table 4.1-4).

Salinity Median salinities generally increased from spring to fall with the concentration range being from 8 ppt in March to 24 ppt in October (Fig. 4.1-3a). During the winter months salini-ties decreased to 17 ppt during November and December, and to 11 ppt in January. This seasonal affect was significant at a=0.005 (see Table 4.1-2).

The variance in mean salinities was affected significantly by station and depth such that salinity increased with increas-ing distance downstream and with increasing depth (Fig. 4.1-3b and Table 4.1-2). This would be the expected result due to the increasing proximity to the ocean, and the density of salt water which shapes the salt wedge (Feid, 1964). There was also a significant station-depth interaction which was apparent only in the increased magnitude of difference betveen bottom and surface salinities at Stations CP, RP and CC (see Fig. 4.1-3b).

Mean surface salinity at the plant discharge (PLA) was signifi- g cantly higher than mean surface salinities at the plant intake W (PSI) (see Table 4.1-4). This was due to the fact that the means used in the Duncan's Multiple Range Test were based only on surface measure 1ents as discussed in the Materials and MethoCs section. Therefore, the significant difference in surface salinity at the Plant Discharge is due to the entrain-ment of the higher salinity water taken from the middle depths.

PH The median monthly pH data ranged from 6.93 to 8.54.

There was a significant seasonal eftect: pH's decreased during the summer months (Fig. 4.1-4a). Processes of productivity and respiration can affect oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the water, which can alter the pH. The amount of mixing of waters can also affect the gas content and pH such that pH's will be higher during the winter when oxygen is being mixed, and bottom and surface pH's will be more similar. In the summer, when little mixing occurs, bottom pH's will drop to levels lower than those at the sarface (Reid, 1964). This pat cern was observed in the present study (Fig. 4.1-4b) . This also explains some of the montl.-depth interaction exhibited by the larger ifferences between bottom and surface pH's during the months from March through August. The abrupt increase in the bottom pH during the month of September was the only value that deviated from this trend (Fig. 4.1-4b). g 4.1-12

,. ~. .- .. - . . . .-

1

- X U

Table 4.1-3. Analysis of variance to test the effect of month and station on the dependent variables of physical and chemical parameters et'the lateral stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the nearfield vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1980.

Dependent variable Month (M) Station (S) M*S F a F a F a Temperature 699.23 .0.0000 78.36 0.0000 - -

Salinity 905.08 0.0000 3.51 0.0476 - -

pH 4.73 0.0010- 0.40 .0.6750 - -

Turbidity 9.41 0.0000 1.56 0.2331 - -

Dissolved Oxygen. 27.10 0.0000 2.85 0.0795 - -

Ammonia Nitrogen 1.81 0.0879 0.43 0.6541 0.55 0.9308 i Nitrite Nitrogen 20.32 0.0000 0.63 0.5373 0.65 0.8592

. Nitrate Nitrogen- 343.33 0.0000 1.08 0.3505 1.01 0.4770

(~'}

(,~ Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 2.48 0.0198. 1.01 0.3740- :0.91 0.5809 Total Per.rulfate Nitrogen :57.58 0.0000 4.95 0.0127 1.46'.0.1538 Orthophos;. hate Phosphorus 3.07- 0.0054 .l.74 0.1907 1.01 0.4762 Total Phorphorus 4.11 0.0006 1.89. 0.1659 0.51 0.9527 Silicon D: oxide 46.32 0.0000 0.75 0.4809 0.92 0.5743 Dissolved Organic Carbon 31.92 0.0000 3.49 0.0411 2.10 0.0233 Copper 1.26 0.3092 2.42 0.1121 - -

Nickel- 0.77 0.6637 0.73 0.4929 -- -

a = Level of significance at which F ste.tistic is significant 4

- = Statistic not applicable

~_

4

-\_)

4.1-13

O Table 4.1-4. Duncan Multiple Range Test to determine differences in temperature, salinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total persulfate nitrogen (TPN) at nine Chesa-peake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Station Temperature ('C) Salinit (ppt) DOC (ppm) TPN (ppm)

Mean Mean Mean Mean KB 14.7 --

6.57 -

LB 14.9 - 7.19 - -

FP 14.8 - -

7.32 - -

PS 15.0 -

7.64 - -

CC 14.8 --

7.27 -

RP 14.6 -

7.87 -

CP 14.4 -

8.43 -

PSI 14.8 - 14.37- 6.74 - 0.70 -

PLA 17.3 14.51 6.65 - 0.85 PS 14.8 - 14.29- 7.85 0.70 -

! Means connected by brackets are not significantly different at a=.05.

O 4.1-14

O O O Table 4.1-5. Parameter means measured at stations in the Chesapeake Bay Calvert Cliffc Nuclear Power Plant nearfield area during 1980.

Kenwood Long Flag Plant Camp Rocky Cove Plant Site Plant Site Parameter- Beach Beach Pond Site conoy Point Point Intake Dischar t Temperature 14.02 14.16 14.77 14.23 14.04 13.91 13.49 14.01 17.25

(*C)

Salinity 14.18 '14.25 .14.36 14.63 15.23 14.97 -15.77 14.37 14.51

-(ppt)

'pH 8.1 8.2 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.1

-Turbidity 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.7 (NTU) g Dissolved Oxygen 9.4 9.9 9.6 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.1 7.8 9.3

.. (ppm) -

H' Ammonia Nitrogen 0.06 0.05 0.07 . 0.12 0.29 0.07 0.05 0.07 J.06 I (ppm)

.h- Nitrite Nitrogen (ppm) 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.007 Nitrate Nitrogen 0.29 0.27 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.23 0.26 0.27 (ppm)

. Total Kjeldahl 0.59 0.54 0.68 0.53 0.51 0.66 0.61 0.64 0.68 Nitrogen (ppm)

Total Persulfate 0.83 0.69 0.73 0.70 0.71 C.75 .0.70 0.70 0.85 Nitrogen (ppm)

Orthophosphate 0.0103 0.0090 0.0004 0.0080 0.0073 0.0072 0.0101 0.0106 0.0097 Phosphorus (ppm)

Total Phosphorus 0.180 0.141 0.095 0.o98 0.110 0.118 0.131 0.159 0.163 (ppm)

Silicon Dioxide 0.56 0.49 0.53 0.44 0.46 0.43 0.46 0.46 0.49 (ppm)

Dissolved Organic 6.68 7.15 7.29 7.75 7.21 7.92 8.70 6.75 6.65 Carbon (ppm)

Copper 0.0029 0.0014 -

0.0011 - 0.0023 a 0.0037 0.0024 (ppm)

Nickel 0.0030 0.0018 -

0.0024 - 0.0029 - 0 0030 0.0016

-(ppm)

- = Metals samples not taken at these stations 1

i

I I I I I I I I I I I I 27.o. _

24. e_ _

21.s_ ZZ~ _

F-7 a 18. e_ _

$ c-=-

r, 3 15.8. ry _

a , wa Y

.s 12.o _

C -C2 _

f Q C3 Y

g g.e _

GG O

B.e _

3.0 _

t t i I l 9 l l l l l t J F M H N J J B 3 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-3a. Monthly salinity data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesa-peake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O O O

. _ m ___ _ .. -_

O-I r

~

17.8 . '

+

2  !

t

!!.3' *

.l 1 a

' E - 1:.s ..

3 v.

a- R , . e w , -

e#

wc . 14.8 -

4 C

gn e *

- 13.1 .

12.s .

I3 L3 ' FP PS CC RF CP l STATICH

1 a.

Mean salinity at surface (S) and bottom (B) 3 . Figure._4.1-3b. l

-depths.at;nearfield_ transect stations on the  ;

j

' Chesapeake Bay in the' vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear, Power Plant,-1980.

l k i

. 1 l

4  :

!o A

i 4.1-17

I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 9.e .

ao ap  ; .g g.-- -"

__ g;;a. E_a _ 4 = p < sis t -

7.0 _

6.0 -

55.0 _ _

u.e _

4 7

3.0 .

cn 2.0 _ _

1.0 - _

1 i i I i l i i i i i i J F N n N J J fl 3 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-4a. Monthly pII data for nearfield transect stations on the :hesapeake Bay in the vicinity of *-he Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Prwer Plant, January through December 1980.

O O O

[

l 9

'l O  !

1.3 .

s_ e e n 4 R ~

g  :

S.3. .

a A a /

-g 7.J .

t G.a' ,

' JAN -- FE'.- MAR -AFR .MAY JUN- JUI. ~- AUG .SEP CCT Nov' MONTH ~

Figure ~4.1-4b. Mean pH

at surface (S)'.and bottom (B) depths ~

at'nearfield transect stations on the: Chesapeake.

. Bay'in the vicinity.of'the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear

. Power Plant,,1980.

', '9-

4.1-19 f

._m

There were no significant differences in pH between the lateral Stations PSI, PLA and PS. However, there were signifi-cant differences between transect station pH's: pH's were g

higher at the three stations upstream of the CCNPP (see Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-5).

Turbidity Median monthly tutuidities at transect stations ranged from 0.3 NTU's to 12 NTU's. The variance in turbidity from month to month was significant at a=0.001 (see Table 4.1-2).

Median turbidities were highest during February, July and September. Monthly patterns were sporadic, and the only trend that exists is the consistently low median turbidities measured from March through June (Fig. 4.1-Sa).

There was a month-depth interaction that significantly affected the levels of turbidity measured at transect stations (see Table 4.1-2). There was a significant difference between mean turbidites at different depths (a=0.001), with mean bottom turbidities being consistently higher than those at the surface (Fig. 4.1-5b). The interaction between month and depth was due to the changes in magnitude of the difference between tcttom and surface mean turbidities: very large differences occurred in February and September, while very small differences occurred in June and August (Fig. 4.2 -5b).

There was also a significant month-station interaction that affected the variance in turbidity from station to sta-h tion. There were, however, no significant individual station effects (a20.1) because all station differences were explained by month-station interactions. Mean turbidities at Stations RP and CP appear to be very much higher than at other transect stations, but during the month of February turbidities at these stations were unusually high causing a large interaction (see Table 4.1-5). The changes in turbidities from station to station did not parallel one another and cannot be explained by simple magnitudinal differences. There fore trends explaining differences in transect station turbidities were not found. No significant differences in turbidity values were found between lateral stations (see Table 4.1-3).

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Median monthly DO's ranged from 7 ppm to 13 ppm during 1980. DO's were higher in late fall, winter, and early spring, with small interquartile ranges. From May to September, median DO's ware lower (below 8 ppm), with larger interquartile ranges (Figs. 4.1-6a,b). This seasonablity was significant at a=0.001 (see Table 4.1-2). The lowering of the DO in the summer months is due to the higher water temperatures which cause lower oxygen solubility, and the lower bottom DO is due to tempara-ture stratification. Surface DO's were significantly diffe.ent (a=0.001) from bottom DO's. Some of these differences were due g

4.1-20

4 '

O O o I I I I 'I I I I I I I I 4

i 13.5 . .

12.0. _

LO.5. .

n

. h 9.8 _ _

4 z w

-h

-)

.e4 7.5 -

'O

=r4

'.A S.8 _ _

W

. ..s _ _

y _ _

w P

s.e _ __ _ . __

4 ____

i 1.5 gg_

-g3 E3f3 -- c 3

I I I I s a t=b I I La I I I I t

I j J f M M N J J H S 0 N D 1

!t MONTH i t Figure 4.1-Sa. Monthly turbidity data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980. ,

t

O 18.3 .

S.s .

5.8 .

_ 7.3 .

h a s. .

> /

4 3.1 .

d 11 y 3.8 .

u o

8 3.3 .

2. 2 ~ .

h 1.. .

t, ,

3.3 ,

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV MONTH Figure 4.1-5b. Mean turbidity at surface (S) and bottom (B) depths at nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1-22

' ' ' ~ '

. ~ .

r. r%

f I I I I I I I I I I I i 18.8_ _

18.O _ _

I e

. E 14. g_ -

Q.

b bb 12.0. s= a <= =.-

g -

g E3

>e 4

18 8-sa 4-

, eg --

o gg g -

_. = = -

! o ~~ .__.

m en S.8 -

~

4 .a -.-

- o __

a 9.e - _

< W i 2.8 _ _

'1 I t t I t l e g g g 1 J F M N N J J H S 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-6a. Monthly dissolved oxygen data for nearfield transect stations on the

Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

i

O F F F 13.1 . E__ F A ?S _L b as D

^

AP P E 21,3 . a Q.

O P

~

w n 4 N N g

a>

g i. .

\ n n /

$ 7.8 . 9 g wNw a m

5.3 .

i.a ,

2 LB FP PS 2C RP CP STATION Figure 4.1-6b. Mean dissolved oxygen concentration, averaged over depth, for each month at nearfield transect stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1-24

to significant month-depth interactions. Mean surface DO's

/ were higher than bottom DO's during all samp;.ing months with V] the exception of January, where surface and bottom DO's were the same (Fig. 4.1-6c). The highly significant month-depth interaction was due to the changing magnitude of differences between the surface and bottom DO values from month to month.

These magnitudinal differences were larger during the months of May through October, and were due in a large part to lowered bottom DO's. Bottom DO's were lower because of a lack of mixing due to the temperature stratification of the water during the summer months. This month-depth interaction is responsible for the large interquartile ranges portrayed in Figure 4.1-6a during these same months.

There were significant differences in the mean D0's at the transect stations, but no significant differences among the three lateral stations (see Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-3). In gen-eral, mean DO's were higher above the plant site than bel,ow (Fig. 4.1-6b and Table 4.1-5).

Chemical Parameters Chemical parameters measured at the CCNPP nearfield area in 1980 were urea nicrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total per-sulfate nitrogen (TPN), orthophosphate phosphorus, total phos-phorus (TP), silicone dioxide, dissolved organic carbon (DOC)

(dD and the heavy metals copper and nickel. Some general trends found in the data were thst: 1) urea nitrogen was not found in any measurable amount at any of the CCNPP nearfield stations;

2) all parameters, with the exception of ammonia and copper, were significantly affected by month of sampling; 3) all param-eters (except copper and nickel, which were only me. mtred at the surface) were not significantly affected by depth of sam-pling; 4) DOC and TPN were the only parameters measured for which there was a significant difference between levels found at lateral stations; and 5) nitrate nitrogen and TKN were the only parameters measured for which there was a significant

. difference between levels found at transect stations.

Urea Nitrogen In 1980,. urea nitrogen was added to the list of chemical parameters to be measured, in order to help describe the fate of organic nitrogen in the ecosystem around the CCNPP. No measurable amounts were found .at the- detection limit of 0.001 ppm.

' Ammonia Nitrogen

-Very small amounts of ammonia _ nitrogen were found at the p CCNPP .nearfield stations. ~ Median monthly values ranged from

() 0.001_ ppm .' to 0.160 ppm (Fig. 4.1-7a). Concentrations were so 4.1-25

O 11.3 . e e

E Q. 11.3 .

b c,

O h 1.3 . p 3 7.8 .

V o

en 5.2 .

f.3 T JAN FEB MAR APR 4\Y JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV MONTH Figure 4.1-6c. Mean dissolved oxygen concentration at surface (S) and bottom (B) depths at nearfield transect l

! stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

t I

i O

4.1-26

O O O i

)

[

t s.. . .

4.8 . .

N Z 4.2 - _

w

~

ti S.6 _ l a

o w

o s.. . .

u 9

• r4 3.4 -- _

fu

-e4 C

• 5 o 1.8 . .

4 Y

u q

} 1.2 . _

t

.6 . _

~,

.-+ . =t=m.__. C3 , + ._ ,

l J F M n M J J n 3 0 N D 4

MONTH ,

h I

Figure 4.1-7a. Monthly ammonia nitrogen data for nearfield transect stations on j the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinit.y of the Calvert Clif fs Nuclear ,

l Power Plant, January through December 1980. ,

l <

small that there were no apparent significant monthly, station or depth differences.

to approximately 0.5 Interquartile ranges varied from 0.0 ppm ppm. Although there were no temporal h

trends, total and interquartile ranges were much wider during July and August than during any other month. This effect was also observed in the ammonia nitrogen levels in 1979.

Nitrite Nitrogen Median nitrite levels ranged between 0.002 ppm and 0.012 ppm during all months except September, which had a median nitrite level of 0.02^ ppm (Fig. 4.1-Ca). These monthly e f fects on nitrite variance were significant at a=0.001.

Interquartile ranges for the months of Aug'Is t and September indicated that there was a much larger range of nitrite levels during these months.

There were no significant differences in mean nitrite levels between the surface and the bottom, however, ther- was a signifcant month-depth interaction that affected nitrite .evels (see Table 4.1-2). Nitrite levels from January through July were very nearly the same, with bottom levels being slightly below those of the surface on the February, March, ?pril and May sampling dates ( Fig. 4.1-8b). The nitrite levels from July through November were higher at the bottom than the sur-face. In August, the difference between surface and bottom widened to about 0.09 ppm. This difference, however. was not significant at u=0.05. The difference in nitrite levels be-a W

tween depths narrowed from September to November. These dif-ferences (Figure 4.1-8b) appear large because of the expanded scale of the graph.

There were no significant differences in nitrite concen-tration between transect stations or between lateral stations (see Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-3).

Nitrate Nitragen Median nitrate levels were higher and had larger inter-quartile ranges during the first four months of the year.

Values ranged from approximately 0.5 ppm in January, February, and April, up to the seasonal high of 1.25 ppm in March (Fig.

4.1-9a). Nitrate levels during the remainder of the year fell below 0.2 ppm.

Surface and bottom concentrations of nitrate were not significantly different from month to month, however, there were significant month-depth interactions that affected nitrate levels (Fig. 4.1-9b). During March and May surface nitrate levels were higher than bottom levels. January, March and May had comparatively larger differences between surface and bottom than did the remaining months.

O 4.1-28

62-T*t m

H-c C

N O N. trite Nitrogen x'10 -2 (mg N/1) c, W

g o . . . . . . . .$

m G G S G G U C U

,U i e i i e i i t e

' - (

???

n<a t O ft C H 3' D3H , >-.

D' '<

rt O O' 3 OO H. ~

O rt O<M 3 -

D H. H-tr o rt t OHO 2 M3 l H- Q4  %

H rT Q

@ S< ft m m 00 l

. mm - ~

i

~

O 2 -

rt M D'

O3 om 0 1 -

("l on -O_ , . '

Hm L

< H- Z H d --{-

n a. 3 <- -

oy HM HU l

2 , -

mO I i O

Z tt C l l 0 cn e -.  :

HW l l Ou D rt M p- r O I mp o -

O in C

OO -h MD ll 2 -

H D* .

GG O

- , = , -

0 W G (n pm '  !  !  ! t t i t  !

3 *C QO CD MX

'< O

O 25.8 . p 3

z y 28.3 .

s ,

n I

o a 13.8 .

X c 5 0 \

18.8 .

s. .

g 4J .

• r4 Z

G.8 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL Alt SEP OCT E MONTH Figure 4.1-8b. Mean nitrite concentration at surface (S) and bottom (B) depths at nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay .in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

1 0

4.1-30

O O O i

1.8 -

L.6 -

m 1.4 -

g

z. . __ _

L.2 -

E j c t.e. _

m O

u .. -

1 9 1 e4

? z i H. g .6 -

b fa E3G2 ~- -~

.a z

.2 -

gg ..

, , , , . -- i -

e P -+-- -+- .

4 J F M n N J J a 3 0 N D

!. MONTH i ,

Figure 4.1-9a. Monthly nitrate data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the.Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January ,

i through December 1980. i l

i t

I

O l

1.2 .

\

3 N /

P Z

tn 3 - '

/

Ei a

c w

o .6 -

U s ij 3 -

\.'s u N Q N' * "

s.s -

JAN FEB M APR MAY JLN. J1E AUG SEP OCT L' MONTH Figure 4.1-9b. Mean nitrate concentration et surface (S) and bottom (B) depths at nearfield transect stations on the' Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1-32 m

_ _ - . . . = _ . . ..

There were significant differences among transect station

/7 V

mean nitrate levels, with levels decreasing from 0.29 ppm at the upstream Station KB to 0.23 ppm at downstream Station CP (see 'able 4.1-5). There were no significant differences betw, v. lateral stations. There was also a significant amount of L nth-station interaction, which was due to inconsistent station _ rends during the months of January and February (Fig.

4.1-9c). These interactions, however, do not mask the overall

.;onal and station differences discussed above.

' Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)

The median TKN's at the CCNPP nearfield transect stations were consistently low, ranging from 0.25 ppm to 0.6 ppm, during the first six months of 1980 (Fig. 4.1-10a). In July the median TKN increased significantly to about 1.1 ppm. TKN levels from July through December remained higher than during previous months, above 0.6 ppm, with the exception of August.

There were no significant differences in TKN between different depths (see Table 4.1-2). There were, however, some significant station affects. Stations FP and RP had much higher concentrations of TKN than did the other stations (see Table 4.'l-5). This can be explained in part by the sig..ificant month-station interaction grapied'in Figure 4.1-10b. As can be seen, during the months of July at Station FP, and September at Station RP, there were much higher TKN concentrations than at these 'same stations during the remaining sampling months.

Station CC had much lower mean TKN values than the other sta-tions, and TKN values from month to month at Station CC had a much narrower range of values. There were no significant differences in TKN levels at the lateral stations (see Table 4.1-3).

Total Persulfate Nitrogen (TPN) j Median levels of TPN ranged from 0.3 ppm in June to 2.1 ppm in~ March (Fig. 4.1-lla). The variance in monthly TPN's was significant at a=0.001. All median monthly TPN values were between 0.3 and 0.7 ppm, except those in January and. March, which were 1.1 ppm and 2.1 ppm, respectively.

The ' station mean TPN levels ranged from 0.69 ppm at Sta-tion LP, -to 0.83 ppm ' at Station KB; however these -differences were not significant at un a as high as 0.1. There were sig-nificar.c differences 'in TPN levels at ' the different lateral stations . (see Table 4.1-3).- There was- a significant increase

17. mean surface TPN concentration of 0.15 ppm between Stations PSI and.PLA. This could be explained by the release of intra-cell'ular material; from impinged and entrained organsms. TPN-

, levels at. different . depths were not . significantly different (see Table.4.1-2).

4.1-33'

, c w i e-

O tR H

1.2 .

,q N:,1

• -4 ".R N u Z

, .1 E.

c o JR 1"

o g A.w ,/ x

A e

y 3 -

,y

\ nip Ij "

uv "Y

_ Xf wv

• A MY Z o., on

p

• a,, o. _.

o. e

U r en - =

1.3 _

-Li n L3 FP PS CC EP CP STATION Figure 4.1-9c. Mean nitrate concentration, averaged over dt , _h , for each month at nearfield transect stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1-34

O: O O i i i i i e i i i i e

2.7 _. .

1 m

Q z-2.u _. _

en E 2.1 _ _

c-U 1.8 p _

o 4

4 '.sh a- t.5 - _

'z g

A L.2 ..

e _

ita o

M.

m 4 H n .9 _. __ _ _

6 x _ _

, w a -- --

~~ ~

__ --- ~~~

I e g .6 -- __ ___

o __ u_. . _ __

r U

1 E* t"U I"~

t-a l l__ --- -

.3 _

4 I I I t i I I I t i I i J F M n N J J n 3 0 N D

. MONTH j Figure 4.1-10a. . Monthly total kjeldahl nitrogen Sata for nearfield transect stati-'s on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicin1L-j of the Ca'f;;st Cliffs Nuclecc Power Plant, January through December 190C.

O

'l i ' '.

l'\ A

/\

~

R /

z m 1.4 .

/

C c 1.2 -

JL i S /* ,'

8 a

1., _

f t h/

/

b y

/ .-

' J 8

'xn O

... i K3 IE FP PS CC RP CP ST8TICN Figure 4.1-10b. Mean total kjeldahl nitrogen concentration, averaged over depth, for each month at near-field transect stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1 36

<4Lb F

O i

g u

r e bOvg m ENdeo $#w@oc St n )2 4

1

. . 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 l 4 0 . . . .

l 2 8 0 4 S 2 0 a - _ - - - - - - -

CsM J I lto ian ftt ',

fih sol F i ny Ns ',

u t coo lnt e a H f 1r atl rh I7 ep P e  !

oCr n I whs eeu  !

rsl af Pp a -

let N I  !

aae nk ten .l O

Bt i

M OJ I l Jar ayo .l n

uie g

N li ann r

T I ytd ha HJ li tet h a rv 0 i oif uco g ir hn -i in Dte S f l eya _

c r -1 eof mfi -,

b e f etl 0 l rhd -,

e 1 t 9Cr m[-

8aa N f . l 0l n

. vs o y ee rc tt uF D I l a7 O

1

Orthophocphate Phosphorus Median Orthophosphate levels rangr.d from 0.004 ppm during April and November, to 0.014 ppm during June (Fig. 4.1-12a). A significant amount of the variance in (rthophosphate levels is explained by monthly eifects. however, no seasonal trends in median orthophosphate levels can be seen (Fig. 4.1-12a and Table 4.1-2 i. The highest concentrations of orthophosphate occurred in June and September. Interquart'te ranges of ortho-phosphate were approximately 0.009 ppm fr< June to September, which were larger than the 0.003 ppm re ..ge found during the other months.

There were no significant depth effects on o-thophosphate ccncentracions. Mean levels decreosed in the downstream direc-tion from 0.0103 ppm at Station KB to 0.0072 ppm at Station RP, but then increased again to 0.0103 ppm at CP, the farthest downstream station (see Table 4.1-5). These phosphorus levels, however, are relatively small, which explains why these station differences are insignificant at a=0.10 (see Table 4.1-2).

There were no significant differences in orthophosphate levels at the three lateral stations (see Table 4.1-3).

Total Phosphorus (TP)

Mean TP values at the CCNPP transect stations exhibited a significant amount of variation caused by month effects, but no significant station, depth, or interaction affects, when tested at a=0.05 (see Table 4.1-2). Median TP levels were highest in g

June, July and August, when median values ranged between 0.02 ppm and 0.3 ppm (Fig. 4.1-13a). Median TP values during all other months fell below 0.1 ppm, with the exception of October which was slightly higher at 0.15 ppm. The interquar-tile range during most sampling months was less than 0.1 ppm; the exceptions were March, f.ugust and October, when interquar-tile ranges were 0.4 ppm, 1.5 ppm and 2.5 ppm, respectively.

Silicon Dioxide Concentrations of silica at the CCNPP transect station were significantly affected by month of sampling (see Table 4.1-2). Median silica levels were very high (between 0.7 and 1.0 ppm) during the winter months of January, February and March (Fig. 4.1-14a). They were also relatively high (between 0.5 and 0.7 ppm) during the summer months of July and Augure.

All other median silica levels found were below 0.5 ppm. The sharp drop in silica lerels in late spring, and the sharp rise in July, is similar to patterns seen in previcus years and could possibly be due to algae blooms that occur in late spring and early fall.

There were no significant depth effects on mean silica levels. Silica values were found to be slightly higher at the upstream Stations KB, LB and FP than at the remaining stations h 4.1-38

60-T*k Orthophosphate Phosphorus x 10-2 (mg P/1)

G

$C M

O

^ - - - to w w

. a a .- . .rd .to . . .

H FJ G G C CD IJ G I

Fd i 6 6 a e 4 a i .

N a - -

l rmx --

is rt O H QU -

m e

• rt 7 i mvu l in O H D '<

Z" ll C O 2 - -

oo. l;

- a rt O D' -

A rt O M U* % - -

O D' 2 M O ~

O O rn t D* %

00:7 Mmo -.

Q tt TT C HO GQT --- .

3 X' D* 1 I' i g F 8 O' i  ; W ta m --

Ca O D*

U '< O J g H. 2 oam 4

c. - -

M

$< ft C. r D' W l ft O rt p - - -

D* G l n<

0Hm coo D H. M yy v. - -

H3 0 et O O '< W G

0Om M

o -

l fI

- 4 l

g. m ,H- (-- l l O rt H

- , = -

@OM Q' CD Q Q oHD

- <m l l l OO - -

et o

O

I I I I I I I I I I I I r 2.7 -

n 2.4 - _

a N

2. L' - _

tn E

1.8 _

p 4

j t.5 - _

ch en o

.c L.2 _

n.

b

. H y 3 .9 - _

4 o o E*

.6 - _

.3 -

gg M --

23 -----..

4 . - -==-

, , . f - ___

E3 ,_!_,

J F N O N J J H 3 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-13a. Monthly total phosphorus data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O O O

L.e -

L.e -

g 1.4 -

o.

Oe' w

't.2 -

e

• r4 - -'"

X t.e .

.S --

a ___.

o .8 -

c

.A 8 Ga -- -

.,4 ,s _.

g g

m _ _

4w .4 -

]{3_-__

.2' _

't I t I I I I 9 I I I J F M n N J J H 3 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-14a.- Monthly silicone dioxide-data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Lay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

(see Table 4.1-5). These differences, however, were nct sig-nificant at a=0.05 (see Tables 4.1-2). There were also no g significant differences between lateral station silica levels. W Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC)

There are several distinct patterns in the monthly DOC levels that explain the highly significant effect of month and nonth-station interaction on the variance in mean DOC levels.

IOC's increased from January to December in distinct plateaus (Fig. 4.1-15a). From January to March levels are uniform at approximately 2 ppm. Interquartile ranges are very small, as reflected in the comparatively small month-station interaction (see Fig. 4.1-15b). From April through August, median DOC levels were between 6 and 8 ppm, with slightly larger inter-quartile rangen. As can be seen in Figure 4.1-15b, these monthly means are grouped closely together, but there are larger and more numerous crosswise interactions than for January through March. During the period from September through December, median DOC's were between 9 ppm and 15 ppm, with very large interquartile ranges (from 3 ppm to 6 ppm).

Again, the month-station interactions are of tremendously larger magnitude than those of previous months.

There is a general increase in mean DOC with increasing distance downstream. This station affect is only slightly significant at a=0.10. There is a significant difference in DOC levels between lateral stations (see Table 4.1-3).

indicated by the Duncan's Multiple Range Test As (see lable g

4.1-4), the significant difference is found between Station PSI and Station PS. This means the higher PS value is not due to any plant effect as would have been indicated if there had been a higher value at PLA.

Copper Monthly median copper levels at the CCNPP transect sta-tions ranged from 0.001 to 0.003 ppm (Fig. 4.1-16a). The levels of copper found were so small that during six of the months sampled the median and interquartile boundaries were the same. There were no significant differences among mean monthly copper levels. The largest interquartile values occurred in March, June and July. Mean transect station copper values were not significantly different from one another, ranging from 0.0011 ppm at Station PS to 0.0029 ppm at Station KB (see Tables 4.1-2 and 4.1-5). There were also no significant dif-ferences between lateral station copper levels.

Nickel Median levels of nickel, measured at the CCNPP transe c stations, were generally lower during winter and spring (with the exception of April), and higher during summer and fall (Fig. 4.1-17a). This seasonal effect was significant at 4.1-42

O O O

27. . _

s a

O .

r 21. .. _

c o

n t... . _

y _ _

U 3

is. . .

__ .==. _

g -

. m.. .

8 .__. __ r~.

e

+

__E3 E3

• ~

8 :m ... _

e nGa ._ _

e4 Q-3.8 _

E3 Y e i I i i t i I f f I f 1 J F M M N J J H 3 0 N D MONTH Figure 4.1-15a. Monthly dissolved organic carbon data for nearfield trsnsect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 19S0. ,,

O 23.3 . y R

N O

m 3 is.: . ,

e

/

c '

.8 -

u to U

o 13.3 . S 9

-a y

'u 5 ,,,

Y c; 5.s .

ed o

- wf _

C 2.3 2 a e a c w e STATION Figure 4.1-15b. Mean dissolved organic carbon concentration, averaged over depth, for each month at nearfield transect stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 4.1-44

+ - -

t i , , , . . . . . . . .

i- .

2.7 _

2.4 .  !

n 2.1 .

e o..

3. L.8 s. ,

~

i o L.5 -

' l H.

x 9 1.2 -

$ b o

- o, ,

H O<

t- o .9 -

A- U U1 ,

.o .

i i

l xr___., , , ,

E5, ,

]' J f N r1 N J J tl 3 0 N D j MONTH

Figure 4.1-16a. Monthly copper data for nearfield transect stations on the Chesa- i peake Bay in the vicinity of t'ae Calvert Clif fs Nuclear Power Plant,

, January through December 1980.

)-

4-

- , ~ - , . , .

n - , - - - - - - - - - - - ,m .- -- ,, , g --- ..-m-----,---- .. - - , , - , - n,

i]*

O a

s g i D e hr Ce w

eo hP 3

- i N t

- r na oe l

O sc 5

i nu oN i

ts af I t S tf si l

tC I1 c

B et i i sr ne Ii av.

rl0 ta8 I i J H C9 d 1 T l e N ehr ite J O f b l i rf m M aoe e c I 1 t

t nye ri tD O onh fi g cu ai o i tvr I I t a h det h

lty e r I i t

i kna ciu i n nya aJ yB I i f l ,

het tkn naa oel I i J M pP a

7 O 6 1 8 2 0 1

. . . . 8 6 4 2 -

L 1 1 L t . . . .

1 4

Lh x Ar o $ y" CC* mI e r

u a

i F

O

+*gl4c n

a=0.01. Interquartile ranges were also larger during the summer months. April had a median nickel level, similar to

'~

September and a large interquartile range similar to those found in the summer.

There were no significant differences in levels of nickel at the different transect stations (see Table 4.1-2), or at the different lateral stations (see Table 4.1-3).

Conclusions Temperatures in the Chesapeake Bay CCNPP nearfield area showed a cignificant seasonality, with median temperatures ranging from the low in February of 1 C to the high in August of 27*C. There was a significant increase in the mean water temperature from the Plant Site Intake station (PSI) to the Plant Discharge Plume station (PLA) of 3.5 C. This effect, however, was no longer measurable at Station PS.

There was a significant seasonal effect on salinity, with salinities increasing from a seasonal low of 8 ppt in March to a seasonal high of 24 ppt in October. Bottom salin1 ties were consistently higher than surface salinities, and surface sa-linities at PLA were significantly higher than surface salini-ties at PSI .

Monthly pH values ranged from 6.93 to 8.54. pH values Cs were lower during the summer months, and due, to a significant extent, to the lowering of the bottom pH's during the summer temperature stratification. pH's were higher at the three stations upstream of CCNPP. However, these differences did not appear to be due to plant effects, since there were no differ-ences between plant site pH's.

Median monthly turbidities ranged from 0.3 NTU's to 12 NTU's, but there were no apparent seasonal affects on turbid-ity. Turbidities were highest during February, July and Sep-tember, but these affects were due to extremely high bottcm turbidities during those months. Mean bottom turbidities were consistently higher than surface values. Mean turbidities were not significantly different from station to station.

Median monthly dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations ranged from 7 ppm to 13 ppm. There was a significant seasonal effect on dissolved oxygen levels, with values being higher in late fall, winter, and early spring, and lower during the summer.

Surface DO's were consistently higher than bottom DO' s. Low mean monthly DO's occurred during months of correspond ~agly low bottom DO's. DO levels were higher above Station PS than below. However, these differences were not due to plant effects based on the non-significant differences in DO's found at plant site stations.

j 4.1-47

There were no measurable amounts of urea nitrogen at any of the CCNPP sampling stations.

g Median monthly ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranged from 0.001 ppm to 0.160 ppm. There were no differences in monthly, station, or depth mean ammonia nitrogen concentrations. There were, however, larger interquartile ranges in ammonia concen-tration during the summer months of July and August.

Median monthly nitrite concentrations ranged from 0.002 ppm to 0.024 ppm. There were no seasonal trends in nitrite concentrations. September samples had significantly higher nitrite concentrations, and September and October had signifi-cantly larger interquartile ranges of nitrite levels than during other sampling months. There were no significant dif-ferences in nitrite concentrations between stations or at different depths.

Nitrate concentrations were significantly higher during the first four months of 198u. Mean station nitrate levels were significantly dif ferent, decreasing from 0.29 ppm at the upstream Station KB to 0.23 ppm at the downstream Station CP.

There were no significant differences in lateral station mean nitrate concentrations.

Monthly tc cal kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) con'entrations ranged from 0.25 ppm to 1.1 ppm, and were lower during the first six months of sampling. Stations FP and RP had signifi-cantly higher TKN concentrations, but this was due to unex-h plainably high levels at FP during July and at RP during Sep-tember. There were no significant differences in TKN concen-trations at the plant site stations.

Monthly total persulfate nitrogen (TPN) concentrations were between 0.3 ppm and 0.7 ppm, with the exception of January and March, which were significantly higher. There were no significant differences in lateral station mean TPN or depth mean TPN concentrations. There was a significant increase in mean Gurfara TPN concentration between Staticn PSI and PLA.

Median monthly orthophosphate concentrations ranged from 0.004 ppm in April and November to 0.014 ppm in June. No seasonal trends in median concentrations are apparent, but there were larger interquartile ranges from June to September.

Mean orthophosphate levels were not significantly different between stations or deptns.

Median total phosphor" (TP) concentrations ranged from 0.02 ppm to 0.3 ppm, with a significant seasonal trend of higher TP levels occurring during the summer months. There were no significant differences in nean depth or station TP concentrations.

O 4.1-48

Silica levels were significantly higher during late winter 7m and early spring and again in July and Auguet corresponding

() with periods of increased uptake by diatoms. Median monthly silica concentrations ranged from 0.05 ppm to 1.0 ppm. There were no significant station or depth mean silica concentra- ,

tions.

Median monthly dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels ranged from 2 ppm to 15 ppm. DOC concentration had a signifi-cant seasonal pattern increasing steadily from January to November, with corresponding increases in interquartile ranges.

There was a slightly significant (a=0.10) increase in DOC with increasing distance downstream. DOC concentrations at Station PLA were not significantly different from concentrations at Station PSI, indicating there was no plant effect on DOC con-centrations.

Copper concentrations were low, ranging from 0.001 ppm to 0.003 ppm. There were no significant monthly, depth, or sta-tion effects.  !

l Madian monthly nickel levels ranged from 0.001 ppm to 0.004 ppm. Nickel concentrations and interquartile ranges were significantly sAaller during winter and spring than during summer and fall. There were no significant differences in depth or station mean nickel concentrations.

O In summary, the operation of the CCNPP has produced sig-

'v' nificant increases in temperature and in TPN concentration between Stations PSI and PLA. However, these differences appear to be confined to the immediate discharge area.

Literature Cited Collins, K. J., and P. J. Williams, leB. 1777. An automated photochemical method for the determine. ion of dissolved organic carboa in sea and estuarine waters. Mar. Chem.

5:123-141.

l l d'Elia, C. F., P. A. Stendler, and T< H. Corwin. 1977. Deter-l mination of total nitrogen in aqueous samples using per-sulfate digestion. Limnol. Oceanogr. 22:760-764.

DeManche, J. M., H. Curl, Jr., and D. D. Coughenower. 1973.

i An automated analysis for urea in seawater. Limnol.

Oceanogr. 18:686-689.

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1974. fiethods for analysis of water and wastewater. EPA-625/6-74-003.

Methods Development and Quality Assur.;nce Research Labora-tory, Cincinnati, Ohio.

n

\ ?!

4.1-49 L

Kinrade, J. D., and Jon C. Van Loon. 1974. Solvent extraction for use with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Ana- g lytical Chem. 46:1894-1898. W Reid, George K. 1964. Ecology of inland waters and estuaries.

Reinhold Pub. Corp., NY.

Technicon Auto-Analyzer II Industrial Method No. 451-7ev,. Dis-solved organic carbon in water and wastewater, 1976.

Tukey, J. W. 1977. Exploratory data analysis. Addison-Wesley Publ. Co., Reading, PA. 558 pp.

Walpole, R. E., and R. H. Meyers. 1972. Probability statis-tics for engineers and scientists. McMillan Co., NY. p.

506.

O O

4.1-50

i COPPER AND NICKEL AT PLANT INTAKE AND DISCHAfiGE Thomas E. Harris Baltimore Gas and Electric Company Copper and nickel concentrations were determined in samples of water collected once each calendar month at the intake curtain wall (30-fcot deptn) and from the discharge plume (surface) of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. All samples were collected and acidified by personnel of Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory and were delivered to the Electric Test Department, Baltirore Gas and Electric Company, for analysis.

All water samples were passed through a 0.h5 micrometer membrane filter to remove suspended solids. The filtered samples were analyzea on a Perkin-Elmer Model h60 atomic absorption spectrophotometer with an HGA 2200 Graphite Furnace installed in the burner compartment. Analyses were perforned by the method of additions using background correction and matrix modification the furnace. Selected samples were analyzed by flaneless stomic absorption

' ter a chelation and extraction procedure in order to verify initial results.

Nickel values in 1980 discharge samples did not differ significantly from those in corresponding intake samples either on a monthly basis or on a mean annual basis. The range of values in intake samples was 0.001 mg/l to 0.003 mg/l while the range of discharge values was 0.001 mg/l to 0.00$ mg/1.

r For the intake samples the mean annual value was 0.002 mg/l and, for discharge

( samples, 0.002 mg/1.

The range of copper concentrations in intake samples was <0.001 mg/l to 0.000 mg/l and in discharge samples, 0.001 mg/l to 0.0hl mg/1. The mean annual values were 0.003 mg/l for the intake and 0.006 mg/l for the discharge.

With the exception of the January results, intake and discharge values did not differ significantly. The January discharge value was included in all calcu-lations although it may not be truly representative.

A comparison of both copper and nickel values in 1960 with vclues for the period 1975-1979 shows that the 1980 values fall within the range of concentrations previously observed. No statistical difference was found between 1980 mean values and 197$-1979 mean values at either the intake or discharge.

Monthly values for copper and nickel con'entrations are shown in

Table h.2-1.

rs.

V }- h.2-1

References O

American Public Health Association, et. al., Standard Methods, for the Examination of' dater and dastewater, Washington, D. C.,

Fourteenth Edition, 1975.

Goldberg, Edward D., Strategies for Marine Pollution Monitorinj, John diley & Sons, New York, N. Y.1976.

Harris, Thomas E., " Copper and Nickel at Plant Intake and Discharge," lion-Radiological Environmental 11onitoring Report, Baltimore Gas and tilectric Company, 1976, 1977, 1976, 1979, 1980.

Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Analytical Pethods for Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, 197$7 Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectrosecpy Using the HGA Graphite Furnace, 1T77.

U. S. Environnental Protection Agency, Meth_ods f'or Chenical_

Analysis of dater and dast_es, 1978.

O h.2-2

E d

) Table h.2-1 Copper and Nickel Concentrations in Water Sanples from Plant Intake and Discharge

!..h-3 January through December,1980 (mg/1) v Copper Nickel 4

Intake Discharge Intake Discharge

j. Jarnaary . 0.COh 0.0h1 0.001 0.003

. February - 0.008 0.002 0.001 0.C02 I March- 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.002 i

April. 0.001 0.002 0.003 c.002 May 0.003 0.00h 0.002 0.002 j June 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 July 40.001 0.001 0.002 0.005 Auguat -- 0.002 . 0.006 0.003 0.00h i

September 0.005 ~ 0.001 0.001 0.001 October' J0.002 0.003 0.002 0.002

!  : November ~ 0.003 0.00h 0.001- 0.002 l

December. 10.00h 0.003 0.002' O.002 I

I p

i f

d

'+ .- ,

i M i.23 T

.<t ,

E.m__

l PHYTOPLANKTON: PRODUCTIVITY, BIOMASS AND TAXONOMY.

O Michael Kachur 1 , Marcia Olson2 and George Chisholm2 1 Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2 Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Introduction Since 1974, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- ,,

phia (ANSP) has conducted studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) for the Baltimore Gas & Electric (BG&E) to determine effects of power plant operation on phytoplankton communities of Chesapeake Bay. These studies were designed 1) to describe the phytoplankton community in the vicinity of the plant, i.e., seasonal and annual variations in community struc-ture, abundance and productivity; and 2) to determine possible effects of plant operation on the phytoplankton community by comparing "affected", near-plant stations with reference sta-tions. Several variables, characteristic of phytoplankton communities and likely to be affected by the plant, were mea-sured monthly over the years of study. These included: phyto-plankton cell counts enumerated to lowest possible taxonomic level; -gross and net photosynthesis (estimated by measuring oxygen evolution); phytoplankton respiration, chlorophyll O

V fluorescence, active chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentra-The results of these studies (1974 through 1979) have tions.

been published by BG&E and ANSP in the annual Non-radiological Environmental Monitoring Reports (ANSP, 1975a,b, 1976a,b, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980). A summary and critique of these data to-gether with the findings of other investigators at the Calvert Cliffs site may be found in a comprehensive report, " Summary of Findings, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant Aquatic Monitoring Program, prepared for the State of Maryland by the Martin Marietta Corporation (1980).

Briefly summarized, the conclusions drawn from these studies were: that there were no significant differences in phytoplankton biomass (chl a) between the heated discharge and reference stations, nor among reference stations; there were no consistent differences in total cell counts - Or in species composition which could be attributed to the plant; overall

! plume- values of net and gross photosynthesis were lower and plume respiration higher than reference . stations, but the differences were not statistically significant; and, there were no significant differences in assimilation efficiency.

In

general,- these results parallel findings at other facilities l . (Eleccric Power Research Institute, 1979).

This report presents the results of the 1980 ANSP phytoplankton monitoring studies at Calvert Cliffs. The 1980 l

L p) t program was changed somewhat in an effort to increase our i

5-1

- _ .~. ._ ____ _

ability to discern power plant effects from ambient variation.

The important modifications included: 1) a composite sampling g procedure which greatly increased the sampled area and the W wnter volume representing each station location and which integrated variation due to " patchiness"; and 2) a degassing procedure to reduce artifacts in oxygen-flux determinations from 02 -supersaturated samples.

Materials and Methods Seven nearfield stations, intake and discharge areas were monitored monthly in 1980 (Fig. 5-1). Nearfield stations were located at the 10-m contour and included Kenwood Beach (KB),

Long Beach (LB), Flag P(nd (FP), Plant Site (PS), Camp Conoy (CC), Rocky Point (RP) and Cove Point (CP). Plant intake water wcs sampled at a location (PSI) on the Bay-side of the curtain well surrounding the intake embayment. Water from the heated offluent was sampled approximately 20 m from the discharge t0rminus (Station PLA) where maximum temperature elevaton was m:asured.

The water sample from the surface consisted of approxi-mately 40 500-ml surface grabs combined in a 20-1 Nalgene carboy to form a composite sample. The samples were dipped from the surface as the boat moved along a course perpendicular to the tidal current flow. Mid-depth and bottom samples were obtained with a non-metallic Van Dorn sampling bottle.

composite sample was obtained from 10-m and 13-m depths at the A g intake (PSI) from multiple bottle grabs; the 10-m bottom sam-ples from the other nearfield stations consisted of a single whole water grab with the Van Dorn bottle.

Phytoplankton abundance, biomass (pigment concentration),

productivity, water chemistry parameters, tempe store and enlinity were measured from the same composite sample. Fluoro-matric chlorophyll, incoming solar radiation and depth of the cuphotic zone were also measured at each station.

Because supersaturation may interfere with production catimates using oxygen-evolution methods, a desaturation pro-cadure was added to the 1980 program: the initial DO concentra-tion of each composite was determined with a DO meter (Yellow Springs Inst.). If the sample was supersaturated, oxygen content was lowered by bubbling with nitrogen until the DO fell rpproxic.ately two units below saturation. When the DO meter rcgistered a s?.able and homogeneous oxygen content throughout the carboy, the subsamples for analysis were taken. (Water chemistry samples were removed prior to ~ bubbling with nitro-g:n.) The number of replicates for each parameter are indi-cnted below.

9 5-2 L

Station / Depth- Productivity Pigments Cell Counts 0m 3 2 2 KB 10 m -

1 2 b

0m 3 2 2 10 m -

1 2 FP Om 3 2 2 0m 3 2 2 E3 10 m -

1 2

0m 3 2 2 PSI 10 m 3 2 2 13 m -

1 2 PLA 0m 3 2 2 CC 0m 3 2 2 0m 3 2 2 RP 10 m -

1 2 0m 3 2 2 CP 10 m -

1 2 q Samples taken for phytoplankton cell counts were placed in V 500-ml plastic bottles, fixed immediately with 0.4 ml concen-trated I 2-KI solution and preserved shortly thereafter with buffered formaldehyde (final formalin concentration approxi-mately 2.5%).

In the laboratory, samples were allowed to settle for at least 72 h, centrifugeca and concentrated to a final volume of 5 ml. Samples with a large amount of detritus or an extremely high concentration of phytoplankten were diluted with buffered formalin. An aliquot of a thorougrily mixed sample was trans-ferred to a Palmer-Maloney counting chamber with a standard Pasteur pipette. - All phytoplankton cells appearing in eight

, fields on each slide were counted and identified using a total l magnification of 400x. The fields were arranged in a square j

around the center of the counting chamber to avoid massing cells that might occur at the center and near the periphery of l the filled counting cell. If fewer than 250 cells were totaled

in eight fields, more fields were counted until at least 250 cells had been tallied. Many additional fields were surveyed (i.e., not tallied, but rated in the species list) to identify I other organisms present in the sample. To confirm genus and species identifications, cells were examined u' der oil immer-sion (total magnification 1000x).

Samples collected for productivity were treated according (7 to Standard Methods (American Public Health Association, Ameri-id can Water . Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Fed-5-3

cration, 1975). Each of three discrete samples was placed in a 300-ml BOD bottle. One subsample was immediately fixed with manganous chloride and alkaline iodide reagents for the deter-h mination of initial concentration of dissolved oxygen. The second subsample was placed in a clear bottle and the. third was placed in a completely opaque bottle; light and dark bottles were then incubated at ambient suface water temperature in an on-deck incubator at surface light intensity for approximately 4 h. Incuhtion of light and dark bottles was terminated by the addition of MnCl 2 and NaOH-NaI. In the laboratory, samples were acidified with 36 N H 2SO 4 and titrated for dissolved oxygen concentration ( 0.03 mg 0 2 m3). Changes in oxygen concentration in light and dark bottles represented net photo-synthetic and respiratory rates, respectively, in mg O 2 m 3 h1 The sum of net photosynthesis and respiration equalled gross photosynthesis.

Chlorophyll a and phaeopigment were determined according to Strickland and Parsons (1972).

~

In vivo fluorescence mea-surements were made at each station using a Turner Design Model 10-000R Fluorometer. These measurements were compared with 500-ml acetone-extracted chlorophyll a field sanples (SCOR-UNESCO formula, Strickland and Parsons, 1972) for conversion of fluorometry readings to estimates of chlorophyll a.

Data Analysis Cell count data were analyzed to identify differences in cell densities, species diversity and taxonomic composition among stations in the vicinity of CCNPP. Data were analyzed to:

(1) Compare intake and plume values with nearfield sur-face and bottom mean values to identify plant effects on phytoplankton abundance; (2) Identify sptial trends or differences in abundance, diversity and taxonomic composition among nearfield stations over months.

Intake and plume values wa e compared with nearfield means using box-and-whisker plots. For each month, four box plots were drawn to . illustrate the distribution of values (1) at the surface (including the seven nearfield stations), (2) at the bottom (including the five nearfield stations), (3) at the intake, and (4) in the plume. For each month, the box p) ,cs for each of the four areas were plotted side-by-side to facili-tate co.nparison.

Spatial trends in the nearfield phytoplankton communities were examined using the Friedman Rank Sums (Hollander and Wol fe , 1973) test, which ranked the station means within nach month and then summed the ranks over the stations; any con .1s-g tent station ordering would appear in the rank sums.

5-4

4

)

Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices (Shannon, 1948; Wiener, )

O 1948) were calculated for each station / month / depth combination

~s and tabulated for assessment of seasonal, spatial and depth differences.

Two methods were used to determine similarity in taxonomic composition for all possible station pairs for each month and depth. One index, C-lambda (C1) (Goodall, 1973), computes a similarity- coefficient based Bn the relative abundance of differe't taxa. The Jaccard coefficient (Goodall, 1973) calcu-lates a 'larity based on the presence or absence of different taxa. Mmtrices for both C and Jaccard coefficients were constructed. for each station /hnonth/ depth combination, with the matrix showing the similarity coefficients between all possible station pairs. These values were plotted separately for sur-face and bot. tom samples over time to ascertain any trends, particularly between PSI and PLA and nearfield stations.

Two questions were addressed in the analyses of phyto-plankton productivity:

(1) How do productivity parameters vary among station loc ations and do they indicate effects of operations at CCNPP; and (2) Do the station patterns and plant effects, if any

- exist, vary over the annual cycle depending upon seasonal characteristics of the environment and the h~ phytoplankton community?

The monthly productivity data were grouped for analysis according to similarities in phytoplankton community composi-tion. Data were - grouped and analyzed together as follows:

January through March, April ' and May, June through September, October through December. The analysis of variance (ANOVA)

(Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) across dates and stations (Station PSI was omitted from all tests) was performed on the rates of net photosynthesis and respiration, net photosynthetic efficncicy (the ratio of net photosynthesis to the concentration of active chlorophyll a), and on active chlorophyll a and phaeopigment concentrations. The analyses were made with and without. Sta-tion PLA. The analyses provided estimates of differences among stations and also estimates of within-composite measurement error. Because measurement error' by the composite sampling method underestimates sampling error, the Date x Station inter-action term was used as the error term against which the vari-able mean squares were' tested.

It was also postulated that station variance could take definable forms assuming specific plant effects: a linear model assuming no plant effect; a curvilinear model assuming stin:ulation- or depression of metabolic processes at nearby q stations' with effects diminishing with distance from the plant.

b The :modds can be' visualized as plots of the productivity 5-5

values against station location along the sampling transect extending above and below the plant. The linear model predicts that the values lie in a straight line, indicating no differ-ences among stations or a linear gradient from one end of the transect to the other. We proposed that the curvilinear model would take one of two shapes: 1) a concave or convex curve with a spike (up or down) at or near the plant, indicating an immediate plant effect with rapid dilution of impact or 2) a concave or convex curve of the quadratic form, indicating offects at near-plant stations with effects decreasing with distance from the plant. Station values were contrasted with these three models using procedures Ji, cussed by Hicks (1973).

ANOVA tables were constructed for the productivity data showing the station sum of squares (SS) partitioned into the portions attributable to each model.

A significant F-statistic (a=0.05) indicated the null hypothesis (that the tested values along the transect were the same) be rejected and the alternate hypothesis (that the data-generated curve (line) and the contrast curve (line) were similar) be accepted.

Results and Discussion During 1980, Chesapeake Bay in the area of Calvert Cliffs experienced a gradual, but ultimately record-breaking increase a in salinity caused by wide-spread drought. By late fall, W tributary input to the Bay was down to one-fifth normal contri-bution (Baltimore Sun Paper, February 21, 1981) and dry condi-tions continued into 1981. The highest salinity of 1980 was recorded in October; the gverage salinity of surface water at nearfield stations was 21 foo (Table 5-1). The phytoplankton of this area of the Bay are typical brackish water species with wide salinity tolerances (Campbell, 1973) and the phytoplankton communities encountered in 1980 were similar to communities characterized by these monitoring studies in previous years. A taxonomic list of all species encountered in 1980 is provided in Appendix A.

Phytoplankton cell densities and metabolism typically increase with increasing water temperature and daylight avail-able for photosynthesis. In 1980, water temperature reached its maximum (~26.5 C) by July and changed very little through August (Table 5-2). Maximum cell densities, as expected, were recorded in May during the spring diatom bloom; the mean density was 15,715 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and

~

53,166 cells ml 1 in bottom samples. Maximum phytoplankto production rates, as expected, were recorded in August; the mean rate of gross photosynthesis in August was 546 mg 02 m ~8 h1 Minimum values were recorded in February and March (near-field means were 9 and 33 mg O 2 m 3 h 1, respectively).

Throughout 1980, cell densities (and chl a) and phytoplankton productivity (gross and net photosynthesis and respiration) g 5-6

closely followed trends observed in previous years (Figs. 5-2

(], through 5-4).

Data from the monitoring studies were grouped together for analysis by months having similar phytoplankton communities.

The results are discussed separately for each group.

January through March 1980 In January, total phytoplankton cell densities were low at nearfidd stations, Plant Site Intake (PSI) - and Discharge (PLA). Cell densities averaged 4,842 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and 6,301 cells ml 1 in bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A). The nearfield surface mean of chlorophyll a was 15 mg m 8 (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Dinoflagellates, particu-larly Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich III, and unde-termined microflagellates were the most abundant organisms.

Dinoflagellates composed an average of 31%; undetermined micro-flagellates, 28%; and cryptophytes, 17% of the nearfield phyto-plankton community (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6A, B and C).

In February, total phytoplankton cell densities and chlo-rophyll a increased at most stations. In nearfield surface samples, densities averaged 6,744 cells ml 1; 8,180 cells ml 1 were noted in bottom samyles (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A). Chloro-phyll a averaged 16 mg m 3 at nearfield surface stations (Table (q) 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Diatoms, -particularly Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Clev% were the most Dundant phytoplankton group composing 39% of the phytoplanktor community followed by dino-flagellates (21%), undetermined microflagellates (16%) and crypotophytes-(13%) (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6A, B and C).

Total phytoplankton cell densities increased at all sta-tions in March, but chlorophyll a concentrations declined.

Cell densities averaged 10,416 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and 10,581 cells ml 1 in narfield bottom samples.

Chlorophyll a averaged 6 mg m 3 at nearfield surface stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). The phytoplankton' community wiu, domi-nated by undetermined microflagellates (55%) but dinoflagel-lata, principally Katodinium rotundatum Grunow, averaged 24%

of the total community (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6).

Shannon-Wiener Diversity value for nearfield stations were. moderate to high in January and_tebruary but were lower at all stations in March, particularly in surface samples when undetermined microflagellates _ dominated the phytoplankton community (Table 5-6). Values - for C and Jaccard Similarity indices computed for. nearfield stationb - demonstrated no consis-tent station differences January through March. When stations were ranked for cell densities from highest to lowest and summeu, Station PS (surface) was greater in total cells than other nearfield surface stations in winter (Table 5-3A).

.q s -

5-7

Gross and net photosynthetic jates and photosynthetic efficiency were low in January and March, but seasonally typical (Tables 5-7, 5-8 and 5-9; Figs. 5-3A, B and 5-4A, B).

g Production rates in February were problematic; in many sample sets, light-bottle oxygen concentrations were lower than oxygen concentrations in initial bottles, resulting in negative values for net photosynthesis. " Negative" net photosynthetic rates have been observed in these studies before, particularly in cold months when phytoplankton abundance and productivity were low. This situation may be interpreted biologically as respi-ratory oxygen demand in excess of oxygen generation by photo-synthesis. However, convincing evidence of excessive oxygen demand by aerobic organisms in the samples has not been demon-strated in most cases of " negative" photosynthesis in these studies. In this case, the range of variation among replicate measures of dark bottle respiration in February was similar to the range of the light-bottle replicates (Tables 5-8 and 5-10).

One possible cause for such variable results may be oxygen supersaturation of the sample water. Desaturation procedures were first initiated in March 1980 and negative values were subsequently rarely observed in the nearfield studies. There are other causative factors, apparently. Negative values for net photosynthesis were obtained from time to time in samples desaturated by the same nitrogen-bubbling procedure during ANSP phytoplankton entrainment studies at CCNPP (ANSP, in prep.).

Investigation of this phenomenon is continuing.

The analysis of variance of productivity parameters (gross O

and net photosynthesis, net assimilation efficiency and respi-ration) for the January-March community indicated no signifi-cant differences among nearfield stations (Table 5-11). The set of values for net photosynthesis along the nearfield sta-tion transect showed reductions at stations near the plant, but the pattern was not adequr*.ely described by the spike or quad-ratic curve (p>0.05). Stimulation, which during cold months might be expected at stations influenced by the thermal plume, was not observed. Respiration rates were variable but not significe.ntly different among nearfield stations and the varia-tion among respiration values along the transect was not well described by any of the three models (p>0.05).

April and May 1980 Total phytoplankton cell densities and chlorophyll a concentrations increased at nearly all stations in April with seasonal increases in temperature and available light. Cell densities averaged 13,889 cells ml~1

~

in nearfield surface samples and 15,049 cells ml 1 in nearfield bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A). Chlorophyll a values averaged 18 mg m"3 at nearfield surface stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2).

Centric diatomF, principally Cyclotella caspia Grunow, composed an average of 46% of total cells at nearfield stations followed &

W by undete ni -' microflagellates (24%) and dinoflagellates 5-8

(14%), mainly Prorocentrum minimum (Pavellard) Schiller (Table a 5-5; Fg. 5-6A, B and D).

C/

As observed in past years (ANSP, 1979 and 1980), cell densities and chlorophyll a values again increased substan-tially at all stations in May.

~

Cell densities averaged 15,715 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and 53,166 cells ml~1 in nearfield bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A). Chloro-phyll a concentrations avere.j,ed 29 mg m 3 at nearfield surface stations, 41 mg m 3 at Stauon PSI and 42 mg m 3 at Station PLA (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). This year the predictable annual spring (May) bloom of the centric diatom, Cyclotella caspia, coincided with preditable increases in the red tide dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum .ninimum translocated by a subsurface transport system operating in Chesapeake Bay (Tyler and Seliger, 1978).

Centric diatoms composed 35% of the nearfield phytoplankton community while dinoflagellates composed 39% (Table 5-5; Fig.

5-6B and D).

Shannon-Wiener Diversity values were lower in May at nearly all stations and particularly in bottom sample _ where cyclotella caspia and Prorocentrum minimum were very abundant (Table 5-6). Values for C and Jaccard Similarity indices computed for stations were bower in April and May and also reflected shifts in community structure resulting from the spring bloom. When stations were ranked for cell densities from highest to lowest and summed, Station PS (surface) was greater in tot.. l cells than other nearfield stations in spring

(^:

(Table 5-3A).

CorresponditT with spring increases in phytoplankton biomass and inct 3asingly favorably conditions of light and temperature, photosynthetic rates and to a lesser extent photo-synthetic e fficiency, increased through April and May (Tables 5-7, 5-8 and 5-9; Figs. 5-3A, B and 5-4A, B). Average respira-tion rates increased over prior months, but similar to mean values of January (Table 5-10 and Fig. 5-4A).

The ANOVA indicated no significant difference among sta-tions in any of the analyzed ' parameters (Table 5-11) and the horizontal trends along the transect were not well described

(<50% of total statiott SS) by any one of the three models.

Station variation of gross photosynthesis was partially ex-plained by the linear model (43% of station SS; p<0.05) (Table 5-11), indicating a gradient of values during the April-May period increasing from south to north, from Station CP to KB, correlating with phytoplankton abundance. Variation among net photosynthetic rates -and net photosynthetic efficiency were only weakly explained by the linear model (35% and 34%, respec-tively); the curvilinear models contributed little to the total between-station variation. Between-station variation of respi-ration rates was best explained by the linear model (56% of the

- s station SS; p<0.05) (Tables 5-11), indicating a gradient in-(j creasing from south to north along the transect. This gradient 5-9

was responsible for the apparent gradient of gross photosyn-thetic rates.

g June through September 1980 Cell densities and chlorophyll a values decreased sharply in June. In nearfield surface samples, densities averaged-8,134 cells ml1 and bottom samples averaged 9,972 cells ml 1 (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-SA). Chlorophyll a averaged 13 mg m 3 at nearfield surface stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Undetermined microflagellates and cryptophytes were predictably the major contributcrs to the phytoplankton community, composing 40% and 24%, respectively (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6A and C). June was different from previous years in two respects: the spring centric diatom bloom extended iato June, composing 19% of the community, and the filamentous blue-green alga Schizothrix calcicola (Agardh) Gomont composed 11% of the community (Table 5-5). Cyanophytes had not been found to be abundant in previ-ous phytoplankton studies (ANSP, 1975-1980).

July results were variable among stations but cell densi-ties generally changed little from those in June. Cell densi-ties averaged 8,812 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and 5,720 cells ml 1 in bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-SA).

Average chlorophyll a values decreased to 7 mg m3 in nearfield surface stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Undetermined micro-flagellates were the major contributors to the phytoplankton community, composing 46%; dinoflagellates and cryptophytes made $

up 22% and 17% of the total community, respectively (Table 5-5; ig. 5-6A, C and D).

Cell densities, chlorophyll a, temperature and light increased in August to produce the predictable summer maximum (ANSP, 1979, 1980). Cell densities in nearfield surface sam-ples averaged 11,492 cells ml 1 and 7,634 cells ml 1 in bottom sampler (Table 5-3A; Fig. . Average chlcrophyll a at nearfield stations was 13 mg 5-5mA)8 , 21 mg m 3 at Station PSI (10 m -

mid-depth) and 48 mg m 3 at Station PSD (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Undetermined microflagellates (38%) and crypto-phytes (27%) were the major contributors to the phytoplankton community. Dinoflagellates, mainly Gyrodinium estuariale Hulbert averaged 13% at nearfield stations but composed as much as 37% of the community at Station PS (surface), and Chloro-phyta, mainly Pyramimonas sp. composed as much as 38% at Sta-tion KB (surface) in August (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6D).

Following the summer maximum, cell densities and chloro-phyll a concentrations declined at all stations in September.

Total cell densities in nearfield surface samples averaged 6,389 cells ml 1 and 3,666 cells ml 1 in bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A). Chlorophyll a concentrations averaged 10 mg m 3 at nearfield surface stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2).

Undetermined microflagellates (43%) and diatoms (35%) were the a major contributors to the phytoplankton community, but crypto- W 5-10

, phytes composed as much as 37% and 32% of the community at A Stations KB (surface) and LB (surface) in September, respec-b tively (Tables 5-5; Fig. 5-6A, B and C).

Shannon-Wiener Diversity values were moderate at all stations in summer months following the spring bloom, and were variable among stations particularly in August, reflecting shifts in community structure resulting from localized phyto-plankton patchiness, i.e., red tides (Table 5-6). Values for C and Jaccard Similarity indices were also variable among skations in summer months and similarly reflected localized phytoplankton patchiness. When stations were ranked for cell densities from highest to lowest and summed, Stations PS (sur-face) and FP (surface) were greater in total cells than other nearfield stations in summer (Table 5-3A).

Measures of productivity, gross and net photosynthesi' and photosynthetic efficiency, responded predictably to s ser conditions. The high summer production rates were similar to previous years (Figs. 5-3A and B) and were sustained through the month of October (below) which was unseasonably warm (T=20.7'C) (Table 5-2). Photosynthetic efficiency during the summer months was substantially greater than previous years (Fig. 5-4B) for reasons which are unknown; respiration appeared to be within normal range (Fig. 5-4A), but on the low side.

The ANOVA indicated evidence (p<0.025) of station differ-(7 ences in net photosynthesis, but no significant differences in the efficiency rati o (Table 5-11). The contrasts for hori-zontal trends indicated the spike model best described the distribution for net (85% of the station SS; p<0.001) and gross (68% of the station SS; p<0.005) photosynthesis along the transect. The spike represented large increases in photo--

synthesis near. the plant during the summer months. The data tables for gross (Table 3A) and net (Table 3B) photosynthesis show that the increases were measured at near-plant stations up-and down-Bay, but similar increases were not consistently detected at stations far from the plant. The results of the analysis were apparently heavily influenced by August data, when very high rates of photosynthesis were measured at Station PS. The high rates were most probably attributable to the high concentration' of plankton at the station as indicated both by cell counts (Table 5-3A) and by the large concentration of chlorophyll (Table 5-4). - The line and curve contrasts for net photosynthetic efficiency indicated that the straight line best described . the distribution of values along the sampling.tran-sect - (94% of the station SS; p<0.005). Increases in photo-synthetic activity in the area of the plant appear' to have been related more to higher plankton concentrations than to thermal or other stimulation of metabolic' processes.

Significant - differences in _ respiration rates among sta-tions (p<0.05) were indicated -by the ANOVA for the June-(m)- September period. The model.best describing the distribution 5-11

of values was the linear model (50% of the station SS; p<0.01)

(Table 5-11). Respiration values at plant site and down-Bay stations ir. September (Table 5-10) were problematic, but they g

apparently did not invalidate or unduly influence the results of the statistical analyses. The trends for June, July and August appe ared to be essentially linear along the transect.

The questic.nable respiration values appear as negative values in Table 5-10. In these samples, oxygen was not consumed in the dark bottles and oxygen concentrations in dark bottles exceeded that in initial sample bottles. With the data avail-able, it is difficult to explain oxygen generation in the absence of light. It shom .u be noted that the phenomenon in September did not appear to be random, but was systematically associated either with station or, perhaps, time o' day.

October through December 1980 Cell densities increased at all stations in October and averaged 13,953- cells ml1 in nearfield surface samples and 7,232 cells ml 2 in bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A).

Chlorophyll a values increased only slightly and averaged 11 mg m 3 at nearfield stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Diatoms (49%), principally Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, and undetermined microflagellates (36%) wre the major contributors to the phytoplankton community while cryptophytes composed an average of 13% at nearfield stations but as much as 26% at Station FP (surface) (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6A, B and C).

Cell densities and chlorophyll a concentrations decreased O

at nearly all stations in November, averaging 5,818 cells ml 1 in nearfield surface samples and 5,574 cells ml 1 in bottom Chlorophyll a concentratins

)

samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A).

averaged 9 mg m 3 at nearfield stations (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2).

The phytoplankton community was not strongly dominated by any particular group; undetermined microflagellates composed 31%r cryptophytes 26%, diatoms 22% and dinoflagellates 14% (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6A, B, and D).

In December total cell densities increased sharply at all stations. Cell densities in nearfield surface samples averaged 21,813 cells ml1 and 23,565 cells ml 1 in bottom samples (Table 5-3A; Fig. 5-5A) as the result of substantial increases in diatoms, principally Skeletonema costatum. Nearfield chlo-rophyll a concentrations increased, also averaging 12 mg m a e (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-2). Diatoms composed over 80% of the phyto-plankton community at all stations (Table 5-5; Fig. 5-6B).

Shannon-Wiener Diversity values were moderate to high in October and November at all stations, but were very low at all stations in December when Skeletonema costatum dominated the phytoplankton community (Table 5-6). Values for C and Jaccard demonstrated no consistent station differences Ockober through December. When stations were ranked for cell densities from highest to lowest and summed, Station PS (surface) was greater 5-12

in total cells than other nearfield stations in autumn (Table n 5-3A).

O Summer conditions prevailed through the month of October, maintaining high (nearfield mean gross photo-synthesis = 400 mg producti_vity_2) 02 m 3 h (Table 5-7; Fig. 5-3A) and photosynthetic efficiency (Table 5-9; Fig. 5-4B). Water tem-perature decreased rapidly (10 C) between October and November accompanied by declining productivity. The December sample collection cruise was foreshortened by a sudden snowfall (Sta-tion FP was omitted), but the productivity of the bloom popula-tion of Skeletonema costatum in December was relatively high, although the population appeared to be in less than optimum condition. Cells were small, chains of cells were short (M.

Kachur, ANSP, personal communication), and phaeopigment concen-trations were high compared to other months (Table 5-12).

The statistical analyses did not include December. The analyses of the two disparate. data sets from October and Novem-ber indicated no signif cant differences in productivity param-eters armong stations (Tablt' 5-ll) and that result was supported by the results of the linear contrast for gross photosynthesis (50% of station SS; p<0.025) and net photosynthesis (34% of the station SS; p<0.05). None of the three models described the variations in respiration or in photosynthetic efficiency (Table 5-11). These trends appear to have persisted in Decem-ber, as determined from visual inspeccion of the data.

bd .In summary, over the annual cycle, all nearfield stations followed the same seasonal trends (Figs. 5-5A, B, C and D; 5-6A, B, C and D) with few consistent differences in abundance, diversity or taxonomic composition. Cell-density rank sums were computed o'  : all months for each station and depth. When station rank staas were compared using a Friedman's test, sig-nificant- differences were found between nearfield stations (p<0.05), with the highest densities found at Station PS (sur-face) and the lowest at down-Bay Stations RP (surface) and CP

-(surface). Productivity rates paralleled the trend in cell

~

densities as indicated by the ANOVAs.

Plant Site Stations Results of phytoplankton entrainment studies at CCNPP have been variable ' but have indicated 'possible reduction of cell densities and depression of photosynthesis at given points in time (ANSP, in preparation). In the course of the nearfield monitoring studies, Stations PSI and PLA, approximating intake and discharge points of the plant cooling water system, were sampled to obtain a crude estimate of entrainment effects for comparison with nearfield .esults. 'When the curtain wall surrounding the intake embayment is intact, it is assumed that

g. cooling water is drawn from the 10-m depth at the wall, but

()

there are indications that the depth of the source water for 5-13

1 plant intake is variable. In the summer months when selected panels of the curtain wall are removed, water from upper por-tions of the water column may be subducted into the cooling water system of CCNPP (ANSP, 1978); therefore, the samples from h

the surface and 10-m depths at PSI may not be representative of J water passing through the plant and discharged at Station PLA.

Also, the sampling methods in this st'idy cannot insure that the samples taken at Station PLA are representative of water en-trained by the plant. In fact, the temperature of samples taken at Station PLA (Table 5-2) were well below plant operat-ing AT's (plant data supplied by BG&E) indicating that mixing of discharge water and ambient surface water was considerable.

Data from Stations PSI and PLA were compared with near-field station data using box-and-whisker plots. Cell densities (of total cells and of each taxonomic division) at Station PLA (Table 5-3A) demonstrated the same general seasonal trends as did the seven nearfield monitoring stations and Station PSI when compared month by month; however, Station PLA was variable compared to the nearfield stations, and Station PSI. For example, compared to Station PSI, cell densities were lower at Station PLA in one month and higher in 3 months; compared to nearfield stations, cell densities at PLA were higher in two months; in other months cell densities at PLA were similar to Station PSI and nearfield stations. When the analyses of variance were performed for productivity variables over all stations including Station PLA, Station PLA was not signifi-cantly different from nearfield stations. Also, productivity a W

at stations nearest * '. ; plant did not consistently reflect increases or decreases predicted from Station PSI-PSD compari-sons.

Even if the sample at Station PLA represents a mixture of entrained and unentrained water, one would expect to see evi-dence of reduction of cell densities and depression in produc-tivity if effects of entrainment were large. Such reduction in cell densities and depression in productivity were not observed at Station PLA in 1980 nearfield studies.

Conclusions Annual phytoplankton density, community structure and primary productivity patterns within the study area (CCNPP) in Chesapeake Bay followed predictable seasonal patterns charac-terized by the ANSP phytoplankton monitoring studies. A spring peak in cell densities and chlorophyll a concentrations fol-lowed seasonal increases in light and temperature. Cell densi-ties declined following the spring peak. A summer peak was produced by increases in small flagellated cells and corres-ponded with the annual summer maximum in primary productivity, light and temperature. Compared to previous years of these studies, photosynthetic efficiency during the summer months of 1980 appeared to be relatively high. Cell densities declined g 5-14

following the summer maximum. A late autumn increase in cell deasities occurred as in past years.

There was no significant detectable impact of CCNPP opera-tions on phytoplankton cell densities, community structure or productivity in Chesapeake Bay. In 1980, the observed in-creases in productivity at nearfield stations closest to the plant could be partially attributed to higher cell densities and probably unrelated to plant operations. Photosynthetic efficiency appeared to be greater at stations nearest CCNPP, but the differences among nearfield stations were not signifi-cant.

Literature Cited Academy of Natural Sciences of Philaelphia (ANSP). 1975a.

Productivity studies. Pages II.1-91 to II.1-106 in Bio-logical and chemical baseline investigations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for Balti-more Gas and Electric Company. Semi-annual report - 1974.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

. 1975b. Phytoplankton studies. Pages II.1-107 to II.1-136 in Biological and chemical baseline investiga-tions in the _ vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Semi-annual report -

1974. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Philadel-

[]

phia, Pa.

. 1976a. Phytoplankton. Sections 6 and 7. Pages 6-1 through 6-39 and 7-1 through 7-47 in Semi-annual environ-mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

. 1976b. Phytoplankton. Sections 6 and 7. Pages 6-1 through 6-31 and 7-1 through 7-90 in Semi-annual environ-mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat.

Sci.:Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

. 1977. Phytoplankton. -Sections 6 and 7. Pages 6-1 through 6-50 and 7-1 through 7-33 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant,-January-December 1976, for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci.-Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

.- 1978. 'Phytoplankton. Sections 6 and 7. Pages 6-1 through 6-49 and 7 through 7-39 in Non-radiological environmental' monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear s Power Plant,-January-December 1977, for Baltimore Gas and u) Electric ' Company, Acad.'Nat. Sci. Phila.

Pa.

Philadelphia, 5-15

. 1979. Phytoplankton. Sections 6 and 7. Pages 6-1 through 6-35 and 7-1 thrcugh 7-81 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1978 (and 5-year summary) for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

. 1980. Phytoplankton. Section 5. Pages 5-1 through 5-62 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1979, for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. Philadelphia, Pa.

American Public Health Association, American Water Works Asso-ciation and Water Pollution Control Federation. 1975.

Standard methods for the examination of water and waste-water, 14 th ed . American Public Health Assoc. Washing-ton, D. C. 1193 pp.

Campbell, P. 1973. Studies on brackish water phytoplankton.

Univ. North Carolina Sea Grant Publ. UNC-SE-73-07.

Chapel Hill, N. C. 411 pp.

Electric Power Research Institute. 1979. Ecosystem effects of phytoplankton and zooplankton entrainment. Prepared by Lawler, Matusky and Skelly, Engineers for Electric Power Research Institute. Report No. EA-1038. Research Project 876. g Goodall, D. W. 1973. Sample similarity and species correla-tion. Pages 105-156 in R. H. Whittaker, ed. Part V.

Coordination and classification of communities. Handbook of vegetation sciences. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.

Hicks, C. R. 1973. Fundamental concepts in the design of experiments. Hold, Reinhardt and Winston, N. Y. 349 pp.

Hollander, M., and R. A. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statis-tical methods. John Wiley and Sons, N. Y. 503 pp.

Martin Marietta Corporation. 1980. Summary of findings:

Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant aquatic monitoring program. Prepared by Martin Marietta Corp. for State of Maryland Power Plant Siting Program Report No. PPSP-CC-80-2.

Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication.

Bell Systems Tech. J., Vol. 27.

Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry: The princi-ples and practice of statistics in biological research.

W. H. Freeman and compacy. San Francisco, Ca. 776 pp.

O 5-16

Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical

~

handbook of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Board Can., No. 167. Ottawa, Canada. 310 pp.

Tyler, M. A., and H. H. Seliger. 1978. Annual subsurface transport of a red tide dinoflagellate to its bloom area:

, water circulation patterns and organism distribution in the Ches:peake Bay. Limnol. Oceanogr. 23:227-246.

Wiener, N.- 1948. Cybernetics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

J i

(

I l

I r

i i  %.)

o

.5-17

Table 5-1. Surface and bottom salinity (ppt) measured at stations in Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during ANSP phytoplankton productivity monitoring studies, January through December 1980.

KD 4.D >P PS CC RP CP PSI T't.A 16JAN80 SURFACE 80.9 30.9 10.9 10.7 10.9 11. 3 13. 6 10.8 I 8.1 BOTTDN II,1 S t.1 10 9 10.9 12.I 12 4 33 2 11.I 11FEBBC SURFACE 13 9 14. 2 14. 5 14.3 14.0 14.4 14.4 14.0 13 9 BOTTDN 14.6 14.5 14.8 14.8 84. 5 14 1 14.9 13 R 27NAR90 SURFACE B. 6 9. O 9. 9 9. 4 9. 3 9. S 10 0 9. 4 10.1 BOTTDN 8. 8 9. 9 9. 5 IO. B 14.9 9. 9 to 2 9, 7

1. 1BAPR80 SURFACE G 8 B. 5 8. 9 9. 2 9. 5 9. 5 10.6 9. 7 96 e BOTTDN 9. 0 B. 7 9. 3 9. 9 10.2 10.6 12 5 9. 9 19NAYBO SURFACE 10.9 42.4 12.2 12.6 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.4 12 2 BOTTDN 13.6 12.5 13.0 13.0 13 4 14.9 16.9 12 7 13JUNBO SURFACE 12.1 12 2 12.I 12.5 12.6 12.0 13 1 12.6 12 6 BOTTDN 12.9 12.4 13.2 12.8 13.6 13 5 16.7 15.3 14JLYOO SURFACE 13 9 14.I 14.2 14.I 15.I 14 5 14.5 14.3 14 7 BOTTON 84.0 14.1 14.8 14.3 15.5 14. 6 20 3 89.0 25AUC00 SURFACE 14.7 15 0 15.5 55 3 15.2 15 1 15 2 15 3 15 7 BOTTDM 15 6 14.? 14.8 15.9 19. 5 16.3 13 9 22.5 28SEP90 SURFACE 18 6 18 7 18 8 18 9 19.1 39.I 19. 5 19.I 19.4 BO TTDN 10 B 10 9 20.I 19.I 28.0 21. 5 21.0 IB 7 150CTBO SURFACE 20 2 20.3 20.7 20.7 20.7 20 9 21 5 20.9 20 9 BOTTDN 21.7 23 9 23.9 23 5 23 3 22 9 22 9 22.5 20NOVSO SURFACE 16.8 16.6 16.9 17.O 17.I 17.I to I 16 9 17.O BOTTON 17.2 17.0 17.I 17 0 17.1 17 3 IO 4 16.9 IIDECOO SURFACE 17.O 16 9

• 16.9 17.O 17.I 17. 2 16 8 17.O BOTTUN 87.4 16.8

• 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 IB 5

• indicates missing data G 9 9

. = . . _ . -. _. . _ _ _ _ , ,

4

)

o re n n o D e re h o 4 0 m

h h a b h a t-uO Q e4 gh] l en en op os en ne >> gn_ mo ne -- ee

-d 4 M g nn oo en ge _Sg gg gg @g gg ,8e te de EO &

CO u C C 01 ooc

-A r 4 -A ne ne eo te n en -n ne es o se en ne no

' Q h $ h Nh  !

aza 50 -e4 CO C h- . n re to,n> h= oh => he ea, ru k te se re e e

-4 N a

nn o=

- es s: na == n na :s ..

cUv u - -e4 34>

(0 u =*4 ne ee eo en oo 4o nk a c. = rs e re e> ==

Q>Q U b b es ri h eso c 'c

~UO U k no en n re ne ch ru m -e ne en en  %> o r.

oug

-O nn as es it ts nn an ng an is *= , 8 uuae D 4 x ce

& C c <n oo e4 nn.nh me me se o re 88 e, as "N dd "" NE Nf N8 $$ NN EN NN **

"QM I e --4 c. u

o. > 0 0 R U Gjgg h oo nn en en no ru e we es a no se es o rs a as 66 e g o o. g de .es as an is na es 4+

O c c. o  ;

a - 4 en '

-M Z .C ,

O N4 m on on en de kh ot == ko no ne >= on c

1. $ o,8 - a nn oo aa is na sg as ng 22 !! **' ** i cw

'o il C Q r4 A exuv -:-

ez 00 w w w w w w w w w w w w $

o c.'O N u WE WE WE-WE WE WE WE WE WE WE v5 WE :i; 5 g jj g ' 't '

't ' ' ' *

.J u..e a .c ~ .

l'tal:'slal:

aI alai:si:sl:':a la I'ts2: .

. f/3 O C. P3 8

g l: -3I 8 8 E >

8 8 8 L

8 M

8 u

~

I 2

_ a I _i .c d i l X.

e

,e .

8 LO Q

~

A' 4

E4 4

- Ign\ r w/

I .

F

~5-19

Table 5-3A. Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell densities - (cells ml-

• of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

station Jan Feb Mar g g Jun Jul g g Oct Nov Dec 5 3119 6374 14357 11818 20722 6892 11329 10831 7352 16632 5284 21117 Ke a 5547 8264 12110 13539 90097 7794 4917 3234 5056 4598 3761 24793 s 5242 6327 12674 16228 14291 6460 0734 11339 7371 13191 5246 22978 t2 e 7221 8029 11489 15299 43512 11282 94e7 11273 2337 4889 5900 26692 rF s 5737 6807 11075 15175 15626 9439 11762 15400 6074 16482 4945 -=

U1 1

N s 6440 7728 10069 1512e 22019 e960 e913 11e37 e039 12505 Sees 24257 O re a 6845 8405 10248 14676 51353 10831 7117 5726 3305 5904 5397 24887 s 6610 5423 10004 16115 24002 9006 10145 15306 6149 11169 5688 23279 Pat M 4056 6431 10398 1512e 18155 10098 7014 11931 2626, 10850 5670 20600 a 4759 5462 11828 15466 23730 0151 3878 2014 2044 9496 5462 18136 FIA 8 6318 4596 12392 15523 21361 11404 10163 14319 4778 106e1 6045 20985 CC 3 3610 6835 10314 13652 15175 7954 8161 11790 3775 12589 5491 22264 s 4776 6732 6882 11743 12232 7616 6346 10963 6863 15250 6704 20412 W

e 5510 7926 10286 14554 52011 9938 8913 e678 3775 6365 6243 20449 s 4959 6403 7540 13482 9938 9609 6440 8283 5246 11019 7371 19e47 CF e 6304 8274 8772 17177 20055 10013 3168 9261 3e55 14404 64e7 21004 S = Surf ace M = Middle e = totton KB = Eemeood Beach PS = Flant Sita CC = Cmap Conoy Ls

• Lons Beach r$1 = Flant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FF = Flas Fond FIA = Plume CP = Cove Point O O O

O O O Table 5-38. Microflagellates. Cell' densities (cells ml-2 of whole water) of undetermined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Station Jan Feb Mar g g Jun Jul M g g g g s 1047 912 6196 3573 4306 20s7 3121 2774 3074 3958 1533 2209 Re e 1871 -1105 5914 3M6 5002 $054 2755 23M 2424 1655 3761 2247 s 1600 1373 $716 3410 3817 1590 3516 3320 2764 3601 19M 2379 13 e 2576 113e 5792 3507 2017 4628 MS7 3140 117e !? M $900 2115 PP S 1e05 1147 5923 3244 3S16 2eSe 5054 30 M 20e7 4494 ISee U1 1

N s less 1495 6666 304S 2463 2614 3e64 2006 3112 5444 1993 25e6 H t9 e 2005 1523 Sede 29eo 3e74 5933 34ee 29eo 1547 2623 5397 2040 s 2064 1004 63M 322S 3516 4420 3450 3535 2068 4212 2097 2379 Pet M 1275 112e 6410 3413 2492 4532 3554 3855 1294 4573 5470 2191 e 1530 1006 6675 Me6 3046 2971 1974 1640 IS2e 3723 S462 1890 P1A S 1904 e44 714S 333e 3004 5321 4391 4212 2503 4654 2153 2424 CC S 959 1354 7734 3112 269e 27M 3516 4475 1876 5547 1627 2$01 3 1200 1M2 $096 2520 2442 3225 3403 4710 2ees $434 2238 2451 SP e 1185 1053 3244 4692 MIS 4146 1911 3S92 1768 230s $243 2295 s 1320 e09 5011 3422 1764 3291 3159 270s 206e 4052 2520 1952 CP e 1297 1109 4052 3457 2451 3M3 2070 44M 1504 5077 6447 2219 S = Surface M = Middle s = Gottee Es

• Kesseood seach PS = Plant $1te CC

• Camp Coney Le = Long teach PSI = Plant Site lateke RF = Rocky Point PP

• Pleg Pond PLA = Plume CP

• Cove Point

Table 5-3C. Bacillariophyta. Cell densities (colls ml-* of whole water) of diatoms in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1983.

Station Jan Feb Mar g g Jun Jul M Sg g g g 3 353 1962 677 4560 2332 065 442 1062 1062 8424 1025 17770 En e 527 3084 931 6647 32568 1130 647 $31 2317 2416 1617 2176S S 5 34 1739 SSG 6121 3074 1100 432 1100 1109 8311 12 S17 19716 4 715 316e 846 6459 9007 1232 357 1316 1038 2077 1918 23524 g r? s 438 2670 602 6280 5039 1100 955 1880 2952 6769 442 i

N N 8 809 2444 705 6525 4819 lost 385 11e5 353S 4494 6Se 20162 PS e 668 3168 1147 6581 13576 1476 517 780 1556 2745 1185 21088 s 602 2294 912 7343 7427 1871 477 1786 322S 3808 724 1983e Pet M SSS 2200 968 6337 6177 2238 S33 1344 973 4014 922 17215 e 906 2303 1284 4920 13069 2360 301 3 36 1161 4767 743 15701 FIA s 705 1786 tool 6882 7183 1984 649 1081 1948 4362 677 17760 CC s 045 2864 536 6976 63S4 1523 743 eS6 776 39e6 1935 1e719 s 89e 2011 621 7202 5951 2031 6e6 968 1410 6544 1213 16e01 er a 1764 4137 1749 6064 21662 2623 1034 027 1711 3375 3213 172e1 s 837 3150 479 7219 4791 3027 790 1166 978 S773 1420 17121 CP e 1504 3695 1721 8170 11527 2745 353 997 2036 7004 2144 17939

_. S = Surface M = Middle e = eetto.

~

Es = Eenwood saach FS = Plant S!ta CC = Camp Coney LS = Long teach PSI = riant Site Intake er = Rocky rotat FP = Plag Pond PLA = Plume CF = Cove Point O O O

Table 5-3D. Cryptophyta. Cell ~ densities (cells ml-2 of whole water) of cryptophytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs. Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Station Jan Feb Mar g' g Jun Jul g g Oct too, Dec 4 e $61 809 1015 1683 S27 2058 1729 Pose 2727 321$ 1457 291 Re '

e 931 1025 696 1053 e65 432 404 207 167 442 423 197

.e 1156 790 771 1946 733 2604 1750 30n9 2M1 970 1730 320 52 e 1241 . 959 6 30 1702 527 19te 1410 2S39 72 tee 1249 101 rp 8 1M9 l2es 592 176e 414 3S92 2322 4325 7e0 4331 16el U1 d

a 1894 978 564 1551 est 2300 1927 2322 1100 2266 1645 254 e 1307 1128 490 1410 1991 1674  !!47 1991 141 414 149S 282 e 1166 . 464 414- 1647 320 1000 2332 2539 S45 26e9 1674 470 Ps! M 325 799 ' 545 1344 . 414 2106 1457 2266 215 1826 1457 376 e 730 $45 724 117S 230 est 503 419 89 856 3429 les PLA 3 1194 423 477 1279 677 2341 2101 2774 316 1442 1915 235 1

CC e 600 .771 SM 1203 2106 1993 1965 esta 73e 2S39 1373 207 e 602 ~ 677 23S' e93 263 .1109 #91 4362 ins 2 2658 1937 423 W

e 658 102S ' 771 997 677 1655 1634 3150 179 $17 1739 329 e 619 7tS 338 950 395 1999 149$ 2539 143e 2006 1918 2n?

CP e 903 106J 592 set - 301 1974 202 2924 103 1279 8373 500 n - . . . . . . . . . -

g . Surface M

• Middle e

• Sot t on Es

• Kerneoed Reach .PS = Flant Site CC = Camp Conny 1.9 = 1.ong scach P$l = Fleet Rite f et ake RP = Racky Potet Ff

• Fl*st Fond rt.A = flume CP = Cove Point

, . _ , ~

Table 5-3E. Pyrrophyta. Cell densities (cells ml-* of whole water) of dino- .

flaa.silates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Statica Jan Feb Mar M g Jimi Jul g g Oct Nov Dec s 926 1570 Se76 1589 11489 197 4927 385 310 545 6 39 357 na 3 1946 2031 3930 1880 50432 169 709 99 109 66 263 310 3 1670 1420 4419 3516 3874 les 2360 846 649 94 762 291 En B 2172 1796 3112 2661 20055 244 3432 3291 31 3e 630 367 U1 g PP s 1798 1241 3225 2727 4889 244 2971 3554 169 564 809 b3 ab 8 2294 2059 1344 2303 8612 197 2068 4409 150 141 997 611 Ps B 2285 1843 2162 2745 31064 244 1194 66e 52 75 846 423 8 2313 848 1523 2839 12091 197 2096 6572 216 226 799 263 PSI M 1119 1391 1692 2077 7550 244 1015 3780 101 75 1006 545 a 1252 968 2144 2369 552e 122 Se3 348 47 66 884 les PtA s 2134 e44 2256 270s 9007 216 2153 5415 303 150 968 395 CC s 838 1401 997 1344 2350 141 1354 912 301 235 771 517 s 1514 1302 639 602 1833 94 1034 50s 555 357 903 329 RP B 1410 1288 3714 1739 244e3 317 1636 771 99 19 846 329 s 1510 1119 1166 931 1993 320 733 978 555 94 969 498 CP 3 2134 1937 1260 3695 11997 254 395 545 100 les 893 508 5 = Surface M = Middle B = Bottne KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conny Le = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site intake RP = Rocky Point PP = Plag PoaJ PtA = Plum CP = Cove Potnt O O O

l.

v O-t Table 5-4. Concentration of active chlorophyll a (mg chla m-8 ) at stations in Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during ANSP phytoplankton productivity monitoring studies, January through December 1980. -Two replicates were obtained from a single surface composite. sample at each station.

M8 L8 FP PS CC RP CP PSI PLA 16JAN80 REP 1 $ 6. 0 16.0 16.3 15.5 12.6 14.7 15.8 14.7 14.4 REP 2 16.3 16.8 15.8 84.9 13.9 15.2 15.2 14.9 14.I tlFE880 REPl 15.8 14.9 15.8 16.3 14.9 15.8 17.6 $5 5 15 5 REP 2 15.5 86.8 15.8 15.8 15.5 14.9 17.9 16.8 to 3 27 MAR 80 REPl 13.1 I O. 4 8. O 4. 5 3. 5 3. 5 5. 1 4. 8 7. 7 REP 2 7. 7 8. 3 8. 3 5. 8 32 3. 5 4. 8 5. I 6. 9 ISAPRBO REPl 16.5 23.8 23.2 16.3 17.4 13.4 14. 9 20.3 23 8 REP 2 15.5 23.O 26.7 e 17.4 13.4 14 9 20.6 21.9 19MAYRO REPR 49.9 22.4 27.O 48.I 29.6 17.9 88 7 30.4 39 3 REP 2 43.5 22,2 20.6 43.3 27.5 19.5 18 2 47.O 44.I 13JUN80 REPR 15.5 18.8 t e. 3 88 10.9 14.4 13.I 12.O 13.4 REP 2 14.9 12.3 l A. 8 13 4 S t. 8 11.5 14.4 9. 6 S t. 2 14JLY80 REPl 13. & 9. 9 8. 8 5. I 5. 3 1. 9 2. 7 5. 9 5. 1 REP 2 13.9 18.8 9. 3 8. 0 4. 5 35 2. 8 3. 2 64 25AU080 REPt e 11.8 24.O 28 3 10.7 6. t 7. 7 22.4 45 i REP 2 67 10.4 23.8 23.8 80 88 03 25.9 51.3 288EP80 REPl 9. 3 .10.9 14.4 30. 7 7. 5 67 7. 2 08 4 O REP 2 8. 8 10.4 16.3 14.7 7 7 88 a7 to 1 6 7 150CT80 REPl 12.O 9. 6 19.2 8. 3 9.1 II. 5 80 9 1 80 REP 2 13.9 9. 6 12.8 88 31.2 11.2 7. 5 to 7 R5 20NOV80 REPS 9. 9 5. 9 7. 2 6 8 23 5 67

• 5. 9 5. 3 REP 2 9. 4 6. 9 8. 3 6. 7 56 69

• 67 6. 9 IIDEC80 REPS II 8 67 e 12. 3 12.6 11 5 16 0 9. 6 16.O REP 2 12 0 Il 5 e 9. 1 15 R 13 4 6 9 75 13 6

• Indicates missing data

Table 5-5. Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs h

Nuclear Power. Plant, January through Decem-ber 1980.

. 3 .

4  % *

• 4  %

. t . . . . 3 .

3 -]:j t 3 t  : t $:j t - t

• i

- e- t  : 3 g }" g -e- t  : s -

sv = . . . Si a = 3 i . ,

csis e e 2 a

5  ::

5 a

2 e can ja e e

t a u g

t e 5 a e

Station January February 5 3 34 2 11 18 30 + 2 5 14 + 29 13 25 0 12 K3 3 2 34 1 9 17 35 0 1 5 14 + 37 12 25 0 6 5 2 31 2 10 22 32 0 1 3 22 1 27 12 22 0 11 La a 2 36 2 10 17 30 0 2 5 14 1 39 12 22 0 6 FP S 5 31 1 8 22 31 0 1 2 17 + 39 19 18 0 4 3 3 23 2 13 le 35 + 5 4 19 + 32 13 27 0 5 PS B 4 26 1 10 19 33 0 4 4 16 1 38 13 22 0 4 l

5 4 31 1 9 17 35 + 2 3 18 2 42 12 16 0 6 4 31 2 14 20 27 0 + 3 17 1 34 12 22 0 10 l PSI N 4 32 1 19 15 26 0 1 3 18 + 42 10 18 0 8 a

l i

! pgA 3 3 24 1 11 19 34 0 8 4 18 6 39 9 18 0 5 l

C 5 4 26 2 23 17 23 0 4 4 20 + 42 11 20 0 2 l

5 3 27 2 19 13 32 0 5 4 20 0 42 10 20 0 3 8 4 21 2 32 12 24 0 3 4 13 + $2 13 16 0 1 2 27 2 17 12 30 0 8 3 13 + 49 11 17 0 6 S

g 3 20 2 24 14 33 0 3 4 13 + 45 13 23 0 1 l

l S = Surface M = Middle S = tottos + = Less than it K3 = Kanwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Caw Conoy LB = Long BeacL PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point PP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point 5-26

Table 5-5. (cont.) Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from sta-tions in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

4  % 4  %

s 1 3 3 =j

% a i *

• ; =j t 3  %

3

• E-Si }  : }

f. }% -

E t" s i i

a =

i 3 1 f. }i.

e : s i e - a c la a

e a g

u }c a a

e cle a e

5 a 5 c::

5 a e Station March April 5 2 43 1 5 7 41 0 2 + 30 + 39 14 13 0 2 KB 3 2 49 1 8 6 32 + 2 + 25 + 49 8 14 0 3 5 3 45 2 7 6 35 0 3 1 22 0 38 12 22 0 $

La 3 3 30 1 7 5 27 0 2 1 23 0 42 11 17 0 $

PP S 3 53 . 1 5 5 29 0 3 2 21 0 41 12 18 0 6 i .

. (,/ 3 3 66 1 7 6 13 0 4 1 25 + 43 10 15 0 4 78 3 2 57 'l 11 5 21 0 2 1 20 0 45 10 19 0 5 S 2 64 - 2 9 4 15 0 4 .1 20 0 46 10 18 + 6

-PSI M 2 64 1 9 5 16 0 2 1 23 + 42 9 19 0 6 3 3 56 - 1 11 6 18 0 4 1 24 0 45 8 15 0 7 3 58 1 9 5 18 0 6 2 21 0 44 8 17 0 6 Pu 3 2 75 1 5 5 10 0 1 1 23 + 51 9 10 0 6 C: S S 1 74 1 9 3 9 0 2 1 21 + 61 8 5 0 3 RP 3 1 32 2 17 7 36 0 4 1 32 0 42 7 12 0 6

, 3 1 66 2' 6 4 15 0 4 1 25 0 54 7 7 0 6 CF 3 2 46 2 20 7 14 0 10 2 21 0 48 5 21 0 3 S = Sarface M = Middle B = Sottom ^ = Less than 1%

KB = Kernrood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = flant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point PP = Plag Pond P M = Plume CP = Cove Point l gC's 5-27

Table 5-5. ( con t. ) Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from sta-tions in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through Deceliber 1980.

g t .  %

1 . i . 3 . j: . i . 3 .

32}

• E- t t 2 t

t 3

j t 3-}E- t

% 3 t Z 3  %

}

h3o  : 3 Y . 2 { 31 2 3 5

[

. =

5jU c  :  % 3 t t t k  : 7 2 C22 6 a  ?" E a 6 C b' i 6 2 G t a 6 Station gy g, 3 4 21 + 11 2 55 + 6 g 3a g  ;,3 gg . 4 3

3 2 5 0 36 + 55 0 + ~1 65 1 14 6 2 + 0 5 6 27 0 27 5 27 0 8 9 25 + 17 40 3 0 6 13 3 2 9 0 21 1 64 0 3 10 59 + 11 17 2 + +

FF 3 5 22 0 32 3 31 0 6 10 30 1 12 38 3 + e 3 3 11 + 40 2 39 0 4 14 29 1 12 37 2 0 5 PS 3 2 7 0 26 2 60 0 1 13 55 + 14 15 2 + +

3 4 14 + 30 1 49 0 2 13 45 1 19 19 2 0 1 PSI M 5 14 + 34 2 42 + 4 8 45 + 22 21 2 + 1 4 13 + 55 1 23 + 3 22 36 + 29 11 2 0 +

3 FM S 3 14 + 34 3 42 0 3 10 47 + 17 21 2 0 4

= 3 6 18 + 42 14 15 + 5 16 34 1 19 25 2 0 3 s 7 20 0 49 2 15 + 7 12 42 + 27 15 1 0 3 KP 3 2 7 0 42 1 47 + 1 10 42 1 26 17 4 0 1 3 4 18 0 48 4 20 + 5 8 34 + 32 20 3 0 3 07 3 3 9 0 41 1 43 0 2 13 36 + 27 20 3 + 2 S = Surface M = Middle 3 = 3ottos + = Less than 1:

K3 = Kerwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy L3 = Lcog Seach PS1 = Plant Site intase RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond Pu = Plume CP = Cove Point O

5-28

7~ Table 5-5. (cont.) Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from sta-Q_ tions in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

t t t t

. t . 3 . .

$ . 3 .

• ]:j E-

% 3 4

% 3 5 { t 3j:

1 i

• {  %

i

s $.

e z

$. 1 s

g a

1 s!-}

i e

z a

i

5

! e a

ge g e tje U sI 6 e u U S d Us2 d I u U S d Station July August s 3 28 1 4 15 43 + 6 } 26 1 10 19 4 0 38 KB a 4 56 + 13 s 14 + 1 2 72 + 16 6 3 0 +

5 1 40 + 5 2G 27 1 5 1 29 1 10 27 7 + 24 12 3 2 39 1 4 15 36 + 3 2 28 1 12 23 29 2 5 rF s 2 43 1 5 20 25 + 4 1 25 1 12 28 2J 1 8 5 2 43 1 4 22 23 + 4 1 24 1 10 20 37 1 6 Ps 4 49 2 7 16 17 + 4 2 52 1 14 19 12 + 1 a

S 2 34 1 7 23 29 + 4 1 23 1 12 17 43 2 2 3 51 1 e 21 14 + 2 1 32 1 11 19 12 + 1 782 M 58 + 12 15 12 + 1 3 7 51 1 e 15 15 1 3 2 2 43 1 6 22 21 + 5 1 29 1 8 19 38 1 3 P1A 5 CC S 3 43 2 9 24 17 + 3 1 38 1 7 39 8 1 5 2 54 + .11 14 16 + 2 1 43 1 9 40 5 1 1 5-nr. 1 41 10 36 - 9 + +

3 2 44 + 12 18 18 + 5- 2 3- 1 49~ 1 12 23 11 + 3 2 33 5- 14 31 12 1 3 CP 3 4 66 + 11 6 12 * + 1 48 1 11 32 6 1 1 S = Surface M = Middle S = Bottom + = Less than 1%

KB = Keawood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy

. L8 = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point

[_ ; - FP = Flag Pond PLA

• Plume CP = Cove Point C/

5-29

Table 5-5. (cont.) Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from sta-tions in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear g Power Plant, January through December 1980. W 4  % 4  %

. i . 3 . 70 . i . 3 .

3 $":}  % 3  % 3 5  % 3'&  % 3  % 3 5  %

• t- i  ; 1

• g i *ta i t t Z g 2  : 3 i . 2 33% 2 3 y . 'I f.3% s & t g:I 5 3 330 C t

• 5 2 C 3's 6 2 o 3 6 &$2 6 2 8 I d 6 station sen ta-e e r Octoo.r 5 0 42 1 14 37 4 0 2 + 24 2 51 19 3 + 1 K3 3 0 48 0 47 3 2 0 0 0 36 0 53 10 1 + +

$ + 38 1 15 32 9 3 6 + 27 1 63 7 1 0 i L3 a + 50 + 44 3 1 0 + + 35 1 59 4 1 0 +

FP S 0 34 1 49 13 3 0 + + 27 2 41 26 3 + 1 S 0 39 + 44 14 2 + 1 + 44

• J6 18 1 0 +

PS 5 0 47 + 47 4 2 0 0 + 44 + 47 7 1 0 +

s + 34 1 52 9 4 0 1 0 38 2 34 24 2 0 +

Ps! M + 49 1 37 6 4 0 1 + 42 + 44 12 1 0 +

3 + $4 + 41 3 2 0 + + 39 1 50 9 1 0 0 PLA 3 0 52 0 39 7 2 0 + + 44 + 41 14 1 0 +

C: $ 0 50 + 21 20 8 + 2 + 44 1 32 20 2 0 1 S + 42 + 21 27 8 0 2 + 36 1 43 17 2 + +

RP 3 + 47 0 45 5 3 + + + 38 + 53 8 + 0 +

S 0 39 1 19 27 11 0 3 + 37 + 52 9 1 0 0 CP S + 39 + 53 5 3 0 + + 35 + 54 9 1 0 0

$ = Surface M

• Middle 5 = Bottos + = Less than 1%

K3 = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Cae:p Conoy L3 = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point O

5-30

Table 5-5. (cont.) Percent composition of phytoplankton g by division for phytoplankton samples from sta-U tions in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

3 . 3 .

i 1  %  %

• j :* . i 3 . 4 3

• E 3

4-t 3j:}

• t-t E

t

3 *

h. 3}L i

37 .  : I i

h. = 31 3  : 3 r =

ys e t S-5 3 Ja t t g  : 4 can c 2 5t a c cs1 c 2 u t a c Station November Decem er s + 29 11 19 25 12 0 1 + 10 1 84 1 2 0 1 EB S + 33 5 43 11 7 0 1 + 9 + 83  ; O I 1 5 + 37 3 10 33 15 + 1 + 10 1 86 1 1 0 +

!.4 5 + 29 6 32 21 11 + 1 + 8 1 sa 1 1 0 1 ry 3 1 32- 7 9 34 16 0 2 - - - -- -- - - -- -

.7 g tj s 0 33 7 12 29 18 + + + 11 1 85 1 3 0 +

3 1 26 7 22 28 16 . 0 1 + B 1 88 1 2 + +

3 +. 37 4 13 29 14 0 2 + 10 + 85 2 1 0 1

. per n + 32 7 16 26 18 0 1 + 11 1 84 2 3 0 +

3 0 36 7 14 26 16 0 2 + 10 + $7 1 1 0 +

PtA 3 + 36 5 .11 30 16 + 1 + 12 1 55 1 2 + -

g 3 + 30 6 24 25 14 0 1 + 11 + S4 1 2 0 1 3 0 33 6 18 29 13 0 + + 13 1 32 1 2 0- 0 g .+ 31 7 19 28 la ' .- 0 1 + 11 + 85 2 2 0 1

.g + 34 4 19 26 13 + 2- + 9 1 86 1 3 0 +

3 - 1 26 4 33 21 '14 '+ 1 + 11 1- , 25 1 2 r3 +

$ = $artace M = Middle 3 = acetos + = tsess than 17

- K3 = Karutood Beach Ps = Plant site 00 = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beeca PSI = Flanc Site Intake R7 = Rockv Point FP = Tlag Pond FLA = Plume CF = Cove Point'

.O \

e

'wl 5-31

Table 5-C. Shannon-Wiener diversity indices for phytoplankton communities in collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr My Jun Jul Ay Sep Oct Nov Dec FB s 2.94 3.28 2.09 2.51 2.10 3.07 2.61 2.66 2.48 2.86 3.09 1.14 LB S 2.88 3.17 2.27 2.64 2.54 3.12 3.08 2.97 2.74 2.44 2.74 1.01 FP S 2.83 3.21 2.08 2.65 2.36 3.16 2.80 3.42 2.54 2.94 3,05 ----

PS S 3.01 3.15 2.00 2.59 2.14 3.11 2.84 3.31 2.52 2.55 2.95 1.17 CC S 3.26 2.87 1.64 2.40 2.54 3.02 2.86 2.79 2.56 2.56 3.03 1.10 RP S 3.24 2.92 1.67 2.13 2.28 2.82 2.60 2.51 2.78 2.62 2.93 1.21 CP S 3.20 2.92 1.99 2.27 2.48 3.02 2.56 3.28 2.94 2.32 3.10 1.01 (11 h

N PSI S 2.73 3.09 2.06 2.63 1.95 2.82 3.06 3.00 2.41 2.70 2.95 1.09 PLA S 3.09 3.28 2.30 2.73 2.19 2.82 2.80 3.19 2.14 2.45 2.97 1.08 KB B 2.82 3.14 2.24 2.44 1.54 2.C4 2.46 1.78 2.16 2.53 2.83 1.07 1.B B 2.86 3.11 2.34 2.59 1.65 2.30 2.97 3.23 2.13 2.33 3.27 0.97 PS B 3.07 3.05 2.19 2.65 1.70 2.43 2.81 2.62 2.16 2.36 3.24 0.95 PSI M 2.90 3.24 2.02 2.64 2.19 2.88 2.69 3.05 2.53 2.35 3.18 1.22 PSI B 2.81 3.03 2.31 2.63 2.03 2.81 2.70 2.51 2.10 2.35 3.12 1.07 RP B 3.06 2.88 2.73 2.45 1.74 2.84 2.99 2.74 2.44 2.28 3.05 1.16 CP B 3.25 3.29 2.75 2.40 1.95 3.04 2.07 2.54 2.58 2.47 2.99 1.04 KD = Kenwood Beach PSI = Plant Site Intate CC = camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PLA = Plume RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PS = Plant Site CP = Cove Point S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom O O O

A)

(m 4t oo

% .Q k 0 U) ED X 2 O U1 O4UO gg g peo onn ra rs e eve enk o n ts v4o ne- men ens enn neo g om> *nm e** men coc amog n-o no- n" eg*o nne --e oto noe cC $,s "U" S*S ISI sis 2 Is M E E O E R E S I N ei 88E " *1" U: * .C C b k tn O

.c 3 3 ee UVOv nno noe 4-o noe non n-e non e re 4 eso neo moe -e4 geenOE pse Wc* - m ai s re p p 44n n ev s pnW ees re m o re o n Ae- eco EMENO E

"~' 080 $$$ $r*$ oo" $E~ O I ** 111

+ C v .a m --

c G Q.

U) H >, us &

C '

""* "** "*" ' ' * * """ *** "'" " ' . " . ' .-g4" . **" *** *

O sus -go re e e ene gg~

.a y a a egg egn

• g w es re o . *--

RAE Ent "E.* -2 vecmo "  !! ' * * " "-"

• C nRE kg4a r. R -

c3CC#

M O M c e4 ttJ % U) e-e -o. <ee nee

-MO -vo ano can hnh en* 4e4 noe e e rs l s-c M k 01 H G =a suo n 46 age Angggg eenS;O enn esA n o e' ech cc0mE = m2g ngs n one 4 *** .2 Rgn RQg ggg 'N It!

CH 0O emD2U

- 034 1 MMC 0 A~m>U e o sen onn k*h

. n%o o-n e.o sne

. .. e o. o nen

. egn . e.o.

hah one ask neo

... nec w e re men ege e-c me u

" " n*g 30 4mp

• f rangeE rs E EnN NEI ens a MDOW

, W CMW

• O I'* -

S #77 17}

GWH O3 ee 4 A u) -no nee NM OG nne k=e oee nee oen ena ens eso e-* 4oe onn nap A W inW ae ep5 *W~ nse men 004 .,4 0

v ,. 4 e

6 n e e" nee Ind ne nn

-- een 5

--- e n eve 4 6mn g ri en$

ne - ore eve nnn 44 nnR

-e une nee ppggg G40CC $

(O') -os >

+

e>> ses

84. re . o see e. k n >>= 8.e ro s e new enn W U2 e m A >, 0 e .. . . .- ---

RRR NAt 8"n oCv M U e4 C c

tl't s t t 2.:u-rea 22 ES: =-- Rat == R,"E ee 2*S $a4 oEe -3 enn nee ---

c >3s I WWH mO 09 u onn een kne noe neo nnn een non 4-n O Ocw nnk --e on a ige won e'o n n~n

• N3A MMUM#

e den

• • • ""f' di on*

• coi an SEN EIg $$1 pj$ -

-e4 Ed ee$ EE$ gud n$$ * " *f" ,

C -e4 O O y

ACMCD a -a a. u c enn see one E CU CU ene one non eko nuo onn 44. >=n nn-Om y Rd5 dd# SNN E$d -un RNN nun 'Rd N"2 Ren v8e $NN nnn "R"

nn8 vonE$$ $RS -- ---

$$N 3 O aoo * --

R UOM94 e ORCc l C4c%C 3

=

a - o 3

! Ca k

• • 0 *C -un -nn -un -nn un -un - e. n -nn -un -nn -un -un i i m Mo# === sta tat att att tot tot att att tot set att -

i l

ONNm ggg ggg ggy ggy ggg *gg Egg ggg ggg g.g wgg ggy .

u c .C en C r O CG % *-4 e4 l

[

8 8 8 e 8, 8 e j 2 6

2 8

o e

4

- n - - - - a k - -

Lt')

Q M

.O td E4 -

A

{V b 5-33

o r

9 yb o 6u 9Ce OCC 992 tCO LDO O6I GCO 2c6 tO C4C W84 Ud9 x nT v a6l Ca 966 GtD e>C C

I Cc l 4o e2O t8l 68 C p0C l 9I 26'1 095 C0D e9J 6pC 4l 6 6 bO 9GG 99u 0Cd eSos 1 2l OC 8 E2a 4 2C cCC 999 l3J 2c8 sI l aua d -

I I I dT y e aaa cn m CGe eIG 9dC 9C4 D46 G99 4e4 C&e I GO L8G 99L I&G opAo y 22 I 7 e t' E6u O' ID G

2Gl CCW D0G

&36 C l' O OOW 19O2 CC coo CJo Bea G6C 49G u60 t04 S 4ta c0a 6Oi 6ae tGc aae3 J t3 - R t 4 ll 23l CCC 8H4 CCt Dt t t4 8 un - -

ueus Tleo dra 8 II 6D8 9GC 02o 698 eG6 994 6CC COO HGG C44 6CC s c d t' L L t'e C 0 6D6 88l' Ct6 bag l 2 .' 344 MC0 C 9' V L6u 4OC DU6 uJ c 3 a 9 2IG 94e u6 9 i 23 323 C 4C9 Oo4 69u

• 2 CCc C0d O0n 9llG aC0 o o s' T l lI 1 T moi aoT d cdpo I66 G6I OGD O44 I 64 I 6> 4I> GIC 2O0 4GC 9tG J66 a n2 d 422 I 9 t' O0G DL4 264' Dl9 I 6C C99 CD4 I 4 I' 99t 4OG aJa e G09 GCI 92 CCC 000 i C4 ODG 631 G2t GCC p9t Wb C Usa 5 - 8 c2C CCC 2CC CCC CCC 8l E ao o eT S2 ouy

( nTa t D B0C CCC DOO C9t 64O 94l 09I G1D 9DI C9C ODD Na 3 9*0 t'- 0 0 G G 4' 8' 00 C 6 4' OCD 9BC DDD CL2 49J DI 9 I'D1 qsaT ou 3 9 2 6 C 069 GDG III COG CC3 CC2 tI6 CIG DDC OB0 CCC 00C 6tW 9GG Gv9 l l 1 JT

, J up

_ T oo OO2 689 4CC 2Cl ODO 6OD G0E G9C 1DG pG8 6kW Gi6 mT ma S 0' O 6 G l't6G' D' 6 6' E D c' OE6 I'1'I' 006 9W8 D9 C14 COG D n J 9 ice DCC t9t ID C9 B 9' 006 aO6 l'

l CC 099 Gt e 2 As i2 II l E2E CCC bDC 649 tWW CCC It t 0aae 2T a 6oam m

) t a0 r- l d

9ID t' I't'

> t2 46G G I'9' GG-9C9 eE9 C' b' G' ClC 9 I'I' 42r I9G G 8'O' C2l 96C C92 t' 6' G' CCO D49 C89 I 0C 8

0C6 6' C

&3I D0G 6 0l CC

• C2 h8 WGG 8' E 6 999 9

ea2 - 3 I 1l 8i CCC D6C 99C C0> >6 sanao -

a pml ag o d eo2sm 9C> OOI 8O C>G 9Z4 CCG GGG C80 OC0 C00 C00 I 99 a doe I' GG l' C' C' .*O CLc 0EC 6' 9' 8' 9' E O' &' t' E 968 D4G 9 G C' A as 8 7 tCC lGl a OC> 6l4 269 t9O l'4' 0 GC0 l DD 4M4 9G9 4G9 oauc C-

- Ill l C83 CDC CC2 kCC 2 2 5I 8 a

w r

Ti ouo p aua a b

oTx i u you 's 9O1 I8E 98G 46O Dt4 988 8ID I99 lDO 9iG IC6 6il l l'r' 0' l'tt0E' 9 E RC2 8' 6 t' Z G' t' E C *CI u aT e0o u I'8'G l' L Z' G' 1' G C' 9' o' ADD 9BO OCC CuG tCJ l

DhC u uAI8 d w t9G lIC C9G p2e le9 O4l t CC t5l l l8 2a4 CCC lCC CC2 Dtb l I C Ii I n A d6 m -

a soo1 o m oya o t e

aaA2 r a

o y0o j p

y u d9 c u dT me iEC ddd I

ddd EC I ddd EC iEC ddd IEC ddd IEC ddd IEC ddd ICC ddd IEC ddd IEC ddd IEC dJd I

ddd aC y d03 333 Jl3 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 333 ,

a AS 0 2 dMd WeW dMW MWW WWW MM9 WWW 848 W8M uMW udu WW8 oeN0n NsV0s O O 0 O O 0 O O O O 0 0 O O 8 O H 0 O O e O 0 0 N G W W A A O d 4 A 3 8

Y N

P I

3 J

I I

W W

4 5

d v

a l

v W

e l

mt l l Y

n v

G C

3 G

0 2

3 0

G I

O N

O d

3 0

8 1

5 O

I q

,M 9

8MY

I I

(

))%

s nr oe, 64 52 67 3O 29 40 O5 41 R3 2i 39 90 i ws 02 69 O0 46 64 49 27 13 90 45 07 toeo A.

I 1 - 1 1 65 11 24 32 701 F

aPiw t dt sru atm 22 65 Ot 6l 35 50 72 44 83 32 97 46 teso 53 . GA l6 45 64 43 8 . 4 62 85 35 26 S0 al v I S - - 1 22 59 33 33 5e 1 I1 c g# P

) un .

lNide h rel csot p 35 72 91 62 93 0e 16 85 40 94 7t O9

/ftam P 80 20 53 45 14 26 20 94 44 71 O1 sfil a C 28 02 33 55 34 - a'l 11 iinus sl oc eCml e h at 98 35 03 50 66 02 98 80 98 61 06 OI ttyci s P 36 '.2 081 22 45 90 78 77 26 00 79 2i nrt s R 12 07 43 53 33 1l yeieo 1 svvrp oli em tatwo oCc c 3 5O 57 72 1 4 29 32 69 60 62 72 O4 h us C C

5 OO 1l 45 55 05 90 32 57 28 45 t0 S5 46 43 29 2O 1I pf d e e ootc t

eypRf raa nt r 90 44 O4 80 77 I2 55 60 52 54 (i n u . . 0.

11.

O 9* . . . . . .

57, S

yit0 no.s P 30 09 6 55 07 32 S5 33 t4 23 42 78 33 39 1

25 11

~)v

( cck8 e nin9l eva1 g i l n 76 93 57 35 39 73 62 38 22 6 56 37.

cepri 97.

P 22 93 4l 34. 15 09 t2 97 4 ihoes F - 21 S5 22 21 3 fttb f yma enhe i pcm 65 2I 2O 4O 45 00 i4 94 32 71 93 46 c eo B 22 83 2O 46 45 96 69 92

97. 91 08 63 i yP D r L 2- 21 33 23 33 23 1 21 taS f - a eBNh t a

h Ags d t e ut .

g nk go e 50 91 7O 62 42 03 O6 03 93 32 23 I9 n _

yanrs B 45 91 28 98 34 66 33 26 22. 65 44 28

. . i s

seih M 1 - 11 22 - 3 34 33 11 11 s i

oprt e m tau .t s osdya e he ph t ai rc t a

c i

Cnul d t anp l2 rP S2 PP S2 PP S2 PP A2 PP l2 PP 82 PP l2 PP l2 PP S2 PP l2 PP l2 PP A n

_ enl ae EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE EE NiPJr RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR RR

• 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 O 0 0

. 9 9 9 9 9 9 O 9 9 B 9 9 9 N B R R Y N Y O P T V C A E A P A U L U E C O E

- J F M A H J J A 9 0 N n 5 6 l 7 R 9 3 4 5 9 5 O i 1 l 2 I 1 1 1 2 2 1 P l e

l b

a T

h;/.

('w g

ght y k'

v E C O dNW CMMW i n-4 oso 44e sne ses o c es sno n n r. ens nee ne- rne

-r4 ce e i

<; i ese Asm o-, enn ees es, wee UM ene e. m m, ese wee see ee ser. n ere S re e n.r =r. e ~h m4Cc s. -

re tere- -nse 3

-.-$. 4 i C0CM 03M4 e4 O U ec-p g, ..4  ; -on n-e oes ene e r. 4 s e re 4-e - e r. neo e r4 n re e e m e4 -e =oe eeo e r. re rer.n-s..  ; o .p 4

p p g p, un i re n o o re ie- eon nem enn E8m ne ess e re tv e e rs o ra s se4 re o 8 o e c:

n--

on-i i e

. ee i

,g g al - -

00W l OHp CUMC e one e-- moo neo enn e-c re t e e. 44, con --n ocn Dm0 8 t i ona nke

-oo x s r. o 8 re n e eme en. eee so-- nse - o e e, aZ L vi no -, n te . - n ru n eee re - r. - re i is i i i

tp .c + i l DC9

.C % e4

%WC c4- 8on oom 8no one n e re n e re re m s re - re eoe o eer a e4 O e4 l -sn one c r. e i e4 4 4 - oes n6m oo- WJe eme nne e r. ru ru s e 4ee EUHt E '

"O - " "*" " ' " *"" **' - ' ' . " " ' '"-  ?

C c) rN U O 4 O4ED -ve -ne enn ene 0 m  : -o4 emo noo e-o 4eo see -se 4ee D>hO EH#0 u' o

-o4 n o re i

-Wo ni .e. e

-Wo re - n enn n-4 rus-e e re Eee -n re re n 4en 8oe nee omE mn o e a, ee.o.

e r< <

-=o

- ru e i w m .e4 g - e i . c c.

gy C e4 Q .

O M 4 W Q) n re e 4 e ce ss8 oee oes o rv rs n re n n re e nmm anv -ee owo

.g o e o ,.4 j

1. D 3 C. cn een ae i ri eesp n d ri n v' s e' i

amW sen o4 44 ai re rirs ese e Knm o an ,4 re m e c ne, mee ew4 oeo o re -

C NT E e . .e.. m. r.e n a -i MPOmM t e e4 H W Q m l

a. C a. a m *e4 40 e -es e ra n re n m -nk e-n - re 8 e-s a o re o e re re n n re ry

@ UU%M a. she awe Wen ri e d Wno m o, use o n ei n 6 ce ese e n rw Ace ...

eo nne 4 e4 O ien oen wen re - sns ya e4 m

w

- re 4 $4-i - --- m

- P. n i C X .O O C) C o O.

M .C C CD E eon ee8 m re e eno e ce 8 no8 mo- re-o re - re 4oe omm 4 e ra y p ,4 m O Q.e H U W 4 to 4WW ri n e; onW tv o e re m a re o - n a

H ei 4 4 C) i Q. N G) U 4 O N .C .Q c 4CGEO n ee m nom nom neo een ns- sne mem -sn e-- non noo E hE DN a n enos em- ri nn- re re n $'8 e aens re non W---nJo 4 8 ressso6o riu$ n eme eos ri o o e e ren- n o ge a

.C 4. O D a W nr o. i -n-

- - - i i aomom e a r,e XZQ *

%MK C) a OO .c m 8 O.tp tp tn -

neCDC 04 m *e4 0 e4 - re n re n - rv n - ru n - re n rs n - re n - ru n -LLE re n - tat rv natt- re n - Ltt re n I p c) W W (Q ELL t o. LWWW - LasWWW att att tat att sta WWW W W 6i WWW WWW WWW W W lJ WWW WWW WWW WWW EEE EEE NM EEE EEE EEE EEE EEE EE& EEE EEE EEE EEE

• Ct;O V 4 C o o o o o o o o o o o o e e m m CD e m E E

. E n E > > g a - W e W I e - W v W O > r r d <

n m o n

o c4 4 u.

. s n .e.

w re .e. - ce rs - 8 -

g Ln C) r-4

.O u

Ee O

5-36 1

n C o o Tabic 5-11. . At0VA tables' indicating significant (p<0.05) differences in gross and net photosynthetic rates, respiration and not photosynthetic efficiency stong dates and stations. 'Ihe station SS has been partitioned into three hypothetical forms: a straight line, a. curve with a spike or a gnxiratic curve. A significant F-statistic indicated that station variation was well-<lescribed by the particular form. .Because the sanpling nethod underestinuted measurement v riance (Error),

the mean square of the interaction term (DxS) was the term against which Date and '**ation mean .

squares were tested. Data were fran ANSP primary productivity nonitoring sttriies in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through Decmber 1980.

. CROSS Pl!OTOSYNTilESIS NET ritOTOSYt!Tl!ESIS

' Source df SS r p, Source df SS r p Date. 2 85378.49 5.23 <0.025 Date 2 37898.56 6.21 <0.025 hStation- 6 60172.69 1.23 ns h Station 6 39312.63 2.15 nn line 1 110.52 ( 14) 0.01 ns line 1 5R60.64 (154) 1.92 ns spike 1 20926.70 (35%) 2.56 ns spike - - - -

fg quad. - - - -

quad. I 14120.50 (36%) 4.63 ns Q-DxS 12 97993.44 - -

% DxS 12 36600.24 - -

['W' % Error 40 216967.93 '- -

Error 40 353597.74 - -

'4 .

Date ..1- 9716.76 1.22 ns Date 1 9994.63 2.45 ns

> Station 6 115958.99- 2.42 ns

• Station 6 66721.63 2.72 ns I line 1 -50316.39 (431) 6.30 <0.05 N lino 1 23139.06 (351) 5.67 ns

. spike 1 38777.50 (33%) 4.86 ns , spike 1 21197.16 (325) 5.19 ns

" quad. - - -

quad. - -

%Dx5 47900.73 6 - -

<C DxS 6 24491.15 - -

Error 28 25986.67 - -

Error 28 11425.05 - -

g Date 3 419539.99 3.95 <0.05 m Date 3 213369.R3 2.8) eis y Station 6 723853.91 3.41 <0.05 N Station 6 521159.60 3.45 <0.025 line 1 -72670.10 (10%) 2.05 nn line 1 7914.85 ( 2%) 0.31 ns spike 1 492048.84 (68%) 13.91 <0.005 spike 1 441702.78 (854) 17.56 0.001 Bi quad. - - - -

quad. - - - -

An xS. 18 636952.95 - -

d.ZDx5 18 452852.16 - -

Eiror 55 177040.73 - -

Error 56 129705.45 - -

Date l' '1330970 29 221.69 <0.005 Date 1 913274.26 147.15 'O.Oni g Station 6 '133071.11 3.69 na 3 Station 6 1096%9.94 1.75 nn a line 1 67180.17 (50%) 11.19 <0.025 z line i 16751.25 ( .14 t ) 7.51 0.n'

. spike 'l 3040.02 ( 2%) 0.51 nn . spike - - - -

8 quad. - - - -

• quad. 1 7426.51 ( 7%) 1.%) ns oDx5 6 36021.92 - -

DxS 6 29279.55 - -

Error 28 55484.13 - -

Error 27 291rl.91 e - -

ns-not significant

Table 5-11. (cont.)

RESPIRATION MET Plf01CSYNTilETIC EFFICIENCY Source dt* SS F g Source df SS P p Date 2 15234.71 0.85 ns Date 2 106.88 2.04 ns Station 6 62123.56 1.15 ns hStation 6 355.31 2.26 ns line 1 3648.82 ( 641 0.41 ns line '

17.04 ( 51) 0.65 ns 8

spike - - - -

spike - - - -

g q uad ,. 1 17003.10 (274) 1.89 ns  % quad. 1 9 '.* . 3 6 (274) 3.71 -

nDxS 12 108092.88 - -

nDxS 12 314.R3 - -

Error 42 419561.77 - -

Error 20 751.46 - -

f p Date 1 1.95 0.00 ns > Date 1 5.07 1.0R ns y g Station 6 9369.28 1.85 ns y Station 6 21.71 0.77 ns 03 line 1 5211.90 (50%) 6.19 <0.05 line 1 7.42 (344) 1.58 ns y spike 1 2633.96 (28%) 3.13 ns d spike - - - -

g quad. - - - -

Q quad. I 1.87 ( 9%) 0.40 ns DxS 6 5054.15 - -

DxS 6 28.12 - -

Error 28 19534.97 - -

Error 13 17.57 - -

3 Date 3 130333.05 10.69 <0.001 m Date 3 12880.00 10.60 <0.005 y Station 6 7662C.56 3.14 <0.05 N Station 6 6546.48 2.69 ns line 1 38052.80 (50%) 9.36 <0.01 '

line 1 6183.53 (94%) 15.26 <0.005 8

spike 1 2573.79 ( 34) 0.63 ns spike 1 28.06 ( lt) 0.07 ns E quad. - - - - E quad. - - - -

5DxS 18 73184.65 - -

SDxS 18 7292.57 - -

Error 55 117701.79 - -

Error 28 2622.80 - -

Date 1 29400.54 7.21 <0.05 Date 1 4830.58 93.(2 <0.005 g Station 6 10347.13 0.42 ns @ Station 6 194.15 0.63 ns z line 1 2133.35 (21%) 0.52 ns z line 1 14.34 ( 7%) 0.2R ns

, spike 1 1056.25 (10%) 0.25 ns . spike - - - -

)4, quad. - - - - E* quad. 1 37.12 (19%) 0.72 ns 6DxS 6 24460.17 - -

ODxS 6 309.89 - -

Error 27 39789.56 - -

Error 11 RS.63 - -

• ns-not significant O O O

i,F I i:  ;! r ' t!' f  !! '

.h ge egoa uc 00 60 6D 24 24 61 61 79 59 I 7 18 39 knrf 34 23 02 2I aihr 1 1 44 23 66 52 74 3 R2

, AI 1 ertu l' pu s ady s re 62 51 48 49 2 05 63 92 H9

. etal 15 74 38 hnug I S

33 22 8 .1 0O

• 2 .

53 11 76 32 7S 14 S6 Cann P I1 l ai

_ nPJs i

r,a 31 H9 57 2O 4O 56 97 7H 19 6H 69

'ses .

• +

nwem 0O.

P 33 22 11 0O O0 42 2I 22 55 97

( - - 1 ooio iPdr t uf art tasd 63 00 40 11 0O 67 49 1 R 25 07 I2 45

. selgn e P R

32 22 1.0 0O 01.

23 00 22 33 46 23 09 1

tcni uia

)

aNrt ob 59 29 43 25 55 5 2 07 34 62 13 06 37 -

' sto ' . . . . . . .

- fi C 63 33 'l 1 O0. 00 33 0O 43 21 06 22 1 26 -

C - - - 1 mf ne -

ior gl me.

(

mC y

wn_o 09 59 46 5 72 20 0B 04 76 84 30 63 ttsi S P

23 14 12 0 O2 55 23 37 48 45 21 1 .9 triet 11 nevta eviat mltcs gaci 29 02 72, 45 73 06 24 24 Om 52 93 iCulh.

p- dpc P 32 25 81 O0 O1 32 22 45 2? 26 24.

F - -

ofoea eorre p

. a' hy .ot

'29 ptnwa 76 - .

69 34 23 01 73 1 O 60 23 9O O7

, ioT B 22 2l. 8 .2 0O OO. 32 12 81 . . . 1 3 55 22 77.

'f nt e L - 81 a

oik .l ' t a

cn.p d n' i a 0 m . g ovl8a 90 8T 14 8O 'O 6 09 96

• 9 4O 79 IG 30 n i p9s . .

i 12.

D M

33 I .1. 23 OO 32 32 1 . 32 G5 I 2 31 s s

taht e o 1 e 11 i

m rtyrt t s hei e n n pb s t a

ei .mo c c Pep .

i d

n yS c m n

l2 R 2 I . l2 l2 l2 S2 !2 !2 R2 R2 R2 oaNeo PP PP P P '. P P PP PP PP PP PP PP PP PP . i EE EE CBADc RR RR ME R 'EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR EE RR . *

- . O' O O

0 O- O- O O O 0 0 O O G 0 R B O H R 9 8- R B 2 N B R R Y N Y O P T V C 1 A E - A P A' U L U E C O E J

6-F l

N 7'

- A B'

H 9

J 3

J' 4I

. A

..5 9

9 0'

5 N

0 D

l 5 1 l ' 2- I 1 ' 1 ' 1 - 2 2 1 2 l e

l b

a

~

T o: >

O

. w3 L@

z s

' ; [Il(pi(!l(IiIL

O perw c,..=

N i i

t

'N '

'o i

Kenwoo'd i Beach s

'N s

Se r.

N.

\ .

\.

io i \

\

Long Beach N.

Flag Pond 'T

~.

! Plant Site

[

casenerg /[\.+W'ume qPlant Site intake N.

3 PLANT \.o l

l SITE Camp Coney ,

\.

N. i

\. t l Rocky' Point

\

\1 i

- i b kil'om.t'.rs S

'o Cove P t  ;

\

'\  ;

1 i l

) i Figure 5-1. Phytoplankton sampling locations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1980.

O 5-40

. . _ _ , _ _ _ - ,_ . .~ ___ _ _ - . _ - . - _ . _ _ - - _ . - - . . . - . . . _ - _ . _ _ _ . ._ _ _ - -

I 1

r

[

l i

i so _

w.

i - 40 -

b g ,

' ~

E l i g.

5 *~

80 '

o- _ _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . . _ _ _ _ _ _ .

i _ so_-

, , , , , j 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 l

Figure 5-2. . Concentration of active chlorophyll a (mg chla m-8) at stations in

• Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during ANSP phytoplankton productivity monitoring studies, January

through. December 1980. Two replicates were obtained from a single surface composite sample at each station.

A tooo;-

800-

9

~

I -

' 600- \

i i

N E

n -

(

o 400- 1 y gn a _ ,

E _

200- i

<t l \ '

- Ie Q  % \ V o _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ - __________.2______

-100 i i i i i i 4976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1975 B 800 600 -

s ,

e n

7'

'E 400- ~

b h

n -

O 1 a

E 200

g o __ _

-tec i i

, , i 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 198o Figure i-3A and B. Gross (A) and n( (B) photosynthetic rates of Chesape e Bay phytoplankton in the vicinity e Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plas . Points represent nearfield monthly me 'a of oxygen flux measurements at seven nearfield stations during ANE' primary productivity Moni-toring studies from 1975 through 1980.

O 5-42

A 200 -

160-I 140*

'g h '

120" l 100- l E - ,

n 80-O _

[ 60 -

~

40-1 _

20 -

p 0 - - - - - - -- - --- --- -------- --

,50 g

-100 , , , , , ,

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 B so-I 70-

! 60

~

T s 50_ .

7 -

E 40 - A N -

Dl o 30 _

20 $

v _

10 -

_30 _ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ________ ______

100 -

i97 5 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 l Figure 5-4A and B. ( A) . Phytoplankton respiration in Chesa-peat.e Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP).

~ Points represent monthly means of oxygen flux measurements at seven nearfield

stations; (B) Net photosynthetic effi-l ciency (net photosynthesis per unit f

. chlorophyll) of Chesapeake Bay phyto-i plankton in the vicinity of the CCNPP.

! Points represent the means of the ratios-at seven nearfield stations monitored

!- monthly during ANSP primary productivity.

l studies from 1975 through 1980.

/~')

V c

43 e

O xs ts t

?  ?

1 1 b l au c= =

, F9  ; CC

? 7 I i recoa: s=:

3 3 u=

=

C9 R9 7 7 1 1

=:

=

o ===4 3 w= m J P M A M J J A SO N O 3 p M A M J J A SON D

- w.ca .ro. - -ome - .um ==

Figure 5-5A. Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell den-sities (cells ml-8 of whole water) in samples from stations in M.e vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-44

~ es s

- i

? fi 1 I' /i i ,

1 f r u  :

b

'e c

i, psi

'i r

L 7

1  !

s ma==t 5 #

6 i

=

h PLA V

i i

T I I am i  :

tL L

i E

I

.._1

runus,asomo I

i l

l Figure 5-5A. . (cont.). Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell densities (cells ml-1 of whole water) in i

samples from stations'in the vicinity of l

Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

i I

O. .

5-45

. . _ . ..-.. , _ - _... _ . _ _ . . - . . _ . . _ . . _ . - . _ . . . _ . - . . . _ . . . . . . - . ~ . _ _ . . _ . . . . . _ . . - . . . . . _

mooe.

' us mooc

[to g

[

,.3 ,.q

,s t,s N \

I  : E [ g s

' \

s a. \

tooor IM, e  :

so<> soar

'M IT mooc. mooe.

f. rp cc

***t '****i 7 , coa'-

9

? sd 1 i r

_. - . I,

..ooo. ,

E E soon- s on-loc loc

, RP , CP i

em - .m 7_ E E

[ {

io sooo i

u i=j g 4

==i-r B J PMAMJJA5OND JPMAMJ JA5ONO su=ce sone. .cas : eure sumca Figure 5-53. Microflagellates. Total undetermined micro-flagellate cell densities (cells ml-1 of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-46

__.._.._.....__-..____._.-_______m -

_____m_- -.__. .

I i

?

6 I

[ PS  !.

10D00:

\

I ,

j e

0 i LOGet i

~ '

i i

l

.e - ,

, PSI }

L l

l 10000t

)

7 E000>

I I

- i I

• $o00 lo soar .

P b

94 %

PLA t,

16000h C

7 S400P i [

=  !

1 l U t C

JPMA4JJA50NO Figure 5-5B.. (cont. ) Microflagellates. Total' undetermined microflagellate cell densities (cells ml-3 of

- whole water) . in samples from stations in the vicinity'of Calvert Cliffs Nu' clear Power Plant,

- January through' December-1980.

1 0;

5-47

no [ Le L

e

- ,_4 ,

,s

.  ; .. i i E '

I

\ '  !

!. \ / a.

v A

u som sooo:

som El 6 \./ i xo, d ie ir

. ooe .coce.

FP " CC

. seco- soo.

1 E r t

i s a t

• "'sook tooo, Soo: 30$

1CO toc Hp OP

- g i l g ***- )

E j$ ,

• ~

s'

& '}l \

u sooo:

"t j

u. '

.= \

f, J FMAMJ J A5OMD J FMAMJ JASONO suspeCE co7 Tost Mioost e- PLuut SURPeCE Figure 5-5C. Bacillariophyta. Total diatom cell densities (cell ml-1 of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-48

t I

]

., sacoc O  :"

4  ? s.ooo- ' I i 1 \

2 1

i soa! g m  :

iac -

t i

so. ace

• PSI 4

$4o0': /I t-sooo: i

'I j 2 f 0 tooe:

.  : d

O -

sa w. Pla 7

tacco; 7 543ol '

1 2

1 v icoo;

. soo:

aruamsiasono Figure 5-5C.'(cont.) Bacillariophyta. Total diatom cell densities (cells ml-1 of whole water) in samples'from stations in'the vicinity of

.Calvert Cliffs Nuclear. Power Plant, January through December 1980.

5-49

- S Coc L8

~ j b s 2 h ;i 8

'9 l ico: /

,J E r

oc ,,

'M _,

pp 1000 ,

7 *d -- socI

' I k 3

• i 3 l v 100: o ,q t

• J io

$ac

. ,, q w $

CP A

'mo: j Y t E

a i i

" ioc: v %

$5

,c i

I fMAMi tASONO gyMAMi iA5ONO c - * "*cs *-ooncu .- ma ,_ o, w,,a Figure 5-5D. Cryptophyta. Total cryptophyte cell densities (cells ml-' of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-50

J

{ som. -

p5 b

icec;

sm-

i 2

"li toc;

. ed

• i 10 N '

..eco.

9 55 '

tooot '

I "E '

b E

E 0 ,oet i E 1

o . , _

to PLA.

t t*"

i i .- soof E (

', =

=

~ 10C=

"C L-8 cl j p g a 4 3 3 A S O f4 3 Figure 5-5D. (cont.)- Cryptophyta.. Total cryptophyte cell

. densities (cells ml-1 of whole . water) in samples-from stations in-the-vicinity of.Calvert. Cliffs Nuclear. Power Plant, January-through December 1980..

O:

51-

KS , LB ,

D 10 1G000:

SO S.00(N i i g, 2 -

2 e t i

V g .

U 1.000 1 SCO- SOOP s

^

100 100 5400C. 50.000 b, F A CC 14000; 14000; E  :

e s=*. _ 50*:

. E k, E 1.00C : 1.000; 5 S B

100 10C S0 SGOOC p RP CP 11 14000 14000:

S000 5000I i ~. I .

o som.

\

f '

i.000.

100 IOC J FMAMJ JASOND J FMAMJ JASONO SURFACE - BOTTOM M100LE o--.- P.1ME SURFER.E Figure 5-5E. Pyrrophyta. Total dinoflagellate cell densities (cells m1~3 of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power riant, January through December 1980.

h 5-52

l I

O -

[ as j, i com s.ooe /

I ( f

! i

, soe

+

t i, i i

ix ww cooeg

[

si socc. '

. i I 2 ,o -

i \ .

+

. u m C

sod

[

g L

toe SG%

m.4 tocco  ; I k i sooo-I -

i U

toco; =

, i g

see I l' J FMAMJJASOND-Figure 5-5E. -(cont.) Pyrrophyta.' Total dinoflagellate cell densities (cells al-3 of whole water) -in samples s from stations'in the vicinity of.Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

5-53

' I KB

• t 4 @-

l

"' LB 60-40-20.

2 i e , , ,

' FB eo-E 2

i i =

-a g

5 "r ec s*

I 4o.

20-

' ' i e 4

• ~ RP oc-en-

'T , ,

"I CP sol 40-to-g t t M O M M MY JtM. JUL. AUCL SEP CCI NOV. MC.

M'M 8"" BCTToss m uspotg wgyug guapg Figure 5-6A. Microflagellates. Percent composition of undetermined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-54

i-O

m. pg so-

4o-2o-P 1 f 1 i f f ,

a i

=

! "~ PSI OS -

$o-

,o

• i p 20-g , , , , , , , , , , , ,

! ' 80 PLA

, so-l 4o-l 20-JAN. FEE MAR. AMt. Maf JUtt JUL. AUG. SEP. OCI Nov DEC.

i Figure _ s-6A.- (cont. )' Microflagellates. Percent composition of undetermined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Jar tary through December 1980.

J d

s I

e i

t

[O i .' s-ss 1

4' i:

4-

O

• ri KB oor 1

40r-1 20"

' LB 60-4c -

to l

'ew[ FP

! 4o-

• ~

o E* CC U

5.

' 4ci.

20-RP oc-40t-20-

, 1

• [ CP

• i,.

4o I

20k I , , , , , , , , , ,

2m rea na 49,1 my m. m avo. sp CCI NoV. OEC.

0-sva ract e-- sof tcas e - weckt **Lunst sumpact Figure 5-6B. Bacillariophyta. Percent composition of diatoms in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-56

i

(

0- l t

l

\

• ' PS so.

ao. .

1 5

$ 7 PSI '

ly 4o-l i-2e--

5 g . . -

E so PLA ,

oo-4o.

2o- r JAss. FM taaft. AMt. aner 3 JUL. AUCL SEF. OCT. *sov DEC  !

~

Figure 5-6B. (cont.)~ Bacillariophyta. Percent composition of diatoms in' samples from stations in the

. vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, i l January through December.1980.  !

J u

e SO l.

! '5-57

~ KB so- h 40-

~ M _- . n

"' LB u._

4; -

20-f -

I t

" FB eo-

{ 4'o-20-g , ,

o E*~CC y so-t 4o.

20-

"IRP so-40-20-

• 'CP 60-4o.

Ns JAN. FEE MAR APft, MAY JUN. JUL. AUCL SER oct NOV. DEC.

• supact w eotions - moots o--*u.ast sumpaca Figure 5-6C. Cryptophyta. Percent composition of cryptophytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-58

t 4

5 i

Lo r l

l L

• f PS J

oo.

40.

20- #

r r r z

e. ~ PSI 0 -

I*00-o * '

l  ;

' so PLA

~

j -

8

.. oo.

I so.

2o-I t 9

i Aa. FER MAR. APR. Mar JUE JUL MA SEP. OCI W - DEC r

I Figure 5-6C. (cont. ) Percent composition of cryptophytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of

, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January.

through December 1980.

. i k

oO i'- _

59

l KB so-40-20

• h' 2k

"' LB

.0-20

, , , . . ,_ _g so pp ec.

20

, ,y g ,

u

e CC yso-t 4o.

20-i r ,

s RP so-40-O

• ~

- CP eO-40-20-

, ,, , ,e way m. u A%.SER OC1 m DEC w gg ,act " SOTTC" Figure S-6D. Pyrrophyta. Percent composition of dino-flagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

O 5-60

_ _m._ _ .. . - _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ . . - .._ _. _ - . _ _ . _ _ . - . -

2  ?

4 i i

4 - j t

O 1

1 1

e i

f a

e

" PS

so-4cw L

i Z

d O so psi

.E.

o

% so. a

.C

-. o 40-

. w.

=

• vn ',

if. ,

!? ' '

. PLA so t ;. ..

40-j '.

, , . . _b J AN. . FES. htAR. APR.' M4r JUN. JUL. AUCL SEP. OCT. NOV DECL -

Figure 5-6D. ' (cont. ) - . Pyrrophyta. Percent' composition of

. dinoflagellates-in samples: from~ stations in '

- the-vicinity of Calvert Cliffs-Nuclear Power p Plant,.' January through December 1980..

i 5'

1:

6 b

t 4-l I

r 4

f k

d .

4 l ._

.-5-61

.(.

d u 1>=* 'w v ear s e * ' *

• 4**sr'4,'v+t-* ?g** e s w e'*W -W'+w-*w

1 O

Appendix A. Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through Decem-ber 1980.

TANDNCNIC GROUP J F M A

• J J A E O N L

• HYLUM CvANCPNVTA CLASS. MYIC'HYCEAE ORDER. NCT NAME0 FAMILY. CSCILLATCRIACEAE MICFOCCLEVS LYW3YACEUS (MUETZING) CROVAN x x - - a x x - x s -

SCHICCTHR!x CA CICOLA (AGApDel GCMCriT z X X x I a a I a a s S8!RULINA SUBSALSA CERSTE0 - - - - - x - - - - - r FAMILY. NCSTOCACEAE C TOC C N VAVCHER - - - - - - - x - - - -

1. dVLUM UN;ETERMINEL PMYLW UNOETER9INEC PHYLUM x x x x x x x x x x x r P=YLUM CMRYSOPHYTA CHR YSCD MYT A - - - - - x - x - - - -

CLASS NANT)OPHvCEAE CROfR CHLCRAMCEBALES FAMILY. C O AMCEBACEAE 12 !ST*3 DISCUS CARTERAE HULBURT - - - - - x - - - x - -

CLISTHCDISCUS SP. - - - - x x x x x - x -

CLASS CHRYSOPHYCEAE CHRYSCPHYCEAE - - - - - x - - - - - -

04CER: Ce4RCMUL1% ALES FAMILV- CHR CMULIMCEAE CA YCOMONAS SP = - - - - - - - - I z -

FAMILY- PEDINEdACEAE A8EDINELLA RADIANS ( LCmAw 3 CAM 8 BELL I - a x x x x x x x x x P SEUDO8E0!NELLA PYRIFORME CARTER x x x x x x x x x x 8 x CRCER- OCHEO N S FAMILY. OCHRCMONAOACEAE CCHRw W S SP x x x x x x x x x x x a CRDER. PRv'*; S ALES FA"!LY: CNCC,.ITHOPMMIDACEAE HYMENOMONAS CARTE'iAE (BSAARUD + FAGERLANDI B R AAR L") I Hv=.E L D S ROSEI&A STEIN - - - - - - - - - - x -

Hv=ENOMONAS E*. - - - - - - - - - - - x CLASS s!LICDFLACELLATCoHYCEAE S!LICCFLACELLATordvCEAE - x - - - - - - - - - -

CRDER SIPHCN3TESTALES FAMILY: DICTYOCHACE AE EBRIA TRIPARTITA (SCHUMANN) LEM9ERMANN - x x - - x - X X X X z PHYLUM. B ACILLAR IOPHYTA CLASS. SACILLARIOPHYCEAE CADER. CENTRIC  !ATC.* S CENTRIC DIATOMS  : 1 x x x x r x x x x x FAMILV: CCSC INCOISC AC E AE CCSCINODISCUS SP. x - - - - - - - - - - -

MELCSIRA VARIANS AGARDn x - - - - - - - - - - -

MELCGIRA SP. I x x x x x - X - - x -

SMELETONEMA CCSTATUM (OREVILLE) CLEVE x x x x x x x x x x x x S C ETONEMA PCTAMCS t aiEE ER ) MASLE I x x x x x x x x x x -

T A ASSICSIRA SP, - - - - - - - - - - X X FAMILv: B IDDULPMI ACE AE O

5-62

O Appendix A. (cont.) Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

TAXONOMIC CROUP J F M A N J J A 5 0 ra D BIDDULPHI A MOSILIENSIS (BAILEY) CRUNOW - - - - - - - - X X - -

BIDDULPHIA SP. X - - - - - - - - - - -

CERATAULINA BERCONII PERACALLO X X X X X X - X X X X 1 DITYLUM BRICrfTWELLII (T. WEST) CRUNOW EX VAN HEURCK - X - - X - - - X X 3 x FAMILY; CHAETOCERACEAE CHAETOCEROS SP. X X X X X X X N X X X X FAMILY; RHIZOSOLENIACEAE RHIZOSOLENIA FRACILISSIMA BERCOW X X X X X X X X X X X y RHIZOSOLENIA SP. I I X X X X - - 3 y - 2 FAMILY; LEPTOCYLINDRACEAE CUINARDIA FLACCIDA (CASTRACANE) PERACALLO - X - - - - - - - - - -

LEPTOCYLINDRUS DANICUS CLEVE X X - - X - - - -

. . LEPTOCYLINDRUS MINIMUS CRAN - - X - X - - X X X X -

FAMILY: CORETHRONACEAE s

b! CORETHRON HYSTRIX HENSEN

.- ORDER : PENNATE DIATOMS PENNATE DIATOMS X X X X X X E X X X X X FAMILY: FRACILARIACEAE ASTERIONELLA JAPONICA CLEVE X -X X X X - - - - r r X FAMILY: NAVICULACEAE ENTOMONEIS 58 X X X X X - x - x X I I NAVICULA SP. .

X - - - - - - - - - - -

FAMILY. NITZSCHIACEAE NITZSCHIA ACICULARIS W SMITH- - - - - - - - - - - - x NITZSCHIA CLOSTERIUM (EHRENBERC) W. SMITH X X X X X X X X X X X NITZSCHIA SERIATA CLEVE X X I X X X X '- X - - -

NITZSCHIA SPATHULATA BREBISSON - - - - - - X X - - - -

PHYLUM CRYPTOPHYTA CRYPTOPHYTA X X X X X X X X X X X X CLASS-. CR YPTOPHYCEAE ORDER; NOT NAMED FAMILY ;CRYPTOMONADACEAE CRYPTOMONAS ACUTA BUTCHER X X X X X X X X X X X X CRYPTOMONAS OVATA EHRENBERC X X X X I I X X X X X X PHYLUM: PYRROPHYTA PYRROPHYTA I X X X X X X X X X X s CLASS: .DESMOKONTAE ORDER: DIfCPHYSIALES FAMILY: DINOPHYSIACEAE DINOPHYSIS ACUMINATA CLAPAREDE & LACmAm - - - - - I - - - - - -

- CLASS- DINOPHYCEAE DINOPHYCEAE- X - X - X X X X X X X^ X ORDER- CYMNODINALES FAMILY: CYMNCDINIACEAE ~

AP9HIDINIUM CRASSUM LOHMANN - =

= ~ - X X - - X X X -

AMPHIDINIUM SP - - --- X - - x --a X-X COCit ODINIUM SP. X X X X X .X X - -X X 7 X CYMNODINIUM PUNCTATUR POUCHET - X X - - - X X x- X -

CYMNODINIUM SPLEI@ ENS LEBOUR- .I- X X X X X x a.I I I X CYMNODINIUM SP- I I X X X X X X X X X-X CvPODINIUM ESTUARIALE HULBURT I X 'I X X X X X X X X X 10

( )

w 5-63

O Appendix A. (cont. ) Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

TAICPCTIO GPO#

- v F M A M J J A S 0 N O GvPOOINIUM $1 I - - - - - - - x x r -

AATC0!NIUF R OTUNO AT'# ( LOPP%NN ) LOE3L10M !!! x x x x x x x x x x x x FAFILY POLVARIkACEAE sOLymR!ACS nOFOIDI CHAT *0N - = - - I I - 1 I I x x CR;ER : PEAIONI ads FAMILY CLENO31NIACEAE GLEN 00!N!va R::TUNOUM (LISCURI SOHILLER x x x x x x x x x x x I OLENODINIU=* $9 I x x x x x x x x x x x

><ETER OOAP SA TRI3VETRA (EHREN3ERC) STEIPs x x x x x x x x - - x x FAMILY: GONYAULACACEAE CONYAVLAx 3!:ITALE (POUCHET) - - - - - I - - - K - -

00NY AUL.A t LONG! CORNU CAFPSELL - - - - - - - - - - x -

GONYAULAI SPINIFEMA (OLAPANE0E & LACHMANN) x x x - I I I I I x x I GONYAULAs SP. x I x x x x x x - x u -

FAMILv: PERIDINIACEAE PERIDIN!VF LE*RESSUM 3AILEY - - - - I x - I I K 1 PERIO!N!UM D!vER0 ENS EMIENSERG - - - - - - - - I - - -

• ERI:!NIUM TROCHCILEUM (STEIN) LEMMERMANN - - x x x x x x - 1 - -

PERIDINIUM SP - - - - 1 I - I z I a x F A*1ILY: OxYTOIACEAE OKYTCIUM SP - = = - - = x x x x x x

1. AMILt CLAOCPYx:ACEAE CLACCPYXIS 34ACH1ll LATA = x = - - - - - - - - -

PHYLL *t EUCLENCPHYTA ELCLENOPwv A 3 x x x x x x x x x s x CLASS. EVCLENCPwYCEAE OR LER EUGLENALES FAMILY' EUGLENACEAE EVTREPTIELLA SP I x - I - I I z I - K x TRACHELOMCNAS SP. - - - - - I - - - - - -

PW LW CHLCRCPaWTA CHLCRCPwYTA - - - - - I - - - - - -

OLASS: OMLORCPwv EAE OPOEa: VCLVC0 ALES FAMILY: OHLAFYOCFCNALACEAE CHLOPCOCN!UP SP - - - - - I - - - - - -

OROER- CHLORCC000AbiS CHLCROO3C0 ALES X - - - - - - - - - - -

FAMILY: OCCYSTACEAE ANm!STRCLESMVS FALCATUS (CORDA) RALFS I z I x x x x x - - - -

RIRCHNERIELLA SP. I - - - x - - - - - - -

F AM ILY: OIO*YCSPHAERIACEAC DICTYOSPMAEsgVM EMPEN"'ER G I ANW %AEGELI - - = = = = = = = - = I OICTYCSPMAEAIUM PVLONELLUM @D X 2 I I I I - - - - - -

FAMILY. SCENE;ESPACEAE SCINECESP'US ACVTVS FEYEN - - - - x - - - - - - -

50ENE0ESPVS GU4ORICAUDA (Tupo!N) 3RE31350N I - - I x - - - - - - -

SCENE 0ESMUS SP - x - x x - - - - - - -

FAMILY- -YOPCO!C*VACEAE PE0!ASTRfA1 OLPLEx a'EYEN - - - - - - - - #

ORLER: ZY ONSauT ALES FA-!LY OCSP:DIACEAE OLOSTERIUF SP - - - - - - - - - - x -

STAuRA$iRue SP z - - - - - - - - - - -

O 5-64

l FISH BOTTOM TRAWLING

-O L)

Michael F. Hirshfield and J. Howard Hixson, III Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction Bottom trawling studies of finfish populations have been conducted in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) on the Chesapeake Bay since 1969. These studies have been directed toward determining seasonal cycles in abun-dance, diversity and ocmrrence of fish species in the vicinity of the power plant (ANSP, '969, 1970, 1971a, 1971b, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 19'/ 9, 1980). The objective of these studies is to document plant-induced changes in the community structure of benthic fish populations. Data from the latest of these studi as, collected from January through December 1980, are presented in this report.

Materials and Methods Samples were collected monthly during 1980 at three sta-(q

~j- tions: Kenwood Beach - (KB), Plant Site (PS), and Rocky Point (RP) (Fig. 6-1). Sampling consisted of duplicate 15-min bottom trawls at all_ stations at 6 , 9- and 12-m depths. After each trawl all species were ' id .ntified (Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928) and counted and up t 50 haphazardly-selected individuals of each species were measured for total length (TL).- If more

'than 1,000 individuals of any species were captured, the total

-number;was estimated volumetrically. Carapace widths of up to 25 blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected while trawling were recorded after each trawl.

Samples were collected with a 7.62-m. semi-balloon trawl, modified -as an otter . trawl. The net had a body and cod-end of 3.17-cm stretch mesh. The cod-end inner liner was made of 1.27-cm stretch mesh. Tow speed was approximately four knots.

Benthic trawls do.not effectively sample non-benthic species, e.g., Atlantic menhaden -(Brevoortia ' tr/rannus) or ' bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), or larger individuals that can outswim the net. Date, time,- depth, weather conditions, tidal stage and direction (with or against ~ tidal flow) were. recorded ;during each trawl.

Surface and bottom temperature ('C), salinity (ppt) and dissolved oxy 9en (ppm) measurements were made at each depth at

. each station.- Temperature and salinity were measured with a

/ Beckman - RSS-3 salinometer; di > solved . oxygen (DO) with a YSI V] (Yellow SpringsjInstrument) dissolved oxygen meter.

6-1:

' pW (

R)^

I e /

d l gg 6 9

[

nts, noc hh BEA

)n,;

,s

'~

U' Q. u g 4

. . . .y Rg 8 g&

LONG '.

BEACH

.c.

0 12 6

....: e..

. :.;;. ' PS CCNPP3,, 9 v2 N

,O Rocky': g$

POINT g

? 2oco Meters Cove PotNT ' '.

Figure 6-1. Fish bottom trawling stations, showing sampling sites at 6 , 9- and 12-m depths, at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) on the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

O 6-2

For each trawl depth, the total number of fish and crabs, hq number of species and measurements of representative individ-uals of each species were tabulated. These data are kept on file at the Benedict Estuarine Reserch Laboratory.

Statistical Analysis Environmental data Bottom' temperature, bottom salinity, and bottom DO levels were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance design (ANOVA) with Month (January-December), Depth (6 m, 9 m, 12 m),

and Station (KB, PS, RP) as main effects. The three-way inter-action term was used as the estimate of error, because environ-mental data were taken only before the first trawl of each pair. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was used to determine if significant overall differences in the three parameters existed among months, depths and stations.

Major fish species The abundances of five dominant species were examined statistically. These are bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tytan-nus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus), and blueback q

V herring'(Alosa aestivalis). These species represent over 99%

of the total number of finfish collected in bottom trawl sam-ples.

Two methods of analysis were used. The first provides a spatial and . temporal analysis of the distribution of these species in the vicinity of the CCNPP. A three-way ANOVA using Month, Depth, and Station as main effects was used as for the environmental variables above. Because duplicate trawls were made for each station-depth combination, the three-way inter-action term could also be evaluated. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was used to evaluate overall differences among months, stations and. depths.

l The second approach ignores the spatial structure asso-ciated with the stations, and treats each trawl as character-ized by ~a measurement of . depth, bottom temperature, bottom

. salinity, .and boicom DO level. The ' abundances of the five

( species are 'Jiewed as . functions of these ' four parameters in a multiple regression model. Since the data were collected over twelve months, the design used is an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA)'. 'By treating. Months as a class variable, and the four environmental variables as independent regressor variables i

(covariates), the'following questions could be asked:

'1.'Was there an overall ~ effect of bottom temperature on

. v; the abundances of each species in trawl samples?

6-3

2. If so, was the effect positive or negative?

3. Was there significnt month-to-month variation in the O direction of the effect of temperature?

4. If so, in what months was the effect of temperature strongly positive or negative?

Bottom DO was treated as a variable with two levels, coded 1 for levels 51.0 ppm, and 0 for values > 1.0 ppm, since it was felt that values 21.0 ppm would have little detectable effect on fish distributions. The actual observed values of the other environmental variables were used. The products of Temperature x Salinity and Temperature x Depth were included in the model and evaluated to determine if they added significantly .o the amount of variation explained by the model.

The first ANCOVA included both Temperature and Temperature x Month terms to determine if significant heterogeneity existed in the slope of Temperature over Months. If significant heter-ogenity existed, the Temperature term was deleted and the model run with Temperature x Month alone, which determined the magni-tude of the effects of temperature for each month. If no significant heterogenity existed, the model was run again with the Temperature term and without the Temperature x Month term, to determine if a significant overall effs-t of temperature exi ned.

Mean lengths of the dominant species were examined to O

determine if any station consistently yielded larger or smaller individuals. The design used is an unbalanced ANOVA (since all species were not represented in all trawl samples). Th.

desiga allows evaluation of overall station effects; Duncan's test could not be used because of the unbalanced design.

Results and Discussion l'hysicochemical Va.iables Tables 6-1, 6-2 and 6-3 present the surface rH bottom values for temperature ( C), salinity (ppt), and DC ipm) by depth at Kenwood Beach, Plant Site and Rocky Point, respec-tively.

ANOVA of bottom water temperatures indicates significant effects of Month, Station, Depth, and the three two-way inter-actions of these terms (p<0.001 for all except Station x Depth)

(Tables 6-4 to 6-7). Duncan's test indicates that the mean temperature for the Plant Site was significantly greater over-all than the means for the other twc stations, which did not differ significantly from each other (Table 6-6). The mean bottom -temperature (all three depths combined) at the Plant Site was 14.l*C, about 0.4*C greater than the value for Rocky g 6-4

Table 6-1. Surface (S) and bottom (B) temperature (*C), salinity

• () (ppt) and dissolved oxygen (ppm) values obtained during trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay at Kenwood

. Beach in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen (C) (ppt) (ppm)

Depth Month B S B S B S January 3.1 3.0 10.1 10.1 15.1 15.6 February 0.6 0.6 14.0 13.4 18.5 18.6 March 2.8 3.0 15.4 15.4 12.4 12.4 April. 6.2 7.3 13.1 9.6 10.4 11.0 May 15.9 -16.3 12.0 11.3 9.0 12.8 6' m June 18.6 21.0 13.3 12.1 1.5 6.4 July- 23.8 24.7 12.7 12.6 7.5 8.9 August- 27.9 28.6 14.0 14.0 3.5 4.7 September 27.3 28.0 16.3 16.1 10.1 11.2 October 20.0 20.0 17.8 17.4 6.9 7.2 November 11.2 10.9 19.8 19.3 8.6 9.8 December 6.4' 6.6 17.9 17.7 17.2 17.3

) January February 3.7 0.9 3.1 0.9 11.9 14.3 10.3 14.2 15.1 18.1 15.5

'18.3 March -2.4 2.9 15.4 15.4 11.8 12.0 April 5.0 7.1 17.7 9.3 9.8 10.4 May 13.0 16.6 14.5 10.7 7.3 10.4 9m June- 17.6 21.9 13.9 11.8 0.7 8.6 July l 22.5 24.6 14.5 12.8 2.5 9.3 August 27.1 28.1 14.1 14.0 . 1. 5 5.3

. September 27.2 27.3 16.1 15.8 11.2 11.0 October 20.2 20.4 16.5 -18.1- 6.2 6.8 November 10.9. 11.0- 17.2 19.6 8.4 9.1 December 6.1 ,6.4 18.7_ 17.6 15.2 17.0

-January l3.4 4.4 .10.4 13.2 15.1 15.8 February 2.9 1.0. ~14.4 -14.4 17.8 18.2-Ma'rch- 2.5 -2.3- 15.4. 15.3 12.7 12.8 April 5 '.~ 4 7.1 18.1 9.1 9.8 11.7 Mayf 15.8 16.5' 14.7 11.7 1.5 10.2-12'm June 17 3 21.7 14.8 11.0 'l . 2 9.8 July- -21.3 23.9 21.4 13.0 0.2 7.9 August 26.0 27.7 I^.4 14.2 0. 5~ 5.1.

September 27.1 27.2 - 26.0' 16.1- 8.4 .10.8 October 21.3 -20.5 19.7- 18.6 5.8 6.3 N_ovember. '11.C 11.0 ~ 20.7 20.1 -7.9 8.9 December ' 7 ., 3 6. 5' 20.0 19.1 -12.4 14.9 n,

U

>6-5

Table 6-2. Surface (S) and bottom (B) temperature ( C), salinity n (ppt) and diasolved oxygen (ppm) values obtained during W trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay at the Plant Site in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Dissolved Temperat"re Salinity Oxygen (C) (ppt) (ppm)

Depth Month B S B S B S

.Tanuary 3.7 4.3 11.0 11.0 15.4 15.8 Feb.uary 2.5 2.7 13.8 13.7 18.1 18.2 March 2.6 2.7 15.1 15.1 11.4 11.8 April 8.6 8.8 12.1 10.0 10.4 10.6 May 16.6 17.0 12.2 11.5 7.5 10.1 6m June 20.9 22.1 11.8 11.5 10.2 10.8 July 24.5 25.1 14.1 13.8 4.4 7.0 Auguct 28.0 28.1 14.6 14.2 2.9 4.7 September 30.1 29.2 15.2 15.7 10.0 13.2 October 20.0 20.6 17.7 17.7 5.1 7.3 Novembr:r 11.5 11.5 20.6 20.5 8.4 8.4 December 7.1 7.6 18.5 18.4 14.0 15.5 January 3.9 3.5 11.5 10.7 14.4 15.0 February 1.6 0.6 13.4 13.2 17.5 18.2 March 2.4 2.9 15.8 15.3 12.8 12.8 April 5.9 7.3 13.7 10.4 9.9 10.8 Mey 13.6 16.7 12.0 11.0 4.2 10.2 9m June 20.0 22.1 13.7 12.4 1.3 8.2 July 24.1 25.3 12.7 12.8 5.9 10.2 August 27.7 29.9 14.7 14.4 3.0 6.5 September 28.8 28.0 16.0 17.0 11.8 11.0 October 19.9 20.4 14.9 17.7 4.7 7.7 November 11.0 11.8 19.9 19.7 8.2 9.7 December 6.7 6.7 19.1 18.4 15.2 17.2 January 3.8 3.4 11.9 10.7 14.8 15.4 February 2.9 1.3 13.5 14.4 17.5 18.1 March 2.0 2.8 15.8 15.3 11.9 13.4 April 5.1 7.7 16.3 9.0 9.6 10.8 May 13.6 16.9 13.9 11.5 8.2 12.4 12 m June 17.9 21.9 15.6 11.9 0.2 7.8 July 25.0 24.9 15.4 12.8 1.6 10.0 August 27.3 29.5 17.9 14.6 0.1 6.0 September 28.1 28.9 16.1 16.1 8.6 12.0 October 21.2 20.3 17.7 17.5 4.7 7.1 November 11.3 11.0 18.6 20.1 0.3 9.2 December 7.7 6.6 20.0 18.3 11.8 17.2 O

6-6

e T&ble 6-3. Surface (S) and bottom (B) temperature ( C), salinity (s)

(ppt) and dissolved oxygen (ppm) values obtained during trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay at Rocky Point in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen (C) (ppt) (ppm)

Depth Month B S B S B S January 3.6 3.4 11.2 11.1 14.8 15.4 February 1.2 1.0 14.4 13.8 17.9 18.2 March 3.4 3.8 15.4 15.4 10.7 11.1 April 8.4 10.5 9.3 11.0 9.6 10.3 May 16.6 16.6 12.0 11.8 9.8 10.4 6m June 22.1 21.8 11.5 11.5 10.1 10.8 July 24.3 24.4 13.5 13.4 6.8 7.3 August 27.9 28.1 14.9 14.9 3.9 4.3 September 25.9 26.0 15.5 15.1 9.1 10.1 October 19.6 19.8 14.6 17.8 6.3 7.4 November 11.4 11.5 20.6 20.6 8.6 8.6 December 6.7 6.6 18.5 18.3 15.6 15.4 r;

~

January 4.7 3.6 14.* 11.3 14.4 15.4 February 1.7 1.2 15.1 14.4 16.5 17.1 March 3 .' 5 3.7 15.7 15.7 10.8 11.2 April 5.8 8.6 14.5 8.3 9.8 10.5 May 16.5 17.0 12.0 11.6 9.4 10.2 9m June 21.8 21.9 11.5 11.5 10.2 10.0 July 21.6 24.1 19.8 13.4 0.5 7.6 August 27.2 28.3 16.4 14.8 2.7 4.7 September 26.1 2f .8 16.9 15.9 8.4 10.6 October 19.4 19.8 15.9 17.6 5.9 7.7 November 11.4 11.3 20.9' 20.7 8.1 8.5 December 6.7 6.5 18.7 18.4 15.0 15.5 January 3.8 3.4 14.9 10.9 14.8 15.4 February 0.8 0.9 15.4 14.1 17.1 19.1 March 2.8 3.8 15.1 15.7 11.1 11.8 April 5.3 7.8 17.0 8.8 11.0 10.8 May 15.2 17.4 13.8 11.5 6.8 10.5 12 m June 16.3 21.9 18.2 11.4 10.1 11.1 July 21.4 20.9 20.7 13.8 0.5 7.2 August _ 25.7 27.6 19.8 14.5 0.2 4.3 September 26.5 27.0 16.2 16.4 8.4 10.3

' October 20.9 20.1 18.6 17.7 0.7 6.5 November 10.9 11.4 21.4 20.5 7.8 8.7 December 6.9 6.4 20.5 18.3 12.4 15.2 i

6-7

Table 6-4. Results of 3-way ANOVA of bottom temperature, bottom a salinity, and bottom dissolved oxygen levels recorded W during trawls in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Bottom Bottom Bottom Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen Effect D.F. SS P SS P SS P Month 11 9091.8 0.0001 544.7 0.0001 2380.0 0.0001 Station 2 8.8 0.0005 11.3 0.0145 5.9 0.3806 Depth 2 11.3 0.0001 103.1 0.0001 86.0 0.0001 Mo X Stn 22 31.9 0.0009 54.2 0.0221 168.5 0.0036 Mo X Depth 22 40.8 0.0001 93.8 0.0002 70.3 0.4037 Stn X Depth 4 6.3 0.0201 13.9 0.0335 2.0 0.9531 TOTAL 107 9212.0 874.2 2843.0 0

0 6-8

... . ~ . . .-- . . - . - . ~ -. ~- . -- ~ - ._-

Table 6-5. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test comparisons of bottom

/~ temperature, bottom salinity and bottom dissolved oxygen

\~} ?

over months from data recorded during trawls in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Means with' the same letter are not significantly different.

Bottom Bottom Bottom Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen Month x. Grouping x Grouping x Grouping Jan 3.74 H 11.90 G 14.88 B j Feb 1.68 J 14.26 E 17.67 A '

Mar 2.71- I 15.46 CD 11.73 C Apr 6.19 G 14.64 ED 10.03 D i May 15.20 E 13.01 F 7.08 E Jun 19.17 D 13.81- EF 5.06 F Jul 23.17 B 16.09 CB 3.32 G Aug 27.20 A 16.20 CB 2.03 G Sep 27.46- A 16.03 CB 9.56 D Oct 12iO.28 C 17.04 B 5.12 F Nov 11.27 F 19.97 A 7.37- .E

-Dec .6.84 ~G 19.10 A 14.31 B 6

J -

+

t-3 I

.w.. -

9

, aw - - . - - - v

Table 6-6. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test comparisons of station vs. bottom temperatures, bottom salinity and bottom dissolved oxygen from data recorded during trawls in lll the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980. Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Bottom Bottom Bottom Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen Station i Grouping i Grouping i Grouping Kenwood Beach 13.4 B 15.7 A 8.9 A Plant Site 14.1 A 15.2 B 8.8 A Rocky Point 13.7 B 16.0 A 9.3 A O

O 6-10

(g Table 6-7. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test comparisons of depth

()- vs. bottom temperatures, bottom salinity and bottom dissolved oxygen from data recorded during trawls in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980. Means with the same letter are not significantly different.

Bottom Bottom Bottom Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen Station' i Grouping i Grouping i Grouping 6m 14.2 A 14.6 C 10.0 A 9m '13.6 B 15.4 B 9.1 B 12 m 13.5 B 16.9 A 7.9 C 6-11

Point (13.7*C) and 0.7 C greater than the value for Kenwood Beach (13.4*C). The significant Station x Month interaction was apparently generated because the Plant Site was warmest in $

six of the 12 months studied, while Rocky Point was warmest in four months and Kenwood Beach in two months. The 6-m depth was significantly warmer than the 9-m or 12-m depths (which did not differ) by approximately 0.7'C (Table 6-7). The significant Month x Depth interaction was apparently generated because the 12-m depth was warmest in four of the months. At Rocky Point the 12-m depth was warmer than the 9-m depth, while at the other two stations the reverse was true, which resulted in a weakly-significant Station x Depth interaction.

ANOVA of bottom salinity indicates that Month, Depth and the Manth x Depth interaction were all highly significant (p<0.0002), while the Station, Month x Station and Station x Depth interactions were less significant (p<0.05; Tables 6-4 through 6-7). The Plant Site had a significantly lower mean salinity (15.2 ppt) than Rocky Point (16.0 ppt) and Kenwood Beach (15.7 ppt), which did not differ significantly (Table 6-6). The significant Month x Station interaction indicates that this pattern did not hold for al. months. The mean salinity decreased from 16.9 ppt at 12 m, to 15.4 ppt at 9 m and 14.6 ppt at 6 m. Salinity values for all three depths differed significantly (Table 6-7). This pattern is not iden-tical at all stations or for all months.

ANOVA of bottom DO levels indicates that Month, Depth and @

the Month x Station interaction were significant (p<0.005; Tables 6-4 through 6-7). Bottom dissolved oxygen levels de-creased from a mean of 10.0 ppm at the 6-m depth, to 9.1 ppm at 9 m, and 7.9 ppm at 12 m; all three values differ significantly (Table 6-7). The rank of the mean DO levels at the three stations was RP>KB>PS (Table 6-6). These values did not differ significantly, and the rank order varied substantially from month to month.

Community Composition Dominant species at each station included bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tytannus), Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) and blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) (Table 6-8).

These species made up at least 99.0% of all fish captured at the three stations during 1980. Winter flounder (Pseudopleur-onectes americanus), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) and white perch (Norone americana) were among the more abundant of the remaining species collected; however, they represented a very small percentage (>1.0%) of the overall total.

O 6-12

() Table 6-8. The abundance and percent of the total catch repre-sented by each of the five most abundant fish species collected in monthly bottom trawls (6 , 9, and 12-m depths combined) at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

KB PS RP Species #  % #  % #

}  %

Anchoa mitchilli 48468 84.5 73769 91.8 42935 88.6 Leiostomus xanthurus 2783 4.9 4680 5.8 2833 5.8 Brevoortia tyrannus 5588 9.8 638 0.8 642 1.3 Micropogon undulatus 35 0.1 772 1.0 1284 2.7 Alosa aestivalis 193 0.3 179 0.2 309 0.6 Remaining species 221 0.4 332 0.4 479 1.0 Total # fish' 57288'100.0 80370 100.0 48482 100.0 1

q- .

4 f -

6-13

Station Abundance Total numbers of fish collected during the year by depth e

and station are presented in Table 6-9. Numbers collected at the Plant Site were lower at the 6-m depth and higher at the 9-m and 12-m depths when compared to Kenwood Beach and Rocky Point. Total numbers were similar at Kenwood Beach and Rocky Point for the 6-m and 12-m depths. At the 9-m depth, Rocky Point yielded the smallest numbers, and the Plant Site the largest.

The total numbers of finfi sh collected at each depth by station and month are presented in Tables 6-10 through 6-12.

At the 6-m depth at all stations the majority of the fish were collected from May through November (Table 6-10). Kenwood Beach and Rocky Point totals for the year were similar; the total catch at the 6-m depth at the Plant Site was much lower for the year than at the other two stations, with over 1000 individuals collected in only one month (May). Largest numbers at the 9-m depth were collected between April and November at Kenwood Beach, and between May and November at the Plant Site.

Numbers were distributed fairly evenly through the year at 9-m at Rocky Point (Table 6-11). The 12-m depth yielded the high-est totals for each station, and was heavily dominated by bay anchovy. The majority of fish at the 12-m depth at all sta-tions was collected from September through November.

The total number of species collected during the year by station and depth are presented in Table 6-13. At the 6-m depth the largest number of species was collected at the Plant Site station. Species collected solely at the 6-m depth at the Plant Site were white perch (Morone americana) and naked goby (Gobiosoma bosci). Spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) was the only species captured solely at the 6-m depth at Rocky Point.

Tidewater silverside (Menidia beryllina) was the only species collected solely at the 6-m depth at Kenwood Beach.

At the 9-m depth, species collected only at the Plant Site included oyster toadfish (opsanus tau), striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus), butterfish (Peptilus triacanthus), and southern kingfish (Menticirrhus americanus). Species collected only at Kenwood Beach at the 9-m depth included bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), tidewater silverside, and Northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus). No species were collected only at Rocky Point at the 9-m depth.

No species were collected only at the Plant Site at the 12-m depth. Two species, striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulosus), were captured only at the 12-m depth at Rocky Point. One species, naked goby, was collected at the 12-m depth only at Kenwood Beach.

A total of 25 species was collected at the Plant Site at all depths during 1980 (Table 6-13). At Rocky Point and at g

Kenwood Beach, 23 and 21 species were collected, respectively.

6-14

i Table 6-9. Total number of fish collected during hottom trawling studies-in the vicinity of the Calveri Cliffs Nuclear l

h. Power Plant, by station and depth, 1980.

i 2

I i i 1

Depth i -Station 6m 9m 12 m i.

Kenwood Beach 14443 11578 31167 I

- Plant SiteL 3863 21564 54943 i- Rocky. Point 14842 5370 28270 I

i I-1-

4 i

..~

IO i

i r

,' I l -

+

i~

r f . .

._ 0

!,:; D, . :

E. . ~ .

j:_

16 -15

{.'.

~

~ . . .-;.-... - . ~ - , . . , . . . . . . . _ ~ . . . . ~ --- . . - - , , _ . . - . . , - . . - , , - . . . . - .

Table 6-10. Total number of fish collected during trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, by station at the 6-m depth 1980.

lll Station Month KB PS RP January 4 11 66 February 12 2 27 March 13 2 5 April 0 6 12 May 744 1124 2302 June 0 168 637 July 231 689 800 August 846 163 2326 September 4644 342 4764 h October 432 470 367 November 7319 880 3363 December 198 6 173 Total 14443 3863 14842 9

6-16

. . ~. _ _ _ _ _ . ___ __ _ . . _ __ _ _ _ __ _

2 e

Table 6-11. Total number of fish collected during trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, by station at the 9-m depth 1980.

i-Station Month' KB PS RP January 10 26 396 February 21 40 222 March 7 340 253 April 5122 22 109 May 2624 1155 103 June 35 0 0 July: -751 1772 673 August 1258 2078 34 3

September 404 9040 1569 October 196 1692 854 November- 1108 5380 482-December 42 19 675 Total 11578 21564 5370 A

. '%) '.

~

'6-17 d

w, ., . . a

,.r-- ~w -.c ,, - - - -

Table 6-12. Total number of fish collected during trawling studies on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, by station at the 12-m depth, 1980.

llh Station Month KB FS RP January 101 3 319 February 129 100 446 March 14 34 549 April 0 292 107 May 575 115 1096 June 112 0 0 July 191 293 311 August 0 1080 20 September 27888 10920 19942 I October 409 246 1231 November 1705 41791 2841 December 43 59 1408 Total 31167 54933 28270 l

1 6-18 i

Table 6-13. Total number of fish species collected during bottom trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs s

Nuclear Power Plant, by station and depth, 1980.

e Kenwood Plant Rocky  !

Depth Beach Site Point -

6m 16 20 17 9m. 15 19 14 12 m 16 17 19 Total all depths 21 25 23

. c r

x

-G: +

6-19 L

Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) catch data (Table 6-14) indicate that at all stations the largest number of crabs was 3 collected at the 6-m depth, and the smallest at 12 m. Totals W were much lower for 1980 than for 1979 (ANSP, 1980).

Major Finfish Species A1osa aestivalis (blueback herring)

ANOVA of blueback herring abundances indicates that all terms except Depth were significant at least at p<0.01 (Tables 6-15 through 6-18). No blueback herring were collected from May through November (Table 6-16). Significantly more blueback herring were collected at Rocky Point than at the other two stations, which did not differ significantly (Table 6-17). The interaction terms involving Month were significant because of the pattern generated by the di fference between months when no individuals were caught and those when some blueback herring were caught. The significant Depth x Station interaction resulted because most individuals were caught at the 6-m depth at Kenwood Beach, at 9m at Plant Site, and at 12 m at Rocky Point.

ANCOVA of blueback herring abundances indicates no signif-icant effect of any environmental variable. Analysis of mean lengths of blueback herring indicates significant dif ferences among months, but not among stations. g Anchoa mitchilli (bay anchovy)

ANOVA of bay anchovy abundances indicates that all terms were highly significant (p<0.001 except for Station x Depth)

(Tables 6-15 to 6-18). Significantly more anchovy were caught at Rocky Point than at the other two stations, which did not differ significantly (Table 6-18). Significantly more anchovy were collected at the 12-m depth than at the other two depths, which did not differ significantly (Table 6-18). These pat-terns were not consistent over all months; for example, the Plant Site yielded the largest catches for three months. The significant Station x Depth interaction resulted because the fewest anchovies were collected at the 6-m depth at the Plant Site, while fewest were collected at 9 m at the other two stations.

ANCOVA of anchovy abundances indicates significant hetero-geneity of the effects of temperature among months. The other interaction terms, including temperature, were not significant.

The final model included Month, Depth, Temperature X Month, Salinity, and Dissolved Oxygen terms. This model explains 86.7% of the total variation in anchovy abundances; 83.3% of the total is due to variation among months. The effect of Depth was positive and significant (p<0.005). The e f fect of g Dissolved Oxygen was positive and weakly significant (p<0.02), W 6-20

Table 6-14. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) catch data from (m bottom trawling studies in the vicinity of the U) Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, by station and depth, 1980.

Kenwood Plant Rocky Depth Sex Beach Site Point 6m d 16 77 42 9 14 89 y 60

)

9m d 23 30 11 9 3 33 14 12 m d 3 10 10 9 1 5 5

(^') Total d 42 117 63 mj 9 18 127 79 l

l i

s 6-21 u-

Table 6-15. Results of 3-way ANOVA of trawling catch data of major fish species collected in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

E f fect Blueback herring Anchovy Menhaden Spot Croaker Total Fish SS P SS P SS P SS P SS P SS P Month 25.4 0.0001 839.5 0.0J01 79.7 0.0001 262.3 0.0001 94.3 0.0001 686.6 0.0001 Station 4.1 0.0037 41.3 0.0001 5.0 0.1233 16.8 0.0010 9.1 0.0001 27.8 0.0001 Ch

[ Depth 0.6 0.3934 22.2 0.0007 8.4 0.0317 3.4 0.2267 9.1 0.0001 6.9 0.0941 to Mo X Station 15.5 0.0085 150.9 0.0001 51.3 0.0115 151.5 0.0001 39.1 0.0001 85.2 0.0004 Mo X Depth 33.8 0.0001 155.9 0.0001 63.9 0.0012 143.6 0.0001 40.5 0.0001 164.6 0.0001 Stn X Depth 7.8 0.0004 25.4 0.0021 5.2 0.3553 16.9 0.0073 7.7 0.0001 21.3 0.0072 Mo X Stu X Depth 37.3 0.0001 179.7 0.0001 78.7 0.0425 175.2 0.0001 41.8 0.0001 214.9 0.0001 TOTAL 161.6 1567.2 419.6 893.1 263.5 1362.4 O O O

.ev ,m. p (f V U I

4 -

1 Table 6-16. . Duncan's New Multiple Range Test comparisons of months vs.. major fish species collected by trawling in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

q -

. Month _Blueback herring , Anchovy Menhaden , SM , Croaker Total Fish a Grouping x Grouping .x Grouping x Grouping x Crouping x Grouping

, Jan 0.35 BC 1,63 CH 0.69 BC 0.57 FE 0.35 D 2.75 E

. Feb - 0.63- BA 2.26 CF 1.32 BA 1.22 CDE 0.76 C 2.97 E

.@ Mar 1.00 A- 2.31 CF 0.30 C 0.00 F 0.00 E 2.76 E i I

.U Apr 0.40 BC 1.35 H 1.44 BA 0 00 F 0.00 E 2.45 E May 0.00 C 5.45 C 'O.71 BC 2.31 B 0.00 E 5.58 B Jun 0.00 C 0.86 H- 0.73 BC 0.96 DE 0.00 E 1.59 F Jul c0.00 C 4.30. DE 2.00 A 2.49 B 0.00 E 5.37 CB Aug- 0.00 C 3.89 E 1.38 BA 1.88 CB 0.12 ED 4.66 C Sep- 0.00 C 7,19 A 0.28 C 0.76 FDE 0.00 E 7.19 A Oct . 0.00 ' C 5.02 DC 0.00 C 1.44 CD O.00 E 5.32 CB Nov 0.00 'C 6.24 8 0.14 C 3.97 A 2.24 A 7.17 A Dec 0.73 'BA 2.64 F 0.25 C 0.71 FDE 1.12 8 3.83 D

Table 6-17. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test comparisons of stations vs. major fish species collected by trawling in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Station Blueback herring Anchovy Menhaden Spot Croaker Total 'sh x Grouping x Grouping x Grouping x Grouping i Grouping x Grouping Kenwood Beach 0.11 B .\.13 h 0.66 A 0.96 B 0.14 C 3.90 B Plant Site 0.23 B 3.47 0 0.67 A 1.56 A 0.36 B 4.25 B f Hocky Point 0.44 A 4.18 A 0.99 A 1.55 A 0.64 A 4.77 A m ..

a O O O

"O O O-Tab.e 6-18.- Duncan's New. Multiple Range Test comparisons of depth vs- major fish species collected by trawling in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Depth Blueback herring Anchovy . Me'haden n Spot Croaker Total Fish 7 Grouping .I Grouping- x Grouping i Grouping i Grouping x Grouping 6m 0.18 A 3.47- B 0.50 D 1.40 A 0.11 C 4.07 B

~9m 0.30 'A 3.28 B 0.94 A 1.50 A 0.43 B 4.34 BA

^f n

12 ' m 0.29 A' 4.04 A- 0.88 A 1.19 A 0.61 A 4.50 A

. U1

indicating that, on the average, more anchovies were collected when DO levels were i:1. 0 ppm.

significant.

The effect of Salinity was not The overall effect of the Temperature x Month g

term was highly significant (p<0.0005). In three months the e f fect of temperature was significant and positive (January, p<0.025; June, p<0.005; and August, p<0.0001). The effect of temperature was not significantly negative in any month.

Analysis of mean lengths of anchovy indicates significant

, differences among months and depths, but not consistently among stations.

Brevoortia tt]rannus (Atlantic menhaden)

ANOVA of menhaden abundances indicates highly-significant effects of Month and Month x Depth (p<0.002) and significant e f fects of Depth, Month x Station and Month x Station x Depth (p<0.05; Tables 6-15 through 6-18). Abundances at the Plant Site were intermediate between the other twc sites, although none differed significantly (Table 6-17). Significantly fewer menhaden were caught at 6 m than at the other two depths (Table 6-18). The weakly-significant Month x Station and Month x Statlosa x Depth interaction terms indicate that the pattern of abundances varied from month to month, but not strongly. The significant Month x Depth interaction term indicates that in some months, the 6-m depth did not yield lowest abundances.

ANCOVA of menhaden abundances indicates significant effects of Depth (more anchovy were collected in deeper water),

h but no other environmental variables had significant effects.

Analysis of mean lengths of menhaden indicates significant differences among months existed but no consistent differenceF among stations were apparent.

Leiostomus xanthurus (spot)

ANOVA of spot abundances indicates that all terms were significant (p at least <0.01) except for Depth (Tables 6-15 to 6-18). Kenwood Beach yielded significantly fewer spot than the other two stations, which did not differ significantly (Table 6-17). The highly significant interaction terms involving Month are partly because in two months (February F.nd March) no spot were caught, while Kenwood Beach yielded the largest numbers ef spot. The Station x Depth interaction resulted because the fewest spot were collected at 9 m at Rocky Point, while most spot were collected at that apth at the other two stations.

ANCOVA of spot abundances indicates significant month to month heterogeneity of the effects of temperature. A model testing Month, Depth, Temperature x Month, Salinity and Dis-solved Oxygen indicates that Depth and Salinity were not sig-nificant. Dissolved Oxygen had a weakly-significant (p<0.02) negative effect; fewer spot were collected whea DO levels were g

6-26

$1.0 ppm. The overall effect of Temperature x Month was not n strong (p<0.04); in June the effect of ranperature was weakly ij positive (p< 0.% ), while in November the effect was more strongly negstive (p<0.01). There were no significant effects of temperature in any other month, although slopes in nine of the ten rr;maining months were positive in sign.

A r.odel including these terms and Temperature x Salinity provides a better fit. In this model, Salinity had a highly-significant (p<0.0002) positive effect, while the interaction term of Temperature x Salinity was highly significant and negative. The overall effect of Temperature x Month was highly significant (p<0.0001); five months (April, May, June, Septem-ber and October) had higt 1 y-significant positive effects of temperature. In November the effect of temperature was nega-tive (p<0.025).

Comparison of these two models indicates that the pattern of spot abundances was associated in complex fashion with temperature and salinity. Although the overall effects of temperature and salinity were positive, when the two were both high the positive effect was reduced. The strong negative slope in November was due to large eJambers of spot having been collected at Rocky Point at the 12-m depth and at the Plant Site at 9 m. These two sites had relatively low bottom water temperatures (Tables 6-2 and 6-3).

q Analysis of mean lengths of spot indicates significant

~d ifferences among months and depths, but no overall difference V.

among stations.

Micropogon undulatus (Atlantic croaker)

ANCOVA of croaker abundances indicates that all terms were highly significant (p<0.0001; Tables 6-15 to 6-18). The sig-nificance of all terms including Month resulted from croakers having been collected in only five of 12 months (Table 6-16).

All three stations differed significantly, with abundances ranked RP>PS>KB (Table 6-17). Croaker abundances at all three depths differed significantly, with abundances ranked 12 m>9 m>6 m (Table 6-15). There was a significant Station x Depth interaction term because most individuals.were collected at the 12-m depth'at Rocky Point, while at the other two stations most individuals were collected at 9 m.

ANCOVA of croaker abundances shows significant heteroge-

-neity of the effects of Temperature -among months. Since croaker were caught in only five months, the effects of temper-ature~ are meaningful only for these five. In November, the effect of temperature .was negative and highly significant (p<0.0001). This pattern resulted primarily because' large numbers of croaker were collected at Kenwood Beach at the 12-m depth and at.the Plant-Site at 9 m; these two sites had rela-O_

a tively low values for bottom temperatures (Tables 6-1 and 6-2).

6-27

1 1

The overall values for Temperature, Salinity, and Tempera-ture x Salinity have the same pattern for croaker as for spot. g This result is, however, in large part an artifact of the W attempt to fit the model to those months when croaker were absent.

Analysis of mean lengths of croaker shows significant differences among months but no overall difference among sta-tions.

Comparison to 1979 In general, salinities in 1980 were substantially higher than in 1979 (ANSP, 1980). Although similar total numbers of fish were collected in both 1979 and 1980, the species composi-tion of the catches differed substantially between the two years. Although bay anchovy was the most abundant species collected in both years, the numbers collected increased by approximately 75% in 1980, and the percent of the total repre-sented by anchovy increased from under 50% in 1979 to almost 90% in 1980.

Spot was the second most abundant species collected in boti: years; however, the number of spot decreased in 1980 to only 11% of the number collected in 1979. Spot represented approximately 45% of the total number of fish collected in 1979, but only 6% of the total in 1980. g Menhaden, croaker, and blueback herring were all substan-tially more common in 1980 than in 1979, while winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and hogchoker (Trinectes macu-latus), both abundant in 1979, were rarely caught in 1980.

Blue crab catches in 1980 were very low, representing only approximately 4% of the numbers collected in 1979.

Conclusions During 1980, the Plant Site station had significantly higher bottom temperatures and significantly-lower bottom salinities than the other two stations, although the magnitude of the di fference was not great. Abundances of the major finfish species at the Plant Site were intermediate for all species except spot, which were most abundant at the Plant Site. Spot collections at the Plant Site were not signifi-cantly greater than that at Rocky Point, however. Analysis of the relationship between bottom temperatures and abundances shows few consistent effects. In almost all cases where effects were evident, the effect of temperature on abundances was positive. There is no evidence that the CCNPP had any constant effects on the abundances of finfish in this section of the Bay.

O 6-28

Although total numbers of fish collected in 1980 are

,3 similar to those observed in 1979, the com;'ositicn of the U collections differs substantially. PMre bay anchovy. menhaden, croaker, and blueback herring were collected in 1980 than in 1979. Fewer spot, winter flounder, hogchoker, and blue crabs were collected in 1980 than in 1979.

Literature Cited Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). 1969.

Fish trawl survey. Progress report I for the Baltimore Gas and I:lectric Company. September 1968-February 1979.

17 pp.

. 1970. Fish trawl survey. Progtess report II for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. March 1969 to August 1969. 12 pp.

. 1971a. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Progress report III, September 1969-August 1970 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. 22 pp.

. 1971b. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Progress report IV, September 1970-August 1971. Special Scientific Report No. 045. 41 pp.

1973. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

'(n/

Progress report V, September 1971-August 1972 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. 45 pp.

. 1974. Chesapeake Bay fish survey (bottom trawling).

Progress report VI, September 1972-August 1973. Special Scientific Report No. 083. 53 pp.

. 1975. . Chesapeake Bay fish survey bottom trawling.

Pages 11.1-140 to 11.1-186 in Non-radiological environ-mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, September 1973 through December 1974 for the Balti-more Gas and Electric Company. Academy <f Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

. 1976. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

Pages 8-1 to 8-50 in Non-radiological environmental moni-toring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January

-1975 through December 1975 for the Baltimore Gas and

- Electric l Company. Mademy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia.

. 1977. Ches&peake' bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

.Pages 8-1 to 8-56 in Non-radiological environmental moni-

'toring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January w 1976 through December _1976 for. the Baltimore Gas . and -

\ Electric ' Company. Academy of Natural: Sciences of Phila-

[V . delphia.

6-29

l 1

l l

l l

. 1978. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Fish bottom trawling. Pages 8-1 to 8-37 in Non-radiological environ- g mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power W Plant, January 1977 through December 1977 for the Balti-more Gas and Electric Company. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

. 1979. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Fish bottom trawling. Pages 8-1 to 8-77 in Non-radiological environ-mental monitoring report, ralvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January 1978 through December 1978 for the Balti-more Gas and Electric Compcny. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

. 1980. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Fish bottom trawling. Pages 6-1 to 6-22 in Non-radiological environ-mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January 1979 through December 1979 for the Balti-more Gas and Electric Company. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Hildebrand, S. F., and W. C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institute Press. Washington, D. C. 388 pp.

O O

6-30

. _ _ . ..._- _ _ _ .- . _ - . . . . _ ~ _ _ - - . . , _ ___ _ . - - - - - _

BLUP '* 9 STUDIES

George R. Abbe s Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory ll Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 9

Introduct. ion For nearly a canU3ry the blue crab Callinectes sapidus has been the basis of an important commercial fishery in the Chesa-peake Bay and i;s tributaries. During the past 40 years the

! annual catch has averaged nearly 60 million pounds valued at more than $3 million. From 1965 to 1975 the average annual i catch. -increased to - almost 72 million pounds valued at $7.5 million, but with reduced catches in the late 1970s the average annual catch from 1968 to 1978 decreased to 60.4 million pounds

, (U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1970a, b; National Marine i Fisheries Service, '1972-1979a, b); however, dockside value continued to increase and averaged $8.7 _ million annually for this period. The need to protect a fishery of this size and economic importance is apparent.

. Blue crabs ' have a high thermal' tolerance. Tagatz (1969)

! has shown that at : salinities slightly lower than those at Calvert Cliffs, 50% of the crabs acclimatd at 22*C wil; survive I -

48. h at' a temperature of 36.9'C. Burton (1978) has also demon-m strated high thermal tolerance in blue crabs. Since maximum temperatures near ' the discharge' of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear

.- Power Plant (CCNPP) are ' several degrees ' below this (Naiman,

.Hixson, Land Capizzi, 1978), it seems reasonable.to assume that crabs would not be. killed by heated . effluents discharged from the plant. However,. sublethal temperatures may affect distri-

, bution of the - population, so that numbers of crabs, ' or their-sizes or. . sex ratios may be changed from normaly distribution

[ patterns. Because fluctuations in the annuallabundance of blue i

crabs are common ~(Pearson,=1948; Van Engel,-1958; Tagatz, 1965; f Abbe, 1973), this. study was designed to examine the abundance,

, seasonality, sex ratios, and size-frequency distribution of the crab population in . the vicinity ;of .-the - CCNPP over several i

. years, Land' to . ascertain wh(ther .any - significant . changes in these factors'.might result from its operation.- -

F t.2erials and Methods-

^

- Program Design 7

Commercial; techniques 1. (Van . Engel, 1962) and'~ crab-pots of 25-mm -(1-in) meshE were used ito ~ sample a the crab population at-l-

~

- Kenwood Beachc(KB), the-Plant' Site (PS),o and. Rocky Point _-(RP) p  ;(Fig. l)- from Jearly iMay until ' late fall, when cold tempera-y tures " reduced crab; activity 'soi that . they could no' longer -be l ' ,

4 /

4

^'

v '

1 Y 3 I

~: ;e KEit *CO y &

6 BE * -

'b f.

~

g K8 {',-

g 46

%()

d - y3 "4

• d4 R:,

5 $ [k t.C5G $

BEACH' ,

l.;.:

S:. 01 P, ,-S

-v.9.. .:.-

' '.: e .

CCbPP[i; 1

1 RCCKY'.

PO;NT $ pp i - 5' .

0 2000 - ,'.':;

ueters a: .

COVE POINT -

ygge 7_q ,

Locations of crab pots at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Eite (PS), and Rocky Point (RP) in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 through 1980.

O 7-2

.- . . . _ ~ . . . _ _ -=.- - - .- . __ .- - - . - _ . . --

t v

i caught with pots. (In 1980 crabbing continued through the i third week of November. ) Most commercial pots have 38-mm (1 l A in)' mesh and will generally not hold crabs smaller than 76 mm

~V- (3 in) in width. However, the smaller mesh used in this study allowed some crabs less than 51 mm (2 in) wide to be caught.

1 L

Pots were fished every other wcek throughout the season.

• During those weeks, five pots were fished for four days at each ,

station (weather permitting) .

Pots were set in 2-4 m of water and were baited daily with menhaden or alewives.

]' Bottom temperature and salinity were determined daily at each station with a YSI Model 33 S-C-T meter, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined with a YSI Model 57 dissolved oxygen meter.

I The following information was derived from the catch:

1. Total number of crabs

! 2. Number of pots fished l

3. Mean number of crabs per pot

! 4. ' Percent catch at'each station

5.- . Total weight (kg) i

6. Mean weight.per crab (g) l 7. Number of legal-size crabs'(2127 mm) l

8. -Number of non legals (<127 mm)

9. Percent legal-size crabs ,

10. Mean number of_ legal-size crabs per pot

, .11. Mean width across.. lateral-spines (mm)

' Q' -- 12. Number of males-crabs

, 13 . - Number of female crabs

14. Percent maleLcrabs- "

I ' Statistical Analysis

[ 'Some of -.the .vaiables of ~ this study were analyzed using 'a

! . blocked _ analysis - of _ variance design with .the following model:

t'

~

.y = p +;a + p + c where y = reponse variable

-p.= overall mean- .- .-

a = station effect.

~

p = date effect

{ and -c.= random error.

The~ responses analyzed by,this-procedure were:

, tl.; log (number _ of crabs' + 1/ number of pots) i 2.< . log (number of males +' 1/ number of _ pots)

3. log (numberzof females'.+'l/ number of. pots)

v. 4. -log'(number'of legalJcrabs +'1/ number.of pots), .

. O-v - ,

7-3 2

4

-- - , , ,- , > ,e ,,v e - m ? --,yn- e m- ~~

5. Total weight of males / number of pots

6. Total weight of females / number of pots 7.

8.

Total weight of crabs / number of pots )

Arcsin (Jpercent males)

W

9. Mean width of males

10. Mean width of females

11. Mean width of total crabs Results and Discussion 3980 The size of the 1980 and 1981 crab poM1ations in Chesa-peake Bay was predicted by W. Van Engel of the Virginia Insti-tute of Marine Science to be the lowest in 20 years (Hirzel, 1980). Van Engel based this prediction on heavy rainfall and subsequent runoff in late 1979 which eliminated many larvae and juveniles from the lower Bay. The crabs which make up the commercial population during any given year are usually from the two previous year classes: the majority caught early in the year are from 2 years before, and those caught late in the year are from the previous year. Thus the spring 1980 crabs would have been from the 1978 hatch, and the fall 1980 crabs would have been from the 1979 hatch. Van Engel predicted that commercial crab landings from Maryland and Virginia would total only about 40 million pounds from September 1980 to August 1991 (Hirzel, 1980), and based on the number of juvenile craos observed during the present study this may be a good estimate.

He also predicted that only about 25 million pounds (about g

two-thirds the normal catch) would be caught through August 1980. Ihis was a good estimate as 25.6 million pounds were actual.y landed during this period (Virginia Marine Resources Commis3 ion, 1980). However, this was not far below the 26.7 million pounds landed during the same period of 1979. If there was a large difference in commercial landings between 1979 and 1980, it occurred late in the year.

Based on results of the present study, the abundance of crabs during 1980 in the vicinity of the CCNPP did not appear to be unusually low. The total catch for 1980 was 3,494 (Table 7-1), well below the total for 1979 but above many years during the 1970s (see Fig. 7-7). Crab catches were small early in May, but began to increase almost immediately (Fig. 7-2). The number of crabs caught per pot increased from 2.39 in May to 3.29 in June, and climbed to 4.77 in July. A slight decline during August and September was followed by the peak of 6.92 per pot in October before a sharp drop to 2.76 in Ncvember resulted from the rapid onset of cold weather.

Water temperature decreased much more rapidly in the fall than it increased in the spring (Fig. 7-3). From early May tr mid July, a perid of 10 weeks, the temperature rose about 10*C.

However, from late September to mid November, a period of 8 7-4

-i O

Table 7-1. A comparison of blue crab catches based on number, carapace width, weight and sex of crabs, and the 4

number of pots fished at three stations near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay during 1980.

4 Kenwood Plant Rocky Grand Beach Site Point Total Mean Total number of crabs 1,014 1,305 1,175 3,494 Number of pots fished 283 289 289 861 crebs per pot 3.58 4.52 4.07 4.06 Percent at each station 29.4 37.1 33.4 99.1 Total weight (kg) 187 235 216 638 Weight per crab (g) 184 180 184 183-Legal-size crabs (2127 man) - a27 1,070 982 2.679 sub legal (<127 aus) 187 235 193 615 Percent legal-size crabs . 81.6 82.0 83.6 82.4 Legal-size crabs per pot 2.92 3.70 3.40 3.34 Mean width (sus) 147 149 150 149

, Number of males $27 475 462 1,454 Number of females 487 830 713 2,030 Percent males 52.0 36.4 39.3 41.9

.J w

7-5

~'

. . - .a .

1 l

\

O 12 - 1 KENWOOD BEACH l.1

- ,i ll PLANT SITE l 'i 10 - e i ROCKY POINT l i

p. 9 -

l )

O ,

a 8 -

l? . 't, e ,. .i ta a,,

7 -

.*. \,

6 - -t 8

< 5 -

. .v .,

s N /-

i..'

).

1- .

& 'A

. r -s. '.

o 4 .

y .\ '. .; ,-l .

%. , ',:.i N. . -

~ .. . r

', 'b.

s g,

3 -

2 .

X,f . -

,r.:

t -

I i i i i e i h MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Figure 7-2. Mean number of crabs caught per pot during each sampling week at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1980.

O 7-6

O 1

30

/  %

25 -

, ^%y.

o. e i w ,6% \r x 20 .

,y o .\

f W l' 'Q.

( ,#  %

g

o. I5 -: s 2 -

i w \

F KENWOOD BEACH i

10 -

PLANT SITE

- - ROCKY POINT O , , , , , ,

MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Figure 7-3. Mean weekly bottom water temperature (based on up to five daily readings) at three stations in'Chesa-peake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1980.

O -

7-7

. . _ . , , - . ., . . . . . _ . . _ _ - - . . . _ _ _ _ . - . - . , .__ _ _ . __ ._.. _ ,_ . ~

weeks, the temperature dropped 16 C. This decline is also much more rapid than normally seen in the fall. By comparison, during the same period of 1979 the temperature fell only 9.2 C and did not reach the mid-November 1980 level until the first g

week of December 1979 (Abbe, 1980).

The number of crabs caught each month was about 500, except nearer 300 during May and November, and just over 800 'n October when the females were migrating down-bay. The cumula-tive monthly total number of crabs caught during 1980 was similar to 1979 through September. However, the number of crabs caught during October and November 1980 (1,100 crabs) was much lower than the number caught during the same months in 1979 (2,800 crabs). Perhaps the 1978 year class really had run its course and the 1979 year class could not compensate the loss. By the end of 1980 the total of 3,494 crabs was a 39%

reduction from the 5,741 caught in 1979. A total of 861 pots were fished, yielding 4.06 crabs per pot (Table 7-1), a 38%

reduction from the 6.53 crabs per pot in 1979. Mean width and weight were 149 mm and 183 g, respectively. Legal-size crabs (i:127 mm) made up 82.4% of the total and males accounted for 41.9%.

Station KB produced 29.4% of the total (3.58 crabs / pot),

PS produced 37.1% (4.52 crabs / pot), and RP produced 33.4% (4.07 crabs / pot). The mean weekly catch at each station (Fig. 7-2) was analyzed using the blocked ANOVA, but no station differ-ences were detected. Analysis of catch by sex also showed no difference among stations. -

h The mean size of crabs was 146.9 mm at KB, 149.4 mm at PS, and 150.3 mm at RP (Table 7-1). Males at KB, PS, and RP were 145.6, 142.9, and 140.8 mm, respectively; females at the same stations averaged 148.4, 153.2, and 156.5 mm, respectively.

The difference between the mean sizes of males and females was much greater at P.! than at KB, but no statistically significant differences were detected between stations for size of either sex.

Male crabs were heaviest at KB (201 g) followed by PS (189

' g) and RP (184 g). Weights of females showed the opposite pattern with heaviest females at RP (183 g) followed by PS (175 g) and KB (165 g). Thus the greatest difference between the weights of males and females was at KB while at RP the mean weights of the two sexes were about the same. The weights of males and females caught per pot were analyzed separately.

Males showed no difference among stations with 380, 310, and 290 g per pot caught st KB, PS, and RP, respectively. Females, however, did show a station effect with PS (500 g) and RP (450 g) both significantly greater than KB (280 g) (p=0.019).

Males made up 52.0% of the catch at KB, but only 36.4 and 39.3% at PS and RP, respectively (Table 7-1). Analysis of 9

7-8

these data revealed a nearly significant station effect (p=0.061). KB generally had a higher percentage of males than h, the other stations. During 10 of 13 years since 1968 KB had the highest percentage of male crabs (Fig. 7-4). However, in 1980 the percentages at PS and RP were far lower than normal which must have been due to the higher salinities which occurred during mgst of 1980. Salinity at Calvert Cliffs but averaged about 12.0 foo from 1969 to 1979 (Abbe, was above this from late June 1980 on and wasinabove prep.),g/oo 15 during much of that period (Fig. 7-5). The ratio of females to males in the population of a given area increases with increas-ing salinity (Lippson, 1973 . Souza et al. (1980) stated that in salinities above 10-12)/oo, males and females occur in approximately equal numbers. At lower salinities males are generally more abundant. The higher salinities at Calvert Cliffs during 1980 must have been the main factor for the 41.9%

male percentage, the lowest in 13 years (see Table 7-7).

The percentage of legal-size crabs at each station during 1980 is shown in Figure 7-6. This percentage followed the same trend at each station during the season and the overall per-centages for the year were similar with 81.6% at KB, 82.0% at PS, and 83.6% at RP. The overall 82.4% for all stations was slightly higher than the '7.5% of 1979 (Abbe, 1980) and was probably due to reduced numbers of juveniles in 1980 because of the poor reproductive year in late 1979 (Hirzel, 1980). No station differences were detected.

-13 Tables 7-2 through 7-5 list the number and weight by sex V

of the crabs caught each week during 1980. Weekly station means (crabs per pot) showed a general but slow lacy. ease during most of the year, but fluctuated considerably during this time with the different stations often showing opposite trends (Fig.

7-2).

From 1968 through 1979 a total of 59 adult females bearing eggs (sponge crabs) was caught among 17,401 females (Abbe, 1980). During the 1978 and 1979 seasons only one sponge crab was seen although 4,476 females were collected. Truitt (1939) stated that sponge crabs are seldom seen north of the Rappahan-nock River in Virginia (about 50 mi down-bay from the CCNPP) except during dry years. Durit.g 1980, 32 sponge crabs were taken among 2,030 females, also a probable result of the higher salinity. Eighteen were caught during July, nine in August, four in September, and one in October. Only two sponge crabs were taken all season at KB while 18 were caught at PS (15 of these in July), and 12 came from RP.

Dead crabs were found in pots on two occasions in 1980, both at . KB . On 2 June (Monday), when the. pots were baited, several- dead crabs were discovered. The discolved oxygen (DO) concentration at that time was 0.1 mg/l (Table 6 ) . On 29

- August a red tide was observed at KB and the DO was 2.9 mg/1;

V

+

eight dead crabs were 'among the 39 caught. Low DO conditions 7-9

O 10 0 90 -

g 80 -

CD

• W 60 *

,/ -

%- - - - - w - '= h '+. . ,',,. . *, ' ' '

y 50 -

"~ "

• \ rc,,, %... A w 40 Z

~'" --' 'y.

d x 30 KENWOOD BEACH w -----+ PLANT SITE Q- 20 -

ROCKY POINT 10 -

t 1 f I t t t t t 1 t t t 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 9 Figure 7-4. Percent of annual catch made up of male crabs at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 through 1980.

O 7-10

I lO 1

t i

20

.e.=....... ,

. s si  %

/ f,%,. . . .. . ~ . ... ' . %. :.  %,f I5 -

N---

• /

h /'

>- f ',.

e  !

t- l 0 -

z

] i-

$ KENWOOD BEACH

5 -

---

PLANT SITE ,

ROCKY POINT i

t i i i 1 l 1

MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV  ;

i

! Figure 7-5. Mean weekly bottom water salinity (based on up to f

five daily readings) at three stations in Chesa-f- peake Bay near'the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power

! Plant during 1980.

B

^

i

.i 11

'i

)

s 1

O i?

! 7-11 7

I d, f -' . -,...- .-.. -. .,.--._:...-......-..-.-.--.-......-

l l

l i

O 10 0

...r.....

././.. . .7

' ,. 'Th, ri' Y..

<n to 80 - /

o

.'\. -: ~ s '

a: [

i o ' '

i.

'g .

w

• i N 60 -

y, t, so  :, ,

a

< 8 e

w 40 . 7%, *l, s s

.- \

H \! &

W z s' KENWOOD BEACH w Y

@ 20

---

PL ANT SITE w

n. -

ROCKY POINT f f f 1 I I MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV Figure 7-6. Percent of catch made up of legal-size crabs (1127 mm) during each sampling week at three stations in Chesa-peake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1980.

O 7-12

1 t

O

. Table 7-2. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1980 at Ken-

wood. Beach in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the

-Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

i Males Females 1 week of No. 3 N.

J H. No. Pots Crabs / pot 5 May 80 23 1.84 34 3.35 20 2.85 19 May 80 11' 1.15 27 3.40 20 1.90 2 Jun 80 26 2.87 41 4.08 17 3.94

, 16 Jun 80 32 5.08 16 2.72 20 2.40 30 Jun 80 16 3.11 27 5.41 15 '2.87

'14 Jul 80 68 15.25 38 7.40 20 5.30 28 Jul 80 26 - 6. 40 - 16 .3.00 20 2.10 11.Aug 80' 47 10.10 26 3.85 19 3.f4 25 Aug 80 81 16.80 38 5.80 20 5.95 8 Sep 80 63 13.10 36 6.80 20 4.95 22 Sep 80 36 6.42 46 8.70 20 4.10-6 Oct 80 35 -8.20 46 8.80 20 4.05

' 20 Oct 80 : 44 '11.85 52 10.46 17 5.65 3'Nov 80 14 2.98 36 5.80 20 2.50

-17 Nov 80 5 0.98 9 0.95 15 .0.87 Total 527- 106.13' 487 _.80.52. 283 Mean. 35.1- 7.08 32.5 5.37. 18.9 3.58

, r%

A..

7 _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ . _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - ..___

O' Table 7-3. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1980 at the Plant Site in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Males Females Week o f: No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / pot 5 May 80 14 1.64 14 1.37 20 1.40 19 May 80 25 2.82 56 6.08 20 4.05 2 Jun 80 46 4.20 45 4.57 20 4.55 16 Jun 80 21 3.35 42 5.66 19 3.32 30 Jun 80 13 2.12 43 7.42 15 3.73 14 Jul 80 42 8.05 54 10.40 20 4.80 28 Jul 80 23 5.50 73 13.70 20 4.80 11 Aug 80 70 14.10 39 6.11 20 5.45 25 Aug 80 39 7.55 41 7.20 20 4.00 8 Sep 80 22 4.10 42 7.61 20 3.20 22 Sep 80 19 3.55 48 8.90 20 3.35 6 Oct 80 24 4.17 103 18.40 20 6.35 20 Oct 80 65 16.62 178 36.70 20 12.15 3 Nov 80 50 11.90 52 11.10 20 5.10 17 Nov 80 2 0.25 0 0.00 15 0.13 Total 475 89.92 830 145.32 289 Mean 31.7 5.99 55.3 9.69 19.3 4.52 O

7-14

__________._.___m - _. _ . _ - . _ _ . _ _ _ _ - - - - - - _ _. . _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ - _

l r

O i

Table 7-4. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1980 at Rocky Point in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Males Females Week of N J. 3 No. 3 No. Pots Crabs / pot

5 May 80 9 0.76 14 1.25 20 1.15 19 May 80 21 2.24 39 4.55 20 3.00 2 Jun 80 29 3.56 30 3.20 20 2.95 16 Jun 80 .36- 5.35 23 3.29 20 2.95

( '30 Jun 80 9 1.07 35 5.90 15 2.93 14 Jul 80 l42 9.50 92 18.57 20 '6.70

^

28 Jul 80 24 5.90 70 13.90 19 4.95 11 Aug 80 39 7.40 40 .7.38 20 3.95 25 Aug 80 42 7,00- '29 5.30 20 3.55.

8 Sep 80 71 11.80- 18' 3.96 20 4.45 22 Sep 80 49 6.80 -28. 5.72 20 3.85 6 Oct 80 17 3.20 '85 16.72 20 5.10.

20 Oct 80 41 12.26 120 24.57 20 8.05 3 Nov 80' 29 7.50 81 15.30 20' >

5.55 17 Nov.80- l4 0.55 8' l.G5 15 0.80 i

Total 442 85.19 713- 130.66 289  ;

Mean- 30.8 .5.68 47.5 8.71 19.3- 4.07.

.g 17-15,

O Table 7-5. Total numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1980 at all three stations in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Males Females Week of NJ . $. M. W J. No. Pots Cr_ abs / pot 5 May 80 46 4.24 62 5.97 60 1.80 19 May 80 57 6.21 122 14.03 60 2.98 2 Jun 80 101 10.63 116 11.85 57 3.81 16 Jun 80 89 13.78 81 11.67 59 2.88 30 Jun 80 38 6.60 105 18.73 45 3.18 14 Jul 80 152 32.80 184 36.37 60 5.60 28 Jul 80 73 17.80 159 30.60 59 3.93 11 Aug 80 156 31.60 105 17.34 59 4.42 25 Aug 80 162 31.35 108 18.40 60 4.50 8 Sep 80 156 29.00 96 18.37 60 4.20 22 Sep 80 104 16.77 122 23.32 60 3.77 6 Oct 80 76 15.57 234 43.92 60 5.17 20 Oct 80 150 40.73 350 71.73 57 8.77 3 Nov 80 93 22.38 170 32.20 60 4.38 17 Nov 80 11 1.78 16 2.00 45 0.60 Total 1464 281.24 2030 356.50 861 Mean 97.6 18.75 135.3 23.77 57.4 4.06 9

7-16

O Table 7-6. Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/1) in bottom water and the occurrence of crab mortality at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1980.

June 2 3 4 5 6 16 17 18 19 20 30 Kenwood Beach 0.1* 3.8 - 9.1 8.4 7.8 8.9 8.2 7.1 3.5 6.6 Plant site 2.2 3.2 6.4 7.8 7.8 7.4 8.6 6.7 7.0 4.8 4.5 Rocky Point 8.2 2.1 7.4 8.4 9.7 7.8 8.4 7.1 7.3 5.8 6.6 July 1 14 15 16 17 18 28 29 30 31 Kenwood Beech 8.3 7.6 4.7 2.9 1.6 6.0 7.2 6.4 9.4 7.9 Plant Site 7.5 6.1 5.0 3.4 2.1 1.9 7.6 7.3 8.4 7.9 Rocky Point 7.3 6.3 4.6 4.2 4.5 4.3 5.3 7.0 7.8 7.0 August 1 11 12 13 14 15 25 26 27 28 29 Kenwood Beach 6.1 5.6 3.6 6.8 3.7 4.7 7.5 6.2 5.2 4.3 2.9**

~ Plant Site 5.9 5.3 3.6 6.4 5.6 3.9 6.5 7.4 7.3 4.9 4.8 Rocky Point 6.6 6.4 4.9 6.7 6.0 5.5 6.9 6.6 7.6 6.1 5.8 Sep' e r 8- 9 10 11 12 22 23 24 25 26 Kenwood Beach 7.6 9.3 6.8 7.8 7.1 4.1 3.9 6.0 5.7 5.5 Plant Site 7.2 6.9 5.7 6.9 5.9 4.3 2.7 6.3 5.8 5.8

, Rocky Point 7.2 8.2 6.8 7.3 6.6 5.0 3.5 6.8 5.5 5.8 October 6 7 8 9 10 20 21 22 23 Kenwood Beach 7.6 9.0 8.0 7.9 10.6 8.4 8.1 8.2 -

Plant Site '7.9 7.7 7.2 7.2 8.8 8.2 7.5 8.3 8.7 Rocky Point 7.8 7.9 6.9 6.9 8.8 7.8 7.9 7.5 8.1

• Some crabs were dead, but since the pots hadn't been fished in more than a week, no count was made.

~ **8 of 39 crabs were dead.

l l

l l

l i

i r

b-

~( )I 7-17 I

i

and related crab mortalities are not common at KB, but have occurred much more often at that station over the years than at the other stations (Abbe, 1976, 1979). The lowest DO concen-trations at PS and RP were 1.9 and 2.1 mg/1, respectively, but h

these levels did not result in mortalities. It is therefore probaMe that crab mortality at KB on 29 August was not caused by the 2.9 mg/l DO level measured, but by lower DO concentra-tions occurring prior to the time of measurement.

1968-1980 Table 7-7 summarizes the blue crab catches made in the Calvert Cliffs area of Chesapeake Bay from 1968 through 1980.

Table 7-8 lists numbers of males and females, their weights, and the mean number caught per pot at each station during this period. In 13 years, 9,656 pots produced 42,038 crabs (4.35 crabs per pot), of which 53.8% were males and 76.5% were legal-cize. Considerable variation in annual catch size, individual size, and sex ratio is evident from Tables 7-7 and 7-8. These fluctuations are due to normal changes in population structure and probably are unaffected by the power plant.

Mean numbers of crabs per pot by station by year are illustrated in Figure 7-7. Station values were generally similar except during 1972-74 when KB showed greater variation than elsewhere. In 13 years, pots at KB produced an average 4.25 crabs per pot (32.5% of the total), while PS produced an a cverage 4.31 crabs per pot (33.0%), and RP produced 4.50 crabs W per pot (34.5%) (Table 7-8). It is apparent that these per-centages are almost the same and no statistically significant difference exists between them (p>0.05).

The average number of crabs caught per pot by station has chown no meaningful change between preoperational (1968-74) and operational (1975-80) periods. The overall preoperational mean for all stations combined was 4.06 crabs per pot whereas the operational mean was 4.34. During the preoperational period the average catch per pot at KB was 4.06 (33.3%), at PS 3.94 (32.3%), and at RP 4.18 (34.3%). Since commercial operation began in 1975 KB has averaged 4.19 crabs per pot (32.2%), while PS and RP have averaged 4.36 (33.5%), and 4.46 (34.3%), respec-tively.

The mean total weight per pot of males and females caught ct each station each year are presented in Table 7-9. When these data were analyzed using the nonparametric Friedman rank cum test (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973) no differences were detected for either sex.

Although weights of both sexes were similar among sta-tions, the percentage of males was not (Fig. 7-4). An analysis of variance applied to the 13-year data set revealed a signifi-cant difference (p=0.009) between the 57.2% males at KB and the g 7-18

p/

c u 'V Table 7-7. Summary of abundance, size and sex composition of crab catches near the Calvert_ Cliffs Nuclear Power' Plant.in Chesapeake Bay from 1968 through

-1980..

1968 '1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total number 239 2033- 1557 '4764 3046 3059 3970 4902 2045 2092 3476 5741 3494 Total weight (kg) 48 367 240 711 449 480 632 778 392 378 552 864 638 Weight per crab'(g) 200 132 154- 150 145 159 159 159 138 181 159 150 183 Number 2 127 mm (legal size) 206 2006 1191 3620 2202 2388 2942 4009 1922 1739 2601 4450 2879

'f H

@ Number < 127 mm (sub legal)- 33 827 366 1164 844 671 1028 893 923 353 875 1291 615 Percent 2 127 mm 86.2 70.8 76.5 75.7 72.3 78.1 74.1 81.8 67.6 83.1 74.8 77.5 82.4 Number males 158 1995 962 2660 1800 1753 2366 2381 1245 1082 1707 3034 1464 Number females 81 838 -595 2124 1246 1306 1604 2521 1600 1010 1769 2707 2030

. Percent males 66.1 70.4 61.8 55.6' 59.1 57.3 59.6 48.6 43.8 51.7 49.1 52.8 41.9 Total pots fished 281 470 616 730 754 855 817 923 840 750 880 879 861 Number of crabs per pot 0.85 6.03 2.52 6.55 4.04 3.58 4.86 5.31 3.39 2.79 3.95 6.53 4.06 i- ' Legal-size crabs per pot 0.73 4.27 1.93 4.96 2.92 2.79 3.60 4.34 2.29 2.31 2.96 5.06 3.34

O Table 7-8. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female crabs, numbers of pots, and average number of crabs per pot caught at three stations during 1968-1980 in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Kenwood Beach Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 1968 57 11 24 5 99 0.82 1969 677 88 296 36 154 6.32 1970 394 65 209 27 207 2.91 1971 911 144 662 87 236 6.67 1972 541 85 290 37 247 3.36 1973 573 113 200 28 281 2.75 1974 996 184 562 86 279 5.58 1975 834 130 769 110 308 5.20 1976 406 56 476 65 275 3.21 1977 391 84 312 51 245 2.87 1978 491 82 461 73 284 3.35 1979 957 156 1,01 % 150 291 6.91 1980 527 106 487 81 283 3.58 7,755 1,304 5,802 536 3,189 4.25 Plant Site Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 1968 39 8 18 4 96 0.59 1969 720 96 270 34 156 6.35 1970 230 35 190 29 197 2.13 1971 771 117 629 85 247 5.67 1972 602 95 472 60 252 4.26 1973 632 103 572 78 296 4.07 1974 743 122 468 63 267 4.54 1975 827 139 708 133 307 5.00 1976 409 57 482 63 282 3.16 1977 347 69 361 56 253 2.80 1978 630 102 757 111 300 4.62 1979 1,002 150 776 108 295 6.03 1980 475 90 830 145 289 4.52 7,427 1,183 6,533 969 3,237 4.31 9

7-20

Table 7-8 (continued) . Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female crabs, numbers of pots, and average number of crabs per pot caught at three stations during 1968-1980 in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

)

Rocky Point

! Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 1968 62 14 39 7 86 1.17 1969 598 78 272 35 160 5.44 1970 338 .55 196 30 212 2.52 1971 978 157 833 122 247 7.33 1972 657 99 484 -75 255- 4.47 1973 548 79 534 79 278 3.90 1974 '627 96 574 82 271 4.43

/" * ~1975 720 116 1,044 150 308 5.73 7( . 1976' 430 59 642 92 203 3.79 1977 344 64 337 54 252 2.70 1978 586 '100 551 83 296 3.S4-1979- 1,075- .172 877 129 293 .6.66

.1980 462 85 713~ 131 -289 4.07 7,425 1,174 7,096 1,069 3,230 4.50 i

All Stations Combined Males Females i

No. Wt. No. -Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 1968- 158 33 81 15 281 0.85

'1969 1,995 262 838 105 470 6.03 1970 962 154 595 87 616 2.52 1971 2,660 418 2,124 294 730 6.55 1972 1,800- 278- -1,246 171 754- 4.04 1973 1,753' 295~ 1,306 185 855 3.58 1974 2,366 402 1,604- '230 817 4.86 1975 2,381' 385' 2,521 393 923 5.31'

1976 1,245- 172 '1,600 220 840 3.39 1977 1,082 217 1,010 161 750 2.79 1978 1,707 285. 1,769 .267 880 3.95' 1979 3,034- 478 -2,707 386 879. 6.53 1980 1,464 281 2,030 357_ 861 4.06

'22,607- ~ 3,660 19,431 2,871 9,656 4.35 j

D, -

+ ^' N, ,)

7-21 7 -_

O g . KENWOOD BEACH

---

PLANT SITE 8 -

-- - 90CKY POINT 7

[ .' .

H O

a. 6 -

(r 9 ,sh N W 5 -

.', o ..

,.' i  %

a- .,

j ~;-

~

,,y+...., \

.~,

$4 -

'\s  ! ' ~ :'

\ ,'

<t .'

,' ~ '.

63 -

\.j[/

sga

\  %[

2 -

I I f f f I f f f f f I f f 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 0

Figure 7-7. Annual mean number of crabs caught per pot at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 through 1980.

l O

7-22

_ , _ . _ _ . . _- . _ . - _ _ _ _ . m..___ __. .._. _ - _ ._-_. _ . - . .._ _. . _ __ _ . . _ . _ . ..

i 4

i 101 4

i i

h. Table.7-9. Mean total weight (kg) of male and female crabs per pot caught each year from 1968 through 1980 (

-a t three stations.in Chesapeake Bay near the

j. Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

i I I r

Males Females '

}.

KB PS RP KB E3 RP 1968 0.11 0.08 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.08 1969 0.57 '0.62- 0.49 0.23 0.22 1970- 0.22

} -0.31 0.18 0.26 0.13- 0.15 0.14

.1971' O.61 0.471 - 0.64 0.37 0.34 0.49 1972 a

0.34' O.38 0.39 0.15 0.24 0.29

[

1973 '0.40 -0.35 0.28 0.10 0.26 5;

0.28

1974 ~ 0.66 0.46' 0.35 0.31 0.24 0.30 k~~ 1975 0.42 : .0.45

~

'O.38 . 0.36 0.43

>1976 0.49 0.20 'O.20 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.33 1977 -

.0.34 0.27. 0.25 0.21. 0.22

.0.21.

1, 1978' . 0.29. 0.34 - 0.34: 0.26

i. -1979 0.54 0.51 0.59 0.52

. 0.37 0.37 0.28 0.44 j .1980 10.38 0.31 0.29 0.28 0.50 0.45 +

Mean.- 0.40 - 0.36 0.36 0.25 0.28 - 0.31 t

[

i

t. , .

j-.

8 k

r i_ i

t. t t

(l e-i h -

}

i.

f 2

. 4

=7-23 I

^,4- -

$ Cy6=fw..p g gg  % g q ,e g e ,,,q, . , ,,g,.- 4' W er'vhY

51.1% males at RP. The 53.2% males at PS did not differ significantly from either station. The same station effect was evident when 1968-74 data were analyzed separately, but no h station differences were detect.ed during the operational period (p=0.43). An analysis of covariance (Hicks, 1973) using logit-transformed data (Cox, 1979) revealed a significant decrease in the percent males since 1968 (p<0.001). The analysis also revealed no differences in the rate of decrease among stations (p=0.89); thus the decline has occurred equally at all sta-tions.

Annual percentages based on catch per unit effort (i.e.,

crabs per pot) have ranged from 25.6 to 38.5% at KB, from 22.9 to 39.1% at PS, and from 30.0 to 45.4% at RP. In 1980 the 29.4, 37.1, and 33.4% of the total collected at KB, PS, and RP, respectively, fell within these ranges.

Except for a higher percentage of males at KB than at RP, no statistically significant differences between stations were detected for variables in crab populations.

Summary and Conclusions During 1980, 861 crab pots yielded 3,494 crabs (4.06 per pot), a 38% decrease from the 6.53 caught per pot in 1979.

Legal-size crabs made up 82.4% of the total, and males ac-counted for 41.9% of the catch. This male percentage was the g lowest in 13 years of study and apparently was related to W increased salinity during 1980. The PS station was the most productive with 37.1% of the total, followed by RP with 33.4%,

and KB with 29.4%; no statistically significant differences between stations were detected for this variable. Stations were also tested for differences in percent males, percent legal-size, mean width of each sex, and mean weight of each sex, but none was found (all p>0.05) .

In 13 years of study a total of 9,656 pocs was fished and 42,038 crabs were caught (an average of 4.35 per pot fished).

Of these 76.5% were legal-size and 53.8% were male. Annual station percentages based on the number of crabs caught per pot have ranged from 25.6 to 38.5% at KB, from 22.9 to 39.1% at PS, and from 30.0 to 45.4% at RP. Station KB produced 32.5% of the 13-year total, while PS and RP produced 33.0% and 34.5%, re-spectively.

Variation in catch size between stations has been moderate over time, but other than a higher percentage of males at KB than at RP, no statistically significant station differences were detected during preoperational (1968-74) or operational (1975-80) periods. There has, however, been a significant decrese in the percent males caught at each station since 1968.

While many of the variables showed changes from year to year, the variability appeared to be normel fluctuation in population structure and not related to plant operation.

g 7-24

Data from 7 years of preoperational study and 6 years of operational study show no evidence that the CCNPP has had any G adverse effect on the abundance, distribution, size, or sex b/ ratios of blue crabs in the vicinity of the plant in Chesapeake Bay.

Literature Cited Abbe, G. R. 1973. Catches of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) from 1968 to 1971 in the area of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. . Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 125:189-196.

. 1976. Blue crab studies. Pages 9-1 to 9-23 in Semi-annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, March 1976. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. 1979. Blue crab studies. Pages 9-1 to 9-25 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1978. Balti-more Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. 1980. Blue crab studies. Pages 7-1 to 7-25 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1979. Balti-more Gas E and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

'/ '] Burton, D. T. 1978. The response of two estuarine Crustacea

. exposed to . time-temperature changes simulating once-

.through,- 10 C ' AT, . power ~ plant . condenser entrainment.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Rep. No. 78-30. 22 pp.

-Cox, D. R.- 1970. Analysis of binary data. Chapman and Hall, London. 142 pp.

Hicks, C. R. 1973. Fundamental concepts in the design of experiments. . Holt, . ' Rinehart and Winston, NY. 349 pp.

. Hirzel, : D. 1980. Biologists predict ~2 bad years. for Chesa-peake Bay blue- crabs. Washington Star. 25 March:B1-B2.

Hollander,'M.,.and D. Wol fe . - 1973.- Nonparametric statistical methods '. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 503 pp.

Lippson, .'A. ~J.- 1973. The Chesapeake. Bay in' Maryland: an atlas of . natural resources. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.

Baltimore, Md. 55.pp. .

Naiman,'.R.. J., J. H. Hixson,- III, and T. Capizzi. 1978. Fish bottom trawling. Pages ~ 8-1 to ~ 8-37 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1977. . Baltimore Gas and.

p. Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. v.

7-25 w .x -- - - _ _ _ - _ - - - _ - _ = _ - _ _ _:--_--_____ - - __ _ ______- - __- _ ___ ._______:-_____-_-_________:_

National Marine Fisheries Service. 1972-1979a. Maryland land-ings, 1970-1978. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5719, 5914, 6115, 6414, 6714, 6914, 7214, 7512, and 7717. U. S.

Dep. Comm., Washington, D. C. h

. 1972-1979b. Virginia landings, 1970-1978. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5720, 5915, 6116, 6415, 6715, 6915, 7215, 7513, and 7718. U. S. Dep. Comm., Washington, D. C.

Pearson, J. C. 1948. Fluctuations in the abundance of the blue crab in Chesapeake Bay. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv.

Res. Rep. 14. 26 pp.

Souza, P. A., T. T. Polgar, A. F. Holland, and R. E. Miller.

1980. Life history characteristics of blue crabs. Pages I-6 to I-8 in Results of blue crab studies at Chalk Point:

final report to the Maryland Power Plant Siting Program.

Environmental Center, Martin Marietta Corporation.

Tagatz, M. E. 1965. The fishery for blue crabs in the St.

Johns River, Florida, with special reference to fluctua-tion in yield between 1961 and 1962. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep., Fish. 501. 11 pp.

. 1969. Some relations of temperature acclimation and salinity to thermal tolerance of the blue crab, Callinec-tes sapidus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98(4):713-716.

Truitt, R. V. 1939. Our water resources and their conserva-tion. Contrib. No. 27, Ches. Biol. Lab., Solomons, Mary-land. 103 pp.

U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970a. Maryland landings, 1969. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5307. Bur. Comm.

Fish., Washington, D. C.

. 1970b. Virginia landings, 1969. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5326. Bur. Comm. Fish., Washington, D. C.

Van Engel, W. A. 1958. The blue crab and its fishery in Chesapeake Bay. Part 1 - Reproduction, early development, growth, and migration. Comm. Fish. Rev. 20(6):6-17.

. 1962. The blue crab and its fishery in Chesapeake Bay. Part 2 - Types of gear for hard crab fishing. Comm.

Fish. Rev. 24(9):1-10.

Virginia Marine Resources Commission. 1980. Virginia land-ings, Sepember 1980. VMRC. 2 pp.

O 7-26

OYSTER TRAY STUDIES O

George R. Abbe Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction This program was designed to examine power plant-induced effects on the growth, meat condition and mortality of oysters (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) and to determine the abundance of associated species at several locations in the Calvert Cliffs area or Chesapeake Bay. Studies _ were conducted using oysters of different age classes held in trays. A study of

. tray-held oysters offered advantages over a -study of natural populations since the same oysters could be observed for a long time . period. It was assumed that the effects of the environ-ment would be similar on oysters in trays and on natural oyster populations in the same area. Growth, condition, and' mortality

. data allowed an evaluation of environmental effects on oysters, and data derived from studies of associated species were used-

~

in determining the' health of the rest of the oyster community.

Changes _in community ~ structure (e.g., gain or loss in numbers of species) . may indicate . sublethal stresses which could affect

] -the growth or condition of the oysters.

Although _ oyster beds are_ located above Kenwood Beach and near the Plant Site, this area of the-Bay does not support a substantial commercial fishery; oyster densities-are1relatively low in both areas. In c the Calvert . Cliffs area, low densities in :1979 :( Abbe, -1980a)' were similar to those reported .for .1968

~

'(ANSP, 1968), and observations' made during: quarterly sampling of an oyster - bed near. the Calvert Cliffs tNuclear Power Plant

- (CCNPP)' ~ indicate : that large fluctuations in population size during ' the intervening years have'not occurred. In addition, many : oysters _ near the CCNPP are attached. to rocks, . making them difficult to harvest'. Nevertheless, both areas are occasion-ally l worked by' commercial oysterraen. During the ~ fall of 1980 as many as:13 oyster boats were seen working near the discharge of . the 1 CCNPP, although none: worked; longer than about 2 weeks.

Materials and Methods.

~ Program Design The trays . used: in this - study _ were similar .- to the Sea'-Rac trays _ described by ' Hewatt _ and Andrews (1954), ' but were of

--vinyl-coated. stainless: Lsteel, J.2.5-cm mesh. The' trays -had hinged ! tops and measured 911x .41. x 13 -cm. _ Trays 1 of oysters

\q; twere fastened .to- the_ . top _ rails? of steel and concrete . platforms 8.1-1

which were located on the bottom at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS), Camp Conoy (CC), Rocky Point (RP), and Cove Point g (CP) (Fig. 8.1-1). These platforms replaced the wooden plat- W forms which were used from 1970 to 1978, and were 3.05 m long by 1.52 m wide. Trays were held 0.6 m off the bottom, and since there was nothing between the tops of the trays and the surface, neither trays nor platforms were subject to ice damage as had previously occurred. January - March 1979 was the first winter quarter in 3 years during which some oysters were not lost to ice damage, and January -

March 1980 was the second consecutive winter with no losses. Although trays of oysters can only be retrieved by divers, use of submerged concrete and steel platforms prevents the seasonal loss of data.

Temperatures were recorded continuously throughout the study at KB, PS and RP by magnetic tape thermographs (General Oceanics model 6070). Preliminary data show that PS experi-enced the greatest temperature increase (averaJi ng 0.5 C-1.5 C above temperatures at KB and reaching as much as 2.5 -3.0 C above KB on flood tides). RP also experienced temperature increases but to a lesser degree, and CC probably experienced an increase between that of PS and RP. KB and CP were essen-tially unaffected by the thermal discharge.

Three age classes of oysters (first , second , and third-year) were used in this study. During the period before opera-tion of the CCNPP, oysters set out in June 1970 were observed for 5 years so that by June 1975 the age classes could have been designated as sixth , seventh- and eighth-year oysters. g Since oyster growth is more rapid in the smaller stages, it seemed appropriate at the e: i of each study year to assign each age class to the next hig' ar class, i.e., first-year oysters became second-year oysters, second-year became third-year, etc.; new first-year oysters were then obtained from the hatchery. Thus, a first-year oyster would be studied for 3 years before it was mo red out of the third-year class, provid-ing it had not died or been lost.

Because platform losses due to ice in the winters of 1977 and 1978 ended the 1975 and 1977 studies after only 18 months and 6 months, respectively, the present 2.5-year data set is the longest since the preoperational study of 1970-75. Within the study reported here are four separate studies of oysters as follous:

Present year class Installation Initial class Initial date designation mean size 1st-year June 1980 1st-year 25 mm 2nd-year June 1979 lst-year 28 mm 3rd-year June 1978 lst-year 31 mm 4th-year June 1978 2nd-year 57 mm O

8.1-2

r

\

y w

1. y KEt BE. g KB .

-: =

N

- tgo < #g s  ;- .,

'F. k 3.' . .

LONG'.3; BEACH ..

.c_.

Vi

~

,' C. -

ey PS k

{}- :9 ~,'-

CCNPP.s g cc c.9; N '

' ' ~

rg;; g RP ROCKY :

POINT ' , ,,..

D.

O 2000 Meters ' Nj.,. g CP

4 COVE POINT ' -

Locations'of oyster trays at Kenwood. Beach.-

~

Figure 8.1-1..

(KB), Plant Site -(PS) , Camp Conoy (CC),

Rocky Point (RP),-and Cove Point'(CP) in the'. area of'the'Calvert Cliffs Nuclear-

-Power' Plant in Chesapeake Bay,- 1978-1980.

'/

i. ,

8.1-3 o

~

_a

All oysters used in the 1978-80 studies were obtained from Chesapeake Bay Oyster Culture of Shady Side, Maryland.

g Station values for this 1978-80 period are compared with each other and with preoperational data from 1970-72 (ANSP, 1974) where possible.

Four trays were located at each platform and each was divided into four equal sections. Ten oysters of each age class were held in the first three sections, respectively; the fourth section held fourth-year oysters which provided data on meat condition and metal concentrations ( Ject-ion 8. 2 ) . Be fore installation, the oysters were cleaned #1d shell dimensions were measured to the nearest millimeter.

Trays set in June 1978 were retrieved for examination in September and December 1978 and in March, June, September, and December of 1979 and 1980. All oysters were reclassified in June 1979 and again in June 1980 at which times new hatchery oysters were added to all trayc. During each examination the following were recorded:

' . Growth - The measurements of the length and width (mm) of each living oyster. Length is the measurement from the hinge of the oyster to the advancing edge of the bill; width is the measurement across the right valve over the adductor muscle. h

2. Condition - Ten fourth-year oysters fic: c2ch station were shucked to determine meat condition, spawning activity, and presence of green coloration (which may indicate copper uptake). Meats were rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high), based on visual opacity due to glycogen content (P. Butle2 EPA Gulf Breeze Laboratory, unpublished).

3. Mortality 'he number of dead oysters among those examined.

4. Associated organisms (fouling) -

a) Organisms adhering to the tray which could compete for food or occlude the wire mesh of the tray and thus reduce water flow.

b) Organisms present inside the trays with the oysters, which could prey upon them or reduce water circula-tion.

c) Organisms associated with each oyster.

5. Additonal information -

e.g., siltation, signs of preda-tion or damage to equipment, which could rerult in the loss of oysters.

W 8.1-4

[ .

After the oysters were measured they were moved to a clean tray which was then replaced on the platform.

(O '

Statistical Analyses Growth Oyster growth (length) data were analyzed using regression techniques-(Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) to compare growth curves of oysters at different stations. A growth curve was derived for each age class of oysters at each station and comparisons were made between age classes planted at the same time. All sta-tions were compared simultaneously to determine if any station differences existed. If a difference was detected, then the station that appeared most different from the group was omitted and _the analysis was repeated. This stepping procedure was repeated until no further differences were found and the sta-tions were partitioned into groups with homogeneous growth curves.

The ..model used to describe growth in this analysis was:

y = ox 06 e

where y_= length in millimeters, g= age in days, e = random error assumed to have lognormal distribution, 3

q(,- a,p = parameters to be estimated.

This model was transformed oy logarithms to yield a model tractable for linear regression methods

In (y) = In (a) + p In (x)_+ c The statistic used to test if the growth curves of a group of _ stations could be satisfactorily explained by a ' single equation was:

Fy _ SSEp - SSEg/vi

,y SSEg/v2 where SSEp = error sum of squares from a regression with all stations included, SSEg =. sum of error sums of squares from regres-sions fitted to stations separately, v3 = r' eduction in ~ error degrees of freedom by doing ~ separate regressions rather than ' a pooled. regression, q v2 = sum of the error degrees of freedom from C/ the separate _ station regressions.

8.1 Meat Condition Oyster meat condition data were analyzed using analysis of variance and a block design. Under this design, stations were treatments and dates were blocks. The model was:

y=p +a+p+c where y = meat condition, p = overall mean, a = station effect, p = date effect, c = error term.

To test the a priori hypothesis that meat condition im-proved in a down-tay direction, a contrast for linearity (Wal-pole and Myers, 1972) was partitioned from the station effect and tested.

Mortality Nonparametric statistics were used to test for mortality differences between stations. The Friedman Rank Sum test was employed to (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973) rank the station mor-talities by class within each observation period and analyze the sums of these ranks.

Associated Organisms The data collected by counting the number of species O attached to the oysters were analyzed using analysis of vari-ance procedures. A factorial model with three levels of class and five levels of station was ued.

The response variable was a count of the number of species attached to each oyster. Since counts generally follow a negative binomial distribution, the counts were transformed by logarithms to stabilize variances among treatments.

The model for this design is In (y) = p +a+p+ap+c where y = the number of species attached or associated with a class of oysters at a station, p = parameter to model overall mean, a = parameter to model effect of station, p = parameter to model effect of class, op = parameter to model effect of station x class interaction, c = term to model random variation among replicates.

O 8.1-6

Since attachment of species to oysters is cumulative over the growing season, a separate e.nalysis of variance was con-p ducted for each sample date.

EJ Results and Discussion Growth of Oysters Mean length and width of each age class and the size increases associated with them for each quarter from June 1978 to December 1980 are presented in Tables 8.1-1 through 8.1-5.

Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980, thus there are four year classes in each table. The third- and fourth-year classes were the first- and second-year classes, respectively, of the June 1978-June 1979 study; the second-year class was the first-year class of the June 1979-June 1980 study; and the present first-year class consisted of the new oysters set out in June 1980. Since June 1980 marked the end of growth studies on the oldest oysters, there are no measurements for fourth-year oysters after that time.

First-year Oycters The average length of oysters at KB increased by 56 mm during the second half of 1980. At PS average length increased by 50 mm, while increases at CC (46 mm), RP (48 mm), and CP (43

(. mm) were less. Width increased at KB by 40 mm; at PS, CC, and u' RP the increase averaged 36 mm and was 32 mm at CP. No signif-icant statistical differences were detected between any sta-tions for this age class (p=0.078).

From June to December 1980 the mean length increase of first-year oysters was 48.7 mm, well above the 33.6 mm gained by similar-aged oysters in 1979 (Abbe, 1980b).

Second-year Oysters This class began as first-year oysters in June 1979.

Since then the largest aver age increase occurred at PS (68 mm);

but KB (65 mm), CP (63 m 4), and CC (62 mm) showed nearly-as much growth. At RP, oysters grew the least (58 mm). Width increases at ~these same stations were 48, 48, 46, 47, and 44 mm, respectively. As with first-year oysters, no significant station differences were detected (p=0.299) .

From June 1979 to ~ December 1980 this class averaged a 63-mm length increase compared to a 49 mm length increase for the same age class from June 1978 to December 1979.

Third-year Oysters c This class was started in June 1978 as first-year oysters (s !

and has been studied for 2.5 years. During that time uean 8.1-7

O Table 8.1-1. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Kenwood Beach in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Length Width No. Mean Increase Mean increase Oysters =:n  :=n  :=n m:n First-vear Cysters Jun 80 40 25.0 -

21.4 -

Sep 80 39 64.3 39.3 51.0 29.6 Dec 80 39 80.5 16.2 61.5 10.5 55.5 40.1 Second-year Ovsters Jun 79 40 28.1 -

23.3 -

Sep 79 40 54.6 26.5 44.7 21.7 Dec 79 40 59.6 5.0 46.9 2.2 Mar 80 40 58.0 -1.6 45.3 -1.6 Jun 80 40 68.8 10.8 58.1 12.8 Sep 80 39 84.5 15.7 66.7 8.6 Dec 80 39 92.9 8.4 70.9 4.2 64.8 D3

""hird-year Oysters Jun 78 40 31.] -

24.8 -

Sep 78 40 50.8 19.7 42.4 17.6 Dec 78 40 62.7 11.9 51.6 9.2 Mar 79 40 62.9 0.2 50.7 -0.9 Jun 79 39 65.5 2.6 53.0 2.3 Sep 79 37 73.4 7.9 59.0 6.0 Cec 79 36 74.8 1.4 60.1 1.1 Mar 80 36 73.2 -1.6 57.5 -2.6 Jun 80 36 80.8 7.6 66.6 9.1 Sep 80 35 93.2 12.4 72.8 6.2 Dec 80 35 97.5 4.3 74.5 1.7 66.4 49.7 Four*h-year Ovsters Jun 78 40 58.1 -

47.2 -

Sep 78 40 74.4 16.3 59.4 12.2 Dec 78 40 83.7 9.3 66.6 7.2 Mar 79 40 93.8 0.1 66.6 0.0 Jun 79 40 85.5 1.9 68.0 1.4 Sep 79 39 89.9 4.3 71.3 3.3 Dec 7? 39 89.5 -0.4 71.5 0.2 Mar 80 38 89.8 0.3 69.4 -2.1 Jun 80 37 96.1 6.3 77.7 8.3 38.0 30.5 9

8.1-8

I 1

c L

l &

v i Table 8.1-2. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at the Plant Site in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June

1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of-June 1980.

1 3 .

Length Width 7 No. Mean Increase Mean increase l Oysters ma 'ma n;m mm First-year Oysters Jun 80. 40 24.7 -

21.0 -

., Sep 80- 39 66.5 41.8 51.4 30.4 i Dec 80 38 75.1 8.6 57.5 61 50.4 36.5 3

Second-year Ovsters

! Jun 79 40 28.3 - 22.5 -

Sep 79 40' 57.1 28.8 46.3 23.8

.Dec 79 .40 63.9 6.8- 51.0 4.7 Mar 80 40 63.6 -0.3 50.0 -1.0 Jun 80 40 -72.0 8.4 60.0 10.0

- Sep 80 40 -89.5 17.5 68.4 8.4

!h i w/ .

Dec 80 40 96.0 6.5 67.7 70.6 2.2 48.1 Third-year Oysters Jun 78 40 -31.7 - 25.4- -

.Sep 78 38 54. 5 .. 22.8 44.2 18.8 Dec 78 37 68.7 14.2 55.6 11.4 Mar 79- 37 69.2 0.5 55.2 -0.4 Jun 79 37 72.4 3.2 58.8 3.6.

Sep 79 54 81.5- 9.1 65.7. 6.9 L Dec 79 34 '85.8 4.3 -66.9- 1.2 '

. Mar 80 ' 34 85.2 -0.6 65.2 -1.7

-Jun 80 34 93.9 8.7 72.9 ' .7. 7 Sep 80 -32 99.7 5.8 75.3 2.4 Tec 80- 32 '103.5 3.8 75.8 0.5 71.8 50.4

~

. Fourth-year Oysters'

.-Jun.78 40 56.2 - .45.0 -

-Sep 78 40' 75.6 19.4 :59.9 .14.9

'Dec'78 40- 88.2' -12.6 69.4 9.5 Mar 79 40 87.2 -1.0 '68.3 -1.1 Jun 79~ 40 89.9 - 2.7 70.9 '2.6 Sep 79- =40 93.5 3.6 73.2 2.3 Dec 79 . 40 97.7 4.2 74.6 1.4 Mar 80 40  : 96.2 -1.5 72.0' -2.0-

.Jun 80- '40 102.6' ' 6. 4 ~80.2 8.2-46.4 35.2 r- -p

/'g :

Q

8.1-9' w

yi t ._

Table 8.1-3. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Camp Conoy in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Length Width No. Mean Increase Mean increase Oysters m m a m First-year Oysters Jun 80 40 25.0 - 21.2 -

Sep 80 40 61.2 36.2 49.3 28.1 Dec 80 40 71.2 10.0 57.1 7.8 46.2 35.9 Second-year Oysters Jun 79 40 27.6 - 22.3 -

Sep 79 40 54.4 26.8 45.1 22.8 Dec 79 40 60.7 6.3 49.6 4.5 Mar 80 40 59.7 -1.0 47.1 -2.5 Jun 80 40 68.8 9.1 58.2 11.1 Sep 80 40 82.9 14.1 65.9 7.7 Dec 80 40 89.8 6.9 69.4 3.5 62.2 DT Third-year Oysters Jun 78 40 30.7 - 25.0 -

Sep 78 40 53.4 22.7 45.1 20.1 Dec 78 40 68.6 15.2 55.5 10.4 Mar 79 40 66.2 -2.4 54.2 -1.3 Jun 79 40 70.5 4.3 59.3 5.1 Sep 79 39 77.0 6.5 63.2 3.9 Dec 79 38 80.4 3.4 63.6 0.4 Mar 80 38 78.8 -1.6 59.7 -3.9 Jun 80 38 88.4 9.6 69.8 10.1 Sep 80 38 94.6 6.2 73.3 3.5 Dec 80 37 98.7 4.1 74.9 1.6 68.0 49.9 Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 57.4 - 46.7 -

Sep 78 40 74.8 17.4 61.8 15.1 Dec 78 40 85.2 10.4 69.6 7.8 Mar 79 40 84.4 -0.8 67.4 -2.2 Jun 79 40 87.9 3.5 71.5 4.1 Sep 79 40 90.1 2.2 71.7 0.2 Dec 79 40 90.6 0.5 73.3 1.6 Mar 80 40 90.2 -0.4 70.1 -3.2 Jun 80 40 97.4 7.2 78.3 8.2 40.0 31.6 O

8.1-10

1

,- m O

Table 8.1-4. Mean lengths and widths o' tray-held oysters and increaseG associated with them at Rocky Point in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Length Width No. Mean Increase Mean Increase Oysters mm mm mm mm

-Fi.st-year Ovsters Jun 80 40 25.2 -

21.6 -

Sep 80 39 64.2 39.0 50.4 28.8 Dec 80 38 73.5 9.3 57.8 7.4 48.3 36.2 second-year Oyst=cs Jun 79 40 29.4 -

23.7 -

Sep 79 38 53.9 24.5 44.6 20.9 Dec 79 38 62.1 8.2 50.1 5.5 Mar 80 38 60.7 -1.4 48.0 -2.1 Jun 80 38 70.2 9.5 59.5 11.5

,s Sep 80 38 81.9 11.7 65.6 6.1

/ Dec 80 38

87.7 5.8 67.3 1.7 58.3 43.6 Third-vear Ovsters Jun 78 40 30.5 -

24 6 -

Sep 78 40 56.0 25.5 46.5 21.9 Dec 78 40 68.4 12.4 56.9 10.4 Mar 79 40 67.3 -1.1 55.4 -1.5 Jun 79 40 70.6 3.3 60.1 4.7 Sep 79 39 76.6 6.0 63.7 3.6 Dec 79 39 81.8 5.2 65.5 1.8 Mar 80 39 78.8 -3.0 61.9 -3.6 Jun 80 39 88.0 9.2 70.3 8.4 Sep 80 39 96.1 8.1 73.4 3.1 Dec 80 38 96.2 0.1 72.9 -0.5 65.7 48.3

. Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 57.2 -

47.6 -

Sep 78 39 70.9 13.7 58.8 11.2 Dec 78 38 82.9 12.0 68.0 9.2 Mar 79 38 80.9 -2.0 66.1 -1.9 Jun 79 38- 83.4 2.5 69.1 3.0 Sep 79 38 88.1 4.7 72.2 3.1 Dec 79 38 91.9 3.3 73.2 1.0 Mar 80 38 89.1 -2.8 70.3 -2.9 Jun 80 33 98.1 9.0 79.2 8.9 40.9 31.6

/

8.1-11

O Table 8.1-5. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Cove Point in tne Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

,e r.r_t width

.No . Mean :=:rense Mean increase Cysters = m a m Tirst-year Ovsters Jun 30 40 24.4 - 20.9 -

Sep 80 32 57.9 33.5 47.3 26.4 Dec 80 32 67.3 9.4 52.9 5.6 42.3 32.0 second-year Ovsters J u 79 40 29.7 -

23.7 -

Sep 79 40 56.1 29.2 46.9 23.2 Oec 79 40 63.9 7.0 51.3 4.4 Mar 80 40 60.3 -3.6 48.2 -3.1 Jun 80 40 72.5 12.2 61.0 12.8 Sep 90 39 87.4 14.9 67.5 6.5 Dec 80 39 91.9 4.5 70.1 2.6 63.2 46.4 Third-year Cysters J r. 7 8 40 30.9 -

25.1 -

Sep 78 40 55.0 24.1 47.1 22.0 Dec 78 40 64.0 9.0 52.4 5.3 Mar 79 40 62.5 -1.5 50.6 -1.3 Jun 79 40 66.3 4.3 56.7 6.1 Sep 79 36 73.5 6.7 63.3 6.6 Oec 79 36 79.6 5.1 64.1 0.8 Mar 30 36 77.4 -1.2 61.6 -2.5 Jun 80 35 84.7 7.3 70.1 a.5 Sep 30 35 93.3 9.6 75.5 5.4 Dec 00 35 95.7 24 77.4 1.9

' " .~6 52.3 Fourd-vear Ovsters Jun 7a 40 55.8 - 47.6 -

Sep 78 40 66.2 10.4 57.6 10.0 Oec 78 40 76.0 9.8 62.2 4.6 Mar 79 40 73.5 -2.5 59.5 -2.7 Jun 79 40 77.3 3.8 63.9 4.4 Sep 79 40 82.3 5.0 68.5 4.6 Oec 79 40 87.3 5.0 70.0 1.5 Mar 50 .J9 82.5 -4 8 65.1 -4.9 Jun 90 39 92.1 9.6 73.1 10.0 36.3 27.5 0

8.1-12 e

oyster shell length at PS increased 72 mm while at CC the

.O ia. crease was 68 mm. KB and RP averaged 66 mm and CP averaged 65 mm. Width increases averaged 50 mm at PS, KB, and CC, and 48 mm at RP. Oysters at CP showed the smallest increase in length, but the largest increase in width (52 mm).

Analysis of these data yielded the regression curves shown in Figure 8.1-2 and detected a significant station effect (p<0.001) (Table 8.1-6). When PS data were omitted (since that station showed the highe:rt growth rate) and the analysis re-peated, a difference was detected which was barely significant (p=0.045). Omitting KB data from this second group (since that station showed the lowest growth rate) revealed that CC, RP, and CP were all a homogeneous group (no difference; pa0.32).

An analysis of PS, CC, .ani. RP data only, revealed no difference (p=0.ll). Thus, oysters at PS had a faster growth rate than those at KB and CP; and oysters at CC and RP had faster rates than KB (Table 8.1-6). No other differences were detected.

The stations which received some thermal effect (PS, CC, and RP) all formed a homogeneous group and showed faster rates of growth than the stations farthest from the CCNPP discharge (KB and CP) which also formed a homogeneous group (Fig. 8.1-2).

Since- this was the first group of oysi ers to be followed for 2.5 years during the operational phase, there is no other group which can be used for comparison.

Fourth-year' Oysters This class began . as second-year oysters in June 1978.

After 2 years, in June 1980, the oysters ended the growth phase of: these studies and entered the meat condition and metal analysis phase. During these 2 years the largest increase in mean length was at PS (46-mm). RP, CC, and KB increased 41, 40, and 38 mm, respectively. At CP, the 36-mm increase was considerably -less than that at PS. Width increases followed the same pattern as length, with the largest increase at PS (35 mm) ' and the smallest. at CP (28 mm). Intermediate width in-creases were found at CC (32~mm), RP (32 mm), and KB (30'mm).

Analysis of these data yielded the. regression curves shown in Fiyure- 8.1-3 and!Ldetected a 'significant station effect (p<0.001). (Table 8.1-6). By omitting various ; stations - and repeating the analyses .(as with third-year oysters)_ it was ~

apparent that growth at PS was significantly greater than at KB (p=0.033),~RP (p=0 008), and CP (p<0.001). Growth at. CP was

!also significantly lower than at KB, CC, and RP (all.p<0.001)

(Table-8.1-6). >No other-differences were-detected w

As .ith third-year' oysters, - there was no difference be-tween: growth l rates - at PS and-CC, _~ the two stations closest to

(]: the - discharge. -However, growth at PS'was greater than at RP, L/ ~ even though . oysters at RP also experienced . temperature in-8.1 .

O 120 108 -

3'#

g 96 -

E 8 84 -

I

$ 72 -

2 ,

U 60 - /

IKENWOOD BEACH

~

2 PLANT SITE I ,

m 36 -

3 CAMP CONOY 24 4 ROCKY POINT 5 COVE POINT 12 i i i i i e i e i 100 2C0 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 DAYS

1. Kenwood Beach length = 10.84 (age)0*309 r2 =0.923

2. Plant Site length = 10.34 (age)o 333 r2 =0.934

3. Camp Conoy length = 10.73 (age) 32o r2 =0.937

4. Rocky Point length = 10.97 (age)0*317 r2 =0.926

5. Cove Point length = 11.20 (age)o 308 r2 =0.912 Figure 8.1-2. Regression curves and their associated r2 values (proportion of variation in the data that is explained by the model) computed from growth data of third-year oysters held in trays in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 to December 1980. g 8.1-14 i j

Table 8.1-6. F-ratios and significance levels associated with various station comparisons for third-L.

l

- (f . -

and fourth-year oyster growth data in Chesapc; <e Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1978-80. Stations which do not differ significantly from each other are  !

connected by lines. N.S. = no significant difference.

ID #161 - 1 I

i Table 8.1-6.

Third-year oysters Station comparisons F-ratio Significance KB, PS, CC, RP, CP 4.215 <0.001 KB, CC, RP, CP 2.207 0.045 KB, CC, RP 3.002 0.021 CC, RP, G 1.190 N.S.

-PS, CC, RF 1.940 N.S.

KB, CP 0.051 N.S.

t

' Station-groupings I PS CC RP CP KB ~

~

Fourth-year oysters

-Station comparisons F-ratio Significance  !

KB,-2S, CC, AP, CP 7.113 <0.001 PS, RP. 5.169 0.008 PS, KB 3.593 0.033

'PS,.CC 2.178- N.S.

RP, CP 11.732 <0.001 KB, CC,'RP. _

0.572 ;N.S.

Station groupings PS CC' KB 'RP -.P t

t l-r_

L Als 1 18.1-15. ,

. _ > , .- -, . -_.4.- .. ,-- ., -

O 120 108 -

2

~

E 3 -- 1 E

1 84 -

g' 4

$ 72 -

z w

a 60 -

IKENWOOD BEACH

~

{d 2 PLANT SITE z

m 36 -

3 CAMP CONOY 24 - 4 ROCKY POINT 5 COVE POINT i t t t t i i i I h 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 DAYS

1. Kenwood Beach length = 6.79 (age) *38 r 2 =0.745

2. Plant Site length = 3.98 (age)0*467 r 2 =0.767

3. Camp Conoy length = 6.32 (age)o 392 r 2 =o,710

4. Rocky Point length = 4.97 (age)o 42s r 2 =0.833

5. Cove Point length = 5.14 (age)0*410 r 2 00.874 Figure 8.1-3. Regression curves and their associated r 2 values (proportion of variation in the data that is explained by the model) computed from growth data of fourth-year oysters held in ti : "c, in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 to June 1980. g 8.1-16

creases; the reason for this difference is not completely o understood.

V There is no other group with which to compare fourth-year oysters during the operational phase of this study.

Increases in the lengths of oysters during 1980 were much greater than observed durin9 1979. Some of this difference may be due to the difference in salinity between the two years.

While 1979 was one of the wettest in recent yearg, 1980 was one of the . driest. Salinity averaged less than 10 foo during the growing seasoy (May-December) of 1979 (Abbe, 1980c), but averaged 14.1 foo during a similar period in 1980. Although oysters generally do not gshow adverse ' effects of low salinity until it drops below 7.5 /oo (Loosanoff, 1953), the difference in . salinity may nevertheless have resulted in a difference in growth.

The larger increases during 1980 may also have resulted from higher temperatures. Temperatures during May, June, and November 1980 were slightly cooler than in 1979, but from July through October 1980 temperatures averaged 24.1 C, warmer than the 22.9*C . average for the same period of 1979 (Abbe, 1980c).

('}

v While higher salinity and warmer temperatures may have directly affected oyster growth, they may also have caused indirect effects by influencing the composition of the phyto-

. plankton community upon which the ' oysters fed. In addition, the decreased runoff during 1980 probably led to lower levels

of pesticides, . herbicides and other chemicals, the action of which, at very low concentrations, is not fully understood.

While a difference in growth between 1979 and .1980 is apparent, there,are little overall differences between stations over the entire study period since . June 1978. By adding the increases of the four classes at each station and dividing by the average time the classes were observed (1.625 years), an annual average increase is determined. The largest length increase was at PS (36.4:mm)'and the smallest was at CP (31.9 mm). KB,'CC, and RP averaged-34.6, 33.3, and 32.8 mm,.respec-tively. Annual' average width increases were nearly the same at all stations, . but again . PS was largest (26.2 mm) and CP was smallest .(24.3 mm). KB, CC, and RP averaged 23.9,-25.3, and 24.6 mm, respectively.

Oyster Meat Condition

-Oyster meat condition : averages are p resented in Table

~KB yielded the' lowest average (6.67 for September 1978.

~

,8.1-7..

i,g): - to ' December 1980). Meat conditions ; , increased in a down-bay 8.1-17

Table 8.1-7. Average meat condition, percent of oysters showing gonad layer, and percent exhibiting green colored neat. Values are based on 10 oysters held in trays in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980.

Kenvcod Beach Plant site cann Coney Rockv Pcint cove Point Meat Condition Sep 78 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.2 Dec 78 6.9 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.6 Mar 79 7.2 7.2 7.3 7.7 3.1 Jun 73 7.0 6.6 7.0 7.2 7.5 Sep 79 6.1 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.3 Dec 79 7.1 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.4 Mar 80 6.7 7.3 7 . 's 7.6 7.6 Jun 80 7.0 7.5 7.7 7.9 9.2 Sep 60 5.8 6.1 6.2 6.4 6.7 Oec 80 7.3 7.3 7.4 - 7.4 9.1 Mean G 7.00 7.12 G 7.42 Ccnad Cayer O

Sep 78 10% 0% 0% 20% 20%

Oec 78 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 79 0 0 0 0 0 Jun 79 30 20 20 10 20 Sep 79 30 40 20 60 40 Dec 79 0 0 0 0 0 Mar 80 10 0 0 0 10 Jun 80 70 40 30 80 100 Sep 80 40 30 60 30 0 Oec 30 0 0 0 10 0 Mean 3% 3% 3% !I; 3%

Green sep 7a c% 0% c% 0% 0 Oec 78 0 10 0 0 0 Far 79 0 0 0 0 0 Jun 79 0 0 0 0 0 Sep 79 0 0 0 0 0 Oec 79 0 0 0 0 0 Ma- 80 0 0 0 0 0 Jun 80 0 0 0 *) 0 Sep 80 0 0 0 0 0 Dec 90 0 0 0 0 0 Mean I% 1% G% 0% 5%

O 8.1-18

.. - .-- - _ _ _ . =

q direction with 7.00 at PS, 7.12 at CC, 7.16 at RP, and 7.42 at Q CP. An analysis of variance detected a significant difference among stations (p<0.001). Using a linear contrast (Walpole and Myers, 1972), the station sum of squares from the analysis of variance was partitioned into the sum of squares due to a linear trend and the sum of squares due to higher order trends.

The linear trend accounted for 93% of the variation among stations and was significant (p<0.001). The higher order trend' were collectively nonsignificant. An obvious explana-tion of this linear down-bay trend would be that salinity also increases linearly in a down-bay direction, but any correlation between meat condition and salinity in this case would be speculative. This trend was apparent during all observation periods of the year and thus was not related to temperature.

In addition, PS which had the highest average temperatures and the highest growth rates, had the second-lowest meat condition average.

Meat conditions (based on averages from 1978 through 1980) were lowest in September (6.25) and highest in March 7.47);

analysis of variance revealed that this difference was signif-icant (p<0.001). Low meat condition in September is due to spawning related losses. With gonadal tissue accounting for up to 41% of total body weight (Galtsoff, 1964), spawning can obviously expend a considerable amount of an oyster's reserves, thereby reducing the quality of the meat. By December, condi-(~) tion ratings are generally high as the oysters are prepared to V undergo a period of about 3 months (January-March) without feeding. Feeding ce'ases when water temperature drops to 7 or 8C (Galtsoff, 1964). Evidence of spawning activity (gonad layer) was observed in 74% of the oysters in June 1980 and 32%

in September 1960 compared to 20% and 38% in June and September 1979, respectively (Table 8.1-7). Since 1978, the percentage of oysters bearing gonad layer was highest at RP and lowest at

-PS. During 1980 oysters bearing gonadal tissue were most abundant at CC and least abundant at PS. No green oysters were observed during 1980.

Mortality The highest mortality' for any age class during a quarter i

L of' 1980 ' was ' 10% among first-year oysters at CP in September (Table 8.1-8). Friedman Rank Sum tests detected no significant

~

station differences for any of the - age classes during 1980.

First-year- oysters had the highest annual mortality rate (8%,

actually 4'.0% during a 6-mo period). Third-year oysters had a 3.4% annual rate (8.6% during 2.5 years). The 3.0% mortality

,during 2 years for fourth-year oysters and the 2.0% dead during 1.5 ' years among second-year oysters yielded annual mortality rates of 1.5 and 1.3%, respectively, for these two age classes.

f)

Annual average mortality rates by station are presented in Table.8.1-8. Although some; variation was evident, the highest 8.1-19

O t et o. e. o o. e . o. e. o. o.,;e e. e. o. o. e. o. o. e.:, o r.

0 g

0 g

g m,lie -o.ee. oo. co. -o.ol..

o. o.le. o.io N

o o o e - o o o -se oooooo-or N 4Ec O C WWN0 Y OW40 3 e o. o. o. o. o. o. o. e. o. o.i.n. o. o. o. o. o. o. e. o.i.n N

O h t +, a o o.lo. e. o e. o. e. o.l.n.

.o. oto oooonciN ooooeooNoo o o o o o e N olN e OMOO s - m -

4 II3 M 4 >

fd to 8 O .n tn 0 .V c4 0 AM U c 9COC 4NU so -

c tc c W o. e.le.

i o. o. o. o. o. o.4 o. o. o. o.o. o. o. o. o. ele. .. e. e. o. o. o. o o. o.lo

.H tn 0 > o NIN AooooCM o e o o o o e o o NiN NNooooeoM. N O (n u f tn .C W W o k Q Q -e4 m C 40

1. C tn (n e4 NC 0 N OO e O4 u c. o. o. 'o c. o. o. o. e c. o. c. o. c.i.n.

N g y c. o. c. c. o. o.i . ooooNNoooNgo .

o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o.lo.

,g g ooo oooooolo o o o o o o o oio -

gg e-4 H o tn e 0 4 CD C U A @D I kH c NO O *'

d3WW yooc 5 c.e.'o.

) o. o. o. o. o. o. o. o. c. o. o. e. c. o. o. c. o.u. o. o.o. o. o. o. o. o. o.

s N Nic ocococo eNoococooom coooooooo N p4p "

E c. 4 5 W W 0 (C . -

Oc04m '"

ccOM (n H C E* C 4 00 D  %

e4 0 .C O e

1. ZO *U #

-e4 Do .e. c. o.Im. o. c. o. o. c. o.i.n. o. c. o. o. . o. o. o. o. o.In. c. o. o. o. c. o. c e.le.

H to O co 4 6 N olm o o o o N olm o o o o c N o o o otr- o o o o N o N Nin m CW W@ En C MW4H d c 4 .e4 M M @

O e-4 0

• EU@ ct 4 rs Dc a e.t

. mi a.I

. a UP@bC Y E T bl cuH a e si m

=

gc w4 m m t O>cOm um a u $ 0 u

$ 0 u

O u

Q g D m .H L 9 k 9 C>

bUDON coo @eooco Wome@@@occo 9$

d, e m ,s 5b@mmm hhb& hem -

4 aO C aOWCaO ,.obbbbbmeme aOwoaO6 C40 s

=hom&@@@oo aO6CaO6c es c 0 044 3&0 m t@ 4340930t u &09344m3 3w m.M .y b O M O E *) M Q M M Q E *) M Q E '3 M C 3 m O E *3 M Q E *) CO 0,3 - . e o =e k @ *  % <

Q c-4 M

c F4 O

S.1-20

mortality rate was 4.2% at CP. CC had the lowest verage rate at 1.2%. All station rates were lower at the end of 1980 than they had been at the end of 1979. The overall average mor-tality rate during 1980 for all oysters at all stations was about 3%. Causes of death were undetermined, but the rates at all stations were low compared to the annual mortalities of tray-held oysters (25%) and bottom populations (30-42%) in the lower Chesapeake Bay (Hewatt and Andrews, 1954).

Associated Organisms Organisms attached to or associated with the oysters included anemones, mussels, bryozoans, barnacles, amphipods (Gammarus and Corophium), polychaete worms, Bimeria and tuni-cates (Molgula), as well as others which occurred less fre-quently (Tables 8.1-9 through 8.1-13 ) . Barnacles, which were abundant in June 1979, declined late in the year (probably due to lowered salinity), and were scarce in 1980 until after the spring spawning period. By June 1980 they were found on most oysters at all stations.

The abundance of anemones was reduced noticeably in June 1980 compared to March, possibly coinciding with the major barnacle set.

p Nolgula, which was far more abundant at CP and RP than at d '

the upper stations in 1978, was seen rarely in 1979, probably a result of low salinity conditions which prevailed during much of the year. With higher salinities in'1980 the recurrence of Nolgula in large numbers was not unexpected. None was.seen by June, but by September moderate numbers had set at CP and RP and a few were found at CC and PS. By December Nolgula had set

' heavily at all stations except KB, where only 17% of the

. oysters bore this organism. Nevertheless, 17% is the heaviest set at KB since December 1977.

Gammarid amphipods, which were found regularly and abun-dantly at PS, CC, -RP, and CP, .were rarely seen at KB. They were last seen in moderate numbers at KB in December 1977 (Abbe, 1978), but have not been abundant at that station since late . 1974 ( Abbe, 1975 ) . Gammarids' were commonly seen at KB from June 1970 to June 1972, but were absent from the area following Tropical "torm Agnes in late June 1972 for a period of 2 years. Since 1972 their occurrence has been sporadic, the reason for which is unclear. Corophium sp. , a tube-building amphipod, was also found on more oysters down-bay than at KB.

One organism that was'.'more abundant at KB than elsewhere was the flatworm Stylochus ellipticus. In December 1980 it occurred -on 73% of the KB oysters - (Table 8.1-9 ) while it was found on an average of only 9% of the oysters at' the other four

[d stations (Tables 8.1-10 through 8.1-13). It was probably feeding on barnacles, but barnacles were no more abundant at'KB 8.1-21 m-

Table 8.1-9. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Kenwood Beach in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Camunarus/Molgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/Bryazoa/ Mud Crabs /Polychaetes/ Flatworms /Bimeria First year Oysters Sep 80 90% 0% R1 01 01 15% 0% 1001 51 19% 01 51 Dec R0 82 0 18 3 23 97 10 95 3 72 67 0 Second year, Oysters Sep 79 85% 0% 251 21 0% 21 51 98% R1 72% 0% IR1 Dec 79 95 0 22 2 0 0 12 100 0 72 0 3R O Mar 80 75 0 15 0 0 2 18 90 0 5 0 35 h Jun 80 Sep R0 38 100 u

0 12 0 0

0 0

68 0 100 100 8 78 95 0 2 26 i 3R 77 3 R 3 N Der R0 87 0 44 8 23 100 R 97 A 67 79 R N

Third year _ Oysters Sep 78 951 0% 32% 01 01 81 0% 981 01 81 01 8%

Dec 78 100 0 30 0 0 2 20 100 2 10 0 22 Mar 79 100 0 15 0 2 2 15 RR 0 10 0 2 Jun 79 38 0 18 3 0 100 87 100 0 33 0 5 Sep 79 97 0 35 3 0 43 11 100 11 6R 0 la Dec 79 100 0 33 3 0 6 6 100 0 83 0 33 Mar 80 100 0 33 3 0 14 19 86 0 19 0 28 Jun 80 69 0 17 0 0 R6 0 100 0 83 0 0 Sep R0 100 0 60 0 0 89 0 100 23 R6 0 29 Der R0 R6 0 51 3 6 100 3 100 0 80 74 18 Fourth year _ Oysters Sep 78 98% 01 42% 01 01 01 0% 100% 01 81 0% 12%

Der 78 100 0 10 0 0 2 30 95 0 92 0 10 Mar 79 100 0 45 0 0 0 15 82 0 25 0 2 Jun 79 58 0 2R 0 0 100 65 100 0 4R 2 R Sep 19 100 0 79 0 0 12 0 100 R R2 1 5l Der 19 100 0 36 0 0 21 . 10 100 0 000 0 IS Mar R0 100 0 32 0 0 29 18 97 0 IR 0 11 Jun 80 10 0 30 3 0 R4 0 97 0 92 3 5 O O O

O O O

' Table 8.1-10. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at the Plant Site'in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Anceones/ Clams / Mussels /Cammarus/Mo]gula/84rnacles/Coroph_i,um/8ryoros/ Mud Crahs/Palychaetes/Flatwnr=w/Bimaria First-year Oysters Sep 80 97% 0% 81 491 0% 31 81 1001 10% 821 0% 131 Dec 80 92 0 8 76 95 71 3 100 0 95 3 16

.Second_ year Oysters Sep 79 951 0% 58% 951 til 25% 20% 1001 201 50% 0% 121

g Dec 19 90 'O 38 72 0 10 to 100 0 68 0 to

. Ma r 80 95 0 28 - 30 0 5 60 95 0 15 0 20 6-* Jean 40 100 8 28 98 0 100 100 800 5 90 0 0 8 Sep 80 100 'O 25 60 8. 92 2 95 40 82 0 2

' Dec 80 98 0 18 98 100 82 2 100 0 90 8 28 Tlated year Oysters Sep 78 100% 0% 34% 51 0% til 01 95% O! 501 01 321 Dec 78 100 0 16 65 0 8 0 84 0 57 0 16 Mar 79 95 0 16 30 0 'll 19 89 0 5 3 5 Jun 79 92 5 24 92 0 100 100 100 3 78 3 Il Sep 79 100 0 76 97 0 56 65 100 35 56 0 29 Dec 79 88 0 62 88 0 21 6 100 0 88 0 29 Mar 80 100 0 65 35 0 18 59 94 0 12 0 24

'Jun 80 97 18 47 100 0 100 100 100 3 97 6 3 Sep 80 100 0 53 50 0 100 6 100 56 84 0 12 Dec 80 100 0 38 97 100 88 3 100 0 94 3 12

' Fourth yea d ysters-Sep 78 -1001 01 281 51 01 251 0% 98% 81 681 01 85%

Dec 78- 98 0 48 58 0 25 0 92 2 75 5 72 Mar 19 100 0 22 32 2 25 12 88 0 12 0 f4)

Jun 79 92 0 22 95 0 100 800 100 2 62 5 52 Sep 79 100' O 98 95 0 75 54 100 30 70 0 52 Dec 19 100 0 88 10a 0 10 9 ton 5 92 0 32 Mar 80 100 0 72 55 6 10 40 92 0 15 0 28 Jean 80 88 5 55 100 0 100 100 100 2 98 0 5

Table 8.1-11. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Camp Conoy in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Cassiarus/Malgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/Bryor ad Crabs /rolychaetes/ Flatworms /Bi_ r Fir.s h ar Oysters Sep 80 92% 0% 81 80% 01 301 381 100% 81 781 01 121 Dec 80 95 0 5 95 98 30 2 100 0 68 2 18 Second-year Oysters Sep 79 90% 01 60% 88% 0% 22% 50% 1001 51 60% 01 10%

Dec 79 95 0 18 38 0 12 12 100 2 85 0 35 W Mar 80 50 0 12 0 0 10 8 R$ 0 2 0 28 Jun 80 30 2 5 85 0 100 92 100 0 90 0 2 98 28 70 0 15 Y Sep 80 Occ 80 100 100 0

0 48 25 88 98 0

100 98 95 35 0 100 2 68 8 IR to

.Ch Third-year Oysters Sep 78 100% 01 32% 12% 0% 38% 81 921 0% 681 0% 251 Dec 78 100 2 28 38 8 18 0 98 0 70 2 32 Mar 79 92 0 12 2 2 10 0 72 0 2 0 to Jun 79 60 0 8 92 0 100 98 300 0 80 0 20 Sep 79 97 0 67 92 0 72 56 100 18 74 0 to Der 79 100 0 37 74 0 26 0 100 3 84 0 26 Mar 30 87 0 IR 3 0 0 5 92 0 5 0 5 Jun 80 58 0 0 87 0 97 100 97 0 79 3 0 Sep 80 100 0 34 84 3 100 26 100 26 76 0 IA Dec 80 100 0 38 100 97 97 0 100 5 TO 3 16 Fourth year Oysters Sep 78 100% 01 52% 01 0% 301 0% 100% 8% 821 0% 981 Dec 78 100 0 48 32 2 20 0 100 2 80 5 82 Mar 79 100 0 30 5 0 5 2 75 0 12 0 72 Jun 79 55 2 20 90 0 100 R2 100 0 4R 0 78 Sep 79 98 0 R2 95 0 72 55 100 12 80 0 38 Dec 19 100 0 35 R5 0 25 12 100 0 88 0 '5 Mar 80 92 0 10 2 0 10 10 90 0 5 0 25 Jun 80 58 0 20 92 0 98 15 98 0 95 2 2 O O O

G .

O O Table' 8.1-12. . Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Rocky Point-in'the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant'from. June.1978 through December 1980. Oysters are-listed-by' age as:offJune 1980.

Anesene s /Cl asHB[Mu s s e I s /Osseba r u s /MOJuls/8ernacles/Coregilum/8ryozoa/Hud Crabs /polychaetes/Flatwormn/Hime First year _Oys'ters

.Sep 80 971 ' 01 81 791.- All 311 381 971 31 491 0% 81 Dec 80 - 89 .0 8 97 82 50 0 100 0 74 13 26 Second year Oysters,. .

Sep 79 .951 .01 611 1001 ' 01 261 711. 971 01 581 01 161

'Dec 79 100 0 50 - 55 3 5 23 100 0 45 6 19

1. Nar'80 65 'O 30 0

• ~3 .3 16. 51 0 3 0 14 p ' '.Jun 80 24' 0 16 ' 68 ' .0' 100 97 100 0 95 0 0 g- Sep 80- 92 0 58 92 55 92 ' 37 100 21 66 0 18 to ' Dec 80 97 5 39 05 97 97 0 100 0 79 8 29 m;

Third-year Oysters _

Sep 78 981 01 421- 581 et 621 01 1001 01 501 01 351 Dec 78 100 0 45- 90 22 15 0 100 $ 80 2 18

. Mar 79 75 0. 28 48 2 0 30 10 0 18 0 5 Jun 79 50 10 22 75 0 100 75 100 0 42 2 to

'Sep 79. 100 - O. 90 100 0 87 54 100 21 64 0 10 Dec 79 100- 0 69 - 1 74 : 3 15 26 100 3 74 0 21 Mar 80 87 0. 41 3 0 0 5 74 0 5 0 1

.Jun 40 42- 0 26 . 71 0 100 89 87 3 30 3 0 Sep 40 97 ' O 6? 74 46 97 31 100 54 67 0 10

Dec 80 100 - 0 29 92 '100 97 0 100 0 82 8 il Fourtt- ye r Oysters .

Sep 78 1001 01 ~ 771 591 01 771 01 971 151 44% 01 641 Dec 78 100 0. 53 92 IS 8 3 100 3 84 0 66 Mar 79 ^ 74 0 29 45 0 8 39 53 0 29 0 24 Jun 79. 58  !! 29 89 0 100 76 100 0 50 3 51 Sep 79 .84' 0 92 100 0 100 61 100 18 63 0 21 Dec'79 97 0 84 66 3 Il 13 100 1 50 0 18 Mar 80 84 0 63- 0 0 0 8 93 0 8 0 8 Jun 80 45 0 50 61 0' 100 92 300 3 97 0 3

Table 8.1-13. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Cove Point in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Anemones /Clama/Nusseln/Ca,mmarus/Nolguta/Barnetles/rorophium/Bryorom/Hud Crabe/I*olyeheeten/fIatworms/Hymer_6a Ii rst year _ tW er s Sep 80 901 01 61 901 101 771 551 971 11 651 11 101 Der 80 44 0 0 53 Al At 0 100 0 91 19 22 Sec,onri-yes t,qs t e,r s_

Sep 19 881 01 321 481 01 01 551 1001 101 721 01 01 Der 79 15 0 2 60 0 20 45 loo 0 50 5 5 CD Nar 80 22 0 2 0 0 2 10 50 0 0 0 0 Jun 80 0 2 0 44 0 98 94 98 2 RR 0 2 7

y Sep 80 Dec 80 91 87 0

0 26 21 92 69 18 92 100 97 67 0

100 100 11

.3 12 90 IR 5 23 14 0%

Jht tp p ar_( h tcra Sep 78 981 01 01 981 01 951 51 921 01 551 01 281 De 78 98 2 0 92 55 IS 0 100 2 62 0 12 Mar 79 35 0 0 40 2 0 52 5 0 12 0 0 Jun 79 22 0 0 62 0 100 78 100 2 12 0 to Sep 79 100 3 47 92 0 94 72 100 1) FA 0 1 Der 19 100 0 17 53 0 22 50 100 0 78 3 8 Mar RO 67 0 11 0 0 0 8 16 0 6 0 0 Jun A0 3 0 6 41 0 100 94 100 0 77 0 .

Sep 80 91 0 26 100 23 100 17 800 31 71 0 4 Dec A0 97 3 23 A6  ?? 100 0 100 0 gi ll 20 f our t h., yea r,0y s.t e r_s Sep 78 1001 01 151 1001 01 951 01 1001 181 SRI 01 521 Dec 78 90 0 5 95 75 12 0 100 2 72 0 55 Mar 19 25 0 2 15 0 0 50 A 0 0 0 0 Jun 79 20 2 5 4R 0 100 R2 100 5 42 2 22 Sep 79 100 0 55 9A 0 88 70 100 37 75 0 to Der 79 100 0 20 52 0 2R 4R 100 12 LR 0 0 Mar 40 72 0 21 0 0 A 11 44 0 1 0 5 Jun 80 21 0 A 62 0 10h 95 100 0 95 0 0 0 0 0

, than elsewhere. Again, the reason for this station difference (j

is not clear. The occurrence of other organisms did not vary noticeably among stations.

When an overall mean for the number of species per oyster since 1978 is computed, the lowest average is seen at KB and the highest is seen at PS (Table 8.1-14). The same rankings are seen when only 1980 values are averaged.

The data on number of speciec per oyster were analyzed separately by quarter. No significant station differences were detected in March. In June, September, and December, signifi-cant differences were detected for both station (p<0.001) and class (p<0.001). The station differences were generally due to fewer species at KB than at the other stations. The class differences were attributed to higher numbers of species asso-ciated with larger oysters; this is to be expected since they have a greater surface area to be fouled and have been set out for a longer period of time.

Growth of Oysters: 1970-72 vs. 1978-80 The preoperational and operational periods were compared for differences in growth (length increases) of oysters between the two periods.

-3 '

!m) Growth of first-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP during June to December 1970 was compared with that of similar-aged oysters during June to December 1980. The average increase per oyster in 1970 was 44.5 mm compared to 48.9 mm in 1980. This increase during 1980 was a considerable improvement over the 33.1-mm average gain during the last half of 1979, a period of lower salinity. The 1980 growth indicates that environmental conditions were no worse this year than they were 10 years ago.

Growth of oysters at PS during 1980 was not used for comparison since the only first-year oysters installed at PS during the preoperational period were set in 1973 and were lost after one examination.

Growth of second-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP from June 1979 to December 1980 was compared with that of similar-aged oysters from June 1970 to December 1971. The average 1970-71 increase was 68.7 mm compared to 62.1 mru during 1979-

80. Although the 1979-80 increase was not quite as great in 1970-71, it was far better than the 47.6 mm average increase of similar-aged oysters during a similar period of 1978-79.

Third-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP from June 1978 to December 1980 were compared with a similar croup from June 1970 to December 1972. The average 1970-72 growth increase was 74.6

_ mm compared to 65.6 mm during 1978-80.

J 8.1-27

Table 8.1-14. Average number of species per oyster for tray-held oysters in the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from June 1978 through December 1980. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1980.

Kenwood Beach Plant Site Casp conoy R ,y_

$ k Point cove Point

@ st-year Oysters Sep 80 3.05 3.74 4.45 4.59 5.06 Dec 80 4.74 5.68 5.12 5.42 **4 Mean U6 UI U5 U6 5'.66 Second-year Oysters Sep 79 3.15 4.75 4.88 5.25 4.55 Dec 79 3.42 3.98 3.98 4.17 3.65 Mar 80 2.40 3.48 1.95 1.92 0.88 Jun 80 3.05 6.28 5.05 5.00 4.35 Sep 80 4.51 5.12 5.82 6.42 6.44 Dec ' 5.31 6.25 6.25 6.61 6.00 m Me 4 (Overa1I) U4 U8 U6 U6 UI Me, (1980) 3.82 5.28 4.77 4.99 4.42 k03 Tli is d-year Oyst et s Sep 78 2.40 3.25 3.75 4.58 4.70 Dec 78 3.48 3.45 3.95 5.00 4.80 Mar 79 2.35 2.72 2.05 2.35 1.48 Jun 79 3.88 5.44 4.88 4.80 4.08 Sep 79 4.04 6.10 5.87 6.24 6.14 Dec 79 3.64 4.96 4.49 4.07 4.33 Mar 80 3.03 4.06 2.16 2.18 1.28 Jun 80 3.56 6.71 5.21 4.97 4.46 Sep 80 4.89 5.66 5.74 6.62 6.49 Dec 00 5.20 6.31 6.27 6.21 6.09 Mean (Ovenall) U5 U7 4744 U9 CM Mean (1980) 4.17 5.69 4.85 5.C0 4.58 Foutth-year Oysters Sep 78 2.60 4.15 4.68 5.32 5.72 Dec 78 3.98 4.72 4.70 5.25 5.08 Mar 79 2.70 3.55 3.02 3.02 1.00 Jun 79 4.20 6.40 5.75 5.66 4.30 Sep 79 4. 95 6.75 6.25 6.41 6.22 Dec 79 3.83 5.18 4.98 4.45 4.28 Man 80 3.08 4.12 2.62 2.66 1,67 Jun 80 3.04 6.52 5.58 5.50 4.77 Mean (OveaalI) U5 5717 4Ti6 4$35 435 Mean (1980) 3.46 5.32 4.10 4.08 1.22 O O O

I 1

1 i

4 The last preoperational-operational comparisons were between the present fourth-year oysters (set out as second-year

'Q_ oysters in 1978) and a similar age class set out in 1970. From June 1970 to June 1972 the preoperational oysters at KB, RP,  ;

and CP grew 39.9 mm whereas from June 1978 to June 1980 the present fourth-year oysters increased by 38.4 mm, nearly the same for both periods. 1 Although the oysters from PS were not used to calculate any averages in the above comparisons, Table 8.1-2 shows that PS oysters grew better than the average of KB, RP, and CP during the operational period. Operational PS averages were also better than preoperational averages (for KB, RP and CP combined) for first- and fourth-year oysters and were nearly the same for second- and third-year oysters. This clearly l indicates that the - operation of the CCNPP has had no adverse i effect on the growth of oysters in the immediate vicinity of the plant.

l l

Summary and conclusions Growth of tray-held oysters in the Chesapeake Bay near Calvert Cliffs, Maryland during 1980 was much better than I during 1979, and was similar to that seen in 1970. No signifi- I cant station differences were detected for first- and second-7 year oysters, but third- and fourth-year oysters did show l significant station effects. Generally, station differences i indicated highest growth rates at PS with rates decreasing as proximity to the CCNPP decreased.

Meat condition showed a strong station effect increasing in a down-bay direction; however, it was linear in form and did not seem to be related to the presence of _ the power plant.

Mortalities were low at-all stations during the year and no significant differences were detected. Higher mortality rates occurred for smaller (younger) oysters (8% annually), but second ,- third , and fourth-year oysters had annual rates'of-1.3, 3.4, and-1.5%, respectively.

- Associated organism data indicated - the typical pattern of fewer species per oyster during periods following winter months

-than during or following warm-water periods. Significant station effects were observed during June, September, and December. .-For three of the four age classes during 1980, PS showed the highest'mean number of species per oyster while KB

-had the lowest mean - for three of four. ' Low numbers at KB were

.due to the scarcity of gammarid amphipods and No1gula.

~

Data _ collected'during 1978-80 showed no detectable adverse effects . on the growth, meat ~ condition, or mortality ~of tray-held oysters, or on organisms associated with them-in the area

- (V]- influenced by-the-discharge of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power I

8.1-29

1 l

Plant. Although some statistically significant station effects were detected, some of which may be related to plant operation (e.g., accelerated growth of oysters and increased species g,

numbers), these effects cannot be viewed as detrimental.

Literature Cited libe, G. R. 1975. Oyster tray studies. Pages 11.1-176 through II.1-216 in Semi-annual report - 1975, biological and chemical investigations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. 1978. Oyster tray studies. Pages 10.1-1 through 10.1-24 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1977. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. 1980a. Oyster population survey at Calvert Cliffs, Maryland. Prepared for Baltimore Gas and Electric Com-pany. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16 pp.

. 1980b. Oyster tray studies. Pages 8.1-1 through 8.1-25 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1979. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

. .980c. Blue crab studies. Pages 7-1 through 7-25 O

in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1979.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). 1968. A survey of oyster density on the upper portion of Flag Pond oyster bar, Chesapeake Bay, Maryland. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 4 pp.

. 1974. Oyster tray studies on the Chesapeake Bay for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 31 pp.

Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull.

64:1-430.

Hewatt, W. G., and J. D. Andrews. 1954. Oyster mortality studies in Virginia. I. Mortalities of oysters in trays at Gloucester Point, York River. Texas J. Sci. 6(2):121-133.

Hollander, M., and D. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods, John Wiley and Sons, New York. 503 pp. g 8.1-30

I i

i t

t Loosanoff, V. L. 1953. Behavior of oysters in water of low 4 . salinites. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 43:135-151.

1 i Sokal, R., and J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman Co.,

San Francisco. 776 pp.

i l~ Walpole, R. E., and R. H. Myers. 1972. Probability and i statistics for engineers and scientists. Macmillan Co. ,

j New York. 506 pp.

k i

i t

i-l a.

I 4

iO I

+

t 1

i f'

s i

1.

i i

+

4 T

4 8d-31~

'-s...-+..

,,_. ._,._a_,,,...u_;..... . ,a_,_,.,s...,__,...,__,.,_,,_.,,_ _ , , , , _ _ _ . . . . , , _ , , _ . . . . _ _ . , , _ ,

es HEAVY METAL ANALYSES OF OYSTERS U

George R. Abbe Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction Many marine and estuarine organisms are capable of accur.-

ulating and concentrating trace elements from their environ-ments. One such organism, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin), has been thoroughly studied (McFarren, Campbell, and Engle, 1962; Galtsoff, 1964; Pringle et al.,

1968; Shuster and Pringle, 1969; and Kopfler and Mayer, 1973).

Because of its sedentary habits and ability to concentrate metals, the oyster is an excellent biological tool for monitor- -

ing environmental changes in metal concentrations which could affect other members of the ecosystem. In addition, high concentrations of certain metals in oysters may reduce the value of these commercially important shellfish, or render them unfit for human consumption. For example, Ratkowsky et al.

(1974) reported that some people who ate Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) containing high concentrations of copper,

~/3 zinc, and cadmium became ill.

b/

Oysters sampled from wild populations often show a size-able variation in the amount of metal accumulated. In sampling oysters from Maine to North Carolina in areas selected without regard to the possible influence of chemical pollution, Pringle et al. (1968) found 'a range of copper concentrations from 7 to 517 ' ppm- (mean - 91. 5 ppm) . Nickel concentrations in the same samples ranged . from - 0~.08 to 1.80 ppm and. averaged 0.19 ppm.

Huggett, Bender, and Slone (1973) stated ' that rettal concentra-tions often vary 100 to 300% among oysters coli.ected - from the same area.

Because saltwater erosion of the 70-30 copper-nickel alloy condenser tubing in the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) would cause' additions of these two ~ metals to the ~ en-vironment, this study was designed to determine copper and nickel accumulation by tray-held oysters in the. vicinity of

~Calvert Cliffs.

Ifimetals - released by the power plant are being accumu-lated by oysters, then increases in metal concentration ratios (plant site / control site) should be evident when operational data - are compared with preoperational data and :when cc.ntrol site ' oysters are ' compared with plant site oysters. .In addi-tion, zinc concentrations were determined' from September 1973 through December -1976 and .again ~ during- 1980 to help estimate

~

i,,) .

' the natural variation in the amount of copper. Since zinc 8.2-1

would not be released from the CCNPP as copper might be, and assuming the source of these geochemically-similar metals would ba the same in a non-industrialized area (the natural weather-h ing of rocks), the ratio of these metals should remain fairly constant (Huggett, Bender and Slone, 1973; O'Connor, 1976). If the concentration of one metal increased in relation to the concentration of another metal, then a man-related so'irce would be suspected.

Materials and Methods From September 1973 to December 1975, five oysters (100-130 mm in shell length) from each of three locations (Kenwood B ach (KB) oyster bed, KB oyster tray, and Plant Site (PS) oyster tray; see Fig. 8.1-1) were collected quarterly (March, June, September, and December) and analyzed for Cu, Ni and Zn content. Until June 1975, oysters were shucked immediately after collection and frozen whole. Af ter that time, the five oysters were homogenized in a blender before freezing, a pro-c; dure that yielded a uniform sample and eliminated the bias inherent in spot-sampling various types of ti ssue (which occurred when only portions of whole oysters were used).

During 1976 oysters were collected quarterly from the oyster bed at KB, and from trays at KB, PS (December only),

Rocky Point (RP), and Cove Point (CP). Oysters were returned 3 to the laboratory where they were scrubbed and rinsed with W distilled water, shucked, rinsed again and blotted dry.

Oysters were then individually homogenized, bagged and frozen.

In 1977, sampling of the KB oyster bed station was discon-tinued, and data from RP and CP were incomplete because of ice-related losses of oysters. Again in 1978, data were miss-ing for the first half of the year because of ice-related losses. In June 1978, oysters were set at all stations and a n w station was added at Camp Conoy (CC). The present study is a continuation of that begun in June 1978. Oysters collected during 1977-1980 were processed by the same methods used in 1976, except that during 1978-80 each oyster was weighed before bring homogenized. No oysters ware analyzed for Zn during 1977 through 1979.

At the time of analysis, oysters were thawed and a 5-g manple of tissue was veighed and placed in a micro-Kjeldahl flask. Each 5-g samp]e was digested by boiling with concen-trated HNO 3 until the resulting solution was clear (Shuster and Pringle, 1969; Huggett, Bender and Slone, 1973; Ayling, 1974; O'Connor, 1976). The solution was then diluted to a constant volume with distilled-deionized water. Copper and zinc concen-trations were determined by aspirating the sample solution into C Perkin-Elmer 460 atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and nickel levels were determined by injecting the sample into a Parkin-Elmer HGA 2100 graphite furnace of the Model 460. $

8.2-2

Data collected during 1980 were analyzed using analysis of O'-

variance techniques. When differences were detected among stations, Duncan's multiple range test (Walpole and Myers, 1972) was applied to determine where these differences occurred. Preoperational and operational comparisons were made between KB and PS since these were the only stations sampled consistently throughout the study. Data were analyzed using a 3-way analysis of variance.

Results and Discussion Copper and nickel concenurations in oysters, expressed as milligrams of metal per kilogram of wet tissue, are listed in Tables 8.2-1 through 8.2-3. During 1973-75, when each collec-tion of five oysters was treated as a single sample, the sample was analyzed in duplicate and the results averaged; thus only mcans are listed in Table 8.2-1. During 1976-80, oysters were unalyzed individually, allowing ranges, means, and standard errors of the means to be calculated as listed in Tables 8.2-2 and 8.2-3.

Copper (1978-80)

When oysters were set out in June 1978 the mean copper concentration of five oysters randomly selected from the entire 3

q_j group was 52 mg/kg with a range of 7-80 mg/kg (Table 8.2-3).

Concentrations at KB, CC, RP, and CP generally decreased until mid-1980 when copper levels began to increase at CC, RP, and CP. At PS, copper concentrations were not nearly as stable as at the other stations, and both sharp increases and subsequent decreases were observed several times durlag the 2.5-year study

~(Fig. 8.2-1). .

Analysis of'1980 data revealec a -significant date effect (p=0.025), a highly significant station effect (p<0.001), and a significant date-station interaction (p=0.030). In the compar-ison below, stations are ranked according to their mean values, and similar stations are underlined (based on Duncan's multiple range test).

KB CP RP CC PS 16.6 mg/kg 22.2 mg/kg 32.3 mg/kg 41.0 mg/kg 46.5 mg/kg Although tue mean and range - of concentrations (17-93 mg/kg) were highest at PS during 1980 (Table 8.2-3), values were lower than those reported by other investigators (McFarren, Campbell, and Engle, 1962; 'ringle et al., 1968). In all cases the means were below the rt iommended maximum allowable copper level for human consumption of 100 mg/kg (Roosenburg, 1969).

O-(.)

8.2-3

Tablo 8.2-1. Coppar, nickal and zinc concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesa-peake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1973 through 1975. (Values are means of two analyses performed on samples consisting of five oysters.)

lll Copper Nickel Zinc S :ptember 1573 Kenwood Beach Tray 60 2.2 1555 Kenwood Beach Bed 5.5 4.3 292 Plant Site Tray 85 9.0 892 December 1973 Kenwood Beach Tray 43 2.0 1212 Kenwood Beach Bed 8.6 0.3 438 Plant Site Tray 82 1.6 1214 Mnrch 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 19 2.5 699 Kenwood Beach Bed 62 2.8 1723 Plant Site Tray 84 3.4 1578 June 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 7.4 2.4 300 Fanwood Beach Bed 53 1.7 1021 Plant Site Tray 56 0.9 1176 Szptember 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 26 3.0 1030 Kenwood Beach Bed 33 3.2 1390 Plant Site Tray 41 3.4 1530 December 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 25 2.2 940 I Kenwood Beach Bed 24 2.2 920 Plant Site Tray 18 2.5 550 Mrrch 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 30 <1 828 Kenwood Beach Bed 42 <1 850 Plant Site Tray 56 <1 736 June 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray Ed <l 787 Kenwood Beach Bed 55 <1 1200 Plant Site Tray 54 <1 626 S:ptember 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 14 <1 680 Kenwood Beach Bed 22 <l 680 Plant Site Tray 68 <1 560 December 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 20 <1 420 Kewood Beach Bed 19 <1 400 Plant Site Tray

• 9.2 <1 238

- Sampled in February 1976 9

8.2-4

O O O Table 8.2-2.- Copper, nickel and zinc concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from.1976 through 1977. No zinc data are available after December 1976. (Values are based on five oysters analyzed individually. Beginning of new study is designated by ***.)

Copper . Nickel zinc Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean Std. Err, Match 197A ***

Kenwo;d Beach Bed 7- 9 9 0.36- <0.2 - 0.2 (0.2 0.00 172- 276 237 39 Kenwood Beach Tray 9- 10 10 0.22 <0.2 -<0.2 <0.2 0.00 166- 262 220 37 Rocky Point Tray 9- 9 9 0.00

• Cove Point Tray- 9- 9 9- 0.00

• June 1976

'Kenwood Beach Bed 7- 13 10 1.12 < 0. 2 -< 0. 2 <0.2 0.00 146- 244 194 39 Kenwood Beach Tray 6- 9 7- 0.49 <0.2 - 0.4. 0.3 0.04 110- 218 157 39 Rocky Point Tray 20- 40. 30 3.23

• Cove Pont Tray 15- 26 19 1.85 *

, September 1976 hJ - Kenwood Beach Bed 12- 32 21 3.44 0.52- 1.20 0.88 0.12 360- 700 508 135 i

Kenwood Beach Tray 4- 60 18 10.46 0.56- 1.08 0.78 0.09 253

• Rocky Point Tray 12- 56 37 120- 760 380 7.31 0.10- 0.88 0.63 0.14 Cove Point Tray 20- 56 42 6.01 0.64- 0.96 0.78 0.05 December 1976 Kenwood Beach Bed 11- 31 23 4.20 0.76- 1.44 1.10 0.52 180- 920 632 288 Kenwood Beach Tray 12- 60 30 8.36 0.60- 1.40 1.03 0.13 140- 420 308 101 Plant Site Tray 36- 80 58 8.63 0.92- 1.12 1.01 0.03 200-1019 700 369 Rocky Point Tray 32- 80 53 9.67 0.76- 1.44 1.02 0.13 Cove Point Tray 32- 48 40 2.53 0.76- 1.4r 0.97 0.12 March 1977

-renwood Beach Tray 20-120 60 16.55 <0.02- 0.30 0. lit 0.07 Plant Site Tray 20-200 100 30.41 0.12- 0.24 0.17 0.02 Cove Point Tray 20-200 124 32.50 0.04- 0.14 0.09 0.02 June'1977-Kenwood Beach Tray 10- 30 20 3.13 0.20- 0.49 0.32 0.04 Plant Site Tray 10- 50 35 7.60 0.50- 0.60 0.58 0.02 September 197 7 * *

• Kenwood Beach Tray 2- 16 11 2.68 0.28- 0.52 0.40 0.04 Plant Site Tray 24- 44 35 3.50 0.36- 0.50 0.46 0.01 December 1977 Kenwood Beach Tray 10- 15 13 1.34 0.44- 1.12 0.70 0.12 Plant Site Tray 26- 44 34 3.13 0.36- 0.62 0.47 0.05 Rocky Point Tray 10- 16 13 0.98 0.24- 0.58 0.37 0.07 Cove Point Tray 10- 22 IS 3.71 0.72- 0.04 0.77 0.01

• Missing data

Tzblo 8.2-3. Copper, nickel and zinc (1980 only) concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1978 through 1980. (Values are based on five oysters analyzed individually.)

Oynter Copper Nickel Weight _(gl Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean Std. Ear.

June 1978 Initial Sample 10.6 7- 80 52 12.50 0.01-0.15 0.10 0.02 Septemhet 1970 Kenwood 13each 11.1 12- 32 19 3.44 0.06-0.26 0.13 0.03 Plant Site 9.4 44- 89 64 9.47 0.20-0.70 0.4R 0.08 Camp conoy 9.5 34- 54 45 3,30 0.01-C.44 0.19 0.09 Rocky Point 9.8 20- 74 3R 9.44 0.06-0.50 0.32 0.00 Cove Polnt 11.4 10- 40 26 4.75 0.02-0.52 0.25 0.09 Decembet 1978 g Kenwood fleach 18.2 11- 19 14 1.56 0.14-0.4A 0.24 0.06

. Plant Site 16.5 65- 75 70 1.64 0.16-0.20 0.10 0.01 N Camp conoy 15.9 35- 57 47 4.13 0.10-0.40 0.In 0.06 Rocky Point 17.0 13- 37 27 5.01 0.12-0.24 0.In 0.02 Cove Polut 17.1 21- 29 25 1.46 0.14-0.22 0.17 0.01 March 1979 Kenwood fleach 19.9 9- 17 12 1.51 0.10-0.70 0.34 0.10 Plant Site 20.1 32- 49 43 3.19 0.16-0.40 0.22 0.04 Camp Conoy 24.7 20- 50 37 6.00 0.04-0.22 0.15 0.01 Rocky Poitat 17.9 5- 37 19 6.62 0.01-0.32 0.In 0.0S Cove Point 17.7 la- 20 23 2.05 0.10-0.34 n.22 0.04 June 1979 Kenwood I)each 15.9 4- 14 10 2.29 0.12-0.20 0.16 0.01 Plant Sit e 11.8 14- 21 19 1.37 0.14-0.26 0.19 0.02 Camp Conoy 17.7 19- 46 34 5.04 0.14-0.24 0.20 0.02 Rocky Polnt 17.6 7- 38 16 5.57 0.01-0.10 0.05 0.02 Cove Point 16.2 14- 40 32 6.05 0.02-0.0n 0.05 0.01 Septemi>er 1979 Kenwood 11each 17.0 al- 23 12 4.2n 0.46-0.96 0.61 0.09 Plant Site 16.0 28-100 66 12.77 0.62-0.96 0.00 0.05 Camp Conoy 16.4 14- 67 33 9.65 0.32-0.90 0.57 0.11 Rocky Point 16.8 31- 46 38 2.66 0.72-1.02 0.06 0.05 Cove Point 17.1 23- 38 27 2.72 0.5n-0./n 0.66 0.01 D*Cembat- 1979 Kenwood Beach 21.4 8- 20 14 2.40 0.16-0.26 0.21 0.02 Plant Site 21.0 12- 69 33 11.56 0.22-0.18 0.29 0.01 Camp Conoy 21.7 16- 43 12 5.03 0.16-0.2n 0.21 0.02 Rocky Point 21.3 26- 47 35 4.26 0.12-0.30 0.20 0.01 Cove Point 22.1 11- 23 16 2.22 0.on-0.10 0.I6 0.01 O O O

g b V U Table 8.2-3. (cont.) Copper, nickel and zinc ~(1980 only) concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1978 through 1980. (Values are based on five oysters analyzed individually.)

Oyster Copper Nickel zine

- Weight (91 Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean~ Std. Err. Rat}ge Nejri Std. Etr.

March 1980 Kenwood Beach 15.6 17- 31 25 2.94 0.21-1.64 0.92 0.26 515- 830 686 59 Plant Site. 16.4 41- 93 68 8.59 0.27-0.65 0.39 0.07 540- 965 771 72 Camp Conoy 21.4 24- 51 37 5.44 0.18-1.12 0.86 0.18 420 865 648 72

.g Rocky Point 22.0 11- 46 30 6.56 0.21-1.02 0.45 0.15 145- 890 602 134

, Cove Point 24.0 15- 28 20 2.22 0.16-0.75 0.39 0.14 220- 590 440 63 to 1 June 1980 M Kenwood Beach 17.3 10- 26 17 2.71 0.63-1.14 0.89 0.09 95- 680 410 101 Plant Site 22.2 18- 57 36 6.97 0.44-0.80 0.65 0.07 130- 735 401 99 Camp Conoy 21.7 16- 54 30 6.95 0.42-2.05 0.04 0.34 140- 715 405 105 Rocky Point 21.2 12- 39 25 5.40 0.67-1.59 0.96 0.17 120- 700 406 117 Cove Point 26.0' 9- 22 16 2.25 0.52-0.67 0.59 0.03 55- 470 2R2 67 September 1980-Kenwood Beach 19.2 2- 21 13 4.22 0.66-0.98 0.81 0.00 452- 796 592 76 Plant Site 15.7 17- 77 31 11.67 0.72-0.80 0.76 0.01 60-1230 358 221 Camp Conoy 22.7 23- 84 54 10.02 0.30-0.02 0.60 0.08 368-1228 870 150 Rocky Point 21.0 23- 47 32 4.83 0.60-0.94 0.84 0.06 340-3132 810 130 Cove Point 19.0 11- 26 21 2.73 0.52-0.92 0.71 0.07 506- 00R 622 53

' December 1980 Kenwood Beach 23.6 2- 26 11 4.42 0.20-0.78 0.43 0.10 64-1038 420 174 Plant Site 21.6 32- 70 51 0.07 0.43-0.73 0.54 0.06 279- 625 453 62 Camp Conoy 25.8 17- 69 44 9.90 0.42-0.65 0.52 0.04 319- 078 571 109 Rocky Point 23.7 16- 69 42 9.29 0.26-0.72 0.49 0.08 313-1062 621 132 Cove Point 22.3 19- 49 32 5.56 0.31-0.55 0.41 0.04 312- 752 500 n1 Grand Mean Kenwood Beach 18.6 2- 32 15 1.43 0.06-1.64 0.47 0.10 64-103n 532 65 Plant Site 17.2 12-100 48 5.77 0.14-0.96 0.45 0.07 60-1230 497 93 Camp conoy 19.8 16- 84 39 2.47 0.01-2.05 0.43 0.09 140-122e 624 97 Rocky Point 18.8 5- 74 30 2.69 0.01-1.59 0.45 0.10 120-1132 Gil 83 Cove Point 19.3 9- 49 24 1.81 0.02-0.92 0.36 0.07 55- ROD 476 75

C O KENWOOD BEACH 10 0 -

=

• PLANT SITE c 0 CAMP CONOY A 4. ROCKY POINT 80 -

a ,

a COVE POINT

^

oi x

x

[60 -

tr m id u Q-4 o_ 40 -

O O

A 20 -

Na s a- a s, I I i 1978 1979 1980 Figure 8.2-1. Mean copper concentrations in mg/kg wet tissue weight for oysters collected from five stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Clif f s Nuclear l'ower Plant from 1978 through 1980.

O O O

Nickel (1978-80)

(o)

In June 1978, nickel concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 mg/kg and averaged 0.10 mg/kg (Table 8.2-3). Since then, concentrations have generally been higher, but were nearly the same in June 1979 as in June 1978. Nickel levels were high at all stations in September 1979, but were low again in December 1979. During 1980, concentrations were higher throughout the year than had previously been detected, although they did decrease by December (Fig. 8.2-2).

Analysis of 1980 data revealed a significant date effect (p=0.001), but no difference between stations (p=0.089). The highest average nickel concentration during 1980 was detected at KB (0.76 mg/kg) and the lowest was at CP (0.52 mg/kg) (Table 8.2-3).

Zinc (1980)

No initial zinc concentrations are available since the oysters analyzed during 1980 were set out in 1978; no analyses for zinc were done from 1977-1979. Zinc concentrations were determined mainly so that copper-zinc relationships could be evaluated. No station effects were expected for zinc and none were seen (p=0.24). Mean annual concentrations were as fol-rx lows: KB (532 mg/kg), PS (497 mg/kg), CC (624 mg/kg), RP (611 O mg/kg), and CP (476 mg/kg) (Table 8.2-3). A seasonal effect is evident in Figure 8.2-3 and was highly significant (p=0.001) as June levels were well below those of March and September.

Copper /zine (1980)

The copper /zine ratios reflected the concentrations of these two metals at the sampling stations. The analysis of variance detected no seasonal effect (p=0.089), but the station effect was highly significant (p<0.001). This result is not unexpected since a highly significant station effect was found for copper and no station effect was found for zinc. Thus, a station effect similar to that for copper would be expected.

Means for copper / zinc were in fact ranked the same as for copper. Duncan's multiple range test, however, detected slightly different results for copper / zinc than for copper, as shown in the comparison below. Again, similar stations are underlined.

KB CP RP CC PS 0.0339 0.0530 0.0592 0.0633 0.1108 PS was significantly higher than all other stations be-

, cause it was highest in copper and second-lowest in zinc.

() According to Huggett, Bender, and Slone (1973), if there were no man-related copper contamination and if all copper and zinc came from natural sources, then the ratios would be similar at 8.2-9

= = KENWOOD BEACH e O PLANT SITE o o CAMP CONOY I.O -

a a ROCKY POINT c o COVE POINT 0.8 -

1 m f en x

N 5 0.6 -

[

o> __j i> W 4 Y o O O.4 -

Z f

i O.2 -

. I

./

l t i 1978 1979 1980 Figure 8.2-2. Mean nickel concentrations in mg/kg wet tissue weight for oysters collected from five stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1978 through 1980.

O O O

O O O W = KENWOOD BEACH e-- -* PLANT SITE c o CAMP CONOY 1000 -

a---e ROCKY POINT c a COVE PO!NT 800 -

m D

E 600 -

v Po Yz N 400 -

200 -

1 I I I MAR JUN SEP DEC Figure 8.2-3. Mean zinc concentrations in mg/kg wet tissue weight for oysters collected from five stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1980.

all stations. Because copper and zinc are geochemically similar and because PS had the highest concentrations of copper, one would expect to find high levels of zine there h

also. However, since zinc concentrations are low, there must b3 a man-related source of copper somwhere near PS, probably the CCNPP.

1973-1980 In 7 years of study, copper concentrations have ranged from 4-200 mg/kg wet weight, well within the ranges detected by others (Pringle et al., 1968; Shuster and Pringle, 1969). The data collected for KB and PS were analyzed in a 3-way analysis of variance (by period, station and date), which revealed a significant difference between the 45.2 mg/kg of the preopera-tional period and the 32.1 mg/kg of the operational period (p=0.038). No seasonal effect was evident, but station was highly significant (p<0.001). During the entire 7-year period, copper concentration at KB averaged 19.5 mg/kg while at PS it cveraged 50.5 mg/kg. This difference indicates a copper source in the PS area.

During the preoperational period the mean copper concen-tration at KB was 30.1 mg/kg and since operation began the level has decreased to 17.5 mg/kg. A similar decrease was observed at PS where the preoperational concentration (60.3 g mg/kg) decreased to 48.4 mg/kg. Since the dif ference between W KB and PS during the preoperational period was 30.2 mg/kg and was 30.9 mg/kg during the operational period, it would appear that environmental conditions at the two stations had not changed relative to each other. However, since PS copper concentrations were still much higher than those at KB, it was unclear whether the source of the copper was bottom sediments or the CCNPP.

To resolve this, zinc concentrations and copper / zinc ratios were examined. Analysis of zinc data revealed a highly significant difference between the preoperational and opera-tional periods (p<0.001), but no other differences were detected. Preoperational concentrations at KB and PS were 938 and 1097 mg/kg, respectively. During the operational period, concentrations docteased to 500 and 503 mg/kg for these same ctations.

The analysis of copper / zinc ratios revealed a highly cignificant station effect (p<0.001). The ratio of copper to zinc at KB during the preoperatinal period was 0.031 and in-creased to 0.038 during the operational period, a 23% increase (Fig. 8.2-4). However, at PS, the copper / zinc ratio during the preoperational period was 0.057 and increased to 0.106 (an 86%

increase). These ratio increases resulted from the large reductions in zinc concentrations, not from copper increases.

Nevertheless, if copper and zinc are ao closely related as g

8.2-12

O O O O.15 0 0

• KENWOOD BEACH

= = PLANT SITE O.12 5 -

i O

- O.10 0 -

H

<l

[

y: 'r o

z O.075

/

N m N w T

' L2J U o_ O.050 -

CL O

O 0.025 -

Preoperational > Operational >

I i I i I I i 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Figure 8.2-4. Copper-zinc ratios computed from data for oysters collected at two stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1973 through 1976 and during 1980.

Huggett, Bender, and Slone (1973) suggest, then PS copper should have decreased (along with zinc) even more than it did.

The large increase in copper / zinc ratio at PS indicates a man-related source of copper in that area, probably the CCNPP.

It has been reported that corrosion of condenser tubing can cause additions of copper and nickel to the environment. Abbe and Krueger (1977) showed that the Morgantown Generatirg Sta-tion on the Potomac River was a source of copper for oysters, although most of the uptake was by oysters in the Morgantown effluent canal and not in the receiving water.

Although the plant may be releasing copper, the amount is sniall; and the concentrations in oysters at PS, while higher than at the other stations, are well within acceptable limits.

In more than 7 years of study, nickel levels in oysters have ranged from about 0.01 mg/kg wet weight to 9.0 mg/kg, a range of values so far above those detected by Pringle et al.

(1968) that its validity must be questioned. However, since 1976 when the Academy's instrument technology was refined, nickel concentrations have ranged from about 0.01 to 2.05 mg/kg. No station means exceeded 1.00 mg/kg during the 1977-80 period.

The computed nickel means for the preoperational and operational periods were 2.65 mg/kg (Table 8.2-1) and 0.61 mg/kg (Tables 8.2-1 through 8. 2-3 ) , respectively. Where less- a than signs appear in Tables 9.2-1 and 8.2-2, maximum values W were used for computation of means; thus, means are slightly high. The periods differed significantly (p<0.001), but as mentioned earlier, the validity of some preoperational data is in question.

No differences were detected between the mean nickel concentration at KB (0.87 mg/kg) and at PS (1.03 mg/kg) for the entire 7-year period (p=0.13). Nor was there any significant period-station effect (p=0.08). Preoperational concentrations at KB and PS were 2.19 and 3.11 mg/kg, respectively. Opera-tional values decreased to 0.62 and C.59 mg/kg, respectively.

Conclusions Uptake of copper by oysters in the Calvert Cliffs area of Chesapeake Bay appears to decrease with increasing distance from the CCNPP. Data collected during 1980 showed a signifi-cant station effect with copper concentrations at PS (averaging 46.5 mg/kg) significantly great 2r than all other stations except CC (41.0 mg/kg). The lowest station mean was at KB (16.6 mg/kg), the station farthest from the plant, and was significantly less than all other stations except CP (22.2 mg/kg).

9 8.2-14

The difference in mean copper concentration between KB and e PS for the June 1975-December 1980 period was 30.9 mg/kg, O, compared to 30.2 mg/kg for the preoperational period of Sep-tember 1973-March 1975. Thus, it is not readily evident from these data that higher copper levels at PS are related to CCNPP operation. However, from examination of a limited amount of zinc data and computed copper / zinc ratios, it becomes evident that the plant was contributing some copper to the environment.

Since the relationship between copper and zinc in an uncontam-inated area should remain fairly constant, as zinc concentra-tions decrease so should those of copper. Zinc concentrations decreased at both KB and PS nearly 50% from the preoperational to the operational period, and copper decreased 42% at KB.

Thus, the copper / zinc ratio at KB increased only slightly.

However, the copper concentration at PS decreased only 20%,

causing a substantial increase in the copper / zinc ratio. It is this increase in the copper / zinc ratio that indicates the man-related source of copper in the vicinity of PS, probably from condenser tubes at the CCNPP.

Nicael concentrations do not appear related to plant operation being much lower during the operating phase of this study than during the preoperational period. In addition, the concentrations at KB and PS were about the same within the two periods.

From these data, it is evident that the CCNPP has added (7 some copper to the waters of Chesapeake Bay in the immediate v' vicinity of the plant, but such additions have been small and have not adversely affected the oysters in this area. While concentrations of copper in oysters were higher at PS than at other stations, they were nevertheless well within acceptable limits. No effects on nickel or zinc concentrations resulting from plant operation were detected.

Literature Cited Abbe, G. R., and F. E. Krueger. 1977. Metals in oysters -

1976 ctudy. Pages D-9 to D-23 in Morgantown station and the Potomac estury: a 316 environmental demonstration.

Vol. 3. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila.

Ayling, G. M. 1974. Uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, and chromium in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, grown in the Tamar River, Tasmania. Water Res. 8:729-738.

Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American oyster, Crassost.ea virginica Gmelin. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Fish.

Bull. 63:1-480.

Huggett, R. J., M. E. Bender, and H. D. Slone. 1973. Utiliz-es ing metal concentration relationships in the Eastern

( j' oyster (Crassostrea virginica) to detect heavy metal pollution. Water Res. 7:451-460.

8.2-15

Kopfler, F. C., and J. Mayer. 1973. Concentrations of five trace metals in the waters and oysters (Crassostrea vir-ginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama.

Assoc. 63:27-34.

Proc. Nat. Shellfish. h McFarren, E. F., J. E. Campbell and J. B. Engle. 1962. The occurrence of copper and zinc in shellfish. Pages 229-234 in E. T. Jensen, ed. Proceedings 1961 Shellfish Sanita-tion Workshop. U. S. Public Health Service.

O'Connor, T. P. 1976. Investigation of heavy metal concentra-tions of sediment and biota in the vicinity of the Morgan-town Steam Electric Station. Martin Marietta Morgantown Monitoring Program Report Series. Ref. No. MT-76-1. 23 PP.

Pringle, B. H., D. E. Hissong, E. L. Katz, and S. T. Mulawka.

1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks.

Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engnrs. J. Sanit. Eng. Div.

94(SA3):455-475.

Ratkowsky, D. A., S. J. Thrower, I. S. Eustace, and J. Olley.

1974. A numerical study of the concentration of some heavy metals in Tasmanian oysters. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.

31(7):1164-1171.

Roosenburg, W. H. 1969. Greening an copper accumulation in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the g vicinity of a steam electric generating station. Ches. W Sci. 10:241-252.

Shuster, C. N., Jr., and B. H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 59:91-103.

Walpole, R. E., and R. H. Myers. 1972. Probability and sta-tistics for engineers and scientists. Macmillan Co., New York. 506 pp.

O 8.2-16

IMPINGEMENT STUDIES. 1. IMPINGEMENT COUNTS Michael F. Hirshfield J. Howard Hixson, III James D. White Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction Studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) have been carried out since 1975 to estimate numbers, species compo-sition, weight, and size of impinged fish and selected inverte-brates.

Approximately 9.08 x 106 1/ min (2.4 x 106 gal / min) of Chesapeake Bay water are circulated through the CCNPP condens-ers for cooling. The water passes under a 171-m long curtain wall, which extends from slightly above the water surface to a depth of 8.5 m, at a velocity of less than 0.15 m/sec, . The cooling water is drawn approximately 91.4 m across an embayment into the intake structure, where tne velocity increases to 0.3 At.the intake, organisms unable to avoid the current or m/sec.~

those that move with - it ' encounter a series of rotating, 1-cm square mesh screens. Each of the six pairs of screens servic-(]

'- ~ ing each unit rotates in succession for a period of 10 min and remains stationary during the other 50 min of every hour.

Organisms larger than the mesh size may be impinged on these screens; as the screen rotates, impinged organisms are washed into a trough and returned to the Chesapeake Bay.

In this report, data collected from January through Decem-ber 1980 are examined.

Materials and Methods Sampling frequency was ' based on 6-day cycles. On each sampling day, 1-h collections were made at each of the two generating units ".'f.one unit was not in operation, both sam-ples were collected at-the-operating unit). A collecting net (consisting of l'.27-cm stretch mesh nylon) was placed in the screen wash discharge trough and left for approximately 1 h.

The - unit to be sampled- first alternated each day. The initial 6-day sampling' period, .and succeeding odd-numbered

~

6-day periods, were scheduled'as follows: the first' collection began at 0000,-0400, 0800, 1200, 1600, 2000 h on the 1st,-2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th days, respectively. The second collec-tions on each~ day began 2 h after the first collections had (o)'_ begun. The second.6-day sampling period, and succeeding even-9.1-1

numbered sampling periods were scheduled as follows: the first collections began at 0100, 0500, 0900, 1300, 1700 and 2100 h on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th days, respectively. On each day the second collection began 2 h after the first had h

begun. Therefore, all hours of the day were sampled in two 6-day sampling periods.

Up to 50 individuals of each species collected were mea-surr;d and examined for external injuries. A total weight for cach species was also obtained. Before each sample was col-lected, the number of circulators operating was noted.

Statistical Methods The mean counts and weight of the hourly samples at each unit were calculated for each species for each month. These mean values were multiplied by the total number of operating hours in the month for each unit to provide estimates of monthly impingement rates for each species. Estimates for yearly totals were made by summing all monthly estimates.

Variance estimates are based upon procedures in Cochran (1977). The variance of each monthly estimate was calculated as:

N g(N -ng )

i where N = total number of operating n1 *% i hours in mon d i g

n g = number of hourly samples in month i var g= variance of the n i

samples Variances of the yearly estimates were calculated as the sum of the monthly va_riances. Approximate _95% confidence limits were calculated as X i 1.96]Ivar , where X = the monthly estimate of total individuals impinged bor each species.

Results and Discussion The total number of each finfish species, number of male and female blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) and the number of hours sampled each month are presented in Tables 9.1-1 (Unit 1) and 9.1-2 (Unit 2). Totals for Units 1 and 2 combined are presented in Table 9.1-3. Dominant finfishes species collected at each unit included bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) and Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus). These species ac-counted for 90.2% of the total catch at Unit 1, 92.6% at Unit 2, and 91.8% at both units combined. Other finfishes were not abundant at both units, e.g., skilletfish (Gobiesox strumosus) composed 0.9% of the catch at Unit 2 but only 0.1% at Unit 1.

Blue crabs were also collected in large numbers at both units.

g 9.1-2

~ - .-

p- (~)

%) v T -

' Table 9'1-1.

Total number of fish species and blue crabs (Callincetes sapidus) collected monthly-at Unit 1 during impingement studies at the ,

t Calvert Cliffs. Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Species Jan . Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov* Dec Total

~

Alosa aestivalis NO - 65 31 6 3 -

1 - - - - -

126 Alosa pseudoharengus 3 6 3 - - - - -

12

'Anchoa matchiffi 14 .140 85 2582 3120 667 21 47 19 12 -

1 6708 Anguilla rostrata - 3 - - - - - - - - - - -

3

- Brevoortia tyrannus'- 240 1097 ' 83 ' 132 432 639 91  !!9 14 - -

6 2853 Centsopristis striata 1 -' - - - - - - - -

1 Cynosefon regalis 3 - -- .- - - -

61 11 - - -

75 Cyprinodon variegatus ' - -~ - 1 - - - - -

1 Dorosoma cepedianum 23 23 12 3 1 - - - - - - -

62 Tundulus diaphanus 1 -

1 -

1 - ' ~ - - - - -

3 Tundulus majalis . .- - - -

1 - - - - - - -

1 Casterosteus aculeatus 1 1 - - - - - - - - - -

2 Oobiesom strumosus 2 - - 7 6 1 - - - - -

3 19

_e Cobiosoma bosci - - - - - 1 - - - - -

1

, Hippocampus erectus. .- - - 1 1 - - - -

2 p Hypsoblennius heastsi 1 -

1 - 4 - - - - - - -

6 l Leiostomus manthurtis 109 - - - 1645 433 39 144 9 8 -

3 2390 W Lepomis gibbosus - - - 1 5 - - - - - - -

6

Leponis macrochirus - - - - 11 - - - - - - -

11 Membras martinica - - . ~ 21 - - - - - - -

21 Menidia beryllina -- - ' - -

10 5 -

1 121 - - -

137

.Menidia menidia ' 58 53' 113 3 20 5 1 1 16 - -

1 271

, .Nerluccius bilinearis -

- - - 2 - - - - - - -

2

. Micropogon undulatus - 22 1 - - - - 1 - - -

1 25 Morone americana - - - 2 - - -

1 - - - -

3 Qpsanus tau . - - - 2 15 9 - - - - -

1 27 Faralichthys dentatus 12 25 10 11 10 18 63 56 3 - - -

208 Feptilus alepidatus - - - - 2 - - 11 18 I - -

92 repritus triacanthus - - - - 1 - - - - - - -

1 Fomatomus saltatriz - - - - - 3 1 2 - - - -

6 Prionotus Carolinus - - - - 3 - - - - - -

• 3 Pseudopleuronectes - - - - - - - - - - - - -

americanus - 1 - 2 41 465 10 - - - - -

519

'Scophthalmus aquosus - - - - - - 1 - - - - -

1 Syngnathus fuscus 2 - 2 4 5 1 - - - - - -

14 Trinectes maculatus 3 1 - 9 339 844 1462 817 43 2 -

1 3521 Urophycis regius 1 - - 19 7 - - - - - - -

27 Total fish .497 1434 342 2785 5706 3091 1690 1261 314 23 -

17 17160 Number of hours sampled - 22 10 20 18 22 19 22 19 21 13 - 6 192 Number per hour (fish) 22.6'143.4 17.1 154.7 259.4 162.7 76.8 66.4 15.0 1.8 - 2.8 89.4 Ca12inectes sapidus <f - - - .48 244 50 57 116 50 6 - - 571 I

9 - - - 76 623 354 455 247 147 63 - -

1959 l

• no samples collected i

Table 9.1-2. Total number of fish species and blue crabs (Callincotes sapidus) collectcd monthly at Unit 2 during impingement studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1980.

Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug S >p Oct Nov Dec Total Alosa aestivalis 7 27 80 2 6 ~ - - ~ ~

10 369 501 Alosa pseudoharengus -

8 3 - - - - ~

11 Anchoa altchilli 4 48 58 1934 1579 189 32 65 55 128 18116 781 22989 Anguilla rostrata -

2 2 1 2 - ~ -

2 -

1 6 16 Apeltes quadracus ~ ~ ~

2 - ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~

l 3 Brevoortia tyrannus 33 771 454 106 347 232 187 462 23 68 214 336 3173 Chaetodipterns taber - ~ - - ~ ~ - - ~

! 2 -

3 Chasmodes bosquianus - - ~ ~ - - - ~ ~

l 7 -

8 Cynoscion nebulosus ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ -

6 ~

6 Cynoscion regalis 2 ~. ~ -

1

- ~

61 25 2 5 4 100 Cyprinodon variegatus ~ ~ ~ - -

1

~ ~ -

1 2 1 5 Dorosoma ceredianum 7 14 ~, 7 - - ~

2 ~ ~ -

2 6 68

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Tundulus diaphanus - - -

~

1 1 fundulus majails ~ ~ - - - - ~ ~ - -

2 2 Casterosteus aculeatus 2 3 2 - ~ ~ ~ - ~ - ~ -

T Cobiesom strusosus - - -

4 6 - - - ~ -

110 219 339

~

g Cobiosoma bosci ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - -

1 1 Hypsoblennius bentsi ~ ~ - -

1 I 1

- ~ ~

5 -

8 p Leiostomus santhurus 175 1 3 675 858 41 888 20 1125 2050 451 6297 Lepomis macrochirus - - -

8 - ~ - - - - -

9 i 1 9

4% Membras martinica ~ - ~ -

8 - - ~

l Menidia beryllina ~ - - ~

7 4 2 10 439 23 33 ~

518 Menidia menidia 6 65 82 1 25 4 4 1 5 2 -

48 243 Micropogon undulatus -

154 - - ~ ~ ~

9 ~ - -

25 188 Morone americana - ~ ~

l 2 ~ - - - ~

2 -

5 Mugil cephalus -

3 - - - ~ ~ ~ - - -

1 4

~ - ~ ~ - - -

Notemigonus crysoleucas - ~ ~

1 1

ppsanus tau - - - ~

5 3 - - - -

ll -

19 raralichthys dentatus 2 23 43 20 31 26 33 134 8 18 13 9 360 reprilus alepidotus - - - -

5 - -

16 112 6 15 -

154 reprilus triacanthus ~ ~ ~ -

2 ~ - - - - -

2 Pomatomus saltatrim ~ ~ ~ -

1 2 4 4 -

2 35 ~

48

- ~ - - - - -

~ ~ -

1 Prionotus carolinus ~

1

~ - ~

Pseudopleuronectes - - - - - - - - ~

americanus -

1 1

~

40 135 13 - - - -

1 191

~

Rissola marginata - - - - - - ~

l

- ~ -

l syngnathus (uscus 1 -

5 3 4 -

1 1 1 1 Trinectes maculatus 3 2 2 15 167 522 717 1583 205 17 12 4 3249 Utophycis regius -

1 11 4 -

2 - - - - -

18 Total fish 242 1063 769 2!06 2926 1977 1049 3235 895 1394 20655 2264 38%75 Number of hours sampled 22 24 22 20 22 19 22 19 21 29 40 30 290 Number per hour (fish) 11.0 44.3 34.9 105.3 133.0 104.1 47.7 170.3 42.6 48.1 516.4 n.5 111.0 Callinectes sapidus d - - -

66 268 64 73 127 47 283 2453 134 3515 9 132 576 394 472 490 , 211 1052 5454 265 9046

1. 9 9

^

A TableL9.1-3.- Total number offfish spec'ies-and blue crabs.(Callineetes sapidus) collected monthly:at Units 1 and 2 during impingment studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December, 1980..

Species- Jan. .Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep' Oct Nov Dec Total

.-Alosa aestivalis' 27-' ;92 111 8 9 -

1 - - -

10 369 627 I@ '

Alosa pseudohat enqus' '3 14 6 - - - - -- - - - -

23

'Q Anchoa.mitchf11f 18 188 143 4516 4699 856 53 112 74 140 18116 702 29697 g Anguilla'rostrata. 3 2 -2' l' 2 - - -

2. -

1 6 19 U1- Brevoortia tafrannus -273 ,1808 537 238 779 871 27R 581 37 68 214 342 6026

-Centropristis striata .1

-^ - - - - - - - - - -

I cynoscion regaffs '5; - - ' -

1 122. 36 2 5 4 175 Dorosoma cepedianum 30~ 37 49 .3 1 -

2 - - -

2 6 130 Tundulus diaphanus' 1 -

1 -

1 - - - - - -

1 4

'Castetostens'aculcatus ~ 3 4 2 - - - - - - - - -

9 Cobiesos str umost.s '2- E- -

11 12 1 110 222 358 lefostomus-xanthutus- 284 1 - '

.3 2320 1291 90 1032 29 1133 2050 454 0607 Menidia menidia' 64 118 195 .4 45 9 5 2 21 2 -

49 514

Paralichthys dentatus' '14 48 :53 31 41 44 96 190 11 18 13 9 568

'syngnathers fuscus . 3 -

7 '7 .9 1 1 1 - -

1 1 31 Trinectes maculatus :6 3 2 24' 506 1366 2179 2400 248 19 12 5 6770 Urophycis tegius . . . 1 .1 -

30 11 -

2 - - - - -

45 Hypsoblennius hentzi: 1 .- "1 -

5- 1 1 - - -

5 -

14

, Micropogon underlatus .- 176, 1 - - - -

10 - - -

26 213

.Pseudopieuronectes americanus -

2 1 2 -81 600 23 - - - -

1 710 Nugil cephalus * -

3 - - - - - - - - -

l 4 -

Table 9.1-3 (continued). Total number of fish species and blue crabs t (Callinectes sapidus) collected monthly at Units 1 and 2 during impingment studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December, 1980.

Specien Jan Feb Mar Apr M a y- Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct. Nov Dec Total Cyprinodon variegatus - - -

1 1 - - -

1 2 1 6 m Lepomis gibbasus - - -

1 5 - - - - - - -

6

. Morone americana - - -

3 2 - -

1 - -

2 -

0 P opsanus tau - - -

2 20 12 - - - -

11 1 46 l liippocampus etectus - - -

1 1 - - - - - - -

2

• l'undulus majalis - - - -

1 - - - - -

2 -

3 I,epomis machtochirus - - -

1 19 - - - - - - -

20 Membras martinica - - - -

29 - - -

1 - - -

30 Menidia betyflina - - - -

17 9 2 11 560 23 33 -

655 reprilus alepidatus - - - -

7 - -

27 190 7 15 -

246 Prionotus catolinus - - -

1 3 - - - - - - -

4 reprilus triacanthus - - - -

3 - - - - - - - 3 Meulucclus bilinearis - - - -

2 - - - - - - -

2 cobiosoma bosci - - - - -

1 - - - -

1 -

2 romatomus saltatrix - - - -

t 5 5 6 -

2 35 -

54 Scaphthalmus aquosus - - - - - -

1 - - - - -

1 Apelles quadracus - - -

2 - - - - - - -

1 3 Nottopis hudsonius - - -

1 - - - - - - - -

l Rissola marginata - - - - - - -

1 - - - -

1 Chasmodes bosquianus - - - - - - - - -

1 7 -

8 Chaetodipterus faber - - - - - - - - -

1 2 -

3 Cynoscion nebulosus - - - - - - - - - - 6 - 6 Total 739 2497 1111 4091 8632 5060 2739 4196 1209 1417 20655 2201 55735 Callinectes sapidus d - - -

114 512 114 130 243 97 209 2453 134 4006 9 - - - 202 1199 74R 927 737 158 1115 5454 265 11005 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> sampled 44 34 42 30 44 38 44  % 42 42 40 36 4R2 e per hour ( fish) 16.0 73.4 26.5 128.7 196.2 133.2 63.1 Iln.3 2n.n 13.7 516.4 63.4 115.7 O O O

A total of 36 finfish species was collected at Unit 1 l n during 192 hours0.00222 days <br />0.0533 hours <br />3.174603e-4 weeks <br />7.3056e-5 months <br /> of sampling; 38 were collected at Unit 2 d during 290 hours0.00336 days <br />0.0806 hours <br />4.794974e-4 weeks <br />1.10345e-4 months <br /> of sampling effort. A total of 43 finfish species was collected at both units during 1980. Finfishes I

collected only at Unit 1 were pumpkinseed (fepomis gibbosus), l lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus), Dlack seabass (Centro-pristis striata), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis) and l windowpane (scophthalmus aquosus). Finfishes collected only at  ;

Unit - 2 included striped mullet (Mugil cephalus), fourspine '

stickleback (Apeltes quadracus), spottail shiner (Natropis hudsonius), spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) and spotted sea-trout (Cynoscion nebulosus). These species were rarely col-lected, each yielding less than 10 individuals for the year.

The largest numbers of finfish were collected at Unit 1 in April, -May and June. - Largest mean numbers per hour (Table 9.1-1) also occurred in' April, May and June; however, Unit 1 was not sampleo in November and was sampled for only 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br /> in December. At Unit 2 ' (Table 9.1-2) largest numbers were col-lected in April, May, June, August, November and December.

Largest mean numbers per hour were also recorded during these months.

The largest numbers of bay anchovy were collected at Unit 1 in April and May ' (Table 9.1-1) . These two months accounted for 85.0% of the total bay anchovy catch at Unit 1. At Unit 2, largest numbers of bay anchovy were collected in April, May and

O November (Table 9.1-2). These months accounted for 94.1% of

'V the bay anchovy catch at Unit 2. Totals for other months when both units were operating were similar.

Spot were collected in largest numbers at Unit 1 during January, May, June and August (Table 9.1-1). At Unit 2 largest numbers were collected in January, May, June, August and October through December (Table 9.1-2 ) . Spot were absent from Academy ' ~ collections in ' lar.c a numbers during February through April, ' as was observed . in earlier studies (Hirshfield, Hixson and White, 1980).

Largest numbers of hogchoker were collected at Unit 1 from May _ - through August ' (Table 9.1-1). Largest numbers were col-lected from - May through September at Unit 2 (Table 9.1-2).

During the year ' larger mean numbers . per hour of hogchoker were collected at Unit 1 (18.3) than' Unit'2 (11.2).

Atlantic menhaden were collected ! throughout the year at Unit 2 -(Table 9.1-2) and in all' months at Unit 1 except October (Unit 1 was not sampled during November) (Table 9.1-1). Num-bers collected were . fairly consistent during all months except :

at. Unit l' in February when a high of 1097 specimens was col-lected. The -seasonal patterns of catches for these -four species were similar to previous years.

O 9.1-7

Blue crabs were abundant from April through October at Unit 1 and from April throv;h December at Unit 2. The largest number of crabs collected at Unit 1 was in May (867); the highest yield observed at Unit 2 was in November (7907). For g

the year, a total of 2530 crabs (571 males, 1959 females, x=

13.1/h) was col _lected at Unit 1 and 12,561 crabs (3515 males, 9046 females, x = 43.3/h) were collected at Unit 2. In all months more females were collected than males. Fewer crabs were collected at both units in 1980 when compared to 1979; however, the 1980 total is similar to pre-1979 collection totals.

Monthly estimates and confidence intervals for total fish, bay anchovy, spot, hogchoker, Atlantic menhaden and blue crab abundance are presented in Table 9.1-4. Yearly estimates are presented in Table 9.1-5. The estimated total for 1980 (1,605,754 fish) was lower than the estimated totals for 1975, 197E and 1978; but was higher than the estimated totals for 1977 and 1979 (Hirshfield, Hixson and White, 1980). The esti- l mated total number of blue crabs impinged was similar to pre-vious years (Hirshfield. Hixson and White, 1980; Hixson and White, 1979) except for 1979 when an extremely large number of blue crabs was impinged.

The mean. numbers c. ctenophores and coelenterates col-lected each hour ar' presented in Tables 9.1-6 and 9.1-7, respectively. Ctenc A >res were abundant from Januarv through March, May and September through December; as many as 1314.9 were collected each hour. For the year there were 184.2 cteno-phores collected per hour at Unit 1 and 248.2 per hour at Unit h

2.

Coelenterates were abundant from May through September at each unit. During these months coelenterates comprised a large portion of the catch. For the year there were 1798.8 coelen-terates collected each hour at Unit 1 and 1192.7 at Unit 2.

Conclusions Total fish catch was dominated by four species, bay anchovy, spot, hogchoker and Atlantic menhaden. These four species accounted for 90.2% of the total catch at Unit 1 and 92.6% at Unit 2 and 91.8% at Units 1 and 2 combined. Blue crabs also comprised a large portion of the organisms impinged.

At times, coelenterates and ctenophores comprised a large portion of the catch. In general seasonal patterns of impinge-ment appear to be similar to previous years and, as in previous years, Unit 2 impinged more individuals per hour than Unit 1.

Literature Cited Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling techniques.

Sons, New York. 3rd Edition. 428 pp.

John Wiley and g 9.1-8

- Table 9.1-4. Monthly estimates and approximate 95% confidence intervals for total fish, numbers of major fish

( 's) species, blue crabs and total fish weight impinged at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Estimate 95% Estinate of Confidence of Month Fish Interval Weight (g)

All fish January 20328 11705-28950 280159 February 101093 40454-161733 1331037 March 38729 27702-49755 436302 April 187216 15460-358972 1082948 May 280766 169221-392311 2264129 June 202720 114206-291234 2154880 July 92628 21950-163306 3730957 August 176054 45427-306680 5674175 September 41451 12150-70753 510137 October 36563 3609-69517 696375 November 371790 20655-795964 1387530 December 56416 37235-75597 498411 Anchoa mitchilli January 497 177-818 1217

)

February March 8252 5123 188-19068 3273-6974 12439 5999 April 172904 4235-341573 545084 May 152813 78576-227051 425878 June 34240 1599-66881 52800 July 1792 681-2903 4498 August _4386 1788-6983 12021 September 2537 1408-3666 5349 October 3701 1517-5886 7059 November 326088 18116-748854 355626 December 19385 7401-31369 19657 Leiostomus xanthurus January- 7711 642-14780 91367 February 29 l-85 638 March 0 0-0 0 April 108 3-222 2268 May 75243 15162-135323 53963 June 51640 26774-76506 124400 July 3044 1928-4159 41698 August 40411 1032-102508 948522 September 994 418-1570 22011 October 29140 1133-59665 494714 November 36900 18686-55114 671922 December 11232 5568-16897 187748 r,

9.1-9

Table 9.1-4 (continued). Monthly estimates and approximate 95%

confidence intervals for total fish, numbers of major fish species, blue crabs and total fish lll weight impinged at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Estimate 95% Estimate of Confidence of Month Fish Interval Weight (g)

Trinectes maculatus January 164 41-286 4636 February 107 3-229 3199 March 68 2-158 2976 April 900 209-1591 21100 May 16449 8697-24202 536992 June 54640 20389-88891 1692040 July 73690 5577-138803 3267783 August 93979 48678-139280 3492532 September 8503 1371-15635 299040 October 506 239-772 22748 November 216 45-388 10260 December 115 5-232 4260 Brevoortia tyrannus January 7579 4964-10193 129159 lgg February 74372 26669-122075 1152732 March 18441 10105-26777 230670 April 9096 5820-12372 383640 May 25500 11973-39027 892760 June 34840 26515-42445 2975960 July 9401 4695-14108 298141 August 22751 381-52622 846359 September 1269 768-1769 64149 October 1745 44-3445 115500 November 3952 2228-5476 176238 December 84_J 3562-13293 188370 Callinectes sapidus January 0 0-0 0 February 0 0-0 0 March 0 0-0 0 April 11848 3893-19803 579828 May 56168 39202-73134 3713132 June 34480 26515-42445 2975960 July 35746 27604-43888 5070800 August 38375 29215-47534 4978378 September 15600 11899-19301 1961109 October 36649 25873-47424 4734527 November 142326 70149-214502 1359288 December 9895 4790-15000 43871 9.1-10

/],

Table 9.1-5. Yearly (1980) estimates and approximate 95%

v confidence intervals for total- fish, major fish species,' blue crabs and total fish weight impinged at the-Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Estimate 95% Estimate of Confidence of Month Fish Interval Weight (g)

Total fish- 1,605,754 1,097,871-2,113,637 20,047,040 Anchoa l mitchilli 731,719 269,080-1,194,358 1,447,627' Leiostomas xanthurus 256,453 159,338-353,567 2,639,252 Trinectes maculatus 249,336 162,293-336,380 9,357,567 Brevoortia tyrannus; .217,273: 151,016-283,529 4,608,357 Callinectes sapidus 381,087- 304,080-458,094 25,416,892

..() .'

v 4

9.3-11

Table 9.1-6. Mean number of coelenterates collected each hour a during impingement studies at Units 1 and 2 by W month at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Month Unit 1 Unit 2 January 0.0 0.0 February 0.0 0.0 March 0.0 0.0 April 6.9 4.6 May 212.1 244.6 June 3825.7 3162.4 July 5465.0 4907.0 August 7244.7 8482.1 September 460.9 465.1 October 25.7 34.9 November

• 10.6 December 0.0 0.0 Year 1798.8 1192.7 GNo samples collected O

O 9.1-12

Table 9.1-7. Mean number of ctenophores collected each hour r3 during impingement studies at Units 1 and 2 by

's ) month at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Month Unit 1 Unit 2 January 48.7 14.5 February 28.0 30.9 March 7.5 35.1 April 0.0 0.0 May 70.4 24.6 June. 0.0 0.0 July. 0.0 0.0 August . 0.0 0.0 September 1314.9 608.3 October 307.1 669.0 November

• 520.3 December 117.3 554.0 Year 184.2 248.2

• No samples collected n

9.1-13

Hirshfield, M. F., J. H. Hixson, III, and J. D. White. 1980. g Impingement studies I. Impingement counts. Pages 9.1-1 to W 9.1-15 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. January through December ]979.

Hixson, J. H., and J. D. White. 1979. Impingement studies I.

Impingement counts. Pages 11.1-1 to 11.1-30 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

O O

9.1-14

,. - - - .- . - ~ . - -. .= - _ - _ _-.. - - . . . . _ .

1

, I

} ,

I IMPINGEMENT STUDIES. 2. SURVIVAL ESTIMATES i ~ OF IMPINGED FISH  ;

n ,

Michael?F. Hirshfield and J. Howard Hixson III Bene' dict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of 2hiladelphia i

i.

!- Introduction F Calvert ' Cliffs Nuclear. Power Plant (CCNPP) is located on

{ the western shore . of the Chesapeake Bay in Calvert County, j= Maryland. . The ; plant has two units - which . are capable of gener-i ating net electric outputs of 850 MWe each. Both reactors are f: cooled -by : a - once-through cooling system which uses approxi-

- mately 9.06 ' x 10 8 1/ min-(2.4'x 10 8

~~

j. gal / min) of Chesapeake Bay l water.

t .W ater .used .for ~ cooling purposes is drawn from the Bay C under a.171-m long curtain wall, which' extends-below the water v surface 1 to ' a depth of - 8.5-m. During wintertime plant opera-I- tions, ' all . removable _ panels ~ in' the curtain wall are left'in. -

- place,

Lproviding e a surface : barrier . (to a depth i of '8.5 m) to'

g.- - - ' " potentially-impingeable~ species.. During summertime' operations, -

three ' or :-'four panels are removed from' the ~ curtain wall ' to 2 l' prevent . entrapment of._ fish species within the embayment area which may be adversely 'affected by ' dissolved oxygen (DO) sags. .

i L

- Water . entering the embayment area-under the curtain-wall' Cooling water

~

. moves 'at ?a velocity of less - than 0.15. m/sec.

i

- travels . 91.4 ' . m from the : curtain wall to . the ~ intake structure

and

the~ velocity ' increases to 0.3 m/sec at _ ~ thel traveling '

~ screens. The 12 traveling J screens _- (Link-belt,- FMC) at each >

}.- unit 1 are. designed - to ~ prevent .- organisms ~ larger . than the 1-cm squareimesh from entering the~ plant. . Organisms smaller than j the Escreeni mesh. pass through the plant's condenser' system and'

_.are : returned .to the ' Bay. : via a submerged . discharge ' conduit.-

~

t

~

. D u r i n g '. n o r m a l plant operations, lthe '12 ' screens ' on1 each 4

unitJare sequentially' operated in pairs -(2. rotating . screens /

L circulator _ pump) for _-10 min each hour; During this- rotation L period, organisms that Lare ' impinged - during nonrotating ~ periods -

i: 1(504 min.'of each hour) are ' removed from the traveling screens with = high-pressure twater jets and ' returned _ to the < Bay via a

~

t' ^ storm drain system.

o

, The objective of the studies-~ conducted during 1980:was to

' examine ~ the ' effects - ..of impingement - -and , transit through the-

, . storm s drain. system : on ;the survival ~ rates ; ofHfish impinged" at

'UnitsJI andTII.

{

4 1 .

y s 9.2-1:

+ -g . 4 --~ ..m. .. , _ , _ . , . . , , - , . . . .

,.~...x_,_,. ,-.,..,-,,,.,:,y_,.,,,.,_.._.,_,,,,.-...-.~.._.,....,m.

Materials and Methods g Collections Faunal collections were made in the animal surveillance pools (9.1 x 3.7 x 0.6 m) loc.ted near the terminus of the storm drain systems for each gene. ating unit. The total volume of each storm drain system for each unit was diverted into the surveillance pools by closing the storm drain discharge flow gates and opening the gates to the pools. Collection periods were terminated by opening the storm drain discharge flow gate and closing the pool gate. Following the collection period, observations were made at To (immediately following tr.e collec-tion period).

At each observation the numbers of live, dead, and LOE (loss of equilibrium) organisms were recorded. The criterion for death of fish was failure to exhibit opercular or all other overt movements whether induced spontaneously or in response to mild mechanical stimulation. The criterion for LOE was the inability of fish to maintain an upright position in the water.

Anatomical parameters recorded were total length (to the near-est 0.1 cm) and total weight (to the nearest 0.1 gm). A total of 25 individuals of each species (haphazardly chosen if more than 25 individuals were present in a collection) was measured for total length and the total weight of those same individuals was recorded. g Species Removal Burton (1976) has shown that hogchokers (Trinectes macu-latus) and blue crabs (callinectes sapidus) were nearly un-affected (>99% survival) by impingment at Calvert Cliffs.

Consequently, these two species were removed from analysis and not studied during 1980.

Observations Samples were taken from April through October at Unit I, and from June through December at Unit II. Samples taken at Unit I totaled 950; 615 samples were taken at Unit II. Obser-vations were made at To, at which point the numbers of fish alive, dead, and exhibiting loss of equilibrium were recorded.

All samples were collected during daylight hours.

Statistical Analysis Estimates of survival rates for all species were calcu-lated using ratio-estimation techniques (Cochran, 1977). Since g these techniques are based on a normal distribution approxima- W tion of the binomial distribution, sequential collections were 9.2-2

Y

(~'; pooled until the number of fish collected was greater than or

'- equal to 30 to form each datum. With these data the estimate of survival was computed as:

n I a.

^ 1 number of fish alive =

i=1

_ number of fish collected n 1 S

. i 1=1

^

where: S = estimated survival

m. = number of fish collected for each datum 1

after pooling

a. = the associated number of fish elive for 1

each datum after pooling n = the number of data after pooling Loss.of equilibrium specimens were considered dead.

Estimates of the variance in survival were calculated only for species having at least 300 individuals in survival studies collections over the year, in order that reasonable estimates 73 'could be calculated. The value of 300 was chosen to provide at t

) least 10 estimates of survival with 30 fish collected for each estimate. Bay anchovy, (Anchoa mitchilli), Atlantic menhaden

'(Brevoortia tyrannus), skilletfish (Gobiesox stramosus), spot, (Leiostomus xanthurus), Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia),

summer flounder, (Paralichthys dentatus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were abundant enough for analysis.

The estimated variance of the estimated survival (S) was calculated for these species, following Cochran (1977), as:

- a 2 2 2 var (S)= g -2Sla m if+S 1m i n(n-1)(m)2 1

where: m= ,I m f.

1=1 Approximate 95% confidence limits for (S) were calculated at:

S i 1.96 X JVar(S)

Results and Discussion

/^) _ A total of 31,145 fish representing 37 species was col-lected in 1980 at Units I and II (Table 9.2-1). Over the year, 31 species were collected at Unit -I (Table 9.2-2) and 24 species were collected at Unit II (Table 9.2-3).

9.2-3

Table 9.2-1. Summary of species collected, percent survival and (g) percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert Cliffs, Units 1 and 2, January-December 1980.

TOTAL PERCENT SPEClES NUMBER OF PERCENT PERCENT COLLECTED TOTAL SURVIVAL L.O.E.

Anguilla rostrata 16 0.05 81.25 <0.01 Alosa aestilvalis 20 0.06 80.00 <0.01 Alosa pseudoharengus 11 0.04 81.82 <0.01 Brevoortia tyrannus 1595 5.12 67.02 2.63 Dorosoma cepedianum 6 0.02 50.00 <0.01 Anchoa hepsetus 159 0.51 66.67 4.40 Anchoa mitchilli 10920 35.06 86.64 2.07 Notemigonus crysoleucas 4 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Synodus foetens 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Opsanus tau 35 0.11 100.00 <0.01 Gobiesox strumosus 633 2.03 95.89 <0.01 Urophycis regius 42 0.13 90.48 2.38 Cyprinodon variegatus 13 0.04 100.00 <0.01 Fundulus heteroclitus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Fundulus majalis 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Nembras martinica 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Menidia beryllina Nenidia menidia 507 6 0.02 1.63 100.00 76.73

<0.01 0.79 lll Gasterosteus aculeatus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Hippocampus erectus I <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Syngnathus fuscus 38 0.12 97.37 <0.01 Prionotus carolinus 10 0.03 100.00 <0.01 Prionotus evolans 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Lepomis macrochirus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Lepomis gibbosus 6 0.02 66.67 16.67 Pomatomus saltatrix 20 0.06 45.00 5.00 Cynoscion nebulosus 5 0.02 80.00 20.00 Cynoscion regalis 31 0.10 80.65 3.23 Leiostomus xanthurus 15955 51.23 87.53 1.05 Chaetodipterus faber 2 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Hypsoblennius hentzi 26 0.08 100.00 <0.01 Chasmodes bosquianus 3 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Gobiosoma bosci 22 0.07 100.00 <0.01 Peprilus triancanthus 21 0.07 23.81 19.05 Peprilus alepidotus 159 0.51 89.94 <0.01 Paralichthys dentatus 510 1.64 93.14 0.39 Pseudopleuronectes amer. 362 1.16 91.16 <0.01 Total (Number of Samples) 31145 (1565)

O 9.2-4

s' Table 9.2-2. Summary of species collected, percent survival and

. s) percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert Cliffs, Unit 1, January-December 1980.

TOTAL PERCEN2 SPECIES NUMBER OF PERCENT PERCENT COLLECTED TOTAL SURVIVAL L.O.E.

Anguilla rostrata 8 0.03 75.00 _ <0.01 Alosa aestilvalis 20 0.08 80.00 <0.01 Alosa pseudoharengus 11 0.05 81.82 <0.01 Brevoortia tyrannus 1312 5.39 70.20 0.91 Dorosoma cepedianum 6 0.02 50.00 <0.01 Anchoa hepsetus 159 0.65 66.67 4.40 Anchoa mitchilli 9892 40.63 91.38 0.47 Notemigonus crysoleucas 4 0.02 100.00 <0.01 Synodus.foetens 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Opsanus. tau 21 0.09 100.00 <0.01 Gobiesox strumosus 64 0.26 100.00 <0.01 Urophycis regius 42 0.17 90.48 2.38 Cyprinodon variegatus 11 0.05 100.00 <0.01 Menidia menidia 194 0.80 78.35 1.03 Gasterosteus aculeatus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Hippocampus erectus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Syngnathus fuscus 33 0.14 96.97 <0.01 Prionotus carolinus 9' O.04 100.00 <0.01 N'-]' .Lepomis macrochirus 1 <0.01 100.00 <0.01 Lepomis gibbosus 6 0.02 66.67 16.67 Pomatomus saltatrix 14 0.06 35.71 <0.01 Cynoscion regalis 29 0.12 79.31 3.45 Leiostomus xanthurus

~

11760 48.30 88.73 0.18 Chaetodipterus faber 2 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Hypsoblennius hentzi 14 .0.06 100.00 <0.01 Chasmodes bosquianus 3 0.01' 100.00 <0.01 Gobiosoma bosci 15- 0.06 100.00 <0.01 Peprilus triancanthus 1 <0.01 -0.00 <0.01 Peprilus alepidotus' 6'7 0.28 82.09 <0.01 Paralichthys dentatus 307 1.26 91.86 <0.01 Pseudopleuronectes amer. .341 1.40 91.79 <0.01 Total (Number of Samples) 24349 (950)

J V

9.2-5 i

, . . . , ,. - .- ,, , .. .. . -. -- ~ , - - . - -

Table 9.2-3. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged llh at Calvert Cliffs, Unit 2, January-December 1980.

TOTAL PERCENT SPECIES NUMBER OF PERCENT PERCENT COLLECTED TOTAL SURVIVAL L.O.E.

Anguilla rostrata 8 0.12 87.50 <0.01 Brevocrtia tyrannus 283 4.16 52.30 10.60 Anchoa mitchilli 1028 15.13 41.05 17.51 Opsanus tau 14 0.21 100.00 <0.01 Gobiesox strumosus 569 8.37 95.25 <0.01 Cyprinodon variegatus 2 0.03 100.00 <0.01 Fundulus heteroclitus 1 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Fundulus majalis 1 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Membras martinica 1 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Menidia beryllina 6 0.09 100.00 <0.01 Menidia menidia 313 4.61 75.72 0.64 Syngnathus fuscus 5 0.07 100.00 <0.01 Prionotus carolinus 1 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Prionotus evolans 1 0.01 100.00 <0.01 Pomatomus saltatrix 6 0.09 66.67 16.67 Cynoscion nebulosus 5 0.07 80.00 20.00 Cynoscion regalis 2 0.03 100.00 <0.01 Leiostomus xanthurus 4195 61.73 84.17 3.50 g Hypsoblennius hentzi 12 0.18 100.00 <0.01 W Gobiosoma bosci 7 0.10 100.00 <0.01 Peprilus triancanthus 20 0.29 25.00 20.00 Peprilus alepidotus 92 1.35 95.65 <0.01 Paralichthys dentatus 203 2.99 95.07 0.99 Pseudopleuronectes amer. 21 0.31 80.95 <0.01 Total (Number of Samples) 6796 (615)

O 9.2-6

The major species collected during the year were: spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli),

O' Atlantic menhaden (Brevootia tyrannus), skilletfish (Gobiesox strumosus), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentalus), and Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia). Together these six species comprised 96.7% of the fish collected at both units.

Species collected only at Unit 1 included blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), alevife (Alosa pseudoharengus), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus),

4 golden hiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas), inshore lizardfish (Synodus foetens), spotted hake (Urophycis regius), threespine 2 stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), lined seahorse (Hippo-campus erectus), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber), and striped blenny (Chasmodes bosquianus). Species collected only at Unit II included mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), striped killifish (Fundulus majalis), rough silverside (Membras mar-

tinica), tidewater silverside (Menidia beryllina), spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus), and striped seatobin (Prionotus evolans).

Survival estimates and confidence limits for the seven

. most ~ abundant. species are presented in Table 9.2-4. Three

. species (skilletfish, winter flounder and summer flounder) had survival rates >90%. Two species (bay anchovy and spot) had survival rates between 80% and 90%; two species (menhaden and Atlantic silverside) had survival rates <80%. Comparison of O these va ues to those in Burton. and Margrey (1980) indicates

'that survival rates for anchovy, menhaden and Atlantic silver-side were substantially higher in 1980 than in 1979, while values for the other species were similar in the two years.

t Conclusions Survival estimates were_ calculated .for 37 species of fishes collected during 1980 based on observations of 31,145 individuals. There were no consistent differences in survival 4-

_ rates between' units. Three of the seven dominant species (bay anchovy, Atlantic menhaden, and Atlantic silverside) had higher survivalL rates in-1980 than in 1979, while the other four had

, similar. rates'in both years.

Literature Cited Burton, D . .T . --1976. Impingement studies II. Qualitative and quantitative survival estimates of impinged fish and-crabs. Pages 11.2-1 to 11.2-49 in Semi-annual environ-mental monitoring report for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, March - 1976, Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Baltimore, Maryland.

9.2-7

. . . - + , _

Table 9.2-4. Survival estimates and 95% confidence limits for the seven most abundant species collected at Calvert Cliffs, b aits 1 and 2, January-December 1980.

95% UPPER 95% LOWER NUMBER PERCENT CONFIDENCE CONFIDENCE COLLECTED SURVIVAL LIMIT LIMIT Anchoa mitchilli 10920 88.57 97.59 79.55 Brevoortia tyrannus 1595 69.66 78.73 60.58 Gobiesox strumosus 633 95.73 98.03 93.44 Leiostomus xanthurus 15955 88.76 92.74 84.78 Menidia menidia 507 77.51 85.09 69.94 Paralichthys dentatus 510 93.53 96.63 90.43 Pseudopleuronectes 362 91.16 95.93 86.39 americanus O

O 9.2-8 i

--. . .- . - -- - - . - _ _ . ~ . - = - . _

, and S. L. Margrey. 1980. Impingement studies 2. '

Survival estimates of impinged fish in Non-radiological

[

O enviror.menta1 monitorine report. ce1 vert c1iffs nuc1eer Power Plant, January to December 1979, for Baltimore Gas and-Electric Company. pp. 9.2-1 to 9.2-28.

Cochran, William G. 1977. Sampling tecimiques . John Wiley and Sons, New York. 3rd Edition. 42E pp.

i n

4 O

i f:

i l

I l

l l

i l

f f

i 9.2-9

. , , , . . _ _ . _ - . . - . _ _ _ ~ - - . . - . . .

pv PHYTOPLANKT0h EhTRAINMENT Jack R. Lodge Baltimore Gas and Electric Company IhTRODUCTION During the summer of 1960 (June through September) studies were conducted once each month to determine the extent to which phytoplankton in the cooling water were affected after passing through the condenser cooling water system at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2. These studies were similar in nature to those performed on Unit 1 in 197$ and 1976 (Lassahn) and Unit 2 in 1977 (Lodge, Lassahn) 1978 and 1979 (Lodf e).

The change in concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) between the intake and discharge wcs used as a quantitative measure of the plant's effect on the physiological state of the general phytoplankton population.

No attempt was made to evaluate the differential effects on various species.

1 MATEdiALS AhD METHOPS

[] .Once each summer month, water samples were collected during the V

daytime hours from the intake, discharge tunnel access, and the plume at the point of discharge. A low flow diaphragm pump was used to minimize sampling mc.Sality and stress. Four sets of samples were collected over an approximate three-hour period. Each sample set consisted of three replicates from each of the sampling locations. All intake sar.ples were composited from three depths (~1m, ~3m, ~5m) directly in front of a circulating water pump. Samples were collected from one depth in the discharge tunnel and plune because water is very turbulent at these locations and no vertical gradient of planktonic organisms was expected. Sample collections were tired to coincide with the calculated transit tires through the condenser cooling water system so that the discharge tunnel and plume samples were collected two and four ninutes, respectively, after intake sample collection. In order to insure that the plume sample was representative of the discharge water, temperature compari-sons were made prior to sampling. These measurements were usually within 0.1 to 0.20C of each other. Each sample consisted of approximately one liter of water filtered .through a 130 micron mesh nylon net into a poly-ethylene bottle which was masked with black tape to eliminate light. After each sample set was collected, the samples were returned to an on-site laboratory trailer for immediate . extraction of ATP except for the plume samples which were extracted on board the boat used to collect them.

p 10.1-1

-U

Sanples awaiting extracticn were held in an insulated container at the sanple collection tempereture. Sach sarple was nixed by gentle inversien of the bottle pricr to vacuun filtration of a 1C0 n1 aliquot tnrougn a h7 nn diameter g

pretreated Millipore Flucropore (PTFE) filter having a 0.5 nicren pore size.

Filter pretreatment consisted of rinsing with 100 nl isopropyl alcohol fol-lowed by 150 nl reagent grade water. The crrar.isns collected on the filter were washed with 5.0 ml of 0.01 M rorpholinopropane sulfenic acid (K0PS) buffer solution stabilized with 10-3 F. EDTA and 10-2 M MgSO L . After the organisms were washed, they were lysed with a 90 percent solutien of dinethyl sulfoxide (LES0) in KOPS. The soluble lysate, centaining the ATP was then collected using vacuum filtration with three rirses of 3.0 ml each of the MOPS buffer and the collected extract was i-rediately placed in dry ice.

The extraction procedure took abcut five minutes per sarple and the elapsed tir.e between collection of the samples and the extracticn of the last sample in the set was typically less than 30 minutes.

The frozen extracts were transferred to another laboratory and placed in a freezer which raintained a constant temperature of -3CcC. The extracts were later thawed and analyzed for ATP concentrations usir.g a DuPont Ecdel 760 Luminescence Biereter. The final ATP concentrations are expressed as rAcrograns per liter (jr/1) of original sarple.

R$SULTS The three previous surrers resulted in average daytire ATP values at the intake which ranged from a low of 0.69 pg/l (Septenber,1977) to a h

high of 2.68 pg/l (June,1978). The 1980 surrer intake values ranged from 1.10 pg/l in June to L.h0 pg/l in Septerber. ( Figure 10.1-1).

Average daytire intake tenperatures for the last three surr.ers ranged from 20.500 (June, 1979) to 27.60C (August, 1977). For 1980, the low tenperature was 18.90C in June; the high, 28.500 in August. ( Pigure 10.1-2) .

Average daytire terperatures rises (intake to discharge) of the cooling water for the three previous summers ranged from 5.20C (July and September,1977) to 6.100 (September,1978 and August,1979). For 1960, the range went from 5.700 in July to 5.900 in June, August, and Septenber.

Differences in ATP concentrations between sampling locations during each study were statistically treated using a two-way analysis of variance with sample locations as a fixed factor and sampling time as a randen vari-able. Individual ATP values for each sanple and the results of the statistical analyses are presented in Tables 10.1-1 through 10.1-16. Statistically sig-nificant differences occurred twice in the summer of 1980 (two decreases).

By comparison, statistically significant differences occurred twice in 1979 and twice in 1978 (all decreases) and just once in 1977, also a decrease.

Table 10.1-17.

O 10.1-2

UISCUSCON Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant has a once through cooling water F

() system with an allowable temperature rise of 6.70C and a transit tine from intake to discharge of approximately four minutes. In order to investigate the effect of passage through this cooling system on phytoplankton in the cooling water, ATP analyses were conducted on filtered water samples from three locations: the intake, the discharge tunnel access, and the plume at the point of discharge. Comparisons of the ATP valuas at these locations

.should indicate to what extent the phytoplankton population was stressed or killed as a result of entrainment into the cooling water system.

The data gathered in 1980 patterns itself after the data collected from 1977 to 1979. Aside from the slightly lower and higher water tenperature extremes, the only 1980 value which diverges from past data is the high ATP intake value of h.h0 pg/l measured in September. The correspending intake to discharge decrease of 38 per cent was found to be statistically significant.

This decrease could be due to a particularly sensitive species which may have doninated the phytoplankton population during the study period.

l In general, since a reduction in phytoplankton ATP may include perma-nent effects of cell destruction and temporary effects of eell stress, the actual biomass decrease would be somewhat less than the reasured values. How-ever, even disallowing this degree of recovery, the data gathered for Unit 2 for the last four sunners has resulted in only 7 of 16 months showing statisti-cally significant differences with an average intake to discharge decrease of i 16 per cent. As with other similar studies (Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly) the data presented here indicate that power plant entrainment of phytoplankton has g little impact on the phytoplankton population and the aquatic ecosysten on which

.()

T, s the plants were located.

4 CONCLUSIONS Unit 2 phytoplankton entrainrent studies, conducted during the summer of 1980, resulted in ATP ~ data typical of that collected in the three previous years - the number and nagnitude of statistically significant differences were quite similar.

The -September study, .with its high intake phytoplankton ATP and its relatively higher. intake to discharge decrease, could be attributable to the presence of a stress sensitive species.

.This year's data, coupled with the three previous years' values and

[ the work of others, continue to support the ' view that power plant entrainment of phytoplankton has little ecological significance.

b_-) !

~

10.1-3

REEfGCES h

Lassahn, N. G., "Phytoplankton Sntrainment", !;on-Radiological Environmental Konitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs L1 clear Power Plant. Baltirrore Gas and Slectric Conpany, March,1977.

Lodge, J. R., and Lassahn, b. G., "Phytoplankton Entrainment",

Kon-Radiological Envirore. ental Monitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs huelear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and diectric Conpany, March, 1978.

Lodge, J. R., "Phytoplankton Entrainr.er.t", l.on- tadiological Environmental lionitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs 1,uclear Power Plant. Bali,inore Gas and Slectric Corpany, March,1979.

Lodge, J. R., "Phytoplankton Entrairs.cnt", !!on-itadiological Environmental Konitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs Luclear Power Plant. Baltinore Gas and Electric Company, March,1960.

Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly, "Ecosyster Effects of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Ent.ainnent", EPRI %-1036, April,1979.

O 10.1-b O

• ' '5 4n{;5-F I

O 1

0 2

0 3

0 4

0 O G

U R

E 0- ,n 4

0 J

U. ,

de

[

1 N. "; $; '3T O

• e TOS I N

- U S O l

T 1

N U N C T A CA J  :!:::  ! :EOE E AH H K E

AV U, *. L R LE 1 L '

K V R 9

. ':!; '$ 'r di i s G E E A E R G 7 Y 7

T E  : - : :  : .TaE A .,

• U N' c C D LI AY G ':$

'$- - - ' ' j _io

';;; '.g.

• [! <

F FT SDI D PP SI M ':i: . - T6

• AIF ND S OL I

NE M FI I U

U S.

E N* PEC CNM CA L RA M A T E LT

.P " ; $' : ", *u I ET N Ro f et EP G NE G A CS E RC L E P O OS R P N C i E OC AnS WE 5"*, T EN J  :: i:: ~  : . I A E RT U, "9- OT NC P R N NP E L A

. ';j : '!  : 'j;j;e;;j;5 "9o S C o

AI T O f NO Jl

: i ; : : :T N

TN  :!  : :  !

n CS

• J. *-

S U E A T U L '.

N T ND 1 .

$' : '; iI' ';; ' ~9# TI 9

T U I

R 7 R S 2I 8 7 ae. A T N A ':  !

': i -

T I

F G I C O

• U.

G  ;

9* OA RE .

$; ' '$ ';3 4 "5 NL T N S YL H T ER SI UN A S.

E

.P

- ' : : I  : i

[e b~

y B

E IS TG O MM

'; l ; '$;;;j!$,;;;j; "o EWNI ME EI F EN NC RT A S N S T O T F

1 U ',

', o g 9 D I J,

7 E U o 7 S T

N

. ';$; ':'S - **

HA R T 5~0 O J

-.l' .

U U, Ia G L

.  : I:  :: 5; ;; s' : ,

<, n$~

H 1 1

9 9 7  :

8 9 A

. :  !  ::!  : ?e a "

0

• U, G. ' ', ';

'3 'T.*,~!*,

, *o S.

• E ae.

P ' '5 , I '  :;; 7 ";;

' ' - .  ! :I2o J

U- '

.N ';$ ' ' ' 5;T 0*

?e"m ,

~ . . ' ' ' '  :,

• J.

U L. - '

1

!; '; ' ' ,  ; !'ya*

9 8

' :m ~4 O

0 A ';: ' ' '.: : :L.

U.-  ;;

G. , ' ',:' ', ';;; ' " ' 7 ;$

S '. - - ' ':. - '

i:

r4$

• E. s2 P '

', ,  ; I ',IL;  ;; ; , "' * , , '. 'wn[

5 0 5 S O S 0 S O 4 4 3 2 2 I 1 O .E P

S G

. U A 08 9

,.. L. 1

, U

,.. J N.

, U J

0 8

9 4

H G

U O

R T H P. A T

.E

,.. S S 7 E

I 7 G.

D 91 U U T FO O .A9 S

. 7 S L 9 T R y ..... . U J

1 N E E

M M

N. M N U

.U I J A S R E T H N T E

R G OF N

I R 2 U T I P. D N 5 .E

^ U

) S S C *

.U G

A 8 E T R N U A T L A P

. 7 R

,. L 9 1 E R

,s U P E J MW E O T P E

R O .N.U J R R U E A T T E A NL I E A L R W CU E E NN F R E N M UU T M E T I S T A T F RE Y F E G I

E P. A L K PR A  : E D C A M H  ;

. S T E

. E C T N -T G R I S .

A E ED G

I

.GU R E V

G A 77 E L A AH V A R RT L. 9 A C E EU 1 V VO . U 2

A AS J N. l.

, U o Nh

,j ,

J l

E R

U G

I F

5 0 5 5 0 5 0 5 O 1 1 4 4 5 2 2

&< yIw O

.,4 s >

G .

F 4

KEY

DISCH AR G E TUNNEL ACCESS TO INTAME RATIO

--+-- PLUME AT POINT OF DISCHARGE TO INT AME RATIO

• INDIC ATES THE PRESENCE OF STATISTICALLY SIGNIFIC A NT DIFFERENCES IN ATP CONCENTR ATIONS SETWEEN SAMPLING LOC ATIO N S.

. 4. 3 ' O. 3 1.2 'I t 1.1 - - 1. I o

g 1.0 A M' k 4. 0 4 A> - ,

,. g s

0.9 ' - 4> 's 4t 0.9 U O, 's n' 's

%'- w' ,A N ,,' O. e g O.e , 's,

$ O.T - *

, / ', 0.7 g ,e 'g

• O.6 0.6

% h(

o

- E- {

0.5 * * * * * * * -0.5 O.4 0.4 ina o

$ O.3 0. 3 E

N O.2 0. 2 5

0.1 0.1

.O .O JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. JUN. JUL AUG. SEP, JUN. JUL AUC. SEP. JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP.

1977 1978 1979 1980 FIGURE 10.l*3 RATIO OF DAYTIME ATP CONCENTRATIONS AT OlSCHARGE STATIONS TO THOSE AT THE INTAKE STATION Al' C ALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT UNIT 2 DURING THE SUMM ERS OF IST T THRO UGH 1980.

I 4

I l

Table 10.1-1 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAll M T STUDY-i

) DATE: June 28, 1977 - ATP Units ere jg/l l Sample Replicate Sample Location Ti:ne Time Number Intake Tur.nol Discharge Average

1 1.09 0.78 0.85 1153 2 0.82 0.83 0.89 i

3 0.92 0.87 0.8h Average 0.9h 0.83 0.86 0.88 4

I 1.25 0.69 0.90

. 12h8 2 1.50 0.80 0.69 3 1.01 0.81 1.2h l . -- _ _ .-... . Average 1.25 0.77 0.9h 0.99 1 1.01 0.72 0.87 1 '1520 2 0.h1 0.91 0.53

% 3 1.19 0.90 0.7h Average 0.87 0.8L 0.71 0.61 Location Average 1.02 0.81 0.8h 0.89 Grard Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed liodel Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-rardom Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.23527 2 0.11763 2.hh

. Sample Time (B). 0.1h682 2 0.073h1 1.78 A*B 0.19271 h 0.Ch818 1.17 Error 0 7h107 18 0.0h117 10.1-8

O Table 10.1-2 CALVERT CLIFFS 1;UCLEAR FO'.ER PLMiT

-ATP h3TRAltiv11;T STUDY-DATE: July 12, 1977 - ATP Units are pf1 Sample Replicate Sarmle Location Tire Tira llumber Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.32 0.8h 0.B$

11ho 2 0.72 0.95 0.92 3 0.68 1.00 0.91 Average 0.91 0.93 C.89 0.91 1 0.72 1.02 0.73 12h2 2 1.L5 1.2h 0.9h 3 1.15 1.11 1.00

_ . - _ _ Average 1.11 1.12 0.89 1.03 1 0.71 0.80 0.86 1338 2 3

0.75 1.01 0.96 0.95 1.00 1.01 g

Average 0.62 0.90 0.06 0.68 i Location Average 0.95 0.98 0.91 0.95 U#8"d ***"*8*

ANALYSIS OF VARIM;CE: Mixed Model Two Way AI;0VA A-Fixed B-randen Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sar:ple Location (A) 0.02356 2 0.01178 0.hh Sanple Tire (B) 0.11h99 2 0.057h9 2.01 A*B 0.10719 h 0.02680 0.9h Error 0.51hh7 18 0.02858 9

10.1-9

O Table 10.1-3 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POUER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: August 9, 1977 - ATP Units are pf1 Sample Replicate Sample Location Ti:ne Time Number Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 2.01 1,76 1.85 1200 2 2.00 1.85 1.62 3 2.13 1.58 1.85 Average 2.05 1.73 1.77 1.E G 1 2.0) 1.78 2.23 1300 2 2.18 1.78 2.07 3 2.hb 2.13 1.9h Average 2.26 1.90 2.08 2.07 1 2.hh 2.25 2 33 p

sd 1h15 2 3

2.86 2.21 2.hS .

2.h9 2 33 2.52 Average 2.50 2.h1 2.39 2.h3 Location Average 2.26 2.01 2.08 2.12 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-random Source.of Variatien SS df MS Ts Sample Location (A) 0.29582 2 0.1h791 8.02 .025epe.05 Sample Time (B) 1.55h82 2 0.777h1 18.21 p <.001 A*B 0.07376 h 0.018hh 0.h3 Error 0.5372 18 0.0L268 O

V _

10.1-10

O Table 10.1-h CALVFAT CLIFFS liUCLEAR POWER PLAliT

-ATP EliTRAlliME!;T STUDY-DATE: September 13, 1977 - ATP Units are pg/l Sample Replicate Samole Location Tiro Time llumber Intake Tunnel Disenarge Average 1 0.h7 0.88 0.7h 1200 2 0.90 0.85 0.73 3 0.6h 0.99 0.78 Average 0.67 0.91 0.75 0.78 1 0.7h 0.68 0.59 1300 2 0.71 0.75 0.61 3 0.91 0.79 0.55 Average 0.79 0.7h 0.56 0.70 1 0.71 0.6h 0.71 1h00 2 3

0.7h 0 36 0.73 0.65 0,33 0 5h g

Average 0.60 0.67 OAh 0.63

- Location Average 0.69 0.77 0.62 0.70 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIAI;CE: Mixed l'odel Two Way A1;0VA A-Pixed B-random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sanple Location (A) 0.09925 2 0.oh963 2.h5 Sample Time (B) 0.12925 2 0.c6h63 h.07 pc.05 A*B 0.08117 h 0.02029 1.28 Error 0.28600 18 0.01589 e

10.1-11

* '-5 ^"'c"'""'3^^""""'^

C) -ATP ENTRAIM72iT STUDY-DATE: June 13, 1978 - ATP Units are g/l Sample Replicate Samole Locatien Time Time Number e Intake Tunnel Discharge Averare 1 2.86 2.61 2.10 2.52 1300 2 2.77 2.7h 2.10 2.5h 3 3.35 2.65 2.32 2 77 Average i 2.90 2.67 2.17 2.61 1 2.$1 1.10 2.13 1.91 1h00 2 2 53 2.1h 1.95 2.21 3 2.96 2.21 2.h8 2.55 Average 2.67 f 1.82 2.10 1 2.22 1 2.5h 2.38 2.33 2.h2 1500 2 2.28 1.91 2.08 2.09 3 2.69 2.55 2.62 2.62 Average i 2.50 2.28 i 2.3h 1 2.38 l~ 2.86 2.h6 2.h9 2.60 1600 2 1.78 2.h3 2.h9 2.23 3 3 06 2 5h 2.52 2 71 Average 2.57 2.h6 2.50 6 2.51 Location Average 2.68 2.31 2.30 2.h3 Orand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 1.1380 2 0.5690 3.20 Sample Time (B) 0.770k 3 0.2568 2.29 A*B 1.0668 6 0.1778 1.59 Error 2.6907 2h 0.1121

()3

' 10.1-12

1 l

l Table 10.1-6 CALVERT CL1FFS NUCLEAR P0 DER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAlldGNT STUDY-gl '

l l

DATE: July 11, 1976 - ATP Units are pg/l l

Sample Replicate Sample Location Time l Time Number i Intake Tunnel  ; Discharge Average l 1 1.h8 1.83 1.h0 1.$7 1115 2 1.h2 1.61 1.09 1.37 3 1.56 1.33 1.32 1.ho Average i 1.h9 1.59 1.27 1.h5 1 1.h8 1.39 1.58 1.h8 1208 2 2.03 1.h9 1.h$ 1.66 3 1 99 1.95 1.$h 1.83 Average 1.83  :

1.61 1.42 i 1.65 1 2.06 1.hh 1.67 1.72 1308 2 1.55 1.77 1.hh 1.59 3 1.86 1.87 1.h6 1.73 Averare i 1.82 1.69 i 1.52 1 1,68 O 1 1.6h 1.32 1.52 1.h9 1h08 2 1.65 1.92 0.72 1.h3 3 2.33 1.h$ 1.39 1.72 Average 1.87 1.56 1.21 1.53 Location Average 1.75 1.61 1.38 1.58 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIECE: Nixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.8h97 2 0.h2h8 9.78 .01 < p < .025 Sample Time (B) O.30hh 3 0.1015 1.h3 A*B 0.2606 6 0.0h3h 0.61 Error 1.7091 2h 0.0712 g

, 10.1-13

O 2 81 1o 1-7 citvsar ct1res nuctzia rowza etist

-ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: August 8,1978 - ATP Units are jg/l Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.23 1.15 0.96 1.11 120l4 2 1.33 1.37 1.79 1.50 3 1.30 1.12 0.7h 1.05 Average i 1.27 1.21 1.16 i 1.22 1 1.37 1.h5 1.23 1.37 1313 2 1.39 1.68 1.21 1.h3 3 1.57 1.03 1.h0 1.33 Average 1.hh 1.39 1.30 1.36 1 1.71 1.7h 1.17 1.5h 1503 2 1.h5 1.h1 1.33 1.h0 3 1.67 1 3h 1.06 1.36 Average l 1.61 1.50 1.19 1.h3 1 1.hh 1.37 1.08 1 30 1602 2 1.h5 1.51 1.0h 1.33 3 1.h7 1.52 , 1.58 1.52 1.b7 Average 1.h5 1.23 1.33 Location Average 1.h5 1.39 1.22 1.35 Orand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Randon Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample-Location (A) 0 3385 2 0.1693 9.35 .01 4p (.025 Sample Time (B) 0.22h9 3 0.0750 1.k1 A*B 0.1066 6 0.0181 0.3h Error 1.2787 2h 0.0533 10.1-lh .

}

Table 10.1-8 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: September 12, 1978 - ATP Units are g /l Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 2.02 1.h3 2.28 1.91 1218 2 2.hh 1.85 2.h2 2.2h 3 1.65 2.20 0 55 1.h7 Average i 2.0b 1.83 1.7$ i 1.57 1 2.31 1.6h 1.51 1.82 1308 2 2.h0 1.57 1 97 1.98 3 2.26 1.h3 2.58 2.09 Average 2.32 1.55 2.02 1.96 1 1.77 1.69 2.30 1.92 1h03 2 2.01 19h 2.82 2.26 3 2.lh 1.h9 2.11

• 1.91 Average i 1.97 1.71 2.h1 2.03 O 1 2.19 1.71 2.00 1.97 150b 2 2.29 1.07 3.L5 2.27 3 2.00 1.h2 ,

2.39 1.9h Average 2.16 l 1.hO 2.61 2,06 Location Average 2.12 1.62 2.20 1.98 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIAECE: Mixed Mcdel Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS __

Fs Sample Location (A) 2.3738 2 1.1869 h.22 Sample Time (B) 0.1861 3 0.0620 0.29 A*B 1.689h 6 0.2816 1.30 Error 5 2059 2h 0.2169 N

10.1-15

Table 10.1-9 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAINENT STUDY-DATE: June 5,1979 - ATP Units are jg/l Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average l' O.96 0.91 0.79 0.89 1105 2 0.95 0 95 0.75 0.88 3 1.03 1.05 0.50 0.85 -

Average t 0.98 0.97 0.60 i 0.66 1 0.97 0 92 0.81 0.90 1200 2 0.95 0.88 0.97 0.93 3 0 9h 1.01 0.6h 0.93 Average 0.95 0.9h 0.67 0.92 1 0.92 0.85 0.82 0.86 1300 2 0.85 0.93 0.81 0.86 3 0.87 0.75 0.78 0.80 m AveraEe i 0.88 0.8b 0.80 0.8h k) 2 0.82 0.75 0.66 0.7h 1h06 2 0.8h 0.98 0.70 0.8h 3 0.82 0.81 , 0.83 0.82 Average n _81 0.85 0.73 0.80 Locatio'n Average 0.91 0.90 0.77 0.86 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.1h20 2 0.0710 5.68 Sample Time (B) 0.0702 3 0.023h 3 70 psv .025 A*B 0.0750 6 0.0125 1 98 Error 0.1517 2h 0.0063 x

O -

10.1-16

Table 10.1-10 CALVERT CLIFFS IlUCLEAR POWER PLA!.7

-ATP E!;TRAlly.F.!;T STULY-O DATE: July 10, 1979 - ATP Units are p/1 Sample Poplicate Sanple Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.83 1.65 1.35 1.61 1100 2 1.93 1.77 1.h7 1.7h 3 1.73 1.66 1.53 1.6h Average  ! 1.65 1.69 1.h5 i 1.66 1 2.77 2.07 1.98 2.27 1200 2 3.03 1.85 2.02 2.30 3 3.13 2.ch 1.68 2.28 Average 2.98 1.99 1,69 i 2.29 1 2.06 1.66 1.89 1.87 1300 2 2.20 1.68 1.65 1.91 3 1.99 1.73 1.97 1.90 Average I 2.08 1,69 1.90  ! 1.89 1 2.3h 2.16 1.90 2.13 O

1h02 2 1 92 2.05 2.07 2.01 3 2.00 1.Sh 2.11 1.9S Average 2.00  ! 2.02 2.03 } 2.0b Location Average 2.25 1.65 1.82 1.97 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Randen Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 1.3882 2 0.69h1 3.32 Sample Time (B) 1.Sh5h 3 0.6151 3h.01 p 4 .001 A*B 1.2556 6 0.2093 11.$7 p 4 .001 Error 0.h3h1 2h 0.0181 O

10.1-17 1

1 I

Table 10.1-11 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLAhT

-ATP ENTRAIMENT STUDY-

!O DATE: August 1h,1979 - ATP Units are pf1 i

Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average

>. 1 1.60 1.07 0.78 1.15 1100 2 1.25 0.50 0.88 0.88 3 1.52 1.19 0.7h 1.15 Average i 1.h6 0.92 0.80 1 1.06 1 1.hh 1.28 0.76 1.16 1202 2 - 1.h9 1.07 0.83 1.13 3 1 50 1.11 1.05 1.22 Average 1.h8 1.15 0.88 1.17 1 1.65 1.22 1.06 1.31 1303 2 1.78 1.h0 0.81 1.33 3 1.62 1.h2 0.75 1.26 Average i 1.68 1.M 0.87 1.30 (1 1h00 1

2 1.8h 1.88 1.50 1.69 1.26 1.36 1.53 1.6h 3 1.8h 1.60 _ 1.h0 1.61 Average 1.85 1.60 1.3h 1.60 Location Average 1.62 1.26 0.97 1.28 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Incation (A) 2.5033 2 1.2517 h8.7 p A .001 Sample Time (B) 1.h553 3 0.h851 21.h p e .001 A*B 0.15h3 6 0.0257 1.1 Error 0 5hh5 2h 0.0227 10.1-18

)

l I

Table 10.1-12 CALVERT CLlFFS NUCLEAR P0 DER PLANT )

-ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY- l O

DATE: September 18, 1979 - ATP Units are pg/l i Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.66 1.33 1.2h 1.h1 1200 2 1.56 1 30 1.2$ 1.32 3 1.hl 1.30 1.2h 1.32 Average 1 3 .5b 1 .31 1.2h  ! 1.37 1 1.59 1.h7 1.37 1.h8 1300 2 1.68 1.61 1.30 1.$3 3 1.67 1.h0 1.bl 1.h9 Average 1.65 1.h9 1.36 1.50 1 1.$h 1.3h 1.07 1.32 lh00 2 1.29 1.38 1.3h 1.3h 3 1.h2 1.3h 1.3h 1.37 Average i 1.b2 1.35 1.25 1.3h 1 1.6h 1.52 1.3h 1.50 lh$$ 2 2.20 1.h6 1.h6 1.71 3 1.$h 1.6$ 1.39 1.53 Average 1,79 '

1.Sh 1.bo 1.58 Location Average 1.60 1.h2 1.31 1.h5 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.$038 2 0.2$19 28.8 P 4. 001 Sample Time (B) 0.3h19 3 0.11h0 6.h .001<pe.005 A*B 0.052h 6 0.0087 0.5 Error 0.h26h 2h 0.0178 O

10.1-19

Table 10.1-13 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PIET

-ATP ENTRAIMENT STUDY-O DATE: June 3,1980 - ATP Units are Mg/l Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1

1 1. 0') 1.15 1.19 1.1h 1106 2 1 .08 1.29 1.31 1.23 3 1 30 1.23 1.2h 1.06 Average i 1.16 1.22 1.25  ! 1.21 1 1.12 1.1h 1.00 1.09 1200 2 1.1h 1.11 1.21 1.15 3 1.16 0.97 1.13 1.09 Average 1,15 1.07 1.1) 1.11 1 0.98 1.20 1.15 1.12 1300 2 1.09 1.13 0.91 1.0L 3 1.02 1.17 1.03 1.C9 Average i 1.03 1.17 1.05 1.08 1 1.06 0.96 0.99 1.00 1h00 2 1.11 1.31 0 91 1.11 3 1.08 1.16 , 0.99 1.08 Average 1 ,08 1.lh 0.96 1.06 i

Location Average 1.11 1.15 1.09 1.12 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.0236 2 0.0118 0.67 Sample Time (B) 0.1138 3 0.0379 h.66' A*B 0.C81h 6 0.0136 1.67 Error 0.1951 2h 0.0061 m

A 10.1-20

Table 10.1-lh CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR P0 DER FLAhT

-ATP E!;TRAllW2NT STUDY-O DATE: July 8,1980 - ATP Units are g/l Swnple Peplicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 2.13 1.88 1.77 1.93 11h6 2 2.h1 2.32 1.6L 2.12 3 2.28 2.18 1.77 2.0B Average i 2.27 2.13 1.72 t 2.0h 1 1 99 1.98 1.67 1.88 12L$ 2 1.83 1.86 1.38 1.70 3 2.12 2.C6 1.52 1.91 Average 1.48 1.98 1.52 1.63 1 2.21 1.93 1.76 1 97 13h5 2 2.28 1.92 1.58 1.93 3 2.21 2.10 1.$1 1.9h Average i 2.23 1.98 1.62 1.95 1

2 1.5h 1.78 1.58 1.81 1 .01 1.26 1.38 1.62 O

1Lh5 3 1.69 1.h2 ,

0.96 1.36 Average 1.67 1.60 1.0H 1.h5 Location AveraEe  ?.Ob 1.92 1.h9 1.82 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Jay ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 2.0Lh1 2 1.0220 95.03 Sample Time (B) 1.8159 3 0.6053 30.86 A*B 0.06h$ 6 0.0108 0.55 Error 0.Ch71 2h 0.0196 O

10.1-21

Table 10.1-15 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

-ATP ENTRAlhMENT STUDY-DATE: August 12, 1980 - ATP Units are 'E/l Sample Replicate Sample Location Time Time Number i Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.76 1.55 1.$h 1.62 10$$ 2 1.89 1.52 1.56 1.6h 3 1.59 1.72 1.h8 1.61 Average i 1.75 1.60 1.53 1 1,62 1 1.87 1.80 1.6$ 1.77 1200 2 1.96 1 92 1.8h 1.91 3 2.02 1.82 1.86 1.90 Average 1.95 1.85 1.78 1.86 1 2.07 1.85 2.02 1.98 1302 2 2.02 2.17 2.23 2.1h 3 2.35 2.15 2.19 2.23 Average 1 2.15 2.06 2.15 2.12 1 2.87 2.60 2.10 2.52 1h10 2 '2.75 2.59 2.36 2.57 3 2.89 2.53 , 2.$h 2.65 Average 2.8h 2.57 2.33 2.58 2.0$ Orand Average Location Average 2.17 2.02 1.95 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.3101 2 0.1551 h.$h Sample Time (B) h.$h12 3 1.5137 9h.82 A*B 0.20b7 6 0.03h1 2.1h Error 0 3831 2h 0.0160 N

?

LJ 10.1-22

Table 10.1-16 CALVF2T CLIFFS !!UCLEAR P0 DER PLA!.T

-ATP EliTRAlli!EliT STULY-O DATE: September 3,1980 - ATP Units are p/1 Sample Replicate Sanple Locatien Time Time Number e Intake Tunnel i Discharge Average 1 3.28 3.26 2.35 2.96 1103 2 3.73 3.32 2.38 3.1h 3 3.19 3.2h 2.h1 2.95 Average i 3.bC -

3.27 2.36 1 3.02 1 h.57 3.$2 2.95 3.66 1200 2 L.82 3.66 2.8h 3.77 3 h.53 3.2h 2.16 3.31 Average L.6L 3.h7 2.65 1 3.59 1 h.26 3.79 2 92 3.66 1300 2 L.21 3.06 2.70 3.32 3 h.25 3.7h 2.87 3.62 Average 6 h.25 3.53 2.83 3.53 1 6.31 3.72 2.9h h.32 1hco 2 h.63 3.L5 3.23 3.76 3 h.95 h.17 _ 3.03 L.05 Average 5.30 1 3.78 3.c6 L.ob Location Average L.h0 3.51 2.73 3.55 orand average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way A1;0VA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 16.6690 2 6.33h5 2h.80 Sample Time (B) h.7738 3 1.5913 13.01 A*B 2.cis 6 0.3361 2.75 Error 2.9353 2h 0.1223 x

0 10.1-23

_\_/(l Table 10.1-17 PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE IN DAYTIt'E ATP C01.CE! ERAT 30NS B'Tel.N UNIT 2 EISCHAfGE AME 31:TAlG 1DCAT]OI.S YEAR l'OhTH DI FFERMCE, 1977 June -18%

July -h Aumst -8

• September -10 1978 June -lh July -21

• August -16

• Septen.ber +L 1979 June -15 July 19 August -LO

• September -18

• rx N

1980 June -1 July -27

• Aurust -10 Septenber -38 *

- Indicates decrease from intake to outfall.

+ Indicates increase from intake to outfall.

• Indicates statistically significant difference.

<'~ x. 10.1-2h s._/

ZOOPLANKTON ENTRAINMENT STUDY Edward M. Newman Louis E. Sage '

Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction During the summer of 1980, studies were conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) to examine effects on zooplankton entrained in the condenser cooling water system of Unit 2. These studies were similar in design and purpose to entrainment studies conducted at Unit 2 in 1977 (Sage and Bacheler, 1978), 1978 (Olson and Sage, 1979a), 1979 (Newman, Sage and D'Apolito, 1980) and were part of continuing investi-gations at Calvert Cliffs. These have included preoperational studies in the fall of 1974 and postoperational studies at Unit 1 in 1975 and 1976 (Sage, 1976; Sage and Olson, 1977). When plant operations were modified in 1978 to allow a cross-condenser temperature increase (AT) to a maximum of 6.7'c from the previous 5.5*C, an experimental program was instituted to assess any additional impact on zooplankton during entrainment.

(3 d

Since organism survival is probably a function of plant operating . conditions and environmental and biological vari-ables, studies were designed to examine zooplankton survival in as many different situations as budget and personnel con -

-straints would permit. Based upon results of 1975-76 monthly (year round) studies, the present study was restricted to the summer months when maximum entrainment effects are anticipated.

The 1980 study included two collection periods of 24-h duration

'in June and August and two collection periods of 48-h duration in July and September. The 1980 scheme was designed to determine daily variation in zooplankton densities and environ-

' mental conditions and secondarily to assess cyclic patterns in the.48-h periods.

Objectives of the zooplankton studies were: 1) to examine abundance and species'and age composition of zooplankton en-trained at Calvert Cliffs; 2) to determine what percent of the different ages and types of entrained zooplankton are killed by entrainment or conversely, what percent survive plant passage;

3) to examine the factors contributing to entrainment effects, e.g., thermal stress and -other environmental and/or plant

. operating conditions; and 4) to assess any additional impact on entrained organisms.resulting from'the experimental increase in waste heat release.

O k

10.'2-1

Materials and Methods Sampling Schedule As in 1977, 1978, and 1979, the entrainment studies em-ployed a time-series study d; sign and analytical approach.

Single unreplicated samples were collected during 1980 at the plant intake (IN) and discharge (DC) every 30 min through a '

24-h or 48-h period according to the following schedule (EDST):

June 4, 0900 hours0.0104 days <br />0.25 hours <br />0.00149 weeks <br />3.4245e-4 months <br /> to 0830 hours0.00961 days <br />0.231 hours <br />0.00137 weeks <br />3.15815e-4 months <br />, June 5 July 8, 1135 hours0.0131 days <br />0.315 hours <br />0.00188 weeks <br />4.318675e-4 months <br /> to 1100 hours0.0127 days <br />0.306 hours <br />0.00182 weeks <br />4.1855e-4 months <br />, July 10 August 14, 0835 hours0.00966 days <br />0.232 hours <br />0.00138 weeks <br />3.177175e-4 months <br /> to 0800 hours0.00926 days <br />0.222 hours <br />0.00132 weeks <br />3.044e-4 months <br />, August 15 September 3, 0900 hours0.0104 days <br />0.25 hours <br />0.00149 weeks <br />3.4245e-4 months <br /> to 0830 hours0.00961 days <br />0.231 hours <br />0.00137 weeks <br />3.15815e-4 months <br />, September 5 Collection at DC began 4 min after IN colle".Llon to allow the cooling water to transit the system.

Sampling Locations A schema of the plant and sampling locations for the studies of Unit 2 are shown in Figure 10.2-1. Sampling sta-tions were the same as those used in the 1977-1979 studies.

The intake station (IN) was behind the traveling screens, directly in the approach conduit to a circulating water pump serving Unit 2. Water here is committed to plant passage. At this station, samples from three depths (1, 2 and 3 m from the bottom) were combined to form a single composite sample inte-g grating any vertical gradients that might exist in the water column. The Tunnel Access (TA) is an access port to the dis-charge conduit about midway between the plant and the offshore terminus. The Tunnel Access was not intended to be a zooplank-ton eaupling site but rather to provide a temperature reference for the discharge water at the terminus. The discharge sam-pling location (DC) was directly in the submerged plume as it issued from the discharge conduits serving Unit 2. Samples were collected from a boat anchored at the head of the plume.

At both TA and DC, the water is turbulent and well-mixed; samples were collected at these locations from only a single depth (~5 m) at the approximate center of the conduit.

Sampling Methods Samples were pumped from depth using a low-volume 30.3 1/ min diaphragm pump. The total sample volume was 20 liters, but to minimize effects of patchiness, collection of each sample was prolonged in several ways. The pump outflow hoses were fitted with 2-way splitters with a septum angled to pro-duce a 40/60% diversion of flow. Water from the 60% spigot was discarded; water from the 40% side was collected in 20-liter carboys. Further, carboys were filled only 1/3 at a time, with g a 2-min interval between sample fractions. Total elspsed time W in collecting each sample was approximately 6 min.

10.2-2

l l

l 1

I

+*< ,' s,x+.+

w.. w .v

.g .....,,

vH.

• g+f

, , .v, ..3+ .- x.jv, v.ws. v/4...... =

\ .::.- fc wu.v. y - >

w

+s. ..f'.y" w.w o w.)u$20.c:+ co av.. %es?.

wu .;R. , m 65y c.l... RX . :fsy:.Mf  ::.%.0

^^n H

.5 : .s0$f:Rp?:si:9;x

",'.,:w 8?%:.4.%:  :

g!.

X:::::.-

? . X".

. v.e

$ f. ^ e,.

(w:,:f.:,:7)p.+;j.f$l>,y$+ p.< vn.  :  %@g$.vy - NJ+::x. <.

ec s,. X3?8:gf.j;. md

.:$. ~ was..n . v.i +.. ...,.,c v.en).. . ..Ps!"sc M... . .s .I 5.'N.h t;f.Esi.s.jiE. .[? ss$, . r. vv hc s.?>:f3,. n

.s~n. ..

!,. .. :...... i:9. '! .:.,.Y.

4 f.4:,e . .E 5!$$

+.....w 4,.:.!..g..^.. .i.ff^

4<*.5

.. .. ?$;.,:.v: i.i .<!!.:b.

. .020::y,:.c'.y.. ., .,.v v. , .e4

.i

y. v0 v,0.),:,fy.s'

. . .dH c .rc:' . . .

e.s.w f^;.. ap

...s:. x+-<e. t$$ps . gsp:.s.v,

• g: , +3(>s:., :c.:g:;<p.52.:A,, :4v3:.

P" ,. u.y

. .sy .,.y . y:,. . ma

... . y . quy. .. . s , ,. w.s

.s...

,.s ,

e. ~,~, . .s., ,w r. s,v, , .. ,, ,, -.

mm c..

s,, .v. ..

. v ,...v ......:

.. .v E f;'Sex. .n..v 5/f%

sf:62?f,,:::3.S- c 2.l:fj:;N:p34.. .?2%S: : j,,4.4:$$;. . . .,nf5%^%iv~3!.g P{.tL s

.,** - ... 63.v. 4x" p:4- ,c p

,*' . . / *p:+ s x wxvs .v /x<:+py+.w~.y. .c ~ ,3.9: E+:': : e.~,: y.:+,.4. v 4. : +.-+P. o

• ne .,y. ,e.g.,ve .gh.a'e.w UC

,,.- x vis: 9.%j . " p. 2~O,;,,.4.s foi $96::

52 $.yl*t 43:;0s:'M 6%(:p;pp?ss.3R ll l , *" gSl.:

p 9*6%$y

Eti:j: r 4:.tx%

A 4::%:: ;M

• cEO x

y.(.:; .x

< .c c &

Il 4p. ?~: 9.;.+.<<p%. , . . pi>. >4"n%.".y<0

. ,;3%,,2,  ?. .pNh.:e.

we :.r v. . . .~. . . - ..

q .y,%.

y.

, se. 2.,6.y-+!.v.,.i,?$..)

.,.v. . s vH W +>. .

ep.. .w c, e.w.y

n. .y. . w. .e.j.w:.,v,.s. v. z v,. en

. n nf.s.. e .. v . . . Od wy+v.w.. r.'.fv :v,v.w..n.w ,Oseg vy.p.n ,. . ~v.xA :?:,. .s v.

.s v::u a u ,c sn , .w, . .

y vxeee,.x4:.v.x;.w.v.v2 II xyn: w..s:: p+p:.v. . c.f>.

. c. 4y+gc+ s ., ,-, 4 a.,.

+,, g,s.y.s,,w.f w^ .xt* a.p2+x. v,fx.g.v.,> "<p: ,v vye.:v.f.v. . . O40 e... vwf q:.;..w

. <x.. .,:v. . :*s w wuf,,. wf w- ye .- v,.

Cm

'.v:..u.x.: ..:cy > <:da e+>~s^ d ,x. :O'v$f. f2><xu.w:+<.y+<..=-

.W.:.: -"4g<w.24 McH  ::(0:^%x l .:.id,;G'C>. ,.sy,.'b O.. .v%. :,:: C f

.* s$$ f%$%s.

.c w v v.s. u. E.ww: ~. c .< . t.

..* /43v.v

~e w w, ,,~a .wy*

C w,x.w..

wv cw ..v. e#as:+

ve .e,,r v s .

e .s . sew.

CC .

w. vs.s.v,.

.v.,..ss. *.-, s.y.we,.v.,.

... . ~.w e .. g.w.v v

~. .%,

. v-v .

r'#+

....w . w;*e. p. v. " .---,:9'e,,s,..

.w ..w,K.u HQg

.r... s:+x x4v;. s+...~~<.

.,. .s n..v. .~ ..^ v a. -- *::'

. -~*'~. a#

. . . a

.M4

-w.. - * - -

1. W52 II * .<.~.- 3,A $ T

• gh f , fy h.h.

E4=w z:b;$

h..w; MU

.. . . . . .:e: s .sj.w. ,hi.;[.f.)3.v WgQ

. E y: -s *w 9. :p. wss n>t:6.*, ,*<*.~4 v.w'x'% .:4 cN vn vo . p+M'w. :d ;+.. >.x.v.g.p',:.7:".s<"; x ..3*a~<$.$.vy

. 0,sY,xE. . ,

.<. 4. ,., v::v+ P':: u.., e. .-:a%. , ,3 H ec e%$9,,.y,v,q;'

>.y ."s.:yx:l A .e&.s

.fM 't.s;l,4+<

h:. . y.

,,:+M.'.4.m>s.

>.+.3 v4.: 9.:' -% 3-tutx,4:cy)*w, d .

.~.- ,. +::: AOd OaC 2' - _ si!8Il !E>

g.ge k Eh85.6%:

s;pgstf 733g$i.,k;;;'J.: :SE 80!S2f95 .f,,,eg: i'.45'%i$,4:.

2. ;9 jj"5 O .-

O js?;g:ryy. y. y$.:.. g.o;; ;;gggg.g/t:.::.:9.:j-~i,f4v;

< ^ " .: .. MN *

2w m,s;

i :g~. 0: Oas s:ti$'): ~5: m m

%2^3:2 x4x:+$j$3:

!;*9le>-+xa

%:9.  :.(sis:

?g<.&;<4.G:0:f: M A.,.tx cum g

3 <W;.9 x.

y.~: g::.e.g 2M  ;;4::

9pp::

5::2 ~5s9;P(r:.g:g y Hoo o%:...ggix;;

o

.s2 ..?. w%!!?%xjs s %';vu g2,.;s.>,

e:t.p?>T

<!y w.;.

+ ye g.,.~.y. . < > . e,

.s w. +v.s,i:e ts.f,.,.x

.,j+.:.y. , ,j>.U U

. . v.y ...-x,c v./.,.v .x. g v v.

2mA x+ .~.*  %.p. .S,'>.x. .:g"i<av " -.c M 34,:"'~~; . u

.v

<<ua .v

.  : ps,e,. . , s :j .

.v:vx.,,,. c Z

v. . w.w w

.yg.s+s,.~e.~.e

q: .

. <. ~<

.++-.. w,. ss g/ <<.:.-:+: s:::q:c

j

7m-we<2cgv;c,x

.w

- :+ g4$w...nr

. x:r. y3 .~emOH

c. e.- .:uo:.2 f st : < .qj(<g: W .a c A  ;;i .;e

.:2:i.1:g$.- uac 55 g(

1. 4 . 3,:@pgR  :.. .+(m .s2*( .(h::::.:e.%::0? t:::9?  :::::3$f:l'$ 5Wr$xj: 5:<xs:::;;s;::"t0 if:gssf 2 (v 3

, ?$i:f t+.' '4: si't$'R?

f. . /,$:q '.3i:i.M j'::!2:23r:iN:f:$'s%<g

3P.:0:

4f 9, .

U:

' 4m;ryfw.j.

p g.:i i S. .:g.jj:fp-

-,4 H om h

!! $ .!k l e;ss!km:.kiij hb

' Rsp ;is'

,595 o

.:M.,.$.

k

.. . w.,.,...

m:2 .sSx tf.u.+. .c,s'i :!.I(f?s!O .S..i:i.smsi je.w vyav3 gs ss es

is523, y u,.+.,,. .

ce ~vo -y

.U. . F4 +:+.

f,<7.s,.:

e.2!:i'59 yse .s<x

$ ~^

7,:,

.y>s,,;, ..As:gt.,::-

O $223.^.Y)if$

,,., .. .q::::S~, +.

kD ec<

p.,.,:s,

.>..H. E*

n x<ff::<

. v. .. 2,,0 .n .n,y.n. .n >A?::::

<tst$$~q~: .6%o.f.3<P: :::g,.i .s.e s. e,.

.s .. ~., ~r :r,.:d.v..;.>.u

;9e: .,. . -  :@(A . n.R.,,...p.

.s

; $. .i.'$.i.'.;$9.H4 .

ma.

,;: 1e.xs ,

.492'n.na:n,.40:

.*:: 4+;;

+ W: 239'i?.'x ?.s..ucg .ye . OCe 45: $: R>

iO2 R$sii.+si$.:  ;;W3,..i$'3  :#y2js't:l-S$ %y  ;' .e v xfi's.i2 ;;i$s.

'+X "::[4:?-  :!j' " J':Jj sii3:8 .!:5.$'$$;:> Wmm

$ li a$ja;*q i M %E:(:!jiSj0$

c:+.

$!ii ye gj;

m '"

.<v E.::s

.1!iiiij fw;i;j59 gc.yn:s:^ .(t+p. 9+p::

-- e

<< M y~, ;8;.;st; :je.

li!! v  %$i$.$

, :::~;::?'4r<(.cy<t::g>fp>'

$y t! a.g!!

daH E .a mc

$;E.+

w ..ef. *!*+,

v.:.- <i.ww.sw.v.w.veu.x.x.v.=<,:s**.

sw, .. s.j/gv.,<$.

. %w. sw. e.v O3H

..??.

. 45iS{$2' %yg ..* .v.gs .c O

?2 0 .c Z

. . #f8 h.u!4b.h...' 3!$5

..xW...$ ??>$x02 '??: +;if$,,,?:WPWjy:::s mmh .:q:

- . sun . v3!%$. 2

.. . ..Y.' N8'i.'.y . !.!!.s$.3'E#

e.+y+

v .R. T.YiS >.

v .:

• ' < M.i.i.Y.+[:.0!.!,Y,i.!N.+e:y.

w

• ep: .6 5

.y

.f .

93 0< %+.,p$+.;p.v.w.v.wMx'p;g: *p,,sp.pc <

<"5+D :..S$.$  :<)"f,p/.  ?: ,:::.;

.4.

. : . . u,.vr.~.me s~ 3. .y.w . . .

.mp ,,xu.v.d.<p#~i@g:.:/

3j$::'3+2:5,jvgj {i33i%335@$vy,;,i$5~'? PXA 2?"i S$g,ET%ill:$~.:i h i(>q58i?2+53>0#4:j8!3$ilih@:: ,33!E!!if.is v -xce isy;55'$ji,yj?,

v +;. .

9xii$  ;. 3.9'?${Si.

Y

..s2. .cys:::2.s::::

4 C$$y<2^;.4.p:ce:,.::q:p:(>+n.%+.

:4

<,f .. . x MRif:f.+;pxp~^v v yv N

+.+, /.

e

M:: ::.p+ ~..sg .+3+2?AM+j:

.p,>c-y 3<U$$;i2?^

. .<ww,4 . .w. . x,7, pw-  ::9523!: :esE. +y:x. 4::s: Rk# :023~v.v2:.-:is?xt:q: 2;#,s$t'

-s i

~: t.:.p58 ~.S8.w;ch.:

~.~s o

+.:::e. t:y&->nxe

. . St.  :::?At es sw:vwv.:.y .y<,vy. .: ;. .c.w, . .f.

s,.g . *y ~, .s.,3,e. . . . . .. .s

.: H

+ y. . e . :~au.sppe.w::c,.gy <,,,.::+w gssg

.s e g:p<~a ~-~.,s s.s.< ,s. .,:s. ,:m.

h .y <:.:.. ,+ > wu s .

.vue.w:s.+::s.. v ,,.v.- w

+. f +:: *'+#: wf'v.  ?'*-,..s :f:: e

,. ,..s.. .w< e "<.v. -

.y a:< ,"<~ge:w:e.:.My:..y~a:. gg+s

.,.,:<yz;.y., .af.

.e .s  :::ye.:.e.-e.g:  :::::;,y "- <2s ~< ;,.j g:

a

.;f+c':#>,. 5:!;.

3-.t:. /.s.h.:+y.. :a x+p-

w. .:gv.N+.:F. . . x62.n.%.v

.vv .  :.:q:e:.3

. $4xv>&:  : t,t:+ffsE.,..,:.::gg;.~.4?x:w.

+ W g

.  ::< <.y.v v se.fv.mpr.ci4:xvsf4,4 w

. +hE+v. w.-ys.;g;v+ytvyes.p-A vff,t.xn.

.:i.s:. e . 4.x.<%::

u . e u>p;$y uuv n.nn w s::x"un./:y:vx5E . :;A. .<+4a. .,x  :::e CD

(

s

%/

1 s

swv u+v.,.u. .

- .v.w.va,

.~.v yuw.w v . .x.s si ,.....u.. wn

+x.

. .as..

u.s.e.wx v w

.... .<.,.....s.y.~

+:ce.v.s.

u. .w. y w"- S.

- ..vn.

..g:~u.. . . :4,,+;p,:u/

. < , . wx.

.a 10.2-3

After collection, neutral red vital dye (1:150,000)

(Crippen and Perrier, 1974; Dressel, Heinle and Grote, 1972) was added to each sample, mixed thoroughly, and the samples g

were incubated at least 1 h at ambient temperature in shade or darkness. Each sample was then concentrated to a final volume of 50 ml using a 73-pm mesh plankton net, acidified with 1 ml SN acetic acid /5N sodium acetate, preserved with 5% unbuffered formalin and frozen. Color retention techniques were modified in August and September. Samples were preserved in a basic medium containing buffered formalin solution to reduce the solubility of the vital dye. However, 5 N acetic acid was added to achieve the proper color just prior to analysis (Flem-ing and Coughlan, 1978). This method removed the need for freezing and improved handling of large numbers of samples.

Salinity was measured with a Beckman Model RSS-3 salinom-eter and dissolved oxygen (DO) with a YSI model 57 DO meter.

Data were obtained from productivity studies conducted concur-rently. Water temperature was measured by a hand-held thermom-eter calibrated in tenths of degrees.

Sample Analysis and Live / Dead Determination In the laboratory, samples were thawed or acidified with acetic acid and an aliquot large enough to contain at least 200 organisms was withdrawn with a Hensen-Stempel pipette and transferred to a sorting wheel. Organisms were identified and counted by species and, where possible, by life stage (age h

class). Organisms were further designated as living or dead at the time of collection. Living dye-sensitive organisms metabo-lize vital dye and take on its color. Some organisms do not take up dye or do not take up dye within a practical incubation period, and therefore, vitality for those organisms cannot be consistently determined. In the Calvert Cliffs area, dye-sensitive components of the zooplankton are all life stages of calanoid copepods, cirriped (barnacle) nauplii, annelids, flatworms and cladocerans (Crippen and Perrier, 1974).

Data Analyses As in previous studies, consideration of the barnacle population residing in the plant cooling water system was required when data were analyzed since the number of cirriped nauplii recovered at the discharge frequently exceeds that recovered at the intake. Total zooplankton densities and relative abundance of individual species which are based on total zooplankton were calculated exclusive of cirriped nauplii. Survival estimates for cirriped nauplii are inappro-priate; however, general discussions of the community of en-trainable zooplankton include this population. Analyses were performed on data for copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, 3 Acartia tonsa adults, cirriped nauplii, all other less-abundant W 10.2-4 L

species' grouped, all dye-sensitive organisms grouped minus cirriped nauplii and total zooplankton minus cirriped nauplii.

The terms "% Alive" and " % Survival" are used occasion-ally in this report. " Percent Alive" is defined as the per-centage of the total number of organisms which are alive in a sample. For example, if the total density of copepod nauplii at 7N equals 1,000/m a , of which 900 are alive, then the % Alive egnuls 90. If the density of nauplii at DC equals 800/m3 of which 784 are alive, the % Alive at DC equals 98. The term

" survival" is defined as the normalized ratio of living organ-isms at IN which are recovered alive at DC, i.e., # Alive DC (m"8 )/# Alive IN (m"8). (The number of living organisms at DC reflects cropping as well as mortality.) Expressed as a per-cent, the term becomes "% Survival" . As used in the tables, the terms "% Alive" and "% Survival" represent mean values, calculated over the monthly period.

An estimate of mean survival was obtained for each dye-sensitive species or group for each sampling date by calculat-ing the ratio of the mean density of living organisms at DC to the mean density of living organisms at IN for each monthly study period.

Variances of the survival estimates were calculated (based on a method from Cochran (1977)) as follows:

(N Var (k)=1/n.IN2[32 DC '8 IN

-2kS IN-DC l'

.d where n is the number of samples taken during the sampling period, S2 7N and S2 are the respective variances at the intake and dischargk,C and S I is the covariance. True survival rates were computed agC the 95 percent confidence interval.

To determine those environmental and plant-operation parameters which are important to zooplankton survival, a stepwise linear regression- technique was used' (Draper and Smith, 1966). The dependent variable was the logit transforma-tion of % Survival (Cox, 1970), while independent variables were intake species densities, ambient water temperatures, and AT.

Results Physico-chemical parameters and :,lant operating conditions for sampling dates are summarized in Table 10.2-1. The mean cross-condenser temperature increase (AT) for each of the months during the 1980 entrainment ranged from 5.7 to 6.1*C.

The AT range was slightly higher than that recorded in 1977 and 1978.. Mean ambient water' temperature ranged from 21.5'C to

, 27.9'C. The range was typical for the summer months, though (3) r/

higher than measured -in 1978 and 1979. Salinity recorded at 10.2-5

Tabla 10.2-1. Summary of plant operating conditions for Unit 2 and some physico-chemical characteristics of the aquatic environment during each of four zooplankton entrainment studies conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

June 4-5 Jul 8-10 Aug 14-15 Sept 3-5 Gross Elec Output ( MW. h) 730 846 828 853 Intake temp (*C) 21.5 24.0 27.9 27.3 Discharge temp (*C) 27.4 29.8 34.0 33.2 H

o AT (*C) 5.9 5.7 6.1 5.8 Salinity ( foo) 11.7 14.8 16.3 17.3 DO (mg/l) 0.0 6.3 3.2 6.6 (2.8-10.5) (0.6-9.5) (1.4-5.3) (3.6-8.2)

Air temp (*C) 20.2 23.6 28.5 25.8 O O O

the fromintakg/oo 11.7 in Juneduringtoeach samplirfg 17.3 /oo in period progressively September, increased reflecting the low precipitation for this period. Salinities in 1980 were relatively high, but not exceptional for this season in this area of the Bay.

Zooplankton compos ition observed in entrainment samples was typical and not unique to Chesapeake Bay (Heinle, 1969; Herman, Mihursky and McErlean, 1968; Olson and Sage, 1978). A cumulative taxonomic list of species collected in the four sampling periods for 1980 is given in Table 10.2-2. Calanoid copepods are numerically the most abundant group. The calanoid group is dominated by Acartia consa, which is further cate-gorized by three life stages: copepod nauplii, copepodites, and adults. Copepod nauplii generally account for large por-tions (>80%) of the total zooplankton throughout most of the year. In May or June there is usually a decrease in nauplii numbers, resulting from a seasonal shift from species present in winter to those present in the summer. Two calanoid cope-pods, Eurftemora affinis and Acartia clausii are the most common in winter. While Acartia consa is present in sparse densities thro'aghout the winter, it flourishes from mid-spring through late fall. Thore less common in summer include the cyclopoid, oithona simulus, and the harpacticoid, Halectinosoma curticorne. The most common barnacle, Balanus improvisus and the polychaetes, Scolecolepedes viridus and Nereis sp., usually spawn during spring and fall, at which times their larvae appear in the plankton in substantial numbers.

h7 To ascertain whether the intake structure preferentially entrains zooplankton, monthly mean densities of total zooplank-ton and of each of the three life stages of Acartia consa entrained were compared to corresponding weekly nearfield densities collected in the vicinity of the plant (Fig. 10.2-2).

Composition and densities of entrained organisms are generally comparable to the nearfield community. However, there were exceptions; entrainment and nearfield densities of Acartia copepodites, while similar in June and Sepember, were dis-similar in July.and August.

In 1980 survival estimates for total dye-specific zoo-plankton progressively decrease. through the season; 58% in June, 49% in July, 39% in August,'and 27% in September.(Table 10.2-10.2-3). While survival decreased, total zooplankton densities -increased ~(7,577 to 129,387/m3 ), resulting particu-larly .from an increase in copepod nauplii (Table 10.2-4), the

.most entrainment-sensitive zooplankton studied at this site (Sage and Bacheler, 1978; Olson and Sage, 1979a).

As previously stated, all life stages of copepods (domi-nated by Acartia- tonsa),- annelid .(polychaete) larvae, and cirriped (barnacle) ' nauplii.' are. dye sensitive and compose 90%

or more .of the zooplankton community from June to September.

dp -Analyses, therefore, have focused on data for these dominant groups; these data are presented in Table _10.'2-4.

10.2-7

Table 10.2-2. Taxonomic list of zooplankton collected at the intake and discharge of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear a

W Power Plant, 1980, and ranked according to abundance.

June 4 Jul 8 Aug 14 sept 3 Rank Rank Ranh Rank Rhabdocoela 13 12 11 14 Nematoda 3 7 10 11 Polychaeta Nereis sp. 11 6 9 16 scolecolepedes viridis (Verri31) 6 5 5 to Unspeciated larvae -- 13 -- --

Castropeda -- 23 -- --

Pelecypoda -- 17 -- --

Cladocera Podon polyphemoides (Lenkarti) -- 16 18 8 Ostracoda 21 11 --

• Copepoda Copepod nauplii (primarily Acartia consa) 1 2 1 1 Acartia copepodites 4 1 2 2 Acartia consa (Dana) 7 4 3 6

1. alectinosoma copspodites * -- -- --

Halectinosoma curticorne (Boeck) 5 9 12

• Harpacticold copepodites - unspeciated 9 14 14 17 Oithona copepodites 20 21 7 3 Cithona similis (Claus)

• 20 8 5 Canuella (*Scottolana) canadensis (Willey) 16 -- -- --

Japhirella sp. d 10 6 7 Canthocamptidae 10 * -- 15 Cletodes longicaudatus (Sceck) -- * * --

Tachidius littoralis (Poppe) 15 * -- --

Laophor.tidae 14 22 19

• Diapcomus copepodites -- -- -- 9 Diapcomus sp. -- -- --

13 Pseudadiaptomus coronatus (Wi111ans) -- -- -- *

1. itocra sp. 19 -- 16 --

turytemora affin2s (Poppe) *

• 17 --

Ha12 cyclops magniceps (L111jeborg) 12 19 13 18 Cirripedia Nauplii 2 3 4 4 Cyprid larvae

• 8

• 12 Mysidacea Neomysis americana (Smith) * -- -- --

Amphipoda Corophidae 17 18 *

• Oecapoda Neoponope texana sayi (Smith) 18 15 15 *

--Absent

• Present in Discharge only.

O 10.2-8

i { i Q .,I G L) 200.000. 200.000, 200.000< zoo.ooo.

100.004 100.000, _Acartia 1o0.000. t oo.ooo.

copepodites Acartla tonsa adults g O

O

• t o.ooo. 10,000, $ to,oon, g o, coo, H

0 g Total N

I t.000. copepod ,,oo o, Organisms

• ,poo, ,,ooo, nauptli O

soo too G too , , ,

ioo J J A S J J A S J J A S J J A S Figure 10.2-2. Mean monthly densities of entrained zooplankton (e) at Unit 2, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980, compared with densities of Chesapeake Bay nearfield zooplankton (a plant site). Entrained densities are averaged over a 24-h or 98-h period. Nighttime nearfield densities are averages of single samples from surface, middle and bottom depths at each station (nearfield data from Newman and Sage, in prep.).

Table 10.2-3. Survival estimates for several zooplankton groups sampled during entrain-ment studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1977 (Sage and Bacheler, 1978), 1978 (Olson and Sage, 1979), 1979 (Newman, Sage and D'Apolito, 1980) and 1980. Percent survival = (# alive at DC/# alive at IN) x 100. Percent survival not defined where # alive at DC > # alive at IN; i.e., % survival >100.

I. % Survival (95% C.I.): 6/7/77 6/28/77 6/13/78 6/5/79 6/4/80 Copepod nauplii 46 (41-51) 71 (65-77) 24 (16-31) 27 (22-32) 52 (46-58)

Acartia copepodites 50 (45-55) 67 (61-72) 19 (15-22) 26 (20-32) 85 (70-99) g Acartia consa adults 97 (76-100) 88 (64-100) 30 (26-35) -- --

O Polychaeta 66 (50-74) 86 (75-97) 59 (49-70) 49 (38-59) 2100 -

. All dye-sensitive spp. 53 (49-57) 71 (66-77) 28 (24-32) 34 (29-39) 58 (52-64)

N .

[ II. % Survival (95% C.I.): 7/12/77 7/11/78 7/13/78 7/10/79 7/12/79 7/8/80 copepod nauplii 2100 -

33 (28-37) 34 (30-38) 23 (20-27) 21 (19-23) 24 (20-28)

Acartia copepodites 2100 -

47 (30-57) 49 (40-58) 27 (24-31) 24 (22-26) 37 (32-41)

Acartia tonsa adults 2100 - --

70 (52-87) 51 (39-63) 66 (48-84) 2100 -

Polychaeta 2100 -

85 (63-100) 80 (64-96) 59 (46-71) 52 (43-62) 69 (61-78)

All dye-sensitive app. 2100 -

38 (33-43) 42 (37-47) 28 (26-31) 24 (22-25) 49 (44-53)

III. % Survival (95% C.I.): 8/9/77 8/8/78 8/10/78 8/14/79 8/16/79 8/14/80 Copepod nauplii 38 (33-43) 30 (26-35) 22 (19-24) 16 (14-18) 45 (39-51) 32 (29-36)

Acartia copepodites 40 (37-44) 46 (40-53) 38 (34-43) 21 (18-24) 41 (37-46) 39 (35-42)

Acartia tonsa adults 82 (75-90) 88 (76-100) 2100 -

46 (29-64) 2100 -

2100 -

Polychaeta 2100 -

93 (76-100) 2100 -

73 (57-89) 2100 -

2100 -

All dye-sensitive spp. 45 (41-49) 47 (41-52) 30 (26-33) 19 (17-21) 47 (42-52) 39 (36-42)

IV. % Survival (95% C.n.): 9/13/77 9/12/78 9/18/79 9/3/80 Copepod I.auptli 49 (42-56) 24 (21-27) 22 (18-24) 26 (24-28)

Acartia copepodites 46 (40-52) 27 (23-30) 27 (24-30) 29 (27-31)

Acartia consa adults 2100 -

56 (43-69) 69 (56-81) 69 (59-78)

Polycnaeta RICO -

2100 -

82 (59-100) 4100 -

All dye-sensitive opp. 54 (47-60) 31 (27-34) 25 (21-78) 27 (26-29)

O e 9

1 Table 10.2-4. Mean densities, relative abundance and survival estimates for major zooplankton groups collected

' at intake (IM) and discharge (DC) stations during entrainment studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Jun 4 Jul 8 Aug 14 sept 3

Copepod nauplii N/m3 IN 5512 14079 30367 98104 DC 2852 3441 9423 25835

% of Total IN 72.7 29.1 64.7 75.8 (minus carriped) DC 54.5 14.2 51.1 69.5

% Alive IN 96.8 96.1 95.2 99.0 DC 97.8 94.0 98.5 97.4

% Survival 52.0 24.0 32.0 26.0 Acartia copepodites f N/m 3 IN $52 17114 11660 21317 DC 424 6495 4422 6323

% of Total IN 7.3 35.3 24.9 16.5 (minus cirriped) DC - 8.1 26.8 24.0 17.1

% Alive 'IN 86.8 95.8 95.8 99.1 DC 95.8 92.7 97.4 97.1

% survival 85.0 37.0 39.0 29.0 Acartia consa arults N/m3 IN

• 9000 1896 1833 DC

• 8929 1990 1333 a

% of Total IN

• 18.0 4.0 1.4

-(minus cirriped) DC

• 36.9 10.8 3.6

\-"'  % Alive IN

• 91.0 87.8 99.8 DC * ~91.9 93.1 94.2

% survival

• 100 >100 69.0 Polychaete N/m3 IN 248 5152 1044 204 DC 261 3605 1267 303

% of Total IN 3.3 10.6 2.2 0.2

' (minus c1rriped) - DC ' 4. 9 14.9 6.9 0.8

% Alive IN 100 99.8 100 100 DC .100 99.6 99.8 98.0

% Survival 2100' ' 69.0 ' >100 >100 Other species N/m3 IN 1265 3060 1935 7929 DC 1695 1745 1337 3686

% of Total IN 16.7 6.3 4.1 6.1 (minus cirriped) DC 32.4 7.2 7.3 9.9

.Cirriped nauplii N/m3- IN 1545 ~11344 940 4642 DC 1964 18534 1161 5383

% Alive- -IN: 82.7 - 94.8- 88.8 94.8

, -DC 93.6 98.6 98.8 84.5

% Surviva?- >100 >100 $100 >100 Total minus cirriped nauplii-4 N/m3 IN 7577 48405' .46902 129387 24215 18439 37177

y, DC 5232' j

• Insufficient data to analyze 10.2-11

Figures 10.2-3 through 10.2-18 show densities of living organisms at the intake and discharge stations at each sampling interval. Survival of organisms from IN to DC is depicted as well as the large, and frequently cyclic, density fluctuations h

which occur over 24-h or 48-h. Data for copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, Acartia consa adults, annelids, and All dye-sensitive species" are presented (when these organisms were present) for each of the four periods.

June 4-5 Dissolved oxygen ranged from 2.8 to 10.5 mg/1, generally cbove potentially stressful levels. On this datg mean salinity was the lowest of the four study periods at 11.7 foo.

Survival estimate for All dye-sensitive species at 57%,

was the highest recorned in 1980. The June survival was also higher than June 1978 and 1979, but similar to June 1977 (Table 10.2-3). Survival statistics for copepod nauplii was lowest (52%) of the groups analyzed for the June date but the highest rate of survival for naaplii reported in 1980. Acartia cope -

podites similarly had the highest estimated survival (85%) on this date for the year. Reductions in total densities were due to copepod nauplii and Acartia copepodite losses (Table 10.2-4).

Survival rates at a single point in time oscillated and g also fluctuated through time. Rates of survival decreased W sharply for All dye-sensitive species after 1700 h while, as seen in Figure 10.2-6, zooplankton densities typically in-creased around sunset.

Dye-soecific species--copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites and polychaete larvae--constituted 83% of the lowest recorded total zooplankton densities (7,577/m 3 ) during the 1980 entrain-ment studies. Other less abundant organisms were nematodes and the harpacticoid, Halectinosoma curticorne. Cirriped nauplii (1545/m 3

) were also abundant and when included in the total tabulation ranked second (Table 10.2-2).

July 8-10 There were two apparent episodes of intrusion of deeper bottom waters (upwelling) during the 48-h study. The first occurred from approximately 1130 to 1800 h (Samples #1-14) and was indicated by a decrease in dissolved oxygen from 6.4 mg/l to 0.6 mg/l and an increase in salinity. The second event was not as well defined, but decreases in DO and salinity were evident between 0030 to 0500 (Samples #74-84). Except during the first upwelling event, DO remained above levels associated with oxygen deficiency in zooplankton (Bakker et al., 1977).

O 10.2-12

July 1980 survival estimates were similar to estimates for July 1978 and 1979, although much lower than those for July

]v 1977, when exceptionally high survival was determined. Sur-vival estimated for individual categories of zooplankton was lower than estimates for June, with the lowest survival (24%)

of the 1980 studies estimated for copepod nauplii. Although the % survival of copepod nauplii in July is comprable to that for July 1979; it was not expected, when densities for August and, particularly, September were higher (Table 10.2-4). The pattern of copepod nauplii survival is reported to decrease with increasing densities (Olson and Sage, 1979). Acartia copepodites similarly decreased from 85% in June to 37% in July. A. tonsa adults appeared to be almost unaffected by entrainment (IN-9000/m 3 , DC-8929/m 3).

The episode of low dissolved oxygen apparently did not adversely affect the dye-sensitive species as reflected in the

% Alive values and % Survival estimates. Densites of copepod nauplii and Acartia were relatively stable, with the exceptions of two large ocillations prior to each upwelling event (Figs.

10.2-7 and 10.2-8).

August Dissolved oxygen concentration in August ranged from 1.4 to 5 . 3 ' mg/1, the lowest range of the four sampling periods.

()

~

Ambient water temperatures and AT were the highest measured in 1980 27.9*C and 6.l*C, respectively. The All dye-sensitive species survival estimate (39%) declined in August from July.

Survival was similar to previous August estimates (1977-1979),

1 except for the lower estimate for the first sampling in August 1979. Estimates for ' the age classes ranged from 37% (copepod nauplii) to 100% (A._tonsa adults).

The . hypoxic conditions existing in-August did not appear to reduce the % Alive values as indicated in the IN samples nor directly affect zooplankton entrainment survival.

Dye-sensitive species (copepod nauplii, Acartia copepod-

.ites, A. tonsa adults and polychaete larvae) constituted 94% of the' total zooplankton (47,842/m 3). Other species consisted of Oithona copepodites, Oithona similus adult, Sachirella sp. and cirriped nauplii.

September 3-5 Salinity (17.3 foo) in September was _ the highest of the 1four study' periods and remained relatively stable through the 48-h sampling period.. An exception occurred during an upwell-

" ing ' between 0100 and 0700 h (Samples #81-93); salinity in-creased and water temperature and dissolved oxygen decreased.

10.2-13

The All dye-sensitive survival estimate for September was the lowest (27%) observed for All dye-sensitive spp. in the g

1980 study period and was comparable to the same period in 1978 and 1979, but lower than 1977. A. tonsa adults exhibited the greatest survival of entrainment (69%) while copepod naulii had the poorest rate of survival (26%) (Table 10.2-4).

There was approximately a three-fold increase in mean total densities from August (46,902/m 3 ) to September (129,387/m 3). This increase is attributed to reproductive activity of Acartia consa producing large densities of copepod nauplii and, to a less extent, the presence of Acartia copepod-ites in September. These two life stages represented 92% of the total zooplankton collected. A. tonsa adults, Oithona copepodites, oithona similis, and Saphirella sp. were less common.

Results from the linear regression analyses of the data for copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, and A. tonsa adults are given in Table 10.2-5. Naupliar survival was significantly (p<0.05) reduced by high ambient temperatures and, survival significantly (p<0.05) increased by AT. High intake density and water temperature significantly (p<0.05) reduced Acartia copepodite survival. Acartia tonsa adults were not signifi-cantly (p<0.05) affected by the variables included in the analysis.

O Discussion Species composition of zooplankton entrained at CCNPP in 1980 was generally similar and in like proportions to previous studies conducted at this site. The reappearance of the clado-ceran, Podon polyphemoides in 1980 was notable as this species was not collected in 1979. The appearance of this and other less common species composed a zooplankton community similar to that reported in 1978 (Sage and Bacheler, 1978; Olson and Sage, '

1979a). Total zooplankton densities (129,287/m?) in September 1980 were the highest recorded in the study years 1977 to 1980 and were approximately 17-fold greater than that recovered in June (7,577/m3) of the same year.

Total zooplankton densities collected at the intake ap-proximated the nearfield densities collected on the correspond-ing dates of other years. Furthermore, three life stages of A.

tonsa: nauplii, copepodites, and adults, the major constitu-ents of the Bay assemblage, were present in similar proportions in the entrainment and corresponding nearfield samples. Excep-tions occurred in Ju)~ and August when Acartia copepodite densities were somewhat greater in the entrainment samples but were still within the typical density range. However, A. tonsa adults were present in densities similar to those in the near- g field collections. Intake densities of this species are typi- W cally less than those in nearfield collections, which has been 10.2-14 s,

O

-Table 10.2-5. Significance of correlation between environmental and plant-operation parameters and survival of copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites and Acartia tonsa at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant tested in stepwise multiple regression analyses (Draper and Smith, 1966), based on mean values from June-September 1980 studies. Significant levels of the F-statistic (and associated variables) are listed; sign indicates negative (-) or positive (+) re-gression.

Model F Copepod nauplii -IN Temperature . (0.0013) 7.73 (0.0065)

.f-%. +AT (0.0385)

L) -

~Acartia copepodites. -IN Density (0.0150) 7.08 (0.0010)

-IN Temperature (0.0208).

Acartia tonsa * *

• NS (p<0.05)

-10.2-15

attributed to vertical migratory behavior (Hutchinson, 1967; Bougis, 1976) altering susceptibility to withdrawal character-istics of the intake structure (Olson and Sage, 1979a; Newman, Sage and D'Apolito, 1980).

h Maximum All dye-sensitive survival was 3stimated (58%) for June and estimates declined to 27% in September. Of th(. dye-sensitive species, copepod nauplii consistently demonstrated the lowest survival. In contrast, polychaete larvae and A.

tonsa adults had relatively high survival (Table 10.2-4).

Ranges of the 1980 survival estimates were generally consistent with results of previous entrainments (Table 10.2-3).

Survival estimates are composed of two elements, 1) the reduction in organisms from the intake to the discharge (crop-ping), an indication of organism destruction from physical damage and 2) the live: dead ratio (% Alive) at the intake compared to this ratio at the discharge (mortality), an indica-tion of death from stress.

The low incidence of mortality (high % Alive) in samples from IN reflects the natural condition of the zooplankton and has been relatively consistent throughout "he 1980 studies.

Maximum observed mortality (loss determined by number alive, see above) was 13%, but was generally less than 4% in each monthly study period. Deaths resulting from plant stress (%

alive at IN minus % alive at DC) was low, ranging from 0 to 6%.

The low mortality from passage through the plant is not sur- g prising, in view of the relatively short exposure time (~4 min) W to the low cross-condenser elevation in water temperature

(<6.7 C). Once-through cooling systems with longer exposure times and/or high elevations in water temperature typically produce greater mortalities, especially if chlorine is applied to the cooling water system (Icanberry, 1974; Davies and Jensen, 1975); no biocides are used in the cooling water system at CCNPP.

Furthermore, rtality does not appear to be influenced by the ambient cont ins present during the 1980 study, even during episodes s Poxic conditions with fairly sustained periods of low dm red oxygen conditions (i.e., June and August sampling peris ,, respectively; Table 10.2-1).

Many zooplankters, specifically A. tonsa, have been re-ported as surviving in environments with oxygen concentrations as low as 1 mg/l (Bakker et al., 1977). However, the conse-quences of imposing the additional stress of entrainment on organisms which have experienced low dissolved oxygen concen-trations is not fully known.

The primary effect of entrainment at CCNPP is cropping, the reduction in zooplankton numbers from IN to DC. The second component of survival is mortality (live: dead ratio) which has remained consistently low through these entrainment studies g 10.2-16

detracting little or none from the rate of zooplankton survival.

This cropping phenomenon is thought to be caused by physical damage incurred through mechanical abrasion and hydraulic shear forces. Organisms in passage through the cooling system are apparently either ruptured or survive en-trainment intact.

The impact of cropping is species and age-class specific.

As in previous studies, organisms most affected are copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites and, to a much lesser extent, Acartia consa adults. These disparate survival rates can be observed graphically by comparing Figures 10.2-3 through 10.2-5. This_ selective cropping response has been consistent throughout recent years and is believed to result from differ-ences in the shape and rigidity of the exoskeleton of the three copepod age classes. Copepod nauplii frequently molt and have a less rigid exoskeleton. Adults do not molt as frequently as the nauplii and have a more durable exoskeleton. The cylind-rical shape of the adult "shell" is also thought t7 be more impact resistent. Other organisms little affected by entrain-ment are polychaete larvae and the harpacticoid, Halectinosoma curticorne.

Fragments of these organisms would be expected to be recovered at the' discharge in proportions relative to the

]k number of organisms at the intake. However, studies conducted by the State of Maryland were unable to capture fragments in sufficient quantitites to account for the cropping rate ob-served in the - entrainment studies (Bradley, 1980). The possi-bility of sampling error is not plausible as cropping rates are not similar or consistent for all species and age classes. For example, a minimal reduction in densities of A. tonsa adults and Halectinosoma ' curticorne in -passage through the cooling system has been determined, while copepod nauplii are signifi-cantly reduced. Therefore, disparate . survival rates as a result of losses through entrainment cannot be attributed to sampling bias; causes of the loss are not fully understood.

One of- the objectives in 1980 was - to assess possible impact from an increase in AT to a maximum of 6.7 C. This temperature level, however, was not sustained long enough to assess ~ statistically. The maximum mean AT recorded during a sampling period was 6.l*C (August) and the mean AT for the 1980 study period was 5.9*C. As a result, an assessment of AT is necessarily restricted (<6*C). AT was positively correlated (p<0.05) with copepod nauplii survival (Table 10.2-5). Biolog-ically, a negative correlation -would be expected, especially since the mean AT (5.9*C) for this ' study period (June-September) was the highest observed in studies over the years.

AT was not significantly correlated with Acartia copepodites q and' Acartia consa adults. This analysis indicates that AT tj alone at the elevations _ observed in ' the 1980 study. does not adversely. affect survival of entrained zooplankton.

10.2-17

Survival estimates fluctuate corresponding to monthly, daily, and hourly periodicities and appear to be negatively influenced by a complex interaction of AT, maximum ambient g

temperatures and zooplankton densities (Newman and Sage, in prep.). Acartia consa, the major constituent of the summer assemblage exists in water temperatures approaching their upper thermal tolerance of 32-35 C (Heinle, 1969; Gonzales, 1974).

The nauplii and copepodite stages probably have a lower thermal tolerance, assuming they follow the patterns of other inverte-brates in which juvenile stages are more sensitive to thermal stress (Jensen et al., 1969; Kinne, 1970). Heinle (1969) has suggested that the zooplankton community at this season is already thermally stressed. The combination of maximum ambient temperatures and AT serve to elevate discharge temperatures to those approaching the maximum thermal tolerance limit. This relationship can be observed graphically in Figure 10.2-19, a 3-dimensional plot of naupliar survival against AT and dis-charge temperature---observe that lower survival corresponds with higher discharge temperature (>30 C) and not with higher AT's. The length of exposure is probably not enough to have a direct heat-shock effect, however, the additional stress may impair the organism, increasing its susceptibility to the rigors of entrainment.

Statistically, seasonally-increasing densities of zoo-plankton are strongly correlated with reduced survival. This relationship is consistent with previous studies, but not well understood. The phenomenon is not necessarily solely the result of biological factors, but is partially a mathematical h

function resulting from the calculation of the survival esti-mates (Newman, Sage, and D'Apolito, 1980). There was one exception to this relationship in 1980; copepod nauplii densi-ties increased two-fold from July to August (14,079-30,367/m 3).

According to the above relationship, survival would be expected to decrease; however, the opposite occurred--survival in-creased. The nauplii appeared not to be unduly stressed, as mortality (% Alive) during these two sampling periods was relatively low and similar (Table 10.2-4). Ancillary hydro-graphic parameters were also considered above potentially stressful levels (Table 10.2-2). What circumstances caused this aberration is presently unknown.

Conclusions Results of the 1980 zooplankton entrainment study at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant were generally similar to results of prior years (1977-1979). The composition of en-trained zooplankton was comparable to nearfield communities collected in this reach of the Chesapeake Bay. Total zooplank-ton density in September (129,387/m 3 ) was the highest measured to date in the six years of study.

O 10.2-18

(m l i

" og l -

c:o l

90 ., , I  !

l"jli

~

e0

- i So i

% 60 t

I 1

l

'3 , ,'1 3 m

,o

1. ' 'O So o '- :

'* :y 9 r,

'3 s.s' s p%:,

[a' s ><

3 l:' k #3

<r b 20

%33 Figure 10.2-19.- Three dimensional plot of copepod naupliar survival versus discharge temperature.and AT ('C) of cooling water. Values are 24-h or 48-h averages from zooplankton entrainment studies conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant,from 1976 through 1980. (Dotted lines indica ~te questionable-survival estimates.)

-s i

10.2-19

The primary effect of entrainment upon zooplankton sur-vival is a reduction in organism number (cropping), as measured g by the ratio of alive organisms entering the plant to those W recovered alive in the effluent. Cropping is specific to species and age class through time. This phenomenon is con-sistent with studies in 1977, 1978, and 1979. The loss of organisms is believed to be the result of physical damage incurred from mechanical and hydraulic forces encountered during transit through the cooling system but to date this finding is inconclusive. As observed in prior studies (1977-1979) of dye-sensitive organisms, copepod nauplii and the cope-podite stage of Acartia consa experienced the greatest density losses.

The range of AT measured during the 1980 study (5.8-6.1 C) did not adversely affect zooplankton survival. However, sur-vival of copepod nauplii and Acartia copepodites appear to be negatively influenced by a complex interaction of the cross-condenser temperature increase and seasonally maximum (August and September) ambient water temperatures when combined to raise discharge temperatures in excess of 30 C.

Seasonally maximum zooplankton densities are also corre-lated with reduced zooplankton survival. This inverse rela-tionship may be ascribed partially to statistical error in establishing ratios for survival rates.

Literature cited Bakker, C., W. J. Pfaff, M. W. Ewijk-Rosier, and N. DePauw.

1977. Copepod biomass in an estuarine and a stagnant brackish environment of the S. W. Netherlands. Hydro-biologia 52:3-13.

Bougis, P. 1976. Marine plankton ecology. American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., New York. 355 pp.

Bradley, B. P. 1980. Calvert Cliffs zooplankton entrainment study. PPSP-CC-80-1. Department of Natural Resource.

Annapolis, Md. 99 pp.

Cochran, W. C. 1977. Sampling techniques. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 428 pp.

Cox, D. R. 1970. Analysis of binary data. Chapman and Hall, London. 142 pp.

Crippen, R. W., and J. L. Perrier. 1974. The use of neutral red and Evans blue for live-dead determinations of marine plankton. Stain Technology 49:97-104.

O 10.2-20

g Davies, R. M., and L. D. Jensen. 1975. Zooplankton entrain-ys ment at three mid-Atlantic power plants. J. Water Pollut.

Control Fed. 47:2130-2142.

Draper, N. R., and H. Smith. 1966. Applied regression analysis. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 407 pp.

Dressel, D.'M., D. R. Heinle, and M. C. Grote. 1972. Vital staining to sort dead and live copepods. Chesapeake Science 13:156-159.

4 Fleming, J. M., and J. Coughlan. 1978. Preservation of vitally stained zooplankton for live / dead sorting.

Estuaries 1:135-137.

Gonzales, J. G. 1974. Critical thermal maxima and upper lethal temperatures for the calanoid copepods Acartia tonsa and A. clausi. Mar. Biol. 27:219-223.

Heinle, D. R. 1969. Temperature and zooplankton. Chesapeake Science 10:186-209.

Herman, S. S., J. A. Mihursky, and A. J. McErlean. 1968.

Zooplankton and em. ironmental characteristics of the Patuxent River Estuary 1963-1965. Chesapeake Science 9:67-82.

Hutchinson,- G. E. 1967. A treatise on limnology. Vol. II.

Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1115 pp.

Icanberry, J. W. '1974. Zooplankton survival in cooling water

. systems of four California coastal power plants. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. 12 pp.

Jensen, L. D., R. M. Davies, A. S. Brooks, and C. D. Meyers.

1969. The effects of elevated temperatures upon aquatic invertebrates. RP-49, Report No. 4. The Johns Hopkins University and Edison Electric Institute.

Kinne, O. 1970. Temperature-invertebrates. Pages 407-514 in O. Kinne, ed. Marine ecology. Vol. 1, Part 1. Wiley-Interscience, New York.

Newman, E. M., L E. Sage, and L. D'Apolito. 1980. Zooplank-ton entrainment. Pages 10.2-1 to 10.2-54 in Non-radiological environmental r. onitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant .for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Olson, M.,-and L. E. Sage. 1978. Nearfield zooplankton studies at the Cal. vert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, May

[';- 1974 through December 1976 for the Baltimore Gas and

'~

Electric Company. Report No. 78-12. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

10.2-21:

Olson, M., and L. E. Sage. 1979a. Zooplankton entrainment.

Pages 12.2-1 to 12.2-57 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Academy of Natural h

Sciences of Philadelphia.

Olson, M., and L. E. Sage. 1979b. Zooplankton entrainment studies 1974-1978 at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Rpt.

No. 79-34. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Sage, L. E. 1976. Zooplankton antrainment. Pages 13.2-1 to to 13.2-62 in Semi-annual e.nvirenmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for Baltimore Gas and Electric Comoany. Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia.

Sage, L. E., and A. G. Bacheler. 1978. Zooplankton entrain-ment. Pages 12.2-1 to 12.2-54 in Non-radiological en-vironmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (January-December 1977) for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-delphia.

Sage, L. E., and M. M. Olson. 1977. Zooplankton entrainment.

Pages 13.2-1 to 13.2-72 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring erport, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (July-December 1976) for Baltimore Gas and Electric Com- g pany. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. W l

O 10.2-22 J

1. i '% -

' 4- nO O

' %)._

1 0

11000 I

I I

10000 g I g i I I 9udo .

I I I I I I I I I I I I I 2000 . I

^ I I I l I N I' I I E i I N 7000 I Z l I I v 4 i I

,~ .

1 I W I I

> l. I OO

.5000

~

l D D D0 0 4 1- I e unoo oo I 1 o o no p 6 4000 P o m 'I I O OO O 8 N O D I- E 'uoo . I o M 4 0 W' .D' g DDo Z I I 2o00 D I I I i 1 I I D fuGJ

• I ID D 1 .I O ODDDDD I OD00I I 1 8.5 I I P.

U 2 4 6 ~5 to 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 76 ft ?O P2 34 f6 38 40 44 44 to 4a SLT SHT SLT SHT U b S o mp le number Figure 10.2-3. Density (N/m 8 ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min on June 4-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun _ positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

I 15u0

• I I

140u +

1 I I i

1!00 + 4 1

1 1 1700 + I i

i D

^

1100 + D N I D I E I i N 10u0 +

z I I

s D I

w 9JO +

1 g i I I O 800 + I a

1. 1 I D

~

4 I 100 + 3 0 I I I D I I

b 600 + 0 r*

H Q I I O Dw DD C a 1 0 D 8

• Suo + 0 P5 0 N E I I I I I o3 o o I N 460

• 1 11 D A Z l D 1

'bd

• I l 0 1 D8 iuu + 8 I I I I D I tuo + 1 0DD I I I ID I I I I I I I I I I I I I t,

• 0 2 4 4 8 09 12 14 in 19 70 72 24 74 PA ?1 17 34 96 38 40 42 44 46 44 SLT [ SHT SLT SHT h

S am pie number Figure 10.2-4. Density (N/m 3 ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 30 min on June 4-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (S!!T) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+).

A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

O O O l

8 3

275 +

6' I. D I g 5

250 +

i 1 D

.I I $ D 125 +

i i

I O a 200 +-

. gt) i o

E .l

' \ 175 +

2 I

w. 1- o i I i 150 + 3 I D i # 1 18

> I I

- 1 I

~

125 + 3 4 8 4 Y

^

l D D I H u .I E O , 100 +-

• I I I O I N. .O I D I

E' ' " " ' 8 N' 75 + D DI ID I j .W 3 1 D DD D D g 8 I D I i 0 I I I j Su + 1 I D I I D I I I I I I D D IDDD D I I .I I D I DD D D I 75 + D D I I I DD 1.5 I

'l I I I I O+ 1 I 1

0 2 4 6 9 14 16' 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 30 40 42 44 46 48 toSLY2 SHT SLT SHT y h S am pie number Figure 10.2-5. Density (N/m 8 ) of livinq Acartia tonsa in samples collected every 30 min on June 4-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear

. Power Plant. Tides are' indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

1 te s

I I I I 19003

• I I

I I i

100u0 + I I I I I I I I I l I 90JO + 1 1 I I I I l I I I I I 9000 + I e i I I 10 l I E I N 20D0 + I Z I I I I I D 60b0 + 0 0DD 1 I D D DL U 1 0 hDDDD I

> I O D

~~

SuJO + 0 0 l I

<E I C D D 0 s H l I D C# a &uu0 + 0 1 I D D 1 E 1 ne E 'oio

• 3 I I D Z l 2000 + I I II D I I I 9 i DD IDDD D 1000 + 0D D I DDDD I D I I I I I I I I

O+

U 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 2J 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 to 38 40 42 44 46 48 SLT SHT SLT SHT U h S am pie number Figure 10.2-6. Density (N/m 3 ) of living All dye-species in samples collected every 30 min on June 4-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O e O

O O O 8

33v00 e 1

I I '

I I ,

30000 +

4 I 4 1

1 I 210J0

• I -t8 1

8 8

^

74 000 +

N I I i E I N I 2 21000

• l 8 8 g, 10000 .

> l Q 1:000 .

I 8 EE b= 1 I es. 12000

• I I I . I O 4 3 I I g g 6 E I a s s :-

l 3 90u0 + 3 I I 8 8 I I N I I i 4- Z l I i 1 00  : : I a duu0 + 0 3 1 00 00 I 8 4 0 0 I II 4 0 3000 + 0 8 0 00000 0000 1 00000000000 0000000 0u OD 1 00000 n.

o 2 4 a a 10 iz g 16 sa 20 22 rs 26 zo g 32 34 36 ss 40 g 44 46 as I f U S a m p ie n u m b er s

Figure 10.2-7. Density (N/m ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min 1

on July 8-10, 1930 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power. Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A

.7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data, i

I

I

.s000 o i

I I

I I I

.0000 I I I

i 1

3?c00 + 5 l

1 4

I N !0u00 I E i

% I Z 8 w I I 2s0J0 O

qu I I

[ 20000 +

4 I p 8 3 C) ' I ii

. dp ,*000 I I I 10 m 8 I

I I I I I DD I I bJ E ia i i

@ 8 I I I C D I 3

8Du00 I I e i I I Z f I I I I O 8 8 I I I I i D D I I I I I DDDD D 5000 I OD 00 0 8 0 0 1 0 0000DDDDD I D 0 I D000DCDDD0D000DD o.

.. .. so sggf. s. s. . .,

gg,u .. ro r, 7. 7 3 g = ., . ..

,o 37 , . ,.

V h S o m pie n umbe r Figure 10.2-7. (continued). Density (N/m 3 ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (L) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Silt) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

m

/^

.\ .

I 8

350J0 I I I

I I I

50000 I I I I I

I I

.4?000 I

I I I

40uGO .,

E 8

.N 2 35000 .I' v I 4 8 I

g 30000 .

3 8 I I I

__ -l 9 4 25000 I O O 1 0 I I O

' I O H & 20000 . I I O .o I, O I

N E- 8 o

,3 150JO + 1

• 8 0 . I Z. 8 n I I D I 10000 I I OOD D I I I I

l. D DDD I I- 00 I I I f uu0 DD I I I I I a 1 i l i DDD 8 I I I I I I I eOD I I D0000 1 0000D00DD0000 0 0

0 2 4 6 8 to 12 14 16 1 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 au 42 44 46 48 SHT SLT SHT SLT

-S o m p ie number Figure 10.2-8. Density (N/m-) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

L

I 45000 +

1 I I e

I I 40000 + g i

I I

I 35000 +

8 I

I I I

n I m 30000 +

E l

\ I Z I 3 w 25000 +

0 I

I

& I

> l

.- 20000 + 1

- I

<( l I i 1 I I I I I Fa g i I I I I 1 CD 15000 +

.

• I I 3 I I 3 g 20 -Q l I I

i I I a

w E i nD, , ,I O  ::3 10000 + 1 z ' " '

l i 8 I DD D D I I DO 00 D D 5000 + I I O OOO oD00000 I

0D00 I I I I I I I n D 1 D 1 000DuDDD I OODDDDD 0+

46 4R 50 52 54 56 58 60 42 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 SHT SLT SHT SLT U b Somple n umb er Figure 10.2-8 (continued) . 3 Density (N/m ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset

(+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

. .~ u . .. . -- ~ ~ . . - . . - . . - . . . . - . - .

O O O 8

,'75000

• I -4 .

1 I l

I L

, 22509

• 8 i l 1 E I

I 20000

• 8 I I

e I lo 1 0 E "**

• 8 '

N l g

'E I O O 30

. t 0 1'000 + 0 1 'l O

'8 8 0

> l O

== 1 I I OOPD

. 12500 -0 00 0 t

'4 I

1. I

>* i o

• 10J00 . - 30 0

• O -I I -l I i 80 Y

gg

~E i l I i 0 0 I p,

'3 I n i II O g 7500 + 1 00 8 1 0 0 D000 I. If I O D

-5 0 000 I I 8 I I 8

• fl00 I & I I I I

.I 1

I 2500

• U 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 26 76 28 in 32 34 36 36 40 47 46 46 as SHT SLT SHT SLT U h S am p le .n um b e r Figure 10.2-9. Density (N/m ) of living Acarbia tonsa in samples collected every 30 min 3

on July.8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tido (SitT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

I D I 4

18000

• I D I f D I I 100u0

• I D I D 1 D I 9000

• I e I sc) I I D E 8000 + 8 I I I I D I 2 D I D I I p D I 7000 e D I D 9 18 0

1. 1 0

> 1 l D

- 6000 e C D t I DD

<[ l 9 I i 1 88 1 0 I 5000

• 4 I I I w

g I O DD I I DDDDDD y O I I o 'd"* * ' *

. E I I D N 5 I I I I D I g i 8 & D LJ 300D + 8 I I I 9 D DDDD M i e aI D e D D 2000 + 0 t

I i

1000

• I I

1 0+

. . . . . . . - - . . e . .. e . .. s . . . e . e . e . - . e . . . e . . . e . . . e . . . s . . . e -- . s . . . s . . . e . - - e . . . e - . . e . . . e - -. e .. . e . - . e - . . e . . e . - - e . . . e . . . - . . . . . . -

46 48 50 5.2 54 56 58 60 62 64 se 48 7D 72 T4 76 78 80 82 84 86 R8 90 92 96 96 SHT SLT U SHT SLT S ample n umb er 3

Figure 10.2-9 (continued). Density (N/m ) of living Acartia consa in samples collected every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SIIT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

G G G

. .. -. - -.~. - . .~_ ._ . ... +

A /'T 1'

10cv00

• I 1

4- 1 I

'8 I 9J000

• 8 8 8 I i 8 8 I I I

80U00 +

8 8 .4 1

8 m 1 -E t ft) 10000

• E' ' 8 g 8 I I I '

t000n . 3 1 I I

> l DD I Suuou e o 1 0000 0 4 1- 0 I I e g 6 8 0 18 o g. 4J000 *. I I I

. I D D 88 bJ l I E ' '

W 8 0 I 8 3

.W 3 30u00

• O I 8 I g i O O I i 1 0 0 0 0 I I O O 4 1 0000 0 I I I I 20u00 , 1 I I a O C I I l D 1 00000 0D 1 e, 0000Db 10000 + 00DD 0 2 -4 6 6 to 12 14 16 18 2u 22 24 26 is 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 SHT' SLT SHT SLT I f d S am pie .7 u m b e r 3

Figure 10.2-10. Density (N/m ) of living All dyo-sensitive species in samples collected '

every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Silt) and. slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset.(+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

I i

110000

• I I

i 10u000 +

1 I I I I I 80000 +

5 1

I I 90000

• E i N I Z 70000 +

v i I

I -

e 60000 + 1 1

> I

- 1

- O q !0000 +

1 1 I I

" 1 I

1. 40000 + I I I I

.O I I I I I I I I I I I y i I I I I I

, E I , 0 i w 3 10000

• I i I I A I I D D 2 l I D I i 1 1 I I I DDDD D 20000 + 8 D DD D I I I O DDDD DDD 1 I I I D .a e i DD DDDDDDD 1'J000 + 0DDDDD l OGDDDDD I

I O *

.....-....-s...s ..s...s --e...s -.s ..s...s...s.--s---s --s ..s...s...s...s.--s-..s---s--.s...s --s...s.--s.--s----...----

46 46 50 52 54 56 58 60 *2 44 66 68 70 72 76 16 78 80 82 R4 86 88 90 92 94 96 SHT SLT SHT SLT U N S om p ie numb er Figure 10.2-10 (continued) . Density (N/m 3 ) of living All dye-sensitive species in samples collected every 30 min on July 8-10, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SIIT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data s O O O

.s.. ._ . ~. . . .. . . _ . -. . _ _ . _ . . . .

() _

8

' A 7

-Q.

I g I I  ;

'4c000 +-

1 I 3 I .

.g I '

l t8

-35000 + t iI I 1

'l- 11

.I I I I i I I I I I

.m .

~

0 t I p@ 30000 + I I

.g 1 I I I

~I.

II

.I I I

.g.

I I I I I I l' i1 I I 75900 +

l'

'# 1 I I -

> I

.- 1. i 7

-- g 4 20000 +

1 I g

7.- .l-

.o ,

. . .O . 3-

'5" " * ' '

E

-3 -1 000 0000 O D 0

g. I, I I D 4 . D 0000D 00 10000 + 4 0 0 0 0 .

3 P I, i I O DD 0 5 0 CD 0000 D e 0 w D DD I~ DD S J0 0 + - D000

.'I I O 2 4 6 10. 12 14 16 18 2 2 26 26 28 30 ? 94 ?6 38 40 44 4 6 48 U U S am pie number Figure 10.2-11. -Density (N/m ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min 8

.on August-14-15, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Silt) and slack low. tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4) .

a 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

i

l 225':2 e i I 8 I I I

I 2D000 +

1 1

I I 175D0 + ,

n i I N '

I I I

' 5" i

Z g i I I I 3 a

125D0 +

W I

> I I gg

.- 1

- 1 4 1DJD0 + 3 I

I I H I I I O O 3 I I I DU 4 75-)n , PD D N g i I 3 v D W

I E i i i D o oD g I D D DD D

@ g g D D P 2 ?dOO , D C g 3 DD 4 I I p DD e a I I I E e D0DDDD DD 7500 + nDDDD I G I OO L D e DDD 1

P +

- --- ------ --, --, - --+ - -e --o --+ -+ --+ -+ --+ --+---* -+ --* --* --* --'*--* ~~*-~~' ~~'* ~*~~~'~~ ~~~~~~~~

d 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 to 13 pa 72 74 76 78 30 32 54 18 40 42 44 a6 4a SLT SHT S LT'4 SHT S am ple number Figure 10.2-12. Density (N/m ) of living Acartia copepoditos in samples collected every 3

30 min on August 14-15, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O e #

(O J ' v v

l-4500 +

1 I

.g i

i I

.4000 a

~I 1

3 1

4 3500 +

m I-E.

1 I I a.OI N 3000

• D Z l D

w> I I I I I 5 PO I U 8 I I 8 D- OO W 2500 O O I O O 8 I DI y i I D E t 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 8 4 20Gd +

1 4 05 6 88 8 D

' I DDR s

p

• 8 D o .dllb I

. 150u

• w E- I o 8 l 3 i LJ I I 4 Z e e i I.

1000

• I I I DD I I D D .1 D D 1 0 9 1 1 08 8 8 I I Suo . I e i I I I 8 Ie  !

I I I I

I u*

6 4e o 2 4 6 g to 12 .s4 is is ry2 24 26 ze so sig 36 se an 42 44 '

y n S am pie number Figure 10.2-13. Density (N/m') of living Acartia tonsa in samples collected every 30 min on August 14-15, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the~ data.

I I C0000

• I I &

I I

$5DJD + I I I I I I  ?

I I I I I I I I I I 500u0

• 8 I I I I I I I I

I &

n 4'000 + 1 g() f I I E '

40J00 + 1

• I I I I I I I I I 35000 + 8 I O I I I

> I 3

.- 3 30400 +

4 I I I

H w .

O g 25000 +

I I N E a. O I I O D E roooo . , oo o 3 1 DD DDDDDDDDD DDOD DD D 7 I nDDD bDD D D I I D "O 15JuD + t n i I L l

1 0 10000 + D I DD DD I OOD I

5D30 +

5 2 4 a iz 16 to is is ze ze su 36 3e du 4z D

g iJ igz 3gs sag 6 4s y h S am p le ri u m b e r Figure 10.2-14. Density (N/m 3 ) of living All dye-sensitive species in samples collected every 30 min on August 14-15, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O e O

O O O i 8

I l I

160000 I

$ I I I I I

I .

I 150000 . I-I e

i 140000 I i I S

E i I 130000 . I I I I I I I e 170000 .~ I I I I I I l 1

E ,,oooo . .,

\ l I I I 2 I I I I

• I I I I I 100000 I I I l

$ I I

1. 90000 I 3> 1 I I i

- 1 I I i

= tua00 . I 7 4 I I

, 7d000 I

' F-8 e f a 60000 I y E l I, 0 ,,

D  !

LJ 3 fue00 .

@ DDDD g I.

O fe 4(000 6 I aD 9 1 0D 000 80

• 0J00 . DD DD DDDDDDD D I D DD DDDD I D D D 0 70J00 . 9 OD I D 1

10000 +

0 2 e to 1z 15 1g ts 20 rr 26 26 is gz ss 36 sa 40 sz ,g 46 as g6 h H

S am pie number 1 3

Figure 10.2-15. Density (N/m ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30  ;

min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

i

- w m  % ._

I I I*

150000 e I & I I I I I I I I 1

500u00 + 8 I I I

I I I 90000 , I I I I I l I I i e i I I p 90000 , I I I

• I I I I 2 70000

• V l  ! I I I I I I I

@ 60unu , I i

> 1 1 I I I 50u00 e n I I

<R i

g I I I I g i aiI F* suu00 ,

O 4 8 o E l 3 3uu00 +

1 DD0000DO POOL I o u oo o 70000 + DD DD 00 i eoaooo u I OO I DDD 1u000 e DD00000 8 0b000o i

l C

• 46 45 so si sg6 ss ao 62 64 g as 70 rz rs 76 re agz et sa en vu 92 9 3 g 9a U d S am p ie number Figure 10.2-15 (continued). Density (N/m') of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

O O O I

?$00C

• I 8

8 8 0 1 27500 * .

I 1- I I i

i 20000 e '!

I e i I l.. I gt) i I I E ' 88 g 17500 + 1 1 I I I Z I- 8

• i I I I'

15000 +

1. # I I 1

> I I I 1 I I 1 3 41 12500 + , I I I i 8 w I l i H

• I I I O I I II

• O 10000 +'

.N 1

1. E 1 i  ! !I A 3 I I H- 1: CDu g 1I 7500

• n 1 O I L D 8 OOO o 1 PO30000 0000 5000 + o oeo o 4 o o o u oooos B. eo3oeo e o i D o O I O 2500

-2 o a e a to 12 la le is Ju 72 26 to to g 36 se se su 42 ago as U d Sompie n um b er Figure 10.2-16. Density (N/m ) of living Acar'tia copepodites in samples collected every 8

30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Dischargo (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SitT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset . ( +) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

8 i

5? U03

• I B

3 8

4 50000 +

8 I

I I

I 45000

• I I e i 40000 1 I I I

\ l 5 2 I I I v 35udo + 8 I I

8 I I W I B

> 30000 *

._ l 8

-- t I I I I

( l I I I 25000 + 8 I I II I I

• 1 I I

.O 70000 + 3 H I O E I I I I I I I I I I I I I 3

[ z "aaa ;

B D

10000 + D DD 00 0 1 800 00 00 00 00 0 i OOOO OOOO ODD D I OOO 5000

• OO O OO I OO OODDD0 1

O I

O+

46 44 50 52 5 6 58 60 62 64 es To F2 F4 76 78 8 2 64 86 88 9u 92 9 96 H

U S o m pie n um b er 8

Figure 10.2-16 (continued) . Density (N/m ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

. _ . . _ _ _ __. _ ..m .. _ .. . _ _ _ . . . _ . . _ .

10. O . O I

30JO + #

1 I

I I I I 2750 +

' I g l t

g I I g I g I  :

e 2250 +

I I F) I E

'\ 2000

• 2 g i I w ea 1

175J

• I' I O 3 O D I I

> 0 4

.- I i - 1500

• I D

4 I g

g I D I O I I I OO I g D H " 9 D D

'- 1250

1. g o D ID D I

.O '

.g g g g bDD N I O I I O p D i E- ioou . I I I b

h 3 1 0 I 1 0 Z 30 e e O I 75J

• OOD I I II e ooooo a I I D 0 I I I I I euc + p I

? g 0D 1

1 250

• 8

.. --__.---.--..--...--.......-...-.- -..--.-- .---.---.--...-- -- .--...-- ---.--.+--- --..---+---+---+---+---+--- ------ -

20 22 24 26 28 ?s 36 is so 42 Sg sa as o

ag4 a to 12 is i gg in 3y2 U

S am p ie number Figure 10.2-17. Density (N/m ) of living Acartia consa in samples collected every 30 min 8

on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise. (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

4

l 3:uu o I I I I i 4 9 8 3e 00 +

1 I

I I I 1500

• i I

I I I e 3000 +

N I e l 2FL0 + 3 3

%" 8 900 8 8 DD I I 24uo

• O O I I

1. 8

p. I D I I I

._- 8 I II I I I I I

- 2I00

• I I O

<t 8 o oo 8 I I I D I o

, 1 I I I O I

• 1800 + c I H 1 D D O .c I I O E

h 4 3 35o0 3

I 0

D o

A Z l 1 0 1700

• I CDD0D I D D I D D I DD 8 I 9% + 0 to 0 I O IO e D D I O O I p 600 +

4 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 TG 72 74 T6 T8 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 SHT SLT SHT SLT U U S am pie n umb er Figure 10.2-17 (continued) . Density (N/m 3 ) of living Acartia tonsa in samples collected every 30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

O O O 4 ,

100000 + 5 I i 3 I I I

I I I I I I i 160000 I I I I I I ,

'I I I l' l I I 140000 I i 1 3 e% 1 I I I I pr) 1 8 I 120000 8 I. t

I I I I IE 4 I I I I I I I

. a w I s I I I 100000 8 8 8 8

> I I I

._. t. 8

- 3

(' 80000

• I H I o- ." 1 ..

• J3 60000 + 0 D M' I j i. .E i o.bO A 3 1 0 0 W I . 0 00 E- 40000

• OOO DD8D3 & D j 1 0 00000000DDD u I OO OOODD I O L D0 t D D 1.,00 8

I

.i 0+

0 zg6 a 30 12 is g6T #" ## #' " '

'W# d "

S om pie number i

Figure 10.2-18. Density (N/m') of living All dye-sensitive species in samples collected every 30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (1) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise - ( t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to .

transform the data, i

8 St0000

• 1 1

1 8

160000

• I I e 8 8 l I 8 8 8 8 I I 140000 . 8 l 8 8 8 8 e I g i 8 b 120d00

\ 1 3 8 Z l I

. _ - 1 I i 8 8 8 8 8 1 100000

• 8 8 I W 5 8 81

> 4 I I I II

- 8 8 4 80000

• 8 8 3 I 8 I 8 s 1 8 W 8 8 8 8 8 H .O 6d000

• O g E i y = .

2 40000 1 00 0000 1 000P OOOD000 00 000 1 0 00000 000000 3 0 20000 + 0 g DD0000 00 3 0000 8

e 0*

46 48 50 52 54 56 54 ou 62 64 66 68 TO T2 14 76 TS 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 SHT SLT SHT SLT U u S am p le number 3

Figure 10.2-18 (continued). Density (N/m ) of living All dye-sensitive species in samples collected every 30 min on September 3-5, 1980 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O .

i l'

. ICHTHYOPLANKTON AND MACROPLANKTON '

i O Robert P. Gallagher

l Lorraine Currence

?

Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory l j- Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia f

i Introduction Ichthyoplankton and invertebrate macroplankton communities 4 in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant i (CCNPP) have been monitored since 1976. The objectives of this

- ongoing study are threefold

1) to delineate the " major" taxa j in these communities based on' relative abundance data; 2) to define spatial and temporal distribution patterns of the major

,f taxa in the vicinity of CCNPP; 3) to assess the effects, if at:y, of plant operation on the size and structure of these 4

communities.

I Materials and Methods Sampling was conducted . at . a monthly frequency at three reference stations: . Kenwood Beach (KB), Long Beach (LB) and -

,..h f'

Rocky Point (RP) and ' three near-plant stations: Plant Site (PS),- Plant: Site Intake Canal' (PSC) and Plant Discharge Plume (D) (Fig.~10.3-1). Weekly. samples were collected at.the'near-plant stations from mid-May throtah August, during'the expected- l height : of spawning ? activity.' Al2 ' sampling was conducted at l 3 night to minimize net- avoidance _ : 5ehavior _ and - because some invertebrate species move ~ up . into the-. water column only at night.

p Three '0'.5-m .' diameter bridleless~ plankton nets (223 ; pm -

Nitex mesh).were suspended from;a towing. chain and-towed simul-

,taneously at surface (0. m), middle (5 m), and bottom (10 m)

depths. Due to O the shallow depth . at __ Station D only surface F -- (0 m) and ~ bottom -J (5 m) E samples were- collected. Tows at PSC

!. began at _ the. curtain . wall and proceededL eastward ' along .the intake channel. -At Station D the : nets were towed - from - the visible 'end of - the~ discharge plume toward the head . of- the plume.

Single; coll'ections were made ' at' each station by: towing in

ai circular - pattern - to minimize : variability caused by towing 1 with ,or against' a current. Towing: time: was approximately'

7. min, during :which abouto:100 m3 . of: water . ~were : filtered.

l Sample . volumes .. were . estimated- using- af-General Oceanics

! impeller-type- flowmetern mounted 'in the - mouth : of each net, i

p V

approximately 15 !cm ~from the edge. . Temperature, -dissolved'

. oxygen ; concentration, and salinity; were _ measured ' at each sam ,

7pling' depth within each-station.

L .

~

10.3-1 ,

t

'- e v~ h v.....,[Le> e. g , m e- .- ~v%..-ww, . ,. h , -m, e.a Elf dm-,w-m- 'y- .y,4.'_/..,,, r y -, , : ,, E-

+-m-[,_,.-.t

O

\

l D5a

's 5 Chesapeake

=

Bay 1

\

L, PS l* @' .,

ch,+,~.

c A

4 's 3

M km

) N'

~,

l

's

' v, s

Calvert Cou n t y, Maryla nd 's

\

Figure 10.3-1. Ichthyoplankton and invertebrate macroplankton sampling stations, 1980, in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Mary-land. KB=Kenwood Beach, LB=Long Beach, D= Dis-charge plume, PSC= Plant Site Intake Channel, PS= Plant Site, RP= Rocky Point.

O 10.3-2

Upon retrieval of the nets, samples were concentrated into collection bottles and cnidarian and ctenophore volumes mea-p/

4

% sured to the nearest 100 ml. All samples were fixed in 5%

buffered formalin. Samples were returned to the laboratory and sorted with the aid of a dissecting microscope. All pre-adult fish and macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest practicable taxon using Lippson and Moran (1974) and Gosner (1971) as primary references for fish and macroinvertebrates, respectively.

Numbers of organisms have been standardized to numbers per 100 m.3 This value estimates the density of organisms in the bay. However the actual density cannot be determined due to the possibility of a patchy distribution.

Results and Discussion Hydrography The rather dry atmospheric conditions prevalent in the Chesapeake Bay region during summer and autumn of 1980 caused some unusual hyd ographic patterns in the vicinity of CCNPP (Figs. 10-3.2a-f).

Temperature patterns were very similar within the three reference stations and likewise were similar among the near-

plant stations (Figs. 10-3.2a-f). However, temperatures tended V to be higher at the near-plant stations, especially during summer months. Water at Station D tended to be warmer than water at other stations by approximately 1-3*C. Greatest disparities occurred in spring and summer months. At all stations temperatures tended to be similar through the water column. Some vertical stratification was evident during spri>g and summer months at reference stations. Surface to bottom temperatures differed by as much as 4*C in some instances.

Dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) were similar among all stations on a given day but were different on different sampling days. This variation is largely explained by changing atmospheric conditions. At all stations except D, DO values were lowest at the bottom. Vertical stratification was most pronounced from April through August, with variation ranging up to 10 mg/1. The turbulence at Station D prevented any vertical stratification.

Salinity trends were rather similar among all stations.

The slight horizontal gradient observed in 1978 (Shenker and Currence, 1979) was not evident in 1980. However, a vertical gradient was apparent at all stations except Station D. Higher salinities were usually found at the bottom.

,m Temperature and DO trends and values were similar in 1979

() and 1980. Salinity, however, was consistently higher in 1980, particularly in late summer and autumn.

10.3-3

TEMPERATUREI CI D.O. Img /11 SALINITY Ippt 1 30- 15- 20-15-20- 10-10-10 - 5-

$ 5-L A

J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D KENWOOD BEACH Figure 10.3-2a. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.),

and salinity (in parts per thousand) recorded during monthly ichthyoplankton and macroplankton samplin, at Kenwood Beach station in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay, 1980.

9 O O

O O O TEMPERATUREI Ci D.O. Img /11 SALINITY Ippt 1 30- 15- 20-15-1 20- 10-10 -  ;

10 - 5-i a 5-G I

< i

'JF M A M J J A SO N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D LONG BEACH l

Figure 10.3-2b. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.),

and salinity (in parts per thousand) recorded during monthly l ichthyoplankton and macroplankton sampling at Long Beach station i in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay, 1980.

TEMPERATURE I C1 D.O. Img /11 SALINITY Ippt i 30- 15- 20-15-20- 10-10-10 - 5-

$ 5-L J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D DISCH ARGE Figure 10.3-2c. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.),

and salinity (in parts per thousand) recorded during monthly ichthyoplankton and macroplankton samplin'g at Discharge Plume station in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay, 1980.

O O O

o O O TEMPERATURE 1 CI D.O. Img /11 SALINITY Ippt i 30- 15- 20-15-20- 10-10-10 - 5-y 5-L 4

.J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A F 0 N D PLANT SITE CANAL Figure 10.3-2d. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.),

and salinity (.in parts per.thousand) recorded during monthly ichthyoplankton and macroplankton sampling at Plant Site Intake Canal station in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in ChesapeCie Bay, 1980.

TEMPERATUREI C1 D.O. Img /il SALINITY Ippt i 30- 15- 20-15-20- 10-10-10 - 5- /

a s-L s

J F M A M J J A SO N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S O N D PLANT SITE Figure 10.3-2e. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.),

and salinity (in parts per thousand) recorded during monthly ichthyoplankton and macroplankton sampling at Plant Site station in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay, 1980.

O e O

O O O TEMPERATURE l *C 1 D.O. Img /ll SALINITY Ippt I 30- 15- 20-15-20- 10-

\

10-10 - 5-y' 5- ,

G a \ ,

J F M A M J J A SO N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D ROCKY POINT Figure 10.3-2f. Means (averaged over depth) of temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O.), I and salinity (in parts per thousand) reccrded during monthly ichthyoplankton and macroplankton sampling at Rocky Point station in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay, 1980.

m.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _

Ichthyoplankton The taxonomic composition of ichthyoplankton in 1980 (Table 10.3-1) was very similar to that of previous years (Shenker and Currence 1978, 1979; ANSP, 1980). Ichthyoplankton samples consisted of 17 species of fish representing 12 families and 7 orders. Overall abundance of fish eggs and larvae were greatest from May through August (Fig 10.3-3).

Hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus), bay anchovy {Anchoa mitchilli) and naked goby (Gobiosoma bosci) together comprised 98.2% of the total ichthyoplankton and are considered to be the major fish taxa.

In 1980 we witneseed a shift in percent composition (rela-tive abundance, cf. Fig. 10.3-3) of the total catch. Major taxa were similar in both years but life history stages (pri-marily eggs) of the hogchoker contributed nearly two-thirds of 1980 ichthyoplankton totals as compared with 33.7% of the 1979 total. Eggs and larvae of the bay anchovy, numerically dominant in previous years, were more abundant in 1980 than in recent years. However, because of increased abundance of hogchoker eggs in 1980, the relative abundance of bay anchovy decreased from 50% in 1979 to 33% in 1980. The naked goby comprised over 12% of 1979 total ichthyoplankton but only 2% of the 1980 total. This apparent decrease is partially a reflec-tion of increased numbers of hogchokers and anchovies, but also represents a sharp decrease in density of larval gobies.

Other taxa which were frequently encountered and/or abun-O dant during certain times of the year include skilletfish (Gobiesox strumosus), Atlantic silversides (Menidia menidia),

feather blenny (Hypsoblennius hentzi), and winter flounder

( .nseudopleuronectes americanus). The striped blenny (Chasmodes bcsquiannus), somewhat abundant in 1979, was virtually absent from 1980 collections. During the same 2-yr period the feather blenny showed a marked increase in relative abundance. Both species are summer spawners and members of the oyster shell community (Fritzche, 1978; Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928).

The ecological relationship between these species is unclear and bears further investigation.

Hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus The overall numbers of hogchokers were due almost exclu-sively to the presence of eggs (larvae contributed 0.1% of the total hogchoker catch). Although eggs were collected from early June through mid-September, peak abundances were observed in July, with a minor pulse in abundances observed in mid-August (see Fig. 10.3-3).

Due to limited sampling effort at reference stations (monthly) during the time of peak hogchoker abundances, it is difficult to draw comparisons between near-plant and reference g stations. However, on days when all stations were visited, W 10.3-10

, _ - - - . - - .-- _ = _ - - - _ . , - - . - . . - - . . _ . -. .- .

t Talbe 10.3-1. -Taxonomic composition of ichthyoplankton.collectea in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Calvert Cliffs, Maryland, 1980.

Order- Family Species Common Name Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata American eel H

O Clupelformes Clupeidae Bre.voortia tyrannus At.lantic menhalen b Engraulidae Anchoa aftchi!!i Day anchovy I

H Coblesociformes. Coblesocidae -Goblesos strumosus Skilletfish

- H Atherin formes Atherinidae Membras martinica Rough silverside Menidia bety!!/na Tidewater silverside M. menidia Atlantic nilverside Casterostelformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus fuscus Northern pipefish i

Perci formes Sciaenidae Leiostomus manthuras Spot Micropogon urululatus Atlantic csoaker Pogonias cromis Black dtum Blennlidae Chasmodes bosquiannus Striped blenny Nypsoblennius hentsi reather blenny Gobildae Gobiosome bosef Naked goby r

Pleuronectiformes -Bothidae Paralichthys dentatus Summer flounder Pleuronectidae Pseudopleuronectes americanus Winter flounder r Soleidae Trinectes maculatus llogchoker l

l t

l

C OTHER riss h HOGCHOKER NAKED GOBY E 8AY ANCHOVY 19 as ss se se titt is sa is re no- - - - --

q

, , 1:

l t tr  !:

7 ""

l l

I'p p! l-r--

!- lil o  !  ! [:

i. @

E l I' i- - 5!  ; k

.: a,  :

c a w

E {'

{

4 g  ! T

,1

. "l 4J '/?

M r[e M

g l . . .

g /A- g l*

zo- h

• 2 L Etl i_ 4 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Figure 10.3-3. Relative abundance of major taxa in ichthyo-plankton samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Numbers above each bar are total ichthyo-plankton densities (number of individuals /

100 m3) averaged over date(s) within the month, stations and depths. "Other fish" category may include major taxa whose rela-tive abundance was <2%; starsingicatetotal ichthyoplankton density <1/100 m .

O 10.3-12

j hogchoker eggs were clearly more abundant at near-plant sta-tions (Fig. 10.3-4).

t Hogchoker eggs are pelagic but strongly bottom-oriented in estuarine systems (Lippson and Moran, 1974). In the present study eggs were collected at each sampling depth but were more abundant in bottom samples at all stations except the discharge plume (D). Continuous turbulence at Station D prevented any vertical stratification. As an example, hogchoker eggs col-lected at the bottom at Station D represented 48.6% of the station total whereas bottom samples from Station PS contained 80.3% of all hogchoker eggs collected at that station.

. Larval hogchokers were rare in 1980 ichthyoplankton col-l lections. Dovel, Mihursky and McErlean (1969), working in the

nearby Patuxent River, documented the movement of larvae from spawning grounds to nursery grounds of somewhat lower salini-ties. However, the authors were unable to explain the scarcity of larvae in their samples despite the collection of eggs in rather high densities.

l Bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli As in some previous years, anchovy eggs were collected from late May through August; densities were greatest through-out July and decreased sharply in early August (see Fig.

10.3-3). Densities of larvae exceeded those of eggs. Larvae O rir t 99eered ia 1 te 3==e aa were aot co11ectea arter sen-tember. Densities of anchovy larvae were greatest in late

! July. Juveniles were- collected in all months except May

! through August. In the vicinity of CCNPP, eggs were not as abundant 'in 1980 as in 1979, however densities of larvae were I much greater in 1980.

ANSP (1980) r? ported anchovy apawning patterns in the vicinity of CCNPP. Larval anchovies were noted to move up-stream ' to nursery grounds characterized by salinities lower than those of the spawning grounds in the Patuxent River  :

estuary. A similar result was reported by Dovel (1971) in the Chesapeake Bay.. The high densities of larvae (Fig. 10.3-5) observed in this study could represent a similar phenomenon.

It is possible that a major spawning area is located below the CCNPP area and that.high densities of larvae could be attrib-uted -to movement through the study. area. In fact, our south-ernmost station (Rocky - Point),' . sampled only once during times of peak abundances of eggs and larvae, . contained a density of 8320.8 eggs /300 m 8 (depths combined) on that day (July 14).

This total . represented .78.9% of all anchovy eggs collected in 1980.(Fig. 10.3-6). Similarly, on days when all. stations were-sampled in summer 1979, densities of eggs - at RP were greater than all other stations combined.

p Anchovy eggs'are reported to be pelagic and buoyant (Lipp-

- (_) son and Moran, 1974).- Therefore it is not: surprising that eggs

, Lwere distributed rather evenly in the water column. However, 10.3-13 1

, - . . . - , ,.w.--- . . . , - . .. . , . .. - - - , . - . - , , , , - . . ..-, -

O TRINECTES MACULATUS eggs 352 317 I I 22o-t4 ~.

o

• m c 200 -

3 QO 3 ~

v  % N

~

g g v v v g KB LB D PSC PS RP

o. . . ,

a b .

a a .

10 . . . ,

{ l .

I i 1 1 4 6 i i i iiI 4 I i i I I o so o so o so o so o 50 0 50 Figure 10.3-4. Density of hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) eggs (averaged over depths and dates) col-lected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, May-August 1980. Below: percent of station total collected at each depth. Star indicates <1 individual /100 m3 ; triangle indicates <1% of station total collected at that depth or too few fish caught to warrant presentation.

O 10.3-14

O

, i.

h

. so -

~

n s

8 E so- .ANCHOA MITCHILLI j h larvae

- .t i N

.a 40-un a

0

- 20 -

, 'O KB L8 D PSC PS RP

! 0" ) 3 i ] ] ]

s- l l 1 'j ] l 10 - l-

> i i 7 ii1 4 i .

i

-iii i

iii - -]

.i i e o so o so o so o so o so o so Figure 10.3-5. Density of bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) larvae (averaged over depths and . dates) collected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, June-September 1950.

1Below: percent of station total collected at each depth. Star. indicates.<1 individual /

100 m ;. triangle indicates:<1% of station 8

total collected at'.that depth. .

o 10.3-15

, ,, . , _ . . , --.:-. . .. .. ; _ _ _ - . . ~ . , _ . - . ~ _ , - ~

O 925 l I 60 ANCHOA MITCHILLI eggs 50 -

8- - w 1

~

V w o

2 30 -

D i

a \

E ** 1 to w O

KB LB D PSC PS RP 0- A a l i 1 1]

5-

• j i i I  ! O lo= a j a l I l i I I i . 1 i i 6 i a i I i i I 6 a 1 i o so o so o so o so o so o so Figure 10.3-6. Density of bay anchovy ( Anchoa r:itchi2 Zi) eggs (averaged over depths and dates) col-lected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, May-August 1980. Below: percent of station total collected at each depth. Star indicates <1 individual /100 m'; triangle indicates <1% of station total collected at that depth or too few fish caught to warrant-h presentation.

10.3-16 m

larvae were more abundant in mid-depth and bottom samples (Fig.

p)

( 10.3-5). It is possible that larvae use estuarine circulation patterns proposed by Pritchard (1955 in Dovel, Mihursky and McErlean, 1969) to facilitate movement to less saline waters.

Naked goby, Gobiosoma bosci Goby eggs are demersal, usually being attached to bottom rubble and thus not effectively collected by towed nets.

Larvae were collected from late May through September (see Fig.

10.3-3). Densities reached 16.5/100 m3 (mean over stations and depths) d'aring weekly sampling in June. Abundances fluctuated throughod. the summer, peaking at 19.2/100 m a on August 7.

Although reference stations were sampled only once during the weeks of peak goby abundances, larvae appeared to occur in grea er densities at near-plant stations. Larvae were rather evenly distributed throughout the Kater column (Fig. 10.3-7).

Invertebrate Macroplankton The t&xonomic composition of invertebrate macroplankton samples in 1980 (Tcble 10.3-2) was similar to that of previous years (Shenker and Currence, 1979; ANSP, 1980). Polychaetes, mysid shrimps, amphipods, and chaetognaths had the highest

/^N percent composition (relative abundance) of the non-gelatinous O portion of the invertebrate macroplankton community (Fig.

10.3-8).

Cnidaria and Ctenophora comprise the gelatinous portion of the invertebrate macroplankton community. Cnidaria were en-countered in every month except January and April and were abundant from May through September. The sea nettle, Chrysaora quinquecirrha, was collected from June through October and reached peak abundances in September, whereas the hydromedusan Bougainvillia sp. was most abundant in May. There was no clearly definable pattern of horizontal or vertical distribu-tion among the cnidarians, however both lower taxa tended to be somewhat more abundcnt in surface collections.

The ctenophore, Nnemiopsis leidyi, was collected in Jan-uary and again from early May through October. Ctenophores are characterized by a very patchy spatial and temporal distribu-Overall densities (vol./100 m) 3 were greater in 1980 tion.

than in either of the previous two years, however wide fluctua-tions were observed during the course of the summer. Cteno-phores were randomly distributed among all stations and among depths within each station.

Included among the other " minor" taxa in Table 10.3-2 was

,m the sergestid shrimp Lucifer faxoni. This is our first record

( ) for this species in a plankton collection from the CCNPP area.

This species is typical of more saline waters than are custom-10.3-17

O 15 - SOBIOSOMA BOSCL larvae 10 -- l t

NE

.a - 5g oo 5

i XB LB D PSC PS RP h l I o- *

• I i 1

] ,

s. A a i j l p ,

lo a a a  ! l l l 4 i i i 1 . 6 1 i i e i ie i 4 i i o so o so o so o so o so o so Figure 10.3-7. Density of naked goby (Cobiosoma bosci) larvae (averaged over depths and dates) collected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, June-September 1980. Below: percent of station total collected at each depth. Star indicates <1 individual /100 m'; triangle indicates <1% of station total collected at that depth or too few fish caught to warrant presentation.

O 10.3-18

O C OTHER

@ AMPHtPODA C CHAETOGN ATH A M POLYCH AE TA

@ 'AYSIDACE A t oo , .

get a gm m a 20 m 11 1 212 LkN . ,

l l

so- c!

l op i G '

so - g isE ([

' c 40 -

t O f ,

N f l VA VA Y l JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV OEC Figure 10.3-8. Relative abundance of major taxa in macro-plankton samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1980.

Numbers above each bar are total macroplank-ton densities (number of individuals /100 m3) averaged over date(s) within the month, stations and depths. "Other" category may include major taxa whose reletive abundance was <2%.

{

l l

O 10.3-19

i O

l Table 10.3-2. Taxonomic composition of invertebrate macro-plankton collected in the vicinity of Calvert

! Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Maryland, 1980.

Phylum Class Order Lower Taxonomic Level Cnidaria Hydrozoa Athecata Sougainvillia sp.

scyphozoa Semaeostoneae Chrysaora quinquectrrha Ctenophora Tentaculata Lobata Mnemiopsis leidyi Chaetognatha Sagitta spp.

Annelida Hirudinea Rhynchodella Piscicolidae Polychaeta Phyllodocida Nereis spp.

Scolecolepidas spp.

Arthropoda Merostomata Limulus polyphemus Crustacea Cumacea Arguloida Argulus fuliaceus Tanaidacea Leptochelia rapax Isopoda Aegathoa medialis Edotea triloba Amphipoda Unknown Corophium lacustre Gammants sp.

Leptocheirus plumulosus r Melita nitida Monoculoides edwardsi Mysidacea Neomysis americana Mysidopsis bigelowi Decapoda Crangon septenospinosus Lucifer faxoni palaemonetes pugio O

10.3-20

l l

l l

n v

arily found in the study area. Eight specimens were collected from four stations on October 15. These shrimp appeared in waters having average salinities of 18 ppt, among the highest I recorded in several years at the study area.

Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), represented largely by juveniles, were collected every month but were most abundant  ;

from June through August. Overall densities in 1980 were only slightly greater than densities in 1979. Grass shrimp tended to be more abundant in collections from near-plant stations.

There was no consistent vertical distribution pattern but juveniles were often more abundant in surface collections.

Polcyhaeta Polychaetes were collected from at least one station during every sampling visit in 1980. As in past years poly-chaete density peaked in March and April and gradually de-creased during the summer (see Fig. 10.3-8). Overall, densi-ties were intermediate to the very high values of 1978 and the rather low densities of 1979 (Shenker and Currence, 1979; ANSP, 1980).

Densities were always greater at near-plant stations (Fig. 10.3-9) except in mid-May when very high densities were encountered at' Rocky Point. In previous years polychaetes have been more abundant in bottom samples (Shenker and Currence,

(]' 1979; ANSP, 1980). This bottom-oriented vertical stratifi-cation was only observed during some months and at some sta-tions in 1980. Otherwise, polychaete larvae were evenly dis-tributed in the water column or more abundant in surface col-lections.

Mysidacea Mysid shrimps were the dominant macroinvertebrate form appearing in 1980 plankton samples. The predominant species, Neomysis americana, contributed more than 44% of the total non-gelatinous macroinvertebrate catch. Mysids were en-countered in relatively constant densities in winter, spring and autumn with peak abundances occurring in April. Densities decreased in May.and'the shrimp all but disappeared from plank-ton collections from June through September (see Fig. 10.3-8).

This phenonemon was addressed by ANSP (1980).

There was no meaningful difference in density among sta-tions (Fig. 10.3-10). However, samples from near-plant sta-tions. tended to have greater densities in spring, whereas reference station samples had somewhat greater densities in autumn. As~with polychaetes, bottom-oriented vertical strati-fication - typical of'mysids - was apparent only'at some sta-n tions-(Fig. 10.3-10) and only during some months.

V 10.3-21

O m

99 I I 70 -

a, 60 -

o 3 POLYC H AE T A s

$ so -

1, 1 ~

~

~

~

~ L

~

~ ~

-e4

@ 20 -

a 9 10 -

I I KB LB D PSC PS RP l

0" l l l ]

5-J ] I J J J 10

• l  ! I I I i l

4 i i i i i i i i iii iii i i o 50 o 50 o so o so o so o so l

Figure 10.3-9. Density of polychaetes (averaged over depths and dates) in macroplankton samples collected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during monthly sampling in 1980. Below: pe cent of station total collected at each depth.

O 10.3-22 i

l O

214 136 I I

~

MYSIDAC E A a, 80 -

S s

h 60 -

p

-r4 m

@ 40 -

Q 4

' ~

.0 o

KB LB D PSC PS RP l o= ] 1. l ] ].  ;

5= 1 l j l l ]

l iii 10 = I } { l t i i s i i ii e i i i i i ,

o 50 o so o so o so o so o so Figure 10.3-10. ' Density of mysidacea (averaged over. depths and-dates)' in macroplankton samples collected at six Chesapeake Bay' stations in the' vicinity of-the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant-during monthly sampling in 1980.- ~ Below: percent of station total collected at eacia depth.

^

r L )> .

'10.3-23

/

Amphipoda Amphipods collected in 1980 consisted of five species and O

one unidentified form (see Table 10.3-2). Three species (Leptocheirus plumulosus, Corophium lacustre, and Melita nitida) were collected in every month. For all five species, abundance peaks occurred in June ( C. lacustre, Gammarus sp.,

and Monoculoides edwardsi) or July (L. plumulosus and M.

nitida).

As a group, amphipods were more abundant at near-plant stations than at reference stations (Fig. 10.3-11). Generally, amphipods were more abundant in bottom samples, although vertical distribution was not consistent over months or sta-tions.

Chaei.cgnatha Arrow worms (Sagitta sp.) contributed over 15% of the total non-gelatinous macroinvertebrate catch in 1980. In previous years, one or two specimens were collected in late autumn or early winter, but, in 1980, chaetognaths were col-lected in eight months, being absent in January, May, June and July. However, only from September-November did their relative abundance reach or exceed 2% (see Fig. 10.3-8). Density peaked in October when 96.5% of all chaetognaths were collected.

Arrow worms were more abundant at reference stations and PS than at Stations D and PSC (Fig. 10.3-12). Chaetognaths showed no consistent vertical distribution patterns over months or stations.

Summary and Conclusions Ichthyoplankton and macroinvertebrate plankton communities were surveyed from January through December 1980. The ichthyo-plankton was most abundant from May through September and was dominated by hogchoker eggs, bay anchovy eggs and larvae, and naked goby larvae. Macroinvertebrate plankton was dominated by cnidarians and ctenophores and by non-gelatinous forms includ-ing polychaete worms, mysid shrimps, amphipods and chaetog-naths. Unusually high salinities, caused by very low rainfall and low river discharges, probably explain the high densities of chaetognaths observed in autumn. The occurrence of a typi-cally marine sergestid shrimp, Lucifer faxoni, is also attrib-uted to the high salinity regime.

It is difficult to compare ichthyoplankton and macro-plankton densities at near-plant vs. reference stations due to limited sampling effort at reference stations during time of peak abundances of fish larvae and some macroinvertebrates.

However, on days when all stations were visited, hogchoker eggs, naked goby larvae, polychaetes and amphipods were more g

abundant at near-plant stations.

10.3-24 L

0 178 102 1

1 A MPHIPOD A S 30 j

-7 l o

i .E p 20 -

e e

a

.o

'Q.

, g to -

)

I I

.KB LB _D PSC PS RP 0" 3 ] I ] ] ]

s- 1 ]  ;  ;. ]  ;

10 l l l l

> > s s s , . s a s a s s , , , s , ,

o- 50. o. _so o. so o so o so o so

' Figure'10.-3-11. Density of'amphipods (averaged over- depths and

' dates)'in macroplankton' samples collected at six Chesapeake Bay stations-in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during I ~ monthly' sampling in 1980. Below:: percent of~

station. total collected at-each' depth.

-10.3-25 e

-e e y- r --

-3,.g .cei er .- i-f -

-wv.-- ,p-w-  %-w , a w -

e =*- ~

O 190 -

CHAETOGNATHA 185 -

n E

S

[ 180 -

6 ~

+ v z N p 15-a O

O to-5-

O KB L8 0 PSC PS RP o- ] ] I I I ]

54. ] y , ,

] ] i 1oml i i i l l i,i l f i i i l

ii ii I

4 7 . 6 i o so o so o 50 o so o so o 50 Figure 10.3-12. Density of chaetognaths (averaged over depths and dates) in macroplankton samples collected at six Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during monthly sampling in 1980. Below: percent of station total collected at each depth.

O 10.3-26

It would seem that the effect of CCNPP operation in 1980 O on nearby ichthyoplankton and macroinvertebrate plankton com-munities was not different from that observed during previous years. Similar to the findings of ANSP (1980), it appears that rip-rap and other bottom rubble provide habitat for bottom oriented taxa including hogchoker, naked goby and some crusta-ceans. The effect, if any, on these groups has not been assessed.

Literature Cited ANSP (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 1980.

Ichthyoplankton and macroplankton. Pages 10.3 10.3-62 in Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, ed. Non-radiological environmental monitoring report. Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. January-December 1979. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila.

Dovel, W. L. 1971. Fish eggs and larvae of the Upper Chesa-peake Bay. Natural Resources Institute Special Report.

Univ. Maryland Contribution No. 460. 71 pp.

Dovel, W. L., J. A. Mihursky, and A. J. McErlean. 1969. Life history aspects'of the hogchoker, Trinectes maculatus, in the Patuxent River estuary, Maryland. Chesapeake Science p 10(2):104-119.

-() Fritzche, R. A. 1978. Development of Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight. Volume V. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Biological Service Program. FWS/OBS-78-12. 340 PP.

Gosner, K. L. 1971. Guide to identification of marine and estuarine invertebrates. Wiley-Interscience, NY. 693 pp.

Hildebrand, S. F., and W. C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Volume 43 (Part 1). [ Reprint edition . - 1972. T. F. H.

Publications, Inc., Neptune, NJ. 388 pp.]

Lippson, A. J., and R..L. Moran. 1974. Manual for identifica-tion of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Environmental Technology Center, Martin Marietta Corp., Baltimore, Md. PPSP-MP-13. 232 PP.

Pritchard, D. W. 1955. Estuarine circulation patterns. Pro-ceedings of the -American Society of Civil Engineers.

81(707):1-11.

Shenker, J. M., and L. Currence. 1978. Ichthyoplankton and O macroplankton. Pages 12.3-1 - 12.3-57 in Baltimore Gas O and Electric Company, ed. Non-Radiological environmental 10.3-27

monitoring report. Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

January-December 1977. g Shenker, J. M., and L. Currence. 1979. Ichthyoplankton and macroplankton. Pages 12.3 12.3-75 in Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, ed. Non-radiological environmental monitoring report. Calvert Cliff Nuclear Power Plant.

January-December 1978.

9 9

10.3-28