ML20100N136
| ML20100N136 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Callaway  |
| Issue date: | 02/28/1985 |
| From: | Traver J AMERICAN RESOURCES GROUP, LTD. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20100N131 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8504180367 | |
| Download: ML20100N136 (172) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:. . _ -- . I L PHASE .II TESTING AT SITES L 23CY-20, 23CY-352, 23CY-359, l UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY'S : L CALLAWAY NUCLEAR PONER PLANT, CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI. ByJEROME D.TRNER
- AMERICAN RESOURCES GROUP,LTD.
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w, . 1 u ^ FINAL REPORT l Phase Il Cultural Resource Testing and Assessment of_ Sites
.23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 at Union Electric Company's
_Callaway Nuclear Power-Plant, Callaway County, Missouri l I by l Jerome D. Traver
'with Contributions by Leonard W. Blake, Jonathan Bloom, George'Fraunfelter, and George R. Holley
. Principal investigator Michael J. McNerney Prepared for Nuclear Regulatory' Commission and Union EloctrIc Company by American Resources Group, Ltd.
Carbondale, Illinois O ~,__ Cultural Resources-
' Management ' Report #% February 1985 e
T , a t _ E ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The entire staf f at American Resources Group, Ltd., would like to 5 thank the personnel of Union Electric Company's Environmental Services _ Department f or their cooperation and assistance throughout the project. { r_ Special thanks to Mr. David J. Wambold and Mr. Eric M. Reishus for their ? L continuing cooperation. Additionally, we would like to thank our _ consultants during this project: D r. George Fraunfelter, ; Geology / Geomorphology, Leonard W. Blake, Paleobotany, Jonathan Bloom, faunal analysis, and George R. Holley, ceramic analysis. As Principal = Investigator, I would like to thank Chuck Moffat for editorial
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4 assistance and all of the-staf f members of American Resources Group, Ltd., for their fine contributions to this report. N
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ABSTRACT
- Phase 11 archaeological testing was conducted at sites 23CY-20, E 23Cv-352, ane23CY->>9feruie siectric ce a ev t +#e cii v Nuclear Power Plant, Callaway County, Missouri. Alluvial terrace sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352, located in the lower reaches of the Logan Creek I watershed,ducontain undistir*oed cultural deposits with preserved f aunal I
and floral remains, charcoal, ceramics, chert tools, and debitage. A possible terminal Middle woodland occupation and a Late Woodland Boone phase occupation were identified at site 23CY-20. Two pits at site 5 23CY-352 have f urnished dates of A.D. 4701140 and A.D. 8301100. Corn was recovered from the feature with the earlier radiocarbon date. A k possible terminal Middle Woodland occupation and a Late Woodland [ occupation containing Maramec Spring phase, Boone phase, and Moreau { subphase elements were identified. Site 23CY-359, occupying a north-T south oriented ridge, contains chert tools and debitage with cultural deposits extending f or 1/2 mi. This site has Early Archaic, Middle ' 7 Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland cultural af filiations. All f three sites are recommended eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NFEP). I I = il 7
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; TABLE OF CONTENTS g Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II w
E List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv list of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
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I List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Me th od s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 L Environmental Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Prehistoric Cultural Context . . . . 4 ............. 32 = investigations at Site 23CY-20 . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 51 Y = _ investigations at Site 23CY-352. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 r _ investigations at Site 23CY-359. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Eval uation and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 u Appendix A, Analysis of Ceramic Materials from } Site 23CY-352. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Appendix B, Analysis of Faunal Remains from Site 23CY-352. . . . 152 Appendix C, Analysis of Botanical Material at S i te 23 CY-3 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 8 Appendix D, Geomorphology of the Lower Reaches of Logan Creek, Callaway County, Missourl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 ill
Ik L e LIST OF FIGURES aE
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- 1. Generalized Columnar Section of the Geological _
Stratigraphy in the Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 p-um
- 2. Cultural and Environmental Sequences of Missourl . . . . . . . 27
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- 3. West Wall Profile, Trench 1, Site 23CY-20 . . . . . . . . . . 62 _
- 4. Artifacts from Site 23CY-20 ................. 67 _
- 5. West Profile of Backhoe Trench 1, Site 23CY-352 . . . . . . . 84
- 6. Profile and Planview of Feature 4, Site 23CY-352 . . . . . . . 87 _l;
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LIST OF MAPS 1
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- 1. Project Location, Union Electric Company, J=
Callaway County Nuclear Power Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 l-p
- 2. Distribution of Chert Bearing Strata, Union C:
Electric Company, Callaway County Nuclear Power Plant. . . . . 21 ((
- 3. Presettl ement Environmental Setting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ;
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- 4. Stratified Environmental Resource Zones and Sites -
Tested, Union Electric Company, Callaway County - Nuclear Power Plant ..................... 29 ?
- 5. Prehistoric Sites Discussed in this Report in Missourl . . . . 33
- 6. Location of Sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, 23CY-359, $u 23CY-353, 23CY-346, 23CY-356, 23CY-74, and 23CY-350 . . . . . 52
- 7. Site 23CY-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ,
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- 8. Frequency of Material in Shovel Probes, Site 23CY-352. . . . . 77 !f
- 9. Surface Artifacts and Subsurface Features, Site 23CY-352 . . . 79 k-
- 10. Site 23CY-359 (1 of 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 i r
- 11. Site 23CY-359 (2 of 6). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 ;
- 12. Site 23CY-359 (3 of 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5
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- 13. Site 23CY-359 (4 of 6) ...................117
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- 14. Site 23CY-359 (5 of 6) ...................118 .
- 15. Site 23CY-359 (6 of 6) ...................119 -
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. L LIST OF PLATES E- -
5 1. a. Si te 23CY-20, V iew Facing East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 55
- b. Excavation Unit 2, Site 23CY-20, General r
View of Midden Level at 50 cm, Facing South. . . . . . . . 53 l_ y- 2. a. View of Site 23CY-352 Facing West. . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
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( b. View of North Terrace Edge at Site 23CY-352 Facing South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 E , r- 3. a. Test Unit 1, Buried Soll Horizon Bearing r Cultural Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 --
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E b. Test Unit 2, Buried Soll Horizons Showing the Various Deposition Episodes at the South Slope Base. . . . 81
- 4. a. Feature 1, Backhoe Trench 1, Site 23CY-352, s Facing West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 -
I b. Feature 2, Backhoe Trench 2, Site 23CY-352, Facing West. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 j 5. Arti f acts f rom S i te 23CY-352 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 l- _ 6. Artifacts from Site 23CY-352 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
- 7. Arti f acts f rom S i te 23CY-352 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 .
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- 8. a. General View of South Terminal Ridge, Site m 23CY-359, Facing Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 I b. General View from Central Ridge, Site 23CY-359, -
Facing Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 t t u { 9. a. Test Unit 1, Site 23CY-359, Facing North . . . . . . . . 121 [
- b. Test Unit 2, Site 23CY-359, Facing North . . . . . . . . 121
- 10. Artifacts from Site 23CY-359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 _7 I 11. Arti f acts f rom Si te 23CY-359 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . 125 I
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LIST OF TABLES
- 1. Presettlement Vegetation Counts as Recorded by Nathan Boone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
- 2. Mean Seasonal Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
- 3. Archaeological Sites in the Callaway Nuclear Pow er Pl ant Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
- 4. Frequencies of Material Recovered by Evans and and Ives at Site 23CY-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- 5. Materials Recovered During 1981 investigations at Site 23CY-20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
- 6. Prehistoric Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase 11 Testing at Site 23CY-20 . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 64
- 7. Site 23CY-20 Debitage Categories by Treatment and Chert Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- 8. Prehistoric Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase 11 Testing at Site 23CY-352. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
- 9. Debitage Categories by Chert Type and Treatment at Site 23CY-352 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
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- 10. Prehistoric Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase 11 Testing at Site 23CY-359. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
- 11. Site 23CY-359, Debitage Categories by Treatment and Chert Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 f vi
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INTRODUCTION Prolect Deserietien The following report presents the results of a Phase 11 archaeological testing program at sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 f or Union Electric Company at the CalIawey Nuclear Power Plant site, CalIaway County, Missouri. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has asked for a determination of eligibility for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) f or the three archaeological sites which are within the operations and maintenance zone of the Callaway Nucl ear Power Pl ant. These three sites were identified previously during the Phase I survey (Ray et al.1984) of residual lands and were recommended potentially eligible for nomination to the NRHP (McNerney 1983:21-36). The Missouri State Historic Preservation Of fice (SHPO) guidelines (Welchman 1979) recommends Phase 11 testing to further evaluate eligibility of a site for nomination to the NRHP. This report describes the results of the Phase 11 testing and offers recommendations at the three sites.
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The project area is located approximately 24 mi northeast of Jef f erson City near the village of Steedman on Highway 94. The study area occupies a portion of the Missouri-2 Watershed Management Unit (Map 1) (Welchman 1979: Appendix 0) In the Lower Missouri Valley 11 locality of the Northeast Prairie archaeological-physlographic region defined by Chapman (1975:3-4). 1
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'?*EaN MAP 1 Project Location Union Electric Company, Callaway County Nuclear Power Plant (Missouri Watershed Management Plan, Missouri State Historic Preservation Office) 2
Poten t l'a'l I m*o act The three sites (23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359) on which Phase ll archaeological investigations were conducted lie within the operation and maintenance zone of Union Electric Company's Callaway Nuclear Power Plant. Facilities in this zone include electrical transmission lines, heavy haul roads, railroad spurs, and waterlines. Activities that may take place within the operations and maintenance zone include Inspection, repair, and maintenance. The foregoing activities could pose both direct and indirect potential adverse impac',,s tc the sites investigated. Both sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352 were partial > Impacnid by construction activities. Future construction at these sites is not anticipated; however, the movement of heavy trucks and maintenance equipment could cause a direct impact to sites 23CY-352 and 23CY-359. Management of these cultural resources as proposed by McNerney (1983) will minimize future direct and indirect impacts to the sites. Union Electric Company has complied with the foregoing management recommendations, and sites are currently protected by avoidance and Iimited agrIcuitural use. JustifIcatien The location and assessment of archaeological sites is authorized by the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, Executive Order 11593, the Archaeological and Historical Conservation Act of 1974, and in particular, Regulatory Guide 4.2 (Section 2-6, July 1976) of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 3 (
Personnel Field work was conducted during July 1984. Supervising Archaeologist was Jerome D. Traver. Other crew members were Bonnie L. Gums, Barney Nashold, Mark E. Phillips, and Bonnie Swif t. Laboratory analysis was conducted by the author, assisted by Dr. George Holley (ceramic analysis) and Jonathan Bloom (f aunal analysis). Dr. George Fraunfelter, Department of Geology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, was the Geo:norphological consultant; and Leonard Blake, Washington University, St. Louis, conducted the paleobotanical analysis. Michael J. McNerney served as Principal Investigator. 4
METHODS Introduction The primary objective of the Phase il testing of sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 was to conduct additional limited archaeological Investigations of sufficient scope to provide data for an evaluation of their significance and the nomination of significa.it sites to the National Register of Historic Places. Data necessary for an evaluation of significance is embodied in the presence of substantive diagnostic cultural remains that may be useful in addressing questions of resource procurement and utilization, subsistence, settlement pattern, and cultural affiliation. According to the Missouri SHP0 guidelines (Welchman 1979:I), nomination cannot be made until Phase il Investigations have been conducted and the final report reviewed by the Missouri SHP0. At a minimum, these investigations must provide information about the horizontal and vertical extent of the sites, the nature and density of occupation, and provide suf ficient data to determine the potential or lack of potential that each s ; t a has for answering regional research questions. Under the Missouri guidelines (Welchman 1979:4), at least one 1 m by 1 m test unit must be hand excavated at each site being investigated. Field Methods As a general procedure and as proposed (American Resources Group, Ltd.1984:4, 5, 6), a series of screened shovel probes was placed in a 5 l
systematic grid pattern at each site in order to determine the horizontal and vertical extent of cultural deposits. The f il l f rom each shovel probe was sif ted through 1/4 in mesh screen. The results of this effort determined the number and placement of 1 m x 1 m excavation units and backhoe trenches. Grids were established using a transit and 50 m tape. Flagging was placed at 10 m intervals along the established central grid lines at sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-359 and at 50 m grid points at site 23CY-352. Sampling strategy at all sites included the use of an of f set shove! probe interval in every other transect. This was achieved at sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-359 by placement of the first probe of every other transect at 5 m, instead of 10 m, along the transect. Remaining probes were spaced at 10 m Intervals. At sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-359, coverage was'made in a single sweep of transects spaced 10 m apart. The technique of staggering the shovel probe interval resulted in a checkerboard pattern that allowed an intensive investigation of site boundaries and cultural materials without adversely affecting the site by placement of a greater number of shovel probes. SampiIng strategy was altered at site 23CY-352 to allow a more rapid definition of site boundaries. This was achieved by utilizing a two-sweep technique. The first sweep of the' site area was made at 25 m transect intervals, with probes spaced 25 m apart. The fIrst probes of every other transect were placed at 12.5 m and the remainder of probes in these transects at 25 m. Af ter roughly defining the areas of cultural deposits, a second sweep of these areas was made at 25 m intervals to more accurately define boundaries and evaluate cultural deposits. Transects were of fset 12.5 m from transects sampled in the first sweep. Overall coverage of areas 6
with cultural deposits in the combined sweeps was at 123 m intervals. Shovel tests ranged from 10 cm to 30 cm below surf ace and extended . 10 cm to 20 cm and more below tho base of the plow zone into culturally sterile subsoll. Probe location was controlled by pacing from the established grid lines. The results of each probe were marked on each artif act bag. This included location (e.g., N85, E100), soll stratigraphy (depth of plow zone, subsoll type, depth of cultural deposit, and type of material recovered), the date, and initials of the recorder. Artif act bags were cataloged several times daily. A soli probe was used regularly to determine subsoll composition and depth below the shovel probes at sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352. Negative and positive probes were recorded on the site grid map by the crew chief on a continuing basis. Diagnostic artif acts found on the ground surf ace were collected. The provenience of surface material was recorded on the artifact bag. Test units were placed in areas that produced high concentrations of subsurf ace cultural material during shovel testing. These units were utilized to ascertain depth and significance of cultural deposits; they were placed to complement the backhoe trenches at sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352. Two 1 m x 1 m test units were placed at each site. The units were dug by 10 cm levels, and all fill was passed through 1/4 in or 1/2 in mesh hardware cloth, depending on soil conditions. When the 1/2 in screen was used, the 1/4 in mesh was employed to sample 10 liters of tallings from the larger screen. This process was repeated in each level of the test unit. Test units were dug to a depth of approximately 20 cm below cultural deposits. As proposed (American Resources Group, l 7 1
_ _ . . - . . - ',. .y Ltd.1984:4), excavations were limited in extent in order to mir.imize _ the adverse impacts of extensive data recovery. The technical proposal (American Resources Group, Ltd. 1984) provided for the excavailon of at least one backhoe trench at sites r 23CY-20 and 23CY-352 because it was recognized that these sites could contain buried cultural deposits. Backhoe trenches were not recommended at site 23CY-359 because it was located on a ridge subject to erosion. g The Supervising Archaoslogist decided, in consultation with the ( Principal Investigator and Geomorphologist, to excavate two backhoe
. trenches at 23CY-20 and fIve backhoe trenches at 23CY-352. Depth and c
horizontal extent of these trenches varied and depended upon presence or [ absence of cuitural deposits and soli stratigraphy. The width of the trenches was .6 m. . Charcoal samples for radiocarbon dating and samples for flotation of botanical and f aunal remains were taken from excavation units and features when these remains were encountered. All test excavations and cultural features were sketched and photographed. Laboratorv Procedures E All cultural material recovered f rom the shovel probes, surf ace collections, test excavations, and backhoe trench features were washed, sorted, labeled and cataloged. The Supervising Archaeologist inventoried the artif acts and lithic materials. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal samples recovered at site 23CY-352 were provided by Beta Analytic, Inc., of Coral Gables, Florida. Analyses of faunal and _ ceramic materials were conducted at the facilities of American Resources Group, Ltd., Carbondale, Illinois. Analysis of botanical remains from k 8 L
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site 23CY-352 was conducted by Leonard Blake of Washington University. Artif acts ere curated by the University of Missouri, Columbia. r1 The following classification was used to inventory the artif acts I recovered during this project. Bif acial Tools - tools which were formed by removing flakes from two sides of a piece of chert. Bif acially worked tool f ragments k I which have no diagnostic attributes are included in this general category. 5 Pro tectile Point /Haf ted Knife - a bif ace exhibiting a pointed blade and a stem or haf ting element (Ray et al. 1984:160). m Diagnostic tools in this category were compared with known P projectile point types in the literature and, when possible, I assigned a type name. g Drill - a bif ace with a base and a narrow, parallel-sided blade with steep-angled lateral edges and a bi-triangular cross section (Ray et al. 1984:160). Preform - a carefully flaked bif ace that is unfinished but suggestive of the final product (e.g., a relatively thin, percussion flaked, square-based bif ace which basically lacks only final shaping and notching via pressure flaking to become a projectile point / knife (Ray et al. 1984:160). Unif acial Tools - tools made by removing flakes from only one side of a piece of chert. Endscraoer - a tool that is unif acially worked on the steep distal end. Turtleback Scraoer - a tool that is unif acially worked on all [ sides and usually is circular or rounded in appearance. 9 I F E m
,_ Sidescraoer - a tool that generally is unif acially worked j along one edge (the long axis). Retouched Debitage - any of the debitage categcries below (primarily flakes) which have had small flakes removed from their
- - edges.
C.Qr.a - any block, nodule (or flake) from which flakes have been _ removed (White et al.1963:6). Debitage - residuri lithic material resulting from all stages of tool manufacture (Crabtree 1972:58). Debitage can be further classified into shatter and flakes. Some debitage contains cortex, 2 generally referring to the natural surf ace or " rind" on chert-like [ material (Crabtree 1972:56). Shatter - cubical and irregularly shaped chunks or pieces ' having few or no definitive characterics such as bulb of force, platform, etc. Shatter generally is the result of both heavy percussion techniques and the cleavage of raw materials - along old fracture planes such as frost cracks (Binford and Quimby 1963:278-279). g Shatter has been divided into categories determined by . the cortex: ^ Primary Shatter - shatter which has at least one surf ace
- predominantly covered with cortex. __
Seconderv Shatter - shatter with only a portion of a surface covered with cortex. Shatter - shatter with no cortex. . flaka - any piece of stone removed from a larger mass by the application of force. Flakes exhibit a platform and bulb of 10
force of the proximal end. They may be of any size, shape, or a y dimension, depending on which technique was used f or detachment, the size of the piece of raw material or core, and
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the desired finished product (Crabtree 1972:64). Decortication Flake - a flake which has the dorsal $ [ surf ace partially or entirely covered by the unmodified cortex of the raw material with the ventral surface E L showing scarring from the heavy percussion (Binford and Quimby 1%3:287). _ Primarv Decortication Flake - a decortication flake = 1 wIth the majortty of the dorsal side covered wIth = k cortex. Generally, these flakes are assumed' to have i been removed solely for the purpose of removing the " cortex, which generally renders the flake unsuitable f or most types of tools, and were discarded (White et al .1963:5) . Secondarv Decortication Flake - a decortication ? flake whose dorsal surface, lateral or distal sides, f is only partially covered with cortex. These flakes E { also were removed f or the purpose of removing the - g remaining cortex. However, edges which are free of [ cortex permit the flake to be used for certain types of tools (White et al.1963:5). Interior Flake - a flake with no cortex. Bifaelal Thinning Flake - flakes removed from bif acial L blanks or large bif acial tools which exhibit a small portion of one surf ace of the biface. This small i 11
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blf acial surf ace exhlbits an overhang (bulbar surf ace)
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'; and constitutes the striking platform (McNerney 1975:5). [ Polished Flako - a flake whose dorsal surface has a high .= degree of polish. These flakes usually are considered to g be flakes from bifacial digging implements such as hoes. M '[ They also may be attributable to adzes and other woodworking tools. Mod t f led Rock - any al tered sandstone, Iimestone, or Igneous /
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metamorphic rock, including manos, metates, hammerstones, or other t groundstone tools. Hammerstone -a hard stone that exhibits battering and crushing on one or more ends, surfaces, or edges, p Worked Hematite and Catlinite - an ore chunk with one or more f ground, faceted surfaces. { Abrader - a rock (usually sandstone) with one or more linear L grooves produced by abrasion. Unmodt fled Rock - any unmodifled sandstone, Iimestone, sedimentary L t- rock, Igneous / metamorphic rock, or hematite. r
- ceramics Prehistoric ceramics were cl assi f ied according to temper, morphology, and decoration (Appendix A).
1 Major portions of the Environmental Setting and the Prehistoric Cultural Context sections of this report were taken from the Phase I survey report (Ray et al.1984)'. M 12 E
m R = 7 =- r l ENVIRONMENTAL SETTlNG g Toncaraohv
- The topography of the northern part of Union Electric Company's residual lands consists of gently rolling to level upland. Glaciation of this region resulted in relatively level plains; however, erosion and downcutting of the Missouri River and its tributary streams have deeply dissected the plain in the southern helf of the area, leaving a nearly y isolated plateau of approximately 8 mi2 called Coates Plateau (Union I- Electric Company 1979a). This plateau has a maximum elevation of 858 f t
. mst, and the Missouri River base level is approximately 505 f t msi; t. therefore, maximum topographic relief between the crest of the plateau and the Missouri River is approximately 350 ft msl. 5: Drainage The general surf ace drainage flow pattern in the project area is e from north to south. Logan Creek to the east and northeast of the site area has sharply downcut the local terrain, forming a floodplain that is approximately 1,000 f t wide. This creek extends some 6 mi north of its , confluence with the Missouri River. For a more detailed discussion, see Appendix D. Auxvasse Creek, a major tributary of the Missouri River, is located about 2 ml west of the area. This creek drains the western and northern flanks of the upland plateau. It is more than 30 mi in length and has a number of large tributary branches. 13
5 F-Mud Creek drains the southern and southwestern sides of the Union g Electric property. Intermittent branches of this creek have cut deeply r E into the southern flank of the upland plateau, forming steep stream { gradients. 5 The rugged relief of the project area is due to numerous lateral streams of Logan and Mud creeks that have deeply downcut the plateau. E To the north of the study area, dissection of the landscape is not as severe. Surf ace dreir: age in this area is intercepted by Cow Creek, a major tributary of Auxvasse Creek. Gradients along intermittent streams b flowing into Cow Creek are relatively low. M [ Soils in the project area very from fertile soils on the Missouri k River floodplain to less fertile, cherty soils on weathered limestone bedrock along steep upland ridge slopes. High plasticity clays are 7 found on the lower elevations of the plateau, while eroded Ioess ? deposits are found at higher elevations. The Missouri River floodplain , is composed of alluvial deposits containing large amounts of slit and w { sand (Appendix D). The steep slopes of the dissected upland contain rock debris of various types and sizes. There are five major soll groups near the project area: the r Mexico, Putnam, Menfro, Goss, and Sarpy series (Missouri Department of _ Conservation 1976). The Mexico and Putnam soils have developed in thin . (2.5 f t to 5.5 f t) loess deposits overlying glacial till with a pretrie vegetation cover. Both soils have " clay pans" about 14 in to 17 in below the soll surface (Scrivner et al. 1966:16). During rainy seasons, the slowly permeable subsolls combine with the nearly level topography 14
^ w 5 _ to create a soll saturation problem, f orming ponds and shallow muddy - areas. - h The Menfro soils are light colored, having developed under a forest E. - cover on narrow ridge tops and steep slopes bordering the Missouri ) River. These soils are well drained and have a high moisture storage d capacity. Their value for agriculture is seriously limited because they __ h are located on steep slopes and are susceptible to erosion. = { Goss soils are characterized by moderate permeability and rapid runof f, having formed f rom weathered, cherty limestone. Sarpy soils occupy the alluvial Missouri River floodpl aln. These soils are very . _ i fertile and are Intensively f armed., The USDA Soil Conservation Service ' 3-F estimates that approximately 50% are subject to extreme flooding, 40% - are not subject to serious overflow, and 10% are subject to overflow so frequently that their usefulness is doubtful. r m Geoloov - U The stratigraphy of the exposed geological formations in the study 5 area (Figure 1) is composed of seven sedimentary Paleozoic formations I and three Quaternary deposits (Ray et al.1984:6). The latter deposits consist of mantles of glacial till and loess in upland areas and _- r alluvial deposits in the floodplains and valleys. - E Jefferson City dolomite is the oldest Ordovician-aged f ormation. E This chert bearing formation undert les site 23CY-359 but is exposed as -
- u the prominent bluf f s adjacent to sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352. While -
Jef f erson City is predominantly dolomite, it does contain up to 40% - chert (Conselman 1934:104). Small amounts of sandstone and shale occur _ in this formation, but they probably were not used by prehistoric ' 15 __
RANT UTHOLDGaC OF SYSTEM SERIES $TAE FORMATION N OR UNIT I COLUMN NS (FEET)
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Figure 1. Generalized Columnar Section of the Geological Stratigraphy in the Project Area (adapted from Union Electric Company 1979b)
E cultures (Ray et al. 1984:9). Jefferson City chert occurs in discontinuous lenticular beds as " free" nodules and as thin seems in the dolomite matrix. Of ten, orthoquartzite is associated with Jef f erson City chert (Ray et al.1984:9). Jefferson City chert is a fine grained, chalcedony-like chert which is highly variable in color. This chert 2 occurs in shades of blue, gray, brown, and white as well as pink, purple, black, and reddish brown. Some white and gray-brown varieties could be confused with Burlington chert. Jefferson City chert occurs as oolitic, banded, or mottled in appearance. The most diagnostic characteristic of Jef f erson City chert is the near absence of fossils ' (Ray et al. 1984:10). The Phase i survey conducted in the study area .h (Ray et al.1984) Indicated that Jef ferson City chert was utilized by the area's prehistoric Inhabitants. !_' The Ordovician St. Peters sandstone formation (Figure 1) occurs in E } isolated masses throughout the southeastern portion of Callaway County. F These sandstone monoliths of ten are more than 100 f t thick and are thought to be ancient stream channels or karstic depressions filling in the top portion of the Jef f erson City formation (Conselman 1934:107; F Miller 1951:10; Unklesbay 1955:2). One of these exposures occurs in the study area and may have been a source of sandstone for tools (Ray et al. 1984:10). Union Electric Company (1979b:2.5-13) recognizes a nonchert-bearing Joachim dolomite formation (Figure 1) overlying the St. Peter or Jef f erson City formation. I t is thin (0-10 f t) and discontinuous. It does not seem to have provided any raw materials that were used by the prehistoric inhabitants of the study area. The Callaway formation (Figure 1), a Devonian limestone, 17 ,
unconformably overIles the Jefferson Clty or St. Peter formation. The Callaway formation averages about 10.5 m thick in the study area and predominantly consists of fine grained limestone, although a sandy limestone or sandstone up to 1.5 m thick is common in the basal beds (Union Electric Company 1979b:2.5-12). The sandy member at the base may have been exploited aboriginally for sandstone tools (Ray et al. 1984:12). The Callaway formation provides a minor source of prehistorically exploited chert in the area. This chert is neither common nor widespread but does occur in quantity in localized areas (Conselman 1934:112; Unklesbay 1955:3). Callaway chert occurs in small nodules, is fine to coarse grained, and is a light and dark gray chert with small white fossils. The Snyder Creek formation (Figure 1), which conformably overlies the Callaway limestone, also is a Devonian deposit. This formation is composed of shale and limestone and contains no chert resources. A relatively thin but widespread Mississippian-aged sandstone formation known as Bushbert unconformably overlies the Snyder Creek formation. This fine to medium grained, poorly sorted sandstone (Figure
- 1) ranges in thickness from 10 cm to about 2 m (Union Electric Company 1979b:2.5-11). This sandstone probably was a major source of raw material for tools such as manos and abraders (Ray et al. 1984:12).
The youngest Mississippian formation is the chert bearing Burlington limestone (Figure 1) which caps the plateau to the north of the sites being tested. Burlington is a coarse grained and highly , fossillf erous limestone which varies f rom 0-13 m in thickness (Union 18
Electric Company -1979b:2.5-11). Burlington is predominantly limestone, but chert makes up a major portion of the upper section of the formation. ; Burlington chert occurs in the form of continuous layers and discontinuous lenses but more commonly in large irregular nodules. Burlington chert varies in color from white, cream, buf f, tan, brown, and light gray to pinkish and red. Banding and mottling is rare. This chert ranges from fine to coarse grained and usually is opaque. Burlington chart can be eas f ly altered by heat treatment and of ten obtains a waxy luster and turns deep red and pink due to Iron oxidation j (cf.-Struever 1973:64). The basal ' portion of the Burlington formation probably was the major source of hematite in the area (Ray et al. 1984:14). Between the Burlington limestone and overlying deposits is a conglomeration of Burlington chert nodules embedded in sand and clay. This is referred to as the Graydon Chert Conglomerate (Figure 1) and is thought to be of Pennsylvanian age (Miller 1951:61, 69; Union Electric Company 1979b:2.5-9,10). This formation accounted for much of the Burlington chert that was available in the northern sections of Union Electric residual ' lands (Ray et al. 1984:15); it was extensively exploited by the aboriginal inhabitants of the area. A deposit of blue,. gray, and red Pennsylvanian clay known as Cheltenham clay overlies the Graydon Chert Conglomerate (Miller 1951:70). This clay occurs only on the northern plateau area of Union Electric residual lands and may have been exploited by prehistoric
~
potters during the Woodland period (Ray et al. 1984:15). 19
Three major Pleistocene deposits cover the Cheltenham clay (Figure 1). A mantle of Kansan glacial till up to 8 m thick (Union Electric Company 197 9b :2.5-9) , composed of material of local and nonlocal geological origin (Unklesbay 1955:9), overlies the Cheltenham deposit. This till has eroded into local creeks and provided prehistoric peoples with hard igneous rocks for the manuf acture of groundstone tools and may have contained various redeposited chert types (Ray et al. 1984:15). A later Kansan stage deposit is represented by a moderately plastic gray silty clay referred to as accretion-gley (Figure 1), which ranges from 0-8 m thick and may have been a prehistoric clay source. The youngest deposit in the stratigraphic sequence is a blanket of modified loess (Figure 1) 1-4.5 m thick depost ted during elther the WIsconst nan or lilinolan glacial stages (Union Electric Company 1979b:2.5-8). For a more detailed discussion of chert and lithic resources in the area of Union Electric Company's residual lands, see Ray et al. (1984). Map 2 shows the distribution of chert bearing strata in the study area. E.Locn Tall grass prairie and oak-hickory forest (Missouri Department of Conservation 1976) compose the two major vegetation communities in the area. The tall grass prairie occupies the high, relatively flat portion of Coates Plateau. This land presently is being used for agricultural purposes, but historic records and accounts (Boone 1816-1817:227-248; Kucera 1961) Indicate that presettlement climax vegetation (Map 3) was a tall grass prairie dominated by little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indian grass (Ray et al. 1984:23). On the ridge tcps and slopes in the immediate area, where moisture 20
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l i l l i l generally is more available, the dominant vegetation is an oak-hickory
-f orest (Steyermark 1940). Several oak species are present, including white oak, black oak, and northern red oak. Shagbark hickory is the major hickory species present in the drier areas, while bitternut hickory occupies the moister areas. Other tree species that occur in the area include degwood, persimmon, white ash, hackberry, hornbeam, !
black cherry, sumac, sassafras, maple, slippery elm, and cedar (Union Electric Company 1979a). An account of pioneer or presettlement vegetation in the project area is provided by Government Land Of fice survey notes of Nathan Boone (1816-1817:141-248). Four vegetation communities or environmental zones tentatively were defined according to descriptions in Boone's survey notes: Bottomland Forest, Bottomland/ Swamp (presumably slough areas), Dissected Upland Forest, and Level Upland Prairie. In each zone, the frequencies of arboreal species were calculated using witness trees along section lines and a general timber description at the end of each 4 , section of Boone's notes as the data base (Table 1). For a detailed 1 discussion. of presettlement vegetation In/ the; study area, see Klippel t , (1971a) and Ray et al. (1984). I Within the Union Electric property, approximately 36% of the land is f orested, '2h5 is 'In cultivation, and 36% is pasture or is early successional. The Level) Upland (Coates' Plateau) is primarily used for d cropland and grazing. I EMA 3
~ The study area provides suf ficient water,ifood, and ground cover f or w i l d l i f e I n the vi ci n t_ty. The predom} nant game species are i s 23 t
1
- r, -w , , -- p. - , > - , ,--,--,,+-.ge-, , n.,
[ l l ! Table 1 i Presettlement Vegetation Counts as Recorded
-by Nathan Boone (Fali 1816)
Bottomiand Forest Bottomiand-Swamp Dissected Upland Forest Trees No. % Trees No. 5 Trees No. % t4fackberry 16 28.1 t* Hackberry 2 25.0 t* White Oak 64 38.8 cElm 13 22.8
- Elm 2 25.0 t* Black Oak 47 28.5 tCWalnut. 9 15.8 *Coffeenut2 1 12.5
- Red Oak 15 9.1 t* Cottonwood 7 12.3
- Maple 1 12.5 t* Hickory 12 7.3 Sycamore 5 8.8 t*0ak 'I 12.5 Cedar 9 5.5
*Boxelderl 3 5.3 Swamp Ash 1 12.5 *Sugartree3 6 3.6 t* Bur Oak 2 3.5 . Total 8 100.0 *hnerican Elm 3 ' 1.8
*Boxelder l tCHickory 1 1.7 Undergrorth No. % 2 1.2
# Ash 1- 1.7 Spicebush 1 50.0 t* Black Walnut 2 1.2 Total- 57 100.0
- Blackberry 1 50.0 t* White Walnut 4 1 0.6 Undergrowth No. 5 Total 2 100.0 t* Mulberry 1 0.6 Spicobush 9 47.4 t* Bur Oak 1 0.6 CPawpaw 9 42.1
- Ash 1 0.6 tCGrapevine 2' 10.5
- Linden 5 1 0.6 Tota 1 19 -100.0 Total 165 -100.0
, Undergrowth No. %
- Spicebush 13 39.4 1Ashland Maple
- t*0ak 9 27.3 2 Kentucky Coffeetree
! 3Sugar Mapte-
- Pawpaw 3 9.1 5 Basswood --
CPotentially exploitable food bearing plants (af ter Zawacki and Hausf ater
-1969). For seasonality, see Steyermark (1%3).
tThese plants may leave Identifiable remains in an archaeological context (Moore and Burge 1981:170-180). 24
i whito-talIed deer, wiId turkey, bobwhite qual 1, cottontalI rabbit, fox . I and gray squirrel, and mourning dove. Furbearing and nongame animal species include opossum, long-tail ed wease l, raccoon, fox, coyote, striped skunk, field rodents, pond and predatory birds, amphibians, and reptiles. Waterfowl are found along the Missouri River. An extensiv~e list of bird species observed in the project area is presented by Union Electric Company (1979a: Table 2.2-34). 4 A complete listing of fish species found in the Missouri River and Logan Creek is given by Union Electric Company (1979a: Table 2.2-18). Some of the more common present-day species include large- and small-mouth bass, crapple, shad, sunfish, bluegill, catfish, carp, and shiners. .Tso species of mussels were found in the Missouri River, and a
; third mussel species was collected from Logan Creek.
J Climate l The contemporary climate of the study area is continental and is characterized by warm, humid summers with considerable convective rainf all and highly variable winter weather with moderate amounts of 1 rain and snow (Union . Electric Company 1979a:2.3-1). The climatic pattern is dominated by warm and moist maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico during late spring and summer and by col d, . dry ,
. 1 continental polar alr durIng the winter months.
Mean seasonal temperature and precipitation data recorded In' nearby 4 Fulton, Missouri, are presented in Tabie 2. Most of the precipitation in the research area f alls during the spring and summer months; however, the character of the rains in the two
. periods usually _ Is quite dif ferent.
Spring rains generally are light t 25
Table 2 Mean Seasonal Temperatures (1888-1960) . Manths Mean Tamnerature Jan. - March 35.2*F April -~ June 64.1*F July - Sept. 74.5*F Oct. - Dec. 44.8'F Annual Mean Temperature 54.7'F (Adapted from Union Electric Company 1979a: Table 2.3-4) Mean Seasonal Precipitation (1941-1970) Months Mean PrecIoItatIon Jan. - March 5.88 in April - June 12.83 in July.- Sept. 11.35 In Oct. - Dec. 7.38 in
,. Annual Mean Precipitation 34.44 in (Adapted from Union Electric Company 1979a: Table 2.3-8) but of long duration, whereas summer precipitation of ten- comes in the form of heavy thunderstorms of relatively short duration. The average
, growing season in east-central Missouri Is from early April to late 0ctober. Studies of paleo-cIlmates -(Bryson et al.1970; Wendland 1978) have shown that over the past.12,000 years, climate has been variable and often produced dramatic shifts in vegetal patterns, in Missouri, these - shif ts in climate are reflected in archaeological data from Rodgers SheIter- and the Pcame de-Terre River area (Wood. and McMiiian 1976) and at Graham Cave (Klippel 1971b). Figure 2 is a schematic chart of the paleo-climatic periods and vegetation regimes and their relationship to 26
Time ~ Cultural feriod Climatic foisode* Vegetative Peqimes " Present TL Historic * ** i Doreal I *7 I Pacific still warm I Mississippian 1 but dryer l 1 1000- 7 Neo Atlantic warmer or moister
** jdi""d 5 a#n m 514% wm T or dryer Middle koodland l 2000 -
1 {1 Sub Asiantic cooier or moister i 3000 - Early W odland-1
}' l 3000 8.P.
winn becoming 4000 Late Archaic Sub Boreal a s c (very similar to today) 5000 5000 8.P. 6000 - Middle Archaic warm Atlantic bec n9 Prairie 7000 FM. . Early Archaic I 8 est warming with - 8700 8.P. 9000, less moisture
.{
Oalton 10,000- L Pre Boreal stim cool or moist Oak-Hickory Deciduous Forest 11.000 - 12,000 -
- 12,000 8.P.
cold or moist . 13,000-- gradually. becoming warmer or dryer 14,000 .. Paleo Indian Late Glacial Spruce Forest 15.000 -
-16,000-- .
17.000 - -
*After Wendland,1978 "Af ter King (1981). Kinq and Allen (1977), King and Lindsay (1976)
Figure 2.- Cultural and Environmental ~ Sequences of Missouri .
- 27 .
prehistoric cultural periods. For a more detailed discussion of these paleo-climatic episodes, see Ray et al. (1984:29-31). I Callaway Plant Residual Lands The study area is geographically located in the southeast portion of Callaway County in east-central Missouri. Topographically, the Callaway Nuclear Power Plant site area is located between the southern border of the Dissected Till Plains modified by glaciation and the northern boundary of the Ozark (Salem) Piateau (Fenneman 1946). The Dissecved Till Plains were formed by erosion of a mantle of drif t and till deposited during the Quaternary period. In the southern portion of the Till Plains, gently rolling and hilly topography was created by geophysical processes. The hilly-to-mountainous topography of the Ozark Plateau was developed by erosion of the Ozark uplif t. The Missouri River flows in an easterly direction 8 km (5 mi) south of the plant site. The floodplain in this area is 3.8 km (2.4 mi) wide, wIth contour elevatiens of 157.5 m (520 f t) bordering the north and south sides of the river. Logan Creek flows in a southwesterly direction entering onto the Missouri River floodplain. Physiographically, the project area consists of heavily dissected upland with narrow ridges and valleys and fertile bottomlands of Logan Creek and the Missouri River. Ray et al. (1984) have Identified the physlegraphic zones which are based on topography and vegetation (Map 4) within the confines of Union Electric Company's residual lands. There are four physiographic zones: Level Upland Prairie, Prairie / Forest Edge, Dissected Upland Oak-Hickory Forest, and Dissected Upland /Bottomland Forest Edge. Vegetation in the Level Upland Prairie l 28
I l
.... .L... - -
t l - . A
~( ~ ~~
l Prairie / Forest Edge f
, g.. '......1. ,, 1 ---
u - - - " [ Level Upland Prairie l 1 - [ i (. .
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_,)
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.l IPrairie/ Fore Edgel j f
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O -H c re t _.% u o' ' '--
' e p
L 123CY-359] a - I kiloceter / MAP 4 5 est
,[ % ,
, Union Electric Company, Dissected Upland /
123CY-20] _ ); - [ - Callaway County Nuclear Power Plant
--- Environmental Zone Boundary Bottomland Forest Edge j [ '- Project Boundary s
> o- '
123CY-352)- USGS: flokane East 7.5' Refom v 29
l zone primarily consists of grasses. The Prairie / Forest Edge is an eastward trending belt which flanks the Level Upland Prairie on the east and west sides. This zone contains both woodland and prairie species of fIora and fauna. Prehistorically, the Dissected Upland Oak-Hickory Forest contained a variety of nuts, seeds, and berries as well as small and large game mammals -(Ray et al. 1984:139). The Dissected Upland /Bottomland Forest Edge contains marsh, swamp, small oxbow lakes, several creeks, and stream terraces. This is a floodplain belt ideal for a variety of fauna, including large and small mammals, waterfowl, fish, and mussels. This zone encompasses vertical bluffs and ridge tops that contain oak-hickory forest species. Sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 are , located within the Dissected Upland /Bottomland Forest Edge zone. Environmental Setting of Sites Site 23CY-20 is located in bottomland.on a second terrace of Logan Creek. It is flanked by Logan Creek on the east and marshy wetland on the southeast. This marshy area extends to the confluence of Mud Creek and Logan Creek, 200 m southeast of the site. Immediately to the northwest of the site, a steep, wooded bluf f rises over 100 f t to a northwest trending ridge. A slightly higher terrace occurs to the northaast of site 23CY-20. This terrace is dissected by a small intermittent stream 150 m north of the site. Site 23CY-20 is subjected to flooding by Logan Creek and the Missouri River (Appendix D) and - erosion by water runoff from the steep ridges to the northwest. In this geological context, site 23CY-20 has been subjected to soll deposition
'30
l 1 l. and soll removal processes. Chert occurs as cobbles in Logan Creek and on nearby ridges and bluf fs (Ray et al.1984). Site 23CY-352 is located on a similar terrace east of Logan Creek. This terrace rlses approximately 3 m above the floodplain of southwesterly flowing Logan Creek immediately north of site 23CY-352.
- immediately east of site 23CY-352, the terrace merges with a sheer, wooded bluf f with dolomite outcroppings rising 100 f t above the terrace.
Southwest and south of site 23CY-352, marshy wetland occurs. This area is bounded by Logan Creek, which flows easterly af ter its confluence with Mud Creek, approximately 600 m southwest of site 23CY-352. Sites
-23CY-352 and 23CY-20 share a stream bottom environment with access to l resources of the Oak-Hickory Upland Forest.
- ~
l Site 23CY-359 is located on a northwest trending linear ridge which rises from an elevation of 620 ft at the south end of the site to almost j- 700 f t at the northern end of the site. - Grass covers the ridge top, j with oak-hickory forest covering the slopes. The site is located on i Jef f erson City chert bearing limestone. The site area has been i subjected to erosional processes. The r'idge upon which site 23CY-359 is located is bounded on the northeast and southwest by small intermittent streams and by Logan Creek on the southeast. This ridge extends northwest of site 23CY-359 for approximately 1,600 m, where it becomes broeder and flatter end forms an extension of the Level Upland Prairie. 31
I PREHISTORIC CULTURAL CONTEXT Prehistoric The following is a brief synopsis of prehistoric cultural sequence of the Missouri-2 Watershed Management Unit as defined by archaeological Investigations. Discussions of settlement-subsistence adaptations and site locational patterns attributable to certain periods are presented. The data discussed encompass large scale syntheses concerning the state as a whole, surveys of major drainage areas, published and unpublished site reports, and Information extracted from site files of the Archaeological Survey of Missouri. The cultural sequence relles heavily on work conducted at nearby Graham Cave (Klippel 1971b; Logan 1952) and at Arnold Research Cave (Shippee 1966); the chronological framework used in the temporal constructions is based largely on Chapman (1975) and has been previously employed in the study area (Ray et al.1984). All dates in this report are given in years before present (B.P.). Certain archaeolog'. cal sites central to understanding the prehistory of the project area and Missouri in general are presented in Map 5. Paleo-Indian (14.000-10.000 B.P.) Current evidence indicates that man arrived in the New World some 15,000 years ago. Most archaeologists believe that bands of Asiatic hunters traversed what is now the Bering Sea on a land bridge which connected the two continents during the final stages of the last leo 32
l l' i ! t p @ e$ (4 7 # 4 4 of R. j * % pigeon Roost Creek Collins utz. waiter
/ /
sraham Cave Mellor 'L* p rea , Arnold Research Cave p
/ . Cahokia Dalton .
Hermann qt . nip & l Ki"5"i C" OsACe *QRogers sew # #a PhilliDS SPfi"9 4, 4 g'e
?
Map 5 Prehistoric Sites Discussed in this Report in Missouri 33
I i l l l Age. These first Americans were hunters of big-game animals and ! j probably wandered here while following herds of the now extinct mammoth. Artifacts.found'In direct association with these and other extinct l species have ' established the antiquity 'of man in the New World. These early hunters are referred to as Paleo-Indians, and their sites mark the j beginning;of a long cultural development which continued until the ; arrival of the Europeans. The Paleo-Indian period is best known from the western United States, where numerous archaeological sites have produced cultural material in association with late Pleistecene fauna. These are the well 4 known Clovis and Folsom complexes which are associated with extinct
- - mammoth and bison. Although major Paleo-Indian sites are distributed throughout parts of eastern North America, the incidence of Paleo-Indian artif acts in association with extinct big-game animals is rare in the East. This raises the possibility of differing cultural-adaptations
! .in the East, possibiy due to differing environmental and climatic conditions. Paleontologists and archaeologists working near Kimmswick, i Missouri, recently ' documented Clovis fluted projectile points in direct association with the bones of the American mastodon (Mammut americanum)
(Graham 1979, 1980). This exciting new discovery represents the most e easterly location of Paleo-Indian tools in association with extinct ]. f auna and the first concrete evidence of man hunting the forest-dwelling mastodon. Paleo-Indian peoples probably lived in small bands or family units, l I pursuing a nomadic existence related to big-game hunting. This high l degree of mobility, combined with low population levels, produced highly dispersed campsites with low densities of cultural debris. In central 34 . 1
l l M'Issouri, as elsewhere in the Midwest, sites of this period aro l~ characterized by scattered surface finds of fluted and unfluted 4 lanceolate projectile points. According to Shippos (1966:8), three 1 8 I Clovis points were found on a hill top site near Arnold Research Cave. 3 Paleo-Indian sites frequently are located on high bluff s or high ridge tops along major stream valleys such as the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. In a distributional survey of fluted points (Chapman 1%7a, 1 %7b, 1973), the majority of reported finds came from counties b' ordering the lower Missouri River. From Howard and Cooper counties in the west to St. Charles and St. Louis counties in the east, i 15 times as many finds were reported for this area than from the rest of Missouri's counties (Chapman 1975:75). Although there are problems with l this type of survey (i.e., nonprobabilistic sampling, bias towards uplan'd site locations, buried bottom l and si tes, etc.), enough
~
I , Information was gathered to suggest this site location pattern. Dalton (10.000-9000 B.P.) With the glacial recession some 10,500. years ago and the i disappearance of the big-game animals previously exploited, man shifted
; his economic pursuits in response to changing environments. These 2
cultural adaptations are manifested in the Dalton period, when there was a change in subsistence techniques from primarily hunting large mammals to foraging (Chapman 1975:45). Subsistence activities expanded to Include trapping of small-game animals and collecting of nuts, berries, l seeds, fruits, and shellfish. This pattern probably continued into the
-subsequent Early Archaic period; however, the transition for the most part took place in approximately 600 years (Goodyear 1982:391).
35 i j i l
.--r . - - - . . .--.m , , - , _ . _ ~ . _ - , - . ---
L l \ .
.The Dalton complex generally is considered a transitional Late Paleo - Early Archaic cultural manifestation which is evident in Dalton 7
assemblages. Goodyear (1982:392) indicates that the time period 10,500
.to 9,900 ' B.P. a'lso represents a marked transition from glactalIy influenced to relatively modern climatic conditions. Lanceolate projectile point forms and specialized tool kits reflect Paleo-Indian origins; however, subsistence activities clearly are Early Archaic in emphasis.
Along the Ozark border in northeast Arkansas, Dalton occupations were situated In' territories that crosscut major physiographic and resource zones irrespective of drainage boundaries (Price and Krakker 1975:35; SchIffer 1974:220-244). The Dalton compiex is represented at several locations in Missouri, including the lowest levels of Graham Cave (Klippel 1971b), Arnold Research Cave (23CY-64) (Shippee 1966), i. Rodgers _ Rock Shelter (Wood and McMillan 1976), the Walter site (Biggs et al.1970; Chapman 1975:79),. the Dalton site (Chapman 1975), the Pigeon Roost Creek site in Monroe County (Teter and Warren 1979), the Bergfried No. 4 site at the confluence of the Gasconade and Missourl
- . rivers (Diaz-Granados 1980), several open sites in the Columbia area #
i (Schmits and Wright 1981), - and -along the Loutre and Little Femme Osage rivers in Montgomery and St. Charles counties (Haas 1978). Eariv Archate f9000-7000 B.P.) Th'e diversification of sub'sistence activities begun during the f ' Dalton era continued into the Early Archaic period, when people _ began to i exploit-'an even greater. variety of ecological niches, using base camps as-points'to return to from hunting-gathering excursions. Having i analyzed vertebrate f auna from the lower deposits of Arnold Research 1 36 1 4
- , - . - e- , --w- - . - , , -
. -. . . . 1 i
( Cave, Falk (1970:28) suggests-an unspectalized mixed game adaptation as characteristic;of the early subsistence base. Social units were smalI but probably occasionally organized into extended families. Early Archaic peoples also began to alter their stone tool l manuf acturing . techniques. Although the Ianceolate shape generalIy was '
' retained,' fluting was no longer practiced as new haf ting attributes
{ appeared, such as side and corner notching. Sites containing Early Archaic components in the lower Missourl Valley ll locality include Graham Cave (Kilppel 1971b; Logan 1952), Arnold Research Cave (Shippee 1%6), the Dalton site at the mouth of the
- Osage River (Chapman 1975), 23GA-142 (the Hermann site) (Schmits 1982) -
i and 23GA-130 (Diaz-Granados 1980) in Gasconade County, the Pigeon Roost
\
Creek site in the Salt River valley (Teter and Warren 1979), the Dalton period in the Cannon Reservoir (Teter and Warren 1979), and seven sites along the'Loutre and Little Femme Osage rivers (Haas 1978). Middle Archale (7000-5000 B.P.)
,Between 8000-5000 B.P., cl imatic changes in the f orm > of reduced ,
rainfall and warmer temperatures started a trend toward drier environments and the expansion of grasslands (Klippel 1971 a). Middle Archalc peoples responded to these changing conditions by intensifying
, their hunting and trapping of small animals and the collection of vegetal foods, especially nuts, berries, and seeds. By the end of the '
1- period, there may have been a complete economic adaptation from a mesic to-a moderately dry environment with a greater utIIIzation of the ! expansive prairies that had formed over much of western and northern Missouri-(Chapman- 1975:158). 37
..,-r -. .- .+.., - - - ,. ..,.s - , ~ ~ . - w -- .,- - ,e-
l l Stone tool assemblages and lithic technologies changed f rom the earlier periods with the introduction of the f ull-grooved groundstone ax, smaller triangular blade side-notched and stemmed projectile points which frequently show evidence of thermal alteration, and milling stones. Middle Archaic occupations are represented at Graham Cave l (Klippel 1971b), Arnold Research Cave (Shippee 1966), the Loutre River and Little Femme Osage River areas (Haas 1978), the Hermann site . (Schmits 1982) and 23GA-131 (Diaz-Granados 1980) on the northern border > of Gasconade County, the Cannon Reservoir area (Hunt 1976; Teter and Warren 1979), and in Long Branch Reservoir (Grantham .1977). Laig Archaic (5000-3000 B.P.) Around 5000 B.P., the climate began to change toward more moist conditions, . a trend which has continued to the present (Klippel 1971a). The effect of this trend appears to be a reduction of grasslands and an expansion of forest environments in east-central Missouri. Late Archaic peoples responded to these environmental shifts by expanding into newly created environmental zones, utilizing a wide range of wild plant and animal products. Tool assemblages, although varying from site to site, again reflect this shif t and include an apparent increase in manos, grinding slabs, mortars, pestles, and cigging implements, suggesting an increased use of wild plant foods. Cultigens have been reported f rom the Phiilips Spring site and dated to 4280 B.P. (Chomko 1978:251), suggesting that Late Archaic populations were experimenting with squash , (cucurbita m) and wild sunflower (connonitae sp.). Squash remains l I also have been found at two Late Archaic sites in Kentucky (Chomko and Crawford 1978:405-407),'providing additional evidence f or incipient horticulture during the Late Archaic period. 38 l
l Site densities increase, and sites are found in a variety of locations. Ridge and hill top locations are common and of ten contain j hammerstones, drills, gouges, and woodworking tools. Occupations of this period are represented throughout east-central Missouri, as reported by Chapman (1975), Haas (1978), Klippel (1971a), Teter and Warren (1979), and Grantham (1977). Radiocarbon dates from buried cultural deposits in the Hinkson-Perche Creek valley in Boone County revealed two Late Archaic components 80 cm (Wright 1981:137) and 130 cm
~
(Powel l 1 982:51) below the surface. The best known complex of this period is the Sedalla phase, which is represented at the Geiger and Booth sites (Chapman 1975:203) in northeastern Missouri. The Booth site produced Clear Fork gouges, Sedalia diggers, Etiey and Stone Square Stemmed knives, and probably was primarily used as a base of operations for collecting and processing vegetal materials (Klippel 1969 cited in Chapman 1975:211). If we consider the Sedalla and -Ettey complexes, it would appear that there is considerable cultural diversity during Late Archaic times, possibly more than is evident at the present time. Eariv WoodIand (3000-2500 B.P.) Early Woodland cultural processes and adaptations are not clearly defined in east-central Missouri at this time. Here, as in other parts of the Midwest, Midsouth, and East, the first appearance of pottery generally marks the beginning of the Early Woodland period. Often, this pottery accompanies a Late Archaic tool assemblage. Sites from this time period of ten exhibit Middle Woodland traits as well. Thus, evidence for the period is blurred by traits of these earller and later 39
l l The presence of pottery and the possibility of cultural manifestations. incipient horticulture suggest a more sedentary lifestyle. l- The. blending of Late Archaic and Early Woodland cultural traits is clearly indicated in the Salt River locality of northeastern Missouri (Angus and Ruppert 1977; Klippel 1972; Ruppert 1976; Teter and Warren l 1979). The Collins site reported by Klippel (1972) was the first site
-to shed light on the nature of Early Woodland period manifestations in i
the Northeast Prairie Region. Although no early pottery was found, a radiocarbon date of 2500 B.P. was obtained~ from two refuse pits (Kl'ippel 1972:51). Logan (1952:60) reported finding a possible Early Woodland fiber-tempered sherd at Graham Cave, and 23MN-243 in the Salt River locality contained a possible Black Sand incised rim sherd (Chapman 1980:15). Haas (1978:169) reported three possible Early Woodland sites in the Loutre River and Little Femme Osage River areas based on ; contracting stemmed projectile points, it should be noted that neither the temporal nor cultural dimensions of the period are well established in Missouri. MiddIa WoodIand (2500-1500 B.P.) Pottery became more elaborate, stone tool assemblages showed greater diversity, and lithic technology became more sophisticated with the emergence of the Middle Woodland period about 2500 B.P. Local and regional groups appeared to be linked by c rich religious and economic exchange system which Struever (1964:89) has called the Hopewellian Interaction Sphere. Conical burial mounds, a trait that made its first appearance in Late Archalc times (Klepinger_ and Hv.ning 1976:133), were now commonly constructed for the interment of important leaders, and i these burlais of ten contained elaborate grave goods. This practice and 40 'l
. the related socioeconomic developments stimulated an extensive trade in copper from the Lake Superior area; obsidian frcm the Rocky Mountains; ,
I shark teeth, conch shells, and pearls from the Gulf coast; mica from the ( Carolinas; and high quality chert from various parts of the Midwest. Maize is known from the period, but there is little evidence to support extensive cultivation of this domesticate which was to prove so i important in later times. Subsistence was still predominantly dependent upon Intensive wild plant food harvesting and hunting. In Missouri, the period is best known from Hopewell sites near the junction of the Grand and Missourt rivers (Big Bend area), Lamine River locality, and the Kansas City area (Johnson 1979; Kay 1975,1979,1980). Kay (1980:46) suggests a nodal settlement pattern with a village center and less complex satellite communities surrounding the center (Mellor) for the Lamine locality as opposed to a closely-knit network of less complex settlements for the Big Bend area. Middle Woodland sites, several lacking Hopewellian material, are reported from the Northeast Prairie Region. These include 23MA-3 on the west bank of the Mississippi River (Chapman 1980:47), the Creve Coeur site in the Greater St. Louis locality (Chapman 1980:47), eleven sites along the Loutre and Little Femme Osage rivers (Haas 1978:166), and 4 23CY-30 and 23CY-20 In CalIaway County. Site 23CY-30, a smalI camp on Cedar Creek approximately 35 km west of the~ study area, produced Havanna type dentate-stamped pottery sherds along with Snyders points and may represent a Hopewell Intrusion into the area (Chapman 1980:52). A somewhat -less definite Middle Woodland component was reported by Evans and Ives (1973:9) for 23CY-20 on.the basis of grit-tempered pottery and heat-treated chert. 41
l
)
l Late Woodland (1500-1000 B.P.) Sometime around 1600-1500 B.P., the socioeconomic and ceremonial ties which had linked Middle Woodland populations began to wane. For reasons not fully understood at this time, Late Woodland peoples developed locally oriented societies, dispersed settlement patterns, and i began to intensively exploit a wider variety of environments. Fishing, hunting, and gathering of wild plant foods provided a broad economic base. Ceramic decorations and burial practices became. less elaborate, with the emphasis now on utilitarian pottery forms and small earthen or rock mounds with sparse burial goods. The introduction of the bow and arrow, combined with changing subsistence patterns, produced a marked change in the chipped stone tool assemblage, most notably small side-and corner-notched arrow points. In east-central and northeast Missouri, this period is represent'ed by the Boone phase and Rails phase, respectively (Chapman 1948, 1980; Denny 1964). Stone filled, stone chambered, and earthen burial mounds occupying prominent bluf f tops along major rivers and creeks are characteristic of these complexes. Villages- and base camp sites of ten are located on terraces and ridges near burial mounds. To the south, various Late Woodland phases of the Ozark Highlands have replaced the old taxonomic unit " Highland Aspect" (Chapman 1948:100-110, 1980:100). In the Meramec valley, the Kimberlin component (Geier 1973,1975) of the Maramec phase shows extensive overlap along the northern Ozark border region with the Boone phase (Denny 1964) to the north and the Lindley phase and Fristoe burial complex (Wood 1961, 1967) to the southwest in the Pomme de Terre Reservoir area. While there are marked regional 42
! l I i i I. l distinctions, there also appears to be an area of cultural and ecological overlap shared by all three. These phases exist in similar environments sharing similarities in technology, seasonal subsistence I cycles, and slightly dif ferent variations of mortuary interment
. centering on the construction of mounds and cairns. According to Geler t
(1975:25), these phases "apparently reflect regional interpretations of similar culture, patterns, coupled with variation, in the source, duration and effects of contact with external societies." An early stage of Late Woodland Boone phase development probably is a direct outgrowth of an unrecognized Hopewellian base (Denny 1964:158-159). This would Indicate that mound groups were consistently oriented i towards high upland bluf f and hill tops along major river systems and 3 secondary tributary streams during the Woodland period. Surveys of the
, lower Osage and central Gasconade rivers would tend to support this contention. Rock cairns contajning limestone slab chambers with burials frequently are found on the highest point of escarpment locations at the confluence of a smaller tributary stream with the Gasconade River (McMIIIan 1963:15). In the 1ower Osage River valIey, alI rock cairns or tumull located were found to be situated on elevated areas directly over 1 i
large escarpments and ridge spurs at the confluence of two or more streams and-on narrow divides between two streams (Klippel 1965:32). Open habitation sites during the Late Woodland period usually are situated in floodplain environments on knolls, terraces, and terrace i remnants at the junction of smaller streams end major rivers (Klippel
, 1965:32) or at:the. base of. hills and bluff tops paralleling river floedplains (McMillan 1%3:15) and at the mouth of a hollow or spring.
43 r - + .-- , - - - . . , , , m-,._ - . . - ~ _
i i Late Woodland peoples also inhabited nearby Arnold Research Cave, which contained a rich inventory of perishable materials such as wooden and woven artif acts (Henning 1%6; Shippee 1%6) in the upper levels of the dry cave deposits. _0ne wooden dart f oreshaf t with a Rice side-
- notched projectile point haf ted in place attested to the af filiation with the Late Woodland period. Other wooden artif acts, cordage, ,
4 matting, f abrics woven from bast and other vegetal fibers, as well as bark and woven sandals and leather moccasins, have given tremendous insight into a portion of Woodland material culture usually lost in humid climates of the Midwest. Additional Late Woodland sites in east-central Missouri, not previously mentioned, have been reported from the Cannon Reservoir (Hunt 1977; 0'Brien and Warren 1979), Long Branch Reservoir (Grantham 1977), along the Loutre and Little _ Femme Osage rivers (Haas 1978), lower portion of the Moreau and _ Missouri rivers (Sturdevant 1977, 1978, 1980), Boone County (Schmits and Wright 1981), Graham Cave-(Klippel 1971b), and
! within the general vicinity of the Callaway Plant site (Evans and Ives 1973; Ray et al.1984). Based on previous work in central Missouri, Evans and Ives (1973:2, 5) state that the Mealy Mounds group (23CY-202) located just north of Mokane, Missouri, and 23CY-74 within the Union
( Electric property boundaries probably represent Late Woodland mounds. Several Investigators In the central portion of the state, north (Angus 1976; Henning 1979; Teter and Warren 1979) and south (KIIppel i 1965; McMIIIan 1%3; Vehlk 1978) of the Missouri River, have noted that 1 Late Woodland phases probably persisted well beyond 1000 B.P. Although Mississippian type artifacts occasionally occur throughout the region, Late Woodland components are interpreted as persistent manifestations, 44
-,-uwr.-. .,wmve.--e wse ' -- rd --T--M -= ----
contemporary with, but only slightly affected by, peripheral contacts l with the Mississippian cultural center in the Mississippi River valley. Mississionlan/Onecta (1000-500 B.P.) i Urban centers, central plazas, platform mounds, fortified villages, , and exotic- and' sophisticated art forms are archaeological traits which ! have become synonomous with the Mississippian period. Beginning about : i
, 1000 B.P. and continuing until about 500 B.P., Mississippian culture flourished throughout the midwestern and southeastern United States. As in the preceding Middle Woodland period, regional expressions of Mississippian culture were linked by an elaborate socloreligious system i known as the' Southeastern Ceremonial Complex or the Southern Cult. We see much of the same kind of ceremonial elaboration as in the earlier Hopewellian complexes, but now the economic basis for food surplus and ; settled village life is clearly evident. Domesticated seeds of maize, i
beans, and squash are found in most Mississippian archaeological sites. When we combine this kind of stable economic base with archaeological i l evidence in the form of fortified villages, organized urban plans with rows of houses and open plazas, high status burials with rich ' grave of f erings, and evidence of long distance trade in exotic goods, inf erences regarding social stratification, chief dom-type political organization, and organized warf are during Mississippian times is on firm theoretical ground.
- Of course, the best known sites of this period are the spectacular remains of the Cahokia Mound Group in East St. Louis, Illinois, and the i associated satellite villages in the surrounding American Bottom. .A-similar mound group was destroyed in St. Louis, Missouri, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Mississippian developments in 45 w -. 9-- . . - , _ - ,- . , - . , - _ . , - _ - , -
l' western Missouri are represented by the Steed-Kisker complex in the Kansas City area (O'Brien 1978; Wedel 1943). Mississippian (Caddoan) developments in the southwest Missouri Ozarks are represented at the l l Lof tin Site 1, 23SN-42,; at the confluence of the James and White rivers in southern Stone County, Missouri (Wood 1983:63-64). Important to the studies of Central Missouri is the absence of I major Mississippian villages or hamlets in the region. Mississippian
- artifacts are known from rock shelters and a few open sites in central i
Missouri and the ~0zark Highlands, but they usually consist of small amounts of shell-tem'pered pottery and small side-notched triangular projectile points. Such materials have been reported for Boulder Cave
- (Chapman 1948), MerreIi Cave (McMIIIan 1 % 3:25-31), and Wet HolIow Cave, to name a few in the Meramec and Gasconade River valleys. At Doyle
. Cave, 23PU-40, a Mississippian burial associated with a = shell-tempered
! vessel. was excavated (McMillan 1%3:77). A few shell-tempered pottery sherds have been found on sites along the lower Osage Ri_ver.(Klippel 1965:147) and in the upper levels of Graham Cave (Chapman 1952:89) and Arnold Research Cave (Shippee 1966:36), but they were not well represented. . ShelI-tempered pottery and smalI side-notched - triangul er point forms also have been found on sites in the Pomme de Terre, Truman, j and Stockton reservoir areas. The "Nemo Compl ex" (Wood 1961:108) was _ i I defined as predating Steed-Kisker in the Pomme de Terre basin on the basis of cord-marked and smooth shell-tempered pottery from Fairfield ; Mound 1, Blackwell Cave, and the Mount India and Lytte cairns. Such ! sparse remains, however, suggest minor contact and influence of Mississippian societies situated in the St. Louis and Kansas City areas S 46
on local Late Woodland populations (Schneider 1974:28; Vehlk 1978:40-42). Somewhat contemporaneous with Mississippian cultural developments in Missouri and lilinois are the well-known Oneota cultural I 1 ! manifestations centered in towa and southern Wisconsin. The complex has ' f airly well-defined limits on the eastern plains border and over much of the Prairie Peninsula. Subsistence was based on hunting, fishing, and gathering and was supplemented by gardening (Henning 1969:3). The artifact assemblage includes shell-tempered ceramic vessels with punctations and parallel incised lines placed en the upper body. Other tools include small triangular projectile points, bif acial blades, grooved mauls, abraders, bison scapula hoes, and' socketed antler projectile points. Gibbon (1972:181) suggests that the Oneota lifeway emerged from a Woodland base about 1000 B.P. In Wisconsin, participated in the Mississippian pattern for some time, and persisted into the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, being reflected in historic Winnebago culture (Gibbon 1972:182). Hennin'g (1969:4) also notes the close relationship of the Oneota archaeological complex with a number of historic tribal groups including the Ioway, Missouri, and perhaps the Oto, Kansas, and Osage. Oneota sites of the Missouri River valley show far ranging external contacts primarily with Orr phase sites along the upper lowa River valley and Correctionville-Blue Earth phase sites along the Little Sioux River in western Iowa (Henning 1970:165). From the Utz site in west-central Missouri, items indicative of an extensive prehistoric trade system include catlinite from quarries in southwest Minnesota, marine shells from the Gulf Coast, turquoise from the American southwest, and 47
l i native' copper from the Lake Michigan area. In addition, engraved artif acts containing various zoomorphic and anthropomorphic motifs of the southeastern ceremonial complex from Utz (Bray 1963:39-40) suggest dif fusion and trade relatf orships with contemporary Mississippian i l populations near Cahokia. Recent studies of plant remains at Utz (Blake and Cutler 1982) and pit features and associated material from the site (Lubensky 1983) have contributed to knowledge of Oneota lifeways and subsistence. Unfortunately, little comparable data are offered for Mississippian or Oneota site settlement patterns within the lower Missouri . River f drainage basin. Mississippian sites appear to.be concentrated in the St. Louls and Kansas City areas and apparentiy are Iacking in the valIey between the two cities (Henning 1%9:97). Most well-known and excavated Oneota sites are located within the Big Bend region (Bray 1%3; Henning 1970:14). Protohlstoric and Historic (500-100 B.P.) In the Missouri River valley near the mouths of the Grand and Charlton rivers, late prehistoric and protohistoric sites known as "Oneota" are common. Some of these, such as Utz, McRoberts, Plattner, t ' and Gumbo Point, are historic contact sites, while Old Fort, Dowell Site No.1, Dowell No. 2, Guthrey, and other smaller Oneota sites lack
' European trade' goods indicative of contact. Precontact Oneota sites in tisis : area date prior to A.D.1683 (Bray 1978:23). A series of l radiocarbon dates from Utz (Henning 1969:300-301) established it as a long-term site with repeated occupations f rom A.D. 1400-1723 that j probably represented a culture continuum through time.
48 b
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i The Piattner site has been identifled as the vilIage occupied by the Little Osage between A.D. 1727-1777 (Chapman 1959:6), while Gumbo Point appears to represent the Missouri village visited by Bourgmond l between A.D. 1714-1724 (Bray 1978:72). Utz may represent a Missouri Indian village prior to A.D.1750 (Berry and Chapman 1942). 4 Numerous eastern and midwestern Indian groups passed through the lower Missourt region with the westward expansion of the nation. Two Indian tribes were native to Missouri: the Osage and the Missouri. The KaskaskIa, an Illinois tribe, Ilved occasionally on the west side of the Mississippi River. Prior to 1825, the Kickapoo, Delaware, and Shawnee were moved to reservations in 'the southern part of the state, retalning them until 1832. The Sauk and Fox, primarily residents of what is now low e, also hunted and raided in Missouri (Chapman and Chapman 1964:15). There is reference that a band of Miami resided in what is now Saline County along the Missouri River near the town of Miami (Chapman 1946:15), but little Information-is available regarding this occupation. There is lio information on historic Indian groups residing in the Callaway research area. A chart outlining the chronological sequence for the immediate Callaway Nuclear Power Plant study area is presented in Table 3. Sites a assignable to particular cultural period (s) were included. 49 t
-- -. ...s- - - - . - , - - . . - 4 ,
i. Table 3
&chaeological Sites in the Callaway Nuclear Power Plant Study Mea
- l. Time (B.P.) Period Study koa Sites 100 Protohistoric/ Historic 1500 - -
Mississippian /Oneota 1000 - 23CY-353 23CY-356 23CY-352* Late WoodIand 23CY-350 23CY-359* 23CY-74 4 23CY-20*
- 1500 MiddIe Woodland 23CY-20* 23CY-359*
2500 Early .toodland 300n 23CY-353 23CY-20* Late kchaic 23CY-356 23CY-359* 5000 23CY-356 MiddIe kchalc 23CY-353 7000 Early kchaic 23CY-359* . 9000 Dalton. .23CY-346-10,000 Paloo-Ind Ian 14,000 i ,. j .*Sites Tested
' ,\
I 50
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l q l lNVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 23CY-20 , j s Site DescrIntion- ,
' Site 23CY-20 occupies a four acre f enced area on a second terrace .
of a stream bottom at an elevation of 530 f t msi.- The site is 100 m
. west of Logan Creek and 300 m north of the confluence of Mud and Logan creeks (Map. 6). The ~ western boundary of the site adjoins gravel County <
Road 324. This boundary ~ and the road are orle' n ted in a northeast / s southwest direction.' immediately west of the road cut, a steep wooded bluf f rises over 100 f t.to .a southeast oriented ridge. The terrace where site 23CY-20 is located is a' pproximately 3 m above a marshy 2 floodplain which extends to the confluence of Logan Creek and Mud Creek on the south. Beyond Mud Creek is the Missouri T,1ver fIcodplain. . Si te 23CY-20' is bounded I on the east by a spur of the Missouri, Kansas and j Texas Railroad. Northeast of the site, the tecrace is dissected by.a smaIl Intermittent stream.g Site 23CY-20 has been used as an s ( , agricultural field in the past, but at the time of Phase il testing, the site was overgrown with saplings, weeds, and, briar's (Plate la)., 1 Tne ridge upon which site 23CY-359 is located Joins the Logan Creek bottom 600 m northeast of site 23CY-20 (Map 6). Site 23CY-352 is
')ocated 250 m north of site 23CY-20 on a terrace on the east side of Logan Cre ( M a p.- 6) . Site 23CY-3'56 is located on a bluff top immediately east of site 23CY-352. . Si tes 23CY-74', 23CY-346, and
~
23CY-350 are located on the t!uf f tcps west of site 230Y-20 (Map 6).
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Plate lb. Excavation Unit 2, Site 23CY-20, General View of 1 m flidden i.evel at 50cm, Facing South. l 53
Su-=rv of Previous investigations Site 23CY-20 was reported to the Missouri Archaeological Survey a l number of years before 1973 (Evans and Ives 1979) but was relocated 1 i during an initial survey of Union Electric lands (Evans and Ives 1973). Subsequent' investigations Indicated that the area of the site was 3,000 m2 (Evans 1975). The site was partially excavated in advance of railroad construction by Evans and Ives (1979). Test excavations consisted of three 1 m by 3 m units and two controlled surf ace collections made along an established grid. Evans and Ives (1979) found three subsurface features: one possible post mold and two
" concentrations of materials at the base of the plow zone," one of which was thought to be a pit feature (Evans and Ives 1979:17, 20). A total of 229 artif acts was recovered in two of the three test units excavated (Evans and Ives 1979:18). Cultural material - was not recovered from the unit in the railroad right-of-way. Of the specimens recovered, 2% were bif acial tools, 77% were chert debitage (14% shatter and 63% primary, secondary, and Interior flakes), 16% were unmodified rock, and 4% were ceramics. Ceramics were recovered only from the units on the terrace edge. Artifact-bearing deposits in these test units extended to a depth of 40 cm from the ground surf ace. The results of the controlled surface collection were not described by Evans and Ives (1979) in their final report, but a compilation of their laboratory _ notes for this study indicates that 7361 m square surf ace units were collected, yielding an artif act assemblage of 3,452 Items (Table 4). Subsequent to the above testing, additional investigations were made by placement of 8" power auger probes at 10 m intervals along a proposed railroad right-of-way.
Evidence of subplow zone cultural deposits was not found. Four cuts 54 l'
s J. i Table 4 Frequencies of Material Recovered by Evans and Ives at Site 23CY-20* Surface Excavation Units Percent Bifacial Tools 27 5 0.8 Unifacial Tools. 12 0 0.3 Cores 43 0 1.2 , Retouched FIakes 20 0 0.5
~ Debitage:
Shatter- 736 31 20.8
. Primary F1akes 60 16 2.0 Secondary FIakes 1,657 % 47.6 Interior Flakes 63 33 2.6 Modtfled:
HematIto 2 0 0.05 Sandstone 2 0 0.05 , Unmodified: Limestone 529 23 15.0 Hematite 1 1 0.05 Igneous / Metamorphic- 157 14 4.6 i Ceramics: ~ Grit Tempered 140 9 .4.0
+
Limestone Tempered 2 1 0.08 Bone 1 0 0.02 Total: 3,452 229 100.0
- Compiled from laboratory notes on file with Union Electric Company, St. Louis,' Missouri 55
l l l were made later in this right-of-way using earthmoving power equipment; l l subsurf ace features were not identified (Evans and Ives 1979:21). Evans (1975:3) suggested that site 23CY-20 was a multicomponent site with i occupations spanning .10,000 years. This assessment was based on stylistic analysis of temporally diagnostic projectile points and ceramics. Early and Middle Archaic point types were identified in the collection. Evans (1975) assigned the grit-tempered pottery from the site to the Middle Woodland period. Although extensive investigations were carried out, the 1979 report did not provide the types of information necessary' for NRHP evaluation. The site had protective fencing placed around it fof Iowing these earlierinvestigations. The natural vegetation cover was allowed to regenerate. 4 During the 1981 cultural resource survey, 80 artif acts were collected from the surf ace of the site (Ray et al. 1984:256). This collection consisted of 4 tools, 74 pieces of debitage, and 2 pottery sherds (Table 5). Ray et al. (1984:257) suggested that the site is a Boone phase Late Woodland village or residential base camp and that it may be associated with site 23CY-74, mound 23CY-350 located on the top of the adjacent ridge, or with mound group 23CY-356 on the ridge 700 m to the east of site 23CY-20 (Map 6). Ray et al. (1984) also suggested that site 23CY-20 is at least contemporaneous, if not affiliated, with site 23CY-352 because the ceramics recovered from these two sites were similar. In addition, preliminary geomorphological investigations had suggested that site 23CY-20 might have a high potential for buried cultural components from Paleo-Indian through Lats Archaic times (Ray et al.1984:390). However, Ray et al. (1984:257-258) proposed that the 56
Table 5
-Materials Recovered During-1981 Investigations at. Site 23CY-20 (Ray et al. 1984:256)
Amount Percent
-Bifacial Tools (graver)- 1 1.3
- j. _Unifacial Tools 0 0.0 Retouched Flakes. 3 3.7 Cores 3 3.7 *
, Debttage: } Shatter 1 1.3 ^ Primary Decortication Flakes 2 2.5 Secondary Decortication F1akes 28
^
35.0 Interior Flakes 38 47.5 Bifacial Thinning Flakes 2 2.5 } Ceramics: Grit Tempered Smoothed or. . 2 2.5 Graham Plain (Chapman 1980:281)' Total 80 100.0 1 ' major-occupation occurred during the Late Woodland period. This conclusion was based on a reanalysis of the Woodland period artifacts
- recovered by Evans ;and: Ives (1979:19). Ray et al. (1984:395, 397) suggested that research problems for future study in the project area--
1 should include investigations of prehistoric settlement / subsistence j patterns, .f ocusing particularly on Late Woodland / Mississippian occupations, along with further Investigation of prehistoric chert exploitation. Site 23CY-20 was considered to have the potential to
-contribute to investigations focusing on.these research problems.
57
I l Phase iI Testino Shovel Probes l The grid used to conduct the test excavations was established along ( a north-south line from an arbitrary datum point (N200, E200) starting near the middle of the north fence boundary. At N100, E200, an east-west grid line was established. At N100, E117, a second north-south grid line was surveyed. The resulting grid could not be tied to the earlier grid of Evans and Ives (1979) because they f ailed to establish a permanent datum point. A total of 130 screened shovel probes was made . at site 23CY-20. Frequency of recovered materials (excluding unmodified rock) is indicated on Map 7. As might be expected on a site subject to erosion and deposition from flooding, the depth of the plow zone and artif act bearing topsoll varied greatly across the site, in areas where few or no cultural materials were recovered, the topsoil and plow zone ranged from 15 cm tci 20 cm. The northern two thirds of the site had two areas with relatively dense artif act clusters (Map 7), which ranged in depth from 20 cm to 30 cm in the west central cluster and f rom 22 cm to 30 cm in the northern cluster. The depth of the deposit along the south terrace slope ranged from 20 cm to 32 cm below ground surf ace but overaged 25 cm. The depth of materials in three shovel probes suggested that a buried deposit had been encountered at these places. The depths of the three probes were: 50 cm at N100, E117; 41 cm at N115, E150; and 38 cm at N50, E117. The composition of the topsoll varied across the site. A dark gray gumbo clay subsoll containing manganese particles was found over much of the area north of N100. The composition of this subsoll suggests that these soils have been subjected to long periods of 58
I t - 5
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,8" frequen
- N ~11thics)y found(lessin unm probedified
- designates negative probe
- designates ceramics in probe a datum-Scale:
O Som From American Resources Group, Ltd. Field Map
, 59
standing water. The top of this deposit was encountered at depths of l 10.cm to 25 cm below ground surf ace. Soil probes showed that this strata still was present at 71 cm below surf ace. i Excavation Units Two 1 m x 1 m test units were placed in areas that produced high concentrations of subsurf ace ceramics and other cultural material during , shovel testing (Map 7). Unit 1 was placed on the terrace edge where the ! greatest possibility of locating cultural deposits existed. Unit 2 was placed 25 m north and 6 m west of unit 1. Cultural features were not encountered in either test excavation. Unit 1 had four distinct soll zones. The top 25 cm of unit I contained a topsoll zone consisting of a medium to dark gray brown clayey silt with organic material, followed by a 10 cm to 15 cm zone consisting of a homogeneous gray / yellow brown clayey sand containing charcoal and artifacts (Plate Ib). This zone was followed by a lightly mottled blue gray and gray brown undisturbed cultural level that varied from 2 cm to 10 cm in thickness beginning at 38 cm below surf ace. The fourth level (46 cm - 60 cm) was made up of a lightly mottled grayish brown and yellow sandy clay. This level was largely devoid of cultural ; materi al. One 10 liter flotation sample was taken from Level 5 (40 cm - 50 cm) of unit 1, with negative results. Unit 2 basically had only two distinct soll zones. The top 25 cm was comprised of an Indistinct plow zone about 15 cm thick and a possibly undisturbed cultural level below it. This upper level '.cos composed of a gray brown sandy silt. This level was followed by a brown sandy clay that contained cultural material to a depth of 40 cm. This soll gradually became a yellow brown sandy clay at about 45 cm and
- 60 l
I f ( continued to the bottom of the excavation unit. The type of cultural l j deposit in unit 2 did not warrant the collection of samples for flotation analysis. Backhoe Trenches Backhoe trench I was placed at N100, E117, immediately south of the datum point, where a ' deep shovel probe had encountered a broken bif ace
-at a depth of 50 cm. This trench-was 3 m long and 2 m deep. The profile of this trench (Figure 3) shows a plow zone and subplow zone of gray brown clayey silt and organic material 30 cm to 40 cm thick, followed by a medium brown grayish clay subsoll with some mottling and manganese and Iron inclusions. This level had a cultural zone that extended to 83.cm below ground surf ace wIth inclusions of chert, fIakes, limestone, and charcoal. This subsoll was followed by a culturally sterile blue-gray silty clay with iron and manganese inclusions. At about 100 cm below surface, this subsoll became more clayey, with fewer inclusions. At 140 cm below surf ace, the subsoll gradually graded to a homogeneous brownish yellow clayey sand which continued to the bottom of the trench (190 cm).
Backhoe trench 2 was placed on the terrace edge 30 m east and 10 m north of excavation unit 1. This trench extended northwest for 9 m and was slightly over 2 m deep. The bottom of the plow zone and culture bearing level was 35 cm deep at the thickest point. This zone contained organic staining and was followed by a culturally sterile homogeneous light brown clay with iron staining that continued to the bottom of the trench (230 cm). 61
Nv_", i Y T Y- *? Y T T T T T c. em
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- 1. medium gray brown clayey silt (plowzone)
- 2. medium brown gray silty clay (cultural zone)
- 3. large silt inclusions
- 4. blue gray silty clay with red / brown areas (some iron and manganese present)
- 5. blue gray silty clay with red / brown areas (more clay with less manganese)
- 6. homogenous brownish yellow clayey sand FK - flake CH - chert LS - limestone CC - charcoal Figure 3. West Wall. Profile, Trench 1, Site 23CY-20 62'
Artifact Provenience and Analvsis j The plot of artif act distributions (Map 7) shows concentrations of cultural materials along the south 10 m of the terrace and about 50 m north along the western edge of the site. Buried deposits were encountered by shovel probes at N115, E150 and N100, E117; however, other shovel probes north of E100 suggest that cultural material exists largely in the plow zone in this area. Prehistoric artifacts recovered from surf ace collection, shovel probes, and test excavations totaled 1,144 (Tabl e 6). Five historic artif acts, 2 water-worn pieces of whiteware, 2 water-worn pieces of glass (1 blue,1 aqua), and 1 brown glass bottle fragment were recovered. These historic artifacts suggest that the site has been subject to flood water action many times and that cultural deposits in these areas have been removed or damaged by water action. This interpretation is reinforced by the distribution pattern of cultural materials north of the terrace deposits and the area northeast of N100, E117. Prehistoric ceramics are present in the higher area on the terrace slope near the western boundary and extend 80 m northeastward along the south terrace edge (Map 7). All ceramics appear to represent one Late Woodland phase (Boone) and consist of Graham Plain sand and grit-tempered sherds. The base of a Steuben Expanding Stemmed point was
- recovered in Level 2 (10 cm - 20 cm) of test unit 2. This is a diagnostic artif act of the late Middle Woodland, early Late Woodland Boone phase (Chapman 1980:115), and it appears to be contemporaneous with the Graham Plain sand and grit-tempered pottery; two sherds of this type were recovered in the same level.
63
l Table 6 l Prehistoric Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase Il Testing at Site 23CY-20 l l i { Shovel Excavation Percent , item Probes Surface Unit 1 Unit 2 , Bifacial Tools' 4 3 2 1 0.9
-Unlfacial Tools 0 2 0 0 0.2 Retouched Flakes 4- 7 3 1 1.3 ' Cores 0 0 0 0 0.0 Debitage ,
Shatter Primary Decortication 41 4 2 8 4.8 Secondary Decortication- 35 3 1 2 3.6 Shatter 36 7 3 4 4.4 flakas Primary Decortication 8 1 1 5 1.3
. Secondary Decortication 16 6 0 6 2.4 Interior- 211 25 62 38 29.4 Polished 0 0 2 0 -0.2 Bifacial Thinning 0 2 0 0 0.2 Modified Rock '
Catlinite O O 2 0 0.2 Hematite 1 0 0 0 0.1 Unmodified Rock Limestone 18 0 0 0 1.5 Sandstone 9 0 0 5 1.2-Igneous / Metamorphic 346 0 86 69- 43.8 Hematite 0 0 0 1 0.1 Ceramics (Sand / Grit-Temp.) ! Graham .Pl ai n 18 1 13 5 3.2 Graham Plain Brushed 0 0 1 0 0.1 Burnt Clay / Daub 8 0 0 3 0.9 Burned Bone 1 0 1 0 0.2 Charred Nuts / Shells 0 0 0 0 0.0 TOTAL 756 61 -179 148 100.0 Total Artifacts: 1,144 64
Organic materials consisted of 2 small, unidentifiable calcined bones and a small quantity of charcoal. l Debitaae Analvsts Most of the debitage was obtained f rom shovel probes in the plow zone and the two test excavation _ units. Because of the multicomponent nature of the site (see Summary of Previous investigations) and the limited archaeological context, few specific statements may be made about chert exploitation by cultural period. Data from the site (Table 6 and Table 7) Indicate a preponderance of debitage representative of later stages in the tool production sequence (e.g., interior fIakes). The frequencies of the debitage categories (Table 7) suggest that Jef f erson City cherts were used f or the manufacture of tools on the site. However, the lack of hammerstones and the paucity of primary and secondary decortication flakes indicate
.that tool maintenance (e.g., resharpening) was a more prevalent activity than tool manufacture.
The bulk of the d ibi toge is composed of Jef f erson City chert, but most tools were made of Burlington and heat-treated Burlington chert. Most of the Burlington :hert tools were made at another location, since
- very little of the debitage present at site 23CY-20 is attributable to the reduction of Burlington chert nodules.
Tool Analvsts Tools recovered from 23CY-20 consisted of broken projectile points
.and various cutting / scraping implements. The only temporally diagnostic bif ace recovered was a Steuben Expanding Stemmed point manuf actured of heat-treated Burlington chert (Figure 4a). Two other biface fragments 65
- - - . . . ~ . . - ._ - - - -
4 Table 7 Site 23CY-20 Debitage Categories by Treatment and Chert Type ; BurIington Jefferson Clty Chert Type Untreated Heat Treated Untreated Heat. Treated Primary Decortication 4 0 10 1 Secondary' Decortication 5 5 17 0 Interior .120 88 113 18 [ Bif acial ' Thinning : -1 0 0 0 Polished 2 0 0 0 Primary Shatter 0 1 52 0
- Secondary Shatter' . 4 0 37 1 Shatter 8 0 40 1 , Total 144 94 269 21 i
Percent 27 18 51 4 4 of heat-treated Burlington chert were recovered, along with two
; untreated BurIington chert biface fragments and a crude blface of Burlington chert that may have been utilized as a cutting tool. One of
' these artif acts was an expanding base projectile' point fragment. Three biface fragments of Jefferson City chert also were recovered.
.Two _Burlington chert unif acial tools were collected, and one of
-. these had been heat treated. Two polished Burlington chert flakes from a digging implement or woodworking tool were recovered. . The remai nder_
of the tools consisted of retouched flakes of Burlington chert. Six of these had been heat treated. i e 66
. , , .- ,. . ~ . . . . , . . - . . , - - - - , - , . - . ..-.- - .. . ..,.,-.,.. .. . _,_.., --.-..,,,.. ,,.-,
l l i a b
- a. Basal portion of late Middle Woodland, early Late Woodland Steuben Expanding Stemmed point, heat-treated Burlington chert, unit 2
- b. Sand and grit-tempered Late Woodland Graham Plain brushed pottery sherd I
I i Figure 4. Artifacts from Site 23CY-20 I 67
. . - .- - =. . - - - - -- - . . . . . - . _ . .
'i I' internratations Results of Phase 11 archaeological investigations at site 23CY-20 have Indicated that the Boone phase occupation occurred on the south j terrace slope and western edge of the site (Map 7). The rite covers an area 100 m along the south terrace edge by 150 m northeast along the western fence periphery. The most Intense and least disturbed occupational deposits occur in a zone 40 m wide along the entire western edge of the site and in a 40 m strip along the entire south terrace .
edge. This amounts to a surface area of 8,800 m2 and generally conforms to the original site area suggested- by Evans and' Ives (1979). If marginal surf ace deposits are included (the entire fenced area), the area of the site would be 16,200 m2 The deposits in the northeast section of the site have low artifact densities (Map 7). An unstratified cultural level underlies the plow zone, the terrace slope, and the terrace edge. The depth of the deposit suggests that in some areas artif act bearing deposits have not been disturbed by plowing (Figure 3). Undisturbed features are likely to be present at site 23CY-20 as wel I. Physical remains of structures or features were not , Identified during the 1984 investigations. The density of subsurface material was moderate and primarily consisted of chert debitage and ' unmodified rock, much of which was restricted to the plow zone. , l Diagnostic ceramics recovered in this investigation place the major I l occupation in the Late Woodland Boone phase. These ceramics consisted ; of 38 sherds of sand and grit-tempered Graham Plain pottery. Older materials were not evident, other than a Steuben Expanding Stemmed point, which Is associated with both the Middle Woodland period and the early Late Woodland period. The earlier occupants of the site may have 68
i l I deposited some of the chert artifacts and debitage. Buried Paleo-Indian i or Archaic components were not identified. Faunal remains consisted of two unidentifiable pieces of calcined t i bone.- Floral remains 'found during Phase ll investigations were limited ! to a small amount of charcoal, but a charred nut shell was reported by l Evans and lves (1979). 1 Debitage recovered from 23CY-20 Indicates the major activity at the site was tool maintenance. However, the pottery sherds and the small
- amount of charcoal present suggest that cooking associated with domestic f
activity did occur on the western and south terrace edges of the site. The polished flakes suggest digging or woodworking activities as well. The presence of hematite and catlinite (pipestone) may be evidence of ceremonial preparation or activity .on the site, perhaps in relation to
! the mounds o'n the adjacent bluf f. Catlinite also of fers evidence of trade or travel up and down the Missouri River. The major source of i
this material is in southwestern Minnesota, near Pipestone. i i Site 23CY-20 may be interpreted as a habitation site that served as a field camp during the Late Woodland Boone phase. While site 23CY-20 covers a smalI area, Chapman (1980:115) states that Boone phase camps a were relatively small. Binford (1980:10) has defined a field camp as "a temporary operational center for a task group which maintains itsel f. l
.while away from the residential base and may be expected to be further dif ferentiated according to the nature of the resources to be procured."
This habitation site may have been af filiated with mound sites on the
~
adjacent ridges west of site 23CY-20'. Earlier cultural occupations may
~ ; have used site 23CY-20 sporadically as a location "a place where extractive tasks are exclusively carried out" (Binford 1980:9).
69
- ,.,.n-...,..-...,..., ,.-a-- , ,-,-
Stat-- at of'Stantfleance LThe'results of Phase ll testing indicate that site 23CY-20 contains 1 a small Late Woodland Boone phase component representing a habitation camp. - This habitation appears to have occurred within a relatively t narrow time span based on the unif ormity of ceramics, the light to medium density of cultural material, and few archaeological features. Since the evidence does suggest that differentiated activities, such as manuf acture of ceremonial equipment as well as tool manuf acture and I maintenance, occurred on the site, investigation of this small camp i could contribute to an understanding of the Late Woodland Boone phase activities and settlement patterns .in the Missouri River valley and the immediate locality. The Boone phase component, identified at site 23CY-20 appears to have been af filiated with at least one of the Late Woodland components at site 23CY-352 and one of the mounds at site 23CY-356. This Late Woodiand camp also may be af fIIIated wIth the mortuary I j mound, sites 23CY-74 and 23CY-350, on the bluf f west of site 23CY-20. Site 23CY-20 is, theref ore, important to interpretation of all these 1 i sites, as welI as the ridge top site, 23CY-359. The maln occupation areas of the Boone phase camp at sIto 23CY-20 probabiy would colncide with the distribution of ceramics (Map 7). These areas require further
; investigation in order to define and interpret the exact nature of the i
i Boone phase activities at site 23CY-20. It will be important to obtain an absolute temporal span for the Boone phase occupation at site 23CY-20 , ! In order to establish the cultural relationships at site 23CY-352, which' a may have been a Late Woodland residential base camp. 1 2 , i 70 i
t' s Phase-ll testing at site 23CY-20 recovered a small quantity of organic materials consisting of two small pieces of bone and small quantities of charcoal. Previous investigations by Evans and Ives (1979) recovered -a charred nut shell. The small charcoal sample j recovered during Phase 11 testing could have been used for radiocarbon dating. However, the Interpretation of the resulting data would have l L been dif fIcult because the contextual associations of the sampie were j ' questionable.- The full nature of subsistence activities at site 23CY-20 cannot be determined from the existing data. Excavation of undisturbed pit features probably could' provide data that would permit reconstruction of the subsistence activities carried out at the site. A total of 4,675 artif acts has been recovered during all i investigations at site 23CY-20. The bulk of this material is chert debitage and unmodified rock that is not assignable to a specific cultural period. -Site 23CY-20 had Late Archaic and possible Middle Woodland occupations (Ray et al. 1984:195), as well as Late Woodland l occupations. Occupations earlier than the Late Woodland period appear
- to have been temporary. Chert tools and debitage recovered at site I
23CY-20 have 'provided Information about chert selection and utilization. i [ The recovery of catlinite (pipestone) at site 23CY-20 suggests external i contacts. Ceramic materials'and diagnostic chert tools recovered during the project provided a basis for determining the cultural affiliation of the site. Chert tools and debitage suggest that hunting, cutting, tool manuf acture, and tool maintenance activities also took place at site i { 23CY-20. The presence of a polished flake suggests that woodworking or digging activities, _and possibly horticulture, occurred. Some, if not ; I _ . _ - . _ _ _ . . _ . _ . . _ . . _ . _ . ~ . _ . _ _ , . _ . . , . . . . . . - _ _ _ . . . . _ . - . , , _ , _ _ _ _ . . _ . - _ _ . - _ _ _ , _ - _ . . . _ , _ . _ . .
.most, of -these activities probably are assignable to the Late Woodland -Boone phase and wIll'ald in defining and understanding the Late Woodiand period :In the central Missouri valley and the immediate vicinity. j l
I 9 6 72
INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 23CY-352 Site Descriotten Site 23CY-352 occupies approximately seven acres on an alluvial terrace rising 3 m above the floodplain of Logan Creek at an elevation ranging from 520 f t to 525 f t msl. The terrace is located at the junction of Logan Creek valley and the Missouri River valley floodplain on the east side of Logan Creek. The confluence of Logan and Mud creeks is 600 m southwest of site 23CY-352 (Map 6). The southern and western ends of the terrace are bordered by low, marshy wetlands. To the east, the terrace merges wl.th a steep wooded dolomite bluf f rising 100 f t. above the site. Mound group 23CY-356 is situated at the top of this bluff. Site 23CY-20, located en a similar terrace on the west side of Logan Creek, is 250 m southwest of site 23CY-352. Site 23CY-359 occupies a northwest trending ridge 260 m northwest of site 23CY-352. The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad is 150 m south of the site, and State Highway 94 is 545 m south of the site. Site 23CY-352 had been cultivated in the past, but at the time that investigations reported here were carried out, the site was covered by weeds and tall grass (Pl ate 2a, b). Su-arv of Previous investigettons in the 1981 Phase i survey at site 23CY-352, Ray et al. (1984) f ound a moderate to dense scatter of artif acts in a harvested milo field. Surf ace dis'tribution at that time indicated a site size of 73
Plate 2 4
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Plate 2a. View of Site 23CY-352 Facing West. .
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m Plate 2b. View of riorth Terrace Edge at Site 23CY-352, Facing South. 74
p 25,000 m2 . Random shovel tests yielded cultural material to a depth of 120 cm. Plow zone depth was measured to 23 cm. Subsurf ace features were not found. A total of 190 artif acts consisting of 19 tools,150 pieces
-of chert debitage, and 21 pottery sherds was collected. The tools f consisted of 9 utilized flakes, 5 biface fragments, 1 drill, 1 uniface, 1 spokeshave, 1 quartzite mano, and I chunk of ground hematite. Chert debitage consisted of 2 primary decortication flakes, 34 secondary decortication flakes, 92 interior flakes,12 pieces of shatter, 7 cores, 1 bif acial thinning flake,1 polished flake, and 1 chunk of modified ,
chert. Six of the tools and 28 pieces of debitage had been heat treated. The 21 pottery sherds were classified into five categories. These included: 10 sherds of sand and grit-tempered, Darnell Cord Marked (or Graham Cord impressed) pottery (Chapman 1980:280); 1 sherd of grit-tempered, smooth, and slightly brushed Graham Plain pottery (Chapman 1980:281); I sherd of dolomite and grit-tempered Moreau (Boone) Cord Marked pottery (Chapman 1980:288-289; Denny 1964:72, 75); and 2 sherds of dolomite tempered, smooth, undecorated Boone Plain pottery (Chapman 1980:270-277; Denny 1%4:96, 99). Seven sand and grit-tempered sherds with an indeterminate body finish were thought to be either DarnelI Cord Marked or Graham Plein pottery. Ray et al. (1984:272) considered site 23CY-352 to be a village or residential base camp, probably associated with mound group 23CY-356
~a top the adjacent bluf f (Map 6). Because of ceramic similarities, the site was considered to be contemporaneous, if not affiliated, with site 23CY-20. The major component was determined to be Late Woodland and probably was associated with the Boone phase of central and east central !
I Missouri (Chapman 1980:276-277, 288-289). l 75
Site 23CY-352 appeared to meet several of the working criteria on which sites are considered potentially eligible for nomination to the l NRHP in that it seemed to offer the potential to answer specific local j or regional research questions. The cultural materials present related to a period which had receiv,ed little research attention, and the location of the site on an alluvial terrace suggested a high potential for' buried cultural deposits (McNerney 1983:23, 32). Phase ll' Testing Shovel Probes Using the west site boundary post as datum, a 50 m grid pattern was established on the si te. An east-west line was established and designated N150. The southernmost grid line was designated N100, and the southwest grid point was designated N100, E100. This point was located in the field road 50 m south of datum, and all units were east and/or north of this point. A total of 84 shovel probes was made at site 23CY-352. Shovel tests extended at least 10 cm or more into culturally sterile subsoll. The deepest probe, at N137, E137, extended through 76 cm of sterlie sand to reach a buried cultural deposit. Frequency of material (excluding unmodified rocks) is shown on Map 8. Shovel probes indicated that . flooding and erosion had removed
- topsolls' from some portions of the site while depositing sterile sand over cultural deposits in other areas of the site. A very firm, dark brown sil_ty clay topsoll and subsoil made up the cultural horizon along the northwest trending terrace edge (Appendix D, Booker soils).
Cultural deposits in this area generally were shallow (10 cm - 15 cm). This ridge is separated from the main site to the south by a low swale 76
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,- that -has a topsol1 and subsolI simiiar to the terrace edge. Most of
- this area tended to be culturally' sterile, and the soll consistency suggests that this area had been subject to topsoil removal and standing water. The major part of the site occupies a terrace ridge that extends
, westward f rom the base'of _the bluf f. A low swale marks the southern { boundary of.the' site. Cultural material appears in buried soll horizons at the' base'of the south terrace ridge slope. Deep shovel probes indicated cultural material extended from the surf ace to 50 cm below surf ace at N113, E300.. This was confirmed by subsequent testing (test unit 2), which showed buried culture bearing soll horizons extending
. more than 85 cm below surf ace. The culture bearing soll horizon along the central - east-west ridge largely was confined to plow zone.
j Subsurf ace features occurred from about 10 m east of the transmission , tower to the east site boundary. The plow zone and culture bearing soll
- horizon in this area extended to 20 cm to 25 cm b'elow surf ace. The l area southwest of the transmission tower had a deposit of sterile sand 1
over a buried culture bearing soll horizon that became deeper as the probes were placed f urther west. The sand deposit was very thin (5 cm) at N137.5, E212.5. At N137.5, E167.5, the sand covered the deposit to a . depth of 30 cm. Thirty meters west, at N137.5,- E137.5, the cultural deposit was covered by 76 cm of sterile sand. North of the transmission i tower, the ridge slopes to the swale described above; and west of the transmission tower, a large deposit of sterile sand was observed. .The extent of surf ace and subsurface cultural materials are shown on Map 9. j, k g [. - 78 . 3;
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- II Subsurface Features Site 23CY-352 1
- 4. i surface finds of chert tools ( .
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Excavation Units Cultural materials were found in buried soll horizons in both hand-excavated 1 m x 1 m test units. Unit 1 Test unit I was located southwest of the transmission tower at N154, E137.5. The top 10 cm consisted of a plow zone of light, silty, fine sand. One rock and one pottery sherd were found in this level. The 10 cm - 20 cm level was a transitional level between the plow zone and subplow zone and consisted of deposits similar to the top 10 cm, with yellow fine sand mottling. The top half of Level 3 (20 cm - 30 cm) consisted of a homogeneous brown silty fine sand. The lower hal f consisted of a gray silty, sandy clay mixed with a yellowish brown silty
, fine sand. Cultural material was associated with the lower half of this level (Plate 3a). Level 4 (30 cm ~ 40 cm) had a dark sandy clay matrix mixed with light brown silty sand; soll admixture was minimal at 40 cm.
The entire level contained cultural material consisting of bone, chert tools, pottery sherds, burned limestone, and charcoal flecks. Level 5 (40 cm - 50 cm) consisted of a dark gray clay containing some sand. Burned bone, charcoal, chert flakes, and pottery sherds were found in this level. The top half of Level 6 (50 cm - 60 cm) was a gray sandy clay with charcoal flecks. This clay became lighter in color toward the bottom of the level. The bottom half of the level was culturally sterile. Unit I was excavated to a depth of 70 cm. Unit 2. Test unit 2 was placed at N115, E240 at the bottom of the south ridge slope at what appeared to be the terminal southern edge of site 23CY-352. Several buried soll horizons were noted in the east profile of the unit (PIate 3b). Artif acts were recovered throughout the excavation unit,' including the lowest level. Earlier cultural deposits 80 i
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were made on a steeper slope than later cultural deposits, as siltation gradualIy fIIIed the swale to the south of the site. The top 25 cm of unit 2 consisted of a plow zone made up of a Iight gray brown siIty clay. The second subsurf ace soll horizon consisted of a 12 cm to 20 cm band of medium gray brown clay. This was followed by 7 cm to 12 cm of a light tan. silt over a thin 2 cm deposit of medium brown clay. The southern portion of the unit had a 5 cm to 16 cm deposit of light tan si t t. The northern hal f of the unit had a' thick 20 cm deposit of gray clay followed by a 15 cm thick deposit of grayish yellow clay. Since it had been demonstrated that buried cultural deposits existed to a depth of 85 cm with a probability of greater depth to the cultural deposit, the excavations in unit 2 were discontinued (Plate 3b). A carbonized broken corn cob cupule was recovered in Level 5 (40 cm - 50 cm) (Appendix C), while one Middle Woodland sherd was located in Level 4 (30 cm - 40 cm). Due to the slope of the soll horizons, it is possible that both were deposited in the same natural soll horizon. The deepest levels of unit 2 produced 3 grit-tempered, cord-marked sherds and 2 plain limastone-tempered sherds. These sherds are similar to the Late , Woodland ceramics found In unit 1 and features 1, 3, and 4. Prehistoric mixing and soll erosion may account for the location of the Middle Woodland sherd at a higher level in the excavation unit. Backhoe Trenches Five backhoe tre'nches were excavated at site 23CY-352. Trenches 1 and 3 were placed in areas of the site where buried cultural deposits ; were anticipated. The remainder were placed to sample other areas of-the site and to validate the results of shovel tests. , 1 l 82
l Backhoe Trench 1 This north-south trench was located at the east boundary of the site at N113, E298. This trench is approximately 2 m to 5 m west of the area disturbed by the pipeline excavations of 1979. Placement of the trench in this area was suggested by the shovel probe at N113, E300, which showed disturbance of the top 25 cm by pipeline 4 construction, followed by a feature or cultural level. A carbonized corn kernel was recovered in this shovel probe at 50 cm (Appendix C). Backhoe trench I was slightly over 6 m long and 180 cm deep. Three archaeological pit features were discovered in this trench (Figure 5). The top 10 cm to 20 cm of backhoe trench I consisted of a topsoil plow zone made up of a gray brown clayey, sandy silt. At the south end of the trench, this level was followed by a 14 cm to 20 cm level containing cultural material. This soll horizon was made up of a gray brown clayey sitt that gradually became a silty clay. The next 80 cm-was made up of
~
a white to lIght gray sandy silt with lenses of light gray silty clay and white / gray silty sand. The bottom 30 cm consisted of a medium yellow / brown clay with lenses of medium yellow silty clay. The pit featurei extended from 46 cm to 60 cm below ground surf ace. The features wIII be addressed in a'folIowing section. Backhoe Trench 2 Backhoe trench 2 was laid out at the north terrace edge at N216, E267. This north-south trench was about 8 m long
- and varied from 75 cm to about 2 m deep. The upper soil horizon consisted of a light gray brown silty clay between 25 cm and 50 cm thick at the terrace edge. Two and one half meters from the terrace edge, this horizon gradually became a medium gray brown silty clay over 75 cm in depth. Beneath this soll horizon was a deposit of light brown sandy
< 83
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- 8. medium yellow / brown silty clay F feature Figure 5. West Profile of Backhoe Trench #1, site 23CY-352 f
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L I si t t .75 cm to 1 m thick. This deposit was present at the base of the backhoe trench. Cultural materials were absent in the trench profile. Backhoe Trench 3. Backhoe trench 3 was placed in the center of the 4 central east-west ridge of site 23CY-352 at N148, E248. It was oriented north-south and was over 5 m long and 1.75 m deep. Excavation of this trench was stopped when backhoe excavation encountered an archaeological pit feature (Feature 4). The plow zone varied from 16 cm to over 20 cm - In thickness. This horizon consisted of dark brown sandy clay. 10 most of the southern end of-the trench profile, it was followed by a layer of i yellow brown clay varying in thickness from 10 cm, to 32 cm. Below this level, a thick layer of silty, clayey, fine sand extended to the base of j the excavation. This 1 m thick deposit was broken by a 7 cm to 8 cm thick lense of clay at 120 cm below ground surf ace. One disturbed area located 40 cm to 80 cm below surf ace was observed. This disturbance apparently was the result of animal burrows or roots. . Feature 4 was
. located at the north end of the trench. The top portion of the feature was removed by the backhoe shovel at 70 cm below ground surf ace, leaving about the bottom 14 cm of the pit exposed in the prof fle. The feature fill' disturbed by the backhoe was kept separate from the other b'ackdirt and was begged for flotation and analysis.
Backhoe Trench 4. This east-west oriented trench was placed in the i Iow swale' between the terrace edge and the main site area at N200, E200. ; The trench was. ' 5 m in Iength and 2.m deep. From the top of-the l excavation to the base of the. trench, the soII was a bluish gray l l l homogeneous clay exhibiting characteristics of a marl or gumbo clay ! exposed to .long periods of standing water. Manganese oxide particles l; i 82 r.
were present as infrequent mottling in this homogeneous deposit. , 1 Evidence of cultural deposits or features was absent. l Backhoe Trench 5. Backhoe trench 5 was placed about 10 m west of l 1 the transmission tower in an area where little surf ace evidence of prehistoric cultural material had been encountered. Th i s 3.3 m l ong i north-south trench was about 1.5 m deep. The plow zone consisted of a ; light grayish brown sandy sitt that varied from 22 cm to 32 cm in . i thickness. T.his was followed by a 12 cm to 14 cm thick soll horizon consisting of yellow brown sand. The next soil horizon was a dark gray clay which gradually became lighter as the bottom of the excavation was f approached. Cultural materials were absent in this trench. Features Four pit features were discovered during the excavation of the backhoe trenches on site 23CY-352. In alI instances, soli fIotation I samples were taken from the feature fill. Charcoal samples were taken for radiocarbon dating; and all artif acts, including bone, ceramics, and 2 chert, were collected f or analysis. The features in backhoe trench 1 were largely removed by the backhoe shovel, but pit profiles in the trench wall.were mapped (Figure 5)~, and samples were taken from the parts of the features lef t in situ. The' bottom of Feature 4 (backhoe l trench 3)-was excavated and, mapped (Figure.6). Feature 1. . Feature 1 is a Iarge, deep, fiat-bottomed, beIl-shaped pit (Plate 4a). This pit was 122 cm long and extended 20 cm to 25 cm beneath the plow zone. Evidence of in situ burning was observed during
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the excavation of the f eature. The pit may have been filled by ref use L after the burning episode. The feature fill was dark gray and contained burned orange particles, charcoal, and cultural material. A total of
- i. 86. '
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, 360 - 11 ems was reccvered from this feature, including 42 pieces of chert l' debitage, 62 rocks, 36 pottery sherds, 51 pieces of clay daub, 91 pieces
-of bone, ard 30 seed and nut specimens. Charcoal from this feature was radiocarbon dated at A.D.4701140 (Beta 10349). This f eature produced l evidence for early corn horticulture in the central Missouri River valley. A carbonized corn cob cupule from a 10-rowed ear of corn was identified by' Leonard Blake (Appendix C). Although the early date associated with evidence of corn is attractive, it does not provide enough reliable evidence to demonstrate corn horticulture during late Middle Woodland times in the Missouri valley. However, the occurrence of the charred copule' contributes to the National Register of Historic Places significance of site 23CY-352. Hickory and nut shells and seeds f rom Mayweed, pl um, grape, and possibly Chenopodium, made up the remainder of floral materials (Appendix C). Faunal remains recovered consisted of squirrel, bird, turtle, and indeterminate large mammals t
(Appendix B). Most of the bone had been burned. A brushed l imestone-tempered pottery sherd was recovered from Feature'1, as well as 10 cord-marked and 3 plain grit-tempered sherds, and I ' cord-marked and 5 plain limestone-tempered sherds. Chert tools were absent. In this feature. Feature 25 Feature 2 is a shallow, basin-shaped pit feature al1rh a burned layer of limestone 5 cm to 10 cm thick at the base (Plate 4b). Most ~of this feature was removed by the backhoe, but materials in the trench profile suggested that the-pit was 70 cm long. This feature extended to a dopth of 14 cm beneath the plow zone. The feature fill wasl medium brownish gray clayey silt with flocks of charcoal. Cultural material recovered f rom th is feature incl uded 53 -pieces of chert : debitage, 97 rocks (37 limestone),'7 pieces of daub or burned clay,11 89
pieces of bone (Appendix B), 5 pieces of hickory nut shell, and a seed (Appendix C). Ceramics and chert tools were absent. A deer bone with 1 butchering marks was retrieved from this feature. Feature 3 Feature 3 was a basin-shaped pit. This pit was recorded at the base of the plow zone; it extended to 48 cm below ground surf ace (Figure 5) and was 72 cm long. The feature fill was dark gray , . clayey silt with charcoal flecks and burned orange yellow clay
, throughout. Like Feature 1, this feature contained Iimestone, chert debitage, burned bone, possible carbonized seeds, and ceramics, but
- there was no evidence of in situ burning. Artif acts from this feature consisted of a bif acial tool, 42 pieces of chert debitage,14 rocks, 3 pottery sherds, 11 pieces of burned clay, 47 plecos of bone, and 3 possibly carbonized seeds. The bone material was heavily burned, preventing Identification of species.
Feature 4 Feature 4 was a deep basin-shaped pit. The top of the 4 pit was observed at the base of the plow zone, and it extended to a depth of 84 cm below ground surf ace (Figure 6). The pit was 52 cm long and 48 cm wide with a f airly flat bottom. The feature fill consisted of e dark brown clayey loam and carbonized organic material, including-charcoal, bone, chert debitage, burned clay, ceramics, rock, and a seed. Charcoal from Feature 4 provided a radiocarb'on date of A.D. 8301100 (Beta - 10348). Two fine, sand-tempered rim sherds were included among the ceramics recovered from this feature (Appendix A). One rim sherd is a cord-marked, straight-necked jar with a slightly ' extended rim (Plate 4 S h), while the other rim is from a plain, rounded to shallow bowl with a tapered iip (PIate 6k). These tentatively have been identifled as 90
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l l l Darnell Cord Marked (cf. Chapman 1980:280) and Graham Plain (cf. Chapman l l- 1980:280-281),'- respectively.- Other ceramics from this feature included 14 cord-marked, grit-tempered sherds and 5 pl ain limestone-tempered I sherds. The feature also contained I unif acial tool and I retouched flake, 32 pieces of chert debitage,18 rocks, 28 pieces of burned clay, and.72 bone fragments. Faunal material from Feature 4 included bonas of deer, squirrel, vole, and unidentified large mammals, plus one indeterminate fish scale (Appendix B). 1 Posalble Features. Three possible features were encountered during the shovel testing of site 23CY-352. Due to the nature of the ! Investigation at the time, these areas were designated only as shovel probes that had encountered possible features or buried cultural horizons. The first _of these cultural deposits is not considered a 3 feature. N125. E225 This shovel probe encountered a deposit containing cultural material extending 6 cm below the base of the plow zone. The plow zone extended to a depth of 17 'em below ground surf ace. The fill of this subplow zone deposit was dark brown, s ilty cl ay loam. i
- it contained a burned sherd. Dt.a to the extreme shallowness of the
- deposit, this cultural level probably represents an extension of the culture bearing soll deposit that has not been disturbed.
On'the southern slope of site 23CY-352, this soll horizon tends to vary between 20 cm and 30. cm in depth below surf ace (Figure 5), N113. E300.- This shovel probe encountered.an undisturbed cultural deposit at 38 cm below surf ace. Disturbance from pipeline construction extended to 24 cm below the ground surf ace. After excavation of backhoe trench #1, cnly 2 m west of this ' probe, _IT was 93
determined that buried cultural horizons did not exist Ir. this area of the site (Figure 5), but that the frequency of pit f eatures was high. On this basis, it was inferred that this shovel probe cid encounter a pit feature extending f rom 38 cm to 69 cm below ground surf ace. The fill of this feature was a sandy clay loam containing chert debitage, sandstone, 2 pieces of burned clay, and a corn kernel. This corn kernel was recovered 50 cm below ground surf ace (Appendix C). A total of 22 artif acts was recovered in this shovel probe, including 1 secondary flake of Jefferson City chert; 10 Interior flakes consisting of 4, Jefferson C!ty chert flakes, 3 heat-treated Burling 1on chert flakes, and 3 untreated Burlington chert flakes; and 8 unmodified pieces of sandstone. N187.5. E267.5. The shovel probe at this location encountered cultural materials to a depth of 60 cm. This is a probable pit feature, based upon the location on the site and material retrieved by the shovel probe. Fill of this feature consisted of a dark- brown sitty clay containing chert debitage, limestone, sandstone, pottery sherds, burned clay, burned bone, and charcoal flecks. A total of 39 artif acts was collected from this feature and included 2 retouched Burlington flakes; 10 Interior flakes consisting of 1 Jefferson City flake, 2 heat-treated Burlington flakes, and 7 untreated Burlington flakes; 5 pieces of unmodified limestone; 2 pieces of unmodified sandstone; 10 pieces of burned clay; 9 pottery sherds consisting of 5 limestone-tempered and 2 grit-tempered, cord-marked sherds and 1 plain fine sand-tempered sherd; I and.1 Indeterminate calcined bone fragment (Appendix B). l 94 l
A 4 i Artifact Provenience and Analvsis Subsurf ace chert and ceramic artif act distributions were plotted on the site grid map _ (Map 8). The major concentration of cultural
- materials is confined to an area approximately 150 m east-west by 70 m ,
north-south, or E125 to E300 and N100 to N170. Surface materials have [ the same north-south' range but largely are confined to an area east and south of the transmission tower (Map 9). The second area containing materials adjoins the main site at its northeast corner. This portion J , of the site is a narrow 20 m strip that extends nor'thwest along the terrace edge for 120 rii. Materials in this area are largely confined to the plow zone. Features were encountered in shovel probes at N187.5, j E262.5 and N113, E300. This latter probe influenced the placement of backhoe trench 1. Some 1,746 artifacts were recovered during Phase 11 testing (Table 8). More than 692 items were recovered from the float i samples taken from the two test excavations and the four features discovered in backhoe trenches 1 and 3. Items recovered during testing ! Include: 15 bifacial tools, 17-unifacial tools (including 1 soII polished flake from a digging implement), 16 retouched flakes, 477 l pieces of chert debitage, 1 pitted nutting stone, 3 abrading stones, 444 i unmodified rocks, 263 pottery sherds,172 pieces of burned clay, 297 i bone fragments, 43-charred seeds and nuts (including 2 charred corn-cupules and a corn kernel), and 1 piece of metal. ! , Five historic artif acts were recovered in two shovel probes at
.N200, E250 and N215, E250. These included 3 whiteware sherds (1 green and -white floral print) ca. 1880 - 1900 (McKay.1979:37), I piece of
~ pl ai n stonew are, and I square nail-(ca. 1790 - 1895, 1900 - 1902)
- 95
Table 8
. Prehistoric Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase il Testing at Site 23CY-352 ,
l Shovel Excavation Feature i item- Probes Surface Unit 1 Unit 2 1 2 3 4 % Bifacial Tools 3' 7 3 1 0 0 1 0 0.9 Unifacial Tools 3 12 0 2 0 0 0 1 1.0 Retouched Flakes '8' 4 1 2 0 0 0 1 0.9 Cores 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Debitage Shatter Primary Decort. 8 0 2 6 5 3 4 0 1.6 Second. Decort. 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 5 0.5 Shatter 11 0 18 8 18 7 14 1 4.4 Flakes Primary Decort. 0 0 3- 0 2 2 2 0 0.5 Second. Decort. 7 0 2 1 0 4 0 1 0.9 -
. Interior 97- 3 37 42 65 37 20 25 18.7 l Polished 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.06 Bifacial Thinning 3 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 Modified Sandstone 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 Igneous /Metamor. 'O 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.11 Unmodified Limestone 72 0 24 3 45 37 0 13 11.1 Sandstone 45 0 1 10 8 6 4 0 4.2 1
-Hematite 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.06 1gneous/Metamor. 85 0 1 12- 9 54 10 5 -10.0 Ceramics- 76 6- 51 48 36 0 3 42 15.0 Burned Clay / Daub 41 0 11 23 51 7 11 28 9.9 Bone 3 0 72' 1 91 11 -47 72 17.0-Seeds / Nuts: 1- ,0 0 3 30 5 3 1 2.5 Metal -0 0 0_ 1 0 -0. 0 0 0.06 TOTAL 463 36 .' 232 166 360 173 1121 195 100.0 Total Artifacts: 1,746 '
96
(Fontana and Greenleaf 1962:44-60). These, artifacts and flood data (Appendix D) suggest a historic occupation prior to 1903. Prehistoric ceramic remains were recovered in the main pertion of the site, as well as in a 75 m strip along the north terrace edge (E200 to E275). Ceramics consisted of both Ilmestone-tempered and grit-tempered sherds. Surf ace treatments included smoothing, cord marking, and brushing (Appendix A). Although 263 sherds were recovered, only 180 sherds could be assigned to a ceramic type. One decorated MiddIe Woodland sherd was identified; the remaining ceramics appear to relate to the Late Woodland Boone and Maramec Spring phases of the Northeast Prairie region (Chapman 1980). However, the temper recipes at site 23CY-352 do not strictly meet the criteria for the Boone phase or Moreau subphase (Appendix A). Grit-tempered ceramic forms include the straight-necked jar, incurved bowl, and plain rounded shallow bowl. These have been identified as Darnell Cord Marked (cf. Chapman 1 980:280), Maramec Cord Marked (cf. Chapman 1980:286), and Graham Plain (cf. Chapman 1980:280-281). The iimestone-tempered sherds, which are thicker than the grit-tempered sherds, were typed as Moreau Cord Marked (cf. Chapman 1980:288-289) and Boone Plain (cf. Chapman 1980:276). Both ceramic pastes appear to be contemporary. The recovery of a corner-notched Scallorn arrow point in Level 4 (30 cm - 40 cm) of test unit 1 is consistent with a Late Woodland Boone or Maramec Spring phase occupation of the site (Plate Se). Radiocarbon dates from two of the four features discovered in two backhoe trenches are consistent with a terminal Middle Woodland through Late Woodland occupation of site 23CY-352. Feature 1 (backhce trench 1) provided a radiocarbon dated sample of A.D. 4701140. Among the 97
\
l botanical remains recovered from this feature was a corn cob cupule from a 10-rowed ear of corn, maygrass, hickory nut, grape, plum, and possibly Chenopodium (Appeno!x C). These finds Indicate that corn gardening was an early activity at site 23CY-352. Maize horticulture also is suggested by the recovery of a corn kernel in a shovel probe from 50 cm below surf ace at N113, E300 and a broken corn cob cupule from Level 5 (40 cm - 50 cm) in test unit 2. Maygrass and nuts also were represented in the inventory of floral remains from this unit. Feature 4 (backhoe
- trench 3) provided charcoal that was dated .to A.D. 8301100.
Faunal remains recovered in the two test units and four features indicated that white-tailed deer and squirrel, as well as bird, turtle, and fish, were among the subsistence items used by the Late Woodland occupants at site 23CY-352 (Appendix B). Dahltana Analvsts Chert debitage was recovered from shovel probes, the two test excavations, and the four pit f eatures. Chert utilization during the i early Late Woodt.and period (A.D. 470, Feature 1) appears to have been i greater than during the later Late Woodland period (A.D. 830, Feature 4) at site 23CY-352. Data from the site (tables 8 and 9) Indicate a i preponderance of debitage representative of later stages in the tool
. production sequence (e.g., Interior flakes). Almost 65% of all chert utiiIzed at- sito 23CY-352 was BurIington chert, whi1e 35% was Jef ferson
- City chert (Table 9). - This high-percentage of Burlington chert is 1
%naller than the 83% Burlington usage found by Ray et al. (1984:372),
but the present sample is larger and probably more representative of the chert debitage sample population, since it was collected from subsurf ace i i 98
i 1 Table 9 Debitage Categories by Chert Type and Treatment
, at Site 23CY-352 i BurIInaton Jefferson City Callawav Un- ' Heat Un- Heat' Un- Heat
. Debitage Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated Core 0- 0 0 0 0 0 Primary Decort. 3 2 6 0 0 0
~ Secondary Decort. 4 4 7 0 0 0 Interior 122 99 100 2 1 -0 L Bifacial Thinning 5 0 0 0 0 0 Primary Shatter 17 0 11. 0 0 0 Secondary Shatter 3 3 7 0 0 0 i Shatter 24 3 21 3 0 0 TOTAL 178 111 152 5 1 0 Percent 40 24.8~ 34 1 0.2 0 4 i
. units and features as well as from the surf ace. The present finding 4
1 shows a 2:1 preference for Burlington chert as opposed to the 3:1 ratio found by Ray let al. (1984:365). This high percentage of Burlington p usage ' contrasts sharpiy wIth chert usage at site 23CY-20, .where 55% of ' all chert utilized was Jefferson City chert.
. Heat-treated Burlington chert accounted f or 34.8% of the chert debItage at:sIto 23CY-352 and on1y 185 at~sIto 23CY-20. The percontage of.- debitage that was heat. treated compared f avorably with the findings
{ of Ray et al. (1984:372), who f ound that one third of the debitage f rom the sites sampled in the Dissected /Bottomland area had been heat .i
' treated. : Ray et al. (1984:372) suggest that more heat treatment of 99
+ , l
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l. chert occurred at the larger, more permanent settlements located in the Dissected Upland / Missouri River interf ace because the wider range of I activities carried out at these sites required a greater expenditure of l energy or because fluvial weathering reduced the knapping quality of the l-locally available Burlington raw material. They suggest that heat treatment may have increased the workability of the highly weathered Burlington chert used in this area. Site 23CY-359, however, also produced a high percentage (26%) of heat-treated Burlington chert. Untreated Burlington chert usage was highest at site 23CY-352 (40%) but amounted to only 27% of the total at sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-359. Cherts used for tool manuf acture at 23CY-352 were about equally divided between Burlington and Jef f erson City chert, but the low frequency of primary chert debitage and the lack of hammerstones suggest that initial chert reduction was a minor activity et this site. Both Burlington and Jeff erson City chert tools appear to have been primarily prepared at another location. Tool Analvsts Chert tools recovered at site 23CY-352 consisted of Iarge bifacial tools, projectile points, biface knives, various unifacial cutting and scraping implements, and retouched flakes. Groundstone tools consisted of two sandstone abrading tools and a pitted nutting stone. Most of the bifacial and unif acial tools were recovered from -the surf ace- and apparently had been plowed out of pit features or midden on the eastern end of the - site (Map 9). One diagnostic Late Woodland Scallorn corner-notched arrow point was recovered in Lovel 4 (30 cm - 40 cm) of test unit 1. One BurIIngton chert contracting stemmed Ianceolate projectIIe
. point with a slight shoulder, which is similar to the Langtry Stemmed 100
i' (Chapman 1975:309-310), was found on the surf ace (Plate 6d). The i straight fracture along one edge and blunted tip suggest that this tool is a broken knife. This biface type occurs from the Late Arenaic period through the Woodland period (Chapman 1975:309-310). The long temporal span of the projectile type corresponds roughly to the temporal span of the barbed or shouldered Cypress projectile points found east of the Mississippi River in Illinois. Trotter and McNerney (1984:206) suggest that the latter projectile point primarily functioned as a cutting tool. 1 Attributes noted most of ten on these tools include a high incidence of I edge polish, edge rounding, marginal edge crushing, reworking, and the presence or absence of barbs.- The particular specimen found at 23CY-352 l exhibits marginal edge crushing, reworking, a barb and a broken section 1 that may have been barbed, and edge rounding, Indicating that this tool primarily was used for cutting.
- j. Two large bif aces may have f unctioned as digging tools or hoes, although soli poiish Is absent (FIate 6a, Plate 7a). One sol 1-polished fl ake was . recovered, Indicating that digging was an activity at the site (Plate 6g). Several large unifacial scraping tools wer.e recovered (pl ates Sc; 6c,f; 7b,c,f,g), as were several Iarge retouched fIakes that probably were utilized as knives (plates 5f; 61,1; 7e). Two bif acial tools were found that may have been used as drills or perforators (Plate
! 6b and Plate 7d).. Fifteen (455) of the 33 unif acial and bif acial tools ,
- had been. heat treated. This is smaller than the 65% figure noted by Ray l et al ._ (1984
- 372).
-The long, narrow, thick bif ace (Plate 6a) is similar to digging tools and picks of the Maramec Spring phase of .the Prairie-Forest Potter e
! - 101
PIate 7 ! l Artifacts from Site 23CY-352
- a. Large bif acial blade, possibly used as hoe, cutting or scraping tool, Burlington chert
- b. Large Buriington chert rounded end scraper
- c. Unifacial scraper / knife made on secondary flake of heat-treated BurIington chert
- d. Perforater/ drill, Burlington chert
- e. Knife made on unifacial blade with bifacial retouch, Burlington chert
- f. Triangular unifacial end scraper, Burlington chert
- g. Round scraper, Burlingtor chert l
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f 9 Actual Size 102 f l l
, - * +- w- - m- e
l l l 1 Tradition of the Late Woodland period (Chapman 1980:100-101). Other tools of this phase Include Scallorn arrow points, Langtry Stemmed points (Chapman 1980:100), pitted nutting stones, rounded base drills (simiIar to Plate 6b), fIake snubbed endscrapers, and rounded and Iarge unif acial scraping tools, all of which are present at site 23CY-352. 1 ! Since some ceramics tentatively have been identifled as Maramec Cord Marked (Appendix A), this data and the overall tool assemblage at site 23CY-352 suggest a cultural af filiation with the eastern Ozark Highland cultures south of the Missouri River during the Late Woodland period. Chapman (1980:121) states that "there are close relationships between the Moreau subphase and the Boone and Maramec Spring phases." :The tool assemblage and the ceramic materials (Appendix A) at site ..,23CY-352 i suggest that traits of both these major phases and the subphase are present at site 23CY-352. 4
- Internretation The main portion of site 23CY-352 on the terrace ridge covers an Il crea 150 m east-west and 70 m north-south. The second portion of the site is a narrow 20 m strip.that extends northwest along the terrace edge for 120 m and adjoins the main site at its northeast corner.
Including both subareas, site 23CY-352 extends over a surf ace area of 12,900 m2 , ! Results of the Phase 11 archaeological investigations at site i 23CY-352 in'dicate that major occupations of the site occurred from the i terminal Middle Woodland period through the terminal Late Woodland
- period. Radiocarbon dates f rom pit f eatures of A.D. 4701140 and A.D.
8301100, the chart and groundstone tool assemblages, and the ceramic , i l l 103 l l l
, 5 9
8 i materials are consistent with this temporal placement. Evidence of a ] Middle Woodland occupation is confined to one decorated,, pottery sherd. Z The buried cultural deposits located at site 23CY-352 were primarily 's Late Woodland in cuitural af f11lation. Four pit features were found in the backhce trenches, while two ] other features were enceuntered during shovel testing. The subplow zone _
~
deposits on ne central east-west ridgo of the site have been disturbed by construction of the 1979 water intet e pipeline (Map 9), placement of -j the transtoission tower, and by agricultural cultivation. However, ,
-i investigations revealed that a major portion of the site was not q
. - a impacted by construction of the pipeline. Substantial undisturbed 3 subsurface features and buried cultural deposits still are present. The density of subsurf ace materials is moderata to heavy and consists of ;
lithic tools and debris, ceramic sherds, and well-preserved faunal and ] floral remains. Evidence of early corn gardening is present on the site, having been found in three different areas of the site in pit _ features and buried contexts. The ' corn cob cupule from a 10-rowed ear , 4 w of corn was dated at A.D.4701140 in Feature 1, while a corn kernel was
- e. f --
recovered nearby at a depth of 50 cm. A total of 43 seeds and/or nut , 2 shells was recovered, including corn, maygrass, grape, plum, hickory d nut, and possibly Chenopodium. d A total of 297 bone fragments was 1, recovered in two test units and four pit features. The excollent preservation of these caterlais suggests that soits at 23CY-352 have a
~
neutral to slightly basic pH. Faunal materials Indicaff that white-talled deer and squirrel, as well as bird, turtle, and fish, were _/ d subsistence items at slie 23CY-352. r- _~c i S T 104 - . . . . _ A
E - Debitage' recovered from site 23CY-352 indicates that a major _ activity at the site was tool maintenance; but ceramic remains, _ _ _ f charcoal, and preserved food items from ref use pits indicate that site 4 e e 23CY-352 primerfly was a habitation site or village during the Late i - , Gardening, as evidenced by the polished flake from a 7 Woodiend period. -
= _
J digging implemint and' the corn remains, was a significant activity at ' site 23CY-352. Other activities suggested by the artif act assemblage y
- include flint . knapping and tool maintenance, the manuf acture of '
y groundstore tocis, hematite processing, pl ant ' food processing, cooking h and food preparation, butchering and leide preparation,'and pottery ; making. 4 - e E Site 23CY--352 is interpreted as a habliation site that served as a _ w .
= rw.idantlaf base camp or village during the' Lite Woodland period and ___
that is af filiated with mound group 23CY-356 on the adjacent bluf f. -
=
Bi nfor;d (1980:9) has defined a residential base as "the hub of r _- I , subsistence activi les, the locus out of which foraging parties y i ( ' originate and where,most processing, manuf acturing, and maintenance y E . . y activities take pl ace." The tool: assemblage end the Maramec Cord Marked . pottery suggest a Maramec Spring phase af fIllation. X Other ceramics , 1 suggear a Boone phase or Moreau cubphase af fiIlation; however, the
~
c j E mixturs of paste recipes present cn site 23CY-352 (Appendix A) differs s E - from the typical ceramic assembNge of the Boone phase (Chapman 1980;
)
% Denny 199), the Moreau subphase ~(Chapman 1980), or Graham Cave (Chapman
' > 1 3
1 fh0). This suggests some,mly;ing of cultural af fif tations at site i-
- 3CY-352, with the pr esence on $he site of some attendant ^raits of both _#
s y
-m. n.
_ major phases and the subphase, a vglation of culture patterns { r s T , = Influenced by contact with externel? s'ocieties (Geier 1975:25). Because =A - . ,1 n W h .g u s
, ,s -
E-f -W2 105 : y a~ w s , , - Sy . n ,
.S_ ,_
l of the f airly long time span involved and the close relationship between
. the above Late Woodland phases, further excavations at this village site, neighboring sites, and associated mound groups are necessary in order to clearly define and make comparisons between the Maramec Spring phase, Boone phase, and Moreau subphase aggregate in the Callaway County area (Chapman 1980:121).
Statement of Sicnificance Phase iI testing at site 230Y-352 indicates that this site contains substantial undisturbed archaeological remains that will significantly aid in defining settlement and subsistence patterns in the central Missouri River valley during the Late Woodland period. The relatively well preserved condition of f aunal and floral remains at this site is somewhat unusual, since soll acidity frequently destroys these kinds of remains elsewhere in central Missour!. Furthermore, the geographical and cultural relationship of the site with sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-359 provides an opportunity to compare environmental and cultural f actors relative to resource exploitation and settlement patterns. Sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352 are thought to have had contemporary occupations during the Late Woodland period Boone phase, and both may have had occupations during the terminal Middle Woodland period. This site probably is associated with mound group 23CY-356 on the adjacent bluff. Data suggests that the floodplain environment where site 23CY-352 is located was a prime source of subsistence items such as turtle, fish, mammals such as deer, and some seeds and roots. The fertile bottomlands probably contained prime gardening areas as well. Other resources, such as nuts for subsistence and chert and sandstone for tools, were carried 106
1 l to the site. Thus, site 23CY-352 can provide important data concerning settlement < rerns and resource procurement and utilization practices of Late Woodland groups in the central Missouri River valley. Some artif acts, specifIcalIy the Maramec Cord Marked pottery, diagnostic chert tools, and the pitted nutting stone, suggest a Maramec Spring phase Late Woodland pericd cultural af filiatier.. This phase usually is associated with Ozark Highland cultures south of the Missouri River east of Callaway County. Other ceramics suggest a Boone phase and Moreau subphase cultural affiliation. The relationship between these phases is little understood (Chapman 1980:121). One corn cupule from a 10-rowed ear of corn was recovered in Feature 1 (A.D. 4701140). A corn kernel was recovered in a shovel probe at 50 cm below surface, and one fragmentary corn cob cupule was located in Level 5 (40 cm - 50 cm) of tett unit 2. According to Chapman (1980:15), evidence of maize agriculture was not obtained during previous investigations af Boone phase sites in Missouri. The discovery of maize in Boone phase contexts at site 23CY-352 estabiishes that maize was part of the subsis*ence system during this phase. The very early date established at this site for corn gardening in the central Missourt valley also provides evidence for a reevaluation of the use of polished digging tools,in the Boone phase of the Late Woodland period. Chapman (1980:115) suggests that hoes were used only f or digging roots in the l Boone phase because there was no evidence of horticulture. The evidence j for the practice of horticulture in the Late Woodland period at site 23CY-352 suggests that hoes may be associated with this activity. Significant information about prehistoric activities suggested by l artif act type. and debitage include flint knapping and tool maintenance, i 107 l
i-l l \ l 1. l. i
- the manuf acture of groundstone tools f or abrading and poiishing, l
hematite processing for ceremonial use, plant food processing, cooking and food preparation, digging, and pottery making. .; I t e
}
e S 4 108
lli I
\
INVESTIGATIONS AT SITE 23CY-359 Site Descr Intion Site 23CY-359 is linear in shape. It is situated along a narrow ridge top at an elevation of 580 ft - 710 f t msl and extends over 800 m north-northwest. The site is bounded on the south by Lawrence Cemetery, which is 200 m northwest of Logan Creek (Plate 8a,b). The ridge on a which site 23CY-359 is located merges with the Logan Creek bottom. The south end of the site is located 700 m north of the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad and 1,000 m northeast of State Highway 94. The north end j of the site is 300 m south and 60 m west of Union Electric Company's gravel haul road. Site 23CY-359 varies in width, from 80 m on the south
! end to 60 m in the central portion, and narrows to 20 m - 30 m as an approach-is made to the north end of,the site. Beyond this narrow 4 wooded and briar covered section, the site opens into a rather wide field. The southern 110 m of this field makes up the north end of the site. Some cultural materials extend down a westward-trending ridge spur f or 80 m. A small portion of this north field was cultivated and
- l. planted in corn during our investigations. A f armstead site -(A-15) (Ray et al.1984) consisting of a residence and outbuildings was located on the southern end-of the h!ghest ridge near the center of the site. Site 23CY-353 is located 150 m northeast of this central portion of site
- 23CY-359 (Map 6). Site 23CY-353 is situated on a terrace of the Logan Creek floodplain st the base and on the south slope of the adjacent 109-
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Plate 8a General View of South Teminal Ridge, Site 23CY-359, Facing Southeast. k
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' Plate 8b. General View from Central Ridge, Site 23CV-359, Facing Southwest'.
110
i ridge. A r, mal l Intermittent stream dissects the two ridges. Site 23CY-353 has bo+h Archaic and Woodland occupations. Site 23CY-352 is located 260 m southwest of the southern end of site 23CY-359, and site 1 23CY-20 is located 600 m southwest of this point (Map 6). At the time of Phase ll testing, site 23CY-359 was overgrown by tall grass. i Summarv of Previous Investigations Site 23CY-359 in!tially was located during a preliminary reconnaissance for historic architectural and historic background research for the Phase I survey of Union Electric Company's residual lands (Ray et al. 1984:285). Based on surface finds, the site was estimated to cover an area of 120,000 m2, extending f rom Lawrence Cemetery on the south to approximately 150 m south of the heavy haul road on the north. This survey found a IIght scatter of artifacts extending down a southwest trending ridge lobe on the north end of the site and down an eastward trending lobe near the south end of the site (Ray et al. 1984:287). A total of 14 artifacts was collected during reconnaissance. These included 4 projectile points, 7 other bif ace fragments, I utilized f I ake, 1 Interior fIake, and 1 pltted stone. The projectiIe points , consisted of 2 side-notched poir+s,1 slightly expanding stemmed point, and 1 Scallorn Corner-Notched arrow point. All of the projectile points and fIve of the bifaces had been heat treated. - During the 1982 survey, only diagnostic artif acts were collected,
-but a sample of artif acts in a 75 m transect was recorded as to artif act type and chert type (Ray et al.1984). Forty eight artifacts were recorded: 28 Burlington Interior flakes,13 Jef ferson City interior 111 l v .-.- . --
._ - ,, ..r=
- -un.= - . - - - ._.n -- - - - - . - - - - -
I e - flakes, 3 Burlington secondary decortication flakes,1 Jef f erson City j l 4 secondary decortication flake,1 Jef ferson City primary decortication
]
i flake,1 Burlington shatter fragment, and 1 Burlington biface fragment.
- Artifacts noted in the road included a Burlington core and a Jefferson City core, a Burlington bif ace fragment, a pitted stone /mano, and 2 projectile point bases. The latter were side notched and Big Sandy-like and were made of heat-treated Burlington chert.
Ray et al. ~ (1984:286) suggest that the site probably is a seasonal camp and knapping station. The chert analysis suggested a preference for the manuf acture of tools from Burlington chert, since all projectile points and all but one biface were made from this material. Diagnostic artif acts indicate that the site was occupied during the Archaic and Woodland periods. A Graham Cave Notched point suggested an occupation i during' the Early Archaic (9000-7000 ' B.P.) period (Chapman 1975:249). A
- Big Sandy-like point probably is associated with the Middle Archaic period (7000-5000 B.P.), while Steuben Expanding Stemmed points are characteristic of the Middle Woodland and early Late Woodland periods
, (Boone phase) (Chapman 1980:115, 313). The Scallorn Corner-Notched arrow point dates to the Late Woodland period (1500-1000 B.P.) and also is associated with the Boone phase. I Ray et al. (1984:286) note that the site is located on chert bearing Jef f erson City limestone and that numerous residual nodules occur on the local ridge slopes. While the nearest Burlington chert outcropping occurs L2 k'm north, both Burlington and Jefferson City chert
~
L nodules may be found in tributaries of Logan Creek 250 m east and 500 m ! ' west and in Logan Creek '200 m to the southeast. Further investigations 112
i-l
- of prehistoric chert exploitation were recommended as a research goal in c
L the CalIaway study area (Ray et al. 1984:397). I Phase iI Testina l Shovel Probes i A north-south grid line was established along the center of the southernmost and lowest portion of the ridge north of Lawrence Cemetery. > The datum seiected was the fiat cIrcuiar concrete foundation for a sIIo j or grain storage bin with an indentation (datum point) from which all measurements were made. - This point was NO, E0. This grid was extended 800 m (1/2 mi) along the central ridge, following the slight northeast and northwest directional orientation of the ridge. An east-west grid l line was established at the north end of the site in order to I investigate the material on the southwestern trending ridge lobe. Three hundred sixty nine screened shovel probes were made at site 23CY-359. I i Frequency of materials recovered is shown on maps 10 through 15. As might be expected on a site subject to topsoll erosion, the depth of the plow zone was 10 cm to 12 cm, while the depth of culture bearing deposits rarely exceeded 25 cm to 30 cm. Two deeper accumulations containing historical material were noted in the garden ! area east of the residence. This area may represent accumulations of } trash dumped in the garden, or it may have been the former site of the '
- privy, now located 5 m west.
- Excavation Units Excavation units .were laid out in areas . that shovel probes l suggested could provide' concentrations of subsurf ace material, although
. placement 1in the central ridge portion .of the site also was a 113
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From American Resources Group, Ltd. Field Map 119 L.
L i i consideration. Unit 2 was placed to avoid historic disturbance, but l thIs was not entirely successful. The nature of the cuitural deposits i did not warrant the collection of samples for flotation analysis. Excavation units exhibited soll stratigraphy similar to the shovel probes. In unit 1, the top 10 cm were composed of a light brown sandy silt, which became slightly more yellow near the bottom of the . level. Cultural material consisted of rocks and chert debitage. Level 2 (10 cm
- 20 cm) was a yellowish brown sandy silt. This level contained the greatest amount of cultural material. Level 3 (20 cm - 25 cm) was a dark yellowish brown clay that was culturally sterile (Plate 9a). The top ievel of unit 2 was simiIar to unit 1 (Plate 9b). Level 2 (10 cm -
20 cm) contained more clay, and most cultural material was found in this level at a depth of 12 cm to 15 cm. Unit 2 was excavated to a depth of 40 cm. Levels 3 and 4 consisted of a culturally sterile yellow brown clay. Some disturbance, probably a tree root, was noted in the north wall profile. Both excavation units had artif act bearing levels about 20 cm deep, followed by culturally sterile subsoll strata. Features were not observed in either of the excavation units. Artifact Provenience and Analvsts The artifact distributions observed during the shovel testing were plotted on the site grid map. The greatest concentration of cultural material was located on the south terminal ridge top near tne Lawrence Cemetery (Map 10). The area 40 m south and southeast of datum had the highest frequency of material per shovel probe. Unit 1 was placed on the grid line in this area. Prehistoric mate lais were recovered from one end of the site to the other, with very few negative probes, 120
Plate 9
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i
' The frequency of material was very light at the northern end of the
- site. A moderate artif act density was noted in the central portion of i
1 the site (north of the house and along the wooded lane). Unit 2 was 1 placed in the pasture north of the house. Historic materials were recovered'in some of the probes east and north of the house. Prehistoric material existed principally in the plow zone and a few i- centimeters below this level. Prehistoric materials recovered during surf ace collection, shovel probing, and test excavation totaled 1,929 (Tabie 10). Historic. artif acts totaled -198.
-Diagnostic prehistoric artifacts include a Godar-lIke side-notched ,
- projectile point manuf actured of white Burlington chert, which was found in the eroded road surf ace on the northern wooded area of the site.
This projectile point is affiliated with the Middle Archaic period i ! (6000-3000 B.C.) (Plate 10b). A corner-notched projectile point made of 1 heat-treated Burlington chert was recovered in a shovel probe in the l area north and . west of the house. This projectile point falls into the Af finis Snyders category (Chapman 1980:313) and probably has a Middle . l Woodland affiliation (Plate 10a). The unif acial scraper (turtle-back) is a type of tool often associated with Middle Woodland artifact i assembiages (Chapman 1980:49D) (PI ate 11b). A turtle-back scraper was found in the area of greatest material density (OE, 40S) at site !~ 23CY-359.' It was made of heat-treated .Burlington chert.' ; Historic Artifacts l Historic artifacts recovered at site 23CY-359 included 10 pieces of
- whiteware, 2 pieces of stoneware, 46 glass bottle fragments, 40 metal artif acts, and gravel and rock associated with outbuildings. The metal artifacts consisted of 1 Iron tolt, I round roofing nell, 7 square 4
! 122
, - , , . . . . . . _ . . _ ,. _.. , _ . _ . _ ~ . , , . . . . , , . . . , . . . , , , _ . . _ _ . _ . . _ _ _ - - _ . _ , _ . . , _ . _ . . . _ ,
l l l l ! [ Table 10 Prehistoric-Materials Recovered During 1984 Phase 11 Testing at Site 23CY-359 Shovel Excavation - Item Probes Surface Uni't 1 Unit 2 %
- Bif acial Tools 5 5 1 0 0.6 Unifacial Tools 2 4 0 0 0.4 Retouched Flakes 6 1 0 0 0.4 Cores 2 2 0 0 0.2 Debitage Shatter _
Primary Decortication 127 5 1 5 7.0 Secondary Decortication 47 3 0 3 2.7 Shatter 250 2 19 1 14.1 l Flakas Primary Decortication 19 0 2 0 1.0 Secondary Decortication 40 0 0 2 2.1 Interior 555 8 61 31 34.0 Polished 0 0 0 0 0.0 Bifacial Thinning 1 0 0 0 0.1 Modified Sandstone 3 0 0 0 0.2 Unmodified Limestone 24 0 2 15 2.1 Sandstone 185 2 28 6 11.5
! Igneous / Metamorphic 404 0 21 31 23.6 (gravel, cortex, dolomite, etc.) 1 TOTAL 1,670 30 135 94 100.0 Total Artifacts: 1,929 l
nails,16 other round nalls, 3 places of' wire, various pieces of tin, l and a 1919 Lincoln penny. The majority of the bottle fragments was made of clear glass, although 7 aqua colored and 1 piece of milk glass also were recovered. Two'of the clear glass bottle fragments exhibited 123 4
j , i Plate 10
- Artifacts from Site 23CY-359 !
l i a.. Corner-notched Af finis Snyder projectile point, heat-treated Burlington chert, Middle Woodland period , b. Side-notched Godar-like projectil e point, Burlington chert, Middle Archaic period c, e. Portions of large biface, Burlington chert, frind in same area of site in corn patch, probably parts of same tool --
- d. Retouched flake, Burlington chert i
- f. Unifacial scraping / graving tool, Jefferson City chert i
- g. Retouched flake, Burlington chert i
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1 Plate 11 l Artifacts from Site 23CY-357 i
- a. Sandstone abrading /rubb'ing tool i
- b. Middle Woodland round turtle-back unif acial _ scraping tool, heat-treated Burlington chert
- c. Sandstone abrading / rubbing tool-d.- Unifacial tool with r,pokeshave and cutting edge, heat-treated Burlington chert.
- e. Unifacial scraping tool, banded Jefferson City chert j i
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amethyst coloration, suggesting a late nineteenth to early twentieth century affiIIatton. Most artif acts appear to be associated wIth a presently standing two-story structure (A-15) and its past and present outbuildings. The 1919 coin and the amethyst colored class were the only temporally diagnostic artifacts recovered. The latter are
- temporally diagnostic of the period 1880 to 1925 (Newman 1970
- 74). The historic association of these materials is with the nineteenth century and twentieth century Ralph Lawrence f armstead (Ray et al. 1984:338-339). Historic events or persons of historical significance are not known to be associated with this site (Ray et al. 1984:339). Part of the present house was rebuilt on an existing foundation in 1900 (Ray et al. 1984:338). Most of the glass and ceramic items were associated with a oerden area east of the house, where they apparently were discarded as trash. Nails, rocks, and met al artif acts appear to be associated with an area where a barn may have stood. One shovel probe in the area of N295, W10 encountered a rock concentration that may have
- been part of a stone foundation for a barn. The nails and metal artif ects were scattered between this area and the house, 75 m to the
! south. The characteristics of the house and outbuildings, as well as the historic artifects recovered, suggest that the house was constructed by people of middle or upper economic status (Ray et al. 1984:146).
Debitage Analvsts The majority of the debitage was obtained from the surf ace and the plow zone. Bscause of the multicomponent nature of the site (see Summary of Previous investigations) and the limited archaeological context (i.e., absenco of subsurf ace features and stratigraphy), few 126
specific statements may be made about chert explof tation by cuitural [ period. . Data f om the site (Table 11) Indicate that the majority of debitage categories are representative of later stages in the tool production sequence (e.g., secondary decortication, interior flakes, and I shatter). Primary decortication shatter comprise 7% of recovered
- material as opposed to primary decortication flakes (1%). The lack of J
, hammerstones and the few primary decortication flakes suggest that tool-mai ntenance (e.g., resharpening) was a more prevalent activity than j resource procurement and tool manuf acture. The majority of material 1-used for tool manuf acture at the site (primary decortication shatter and i
primary decortication flakes) were from Jefferson City formation cobbles available on the site (Table 11). Slightly over 53% of chert debitage consisted of Burlington chert, and 26% of the debitage consisted of i heat-treated Burlington chert. This indicates that Burlington chert was being carried to the site in spite of the availability of Jefferson City l chart on the site and suggests a pref erence for this material. Less l than 1% of the chert debitage was Callaway chert. Percentage of heat treatment of both Burlington chert and Jef ferson City chert was less I than for other sites located on Jefferson City formations sampled by Ray i et al. (1984:371).
! Tool Analvsts Tools recovered f rom site 23CY-359 consisted of bif aces, various i scraping / cutting tools, and two sandstone abraders. Eleven bifaces were 1
recovered. The two diagnostic' projectile points were a side-notched { Godar-like bif ace of white Burlington chert representing the Middle i i t 127 i
p i Table 11 i Site 23CY-359 4 -Debitage Categories by Treatment and Chert Type 1 , BuriIngton Jefferson Clty CalIaway
- ' Un - Heat- Un- Heat- Un- Heat-Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated Treated
[ Core 0 1 3 0 0 0 Primary 4 2 16 1 4 0 Decortication
. Secondary 6 9 '22- 4 1 0 i Decortication I Interior. 212 1% 1% 45 0 0 Bifacial 0 1 0 0 0 0 ; Thinning j. !. Primary 14 9 % 5 3 0 Shatter-
[ Secondary 18 3 35- 1 2 0 j ' Shatter i
- Shatter 67 92 98 18 1 0 TOTAL 321 313 - 466 74 11 0 Percent 27 26 39 6 0.9 0 i
i j Archaic period (6000-3000 B.C.) and a corner-notched - Af finis Snyders - of heat-treated Burlington chert that probably is of Middle Woodla'nd
- affiliation. A straight-stemmed bif ace f ragment of white Burlington chert also was recovered along with six other biface fragments of j Burlington chert, four of which had been heat treated. Two biface
- fragments of Jefferson City chert also were recovered. Two large l
- + Burlington' biface fragments were found on the surf ace in the corn field,
{ 128
.. _ -.-_ _ l. _
..a _- : _ __..__.
1 and these may be parts of the same tool. This tool may have been a knlf e or a Iarge Ett ey preform (PIate 10 c, e). Unifacial tools consisted of a turtle-back scraper and a
- combination endscraper/spokeshave and graver tool of heat-treated Burlington chert. One heat-treated Jefferson City chert end/ side scraper and two Jef ferson C'ty chert endscrapers were recovered. One of the latter had lateral graver spurs (Plate 10f). One unifacial flake i scraper of Jefferson City chert was found. Six retouched ut!Ized fIakes were recovered. Four were trade of Burlington chert (one heat treated),
one was manuf actured from Jef ferson City chert, and one was made from an unidentified gravel chert. Interoretation Results of Phase 11 subsurf ace archaeological investigations at site 23CY-359 have indicated an extensive prehistoric occupation of the site. Earlier interpretations of the Early Archaic, Middle Archaic,
- Middle Woodland, and Late Woodland components at the site as representing seasonal camps and knapping stations (Ray et al. 1984
- 286) were substantiated. Physical remains or indications of features, midden, or structures were absent. The density of subsurf ace material was extremely heavy in the southern end of the site, becoming moderate '
to light as investigations progressed to the north end of the site. Materials consisted primarily of chert debitage and rock and were
. l restricted to the plow zone and subplow zone. In situ faunal and floral remains were absent at the site.
A Middle Woodland turtle-back scraping tool was associated with the area of greatest artifact density. Tools of this type usually are I , 129 4
+ . - , - e--- ,-
associated with encampments at which a greater variety of activities were carried out. This Middle Woodland occupation may have been temporary but of longer duration than a single isolated visit. Further
~
investigations at this site may determine whether temporally diagnostic L materials, such as this scraper, will show spatially distinct distributions. Tools and debitage recovered from 23CY-359 Indicate that activities at the site included hunting, hide and meat preparation, and tooi maintenance, with some tool maruf acture from local Jefferson Ci ty chert. Site 23CY-359 may be interpreted as a temporary encampment under the context of Binford's (1980:9) definition of a location - "a place where extractive tasks are exclusively carried out." All components
~
appear to have functioned similarly. Historic artif acts were found on the site in relation to present standing structures and possible past outbuildings. These artif acts consist of ceramics, glass bottles, nalls, and metal. Diagnostic materials suggest a late nineteenth century and early twentieth century occupation, which corresponds to the known ocupation of the structures present on the site. Statement of Slonificag;g The types of information and data which site 23CY-359 will provide and which suppor,t the eligib!Ilty of the site for nomination to the NRHP include: the presence of culturally diagnostic artif acts from Early Archaic through Late Woodland times, data on the procurement and reduction of Burlington and Jefferson City chert through' time, the geographical and cultural relationship of the site with sites 23CY-352 130
and-23CY-20, information on site patterning, and site activities related
-to' upland'and bottomiand resource exploftation.
n l 4 4 l 4 f 9 J l t 4 l , l 4-i 131 l l l
EVAll1ATl0N AND RECOMENDATIONS ! Statament of Significance The research objectives of the Phase 11 investigations at sites a j 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 were to recover suf ficient data to make an assessment of the potential significance of each site as it applies to National Register of Historic Places criteria of eligibility: The quality of significance in American history, architecture, archaeology, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, Integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, f eeling, and association, and: i (1) That are associated with events that have made a : significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; or (2) That are associated with the lives of persons
, significant in our past; or (3) That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack Individual distinction; or (4) That have yielded, or may be likely to yleid, information important in prehistory or history (Federal Register 1976:1595).
Using Criterion 4 (above) and based on data recovered and identified during Phase 11 test excavations at sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359, it is the opinion that the three sites are eligible for nomination to the National Register of Historic Places. All three sitas have produced information important to local and regional prehistory and contain as yet unexcavated information useful In studying a variety of Issues related to prehistoric lifeways in the mid-Missouri River valley. 132
. .u -
, - + --. +-.u-a n ...a-. a . > - y _
i Specific types of archaeological information that support the significance of the three sites and demonstrates potential eligibility , L for nomination to the NRHP include: temporally and culturally ! diagnostic stone tools representing Early Archaic through the Late I Woodland periods; temporally and culturally diagnostic ceramics from the l Late Woodland period (Maramec Spring phase, Boone phase, and Moreau subphase); subsistence data including floral and faunal remains (sites i 23CY-20 and 23CY-352); evidence for early use of domesticated corn (site , 23CY-352); wood charcoal and other organic. materials for radiocarbon dating; abundant amounts of chert debitage with which to study flaked stone tool technology and chert procurement practices; environmental settings which are useful in studying floodplain exploitation and strategies; and a cultural setting (relationship to several nearby 1 sites) usef ul i n studying intra- and intersite settlement / subsistence j patterns.
; Finally, a non-archaeological consideration exists which enhances a
j the significance of the three sites. Union Electric ' Company ~has demonstrated commitment to preserving not' only sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, i and 23CY-359, but all of the archaeological resources .on Union Electric Company property by preparing a cultural resource management plan
. (McNerney 1983). Thus, future generations will be assured of an archaeological context in which to study the three sites in question, j Nomination Forms j National Register of Historic Places nomination forms have been
?i - ] prepared for each of the above sites by American Resources Group, Ltd.
- e The nomination forms have been forwarded to Union Electric Company with i
1 133 . l l 9 .
,-4 . . . , _ - . - - - _ _ - - _ _ - - - _ - - - _ _ - - - - - . . - - . - _ - . - - . _ , . _ - , . - ~ . - . _ _ . _ - . _ . - ~ . - . . - -
\
i a recommendation that the forms be reviewed and transmitted for Missouri SHP0 certification. Cortified forms are forwarded via the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to the Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places for a determination of eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP. Missouri SHP0 guidelines require that when a determination of eligibility is made, necessary action must be initiated for sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, and 23CY-359 in accordance with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's regulations, Protection of Historic and Cultural Pronerties 36 CFR Part 800. Conclusions Mitigation alternatives include avoidance and preservation, as well as data recovery through excavation. Unless adverse environmental impacts are anticipated in the planning of future developments at the Callaway Nuclear Power Plant site and if the three sites can be avoided and protected, the management recommendations for these cultural resources still apply (McNerney 1903). Limited agricultural use (disking tov sew grass seed) was recommended for sites 23CY-20 and 1 23CY-352. Avoldance was recommended for site 23CY-359. 1 Should these sites be determined eligible for the NRHP anc the management of Union Electric Company determines that sites 23CY-20, 23CY-352, or 23CY-359 cannot be avoided or protected, then mitigation through data recovery is recommended. If an evaluated site is determined to be ineligible for the NRHP, no f urther investigation or - protection of the site is necessary. Normal operations and maintenance or development in the site area may proceed. 134
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^ Cannon Reservoir Archaeological Protect Reoort. edited by Dale R. Henning, Appendix l l 1. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
Angus, Carole A., and Michael E. Ruppert 1977 The Miskeli Site (23MN542). In Cannon Reservoir Human Ecologv Pro _ lect Reoort (Voi. 11), edited by Dale R. Henning, pp. 2-88. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Berry, B., and C. H. Chapman 1942 An Oneota Site in Missouri. American Antlaultv 7(3):290-305. Biggs, R. W., J. Stoutamtre, and R. Vehlk 1970 The Walter Site: A Fluted Point Manifestation in North Central Missouri. Missourt Archaeologleal Societv Memoir 8:11-63. Binf ord, Lewis R. .' 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs' Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Anticultv 45(1):4-20. Binford, Lewis R., and George 1. Quimby 1963 Indian Sites and Chipped Stone Materials in the Northern Lake Michigan Area. Fleidlana 36:277-307. Blake, L. W., and H. C. Cutler 1982 Plant Remains from the King Hill Site (23BN1) and Comparisons with-those from the Utz Site (23SA2). Ita Missourt Archaeologist 43:86-110. 135
l ! Boone, Nathan 1816- Field Notes, Missouri Surveys 31:141-248. Missouri State 1817 Archives, Jefferson City. Bray, Robert T. , 1963 Southern Cult Motifs from the Utz Onecta Site, Saline l County, Missouri. The Missourt Archaeologist 25:1-40. I 1978 European Trade Goods from the Utz Site and the Search for Fort Orleans. The Missourt Archaeologist 39:1-73. Bryson, Reid A., David A. Baerrels, and Wayne M. Wendland 1970 The Character of Late - Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Changes. In Pleistocene and Recent Environments of the Central Great Plains. edited by Wakefield Dort, Jr., and J. Knox Jones, Jr. Department of Geology, University of Kansas, Special Publications No. 3, Lawrence. Chapman, Carl H. 1946 A Preliminary Survey of Missouri Archaeology, Part I, Historic Indian Tribes. The Missourt Archaeologist 10(1):1-56. 1948 A Preliminary Survey of Missouri Archaeology, Part lil, Woodland Cultures and the Ozark Bluf f Owellers. Iha Missouri Archaeologist 10(22):99-132. 1952 Recent Excavations in Graham Cave. The Missourt Archaeological Societv Memoir 2:87-101. 1959 The Little Osage and Missourl Indian Ylilege Sites, Ca. A.D. 1727-1777. The Missourt Archaeoloalst 21(1):whole volume. 1967a Fluted Point Survey of Missouri: An Interim Report. Missouri Archaeoloalcal Societv Newsletter 215:9-10. 1967b Fluted Point Survey: Addenda. Missourt Archaeoloalcal Societv Newsletter 216:6.
~
1973 Some Comments about the Distribution of Three Hundred Fluted Points in Missouri. Missourt Archaeoloalcal Societv Newsletter 275:1-5. 1975 The Archaeology of Missourt. l. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. 1980 The Archaeology of Missourt. f l. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. Chapman, Carl H., and Eleanor F. Chapman 1964 Indians and Archaeology of Missourt. Missourt Handbcok No. 5, University of Missouri Press, Columbia. 136
l Chomko, Stephen A. 1978 Phillips Spring, 23Hl216: A Multicomponent Site in the Western Missouri Ozarks. Plains Anthronoloalst 23(81):235-255. Chomko, Stephen A., and Gary W. Crawf ord 1978 Plant Husbandry in Prehistoric Eastern North America: New Evidence f or its Development. American Antlaultv ^ 43(3):405-407. Conselman, Frank B. 1934 The Geology and Stratigraphic Petrography of the Auxvasse Creek Quadrangle, Callaway County, Missouri. Reprinted from the Proceedinos of the Missouri Academy of Science (Vol. 1). Columbia. Crabtree, Don E. 1972 An Introduction to Filntworking. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, No. 28. Pocatello. Denny, Sidney G. 1964 A Re-evaluation of the Boone Focust A Late Woodland Manifestation In Central Missourt. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department or Anthropology, University of Missouri. 1 Diaz-Granados, Carol 1980 Bergfried #4 and #5e A Lithic Analvsts of Two Disturbed Archale Sites in Gasconade Countv. Missourt. Unpublished M.A thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington University, St. Louis. Evans, David R. 1975 Proposal for Mitigetton of impact on Archaeological Site 23CY-20. Ms. on file with author. Columbia, Missouri.
- Evans, David R., and David J. Ives 1973 Initial Archaeological Survev of the Pronosed Union Electric Cogganv Puelear Reactor Near Reform. Callaway Countv. Missourt. Archaeological Survey of Missouri, Columbla.
l 1979 23CY20. the Preservation Plan f or an Archaeological Site. ' Archaeological Survey of Missourl, Columble.
'Falk, Carl R.
1970 The Anolication of a Factor Analvsts In the j interoretation of Unmodified Vertebrate Remains from an Archaeoloolcal Cave Denonit In Central Missouri. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Department of Anthropology,. University of Missourt, Columble. 137 i
l l i i Federal Reafster 1976 Rules and Regulations. 41(6):1595. Fenneman, N. M. 1946 Map of Physical Divisions of the United States. U. S. . Department of the interior Geological Survey. Fontana, Bernard L., and J. Cameron Greenleaf 1962 Johnny Ward's Ranch: A Study in Historic Archaeology. The KlVA 28(1-2):whole volume. Geler, Clarence R. 1973 Ecoloav as Archmanloave A Case Studv. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia. 1975 The Kimberlin Sitar The Ecoloav of a late Woodland Ponulation. Missouri Archaeological Society Research Series No.12. Columbia. Gibbon, Guy E. 1972 Cultural Dynamics and the Development of the Oneota Lif e-way in Wisconsin. American Antlaultv 37(2):166-165. Goodyear, Albert C. 1982 The Chronological Position of the Dalton Horizon in the Southeastern United States. American Antfaultv 47(2):382-395. Graham, Russell W. 1979 Archaeology and Paleontology of the Kimmswick Clovis-
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, - . - . , - . v , , -
Henning, Amy E. 1966 Fabrics and Related Materials from Arnold Research Cave. The Missourt Archaeoloalst 28:41-53. Henning, Dale R. ) 1969 Develonment and Inter-relationshins of Onecta Culture in the Lower Missouri River Vallev. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin. 1970 Development and Inter-relationships of Oneota Culture in the Lower Missouri River Valley. The Missourt Archaeoloalst 32:1-180. 1979 History of the Cannon Reservoir Human Ecology Project, Recent Advances in the Archaeology of Northeast Missouri. In Cannon Reservoir Human Ecology Pro tect. edited by Michael J. 0'Brien and Dennis E. Lewarch, pp. 3-14. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Hunt, William J., Jr. 1976 The Foss Site (23RA271). In Cannon Reservoir Archaeoloalcal Prolact Renort. edited by Dale R. Henning, Appendix IV. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 1977 The Muskrat Run Site (23RA151). In Cannon Rasarvoir Human Ecologv Prolact Renort (Vol. II), edited by Dale R. Henning, pp. 90-154. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Johnson, Alfred E. 1979 Kansas City Hopewell. In Honawall Archaeologvr Tha Chillicothe Conference- edited by David S. Brose and N'om; Greber, pp. 86-93. Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio. Kay, Marvin 1975 Central Missourt Honawall Subsistanca - Settlement Svstem. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1979 On the Periphery: Hopewell Settlement of Central Missourl. In Honawall Archaeologvr The Chillicotha conference. edited by David S. Brose and N'omi Greber,
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1980 The Central Missourt Honewall Subsistanca - Settlement Svstem. Missouri Archaeological Society Research Series No.15. Columbia. King, James E. 1981 Late Quaternary Vegetational History of Illinois. Ecoloalcal Monogranhs 51(1):43-62. 139
i l King, James E., and William H. Allen, Jr. l 1977 A Holocene Vegetation Record from the Mississippi River Valley, Southeastern Missouri. Quaternarv Research 8:307-323. King, James E., and Everett H. Lindsay 1976 Late Quaternary Blotic Records from Spring Deposits in Western Missouri. In f 9 historic Man and His Environmentsr A Case _Studv In the Ozark Highlands, edited by W. Raymond W(od and R. Bruce McMillan, pp. 63-
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Klepinger, Linda, and Dale R. Henning 1976 The Hatten Mound, A Two-Component Burial Site in Northeast Missouri. The Missourt Archaeologist 37:92-169. Klippel, Walter E. 1965 Archaeoloov of the Lower Osage River Vallev in Missouri. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columble. 1969 The Booth SIter A Late Archale Camnsite. Missourl Archaeological Society Research Series No. 6. Columble. 1971a Prehistorv and Environmental Change Along the Southern Border of the Pralrle Peninsula DurIng the Archaic Parlod. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia. 1971b Graham Cave Revisitedt A Reevaluation of Its Cultural Positten During the Archalc Parf od. Missouri Archaeological Society, Memoir No. 9. Columbia. 1972 An Early Woodland Period Manifestation in the Prairie Peninsula. Journal of the lowa Archaeological Society
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Kucera, C. L. 1 961 The Genstes of Missourt. University of Missouri Press, Columbia. Logan, Wilfrid D. 1952 Grahtm Caver An Archale Site In Montoomerv County. Missourt. Missourl Archaeological Society Memoir No. 2. Columbia. Lubensky, Earl H. 1983 An Onenta Pit Complex. The MIssourt Archaeologist 44(Dec.):75-108. 140
McKay, Joyce 1979 Analysis of Archaeological Excavations at Bishop Hili, Illinois. Ms. on file, Department of Conservation, Springfield. McMillan, R. Bruce 1963 A Survev and Evaluation of the Archaeoloav of the Central Gasconade River Vallev In Missouri. Unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Anthrepology, University of Missouri, Columbia. McNerney, Michael J. (editor)
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Carbondale. McNerney, Michael J. 1983 A Cultural Resources Management Plan for Residual Lands at the Union Electric Comnanv Callawav Nuclear Power Plant. Cal lawav Countv. Missouri. Cultural Resources Management Report #52-A, American Resources Group, Ltd., Carbondale, Illinois. Miller, Roger Glenn 1951 The Geoloov of Southeastern Callaway Countv. Missourt. Unpublished M. A. thesis, Department of Geology, University of Missouri, Columbia. Missouri Department of Conservation 1976 A Plan of Management for the Residual Lands of the Union Electric Company Nuclear Power Plant. Prepared in
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Moore, Kurt R., and Thomas L. Burge 1981 Interim Report of Archaeological Investigations in the FAP-404 Corridor, Knox and Warren Counties, Illinols. Report submitted to the Illinois Department of Transportation. lilinois State Museum Society, Archaeological Research Program, Springfield. Newman, T. Stell 1970 A Dating Key for Post-Eighteenth Century Bottles. Historical Archaeologv 4:70-75. O'Brien, Michael, J., and Robert E. Warren 1979 Background and Research Design. In Cannon Reservoir Hn==n Ecoloav Pro tect - A Regional Anoroach to Cultural Continuity and Change. edited by Michael J. O'Brien and Robert E. Warren, pp.1-45. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 141 (
O'Brien, P. J. , 1978 Steed-Kisker: A Western Mississippian Settlement System. j in Mississtoolan settlement Patterns. edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 1-19. Academic Press, New York. Powell, Terry J. 1982 Phase 11 Archaeoloolcal and Geomoroholoolcal Testina Wastewater Treatment Plant Solids DIsoesal Sites. 1 Columbia. Mi ssour t. Cultural Resources Management Report
#53. American Resources Group, Ltd., Carbondale, Illinois.
Price, James E., and James J. Krakker 1975 Dalton occunation of the Ozark Border. Museum Brief No.
- 20. Museum of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.
Ray, Jack H., Edward M. Morin, Michael J. McNerney, and Gall White 1984 A Phama l Cultural Resource Survev and Assessment on Residual Lands at Union Electric Cnenanv's Callaway Nuclear Power Plant. Callawav Countv. Missourt. Cultural Resources Management Report #52, American Resources Group, Ltd., Carbondal e, Illinois. Ruppert, Michael E. 1976 The Flowers Site (23RA136A). In Cannon Reservoir Archaeoloolcal Pro tect Recort. edited by Dale R. Henning, Appendix ill. Ulniversity of Nebraska, Lincoln. Schiffer, Michael B. 1974 Some Further Comments on the Dalton Settlement Fattern Hypothesis. In The Cacha River Archeoloolcal Pro _f act. an Funerlmant In Contract Archaeoloov edited by Michael B. Schif f er and John H. House, pp. 220-244. Arxansas Archeological Survey, Jonesboro. Schmits, Larry J. (editor) ! 1982 Prehistory and History of the Hermann Site (23GA142) Gasconade County, Missourl. Ms. on file, Environmental Systems Analysis, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas. Schmits, Larry J., and Christopher A. Wright (editors) 1981 Archnaoloolcal Investloations at the Roddv Site (23B0966) and the Contas Site (2380965). Manna Countv. Missourt. l Cultural Resources Management Report No. 2. i Environmental Systems Analysis, Inc., Overland Park, ) Kansas. Schneider, Frederick 1974 Lithic Analvsts and Lato Woodland Settlement Pattern in the Maramac River Basin East-Cantral Missourt. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia. 142 i
Schroeder, Walter A. 1981 Map of Presettlement Prairie of Missouri. Conservation Commission of the State of Missouri, Jefferson City. Scrivner, C. L., J. C. Baker, and B. J. Miller 1966 Solis of Missouri. Extension Division, University of Missouri, Columbia. Shippee, J. M. 1966 The Archaeology of Arnold Research Cave, Callaway County, Missouri. The Missouri _ Archaeologist 28:1-40. Steyermark, Julian A. 1940 Studies of the Vegetation of Missourl: Natural Plant Associations and Successions in the Ozarks. Field Museum of_ Natural Historv. Botanical Series 9:347-475. 1963 Flora of_ Missouri. Iowa State University Press, Amos. Struever, Stuart 1964 The Hopewell Interaction Sphere in Riverine-Western Great Lakes Culture History. In Honewellian Studies. edited by Joseph R. Caldwell and Robert L. Hall, pp. 87-106. lilinois State Museum Scientific Papers No. 12, Springfield. 1973 Chert Utilization in the Lower Illinois River. In Variation In Anthronologvr Essavs In Honor of John C. McGregor, edited by D. W. Lathrop and J. Dougl as, pp. 61-
- 73. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Urbana.
Sturdevant, Craig 1977 An Intensive Cultural Resource Survev of the Area Within the_ Missouri _ intermediate Reformatorv. Algoa Boundaries. Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Lincoln University, Jefferson City. 1978 An Intensive Cultural Researce Survev of_the Lower Moreau River Val lev. _ Cole Countv. M issourl. Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Lincoln University, Jef ferson City. 1980 An Intensive Cultural Resource Survey _of_the Areas to be included.In the Hermann Industrial _ Park Protect. e Gascenade countv. Missouri. Environmental Research Center, Jefferson City, Missouri. Toter, David C., and Robert E. Warren 1979 A Dated Projectile Point Sequence from the Pigeon Roost Creek Site. In Cannon Reservoir Human Ecologv Pro _ lect - A.Roolonal_Accreach to_ Cultural Continultv and Change, l edited by Michool J. O'Brien and Robert E. Warren, pp. 227-250. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 143 l
Trotter, Charles, and Michael J. McNerney 1984 A Reexaminai'.on of Cypress Projectile Points / Knives. In Archaeologv and History of White Walnut Creek. Perrv Counts. Illinols- edited by Michael J. Higgins, Michael J. McNerney, and Kurt R. Moore, pp. 198-206. Union Electric Company 1979a Callawav. Environmental Reoorte - 09erating License Stage (Vol. 1). St. Louis, Missouri. 1979b Callawav Environmental Reoorte .Onerating License Stage - (Vol. II). St. Louis, Missouri. Unklesbay, A. G. 1955 The Geology of Fulton Quadrangle, Missouri. Missouri Geoloolcal _ Survev and Water Resources. _ Reoort of I nvestigations 19:1-12. Rolla. Vehlk, Rain 1978 An.Analvsts of. Cultural Varlabilltv During the Late Woodland Period in the Orark Highland of_ Southwest Missourt. Unpublished Ph. D. dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia. Wedel, W. R. 1943 Archaeoloalcal Investigations _in.Platte and Clav - Countles. Missourt. United States National Museum, Bulletin No.183. Washington, D. C. Welchman, Michael S. 1979 Guldelines for.Recorting Phase ll. Testing of Archaeolcalcal_ Site Significance and Evaluation of National Register Eligibilltv. Office of Historic Preservation, Department of Natural Resources, Jef ferson City, Missouri. Wendland, Wayne M. 1978 Holocene Man in North America: The Ecological Setting a.id Climatic Background. Plains Anthronologist 23(82):273-287. White, A. M., L. R. Binf ord, and M. Papworth 1963 Miscellaneous Studies in Tvoologv.and Classification. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology,. Anthropological Papers No.19. Ann Arbor. Wood, W. Raymond 1961 The Pomme de Terre Reservoir in Western Missouri Prehistory. The Missouri Archaeologist 23:1-131, - 1967 The Fristoo Burial Complex of Southwestern Missouri. Ihn Missourl_ Archaeologist 29:1-128. 144
1983 The Lof tin Component. The Missourt Archaeologist 44(Dec.):63-64. l Wood, W. Raymond, and R. Bruce McMillan 1976 Prehistoric Man and His Environmente A Case Studv In the Ozark Highland. Academic Press, New York. Wright, Christorher A. 1 981 The Roddy Site (23B0966). In Archaeological Investigations i of the Roddv Site (23BO966) and the Coates Site (23B0965). Boone Countv. Missourt. edited by Larry J. Schmits and 1 Christopher K. Wright. Environmental Systems Analysis, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas. Zawacki, April Allison, and Glen Hausf ater 1969 Eeriv Vegetation of the Lower Illinois Vallev. lilinois State. Museum, Reports of Investigations No.17. Springfield. 1 0 145 i
I l l l l APPENDIX A Analysis of Ceramic Materials from Site 23CY-352 by George R. Holley I e e i L_
ANALYSlS OF CERAMIC MATERI ALS FROM SITE 23CY-352 The prehistoric ceramic collection consisted of 180 sherds that could be identified in a preliminary fashion. A definitive typological e analysis is not possible due to the small sample size, the diminutive r size of the sherds, and the differential preservation of the sherd surface. The sherds derive from shovel probes, test pits, and features. Except for one probable Middle Woodland decorated sherd, the sample cannot be separated into Middle Woodland and Late Woodland types. However, the range in radiocarbon dates, A.D. 470 to A.D. 830, and the character of the sample suggest a terminal Middle Woodland through Late Woodland placement. The sample is divided into two major categories on the basis of temper (grit or limestone), with subdivisions in each on the basis of surface features (Plain, Cord-marked, and Brushed). Grit-tempered sherds, especially those with a cord-marked surf ace, are more frequent (Table 1). Limestone-tempered sherds are predominantly plain surf aced. The f act that these two temper categories co-occur in all features and at most depths suggests contemporaneity. Middle Woodland Decor ated One small sherd appears to be decorated with a medium incised line, enclosing a stamped or f abric-Impressed surf ace. This sherd is similar to one Illustrated by Chapman (1980: Figure 3:32f) for southeast Missouri. The sherd is 5 mm thick and tempered with grit. 146 l
Table 1 ; j Frequency of Ceramic Temper Categories, Site 23CY-352 I CM Plain Brushed Weathered Total t Grit-Tempered 81 22 1 8 112 4 Limestone-Tempered 6 44 6 11 67 j-Grit-Ta=nerad Shards j This category accounts for most of the sherds recovered and are ! thinner-walled than limestone-tempered pottery. Grit tempering is the most frequent temper category at nearly all proveniences. Grit ! tempering is a generic label for a wide range in the type and density of i l paste inclusions. I At least three divisions are recognizable: dense, medium-to-fine i sand; fine sand with a scattering of coarse rock fragments; and fine
; sand. The first category ls gritty to the touch and accounts.for i
4 approximately 70% of the grit-tempered sherds. The remaining categories are smoother to the touch. Both oxidized (yellow-to-red) and reduced i
- (brown-to-black) firing conditions are represented in roughly equal ~
i j . proportion. ) A majority of the sherds are cord marked, with a few examples of j partial.ly smoothed cord marking. The plain surfaces are either rough or' , i
- smoothed to a_ low luster. One sherd may be brushed.
Wall thickness for the cord-marked sherds varies from 2.5 mm to 6.0 mm, with a mean of 4.12 mm. Gritty sherds are slightly thicker on the
- average than the finer pastes. Plain sherds range in thickness from l 2.5 mm to 5.3 mm, with a mean of 3.% mm.
, 147 I 1 1 i
,m .y - - . .. ,-.-
..-_,~..v. -
--.,,w...,-..
l Only five rims were recovered, of which only three are identifiable as to form. These include: 1) a cord-marked, straight-necked jar
. (Feature 4) with a slightly extended rim and fine sand temper (Figure l l
ta); 2) a cord-marked, incurved bowl-Jar (unit 1, Level 4) with a gritty texture (Figure Ic); 3) a plain rounded to shallow bowl (Feature 4) with a tapered lip and fine sand temper (Figure Ib). On one jar body (Figure Id) there is an Indication that the neck may have been smoothed. Possible typological affinities for this material include Darnell Cord Marked (Chapman 1980:280), Maramec Cord Marked (Chapman 1980:286), and Graham Plain (Chapman 1980:280-281). Limactone-Tamnared Shards Although less frequent than the grit-tempered sherds, the 1Imestone-tempered sherds (Table 2) occur in roughly the same proportion in all proveniences. Temper consists of fine-to-coarse (largest 4 mm), chalky white limestone particles. The limestone does not react to a dilute solution of hcl and probably is dolomite. Most of the temper has
; been leached out due to reaction with the acidic soll. Nearly all of the sherds, especially the plain surf aced ones, are oxidized on the i
surface. The oxidation extends a few millimeters into the wall and grades to a darker, reduced paste at the Interior wall. Plain surfaces with a rough to low lustrous surf ace predominate. The plain surfaces of the limestone-tempered sherds are much smoother than those of grit-tempered, sherds. Cord-marked and brushed sherds are i tif requent. , Limestone-tempered sherds are noticeably thicker than grit-tempered i sherds. Plaln, Iimestone-tempered sherds rLage in thickness from 4 mm , i to 9 mm, with a mean of 5.50 mm. Cord-marked, limestone-tempered sherds i ! 148 l
1 a r=10.-11 cm f F-4 108/1 fine-tempered 4 4 4-1 i 4 , f
- b F-4 1 108/8
- i 1
j (........................................................... i c r=8-14 cm 107/1 i Unit 2 - Level 9 l f
! I l ; smoothed /l -
t j . cord marked
- l d 93/1-3,1-6 '
! Unit 1 Level 4 ; radius
. '""*"*"* unsure radius
! < unsure orientation Figure 1. Ceramic Profiles Site 23CY-352 149 t
4 3 '
l I Table 2 i Ceramic Frequency for Units and Features, Sito 23CY-352 l Decorated 1
---------- G r i t--------- ----L i me s tone---- Middle Provenience cm Plain Brushed Weath, cm Plain Brushed Woodland Feature 1 10 3 - - 1 5 1 -
Feature 3 1 - - - - - - - Feature 4 15 1 - - - 5 - - Unit 1 L3 4 2. - - 1 1 - - L4 9 5 - - - 3 - -
~
L5 2 - - - - 3 - L6 - - - - 1 - - Unit 2 L3 - 1 1 1 1 1 - - L4 3 2 - 1 - 4 1 1 L8 3 - - - - 2 - - range in thickness from 4.5 to 5.6 mm, with a mean thickness of 5.01 mm. Brushed sherds range In thickness f rom 6 to 7 mm. Rims were not recovered; however, wall f ragments Indicate that the jar shape is present. Possible typological af finities with this material include Moreau Cord Marked (Chapman 1980:288-289) and Boone Plsin (Chapman 1980:276). gj acunnian and bral lenticatlana Stratigraphy and redlocarbon dates do not support a clear temporal separation of the paste categories or surf ace f eatures. There is the suggestion that the limestone-tempered pottery may be earlier. A brushed sherd was recovered f rom Feature 1 ( A.D. 470), but no examples 150 9
- m. _ _.___._ _ ___._
1 of this type were found in Feature 4 ( A.D. 830). Also, a single limestone-tempered sherd derives from the deepest level at unit 1. The Interpretation of such evidence is quite speculative at the present. However, the vessel forms f rom Feature 4, the vertical-necked jar and the small bowl, are in accord with a late Late Woodland date. l The presence of two paste recipes, grit and Iimestone, and corresponding dif ferences in wall thickness may suggest a f unctional dif ference that is worthy of f urther investigation. This mixture of recipes, with a preponderance of grit, does not fit the criteria for the Boone phase (Chapman 1980; Denny 1964) or Moreau subphase (Chapman 1980), nor does this situation fit with the strictly grit-tempered pottery from Graham Cave (Chapman 1980). The placement of both paste strategies in the Late Woodland period i appears confirmed on the basis of association unless, of course, there was a tremendous amount of mixing of archaeological deposits. At
; present, Middle Woodland sites without a substantial presence of Hopewellian features are poorly known (Chapman 1980:56, 58). Although one sherd may date to the Middle Woodland period, the bulk of the ceramics undoubtedly are Late Woodland.
151 II
- j APPEND lX B Analysis of Faunal Remains from Site 23CY-352 by Jonathan Bloom I l l l
i 1 i i ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL REMAINS FROM SITE 23CY-352 l The Phase 11 testing of site 230Y-352 rec 3vered a total of 297 bone i fragments weighing 66.1 grams. Flotation samples utilizing a 2 mm mesh screen yielded 65% (n=193) of the total f aunal remains. The remaining l 104 fragments were recovered in the field using a 1/4 in mesh screen. The bulk of this assemblage was recovered from two test units and four ! pit features located in backhoe trenches 1 and 3. i identi f ied remai ns represent the white-tail ed deer (Odocol leus I viralntanus), squirrel (Sciurus sp.), and voie (Microtus sp.). I Indeterminate material consists of mammal, bird, turtle, fish, and miscellaneous bone fragments. Molluscan remains are completely lacking 1 l In this assemblage. Two indeterminate large mammal fragments revealed butchering cuts. Two others revealed a slight polish. Bone tools or
, ornaments were not noted during the analysis.
In general, the condition of the f aunal assemblage is Indicative of I excellent bone preservation. Extensive bone deterioration from soll
!. acidity was absent. Carnivore and rodent gnawing marks also were -
lacking. One fragment exhibited extensive modification from root i ) leaching or the burrowing activities of a microfaunal inhabitant of the soll. 1
! The primary focus of this analysis was to provide a data base (see i inventory) which will be compatible and combined with the formal faunal analysis of site 23CY-352 subsequent to more extensive excavation. i I
j 152
, . - . . . . , - .- . ,. . - , - - . - . , . . _ - . - . ~ _ . - . _ , - . ~ . , , . - . . . - , . . _ . . - , . , . - .
l l Hopefully, a predictive model will be devised allowing the prediction of certain intra-site activity areas based on the analysis of faunal l remains recovered from the testing of archaeological sites. i inventerv of Faunal Ramnins i This inventory organizes the faunal samples by associated proveniences in a bipartite manner. That listed first consists of the Catalog Number (Cat.#) (=1/4" Screen) or Analytical Sample Number ( A.S.#) (=2mm Flotation), followed by the provenience, total number of fragments, their weight in grams, and differential recovery data where bone fragments are grouped into a particular size range or are measured Individually. All measurements are in millimeters. The size ranges are given in the following notation: 3mm<5<5mm, shich means there were five fragments larger than 3mm but smaller than 5mm. Cat.#10;N200 E250; 2 fragments; 4.1 grams; 1=4mm, 1=9mm. Bone #10/1 is a postero-medial meiophyseal fragment from a f emur of a deer (D.docol l eus virgin' anus) and exhibits butchering cuts on the lateral aspect. Bone #8 is a metaphyseal bone fragment from an indeterminate large mammal. Cat.#35; N125 E150; 1 fragment; 0.1 grams; 5m<1<10m. One Indeterminate bone fragment, calcined white. Cat.#88; N137 E154; Unit 1, L-3; 4 fragments; 0.2 grams; 5m<2<10m, 3m<1 <5m, 2m<1 <3m. Two indeterminate turtle shell fragments, calcined white. Two indeterminate bone fragments, calcined white. 153
Cat.#93;N137 E154; Unit 1, L-4; 52 fragments; 12.7 grams; I 5m<34<40m, 3m<18<5m. , Two acetabular fragments of a right innominate of a deer (OdocolIsus vIrginIanus). Two distal metapodial fragments f rom a deer (Odocolleus virginianus). Forty eight indeterminate large mammal bone fragments, probably associated with the above Innominate and metapodial bones, being fragmented during recovery. Cat.f 94; N137 E154; Unit 1, L-4; 3 f ragments; 0.8 grams; 1=18mm, 1 =11 mm, 1 -9m. Three indeterminate large mammal bone fragments, two are calcined white and blue / gray. A.S.#3; N137 E154; Unit 1, L-4; 11 fragments; 1.1 grams; 5mm<6<17m, 3m<5<5m. 1 Two indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments, calcined white and blue / gray. Three indeterminate mammal bone fragments. One indeterminate turtle shell fragment, calcined white. ! Five indeterminate bone fragments, one burned black, three calcined white. Cat.i100; N137 E154; Unit 1, L-5; 2 fragments; 0.6 grams; 5m<2<15m. Two indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments, calcined black and blue / gray.
, i 154
r i
- A.S.#2; N115 E240; Unit 2, L-5; I fragment; 0.2 grams; 1=14mm.
I One indeterminate.large mammal metaphyseal fragment. Cat #109; BHT I, Fea.1; 35 f ragments; 6.5 grams; 5mm<33<25mm, 3m<2<5m. Thirty three Indeterminate largo mammal bone fragments; probably represent a single, larger element fragmented during recovery. Two indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments, calcined white. 1 A.S.#13; BHT 1, Fea.1 ; 56 fragments; 3.1 grams; S m m < 15 <20 m m, 3m'<36<5m, 2m<5<3m. One lef t cuboid of a squirrel- (selurus sp.). One distal j
; tarsometatartus fragment of an indeterminate bird, calcined ,
white / gray. One indeterminate bird bone fragment with slight longitudinal striatae, burned brown. . One indeterminate bird bone fragment, burned blue / gray. One proximal. humerus fragment.of a smalI, indeterminate
- turtle.
Three Indeterminate turtle shell fragments, two are calcined white. Two indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments, calcined white and blue / gray. Seven indeterminate large mammal bone fragments.
! Fif teen indeterminate mammal bone fragments, one burned black, one calcined white / blue.
.155 f
, _m, . , - . . .
. ..,,.-.,.y , , _- -- ,_ ,
l
~
Twenty four indeterminate bone fragments, seven calcined white, one calcined blue / gray. Cat.#112; BHT 1, Fea. 2; 2 fragments; 7.8 grams; 1=80m,1=20m. Bone #112/1 is an antero-medial metaphyseal f ragment of a right tibia of a deer (Odecolleus viralnlanus) with possible butchering cuts, it exhibits extensive modification from root teaching or f rom the burrowing activities of microf aunal inhabitants of the soll. Bone #112/2 is an indeterminate bone fragment. A.S.# 16; BHT 1, Fea. 2; 9 fragments; 1.6 grams; 5 mm < 8 <35 m m,
\
3m<1 <5m. Three indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments, burned I black. One indeterminate bird bone fragment. Five indeterminate bone fragments. A.S.#17; BHT 1, Fea. 3; 47 fragments; 2.8 grams; 5mm<19<15mm, 3m<28<5m. One indeterminate large mammal dental fragment, ourned black. Twenty indeterminate large mammal bone fragments, eight calcined blue / gray,12 calcined white. Twenty six Indeterminate bone fragments, one burned black, 21 calcined white, three calcined blue / gray. Cat.#108; BHT 1, Fea. 4; 3 f ragments; 10.5 grams; 1=91 mm,1=56mm, 1 =44m. Bones #38 and #40 represent a single rib shaf t fragment of a deer (Odocolleus virginianus). .The proximal epiphysis is unfused and missing. 156
.w. , - - - - - - . -
.-ye- ,
l Bones #37 and #39 represent a single indeterminate large mammal metaphyseat fragment. A.S.#12; BHT 3, Fea. 4; 69 fragments; 14.0 grams; 5mm<40<30mm, 3mm<25<5mm, 2mm<4<3mm. One left lateral maleolus of a deer (Odocolleus virginianus). One proximal metaphyseal fragment of lef t femur of a squirrel (Sciurus sp.), calcined white and blue / gray. One left maxilla fragment of a squirrel (Sciurus sp.). One left calcaneus of a vole (Microtus sp.). Two indeterminate large mammal metaphyseal fragments with slight polish and slightly charred. Fif ty one indeterminate large mammal bone fragments, 25 burned black or charred. Five Indeterminate mammal bone fragments, four calcined white, one calcined white and blue / gray. One Indeterminate fish scale fragment. Six Indeterminate bone fragments, one burned black, one burned blue / gray. I 157
4 APPENDIX C Analysis of Botanical Material at Site 23CY-352 by-Leonard W. Blake
-,,,,p. ~ r . - - -- - ,,e - , ._ .---
l ANALYSIS OF BOTANICAL MATERlAL AT SITE 23CY-352 N113 E300 7.30/84 Cat. #26 Wt. In Grams I carbonized fragment 8.8 x 6.0 mm 0.03-Identification: 1 bloated corn kernel Fea. 1 T-1 8/2/84 Flot. Hv. AS #13 1 thick shelled hickory nut shell (Cacyn sp.) 4.86 1 small fragment of thin shelled hickory nut <0.01 Wood charcoal 0.43 Fea. 1 T-1 Flot. Lt.1 of 2 AS #13 1 thick hickory nut shell 1.73 Wood charcoal 10.43 1 seed of Vitaceae, grape f ant ly, <0.01 3.7 mm long x 3.7 mm wide, from single seeded fruit 1 small dried fruit, possibly Vitaceae with <0.01 stem attached, partly carbonized 1 small piece of plum stone (Prunus sp.) <0.01
; 2 seeds of maygrass (Phalaris caroIInfana), <0.01 both partly broken 1 unidentified seed 2.0 mm long by 1.3 mm wide <0.01 1 carbonized object - Identification: corn cob cupule, probably from 10-rowed ear Fea. 1 T-1 Flot. Lt. 2 of 2 AS #13 1 seed Vitaceae 4.0 mm long by 3.0 mm wide) 1/2 seed Vitaceae 4.3 mm long by 4.1 mm wide) 0.02 2 seeds of maygrass and parts of 3 others,)
and 3 bloated seeds, possibly goosefoot ) <0.01 (Chenonodium sp.) ) 2 small broken seeds and 1 bloated seed, ) unidentified ) 1 thick hickory nut shell 0.26 Wood charcoal 2.27 Fea. 1 BHT 1 8/2/84 Hickorv Nut Shell Cat. #109 6 pieces of thick hickory nut shell 0.44 j 158
l Fea. 2 T-1 8/2/84 Flot. Hv. AS #16 2 small pieces of thick hickory nut shell 0.07 1 small piece of heavily carbonized material, 0.03 possibly hickory nut shell 1 small piece of wood charcoal 0.01 Fea. 2 Flot. Lt. AS i 16 1 'r.ut shell, mostly thick hickory 0.52 Wood charcoal 0.26 1 unidentified seed, 1.9 mm long by 0.9 mm wide <0.01 Fea. 3 T-1 8/2/84 Flot. Hv. AS #17 Wood charcoal- 0.31 Fen. 3 T-1 8/2/84 Flot. Lt. AS #17 Wood charcoal 3.47 3 heavily carbonized objects - possibly seeds <0.01 Fea. 4-T-3 Flot. Hv. AS #12 Wood charcoal 0.48 1 seed grape (11111 sp.) <0.01 2 small unidentified carbonized objects <0.01 N115 E240 Unit 2 L.4 8/21/84 Nut Shell 96/1 Cat 196 Dirt encrusted wood charcoal 0.45 1 thick hickory nut shell 0.41 N115 E240 Unit 2 L.5 40-50 ASi2 Flot. SW Corner Wood charcoal 0.24 1 carbonized object - Identification: 1 broken <0.01 corn cob cupule 1 small piece of wood fungus <0.01 Unidentified small carbonized fragments <0.01 Unit 2 L. 5 8/1/84 Cat. #99 2 small pieces of wood charcoal 0.03 1 unidentified heavily carbonized fragment, 0.05 possibly nut shell 4 9 159
. . - - . .. - . =. - _ . . - _ _
l l l l l l t l t ) J APPENDIX D Geomorphology of the Lower Reaches of Logan Creek, CalIavay County, Missouri by i . 4 George Fraunfelter, Ph.D. Geologist 4 1 1 e W m i a 1 4 w
1 1 i GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE LOWER REACHES OF LOGAN CREEK, CALLAWAY COUNTY, MISSOURI The Logan Creek area is located in southeastern Callaway County, Missouri, near the northern limit of the Salem Plateau subprovince of the Ozark Plateau Province. The hesdwaters of Logan Creek penetrate the Crystal and Burlington Escarpments, as well as the southernmost part of the Dissected Tlll Plains subprovince of the Central Lowlands province. Site 23CY-352, to which this study principally applies, is located on a terrace in the lower reaches of Logan Creek near the creek's entrance onto the Missouri River floodplain. Logan Creek drains an area which is underlain by the Ordovician cherty dolomites of the Jefferson City f ormati on; isolated patches of S t. Peter sandstone (Middle Ordovician); Middle Devonian Callaway ilmestones, shales and sandstones; Upper Devonian Snyder Creek shale; Lowe. Mississippian sandstones and shales; Middle Mississippian iImestones and shales; and Lower Pennsylvanian sandstones. The bluf fs east of 23CY-352 are composed of Jefferson City dolomite and have been affected very little by erosional processes that have shaped the northern and western peripheries of the terrace. The hill tops in the headwaters of Logan Creek are covered with Kansan Till and later Pleistocene loess deposits. According to Allgood and Persinger (1979), the surf ace of the - terrace upon which site 23CY-352 is located is covered by soils classified as Hayne-Leta-Waldron and Haynie-Blake-Booker, types. These are deep, nearly level to gently 160
sloping, moderately well drained to very poorly drained loamy and clayey bottomland soils on f l oodp l ai ns th at are occasional ly flooded. Specifically, the Booker soll consists of deep, poorly drained soll formed in loamy and clayey alluvium on low benches and first bottoms. 4 It has a silty clay surf ace soil overlying a slightly permeable silty clay subsoll. Slopes range from 0% to 25. The Leta is a deep, somewhat poorly drained soll formed in clayey and loamy alluvium composed of two contrasting soll materials. The surface is silty clay or clay overlying 4 a stratified very fine sandy loam and silt loam. Both soil types were
- encountered during excavation.
Methods of Studv The sediments under site 23CY-352 making up the terrace under study were investigated by means of hand dug shovel probes, excavated units, and trenches dug with a backhoe. Profiles of these underlying sediments were drawn af ter the sediments had been measured and described. In addition, aerial photos, topographic maps, and U. S. Army Corps of Engineers river charts were used to trace the evolution of Logan Creek valley. Evolution of Loonn Creek Vallev Logan Creek largely carries fine grained sediments except in its lower reaches, where it cuts through cherty Jef f erson City dolomite. This sediment-is attributable in part to sandstone units exposed in the region which often are thin or not exposed over wide areas. Also, most of the glacial deposits in the region are fine grained due to the f act that the southern boundary of Kansan glaciation is located at the midlength of Logan Creek and that most of the bedrock exposed in the 1 161
l Logan Creek drainage area is fine grained. Some medium to coarse grained sands and chert rubble (from the Jef ferson City formation) are carried in the stream's lower reaches. 2 Auxvasse Creek, which is considerably larger than Logan Creek, also i flows onto the floodplain of the Missouri River from the north about ! three mi upstream from Logan Creek. Auxvasse Creek sedimentation may l have had an influence on deposition in the lower reaches of Logan Creek. The extent of influence is dif ficult to assess, since Auxvasse Creek drains a bedrock area similar in lithologies to that drained by Logan i Creek. The sediments that underile the Logan Creek terraces containing sites 23CY-20 and 23CY-352 largely consist of dark gray to dark brown . clays and silty clays where oxidized. Only trench 2 at site 23CY-352 contained quartz sand rather than the quartz sitt found in some of the other trenches. This sand was more than likely deposited by Logan Creek, considering its coarseness, as a point bar which later was
- reworked by flood waters from the Missouri River. The -generally fine l grained nature of these clay sediments suggests that they largely are Missouri River slackwater deposits. The abrupt contacts among the various clays, silty clays, clayey silts, and sands indicate that a number of flood events were involved in producing these slackwater i
deposits. The quiet water origin of these clays and silty clays is indicated by their fine grained nature. The terrace studied cannot be dated by relative methods except by elevation, since there have not been any previous studies of other slackwater deposits in this area. However, there are other terrace i deposits at about the same elevation along the north side of the 162 - l l
Missouri River floodplain near the mouth of Hiller Creek. Radiocarbon l dating of charcoal from pits intruding into the top of the in situ slackwater deposits will only establish the time of occupation of the site and not the age of the deposits in which the pits are found. The dates only tell us that the deposits are older than these cultural features. The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers chart of the Missouri River's Chamois Reach area for October-November 1910 shows that Logan Creek was cutting the north edge of the present terrace containing site 23CY-352 4 at that time. Since then, Logan Creek gradually has shif ted to the west side of its valley north of the terrace under study. An east-west channel just to the north of the terrace still is present, although it had been abandoned by Logan Creek according to the river chart of 1930-
- 32. By October 1940, Logan Creek had cut diagonally across its valley I from east to west north of the terrace. West of the terrace, Logan Creek has changed its course very little since 1910, except to develop a
; meander bend in the northwest corner of the terrace sometime between -
1910 and 1930-32. This meander bend is now in the process of being 1 abandoned. Hence, the terrace essentially has had the same size and configuration since 1910. 1 Historical records indicate the terrace has been flooded several times in the past 140 years. Flood records Indicate that the Missouri River crested at 35 f t over flood stage at Kansas City in 1903. The flood of 1844 apparently reached an even higher crest. Readings are not avalIabte for Kansas City for the 1844 fIood, but they are avalIable for St. Lou i s. 2 163
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n- , - - - - , , ,
I Deposition of sediments by the flooding Missouri River accounts for the present configuration of the terrace. Since the top of the bank of I the Missouri River presently is near the 520 ft level in the Logan Creek area,Itseems likely that the flood of 1903 reached at least the 545 f t i level and perhaps higher because the Missouri River probably had not cut , as deeply into its floodplain at that time. The top of the terrace of site 23CY-352 is between the 520 f t and 540 f t level today. Thus, the deposits in question, and specifically the overlying sands deposited on the west end of site 23CY-352 (Figure 1), have been deposited in flood slackwater from the Missouri River. The top of this terrace would have been covered by more than 10 f t of water during the 1903 flood, unless there has been a large amount of erosion at. the top of the terrace since that time. Erosion is not Indicated by the available topographic maps and would have b,een partially compensated for by slope wash buildup of the top of the terrace. The surf ace configuration of the bottom of Logan Creek valley has been and is controlled by the sediments deposited by flooding of Logan Creek, by sediments deposited by flooding of the Missouri River, and by deposits from slope wash along the valley walls of Logen Creek. In addition, the configuration of these valley bottom sediments has been continually altered by the downcutting and downstream migration of the meanders of Logan Creek, i i Conclusions-The terrace containing site 23CY-352 was cut by the downstream
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meandering of Logan Creek north and west of the site. Thls terrace essentially had assumed its present size and configuration by 1910. 4 164
102 101 100 tJniti
- i --- 99 sterile sand dark gray clay a
cn, - l u l 135 14 5 155 165 175 18 5 195 205 215 E buriedculturallevel 9 h" horizontal 9 l* vertical Figure 1. Buried Soil Horizon at N137, Site 23CY-352
l The sediments that underile the terrace of site 23CY-352 cannot be l dated with any certainty, because these sediments do not contain radiometrically dateable material and because no comparable slackwater sediments in the area previously have been studied. The sediments underlying this terrace were deposited in slackwater from the Missouri River at flood stage, as evidenced by their fine grained nature. The cultural levels largely are in s!Ity clays and lie on top or within cl ays or silty cl ays. Flooding of the site af ter occupation is indicated by in situ sediments above the cultural I.evel at the unit 1 A test excavation (Figure 1).
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n 4 4 i t 166 I
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