Text

Nonradiological Environ Monitoring Rept,Jan-Dec 1979.
	ML19323A416
Person / Time
Site:	Calvert Cliffs
Issue date:	03/31/1980
From:	; ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILA., BALTIMORE GAS & ELECTRIC CO.
To:	;
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Section Number Introduction 1 Summary 2 Treatment Chemical Usage 3 Aquatic Chemistry Studies 4.1 Copper and Nickel at Plant Intake and Discharge h.2 Phytoplankton: Productivity, Biomass, and Taxonomy 5 Fish Bottom Trawling 6 Blue Crab Studies 7 Oyster Tray Studies 8.1 Heavy Metal Analyses of Oysters 8.2 Impingement Studies Impingement Counts 91 Survival Estimates of Impinged Fish 9.2 Phytoplankton Entrainment 10.1 Zooplankton Entrainment Study 10.2 Ichthoplankton and Macroplankton 10.3 (O

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b INTRODUCTION Amendment numbers 23 and 7 of the USNRC facility operating >

licenses for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Unit Nos.1 and 2, respectively, require the submission of an annual report analyzing the data collected to satisfy the requirements of the Non-radiological Environmental Technical Specifications for these facilities. This report l presents and analyzes the data collected for this purpose between Jan- !

uary 1, 1979 and December 31, 1979 For ease of reference, it has been formatted in accordance with the appropriate non-radiological environmental +

technical specifications.

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This report has been prepared by a cooperative effort between the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, it's field laboratory !

at Benedict, Maryland, and The Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. The ,

autt. ors and affiliation of each section are identified.

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SUMMARY

V Kennth L. Heck, Jr. - Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia N. G. Lassahn, Jr. - Baltimore Gas and Electric Company The 1979 program of studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant included monitoring studies of physico-chemical variables, and biological populations in the vicinity of the plant, as well as special studies on the effects of impingeaent and entrainment. During 1979 both generating units at Calvert Cliffs were in co=mercial operation. In the following passages we summarize the major results of the individual study elements.

Monthly monitoring of physico-chemical variables revealed the expected slight temperature elevations in the vicinity of the plant. How-ever, very few differences in nutrient or metal concentrations were detected between reference stations and stations in the vicinity of the plant, and none of these differences appeared to be related to plant operation.

Studies of primary production revealed small increases in phyto-plankton respiration near the plant discharge compared to reference stations.

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However, there were no detectable differences in overall productivity, in phytoplankton cell densities, or in the species composition of phytoplankton between the plant site and reference stations.

Abundances and composition of fishes collected by the trawling program were very similar at the plant site and at reference stations.

Dominant species remained the same as in previous years, as did seasonal and depth patterns of fish distribution.

Mean blue crab catches increased nearly 65% over 1978 levels and 1979 veekly catches were the greatest recorded during twelve years of study.

There were no significant differences in abundance, size or sex ratios of crabs between the plant site and reference stations during 1979 There is no evidence that the operation of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant has had any adverse effect on crab populations in the Chesapeake Bay.

Oyster growth was greater at the plant site than at reference stations, probably because of stimulation by warm water discharges from the plant. Oyster mortality rates were lov (3.33% - 6.73%) and very similar at plant and reference stations. Analyses of oyster tissue revealed higher copper and nickel concentrations at the plant site than at reference stations.

Jopper concentrations were inversely related to distance from the plant site although nickel concentrations did not show a recognizable pattern. Concen-trations of both metals were also higher at the plant site during the 1973-75 preoperational period and it is not evident that the observed metal concentra-

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V tions have produced any harmful effects on oysters near the plant site.

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The estimated total number of fish impinged during 1979 was within the range of numbers estimated during the previous few years.

g However, blue crabs were impinged in greater numbers than in previous years, probably reflecting the large crab abundances in the Calvert Cliffs area during 1979 There were few large impingement episodes during 1979 while seasonal patterns in the abundance and composition of individasl species were similar to those seen in previous years.

Studies to estimate n tryival rates for those fishes impinged in greatest numbers showed similal survival rates at Units I and II at Calvert Cliffs during 1979, and similar survival rates for both intermittent and contin-uous screen operation. Neither time of day nor ambient temperature seemed to affect survival rates of the major species of impinged fish.

Results of phytoplankton entrainment studies (using ATP as an indicator of living biomass) were similar to those found during previous summers. Although the largest statistically significant decrease in ATP concentrations between the intake and discharge was found during the month with the highest AT and discharge temperatures, similar temperature rises and even varmer discharge temperatures have produced no statistically sig-nificant changes in previous years.

Zooplankton entrainment studies during summer 1979 showed that, as in previous years, juvenile copepods sustained the greatest losses during plant transit. Total zooplankton survival was not significantly correlated with routinely measured environmental variables such as temper-ature and dissolved oxygen; therefore, there is little evidence that zoo-plankton entrainment mortality is attributable to thermal stress. Instead, mechanical stress still seems to be the most likely cause of zooplankton h

losses during entrainment.

Several dominant macroplankters, including polychaetes, mysid shrimp and amphipods, were present in significantly greater numbers near the plant site than at reference sites. Hogchoker eggs and naked goby larvae were also more abundant near the plant site, but not in significantly greater numbers than at reference stations. It is possible that the presence of benthic rubble and the deep intake channel provide an attraction for those macroplankton and ichthyoplankton species which are more abundant near the plant than at reference stations.

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O TREATMENT CHEMICAL USAGE

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The following quantities of treatment chemicals were i ,

used in the plant during 1979 f l

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i Chemical Amount i i l

1. Sodium phosphate None i

2. Boric acid 82,1400 lbs !

i 3. Hydrazine 1997 gallons j 14 . Sodium hypochlorite 9650 gallons !

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AQUATIC CHEMISTRY STUDIES Kim Parker Buttleman Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Objectives !

l This study was designed to determine the effects of cooling ,

water entrainment and discharge from the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear !

Power Plant on certain chemical and physical parameters of the Chesapeake Bay waters in the plant nearfield area and to provide supportive data for biological studies. Studies began in 1968 and monthly sampling and analyses have continued to the present.

Materials and Methods Program Design The 1979 sampling scheme continued the expanded nrogram begun in 1978. Samples were collected monthly from January to December of 1979 at each of seven stations located on a transect chosen to represent locations presumably within and without the area of potential plant effects and at three

() additional stations in the immediate vicinity of the plant as shown in Figure 4.1-1. (No samples were collected in February due to heavy ice conditions.) The " transect" stations were located at the 30-ft (9.1-m) depth contour at Kenwood Beach (KB),

Long Beach (LB), Flag Pond (FP), Plant Site (PS), Camp Conoy (CC), Rocky Point (RP) and Cove Point (CP). The " plant" stations are Plant Site Intake (PSI), located approximately 5 m in front of the curtain wall at the center of the intake channel, and the plume stations, Plume A (PLA) located approximately 5 m from the end of the discharge conduit, and Plume C (PLC),

located approximately 50 m from the end of the discharge conduit in the center of the plume.

Several changes were made in the analyses performed in 1979.

Alkalinity and five day biochemical oxygen demand were not studied, and the organic carbon analysis was performed only on the unfiltered aliquot, instead of on both unfiltered and filtered aliquots, as was originally planned. Total nitrogen (TN) was added to further the quantification of nitrogen species.

Single whole-water samples were taken by bucket grab at the surface and by Kemmerer bottle 1 m above the bottom at the transect*

stations. At PSI replicate samples were taken at 1 m (S), 10 m

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i-The treatment of samples following their collection also differed slightly from the 1978 scheme. The whole water samples i

(]) were immediately divided into two portions. One portion remained unfiltered and was analyzed for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN),

, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved organic

carbon (DOC), turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), copper ,

and nickel. The aliquots for metal analyses were placed in 1-liter polyethylene (PE) bottles and immediately preserved with '

2 ml/l redistilled HNO). Aliquots for' turbidity determination were placed in 60-ml linear polyethylene (LPE) bottles, cooled l

to 4*C and held until returned to the laboratory. The aliquots of TKN, TN , TP and DOC were placed in 60-ml LPE bottles and cooled to 4 C until returned to the laboratory where they were !

t held at -20 C until analysis.

The second portion of whole water was filtered in the field '

j using a 50-ml Antlia pneumatic pressure filtration system i with Millipore 0.45-pm membrane filters. The first and second 50-ml portions of filtrate were used to rinse the filters and the sample bottles used for dissolved species. The third 50-ml portion was placed in a 60-ml LPE bottle and the analyses for !

o-PO 4 -P, and SiO2 were performed on this aliquot. The fourth l 50-ml portion was placed in another 60-ml LPE bottle and the !

analyses for NH 3 -N, NO 2 -N and NO 3 -N were performed on this '

aliquot. These filtered portions were cooled to 4*C and held until returned to the laboratory where they were stored at -20 *C '

until analysis.

Temperature and salinity were determined in situ using a .

Beckman RS5-3 portable salinometer. !

The pH was determined in the field with a Markson Model 88 digital pH meter, i

, Turbidity was measured with a Hach 2100 A laboratory

turbidimeter using formazin standards.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was analyzed with a Scientific [

Instruments Corp. organic carbon ultraviolet digestion manifold !

for AutoAnalyzer II system.

t All colorimetric analyses were performed using a Scientific Instruments Corp. single channel industrial colorimeter for AutoAnalyzer II system. ;

The following parameters were analyzed according to the f following U. S. Environmental Protection Agency STORET methods (Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, EPA-625-(6-74-003)): temperature (00010); turbidity (00076) ; dissolved oxygen (00299); pH'(00400); ammonia nitrogen (00610); nitrite nitrogen (00615); nitrate nitrogen-(00630); total Kjeldahl nitrogen (00625); total phosphorus (00665), orthophosphate 4.1-3

phosphorus (00671); dissolved oxygen carbon (00681); silica &

(00955). W Total nitrogen was analyzed according to the method of d'Elia et al. (1977), modified for subsequent automated analysis according to STORET 00630.

Both total and di solved copper and nickel were determined according to the method of Kinrade and Van Loon (1974), using a Perkin-Elmer model 460 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Metal analyses were done under the direction of Dr. Steve Friant at the Academy's Philadelphia laboratories. All other analyses were performed by Mr. Kim Buttleman.

Results of chemical analyses are given in milligrams per liter (mg/1).

Data Reduction and Analysis For convenience in analysis and discussion, the parameters have been grouped into the following categories:

Physical parameters:

Salinity Temperaturc Dissolved Oxygen ll pH Turbidity Nutrients:

Nitrogen species Ammonia Nitrogen Nitrite Nitrogen Nitrate Nitrogen Organic Nitrogen Phosphorus species Orthophosphate Phosphorus Total Phosphorus Dissolved Organic Carbon Silica Metals:

Copper Nickel 4.1-4

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/~T Because classical statistical methods yield invalid results

\/ when applied to data from a sampling regimen of this type (i.e.,

with spatial and temporal nonindependence of samples) and because of the inconclusive results of previously applied nonparametric statistics, the data were analyzed primarily by methods suggested by Tukey (1977).

i For 1979, two different schematic plots of the data were i made for each parameter. The first graph for each parameter !'

(i.e., each graph designated Figure 4.1 __ a) is a " box and whisker" treatment of the monthly transect station data, i For each consecutive monthly data set, the lower, middle and !'

upper crossbars of the box represent the 25th, 50th and 75th 2rcentiles of the set and allow a quick visual evaluation of the distribution of the data set. The mean of the set is i represented by a "+" symbol within the box on the vertical center line and the whiskers represent the range. 'Near outliers are represented by "O" symbols on the whisker axis and extreme i

, outliers are shown by "*" symbols; their presence or absence allows a subjective weighting of the mean value shown should ;

it be displaced relative to the quartile distribution of a sample set. Use of this series of graphs allows an assessment and characterization of temporal trends and changes in the data and is of assistance in evaluating the normalized data. r Second in each series of graphs is a " box and whisker" plot

() of the transect station residuals (all graphs designated Figures 4.1 __b). For these plots, the monthly data sets were normalized for month and depth effects by fitting a two way linear model i to the data, thus removing the means for month and depth, ,

leaving the station residuals. By plotting the distributions !

and means of these residuals, a valid comparison among these

i stations may be made. These interstation comparisons are, however, subject to the same cautions as discussed in the preceding paragraph; that is, care must be used when comparing ,

station normalized means that are skewed by the presence of outliers.

A second set of graphs (not presented) of this type was made, :

broken down by season, with the station residuals grouped into !

winter (January, March); spring (April, May, June); summer (July, August, September) ; and fall (October, November, December).

This breakdown allows a comparison of station effects between seasons, such as for nitrate.between winter and spring, when NO 3 -N levels were high, and summer and fall, when levels dropped t to much lower values. .

r Stations PSI, PLA and PLC were not included in these compari- ,

sons because they are not equivalent to the transect stations.

At Station PSI, the 13.5-m bottom samples from the intake trench ;

(PSI-B) are often very different from the overlying 10-m depth' 4.1-5 B

samples (PSI-M) and the bottom samples at the transect stations, ggg and inclusion of these samples often results in a large number of outliers and a skewing of the mean. No bottom samples were taken at Stations PLA and PLC and they are thus not equivalent to the transect stations. The discharged water was also most often originally a mix of the PSI middle and bottom depths, with unknown and varying proportional composition between these often enemically different samples, and to say entrainment effects were the causative agent behind any differences seen between the plume stations and the transect stations would be highly presumptive. Because of these difficulties, any assessment of plant effects will be limited to dif ferences seen between the Plant Site station (PS) and the rest of the transect stations.

Results and Discussion The data from January to December 1979 are presented in Figures 4.1-2 a, b through 4.1-17 a, b. Hydrographic data are presented in Table 4.1-1.

Physical Parameters Salinity (Figs. 4.1-2a, b)

The salinity patterns seen during 1979 (Fig. 4.1-2a) were somewhat dissimilar to those seen during previous years, although the range of values was much the same. There was a sharp drop in salinities from January (with mean levels of approximately 14.5 O/oo and a range of 12.50 O/co to 18.55 O/oo) to March, (which had very uniform levels with a mean of approximately 7.4 O/co). There was a generally steady increase in mean levels through July, to approximately 9.8 O/oo, with similarly narrow interquartile ranges, followed by a sharp rise to August mean levels of approximately 13.8 O/oo, with a range of from 13.20 O/oo to 15.83 O/oo. During September the mean level remained approximately the same as that of August, though the range narrowed to 13.04 O/oo to 14.30 foo. During October through December, the means decreased steadily to approximately 10.7 O/oo in December with interquartile ranges that were similarly narrow.

The normalized data (Fig. 4.1-2b) for 1979 show an increase i

of approximately 1 O/oo down-bay over the length of the transect with progressively wider interquartile ranges and more outliers as one approaches either end of the transect. The seasonal normalized data show no consistent trends during winter, spring and summer, but during fall there was a down-bay increase of approximately 0.8 O/oo.

4.1-6 h

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Table 4.1-1. Time, tide and weather during monthly aquatic chemistry sampling at ten Chesapeake Bay stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979.

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na n ..n ..n i.u un n i.n , u.n n.u = .n u.n. n.u .= n... n.n. .

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ne n- n .. .... .... nn nn m n.u n.n .n i ns. .n o.u.. in n. .u. o n.

.m.

.n n .n. .. . .s . .. n u n. .

All times are given in Eastern Standard time (EST) Weather codes from: Chesapeake Biological and summier months are not corrected to Daylight Institute Data Report 8:54-5, April 1954.

Savings Time (DST). Tidal stage is given as a scalar from 000 to 119 representing a continuum Code Description (Coverage) of a complete tidal cycle (i.e., 000 is slack low 00 Cloudless (0-10%)

tide, 001 to 059 is flood tide, 60 is slack 01 Partly Cloudy (10-50%)

high tide and 61 to 119 is ebb tide).

02 Cloudy (50-90%)

03 Overcast (90-100%)

71 Intermittent snow (in flakes)

19.0 +-------- - ------------- ---------------------=--- -- - --

1 i

1 I g i 1 I

I 1 l I I I -

1 I I I I I I I i 16.7 + 4 +

1 I I I I I i e---. , g i I i 1 I I I I I I I I i 1 +---. 1 I I I I I I I 1 +4 I I . I 14.3 + 1 1 I i 1 +

e e---e I .I e---e l I I I I I .-.-+ 1 1 I I *--

I I es I I l .---, e 1 O I +---+ e l O s I e..-e e I

'% 1 I +-0-. I O g g 12.0 . .

A I e e A I g p I I I y .,4 1 0 1 I I g g i I e-+-+ +---. 1

.,4 1 1 1 *---* *-+

I eq l I .---+ 1 +---. I El I +---* *--

O I I U3 i *---e t + l 0 1 1 9.67 . 1 I i l I +

8 1 +1 +---e +---, g I .---. ..... I e t I +---* 1

I I 1 I I I O 1 1 1 1 0 1 8 +---+ 1 I g e-+ e .---. I 7.33 + +---* I + +

1 e-- .1 I 1 .---. i I i l i I I i l 1 1 1 1 s.00 .- ___ __ -

__. _ =--.----. _ __-

- =-- __=-__ _ --.

J M A M. J J A S 0 N D Figure 4.1-2a. Salinity data (0/oo) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Clif fs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O _

O

\ \

..no -----.---. ----------....----.....--------- - -

1 i I 1

1 1

1

I e

i I

I . I 1

1

7. f. 7 . I

.5 I I I I I I I I l l I I I i I 1

1.31 . 1 0 0 .

I 1 I I 1 I I I I I rw I I I I I I I O I +---. I I I i i O I I I I I f I I l I I I

's i I I 1 .---. ...-. I O l ..... ..... .....

I l v I 1 1 I ..... I 3 i i i l i l I e---e e..-e I .....

0.0 *-.-*

1 I

. 1 I .

I t;. .I....I I .

I, i 1 +

I ...-. 1 1 1 I I, .I-.-.I I 1 1

,g i I .---. I ..... .--.. e...e g I i .---+

1 1 I l

, 1 1 i +.-.. I I I g .H I I I I I M I I I i 1 I g I I i 1 1 I I I I

. ca i o i i v3 1 I .---. i 5 I i i 1 1 1

4 l 1

-i.,i . .

I l .

I I I .

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I

-r. 1 .

+

i 1

1 I I I I I I i I l 1 I i

-s.no I

.....-------...--.........----..........-----....-----....-....-----.------- =-- - - ___...-... __ _ . __=-__________ . _

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-2b. Station normalized salinity data ( /oo) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

n _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ __, _ .. - , -

Temperature (Figs. 4.1-3a, b)

The monthly temperature data (Fig. 4.1-3a) follow the expected ogive curve from January through September, followed by a sharp and steady decline during October through December.

Mean levels of approximately 1.4 *C in January increased to approximately 25.7 *C in September, and then dropped to approx-imately 8.3 C in December. Interquartile ranges for all months except May were quite uniform (approximately 1.5 C) .

During May the interquartile range was approximately 3.5 C and the overall range was approximately 7.7 *C.

The normalized temperature data (Fig. 4.1-3b) show a very slight increase in temperature at PS, although the increase is only approximately 0.2 *C. This apparent increase could be due to the presence of the outliers, as the distributions of values at each station was generally quite uniform. The seasonal breakdown of the station normalized data show no apparent trends except during winter, when there were generally higher means at the transect center stations.

Dissolved Oxygen (Figs. 4.1-4a, b)

Dissolved oxygen levels (Fig. 4.1-4a) remained relatively uniform during January, March and April, with mean levels of approximately 12 mg 20 /1 and interquartile ranges of approximately 1 mg 0 2/1. This was followed by a steady decrease in mean levels to approximately 5 mg 0 2 /1 in July, with a very wide inter- ll quartile range of from approximately 2 mg 0 2 /1 to approximately 8 mg 02 /1, the low mean being due to the low bottom values.

During the remainder of the year the mean levels steadily increased to approximately 10.6 mg 0 /1 2 in December, and the interquartile ranges decreased to approximately 0.9 mg 0 /12 in October, November and December. During August and September the overall ranges were approximately 5.7 and 8.0 mg 0 2/1, respectively, though.the extreme variability seen during September was due to a number of samples which were supersaturated due to extreme biological activity (see Phytoplankton section) .

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-4b) show no differences between stations for the year as a whole, although the presence of several outliers may have obscured any station effects.

The seasonal breakdown shows a high degree of uniformity between stations during winter, spring and fall, but during summer >

station means varied by as much as 3.0 mg 02/1.

pH (Figs. 4.1-Sa, b)

The monthly pH data (Fig. 4.1-Sa) show no clear pattern through 1979, and are perhaps best characterized as highly variable both in mean levels and in monthly ranges. Means varied from approximately 7.5 in March to approximately 8.3 in May, and interquartile ranges from approximately 0.05 in January &

to approximately 1.05 in July. W 4.1-10

-- .-- - -w - - .. - . . . - - . . - . . _. - - . . - -- . . . - . - - . . - - . -

l O

i l

2n.. .--. ----- =~====- ..- =- - --

8 9 I . I I I 1

. - . t 3

l l .

I i .---. .---. i i I *-.-* I

..--. ..... 3 23.3 + I .

3 1...1 g i .---. i i 1

I

? 8 I I l ..... . g i

I l . I , I e ..... ..... p 4 g . '

l 14.7 + '. 1 I I I ,

m I- 1 I q) l .---. g O I . 1 I I

%# # 1 i

, ..-.. , f, u , , , ,

3, i y &

l l

t

- s .. . ,

..,3 . . .

4

, I g 4

I g l l i I 1

...r . .

1

.I i

i ;

I- 3 .---. g

..... i 1 , ..... ,i

, ..... i i O l

... .- --.-._- - .- - - - - - _ . = - -- - - =--- -.---

_-- =_-

J M A M J J A S 0 N D i

i Figure 4.1-3a. Temperature data ( C) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake

, Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

l

1.no .-----------------------------------------------------------------------------= --

' 1 I

e . I, I

I I

' I i

1 0 g I.67 +

I I *

I I I I n l I I I I I I I I I o i i 1 1 1 1 l i i I G 1 1 I 1 I I I i 1 1 I i

I I I +---+ l i I I +---+ +---* 1 *---+ 1 i i 1 1 0.341 + I +---* l 0

1 1

1 I .-- .i .-- . .I-. .i 1- . - .i 1

+

I es t *-+

1

I I

I I I I I I I I 1 1 O l 1 .A l i I I I I I I i 1 8 1 1 I O I #

I l * --+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +-+-* *-+

I

%# I +---* I I i i I I i I l 1 I I I i 1 1 l +---+ 1 O I I I I +---*

b* I I I l 1 1 l I I I I A

f -1.00 +

I 1

i 1

0 1 1 1 +

d 1 1 1 1 I

, 9 I i 0 1 1e o i 1 I l 4 I I I H E I I I M o 1 I

E- 1 + 1 1 0 1

-r. u . +

3 I i 1 8

I I i i I i 1 I I i 1

-,.sr .

I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 i l I

1 I . 1

-%.no CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-3b. Station normalized temperature data ( C) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods fo r explanation of normalization of data.)

e O O

+

l in.o +.__..--- ------

--- .___.__..___.__........_______. .____.. __+

I I i i I

I I i 1 1 I . 1 I I I i 13.3 + +

1

I I- +.... + ... I I ..... ...... 1 1 I +l t I +1 I l +.... e_e.e +.. + 1 1 I I i I I I I I I eg 10.7

+

1 1 I

I e .....

e.-_s

+

O I I I I I I*I I I +_+-+ 1 1 I +--_* I be I i 1 i +--_+ 5 1 E5 1 I I + -_* I * +_* I I se i I *...+ t 1 l + ..._+ 1 1 I I I 1 1 *-_-* +-_-+ l l C I 1 +1 1 I I *...e e i O I e___* I I+1 I i 1 1 00 a.ee + +.__. *.-_+ 1 1 1 1 +--.. +

A b '

I I I I I i +---+ *-+-' I

+ I I I i 1 1 I +.-_+ 1 i H I i 1 I i 1 1 1 1 g i e i I i i 1 1 P g i I I +.-_+ 1 i W > 1 1 I I I ry i

I I I I I O 8 *-.

I I un 5.33 + 1 +1 1

VI l 1 I i 1 I

H I I I 1 I

. O I I I I t I I I

! I I I I I I I I i i l 1 1 I I I I

?.67 + 6 1 +

9 I I l f .___* I I 1 I i I I I I I i 1 1

< l I c.e +_............______.......___._____- _

.______...........___..__. ______________________ ______ .... __..___......+

J M A M J J A S 0 N 'D Figure 4.1-4n. Dissolved oxygen data (mg 0 2 /1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

2

a.aq +__..............................__.........__..............____.______.......__........__ __ - ...................

I I I I l e g I I I I I I I I I I 6.M + +

1 I I I e 1 1 8 I I I e i i + n g m

g e-4 I

+ ,

N ?.A7 +

" i 1 0 g O I I ,

I I i l i i i i o e g 1 I I I I gs I I I I e I i g i I i i i i i i I I I I I I I I o + +...+ l l l g +

b0 f.c4 4 8 h I +---* I i I i 1 1 1 1 a M I I I I I +---+ 1 I I I I

, +---+

--

i i I +.--+

g O I I i I

+---+ I I 1

i I I I I + 1 I i +---+ 1 1 3

T I *_*-* e.._* 1 H I 1 + 4 I I I + 1 A 0 0

.__e g g e_... +.+..I .i.+_.1 i l l + l g i I I I i i l I i i 1 +---+ 1 1 i I I I ***~* I I I I *~~~* I I I I O 0.667 + ....+ t I i +---+ 1 I +..-+ +

g i i i I I +---* I I 1 m I I I I I

.e4 I I I I

I I i 0 I C3 I I I i l i i i i i l I I i l i

I i I I a i n i I l

-,. n .

I

+ 1 I .

I I

. e + 1 i

, . i

. I

' I I

..... .... ._...__ ...._....__...__...__.__.._______. _..............._____...____... ...________._____.. ____..............__+

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-4b + Station normalized dissolved oxygen data (mg 02 /1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

e O O

O 11IIIIII + i1IiI111 + ItIiIIiI

I61IiI I + I18II11i + liIII1Ii +

=

n

. o t

+ I*+

- - - D en ,

eI11 - +II1 * - ha

- - - - tl

+Ie+ P .

n

- ore

'+ I*

1 + -

- sw I1 - + - II

- - - N no

+ i* I + - oP .

i tr aa

+ I1* 1IIII + -- te .

- - - - O sl

- - + - -

tII -+ I 1*

IIIII +

- iIII -

c

- tu -

- cN e .

+ IIIi11* IIII +

ss

- - - nf ,

00 III1II1IIIi1 -

+ -

- IiIIIIlI1 S af ,

+IIIlIi* IIII* ri ,

tl .

C d

+ I* iIi1IIIiII1II

lt II -- -

+

- I1tiI A er ie ,

+ I oIIIiiIIil11II +

fv -

rl aa

- eC

+ 1IiII* 1IIiII1i11II1I1iiIIIIIIl +

- +

- nf ,

11IIII -

- III1 IIiII J

+ 1IIII* iIIiIIIIiIiI3II1IIIII Ii + ro .-

o fy.

t9

+I* + - )i 7 J sn9 ,

._ ItI - + - II

- - - - ti1 .-

+ I* + -

ic -

_- nir uve .

+

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIiI + b ,

- - - Hem ,

_ III - -

- IilIIIIII1I

- M ph e .

+

IIIIIlIII1IIIIII + (tc ,

e n

- anD ,

ti .

a

+

I8III + h

- - - dyg -

IIIIII - - + - IIlIIII8 *

+

IIII1 +

- A au .

nBo .

_ o r e a

i eh kt

+ *11ti +

- - - - na eey

- - - + - Ii11I I

+

M .-

+* 1lii + -

gpr -

oaa

- n

- rsu w den ,

- yh a -

- HCJ -

- J -

- a

- 5 .

+t5ItI III + 1t9III11 + IIiIIIi1 + II5 I1I3t + 1Ii iiIiI +1IiI1lII + 1 4

o e 0 e e 0 .

n.

5 2 9 6 3 .

e n 4 A 7 7 7 7 l b

O s r

mJ4 er g

) gOH CCCObT

d

) O e T

a -

a

i-g+FI ly

'. l' < j li I i; 4

0.7n0 *----------------------------------------------------------------------------- == -- -----------= ------------------+

8 e g I I I I l 0 1 I n e g I I

' I i 1 0.43)

1 4 1 +

1 8 1 I I I I 4 1 i i i i 1 0 1 I i I i i I I I I I I I I 0 1 1 I I I I I 1 I i i I l i I a l i 1 gg i I +---* 1 I 1 8 l 8 m 0.16F + +---+ 1 1 I I I i 1 +

43 1 1 1 1 I .---. .---. l .---. .---. l

.r4 1 +--

I l- 1 I I I I I I I I l C i 1 e I *--

I I I I +---* I i I i I 3 I I l i

1 1 I +--

1 I i 1 1 I I I I I i 1 *-+-* 1

I I I I I I i l T I I I I I I I I I e---e .---. .-- . I Gk i I I I I I I +---* I + 1 I I i 1 8 1 1 I +---+ 1 1 I I I I

I I + 1 1

-0.100n 00 .---. 1 .---. I +---+ 1 1 I i .

O ' ' ' I I I I I I I I A % 1 1 I I I I I I +---+ 1

I I I I i 1 +---+ 0 1 H c I i i i i 1 1 1 1 H

1 o I I I I i 1 1 I M l i I I O O 1 1 i O O I I I O I I I 4 I I I I "O =0.36F + 1

I l +

>- 1 0 . I 1 I Z l 0 1 1 I I I I I I I 0 1 i . i i I I O I I

1

-0 m . 0 .

I I i . i I

I I I I

I I . i i l I I

-0.994 e--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------*

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-5b. Station normalized hydrogen ion data (pH units) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanantion of normalization of data.)

e O O

g The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-5b) show an increase p(_/ down-bay of approximately 0.13 pH units over the length of the transect, although the presence of many outliers may have affected the station means. The seasonal breakdown shows this ,

down-bay trend in spring and fall, with essentially uniform station means in winter, and with wide _y varying means in summer.

Turbidity (Figs. 4.1-6a, b)

The monthly transect station data sets (Fig. 4 .1- 6a) show relatively uniform mean levels between approximately 0.7 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) and approximately 3.0 NTU for 1979, except during March, when the mean levels rose to approximately 7.0 NTU. Monthly interquartile ranges were also relatively uniform (generally between 0.5 NTU and 0.75 NTU) except during March when the total range covered 4.5 NTU.

The only apparent trend over time was a general increase in mean levels from April through September.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-6b) show a very slight increase of approximately 0.8 NTU up-bay although this apparent increase may be due to low outliers at CP and RP. The seasonal breakdowns showed this trend in winter and spring, but not during summer and fall.

() Nutrients Nitrogen Species Ammonia Nitrogen (Figs. 4.1-7a, b) : l Monthly transect station mean levels (Fig. 4.1-7a) were for the most part less than approximately 0.05 mg N/1, with interquartile ranges generally from approximately 0.01 mg N/l to 0.03 mg N/1, with the exceptions of March, when means were approximately 0.19 mg N/1, and the interquartile range was from ,

0.166 mg N/l to 0.196 mg N/1, and July, when the mean was approximately 0.102 mg N/1, with a very wide interquartile range of from approximately 0.02 mg N/l to approximately 0.20 mg N/1. There were no temporal trends apparent, but during July and August the ranges were generally somewhat wider.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-7b) show a high degree of uniformity between station means and interquartile ranges when the entire year's data are considered. The seasonal breakdown of station normalized data shows essentially the same conditions of uniformity during all seasons but summer, when the maximum difference among station means and the inter-quartile ranges were both much greater, reflecting the wide range of values seen during July and August.

O 4.1-17

9.00 +---------------------------------- = ===- - ---------------------- ---- = =------------- - ---------------------+

I l I I g i i g i I l l +---+ g I i 1 1 I I I g m I I I g in 7.50 + 1 I +

4 I e---e g

d I 1 i e d 1 I I l U l I + 1 g i 1 I l h I I I I p

.g I I I I g i I I I

.g 6.00 + l l +

A l +---+ g 5+ 1 1 I 3 I I l 4 I I e i I I l O I I l

d i I e I b 1 l I

~ ..s0 . 1 .

e I I i i em O ' 8 I I e H I I I H O I I I l l A I I I t H A. I I i 1 m O I O I I l Z I I I +---+ e g

3.00 + l 1 l l l +

1 I +---+ 1 +l l 1 h l l l g e e --e l l i 1 1 1 1 I i 1 I +---+ I e I +---+ l g 1 g

.g i l I i 1 1 O *---+ 1 I i + 1 1

,,o I e-+-e I 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 5+ 1 I I I I I + 1 +-+-+ 1 1 1 *--

I

3 I I l 8 +---+ l l +-- e 1 +---+ +---+ +---+ l F* 1.50 + +---+ 1 1 I I I +---+ e-+-* e-+ e I +

g I +---. l + 1 e-- e i I I +---+ 1 l g e-+ e e...e e .---+ +---+ g I g I 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 +---+ 1 .-+ e I i i i I .---. O i I i 1 1 I I 0.0 +---- -- - ---

Figure 4.1-6a. Turbidity data (Nephelometric turbidity units) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

_ _ ._ _ _ . _ _ _ m _ _

\

s,nn + . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - --_ _

l i

I I I I I I I 1 I i i

I m i I f4 7.41 . +

M 'I I

H I i N 1 i

U l i N ,

o l I

.a I g I I I

.s I.AF + 1 * +

.,0 1 1 1 4 i + 1 1 D I o 1 1 1 H I e i I I I I I i 1 1 I O I I +---*

d I 1 I i I i 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I i 1 1 I i g 0.500 + 1 i i I i 1 l + --+ +

g g i 1 1 1 +---+ 1 1 +---+ 1 1 I e o 1 1 i +---+ 1 4 1 +1 1 +0 1 1 I pa ,q l 1 +---+ 1 +1 1 I e---e e.--e e--.e i 1 0 1 +---+ 1 1 1 I +-+

1 1 I I l +4 i Fd g: 1 1 i e--.* *---* 1 I I I I I +-.-+ 1 WD CL I *--

I + 1 1 1 I i +---+ 1 1 1 1 O I 1 +1 1 +---+ +.--+ 1 .---+ t i Z 1 i i +---+ 1 1 I I I I U + +---+

-n.AA7 1 1 1 1 1 1 +

1 1 I I I i i b i I I I I I p 1

.g i ,

i 1 i e g 1 I I I

.s i I . i g I 1 0 I k I I Q l I s.+ -i.ai . .

I

I I I I i i 1 8 I I

I I i 8 i 3... ......._______________________. . ____... __...__________ .... ______.......... _____-- --

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure.4+1-6b. Station normalized turbidity data (Nephelometric turbidity units) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

(See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

]

0.230 e---- - --- ------------ --------------------l--- -- ---- --- - - -- ----- = == - --+

1 1 I I I I I I l i I I I I I I I I I l 1 I i +---+ 1 0 192 + +---+ l l +

1 +-+* I I I I I I I I I I i i I I I I I i i l I e I i I 7% I I I I Pd 1 I i 1

'N 0.153 + 1 I +

8 1 1 I 8 I I I b0 I I I I g 1 I I I

%s I I I I I I I I c i O I I 1 b0 I I I I C) 0.115 + l 1

+

E4 8 8 1 I

+J l i I I

*d I l *1 1

~

z i i i 0 I 1 , i 0 I i i I N .g I I i 1 1 O g i i 1 1 1 O I i 0 1 I I I e---e i e +

g 0+7670-0l+ l 1 I I I I I I I E

<[ l i I I I I I 1 +---+ 1 8 I I e 1 I i 1 1 1 I I I i 1 1 I i l i I I I +1 1 I I +---+ 0 1 I 6---e +---+ 1 1 I i 1 I l l 8 I l I I I I I I I I I i 0.343D-Ol+ +---+ 1 l l 1 1 1 I +---+ 1 +

1 1 I

I e i I e 1 I i i +---+ 1 1 0 1 I I I I I I + 1 +---+ 1 i e-+-e i i +---+ l 1 1 I I i i i i 1 i +1 1 I I e-+-+ I +---+ +---+ *-+-e +---+ *-- e +---+

l 1 1 1 1 1 1 I e-- e I +1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I l e---e ; e-- e i g 1 .I +---+ l l l +---+ 1 +---+ +---+ e---e l g i 1 I I e---+ 0

+- ---------------l----- ==- ---- - ===---- -- ===--- -- =- - =- - - - - -=+

0.0 =- ---------==- - -

J M A M J J A S O N D Figure 4.1-7a. Ammonia nitrogen data (mg N/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

J.

tr

+1I1il111 +Ii11l1I1 + IIIIlII1 +

1' .,I31I1 + I111II1I + IlIIIlIl +

. cas _

- . eed

- . sl o nch .

aut rNe

=

. t M _

_ s

+ II1 + . dfd _

- - e. I . .

.B lfn

e IIIIIII - + . .

_

+ 111 e1+

. . iiiIi11 .K

. ei a

. il _

fCs r l -

ata

. eri ner

_ rlt ve _

+

- 1ie. +. _

oaa e O iIIII . + . . 1iIIt

+ IIe+

0

.B L fCM

- . )fe 1 oe

/ S _

. N y( _

._ t

- _ gi

_ +I' IIII ... -+. -

I +

. _P mn.

(i9)

- e 1 1II0 *

_F c7 +

_ +I* g + _

ai9 a tv1t _

a a _

_ derd _

. he -

. ntbf

. + 1* II +

S gne e mo _

. e 'i1III . + - . 1i oi c n

- . . .P _

_ + I* iI+ .

r eo _

. t yDi ia t

- . nBha gz _

aeui .

- _ _ ik ol _

+ 1* l .

_ nara

. e

- . + . 01iI1 -

_C oehm I1II1 - i* g .

. . . m pt r

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+ ma asyn o

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+ .

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e 7 3 A 0 6 1 r

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gg;goi$(= .

E g.gIyH

b Nitrite Nitrogen (Figs. 4.1-8a, b) : ggg The monthly transect station mean levels (Fig. 4.1-8a) were generally below 0.015 mg N/l throughout the year, with the major exceptions of September and October, when means rose to approximately 0.029 mg N/l and 0.138 mg N/1, respectively.

There was a steady increase in mean levels from approximately 0.006 mg N/l in January to approximately 0.014 mg N/l in May, followed by a steady decrease to mean levels of approximately 0.001 mg N/l in August. Interquartile ranges during these months were generally narrow (usually less than 0.001 mg N/1) with the exception of May when the interquartile range was approximately 0.003 mg N/1. The overall range and the interquartile range were very large during September, there being a great deal of variability both among and within stations. The LB station mean was 0.0022 mg N/1, while the RP and CP station means were 0.0599 mg N/l and 0.0596 mg N/1, respectively. The RP station surface and bottom values were 0.0370 mg N/l and 0.0827 mg N/1, respectively, while the CP surface and bottom values were 0.0598 mg N/l and 0.0593 mg N/1, respectively.

During October, the mean levels were a great deal higher l

(approximately 0.138 mg N/l) though there was a great deal more uniformity both among and within the stations than there was in September. The total range was approximately 0.05 mg N/1, and the interquartile range was approximately 0.008 mg N/1.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-8b) show no differences O

among station means, although the presence of several outliers from the September and October data sets may have effected the results. The seasonal breakdown shows no station differences during any season, although the variability seen during summer was much greater than for the other reasons.

Nitrate Nitrogen (Figs. 4.1-9a, b):

Transect station nitrate nitrogen levels (Fig. 4.1-9a) followed the expected annual progression through 1979, with high levels in winter and spring, very low levels during the summer, and a steady rise through the fall. Except for the January data set, when the interquartile range was approximately 0.14 mg N/1, all data sets were quite uniform within month, I with the interquartile ranges being less than approximately l 0.03 mg N/1. Highest levels were reached in March, when the i mean was approximately 0.63 mg N/l and the levels were very uniform, with the interquartile range being less than 0.01 mg N/1. ;

The depletion was very steady through the spring months, at !

a rate of approximately -0.18 mg N/1/ month. Summer mean levels were very low and very uniform, with mean levels of approximately O.017 mg N/1, 0.015 mg N/1 and 0.008 mg N/l for July, August and September, respectively. During September, 5 of the 14 samples were at or below the detection limit of 0.001 mg N/1, and during the entire 3-month period the highest sample was &l W

4.1-22

0.3a0 +--- -- .__..__.__........__.__..___............. ......__...__.+

1 1

l 0 t i I I I I 1 e ....+ 1

e.... 1 I i + 1 I i i +_..+ 1 O.133 +

1 +

1 1 I t 1 I I

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+

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i

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g 1 0 1 g 0.A000-Ol+ +

O 8 I I am b i i I e 4 I I l F-8 "'4 i i I I Z l I e h.3 l b' O l 1 I I N I I

I I p 0.5330-Ol+ t +

, t 1 i

.g i i i gg i +._-+ 1 I i 1 1 I I I I I I I I

I I I I I l + 1 1 0.2670-Ol+ *...e +

t I i i I 1 i 1 I I I i i 1 e_+.e I I I +...+ l l e 1 I e...e e_+ . +.... e_+ e 1 e.+.e e.I .e 0 1 I 1

I I O *-+ * + *-+ t * +-* I 0.0 .__________....__._____.......-- ---

-...__________..__+.__+.___e_+e.______I_._____.______.___0...___.._______..__+

J M A M J J A S 0 N D Figure 4.1-8a. Nitrite nitrogen data (mg N/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

p.,,oo.-a1.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --

e e

I i

e I

e i 1

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8 f

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I I 1

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I I

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-0.40Dn-01.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-8b. Station normalized nitrite nitrogen data (mg N/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

O O O

i

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==--------------+

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0.1%80-01+ 1 1 1 i i I I I I I I I I I I e 1 i +---* I I I +---* I i 1 +---+ 1 1 I I I I I I +---* I I i 1 1 1 I I I l +---* I I .---. I I I i i g .---. ... . .-... e-..e l l e---e I i 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I +1 *-+

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+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------==- -- - ----------------*---**

-0.190 CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-9b. Station normalized nitrate nitrogen data (mg N/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

O O O

0.044 mg.N/1. Through the fall months levels rose steadily, ,

reaching a mean of approximately 0.31 mg N/l by December. !

h)

During September and October, when high nitrite levels were seen, nitrate levels were much lower. In September, the range of nitrite levels was from 0.0012 mg N/l to 0.083 mg N/1, while :

the range of nitrate levels was from less than 0.001 mg N/l to 0.027 mg N/1. In October, the levels of both were much less variable: the nitrite range was from 0.140 mg N/l to 0.203 mg N/1, while the nitrate range was from 0.038 mg N/l to 0.056 mg N/1.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-9b) show no differences among stations, those differences in means being due to the many outliers. The seasonal breakdown of the normalized data shows this, as the spread of points is quite large in winter and spring, and is small in summer and fall.

Organic Nitrogen (Figs. 4.1-10a, 4.1-lla, b) :

Organic nitrogen levels were determined by two different methods. For Figures 10a and 10b, the TKN-derived organic nitrogen, the value for ammonia nitrogen was subtracted from the total Kjeldahl nitrogen determination, leaving the TKN-organic nitrogen quantification. For Figures lla and llb, the TN-derived organic nitrogen, the ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen determinations were subtracted from the total nitrogen determination, leaving the TN-organic nitrogen quantification.

As can be seen from the graphs of the monthly data for O' both determinations (Figs. 10a, lla), the level of organic nitrogen was somewhat variable during 1979. There was no consistently close agreement between the values derived from the two determinations, although the general patterns the monthly data sets followed through the year were in relatively close agreement. (N.B. the difference between ordinal axes in Figs. 10a, lla). For both there was a generally increasing trend from January through May, with a small drop in April, and a subsequent decline in June and July. Levels rose again in August for both determinations, but in September the TKN-organic nitrogen rose further while the TN-organic nitrogen dropped. Both dropped in October, and while the TKN-organic nitrogen levels remained relatively stable for the remainder of the year, the TN-organic nitrogen mean levels rose by approximately 0.1 mg N/1.

The mean of interquartile ranges for both determinations were in very close agreement: the mean interquertile range for the TKN-organic nitrogen determinations was approximately 0.11 mg N/l and the mean interquartile range for the TN-organic nitrogen determinations was approximately 0.12 mg N/1. The interquartile range minimum and maximum spans were also very nearly the same for both determinations: The TKN-organic nitrogen determinations' minimum and maximum interquartile range spans 4.1-27 I

l.90 +------------------------------ = - - - - - - - - * - - - - - - - - - --

! I i I I I I I I I I I I 3 I i 1.54 . .

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I O 1 0 1 .---. I r i e i i i e i i e i I I I I

.-----------------------------=-- =- ===== = = =--- - = =--------

0.0 J M A M J J A S O N D Figure 4.1-10a. Organic nitrogen (TKN-NH 3 ) data (mg N/1) for nearfield transect sta-tions on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

l I' i,l- . 4

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4 1 =

00 I I

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1 I

m i I m I l Z l I e I I e i I O 1 i

EiC I I U n.1an .

8 I i O

I I 1

4 I I O ' '

g i i v I I n I e I i 1 I m 0.1%4 '. t 0 1 0 0 .

35 1 I I I I I I

a. 8 I I I I I I I

. 1 I I I I I O I H Z l .---. I i I i 1 I I l Z l I I I I I I I U I I W l I . ..... I i 1 ..... I I H I e.__.l 1 l l ..... ,_... e.... ....+ 1 g i i I e i i i I i i 1 i *--

I g o.n . I I e-.-= ...-. I i 1 I I I I . 1 .

wo I .---+ 4 i '---* I . I *- -* I 8 1 1 I I I .___. l .I e...e 1 1 ..... I I I c I I I I I I I +---. l .---+ 1 O I i i i I I I I I I I b0 1 I e .--.. .---. 8 I e i O I 1 8 I I I I I l' h i I i i

+#

I 1 I i

d 1

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1 1

1 oc I -

I u I .

I o i I

.. 3 0 ._____________________......._____.......... __________..______________________________.. ___..._______.....-_ -- --.

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-11b. Station normalized organic nitrogen [TPN- (NH -N)- (N0 2-N)- (NO3 -N) ] data 3

(mg N/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanantion of normalization of data.)

were approximately 0.03 mg N/l and 0.25 mg N/1, respectively, while the corresponding values for the TKN-organic nitrogen determinations were approximately 0.05 mg N/l and 0.25 mg N/1.

g The pattern of changes among the monthly interquartile ranges between the two determinations were also generally consistent, with the exception of April, when the interquartile range of the TN-determined organic nitrogen data was much greater than the interquartile range from the previous month, while there was a decrease in the interquartile range over this same span for the TKN-organic nitrogen. The most consistent difference between the two determinations was that the monthly means for the TKN-organic nitrogen determinations were more than 0.08 mg N/l greater than the monthly means of the TN-organic nitrogen determinations in all months but January and June, when the means were approximately equal. The average increase was approximately 0.17 mg N/l for the entire year.

The tendency for the TKN-organic nitrogen determinations to be greater than the TN-organic nitrogen determinations is probably due to the differences in digestion technique between the two methods. The TKN digestion is very susceptible to atmospheric contamination from ammonia, both during and after the digestion, and is also much more susceptible to reagent contamination than the persulfate digestion nethod, both of which would result in a bias towards higher values of the organic nitrogen determinations calculated from the TKN Jata.

The error involved in the calculation of organic nitrogen from the total nitrogen determination is also less than that of the TKN-derived determination. Even though the TN-organic nitrogen lh calculation involves the subtraction of the separate determinations of ammonia, and nitrate plus nitrite, the cumulative error of these two determinations plus that of the total nitrogen determination is less than the error involved in the original TKN determination. For these reasons, the lower of the two determinations (i.e., the TN-organic nitrogen) is likely the more accurate of the two. The data derived by this method give monthly means from 0.15 mg N/l to 0.42 mg N/1, with an overall mean of 0.26 mg N/1.

The patterns of the station normalized data for these ,

two methods of determination (Figures 4.1-10b, 4.1-11b) are very similar, and show no major differences among stations, all having very similar interquartile ranges.. The interquartile ranges were slightly less for the TN-organic nitrogen determinations, however, (note again the difference in ordinal scales), and there is an apparent increase in TN-organic nitrogen down-bay over the CC-RP-CP section of the transect.

This apparent increase is partially an artifact of the presence of outliers, but in the seasonal breakdown a definite increase down-bay over that section of the transect is seen during winter and fall. There was wide variation over the transect during 4.1-32

4 the spring and summer for the TN-organic nitrogen. During winter, there were similar wide variations over the transect

(_) for the TKN-organic nitrogen, less variability during the summer, and relative consistency during the spring and fall.

Phosphorus Species Orthophosphate Phosphorus (Figs.12a, b) :

The general annual pattern followed by orthophosphate phosphorus was the inverse of that of nitrate nitrogen, and reflects the role of orthophosphate phosphorus as the " limiting" nutrient during the winter, early spring and fall. Maximum levels over the transect stations were less than 0.010 mg P/l from January through June, and from October through December.

The ranges for these months were all very small, the largest occurring in April and June, when the levels ranged from ,

s 0.001 mg P/l to 0.006 mg P/1. During December all transect -

station values were less than 0.001 mg P/1. July and August i mean levels were also below 0.010 mg P/l and the maxima were '

only~slightly above this level. However, during September, the overall range was relatively large (from 0.002 mg P/l to 0.084 mg P/1). Though the median value was also less than the 0.010 mg P/l level, the mean level was approximately 0.023 mg P/l due to the presence of three high values. These high values are all from bottom samples and are associated with very low levels of nitrate nitrogen.

( The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-12b) show almost complete uniformity among the different stations' interquartile ranges, and with the exception of the few outlier high values from September, the overall ranges are a?so very uniform. The presence of these outliers, however, does result in the displace-ment upwards of the means of Stations KB, LB and PS. The -

seasonal breakdown reflects this, as the means and ranges are essentially uniform in winter, spring and fall, Lat during summer there is a very large increase in overall range.

Total Phosphorus (Figs. 4.1-13a, b) : ,

Total phosphorus levels during 1979 (Fig. 4.1-13a) were somewhat variable in mean levels, interquartile range,s and overall ranges, but described a pattern through the year that had a relatively high degree of continuity. Means levels decreased steadily from approximately 0.11 mg P/l in January to approximately 0.05 mg P/l in April, with a decrease in inter- ,

quartile range from approximately 0.05 mg P/l to approximately 0.02 mg P/l over the same period. Means levels during May and .

June remained at approximately the same low level as the April !

mean, although their interquartile ranges were slightly larger (approximately 0.03 mg P/l). The July mean.and interquartile range were both higher than the May-to-June levels, due to the presence of several high values, although the median for that

_ month was-approximately equal to those-of the preceding months. '

\_)

4.1-33

0.4000-05.=== ==

1 I I I I I I e i I e 1 I I I I I I 0.7500-01 1 I I I I I I I m i I H I I N I e I A I I 0.606D-01 M I I N I I I I i I m I I g i 1 I 4 1 i I O l I I i 4

A m 0.4500-Ol+ 1

. O I I I H 4 I i 1 ,

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.---. I I i 1 g . 1 . 1 .---. e-- e I

..... e-- e i . I I I i .-- .I l

, . . . . .---. 1 I e-. . I I I I I I i O I

g . .-. e i .-. .---. 0 0 e.... .-. e e

, O e-..e .-. - . I 1 0.0 .-------------------------------------.......---------------------------------==--

J M A .M 'J J A S O N D Figure 4.1-12a. Orthophosphate phosphorus data (mg P/1) for nearfied transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

O O 0.6400_01.-......-..--_-......__-__--.-_._________-...___......._______.___..-- --

I i 1

I i l i I I I I I I I i 1 0.4%00-03 .

I 1 1 . I

^ l

I N 1

%% ,I g e 1 1 g i I g i 1 v A.1n00-Ot+ .

I I m i I 4 3 I l b I I O I I M i 1 A I I

I I O o.tson-os. .

. ~ ; l

, ; ~

O I l .

I

. i M i Q 4 i 0 1 I m I I 1 i i CL l' I I I I e . .___. I m 1 ..... .__.. ..... ._._. ..... ..__. ..... I O o.o . .___. g ..__. g g .__.. g g .

.c A

I ..... .....i .e.... ..... ..... ..... ..... i e 8 i i 1

o , , , ,I ,i ,i ,1 , ,1 y

, i i 9 I I o i 1

. I 1

I . I

, ...i.on ai. . .

i - i 1 . . I i . I I

I I . I I I I I I l 0.3..n 0i.. ____________.... ________________________________________....__.... _______.._________________.____...__- _=_ ---..

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB

! Figure 4.1-12b. Station normalized orthophosphate phosphorus data (mg P/1) for near-field transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

(See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

_ _ _ . _ . _ _ _ __ . _ . _ _ . . _ . _ . , _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ . - . _.- _ _,_ _ . _.-____.~ , _ _ .._ __ __

0.720 +-------- *----=-- = ==----------------- --- - =- ----- -- -- ------ -- *-----==-- =--== - =- --- -+

I I

' l I I

' I I 1

' I I I

' I 0.lR3 + ,

I I O 1 1 1 I

I i l 8 I l t 1 1

I I I I 1 1 I n I g I I I I 0.147 + 1 I +

A I l I I i 1 0 1 I b0 I I i 1 1 E I +---+ 1 1

l

%s I I '

i 1 1 I I I I I I M I I I I

l l

- 1 I I I I I N 0.110 + 1 + 8 1

I 4 * +

A O g .---. I, ,

F' g ,

i i

I g

i g

I I

I m 1 I I i o 1 I I i 1 1 1 I I + 1 I g, 1 I I i 1 0 1 1 I O *--

I

p. I 1 1 *---* 1 I i 1 I I I I +---+ 1 1 I I I +---+ *--

O I e-4 5 1 1 I I I I I + 1 I+1 1 C$ 0.7330-Ol+ 1 6 I I I + 1 1 I I I +

+J B 1 I + l i 1 1 1 1

I I +---+ 1 O I g g g g i I g 1 1 g g i H I g +---+ g +---. +---+ 8 1 0 *---* I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I *--

I i *--

I i l I i i +-+-+ 1+ 1 1 I I i +---+ +---+ 1 1 I I i 1 1 *-+-* I I *-+-* 1 1 I g e-- e i 1 g 1 .---. +---+ 1 1 0.367p-Ol+ 1 1 I I I I I I I +

1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I +---+ +---+ +---+ 1 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I e o *-+

I I O

I 0.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------------ == == = -=- - - --------------------------+

Figure 4.1-13a. Total phosphorus data (mg P/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

+

e O O

O O 0.1%0 .--.-------...------------------..- -....-----..--...---. ---..----.......----- ...-.........-.........-- - ......--..

l_ i 1 . g i l i I i 1 1

I I I I i

0.111 I e g

i e g 8

I I I I I I I m I I c4 I I N 0.7470 01 .

CL I

1 1 0 1 00 1 I

[ t 1

1 1

0 I

1 I

g i I I I g i I I l 8

9 1 1 I O *****"**8* 8 8 8 3

4 1 I I I I I g6 I I I I ....+ 1

e. m i I I I I I e i e O I I I I ..... 1 1 I

! H 4 I i 1 1 1 1 1 I I i l

I A6 I .-... I I l I l t 1 1 I W I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 H I i .---.

N 1 I I i l e...e, g i n .11 )o- n / . e-..e I i I ..--. . I g ..... .

g I , ., ..... ..... I , 1, ,

...:. t , I g i I I I I I I I I e- .* , e...e i I i l 1 I *...e *...+ 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I . 1 I I I I I ..... I I I I I I I I I I ..... I l l l ..... I l .-... ... . I I g i I I .---. I I I i 1 1 1 I I I I l 0 I 0.111n.98 I $ 0 1 .

I I I I I I I i i l i I I e g 8

l I- g i e g i *

I

...,no.. i..--.. ...---...-..... ...-----.....---..-..-- -..-...- -...----.-........-- --__ __ _...__=-__ _...-.-..- - __ -

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-13b. Station normalized total phosphorus data (mg P/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

The August mean levels dropped to the approximate 0.05 mg P/l 3 level of the April-through-June means, with an interquartile W range of approximately 0.01 mg P/1. During the period of August through November, the means and medians increased steadily to approximately 0.09 mg P/1. This increasing trend was broken by a sharp drop to levels consistently at or below the detection limit of 0.01 mg P/l in December, when the orthophosphate phosphorus levels were also all at or below its detection limit of 0.001 mg P/1.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-13b) show slight variation in the station means and interquartile distributions, although there is no consistent pattern, and the displacements of means seen is due to the presence of both high and low outliers. The seasonal breakdown reflects this, as the winter, spring and summer data show very great variability, with station means for the fall data essentially uniform.

Dissolved Organic Carbon (Figs. 14a, b)

The pattern followed by the monthly data for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for 1979 (Fig. 4.1-14a) can be divided into two distinct periods. During the period from January through August, the levels decrease from January to April followed by a smooth increase through August. During the second period, from August through December, the levels were very uniform both within and among months.

lll The mean decreased from approximately 1.1 mg C/1 during January to approximately 0.5 mg C/l in April, followed by a steady rise to mean levels of approximately 2.1 mg C/l in August. The interquartile ranges followed a similar course, from approximately 0.3 mg C/l in January to approximately 0.7 mg C/l in August. In September the mean increased to approximately 2.3 mg C/1, but was elevated due to two high outliers; the median value was 2.1 mg C/l and the interquartile range was approximately 0.3 mg C/1. The means for the remaining months were all very close, being approximately 2.1 mg C/l for October, l 2.0 mg C/l for November and 2.1 mg C/l for December. The interquartile ranges were also small, being approximately 0.2 mg C/l or less for these three months.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-14b) show no apparent differences among stations, their interquartile distributions being very similar, and any difference of means being due to the presence of a few outliers. The seasonal breakdown shows wide variability during winter and summer, the possibility of a very slight decrease up-bay during spring, and, as expected, relative stability of levels during fall.

4.1-38 h

i i

4.F0 +---..- -............................................................................... ........ ........

1 I i

i I I g 8 I I I t I C t I e 3.95 + +

1 8 I I I I

^ l 1

& I I N 1 1 O I e I g I t g 3.?O + +

v I I f I C I . - 1 O f I Q t 1 I h I I I d i I I U 1 I I 2.45 + +

g g 1

+ .g i I + t .

+.... -

g I 1 1 1 6

I 1 I I +...+ 0 0 +...+ 1 y

d e.+ e e.... ....e ....+ e....

g I I ND p 1 1 I *. + +++ e.+ e +.e.+ t O I I I I I I I I I I I i 1 0 0 I I 93 I I +...+ 0 e t i 4 0 1.70 + +...+ 1 +

> l e...e 3 e I M i i I +1 i O I 1 g g 1 M i I I i I

t I +...+ *I g I 3

e...e +....

, , I g

1 1+1 e.... 1 0.990 + l l l + 1 +

1 +...+ 1 I I I I O O I +...+ t i I +...+ l +...+ 1 I t e.+.e +...+ e.+.. i I I e.+.. e...+ i 1 1 I I t ....+ i I i t 0.e00 ................................................._ _- ._-_................................................-_ --_ _--.

J M A M J J A S 0 N D Figure 4.1-14a. Disso.lved organic carbon data (mg C/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979+

r..n .__.....__......__.....___.....__--____.___.__.....__........._____.___ - - -- - -- - -

I I I e I l 1 i l 8 I I I I I I 1 1.00 . .

I I i 1 1 1 m I I c-4 I I N I I C I 1 1 I M 1.40 . .

E I I I i g i I O I I ay i 1 i I cc l

I U l i n.one . .

3 l l 98 N 1 1 I I I A i

I o 9 ' 3 O 8 + 1 g I

i q) n.400 . t 0 .

> 0 t i l i i i M I I I I O I i 1 C) I I I e i I I I U) I ..... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 V) I I I .--.. 1 I e ..... ..... 1

r4 1 ..... 1 .___. ..... ..... ..... O Q l 1 1 .I. . . .i .___. ..__. ..... g i I . I g I *---* 1 I I I I .I I I I I I I I

-0.Inon op. l ..__. e_... 1 I ..... ..... ..... .

I l i I i 1 l i I I I I i i i 1 .---+ 1 i 1 I i n I ..... I I e 1 I I I I I O O I i 1

O I I 1 I 4 1 I

I I e 1 I i . l

...no. .._________________________.._____.....__________ ...____... ___. ....______________....._.. ______________.__.____ .....

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-14b. Station normalized dissolved organic carbon data (mg C/1) for near-field transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

(See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

9 O O

i 4

Silica (Fig. 4.1-15a, b)

[

The general temporal pattern followed by the monthly silica

! data (Fig. 4.1-15a) was somewhat similar to those of previous

! years, with a sharp drop in late spring and subsequent sharp rise ;

to the higher levels seen through most of the rest of the year. ;

Mean levels of approximately 0.51 .mg SiO 2 /1 in both March and- l April with very similar l'nterquartile ranges of between 0.13 and i 0.16 mg SiO 2 /1 for the three months. There was a very sharp drop l

in mean levels in May to approximately 0.31 mg SiO 2/1. This depletion was presumably due to the spring diatom blooms, as evidenced by the fact that in the May data set the surface sample (

levels were generally much below those of the bottom samples (see Phytoplankton section). The June mean level was slightly higher I than that of May. The interquartile range was much smaller i (decreasing from approximately 0.35 mg SiO2 /1 to approximately 0.08 mg SiO2 /1), indicating greater homogeneity and slightly :

decreased overall activity of the diatom population. Mean levels j rose sharply to approximately 1.38 mg SiO2 /1 in July, and in the ;

! following months described a relatively smooth arc, with peak l

! levels seen in September, when the mean was approximately 1.48 mg !

i SiO2 /1. The interquartile ranges were both approximately 0.38 mg l SiO2 /1 in July and September, and between approximately 0.14 and 0.17 mg SiO 2 /1 in August, October, November and December. j j i The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-15b) show an increase !

up-bay of approximately 0.1 mg SiO2 /1 in the station means over (

j the length of the transect although median levels show much l 9

less of an increase. There is also a trend towards increased j l variability up-bay, so the apparent increase in means may be j

specious, although it would correspond to a similar trend seen i i in the salinity data. The seasonal breakdowns show a strong !

! up-bay increase in summer, although there was also great I j interstation variability. During winter and fall there was i

] slightly less variability, with a somewhat smaller up-bay increase, j l and no trend at all during spring. ;

I Metals i i

) Copper (Figs. 4.1-16a, b). I L

With one exception, copper levels were all less than 0.010 !

mg Cu/1 during 1979 (Fig. 4.1-16a). The January level was 0.0025 l mg Cu/1, which decreased to 0.0013 mg Cu/1 in March. During ;

April, three of four samples were below the detection limit of )

0.001 mg Cu/1, but the remaining sample (LB) was 0.018 mg Cu/1, l

which raised the mean level to approximately 0.0048 mg Cu/1, and greatly expanded the interquartile range (since only four i data points were considered). The mean steadily increased i j during May and June, from 0.0035 mg Cu/1 to 0.0058 mg Cu/1; ;

4 though both months had minima of 0.002 mg Cu/1,'the maxima !

were 0.006 mg Cu/1 and 0.010 mg Cu/1, respectively. The mean l 4.1-41 j r

1.K0 +=-- - --- - -- ------- -------- --- -- - - - - -- ----= - ---- -------------+

1 1 I I I I I i i I +---+ l l' l I I I I i 1 1 1 1 I I I I

4 I +---+ 1 1 I I 1.52 + 0 1 I I I l

I I I +---+ 1 + 1 i i 1 0 l I I l l *---* I I I I I I I I +4 I I I I I I I I + 1 *--

I i +---+ 1 1 I I I *--

I i 1 I i 1 1 1 I i +---+ 1 I +---* +---+ 1 +1 1 1 I +---+ 0 1 I i 1 l +---* g i 1 *-+-* I + l l t 1 l +---+ 4 1 I

.23 + t 1 *---*, +---+ l l +---+ 1

I I i 1 1 I I I I I es I +---+ 1 8 I . I +---+ I e4 0 I I I +-- * *--

I

%s i I I I I l+1 1 N I +---+ l l 8 O I 4 +---+ 1

d i I I I W I i 0.950 + +

g h 6 I '

, v i i g i I I t$ 8 8 s U I

I y .H l 1

,-4 I I

M I O

I W 0.66F + 1 I I

I I i 1 1 8 1 1 I

( *---* I O I I I + 1 +---+ 1 1 I I L i I I I I I 1 l l +-+-+ 0 1 +---+ 1 1 I I I 0.3A3 + 1 1 I *-- *

I I I I I i I i i +1 1 I I I I I +-- + 1 I I I I I +---+ 1 1

1 1 I l

- - ==- --

0.5000 00+-- - - - - ==

J M A M J J A S 0 N DF Figure 4.1-15a. Silica data (mg SiO 2 /1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesa-peake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Janu-ary through December 1979.

O O O

O 0.5n0 + - -

+

8 8

. I g i I I I I I I I 1 8 I I l i I I 0.1%e +

I +

1 1 1 1

1 1 I I I i 1 1 1 6 0 I a l i

I I I I I I I I I I e 0 l 8 l 0.?00 + 4 I i +---+ +

8 n i I I I I I +---+ 1

,4 I I I I I I I i 1

% 1 I I I I I i I I es i I I I I I i 1 1 C3 I I I I I I I I I I

M I i i i I I I I I I I US I I +---+ 1 1 1 I I- I I I I I I i i +---+ +---+ 1 1 I i 1 M 0.%een-Ole i g I I e I l l 8 + t I +g +

E I I I l +---+ I I *---* I I I A U

. 1 1

, i g g g i 3 e.*-e g g i I e-- e g g g i +---+ 1 1 I I I 1 1 +1 l l 8 I I g g i I I I

1 *--

I *---* 1 I I I I J

a .g i I I 1 I I + 1 I I I I +---+ 1 1 I W g I I + 0 1 1 I i I i 1 1 1 I I I

,,4 r. I e-- e e---e I g 1 i +---+ +---+

1 1 g) i I i i I +---+ +---+ 1 1 I I

-0.Inon 00+ 1 I +---+ 1 1 I i 1 +

1 I I I 1 l 1 1 8 1 I +---+ 1 1 1 I I i 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i 1 1 1 I I I I O I l l 8 8 I I i I I i 1 1

-0.750 + 0 1 I +

0 1

1 1

1 I I I O I 4

8 i

I g i

-0.400 CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 14.1-15b+- Station normalized silica data (mg SiO 2 /1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay- in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979+ (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data +)

0.1A00-0I.------------------------+----I------------------------------------------------------------.-----------__ _==--- ----.

1 4 g i I g i i g i I g i i g i I g i i i 1 i 1 0.l*20u-01 1 .

8 I g i i g i I g i i g i i g i I g i i g i i 1 0.1200-01 I e 1 i g i I I n

g i I i g i i I p 8 e i U l i I I I I I I b0 0 .---. O I E 0.9000-02 I I e i I .

'# 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I N I I I .---. i U

1 i y i e i 1 i 1 I I

. I I i 1 1 *---. I i H O I y I i I I I i 1 1 I am I i 1 1 1 1 1 .---. I Jh 0.6000-02 I i 1 i i i i i 1 .

I I I 1 *l I I i i i 1 1 1 1 *---* 1 1 I i i i i 1 .I I I I I 1 I I .---. I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 8 1 I I i 1 .---. I I *---* I i 1 8 I I I I I I i 1 8 1 I i 1 1 1 I I i i l i i 1 i i i l i i I i 1 .---. 1 I ..e . - - - . I I i . I i. 8 I 0.300n-02 1 I I i 1 1 0 1 I I I e---* .

I 1 I I I I I I ia i i 1 1 I I e-.-e i I .---. 1 .---. .---e g g g i i l i i 1 8 i i 1 1 1 1 I i 1 I I I I I I I I I I .---. .-.-. I i 1 0 .---. 1 I I +---e I i i i e-.-e I .---. i I i .---e i I . .-. . .-. I e . - . . .-- . e---. .---. t 0.0 *--------------------------------------------------------------------------= =- -- - -=- --- ==---- - - --- -

== .

J M A M J J A S 0 N D Figure 4.1-16a. Copper data (ag Cu/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

O O O 0.1400-01... ___.__.____- ...-____. ___..............__.........________... - =___ _ ____- _ ._-- _ .

I 1 8

I I e g i i 8

i l 9 I I i

i g 0.10d4-01 .

I 1 .

4 - g i I i i 1

1 8 8 8

I e g

0. 7 6 7f) 0 7. .

- 1 i i

m I g e-I i

I N O g D 1 i U l l I

= l l l 3 ...s.......

l I

y i I I i A O l 1 1 1 e A I I I 1

>d A I I i 1 I I O I I i 1 1 I A U i i I I i I Ln I i 1 i l 1 0.113n.n2' i 1 I 1 .

I I I i 1 . I I I I l ,___. e_..e g I ..... . . . . . . g . I g i 9 i *.__* 1 l l 1 3 8 I I I I *..

e___e .___. l I I *I 4+ 1 8 I i 1 8

I I I i 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 .___. I I

_0.lH~sn.02 I e i g g g .

I l I ..__. g g g i i I I I I I I .__-. l l g g i i i i i l i i 1 0 4 i 8 a i l l I -l g i i i i 1

...s00n..,...__.___ ._______.._________........._____ .._______________..___________. _______...__________________.________.______.

CP RP CC PS FP LB KB Figure 4.1-16b. Station normalized copper data (mg Cu/1) for nearfield transect sta-tions on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

d creased in July and August (from 0.005 mg Cu/1 to approximately 0.003 mg Cu/1) and although the maxima for both months were equal at 0.009 mg Cu/1, two samples of four were less than 0.001 mg Cu/1 in August. In September, October and November, all lll samples were less than 0.001 mg Cu/1. In December the mean rose again to approximately 0.0033 mg Cu/1, with a maximum of 0.006 mg Cu/1.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-16b) show a slight increase in mean copper levels at KB, with very similar inter-quartile ranges and medians for RP, PS and LB, and with the interquartile distribution for KB skewed upwards. The seasonal breakdowns show no such trend during winter and fall, but there was an apparent increase in station means up-bay during spring and summer. The spring trend was due to the presence of a number of outliers, and there was a great <1eal of variability among stations during the summer, so the existence of a real trend is unlikely, considering the small number of samples.

Nickel (Figs. 4.1-17a, b),

t Nickel levels (Fig. 4.1-17a) varied widely through 1979 '

with no consistent pattern evident. During January and March all values were less than 0.001 mg Ni/1. April levels rose to 0.007 mg Ni/l at KB and LB, and 0.004 mg Ni/l at PS and RP; mean levels decreased steadily through May and June, when three of the four samples were less than 0.001 mg Ni/1. Levels rose sharply in July, to a mean of 0.009 mg Ni/l with a range from g 0.007 to 0.012 mg Ni/1. The mean levels seen in August and w September were lower, at 0.004 and approximately 0.005 mg Ni/1, respectively, but the ranges were both much greater (from 0.001 to 0.010 mg Ni/l in August and from 0.002 to 0.013 mg Ni/l in September) . Levels again dropped in October, to a mean of approximately 0.0013 mg Ni/1, and with two of four samples less than 0.001 mg Ni/1, In the period of November to December there was a steady rise.in mean levels: the mean rose slightly in November, to approximately 0.0015 mg Ni/1, and in December rose to approximately 0.0025 mg Ni/1, although in both months there were samples of less than 0.001 mg Ni/1.

The station normalized data (Fig. 4.1-17b) show the overall range of Station PS to be less than those of the other stations, and its mean level was lower than the others although the interquartile distributions of all overlap greatly and the mndians are very close. The presence of high outliers undoubtedly raised the mean of Station RP, so it is very unlikely that there is any real difference among stations.

The seasonal breakdown shows no difference at all among stations in winter. There was an up-bay increase in mean levels of approximately 0.0035 mg Ni/l from RP to KB in spring, with a ralatively small mean station range of approximately 0.0013 mg Ni/1.

There was very wide intrastation and interstation variability in summer, with no consistent trend. Variability was slightly less llh in fall than that of summer, and no trend was seen.

4.1-46

'l e' ,L e -

+ IIlIIiI8 + IIIlIIII +iI1IIII1 +IIi8I. II +1IIIii1 I +III1I1II k

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e -

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sr -

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=

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ce

- + Ili1iII118Ii1I1 I9I1eI + -

- =

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sc

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111lIii1l1I8I1I1 eIi1 +

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el

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= f _

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+

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=

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CC PS FP LB KB CP RP Figure 4.1-17b . Station normalized nickel data (mg Ni/1) for nearfield transect stations on the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (See Materials and Methods for explanation of normalization of data.)

O O O

i co=c1u io==

O There was an increase in salinity of approximately 1 o/co ,

down-bay over the length of the transect during 1979. The station normalized ranges seen at the end stations were larger relative to the middle stations, this result probably being i 5de to the increased mixing from the plume at PS. j There was an increase of approximately 0.26 oC in the PS station normalized mean relative to the overall transect mean, and although this result is expected, it could be an artifact. i of the presence of a number of outliers.

There were no differences seen among stations for the dissolved oxygen data during 1979. Conditions were quite uniform during winter, spring and fall, with greater varia-bility seen during summer.

There was an apparent' increase of approximately 0.13 pH units down-bay during 1979. This trend was most apparent i during spring and fall, with wide variability seen during summer, and uniformity during winter. ,

There was an apparent increase of approximately 0.8 NTU up-bay during 1979, although this result may be due to the presence of outliers. This trend was seen during winter and O spring, but not during summer or fall.

For nitrogen species, there were no differences seen j among stations during 1979 for ammonia, nitrite or nitrate nitrogen. For organic nitrogen data derived from the TKN data, there were no differences among stations, with essen- ,

tially uniform conditions during spring and fall, and with ,

variability in winter and summer. For the organic nitrogen i data derived from the TN data, there is an apparent increase seen in organic nitrogen levels over the southern half of the ;

transect, from CC to CP. This apparent increase ic partially due to outliers, but the increase is seen during both winter and fall.

There were no differences among stations for orthophos- 6 phate phosphorus during 1979, with very low levels and essentially uniform conditions during winter, spring and fall.

During summer, levels were much more variable, and the presence of outliers raised the station normalized means of KB, LB and PS. There were no differences seen among stations for total phosphorus during 1979.

No differences among stations were seen during 1979 for the station normalized data for dissolved organic carbon.

4.1-49 .

i

There was an increase in station normalized mean levels of approximately 0.1 mg SiO2 /1 up-bay over the length of the ll) transect during 1979, although the difference seen among station medians was less. This trend was strongest in summer when there was also wide variability, and less pronounced in winter and fall, when the variability was also less. During spring the conditions were essentially uniform.

There was an apparent increase in mean levels of copper up-bay during spring and summer, although the increase during spring was due to outliers, and during the summer there was very wide variability among stations. During winter and fall the conditions were essentially uniform.

The station normalized nickel data for 1979 show a lower mean and interquartile range at PS relative to KB, LB and RP, although the median levels of all are approximately equal.

There are a number of high outliers present at all stations except PS, and it is likely that the apparent depression at PS is due to these outliers.

In summary, there were very few differences among stations attributable to plant effects. There was an increase in water temperature of approximately 0.26 OC in the station normalized mean at station PS relative to the overall transect mean, but this apparent result could have been an artifact of the presence of outliers which displaced the means of the other stations. The only other consistent difference among stations seen was a very slight decrease in interquartile and overall range at PS relative to the other stations for the salinity data, which could be indicative of greater mixing and homogeneity in the region of the plant. This result, however, could also have been an artifact of the presence of high and low outliers at all stations but PS and CC.

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4.1-50

i

() Literature Cited d'Elia, C. F., P. A. Stendler, T. H. Corwin, 1977. Determina-

tion of total nitrogen in aqueous samples using persulfate digestion. Limnology and Oceanography, 22: 760-764.

Kinrade, John D. and Jon C. Van Loon. 1974. Solvent extraction i

for use with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. '

Analytical Chemistry 46(13):1894.

Tukey, J. W. 1977. Exploratory Data Analysis. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., Reading, PA. 558 p.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Methods for analysis of water and wastewater. EPA-6 25- (6-74-00 3) .

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4.1-51 1

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COPPER AND NICKSL AT PLANT INTAKE AKD I3SCHARGE Thomas E. Harris Baltimore Gas and Electric Company Copper and nickel concentrations were determined in samples of water collected (nee each calendar month at the intake curtain wa:.1 (30-foot depth) ,

and from tSe discharge plume (surface) of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power i

Plant. All samples were collected and acidified by personnel of Benedict i Estuarine Research Laboratory and were delivered to the Electric Test '

Department, Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, for analysis.

All water samples were passed through a 0.l$ micrometer membrane filter to renove suspended solids. The filtered samples were analyzed on a Perkin-Elmer Model h60 atonic absorption spectrophotometer with an HGA 2200 Graphite Furnace installed in the burner compartr/w > . ..nalyses were perforr.ed by the method of additions using background correct 2on and matrix modification in the furnace.

Nickel values in 1979 discharge samp1bs did not differ significantly from those in corresponding intake samples either on a monthly basis or on a mean annual basis. The range of values in intake samples was <0.001 mg/l to 0.00h mg/l while the range of discharge values was 40.001 mg/l to 0.003 mg/1.

For the intake samples the mean annual value was 0.002 mg/l and, for discharge p).

s_, samples, 0.002 mg/1. {

The range of copper concentrations in intake samples was 0.002 mg/l to 0.00h mg/l and in discharge samples, 0.002 mg/l to 0.00$ mg/1. The mean annual values were 0.003 mg/l for the intake and 0.C03 mg/l for the discharge.

Intake and discharge values did not differ significantly.

A comparison of both copper and nickel values in 1979 with values for the period 1975-1978 shows that the 1979 values fall within the range of concen-trations previously observed. No statistical difference was found between 1979 mean values and 1975-1978 mean values at either the intake or discharge.

Monthly values for copper and nickel concentrations are shown in Table h.2-1.

h O .

h.2-1

ReTerences American Public Health Association, et. al., Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, Washington, D. C.,

Fourteenth Edition, 1975 Goldberg, Edward D., Strategies for Marine Pollution Monitoring, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N. Y. 1976.

Harris, Thomas E., " Copper and Nickel at Plant Intake and Discharge," Non-Radiological Environmertal Monitoring Report, Baltimore Gas and Electric Compary, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979 Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Analytical Methods for Atonic Absorption Spectrophotometry, 1975. ;

Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Analytical Methods for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Using the HGA Graphite Parnace, 1977 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,1978.

O 9:

h. 2-2

Table h.2-1 Copper and Fickel Concentrations in Water Samples frcm Plant Intake and Discharge January through December, 1979 (mE/l)

Copper Nickel Intake Discharge Intake Discharge January 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.001 February 0.002 0.00h 4.0.001 40.001 March 0.00h " O.002 0.003 0.002 l April 0.0Ch 0.00b 40.001 4 0.001 May 0.002 0.002 40.001 40.001 June 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 July 0.00h 0.005 0.00h 0.003 August Oa002 0.003 0.001 0.001 !

September 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.002 October 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 i November 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Decenber 0.00h 0.002 <0.001 0.003 i

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h.2-3

m k) PHYTOPLANETON: PRODUCTIVITY, BIOMASS AND TAXONOMY Michael Kachur , George Chisholm 2 and Kevin Sellner t l

l Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 2

Benedict Estuarine Laboratory Introduction In the Chesapeake Bay estuarine ecosystem, phytoplankton, particularly nannoplankton, are the primary producers at the base of the food chain (Van Valkenberg and Flemer,1974; McCarthy, Taylor and Loftus, 1974). In photosynthesis, algae use light energy to reduce inorganic CO2 to organic com-pounds readily utilized by other organisms. Minute species of algae are filtered from the water and ingested by larval stages of oysters, clams, some crustaceans and various species of fish.

A by-product of photosynthesis , free oxygen, is used by all aerobic organisms and is also released into the atmosehere.

Passage of estuarine water through the Calvert Cliffs

(^g Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) exposes the phytoplankton commu-(_/ nity to both heat and mechanical stress. Studies elsewhere have indicated that a stimulation or a depression of phytoplankton productivity may result from thermal stress, depending upon ambient water temperature and the increase in water tempera-ture accompanying. passage through the plant. Stimulation usually occurs during the cold-water winter months, while de- ;

i pression has been reported during the warm-Water summer months (Brooks, 1974; Smith, Brooks and Jensen, 1974).

Since 1974 phytoplankton monitoring studies have been performed by the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in the vicinity of CCNPP. The objectives of these investiga-tions were to describe the seasonal distribution of the near-field phytoplankton communities in the Chesapeake Bay in the vicinity of the plant and to assess abundance, diversity, spe-cies composition and productivity of these communities to determine possible plant operation effects. Control stations up-bay and down-bay of the plant were sampled, as well as the intake and discharge areas potentially affected by thermal discharge from the power plant. Gross photc ynthesis, net ,

photosynthesis, respiration,. active chlorophyll a, fluorescence, phaeocigment and phytoplankton cell densities have been meas-ured throughout the study.

)

5-1 t

Methods and Materials O

Station ocations and Sampling Scheme To characterize the phytoplankton community and to deter-mine possible natural and plant-induced phytoplankton gradients in this area of the Chesapeake Bay, seven nearfield stations, plant site intake and discharge plumes were monitored monthly in 1979 (Figure 5-1). Nearfield stations were located at the 30-ft contour (approximately 10 m of water) and included Kenwood Beach (KB), Long Beach (LB), Flag Ponds (FP), Plant Site (PS), Camp Conoy (CC), Rocky Point (RP) and Cove Point (CP). Plant Site Intake (PSI) was sampled at the curtain wall and Plumes PLA and PLC were sampled at the point of discharge and approximately 50 yd from the discharge terminus, respec-tively. No samples were taken in February because of ice cover on the bay. Samples for productivity, biomass (pigment content) , cell counts, water chemistry (see Chemistry section),

temperature and salinity were taken from the same whole-water collections. Other hydrographic measurements, including per-cent light penetration, incoming solar radiation and available light for photosynthesis within the water column, were collected at each station. The table on the following page identifies the phytoplankton parameters and the number of replicates collected at each station.

O Field and Laboratory Procedures Cell Counts Each whole-water sample was collected with a nonmetallic sampling device. Samples taken for phytoplankton cell counts were placed in 500-ml plastic bottles, fixed immediately with 0.4 ml of a concentrated I 2 -KI solution, and preserved shortly thereafter with buffered formaldehyde (final formalin concen-tration approximately 2.5%). Samples were then transferred to the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia where phyto-plankton species composition (Appendix A) and abundance were determined.

At the Academy, samples w'ere concentrated and analyzed for phytoplankton content. Samples were allowed to settle for at least 72 h, centrifuged and concentrated to a final volume of 5 ml and placed in 20-ml glass vials. Samples with a large amount of detritus or an extremely high con-centration of phytoplankton were diluted with buffered formalin.

An aliquot of a thoroughly mixed sample was transferred to a Palmer-Maloney counting chamber with a standard Pasteur pipette.

l All phytoplankton cells appearing in eight fields on each slide were counted and identified using a total magnification of 400x.

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O 5-3

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Nu:nber of replicates for STATICN Productivity 31ccass Cell Counts (Pi v.ent) c S 3 2 2 K3 3 -

1 2 ,

S 3 2 2

3 3 -

1 2 FP S 3 2 2 5 3 2 2 PS 3 -

1 2 S 3 2 2 PSI M 3 2 2 3 - -

2 JLA 3 2 2 PLC 3 2 -

CC S 3 2 2 5 3 2 2 RP B -

1 2 S 3 2 2 CP S -

2 5 = surface M = siddle 3 = bot cm K3 = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Cency L3 = Long Beach PS: = Plant SL:e Intake RP = Recky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA,PLC = Plume A, Plume C CP = Cove Point O'

l 5-4 I

1

The procedure involved observing eight fields arranged in a square around the center of the counting chamber to avoid i (]) massing cells that might occur at the center and near the !

periphery of the filled counting cell. . If' fewer than 250 cells '

were totalled in eight fields, more fields were counted until

- at least 150 cells had been tallied. Many additional fields '

i were surver'd (i.e., not tallied, but noted in the species list) to identify other organisms present in the sample. To j confirm genus'and species identifications, a subsample from !

a given vial was mounted on an ordinary microscope slide and examined under oil immersion (total magnification = 1000x). ,

Data were coded directly onto computer sheets, keypunched, ;

processed on an IBM 3330 computer and stored on magnetic tape 7 for retrieval and statistical analyses.

P Productivity and Biomass Samples collected for productivity were treated according :

4 to Standard Methods (APHA, 1976). Each of three discrete sam- l ples was placed in a BOD bottle. One subsample was immediately j fixed with manganous chloride and alkaline iodide reagents j for the determination of initial concentration of dissolved L oxygen. The second subsample was placed in a clear bottle !

(light bottle) and the third was placed in a completely opaque bottle (dark bottle); light and dark bottles were then incubated i I

i

('N at ambient surface water temperature in an on-deck incubator

at surface light intensity for 4 to 7 h depending en cruise ;

I length and/or environmental conditions. Incubation of light j l and dark bottles was terminated by the addition of MnCl2 and ;

r NaOH-NaI. In the laboratory, all three subsamples were acidi- f

} fled with 36 N H2 sos and titrated for dissolved oxygen concentra- ,

tion ( 0.03 mg 02 1-1). Changes in oxygen concentration in light and dark bottles represented net photosynthesis and respiratory !

rates, respectively, in mg O2 1-lh-l. The sum of net photosyn- ,

! thesis and respiration equalled gross photosynthesis. !

l Chlorophyll a and phaeopigment were determined according 5 j to Strickland and Parsons (1972). In vivo fluorescence meas- -

urements were made at each station using a Turner Design Model 10-000R Fluorometer. These measurements were compared with 500-m1 acetone-extracted chlorophyll a field samples (SCOR-UNESCO formula, Strickland and Parsons, 1972) ~ for conversion :

of fluorometry' readings to estimates of chlorophyll 2. .

I Data Analysis Cell Counts i

. Samples'were analyzed to identify differences in cell

(} densities, species diversity, and taxonomic composition among 5-5. [

-,--.y . , , , , ,.y.,_v.,,,--g .. - . . , -- -

stations in the vicinity of CCNPP. In addition, relationships between phytoplankton cell counts and chemistry variables were considered. Data was analyzed to: llh

1) Compare plume samples with the three intake depths to determine the source of the water drawn into the CCNPP;

2) Compare intake and plume values with nearfield sur-face and bottom mean values to identify any plant effect on phytoplankton abundance;

3) Examine nutrient variables over months to identify any relationship between nutrient levels and cell counts;and

4) Identify spatial trends or differences in abundance, diversity and taxonomic compositon among nearfield stations over months.

The source of water drawn into the plant was investigated by computing multiple correlation coefficients between the plume and the three intake depths for each major algal division and for total cells over the year. For each division and for total cells, this procedure produced a linear combination of three depths which maximizes the correlation with the plume samples.

The second and third aspects of the analysis were in-vestigated using box-and-whisker plots, drawn by month, to lll illustrate the distributions of values in the (1) surface (mean of seven stations) and (2) bottom (mean of five stations) near-field, (3) intake and (4) plume stations. For each month, the boxes for each of the four areas were plotted side-by-side to facilitate comparison.

Nutrient variables were plotted by month with box-and-whisker graphics showing the distribution of the nearfield station values. Seasonal patterns were visually identified in plots of cell counts over months.

Spatial trends in nearfield stations were examined using the Friedman Rank Sums test, which ranked the station means within each month and then summed the ranks over the stations; any consistent station ordering would appear in the rank sums.

Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices (Shannon, 1948; Wiener, l 1948) were calculated for each station / month / depth combination I

and tabulated for assessment of seasonal, spatial and depth differences.

Two methods were used to determine similarity in taxo-nomic composition for all possible station pairs for each 5-6

month and depth. One index, C-lambda (C A) (Goodall, 1973),

computes a similarity coefficient based on the relative abun-O,- dance of different taxa. The Jaccard coefficient (Goodall, 1973) calculates similarity based only on the presence or absence of different taxa. Matrices for both CA and Jaccard coefficients were constructed for each station / month / depth combination, with the matrix showing the similarity coef-ficients between all possible station pairs. These values were plotted separately for surface and bottom samples over time to ascertain any trends, particularly between PSI and PLA and nearfield stations. Because of the large number of matrices and plots, data are summarized and are presented in the Results section.

Productivity and Biomass Two questions were addressed in the productivity analysis:

1) What seasonal and station patterns exist in the productivity data; and

2) How do values from the intake, plume, and nearfield surface and bottom compare and do they indicate any plant effects?

The first question was addressed by computing simple h_j means by month and station and plotting the means for visual examination.

The second question was investigated using box-and-whisker plots, by months, of the distribution of values at each of the four locations: nearfield surface (mean of seven stations),

nearfield bottom (mean of five stations), intake and plume.

The boxes for each of the four areas were plotted side-by side for each month for each comparison..

Productivity data were critically examined before analysis of nearfield and plant station trends. Oxygen replicates were treated in the following manner: initially, all recorded nega-tive concentrations were set equal to zero, since net photo-synthesis and respiration cannot be less than zero. The range-of each replicate set was then computed and graphed. Replicate sets with extremely large rances (>400 mg 02 1 h-1 in gross photosynthesis, >200 mg 02 1-I h-1 in net photosynthesis or respiration) were not included in subsequent nearfield, PSI or PLA mean determinations. These stations were characterized by localized red tides in September.

(~)

o

- 5-7

Res_u,lts and Discussion g

Seasonal Patterns In January, total phytoplankton cell densities and chloro-phyll a values were moderately high at nearfield stations and at Plant Site Intake (PSI) and Discharge (PLA). Cell densities averaged 10,202 cells /ml in nearfield surface samples and 12,444 cells /ml in nearfield bottom samples (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a values averaged 14.4 ug 1 1 (Table 5-2, Fig. 5-3). Diatoms, particularly Skeletonema costatum (Greville) Cleve, dinoflagellates, mainly Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich III, and undetermined micro-flagellates were the most abundant organisms. Diatoms com-posed an average of 47% of the nearfield phytoplankton commu-nity, and low levels of silicate corresponded to the increased diatom populations (Table 5-3; Fig. 5-4) ; dinoflagellates com-posed an average of 25% and undetermined microflagellates an average of 21% of the community (Table 5-3, Figs. 5-5 A,B and D).

A total of 52 algal taxa was counted in January.

Phytoplankton productivity was high, considering the low water temperature (1.00C) and available ambient light. Gross and net photosynthesis were comparable in the nearfield and plant stations (Table 5-4, 5-5; Figs. 5-6, 5-7) ranging from 31.4-76.2 mg 02 1-l h-l (gross) and 31.4-54.8 mg 02 12 h-1 (net).

lll Respiration rates were equal to zero at the PLA station, con-trary to an expected increase in respiration that should ac-company an increase in water temperature (Brooks.and Baker, 1972) (Table 5-6, Fig. 5-8); this may be due, in part, to the zero respiration observed in the source water, PSI (10 m).

In February, ice cover on Chesapeake Bay prevented the collection of phytoplankton samples. Cell densities and chlorophyll a values declined sharply at all stations in March from January levels, although ambient nutrient concentrations were high as the result of the winter regeneration process (Fig. 5-8). Cell densities averaged 1,193 cells /ml in near-field surface samples and 1,400 cells /ml in nearfield bottom samples (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Cell densities at PSI (15 m) were considerably higher than those at all other stations, with 7,493 cells /ml. Chlorophyll a values averaged 0.7 pgl-1 (Table 5-2; Fig. 5-3). A total of 55 algal taxa was counted in March.

Bacillariophyta (principally undetermined "centrics" (Centrales],

Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros spp.) was the most abun-dant group and composed an average of 55% of the phytoplankton community in the nearfield. Undetermined microflagellates were the second most abundant group and composed an average of 30%

of the community (Table 5-3, Figs. 5-5A and B).

O 5-8

rg The large decline in phytoplankton biomass was not ac-(J companied by a similar decline in gross and net photosynthesis; rates for March ranged from 33.6-68.0 mg 02 1-lh 1 and 9.1-77.5 mg 02 1-lh-1, respectively (Tables 5-4, 5-5; Figs. 5-6, 5-7). Respiration rates were quite variable for the study area (Table 5-6; Fig. 5-8), ranging from 17.3 at PLA to 44.6 mg 02 1-l h-1 at PSI (10 m). These data and those of January might re'flect technique difficulties, as cold water oxygen flux meas-urements are typified by potentially significant artifacts (Strickland and Parsons, 1972); thus, January and March dif-ferences and magnitudes should be accepted with caution. Cell densities and chlorophyll a values increased in April at all stations,with seasonal increases in temperature and light.

Cell densities in nearfield surface samples averaged 8,604 cells /ml, and bottom samples averaged 7,444 cells /ml (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a values averaged 9.5 ugl-1 at nearfield stations (Table 5-2; Fig. 5-3). Undetermined microflagellates, centric diatoms, mainly Cyclo:ella caapia Grunow, dinoflagellates, principally Katodinium ro tundatum, and cryptophyte species accounted for the April increase.

Microflagellates composed an average of 37% of the nearfield phytoplankton community, diatoms composed 35%, cryptophytes composed 14%, and dinoflagellates composed 12% (Table 5-3, Figs. 5-5A-D). A total of 38 algal taxa was counted in April.

As cell biomass and numbers increased in April, gross,

\ net and respiration rates also increased (Tables 5-4, 5-5, 5-6; Figs. 5-6, 5-7 and 5-8). The average rates observed were 86, 38 and 47 mg 02 1-l h-1, re_spectively.

As in past years (Kachur, 1979), cell densities and chlo-rophyll a values again increased substantially at all stations in May. Cell densities averaged 14,424 cells /ml in nearfield -

surface samples and 15,370 cells /ml in bottom samples (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a values averaged 10.7 pgl-1 (Table 5-2; Fig. 5-3). Centric diatoms, principally Cyclocella caspia, accounted for the increase and dominated the phytoplank-ton community, composing an average of 61S (Table-5-3; Fig. 5-5B).

This ceak in cell densities and the lowest silicate values

of th'e year (Fig. 5-4) correspond to the~pr'dictable e annual r spring diatom bloom in temperate waters (Fig. 5-9). A total of only 33 algal taxa was counted in May.

l The increase in available light energy with advancing spring was also accompanied by a continued increase in phyto-plankton metabolism. Average pross and net photosynthesis rates exceeded 100 mg 02 1 h- (Tables ~5-4 and 5-5; Figs. 5-6, 5-7). These data represent the phytoplankton metabolism of the spring bloom, exceeding rates noted in months preceding and following the large algal pulse.

l O) u_

5-9

Cell densities and chlorophyll a values decreased in June.

In nearfield surface samples, densities averaged 6,102 cells /ml ggg and 5,745 cells /ml in bottom samples (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A).

Chlorophyll a averaged 5.7 pgl-1 (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-3). A total of only 37 algal taxa was counted in June. As in past years, diatom cell densities declined sharply following the spring bloom (Kachur, 1979), and the phytoplankton community was dominated by undetermined microflagellates and cryptophytes; the latter two groups combined composed 88% of the nearfield phytoplankton community (Table 5-3; Figs. 5-5A,B,C). Miscel-laneous flagellated ultraplankton (5 um or less in length),

which were too small for accurate genus or, in many cases, di-vision identification, were assigned to the microflagellate category. Organisms grouped in this artificial category are probably predominantly members of the division Cryptophyta with other divisions represented by only a few organisms.

Accompanying the decline in phytoplankton standing crop was a similar reduction in algal metabolism. Gross photosynthesis ranged from 95.1-127.9 mg 02 1-l h-1, with the average rate for the five stations listad in Table 5-4 declining 31% from May to June (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-6). Net photosynthesis and respira-tion also decreased over the same time period (Table 5-6, 5-7; Figs. 5-7, 5-8). Post-bloom declines in biomass and, pro-ductivity and ambient dissolved nitrogen concentrations (Fig. 5-4) are characteristic of temperate waters (Raymont, 1963). ggg Results were variable among s tations, but generally cell densities declined further in July with the decrease in am-bient nutrient levels (Fig. 5-4). Cell densities averaged 6,479 cells /ml in nearfield surface samples and 4,366 cells /ml in nearfield bottom samples (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a increased only to 7.3 ug 1-1 (Table 5-2, Fig. 5-3). The phytoplankton community was more diverse in June; a total of 46 algal taxa was counted. Cryptophytes (22%), diatoms (19%)

and dinoflagellates (16%) contributed to the phytoplankton com-munity, but microflagellates were the largest contributor with an average of 41% in nearfield station samples (Table 5-3, Figs. 5-3A-D).

July was typified by the continued decline of dissolved nitrogen concentrations to the levels of detection (Fig. 5-4).

Gross and net photosynthesis increased 2-3 fold from June to July (Tables 5-4 and 5-5; Figs. 5-6, 5-7). Respiration rates remained similar to rates noted in June (Table 5-7; Fig. 5-8).

Cell densities, chlorophyll a, temperature and light values increased at all stations in August to produce the pre-dictable summer maximum (Kachur, 1979). Cell densities in near-field surface samples averaged 15,756 cells /ml, and bottom O

5-10

densities averaged 9,006 cells /ml (Table 5-1A; Fig. 5-2A).

Chlorophyll a values averaged 22.0 pgl-1 (Table 5-2 ; Fig. 5-3).

Undetermined microflagellates (29%), diatoms (29%), mainly

(-)j Skeletonema costatum and undetermined centrics, and crypto-phytes (25%) were important contributors to the phytoplankton community (Table 5-3; Figs. 5-5A-C). Chlorophyta (green algae) and Euglenophyta (euglenoids) were represented by low cell densities throughout 1979; cell densities of Chlorophyta, mainly Pyramimonas spp., averaged 775 cells /ml (5%), and euglenoids, mainly Eaglena spp. and Eucreptiella spp., aver-aged 219 cells /ml (1%) at nearfield stations during the sum-mer maximum (Table 5-3) . A total of 51 algal taxa was counted.

August was typified by highest water temperatures and not unexpectedly, highest respiration rates (161.8 mg 02 1lh 1, mean for nearfield and plant stations, Table 5-6; Fig. 5-8) (ANSP, 1979). Gross and net photosynthesis rates also increased from July values even with low ambient inorganic nitrogen concentra-tions for growth (Fig. 5-4). The coincidence of the summer maxima in photosynthesis and small flagellated cells has been observed previously (Van Valkenberg and Flemer, 1974; McCarthy, Taylor and Loftus, 1974). Maximum chlorophyll concentrations for the year coincided with the two-month maximum ( Augus t-Sep tember) in photo-synthesis.

Following the summer maximum, cell densities and chloro-phyll a concentrations declined slightly in September, although

, , results among stations were variable. While surface cell J densities reached 26,015 cells /ml and 19,556 cells /ml at Sta-tions LB and FP, respectively, the average surface density of other nearfield stations was only 9,368 cells /ml. Bottom cell densities of nearfield stations averaged 6,872 cells /ml (Table 5-1A; Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a concentrations averaged 11.9 pgl-1 (Table 5-2; Fig. 5-3). As in August, undetermined micro-flagellates (30%), cryptophytes (29%), and diatoms (27%), mainly Skeleconema costatum, were the major contributors to the phytoplank- f ton community. Dinoflagellates were not generally abundant in September (a nearfield average of 5%, excluding Station LB surface),

but the group, mainly Gyrodinium estuariale Hulburt, composed 27%

of the phytoplankton community at LB (surface), producing a localized red tide and contributing to the highest total cell densities of the year (Table 5-3; Figs. 5-5A-D). A total of 55 algal taxa was counted in September.

Highest photosynthetic rates were found in September .

(Tables 5-4, 5-5; Figs. 5-6, 5-7), as noted in previous Chesa-peake Bay studies (Chisholm and Sellner, 1979; McCarthy, Taylor and Loftus, 1974; Van Valkenberg and Flemer, 1974). These high rates and pigment. concentrations were _also acepmpanied by relatively l high concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC, Fig. 5-4);

i nitrogen remained low, indicating rapid remineralization and subsequent uptake in the water column during August-September.

5-11

As observed in previous years (Chisholm and Sellner, 1979; Kachur, 1979), cell densities and chlorophyll a concentrations continued to decline in October, corresponding to seasonal de- a W

creases in temperature and incident radiation. There was little variation between stations and no extremes in cell densities as in the previous month. Cell densities in nearfield surface sam-ples averaged 7,039 cells /ml, and bottom cell densities averaged 6,208 cells /ml (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a concentrations averaged 8.8 ugl-1 in the nearfield stations (Table 5-2; Fig. 5-3).

In October, 48 algal taxa were counted. Cryptophytes (34%), ~6nde-termined microflagellates (31%), and diatoms (26%) were the major contributors to the nearfield phytoplankton community (Table 5-3; Figs. 5-5A-C).

With declining light, phytoplankton productivity also de-clined; gross photosynthesis averaged 228 mg 02 1-l h-l (Table 5-4; Fig. 5-6), while net photosynthesis averaged 150 mg 02 1-lh-1 (Table 5- 5 ; Fig. 5-7). The declining water temperature and phytoplankton biomass could explain the respiratorv losses for October; values ranged from 67.0-102.6 mg O2 1-l h-(Table 5-6).

Cell densities decreased sharply at all stations in Novem-ber, averaging 2,951 cells /ml in nearfield surface samples and 3,581 cells /ml in bottom samples (Table 5-1A; Fig. 5-2A).

Chlorophyll a concentrations averaged 8.2 pgl-1 at nearfield stations (Table 5-4). The nearfield phytoplankton community was composed mainly of undetermined microflagellates (35%), cryptd- g phytes (26%),mainly Cryptomonas spp., and dinoflagellates (26%), w principally Katodinium rotundatum (Table 5-2; Figs. 5-5A,C and D).

A total of 41 algal taxa was counted.

November photosynthetic metabolism continued the decline typical of autumn; plant station rates approached those noted in January and March (Figs. 5-6, 5-7). The average respiration' rate for all stations was the same as noted in March 1979 (Fig. 5-8).

As algal metabolic demands declined, ambient nutrient concen-trations, particularly nitrogen, began to increase (Fig. 5-4),

a trend observable in previous studies on the bay (Buttleman, 1979).

Phytoplankton cell densities and chlorophyll a concentra-tions increased in December. Cell densities in surface samples averaged 8,811 cells /ml and bottom cell densities averaged 6,609 cells /ml (Table 5-1A, Fig. 5-2A). Chlorophyll a concen-trations averaged 12.4 ugl-1 (Table 5-4). A total of 3R sigal taxa was counted in December. Undetermined microflagel. aces were the major contributors to the phytoplankton community, composing an average of 42% of the community at nearfield sta-tions. Cryptophytes (23%), diatoms (15%) and dinoflagellates (14%) were less important contributors (Table 5-2; Figs. 5-5A-D).

Chrysophyta were not abundant throughout 1979, but were most abundant in December, averaging only 340 cells /ml (4%) in the lll 5-12

[

nearfield phytoplankton community, mainly from increases in Pseudopedinelia pyriforme Carter.

The increases in cell densities in December were paralleled by similar increases in gross and net photosynthesis and respira-tion. Gross photosynthesis averaged 113 mg 02 1-l h-1, net averaaed 68 mg 02 1lh-1 and respiration averaged 45 mg O2 1-l hI for nearfield and plant stations (Tables 5-4, 5-5 and 5-6; Figs. 5-6, 5-7, 5-8). Nitrogen continued to increase in the water column, while phosphate concentrations plummeted (Fig. 5-4). This latter observation remains unexplained.

Station Comparisons All nearfield stations followed the same seasonal trends (Figs. 5-2A-E and 5-5A-D) and no consistent differences in abundance, diversity or taxonomic composition were identifiable among stations. When cell densities among stations were com-pared using a Friedman's test (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973),

no significant statistical differences in total phytoplankton cell densities or cell densities by division were found, al-though some trends were observable. As seen in past years (Kachur, 1979), the degree of difference between stations ap-peared to be largely a function of their distance from one another. Cell densities at up-bay stations were more similar

((~);

to each other than they were similar to densities at down-bay stations and vice versa. The only observable annual trends were higher densities of undetermined microflagellates in sur-face samples at up-bay stations than down-bay stations and higher densities of diatoms in bottom samples at down-bay stations than at up-bay stations.

Samples taken at PLA demonstrated the same general seasonal trends as did the six nearfield monitoring stations and PSI, and when compared month by month with box-and-whisker plots of cell densities (by total cells and by taxonomic division) , the range of values at PLA was similar to the range of values at nearfield stations. Multiple correlation coeeficients (of total cell densities and densities by taxonomic division) used to deter-mine the source water for the PLA station demonstrated the strong-est relationship between PSI (10 m-depth) and PLA.

The annual cycle of phytoplankton photosynthesis for 1979 is presented in Figures 5-6 and 5-7. The same general trends existed at all stations, with the nearfield mean gross and net photosynthesis rates > the rates observed at PLA and PSI (10.m) from June through September. There were no consistent differences in gross and net photosynthesis at PSI (10 m) and PLA, although in July net photosynthesis apparently declined at PLA but re-covered to the nearfield mean at PLC.

/^N Respiration rates at PLA exceeded those at PSI (10 m) k' from April through November (Figure 5-8). Since respiration 5-13

r rate is a function of water temperature and phytcplankcon bio-mass, the passage of the plankton community through the CCNPP should result in a stimulation of respiratory demands for the community, as noted in previous power plant studies (ANSP, lll 1979; Brook and Baker, 1972). The absence of significant losses in phytoplankton pigment concentrations (Table 5-2) or increases in phaeopigment (Table 5-8) indicated little detec-table loss in cellular material in plant passage, a pattern observed in a past ANSP entrainment study at CCNPP (ANSP, in preparation).

Values of CA and Jaccard Similarity indices computed among stations by month were similar and only reflected major shifts in community structure such as those produced by local-ized red tides, e.g. those produced in September at Stations LB and FP (surface) .

Shannon-Wiener Diversity values among stations by month were similar and demonstrated no consistent trends other than seasonal patterns (Table 5-7). The lowest diversity vajues occurred during the spring diatom bloom in May when centric diatoms strongly dominated the phytoplankton community and in June when cell densities were very low and microflagellates and cryptophytes strongly dominated the community. Ditersity values were highest during the summer August maximum and con-tinued to be high through November.

Conclusions lll Annual phytoplankton density, community structure, primary productivity and nutrient patterns within the study 6rea (CCNPP) in Chesapeake Bay followed seasonal patterns reportec in otP(r estuaries. A spring peak in cell densities and pigment conc %n-tration followed high nutrient levels produced during the winter regeneration process and spring runoff and sea;onal increases in light and temperature. The decline in cell densities fol-lowing the peak may.have resulted from nutrient depletion. A summer peak was produced by increases in small flagellated cells (undetermined microflagellates and cryptophytes) and corres-ponded with the annual summer maximum in primary productivity, light and temperature. Cell densities declined following the summer maximum (Fig. 5-9). The late autumn increase in cell densities was associated with increased availability of nutrients.

Operations of CCNPP may have resulted in a temporary stimu-lation of phytoplankton respiration in the waters passing through the cooling system of the plant. However, there was no evidence indicating significant alterations of respiration rates at nearfield stations.

There was no detectable significant impact of CCNPP opera-tions on phytoplankton cell densities, community structure or productivity in the vicinity of CCNPP on Chesapeake Bay. Dis-charge station means were not significantly different from the nearfield means for any of the variables analyzed. lll 5-14

i Literature Cited !

() !

i ANSP (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 1979.

Phytoplankton: nearfield and entrainment studies. Pages A.1 to A.1-35 in 1977 biological studies on the Potomac River near Morgantown steam electric station for the Potomac Electric Power Company.- Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

APHA (American Public Health Association). 1976. Standard i methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ,

! ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.

1193 pp.

Brook, A. J. and A. L. Baker. 1972. Chlorination at power plants: impact on phytoplankton productivity. Sci. 176: ,

1414-1415. !

1 !

l Brooks, A. S. 1974. Phytoplankton entrainment studies at the Indian River estuary, Delaware. Pages 105-111 in L. D.

i Jensen, ed. Proceedings, 2nd workshop on entrainment i and intake screening. Waverly Press, Inc.

i r

' ~

Buttleman, K. P. 1979. Aquatic chemistry studies. Pages 5-1 to 5-56 in Annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Baltimore Gas and '

Electric Co. Baltimore, Maryland. .

Chisholm, E. and K. Sellner. 1979. Phytoplankton: productiv-

{ ity and biomass. Pages 6-1 to 6-35 in Annual environ- ,

j mental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power i Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Baltimore, t Maryland.

l I Goodall, D. W. 1973. Sample similarity and species correla-tion. Pages 105-156 in R. H. Whittaker, ed. Part V. !

Coordination and classification of communities. Hand-book of vegetation sciences. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague.

Hollander, M., and R. A. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statis- !

tical methods. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 503 pp. ,

Kachur, M. E. 1979. Phytoplankton. Pages 7-1 to 7-81 in i Annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs !

Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. -

Baltimore, Maryland. -

McCarthy, J. J., W. R. Taylor and M. E. Loftus. 1974. Signi- !

ficance of nanoplankton in the Chesapeake Bay estuary ,

and problems associated with the measurement of nanoplank-ton productivity. Mar. Biol. 24(1):7-16. I 5-15 i

t

!' I

Raymont, J. E. G. 1963. Plankton and productivity in the g oceans. Pergamon Press, Inc. 660 pp. W Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication.

Bell Systems Tech. J., Vol. 27.

Smith, R. A., A. S. Brooks and L. D. Jensen. 1974. Effects of condenser entrainment on algal photosynthesis at mid-Atlantic power plants. Pages 113-122 in L. D. Jensen, ed. Entrainment and intak a screening, 2nd workshop on entrainment and intake scrc.ning. Waverly Press, Inc.

Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Pa/ sons. 1972. A practical handbook of. seawater analysis. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.

Bull. 167. Ottawa, Can. 310 pa.

Van Valkenberg, S. D. and D. A. Flemer. 1974. The distribu-tion and productivity of nanoplankton in a temperate estuarine aren. Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science 2(4):311-322.

Wiener, N. 1948. Cybernetics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

O 1

5-16

. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ = - . .. - ._

O O O Table 5-1A. Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Sta:iin J:.n Feb Mar Ay May Jun Jul Oct Nov flee S

A Sep 10116

i 1030 10126 14658 9731 6610 12147 9703 5694 4650 8969 KB 12307 *

.t 1036 7070 13905 5246 3777 9439 3642 -4189 4157 5745 S 10690

1060 10493 13247 5839 6525 13915 26015 6704 4374 7804 LB 15983

1494 B 6262 16256 6395 3013 10977 6544 6346 5085 5773 FP S 10690

1147 6647 13181 8979 7869 15983 19556 6102 '4062 7569 S 11000

935 7268 16397 3676 3899 19716 9665 9891 3438 9167 PS B 13398

1518 7606 15090 6005 3229 4735 8339 7305 3385 5886 us t

[ S '10634

1314 9007 16397 4428 4371 15645 9797 7663 1264 7343 PS) M 16322

1314 9665 14150 6440 5293 10972 6534 8960 1260 5942 B 14056

7493 9853 12730 4701 3704 8894 10022 8133 1183 7070 PLA S 15833

1389 7775 14564 8368 5049 11310 6769 6751 1542 6882 CC 8932

S 1175 8057 15391 7587 5372 12805 9609 7766 1502 8142 S 10483

1410 9289. 14893 4724 7681 17610 7559 7249 1309 8481 RP 11 9656

1515 9392 14817 5598 6365 12881 5895 6055 4283 7550 S 9505

1594 8349 13200 iiii 7399 18117 10304 5867 1322 11546 CP B 10878

1437 6892 16782 5481 5444 7004 9918 7145 993 8095 S = Surface M = Middle H = Bottom KB'= Kenwood Reach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point

No samples collected.in February due to ice cover.

i

, -, ,, - , , . - - - . ,, - - - - - - , , - , - - , . . . - - - - - ---.,w..

Table 5-1B. Microflagellates. Cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) of undetermined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of the Calvert Clif fs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May, Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec S 27R3

352 2840 3160 5425 2689 3620 2727 1636 1566 2R77 KR R 2369

31 3 2R30 4532 1009 2273 3112 1761 1625 1551 2132 S 2435

393 3225 1300 3272 2971 3291 5039 2219 1183 ilH7 LB B 2661

441 2369 4R42 2980 1580 1592 2642 2294 1322 2529 FP S 2529

405 2896 3197 3110 2557 3094 5180 1636 1542 3272 S 2219

332 222R 3930 2431 1433 1734 2341 2R49 1246 3751 tn PS

R 2341

532 2990 426R 3291 1751 2526 2567 21R1 1227 2745 W

Co S 1862

362 3704 4240 3363 1503 3121 2021 1777 401 3338 PSI M 2397

479 2573 3657 3789 2016 4391 2050 2473 450 26R0 R 1946

3441 3742 4127 270R 2009 3676 3150 2454 477 116 R PLA S 2661

461 2952 3677 4052 2003 2792 1Re3 2604 4R9 2933 S 2360

149 26R0 3751 4297 2095 3046 2539 1786 53R 3500 CC S 2407

347 3949 27AT 3037 24R2 3027 1927 20R7 571 3460 RP H 18R0

371 3215 3109 2790 2256 3300 1946 2040 1406 3319 S 1711

140 342R 3103 1501 2313 25R6 26R0 1570 419 5368 CP R 2031

179 2557 3704 2569 1899 3742 2R30 2115 35.4 3526 S = Surface M = Middle R= Bottom KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Pinac CP = Cove Point

No samples collected in rehruary due to ice cover.

O O e

.' ( f i

Table 5-1C. Hacillariophyta. Cell densities (colls/ml of whole water) of diatoms in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Ud' i i l a [ 6_ugil.y I a,

il a l ines .l a n l'e le H.e s Apr H.s y . tins .lu l Aug 'rp He t Ib v lh e

. If.9 N

4/9 47/4 *s474 /n/ I t % #. Su ll l l's / 148A 1/4 I th i E ll tt 6.'/ 2 2 a Shh 12 l4 44hn / te l 9N1 1424, 940 16t41 l ',9 llHU S 1.l l H

492 124s a t.9 7 t/9 Illa l l'. h s '.u n 85%I i n '. 1/4%

1. M n tutul

4%1 1991 7427 18 1 not hal u t es '.is 1%ll i t.n its s i l l' *. 17 1 % * % I *. /454 229/ h// *s %4 4%u4 147% l '. R 9 IMI 9nt S %l24

LNh 1/ 14 10%H/ 451 K95 581% 4%/h /9H% 168, luth PS M 77%/

h il .!9 H u A4%l 4.9 h 811 14h4 14// 14 5% l '.H t/hu

(#1 e

H *. Sh i l a /th th44 2847 ili 1982 51%h .f 14 % 14th th9 lHNI to l'S I H Illil

h it it.57 7h%1 .12 % lilN 111% 1924 10 484 14/ Inh /

h 9117

1%7% inha hin g 1/sh n/4 t 's /h l'. n h lie l m lun lots I'l.A '. 99141 * /iN /00 % NIMH l'. / 954 W N t* IMi% 1%ll INI Ilhh I't: 5 11/3

hhh 40 /4 4419 414 1 / t.H 4N/u JPl% 1979 i tb l ll/M S 4/87 a MM4 Inl9 lullt $41 Inl5 44p4 IhpN l h lh lun 1%l4 k l*

H %n its a 9/9 4441 9%/l /hl *e 8 7 Su1f in%n 1750 89/ Bu(1 N 4964

IHhl /9 44 phh9 t/t h9h 4 7 %'t /4%4 Ilhn n '. 9%u 4:P H fe%91

MRI / Hit t t elN es4 ts M h M l? / lie 4 SD 4h IN/4 14 9 1141 kit

kreiwouel Heat-Is I"el

l*lis te l Site, I n c .s h e s't: - 4: amp sk noy I.R

8.ung It tarts Pl.A = P l um.: HP + Hiee' b y Po i n t I P = 1:1.s y, l'on.1 PS

Pland Sale l'P (M we l'u s nt N4 surlaic H= miil f l e 8 =Instsum

Ne s sampics s nllre tral in I rlei tea s'y eteer in s e e t'en ve r .

i 1

_ - - - - . , . , . . _ - . ,, . - - - . . , , . . - - - ,. - - _ . . , . , . , . . . . . . .. . . , - . . s . . - . . . m.,,_. .--- . - . -,-. .

Table 5-lD. Cryptophyta. Cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) of crypto-phytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

I C3 ytoghtta Station Jan feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec F 470

142 1401 517 3178 752 3272 3234 2023 1117 24A2 KR B 404

10A 367 1034 1702 310 2275 564 1113 747 1269 S 696

93 2181 385 1890 1175 4344 5459 2238 1331 1580 LB B 451

152 66R 997 2956 464 3056 978 1946 1322 1382 FP S 479

154 884 470 4823 2209 4513 7841 2247 1226 1852

~

S 357

154 865 479 421 820 5829 2595 3300 1069 2219 t.n PS e B 527

100 762 677 1905 54 R 50R 3168 1993 992 1175 N

O S 508

153 1053 6 30 467 533 4015 3131 2811 331 1335 '

PSI M 291

169 1194 517 1993 841 1909 1711 3046 384 1185 B 404

94 1119 498 150 593 17A6 2A30 3009 332 1636 Pl.A S 442

125 118% 724 364R 959 2510 2238 1993 474 143R CC S 479

102 1542 555 2426 87R 3009 34pn 2792 390 222R S 470

140 1589 310 1502 2689 6459 2811 2943 291 2l06 RP B 301 *

!!8 1504 564 2478 1871 2764 1523 1843 1420 1796 S 470

135 1307 4R9 244 2266 6130 3432 2303 39A 2219 CP R 404

110 1156 602 2123 1570 762 2745 2604 167 1655 KR = Kenwood Beach PSI - Plant Site intake CC = Camp conoy LR = Long Beach Pl.A = Plume HP = Rocky Point 1 P = Fla g Pond PS = Plant Site CP = Cove Point S = surface M = middle B = hottom

No samples collected in Tehruary due to ice cover, w

O O O

O O O Table 5-lE. Pyrrophyta. Cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) of dinoflagel-lates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Pyrrophyta Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

. S 3620

38 2RA6 1166 662 1711 1448 169 421 1382 1739 KB R 2557

32 489 1758 179 149 997 251 218 1322 827 5 3855

18 2492 780 291 1119 1824 6995 479 1495 1391 LB B 2332

38 1213 2915 173 118 423 574 451 1858 611 FP S 3450

27 329 1138 263 1636 2209 R93 404 872 968 5 2868

26 A09 1373 347 701 2755 498 639 784 1476 PS B 2266

33 668 1617 al 102 81 367 508 813 527

'N S 2191

16 291 2482 260 1030 1749 545 395 303 1109 PSI M 2313

14 1934 2191 254 1053 705 338 555 239 621 B 2115

376 2003 1636 56 140 451 621 494 229 762 PLA S 2529

42 1373 1890 273 1034 1514 301 404 346 950 CC S 2623

25 527 1561 423 1062 978 677 545 400 1006 S 3046

32 592 1373 34 1438 1937 517 36 7 259 974 4 RP B 2059

31 1025 1307 68 1072 780 150 329 1962 931 S 2078

43 479 81R 53 1974 2486 658 479 357 1937 CP B 1645

4R 844 1542 A6 959 75 461 423 109 940 KB = Kenwood peach PSI = Plant Site intake CC = Camp Conor LB = Long Beach PLA = Plume RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PS = Plant Site CP = Cove Point S = surface M = middle 4

B = hotton

No samples collected in February due to ice cover.

Table 5-2. Active chlorophyll a pg 1-1 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Y NF(S) 14.4 0.7 9.5 10.7 5.7 7.3 22.0 11.9 8.8 8.2 12.4 i PSI (S) 12.1 1.3 4.8 16.0 4.4 8.3 16.4 7.3 10.1 4.3 8.0 Y PSI (M) 14.3 0.7 8.7 15.6 5.5 6.5 9.3 15.8 10.1 3.8 7.1 Y PLA 15.2 0.8 9.6 16.3 4.9 7.3 16.2 9.6 9.1 4.8 6.8 i PLC 15.0 0.8 8.9 16.0 7.6 7.1 15.2 12.4 10.7 4.3 6.7 i NF(S) = nearfield surface mean i PSI (S) = Plant Site Intake surface mean i PSI (M) = Plant Site Intake mid-depth-10 m mean i PLA = Plume A mean i PLC = Plume C mean

= no data collected in February due to ice cover on Chesapeake Bay O O O

Table 5-3. Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through

{% December 1979.

I w I a

% 1 % %

lZ e i e 0 a I a i e 3 e

3% 13 1 1 1 "3L 13 1 3 i 1

-i !" i i i ?i i !" i ii i i

& SI 2 0 3 & 2 P 3% 2 3 & : 2 3 40 bt R t % 2 540 DE R 0 % 2

& sf 6 2 ab a6 a ss 6 a a t a6 Staeion January March S 0 28 4 27 5 36 + 1 0 34 + 46 14 4 + 1 KB B 0 19 2 55 3 21 0 1 0 30 1 55 10 3 + 1 S 0 23 2 31 7 36 0 2 0 37 + 46 9 2 0 6 LB B 0 17 2 64 3 15 t 1 0 30 + 57 10 3 0 1 FP S 0 24 3 35 4 32 + 1 + 35 + 45 13 2 0 3 ss/ S 0 20 3 47 3 26 + . 0 35 + 41 16 3 + 3 PS B + 17 3 58 4 17 0 + 0 35 + 55 7 2 + 1 S 0 18 3 53 5 21 0 1 0 28 0 55 12 1 + 4 PSI M 0 15 1 68 2 14 0 + 0 36 + 48 13 1 + 1 B 0 14 1 66 3 15 0 1 0 46 + 48 1 5 0 0 PLA S 0 17 1 63 3 16 + + 1 33 + 53 9 3 + +

CC S 0 26 2 36 5 29 + 1 0 30 + 57 9 2 + 2 S 0 23 2 41 5 29 0 1 0 25 0 63 10 2 + +

RP B 0 20 3 52 3 21 + 1 + 24 + 65 8 2 + +

S 0 18 1 52 5 22 0 2 0 21 + 66 8 3 0 1 CP B 0 19 1 61 4 15 0 1 0 26 + 62 8 3 0 1 S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than 14 KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point

- No samples collected in February due to ice cover.

S-23

Table 5 -3 (continued). Percent composition of phytoplankton by O division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

$ e U e

E : %

20 e i e S e I e i e S e

" fat 3 1 3 i t " da 13 1

i t i 22 i i i & 3 i !" i i i &i

& St 3: 3 & 5 E & St 3 & 5 E 40 bt R % 2 E 40 bt R0 % 2 C SE 6a aia 6 & 5E 62 ai a6 Station April y M

S 0 28 2 27 14 29 0 1 0 24 0 64 4 8 + 1 .

KB B 0 40 2 46 5 7 0 + 0 33 + 47 7 13 + 1 5 0 31 3 21 21 24 + + 0 25 0 66 3 6 + 1 LB B 0 38 + 32 11 19 0 0 0 30 0 46 6 IS 0 +

PP S 0 44 1 37 13 5 0 + 0 24 0 63 4 9 + 1 S 0 31 2 45 12 11 0 + 0 24 0 64 3 8 0 1 PS B 0 39 2 39 10 9 0 + 0 28 0 56 4 11 +- 1 5 0 41 2 41 12 3 + 1 0 26 0 54 4 15 + 1 PSI M 0 37 2 38 12 11 0 + 0 26 0 54 4 15 + 1 B 0 38 1 29 11 20 + + 0 32 0 50 4 13 + +

PLA S 0 38 3 26 15 18 0 1 0 25 0 56 5 13 + 1 CC S 0 33 2 38 19 7 0 1 0 24 0 61 4 10 + +

S 0 43 3 31 17 6 + + 0 19 0 69 2 9 + 1 RP B 0 34 2 37 16 11 + + 0 22 0 65 4 9 0 +

S + 40 2 35 16 6 + 1 0 24 0 . 66 4 6 + 1 CP B 0 37 3 29 17 13 + 1 0 22 0 65 4 9 + +

S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than 11 KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point O

5-24

I O :

Table 5-3 (continued). Percent composition of phytoplankton by .

division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the !

vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

I

$ e E e

E t l e i e 3 e l: e i o 3 a

25 t

2 3 2 2 *25 t2

2 2 -

2 E' i ; i 2 ? i 22* i ; i 2 ?i '

& St : 3 ? 3 ? 3% 30 3 & 2 l 2 40 t t t % 2 240 bt R : % 2 !

u s2 6 aO t a6 & EE 6a O t a6 Station June July S 0 56 + 3 33 7 0 2 0 41 1 18 11 26 0 4 KB B 0 57 + 5 32 3 0 1 0 60 1 26 8 4 0 1

\

S 0 56 + 6 32 5 0 1 0 46 + 17 18 17 1 1 B 0 47 0 4 46 3 0 + 0 52 1 27 15 4 0 1 FP S 0 35 + 8 54 3 0 1 0 33 + 12 28 21 + 6 S 'O 66 + 12 11 0 37 9 0 1 1 23 21 18 0 1 PS B 0 55 + 12 32 + 0 54 1 0 0 25 17 3 0 1 S 0 76 0 7 11 6 0 1 + 34 1 25 12 24 + 4 PSI M 0 59 + 6 31 4 0 + 0 38 + 23 16 20 0 3 B 0 58 0 38 3 1 0 0 0 54 1 24 16 4 + 1 PLA S 0 48 0 4 44 3 0 1 0 40 + 19 19 20 + 1 CC S 0 57 + 5 32 6 0 0 0 39 + 23 16 20 0 1 S 0 64 + 3 32 1 0 0 0 32 + 13 35 19 0 +

RP ,

B 0 50 0 5 44 1 0 0 0 35 + 16 29 17 + 2 S 0 69 0 17 11 2 0 + 0 31 1 9 31 27 + 1 CP B 0 47 0 13 39 2 0 + 1 35 1 15 29 18 0 2 S = Surface- M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than 1% '

KB = Kenwood Beach PS'= Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy CN 'LB = Long . weh PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Pocky Point r

V FP = Fisg Pa 'd PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point ,

5-25

Table 5-3 (continued). Percent composition of phytoplankton by O

division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

E = E a

?;

1 *

?; e i a K

a i .

. 3 .

2% 2 2 L 2 L *2h 2 2 2 3 2 L i !" i i i i i 2 !* i % i i & i R S? : : 3 & 5 E P 3e 2 3 ? 5 3 40 t t R t T. 2 3 4b t t t t T. 2 C EG 6 a b t 3 6 C E2 6 ab t a6 Station August September S 0 30 1 25 27 12 1 4 0 28 3 25 33 2 + 9 K3 B 0 33 1 26 24 11 1 5 0 48 2 27 15 7 + 0 S 0 24 + 24 31 13 2 6 0 19 1 23 22 27 1 7 LB B 0 33 + 28 28 4 1 7 0 40 1 31 15 9 1 2 FP S 0 19 1 28 28 14 3 7 0 26 + 23 40 5 + 5 S 0 19 1 26 30 14 2 9 0 24 2 36 27 5 + 5 PS B 0 53 1 31 11 2 + 3 0 31 2 23 38 4 + 2 S 0 20 1 34 26 11 2 7 0 21 6 28 32 6 + 7 PSI M 0 40 + 31 17 6 1 4 0 31 4 30 26 5 + 3 B 0 41 1 29 20 5 1 3 0 31 4 26 28 6 1 4 PLA S 0 25 + 33 22 13 2 5 0 27 3 27 33 4 + 5 CC S 0 24 1 38 23 3 1 5 0 26 3 22 36 7 + 5 S + 17 1 25 37 11 4 5 0 26 3 21 37 7 1 5 RP B + 26 + 39 21 6 + 6 0 33 1 35 26 3 0 3 5 0 14 1 26 34 16 2 7 0 26 5 24 33 6 1 4 CP B + 53 0 34 11 1 + + 0 28 3 31 28 5 + 5 S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than it KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point O

5-26

P O

Table 5-3 (continued). Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the .

vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

1 $ e $ e

% . : 1 i lO e I =

0 e C e i e 0 e

SL 2 t i t *3% 7 3 %

i 2

!" i i i & i # !* i : i i & i i st a: 3 & 2 i st : O 3 & 2 240 t G R : % 3 340 t t R t T. 2 ;

t e2 6 a b t a6 t e9 6 ao t a6 '

Station October November S 0 29 3 25 36 7 0 1 0 34 9 3 24 30 + +

KB B 0 39 2 26 27 5 + 1 0 37 9 4 18 32 + 0 S 0 33 2 23 33 7 + 1 0 27 6 2 30 34 + 0 LB B 0 36 2 24 31 7 + + 0 26 8 3 26 37 0 +

O FP S 0 27 2 26 37 7 1 1 0 38 6 4 30 21 0 0 S + 29 1 29 33 6 + 1 0 36 4 5 31 23 1 0 PS B + 30 2 33 27 7 0 1 0 36 5 4 29 24 1 +

S + 23 2 32 37 5 + 1 0 32 4 13 26 24 0 1 PSI M + 28 2 29 34 6 + 1 0 36 4 10 31 19 + +

B + 30 2 24 37 6 + 1 0 40 3 8 28 19 0 +

PLA S 0 39 3 23 30 6 + 1 0 32 2 12 31 22 + 1 CC S 0 23 2 31 36 7 0 1 0 36 4 7 26 27 + +

S + 29 2 23 41 5 + 1 0 44 4 8 22 20 0 2 RP B + 34 1 29 30 5 + + 0 33 3 5 33 25 0 2 S + 27 3 21 39 8 0 2 0 32 4 6 30 27 + 0 CP B + 30 1 26 36 6 + 1 1 36 1 35 17 11 0 0 S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than 1%

KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site CC = Cawp Coney LB = Long Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point FP = Flag Pond PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point 5-27

Table 5-3 (continued). Percent composition of phytoplankton by division for phytoplankton samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

E a t

2; e i . 3 a 3 5L I 3 0 3 1 1 12" i ii & i

& So a: 3 & 5 2 e en t ; t t % 3 u E2 6 a ut a6 Station December S 0 32 4 15 28 19 + 2 KB B 0 41 2 19 22 14 0 2 S 0 41 4 16 20 18 1 1 LB B 0 44 2 IS 24 11 0 1 FP S 0 43 5 13 24 13 0 2 S 0 41 5 11 24 16 0 2 PS B 0 47 1 21 20 9 0 2 5 0 45 4 15 18 15 0 3 PSI M 0 45 4 18 20 10 0 3 B 0 45 5 14 23 11 0 2 PLA S 0 43 2 17 21 14 0 3 CC S 0 41 5 14 27 12 0 1 S 0 41 2 18 25 12 0 3 RP B 0 44 4 14 24 12 's 2 S 0 47 8 8 19 17 + 2 CP B 0 44 6 15 20 12 0 3 S = Surface M = Middle B = Bottom + = Less than il KB = Kenwood Beach PS = Plant Site LB = Long Beach CC = Camp Conoy FP = Flag Pond PSI = Plant Site Intake RP = Rocky Point PLA = Plume CP = Cove Point O

5-28

l O O O L

l Table 5-4. Gross photosynthesis in mg O2 m -s h-1 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December

1979.

t Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i NF(S) 68.7

58.4 111.6 86.9 127.9 276.2 572.4 551.7 207.1 124.3 158.6 i PSI (S) 72.0 -

18.9 178.3 95.1 290.6 549.6 717.9 284.3 95.0 65.6 i PSI (M) 31.4 68.0 98.7 172.3 126.4 232.2 289.5 430.0 267.2 61.3 156.1 i PLA 43.3 34.6 94.3 180.2 108.2 194.2 469.3 481.8 165.0 60.2 70.3 y i PLC 76.2 33.6 105.7 219.8 117.3 256.6 444.8 593.9 217.7 61.6 112.4 i NF(S) = nearfield surface mean i PSI (S) = Plant Site Intake surface mean ,

i PSI (M) = Plant Site Intake mid-depth-10 m mean i PLA = Plume A mean i PLC = Plume C mean

no data collected in February due to ice cover on Chesapeake Bay

t l

Table 5-5. Net photosynthesis in mg 02 m -3 h-1 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

i Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i NF(S) 54.8

39.1 61.1 20.5 71.6 209.4 417.3 446.5 136.0 96.9 91.7 i PSI (S) 47.8 77.5 0.0 124.6 70.3 241.6 386.7 620.6 217.3 65.8 49.6 i PSI (M) 31.4 23.4 57.7 113.3 68.3 210.9 164.2 308.7 196.7 50.6 94.6 i PLA 43.3 17.3 49.7 111.6 46.2 139.8 281.0 356.5 62.4 19.9 20.5 i PLC 39.6 9.1 23.5 128.2 66.1 199.6 267.4 431.6 137.1 46.8 82.4 Y

a i NF(S) = nearfield surface mean i PSI (S) = Plant Site Intake surface mean i PSI (M) = Plant Site Intake mid-depth-10 m mean i PLA = Plume A mean i PLC = Plume C mean

no data collected in February due to ice cover on Chesapeake Bay e o e

O O O t

Table 5-6. Respiration in mg O2 m'8 h~1 for collections taken at stations in the

- vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Jan lieb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i NF(S) 13.9

19.3 50.5 66.4 56.3 66.8 155.1 105.2 71.1 27.4 66.9 i PSl(S) 24.2 -

18.9 53.7 24.8 49.0' 162.9 97.3 67.0 29.2 16.0 i PSl(M) 0.0 44.6 41.0 59.0 58.1 21.3 125.3 121.3 70.5 10.7 61.5 i Pl.A 0.0 17.3 44.6 68.6 62.0 54.4 188.3 125.3 102.6 40.3 49.8 m i PLC 36.6 24.5 82.2 91.6 51.2 57.0 177.4 162.3 80.6 14.8 30.0 i NF(S) = nearfield surface mean i PSI (S) = Plant Site Intake surface mean i PSI (M) = Plant Site Intake mid-depth-10 m mean i PLA = Plume A mean i Pl.C = Plume C mean

= no data collected in February due to ice cover on Chesapeake Bay

. - . ~ .-. . -- . . . . . . .

s Table 5-7. Shannon-Wiener Diversity Indices for phytoplankton communities in collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Jan reb Mar Apr May .Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec KB S 2.66

2.88 2.52 1.30 2.02 1.18 3.41 3.16 3.09 2.95 3.19 LB S 2.68

3.06 2.54 1.66 1.97 2.90 3.49 3.28 3.12 2.97 3.04 FP S 2.68

2.98 2.13 1.77 2.14 3.39 3.61 2.99 3.13 2.92 2.96 PS S 2.52

3.05 2.17 1.72 1.94 3.16 3.59 3.35 3.10 3.00 3.00 CC S 2.58

2.93 2.36 1.83 1.97 2.98 3.28 3.25 3.16 3.03 2.86 RP S 2.42

2.88 2.31 1.65 1.57 2.85 3.66 3.19 2.90 2.95 2.90 CP S 2.45

2.97 2.25 1,81 1.75 3.11 3.65 1.24 3.04 3.28 2.90 PSI S 2.39

2.97 2.13 2.13 1.45 3.42 3.53 3.42 3.10 3.28 2.84

[ PLA 5 2.16

3.03 2.52 2.09 1.97 3.13 3.49 3.20 2.93 3.23 2.95 EB B 2.40

2.99 .l.94 2.23 1.90 2.13 3.35 2.72 2.89 2.95 2.99 LB B 2.14

2.88 2.24 2.26 1.8% 2.46 3.07 3.09 2.89 3.07 2.82 PS B 2.32

2.84 2.27 2,01 2.02 2.25 2.55 2.92 3.14 3.03 2.65 PSI M 2.02

2.81 2.29 2.09 1.83 1.16 3.00 3.18 3.11 3.13 2.92 PSI B 2.05

2.53 2.64 2.01 1.70 2.34 2.96 3.20 2.95 3.00 2.84 RP B 2.42

2.87 2.53 1.93 1.79 3.12 1.30 2.91 2.91 3.13 2.84 CP B 2.12

2.92 2.55 2.01 2.11 3.16 2.40 3.22 2.99 2.80 2.96 KB = Kenwood Beach PSI = Plant Site Intake CC = Camp Conoy LB = Long Beach PLA = Plume RP = Rocky Point I P = Flag Pond PS = Plant Site CP = Cove Point S = surface M = middle B = bottom

No samples collected in February due to ice rover.

O O 6

O O O Table 5-8. Phaeopigment in pg l'8 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec i NF(S) 3.5

2. 5 2.9 2.4 2.4 3.2 5.2 4.5 2.5 3.2 3.2 i PSI (S) 6.6 2.1 1.7 4.0 1.6 3.4 4.0 3.9 2.8 2.5 3.2 i 151(M) 6.4 3.3 3.0 4.0 1.9 4.1 3.7 6.4 2.3 2.3 3.1 i PLA 5.1 2.8 3.1 4.1 2.3 4.3 5.1 5.2 3.9 3.0 3.3 x PLC 4.8 3.1 3.2 3.9 .9 4.1 5.2 3.9 2.2 3.3 3.1 w

Y NF(S) = nearfield surface mean ,

i PSI (S) = Plant Site Intake surface mean i PSI (M) = Plant Site Intake mid-depth-10 m mean i PLA = Plume A mean i PLC'= Plume C mean

= no data collected in February due to ice cover on Chesapeake llay 1

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SURFACE -

BOTTOM M100LE o--- PLUME 5 JRFACE Figure 5-2A. Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) i~n samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. h 5-34

1M M PS I *

(

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1.00C J FM A M J J A S O N O Figure 5-2A (continued). Total cells. Total phytoplankton cell densities ~Teells/ml of whole water) in samples from ,

stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

5-35

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h 100 too J F M A M J J A $ 0 N D J P M A M J J A S O N D SURFACE 80from Mio0Lt : Ptuut SURFACE Figure 5-2B. Microflagellates. Total undetermined micro-flagellate cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity

of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January l

through December 1979.

l O

5-36

I i

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Figure S-2B (continued). Microflagellates. Total undetermined ,

microflagellate cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through O oece der 1979-5-37

50 80 50 000 KB LS 10000k 10000:

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M100LE > PLUME SURFACE Figure 5-2C. Bacillariophyta. Total diatom cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

g i

5-38

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d i 1 ti J FMAMJJASONO Figure 5-2C (continued). Bacillariophyta. Total diatom cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples I from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

5-39 I

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O 5-40

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100 J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 5-2D (continued). Cryptophyta. Total cryptophyte cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in sam-ples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through O December 1979.

l 5-41 L-

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) FMAMJJASOND J FMAMJ JASOND Figure.5-2E. Pyrrophyta. Total dinoflagellate cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Clif fs N0 clear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O 5-42

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Figure 5-2E (continued). Pyrrophyta. Total dindflagellate i i

cell densities (cells /ml of whole water) in sam-ples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert ,

c1111 "=c1 r > r "1

3 == rv thro =9" oec O ber 1979.

5-43

20-

Nearfleid surface mean 0 Plume A mean Plant Site intake (10m) mean I 15 -

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O J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 5-3. Active chlorophyll a in pg 1 2 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

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Figure 5-4. Nutrients and total organic carbon. Average monthly nutrients and total organic carbon for stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. (Data is extracted from Chemistry data presented in the Chemistry section of this report.)

4

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DURMCE W BOTTOM *-- M IDDL E D- -PLUME SURFACE Figure 5-5A. Microflagellates. Percent composition of unde-termined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O 5-46

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Figure 5-5A (continued). Microflagellates. Percent composi-tion of undetermined microflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O 5-47

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o S WFACE o--BOTTOM e wDDLE WW Figure 5-5B. Bacillariophyta. Percent composition of diatoms in samples from stations in the vicinity of Cal-vert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O 5-48 .

s O

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Figure 5-5B (continued) . Bacillariophyta. Percent composition of diatoms in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

D

(..)

5-49 .

BO K9 60-40-20-c A G , I T N r a ' ' ' 8 8 80- LB 60 -

40- -

20 -

2 , , , , i i e i e a 80- pp 60-Z 40-

20-e , , , , , e e i i -

8 80 e CC d 60-e g 40- _

20-O e i t ' ' ' ' ' '

80 RP 60-40-20-Q , , _ t i i e t e i 80- CP 60-40- .

20-9 , i t i e e t i JAN FEB MAR. APR MAY JUN, JU'.. AUG. SER OCT. NOV. DEC h SURFACE h BOTTOM 8- MIDDLE D--PLUME SURFACE

Figure 5-5C. Cryptophyta. Percent composition of cryptophytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of Cal-vert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through l December 1979.

1 l

l 5-50

O

~ PS 60-40-

~

20-o , ' ' . , ' I f g 2

t- ' PSI f2 60-0 40-y 20-w 9 , I t , ' ' a N

80 p ,

60 -

40- .Q.'

"* "' o "-c..,

20 -

o.. o...- ..c o... . . a...

l'N. 'ea. usn. apg. m y '

JUL Ava. sep. Oct Nov cec.

Figure 5-SC (continued). Cryptophyta. Percent composition of cryptophytes in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

l

\,

5-51

80" KB 60-40- o 20-

I I C C C f i 80 LB 60-40- o i ; ; , , .

80- FP 60-z 4o.

9 O

, , e W-5 80 - CC z

y 60- '

c:

g 40-

, 7 g 80 - R P l 60-4o-O i

^

20-

I l , t .

I I 80- CP 60-40-20 - 0 l [ r - t i i I JAN. FES. MAR. APR. MAY JUN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.

W SU RFACE *--80TTOM o--MID DLE D--PLUME SURFACE Figure 5-5D. Pyrrophyta. Percent composition of dinoflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

1 5-52

80 PS 5 60 -

40-o 2

80 Psi !

a O 60-S i 5 40-o a:

E 80 PLA 60-40-20 -

a p.., '.o.,, ..G... .

o ... o l

, , n.- , ~a. ~. g-

~

, , ..,....q... , ,

JAN. FES. MAR. APR. MAY .UN. JUL. AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.

Figure 5-5D (continued). Pyrrophyta. Percent composition of .

dinoflagellates in samples from stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. ,

O 5-53

700-

Nearfield surf ace mean

. O Plume A mean

= Plant Site intake 00m) mean L 600

.c 7

n 500 -

O cn E

, 400-E e

.c m { 3% -

E o u y .

{ 200 -

m o

y 100 -

e------- , < E

p. -c '_'___-

, , , , , i .

p , , , , .

J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 5-6. Gross photosynthesis in mg O2 m -8 h-2 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O O

O o o 600-T

Nearfield surface mean E O Plume A mean

? 500 -

" Plant site intake (10m) mean E

N O

m 400 -

E 2m

.c

300 -

~

c US >

. m

"' 0 200-y, o

.c Q.

e 100 - -

'-a z

bbdEE','I, ' '

9 0 ' ' ' '

4 J F M A M J J A S O N D

-Figure 5-7. Net photosynthesis in mg O2 m'8 h'1 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

.- , =. - . , , _ , . , , , , , . . . ...,.v,.,-,m,,-.. a,-- .,

m - w - v. w. ., .- - . - = - . -. - -- n ..

200-180 -

o Plume A mean

= Plant Site intake (10m) mean 160 -

T y 14 0 -

?

E N 120-O cn E

.c 100 -

c vi .2

' 80 -

d i

E E 60 - = .

40 -

/

20 -

.-r__'-

/ , s f,

O J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 5-8. Respiration in mg O2 m -s h-1 for collections taken at stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

O O e

t O

MMO . Total Cells e Microflagellates o Bacillarlophyte

.

Cryptophyta e Pyrrophyta l

9 10.000 -

\ \

(

\ !

O -

f 5.000 -

\ '

E . \\

iu 9 5

\

t w -

j\ .

t a \ \ \

S

- - \g\\ \

O

\ \

3 \\ * \ l C % \

e \

O \ u

\ !

1 0

1.000-

\\ \

l 1

\\ \ ,

\\ e

\\

\ \

500- g 1, \

\ \\

\ \

\ \ ,

\\ :

\\

g\

\

f 3,

J F M A M J J A S O N D l

\

Figure 5-9. Cell densities. Monthly average total phyto- ,

plankton cell densities and cell densities by :

division for surface nearfield stations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979.

t 5-57

Appendix A. Species list of phytoplankton in samples col- a lected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979. (NSSF - Winte r , Spring ,

W Summer and Fall .)

W S S F Phylum: Cyanophyta Class: Myxophyceae Order: Chroococcales Family: Chroococcaceae x - - -

Anacystis sp.

Order: Hormogonales Family: Oscillatoriaceae Microcoleus lyngbyaceus (Kuetzing) Crouan - -

x x Schicothrix calcicola (Agardh) Gomont x -

x x Spirulina subsalsa Oersted - -

x -

Family: Nostocaceae Nostoc commune Vaucher x - - -

Cyanophyta undetermined spp. -

x -

x Phylum: undetermined Microflagellates undetermined spp. x x x x Phylum: Chrysophyta Class: Xanthophyceae Order: Chloramoebales Family: Chloramoebaceae olisthodiscus sp. -

x x x Class: Chrysophyceae Order: Chromulinales Family: Chromulinaceae Ca ly comonas spp. x -

x -

Family: Pedine11aceae Apodinella rad <ans (Lohmann) Campbell x x x x Pseudopedinella pyriforme Carter x x x x Order: Ochremonadales Family: Ochrcmonadaceae Ochromonas sp. x x x x Family: Dinobryaceae Dinobryon sp . x - - -

Chrysophyta undetermined spp. - -

x x Class: Silicoflagellatophyceae Order: Siphonotestales F nily: Dictyochaceae Dictyocha fibula Ehrenberg x -

x x Ebria tripartita (Sche:aann) Lemmermann x x x x Silicoflagellatophyceae undetermined sp. x - - -

O 5-58

Appendix A (Continued). Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979. (WSSF - Winter , Spring ,

rT

(_/ Summer and Fall.)

W S S F Phylum: Baci11ariophyta Class: Baci11ariophyceae Order: Centric diatoms Family: Coscinodiscaceae Accinoptychus sp. x x x Coscinodiscus spp. x x x x Melostra granulata (Ehrenberg) Ralfs x - - -

M. nummuloides (Dilwyn) Agardh - - -

x Relostra spp, x x x x Skeleconema costatum (Greville) Cleve x x x x '

5. potamos (Weber) Hasle -

x -

x undetermined spp. x x x x ;

Family: Biddulphiaceae ,

Biddulphia mooiliensis (Bailey) Grunow -

x x x 7 B. reticulatum (Ehrenberg) Boyer -

x - -

Cerataulina bergonii Peraga110 x x x x '

Ditylum brightuellii (T. Wes t) Grunow ex Van Heurck x x x x

() Family: Chaetoceraceae Chae toceros spp. x x x x l Family: Rhi:osoleniaceae Rhiaosolenia fragilissima Bergon x x x x Rhizosolend2 spp. x x x x ;

Family: Leptocylindraceae Guinardia flaccida (Castracane) Peragallo x - - -

Leptocylindrus danicus Cleve - - -

x L. minimus Gran x x x x Order: Pennate diatoms t undetermined spp. x x x x '

Family: Fragilariaceae Asterionella japonica Cleve x x x -

Diatoma tenue v. elongatum Lyngbye .x x x x Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg x - - -

Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Van Heurck x x x x Family: Achnanthaceae Cocconsis spp. x - - -

Family: Naviculaceae Entomoneis spp. x x x x '

Diplonais spp. -

x x x Navicula spp. x x x x Family: Cymbellaceae Cymbella sp. x - - -

A L) 5-59

Appendix A (Continued). Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979. (WSSF - Winter, Spring, lll Summer and Fall.)

W S S F Family: Nitzschiaceae Nitzschia acicularis W. Smith x x -

x N. closterium (Ehrenberg) W. Smith x x x x N. Longissima (Brebisson ex. Kuetzing) Ralfs - -

x -

N. seriata Cleve x x x x N. spathulata Brebisson -

x x x Nitzschia spp. x x x x Phylum: Cryptophyta Class: Cryptophyceae Order: not named Family: Cryptomonadaceae Cryptomonas acuta Butcher x x x x C. osata Ehrenberg x x x x undetermined spp. x x x x Phylum: Pyrrophyta undetermined spp. x x x x Class: Desmo.kontae Order: Desmonadales Family: Prorocentraceae Exuviella spp. x x x x Provocentrum dentatum Stein - -

x x P. micans Ehrenberg x -

x x P. minimum (Pavillard) Schiller x x x x Order: Dinophysiales Family: Dinophysiaceae Dinophysis acuminata Claparede 4 Lachmann x - - -

Class: Dinophyceae undetermined sp. #1 x -

x x Order: Gymnodinales Family: Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium crassum Lohmann x x x x Amphidinium sp. x x x x Cochlodinium spp. x x x x

. Gymnodinium punctatum Pouchet -

x x x G. rosestigma Campbell - -

x -

G. splendens Lebour -

x x x Gymnodinium spp. x x x x Gyrodinium es tuariate flu 1burt x x x x G. spp. x x x x Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich III x x x x 5-60

(]) Appendix A (Continued) . Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979. (WSSF - Winter, Spring, Summer and Fall.)

W S S F Family: Polykrikaceae x x x x Polykrikoa hartmanni Zimmermann - -

x x P. kofoidi Chatton -

x x x Polykrikos spp. - - -

x Order: Peridiniales Family: Glenodiniaceae Glenodinium rotundum (Lebour) Schiller x x x x Glenodinium spp. x x x x Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein x x - -

Family: Gonyaulacaceae Gonyaucax diacantha (Meunier) Schiller -

x x -

G. digitate (Pouchet) -

x x -

G. Longicornu Campbell - - -

x G. spinifera (Claparede 4 Lachmann) x x x x ,

(~ Gonyaulax spp. x x x x Family: Peridiniaceae Peridinium depressum Bailey -

x x x P. trochoideum (Stein) Lemmermann x x x x Peridinium spp. x x x x Family: Oxytoxaceae Oxy toxum sp. - -

x x ,

Family: Ceratiaceae ;

Ceratium furca (Ehrenberg) Claparede 4 Lachmann - -

x x Phylum: Euglenophyta ;

undetermined spp. x x x x Class: Euglenophyceae Order: Euglenales Family: Euglenaceae Euglena spp. - -

x x Eutreptiella spp. x x x x Trachelomonas sp. - -

x -

Phylum: Chlorophyta Class: Chlorophyceae undetermined spp. - -

x x Order: Volvocales Family: Chlamydomonadaceae Chlamydomonas spp. x x x -

b o

5-61

Appendix A (Continued) . Species list of phytoplankton in samples collected in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979. (WSSF - Winter, Spring ,

Summer and Fall .)

lll W S S F Order: Chlorococcales Family: Oocystaceae Ankiatrodesmus falcatus Cerda x x x x Kirchneriella spp. -

x -

x Family: Dictyosphaeriaceae Dictyoaphaerium ehrencergianum Naegeli x - - -

Family: Scenedesmaceae Scenedesmus acuminatus (Lagerheim) Chodat x x - -

S. acutus Meyen x - - -

S. ecornis (Ralfs) Chodat x - - -

S. quadricauda (Turpin) Brebisson x x x -

S. spinosos Chodat x - - -

Scenedeamus spp. x x - -

Family: Hydrodictyaceae Pediastrum duplex Meyen x x - -

P. tetras (Ehrenberg) Ralfs x - - -

Order: Zygnematales Family: Desmidiaceae

g Clos terium sp. x - - -

Cosmarium sp. x - - -

Class: Prasinophyceae Order: not named Family: not nameo Pyraminonas spp. x x x x 0

5-62

FISH BOTTOM TRAWLING

(

J. Howard Hixson III, and Michael F. Hirshfield :

Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory '

Acadeny of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction ,

Bottom trawling is one of several studies currently con-ducted on finfish populations in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs t Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) on the Chesapeake Bay. Since 1968 ,

investigations have been directed toward determining seasonal 1 cycles in abundance, diversity and occurrence of fish species in the vicinity of the power plant (ANSP, 1969, 1970, 1971a, 1971b, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979). The objective of ,

these studies is to docurent any plant-induced changes in the community structure of benthic fish populations.

Data from the latest of these studies, collected from .

January through December 1979, are presented in this report.

() Materials and Methods Samples were collected monthly at three stations: Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) (Fig. 8-1) during 1979. Sampling consisted of duplicate 15-min bottom ;

trawls at all stations at 6, 9 and 12 m. After each trawl all species were counted and up to 50 haphazardly selected individ-uals of each species were measured for total length (TL). If more than 1,000 individuals of any species were captured the total number was estimated.

Samples were collected with a 7.62-m semi-balloon trawl modified as an otter trawl. The net had a body and cod-end of .

3.17-cm stretch mesh. The cod-end inner liner was made of '

1.27-cm stretch mesh. Tow speed was approximately four knots.

It must be noted that benthic trawls do not effectively sample non-benthic species, i.e. , Atlantic menhaden (Brsvoortia tyran-nus) or Bay anchovy (Anchoc mitchitti) , or larger individuals that can outswim the net. Date, time, depth, weather conditions, )

! tidal stage and direction (with or against tidal flow) were recorded during each trawl. ,

l Surface and bottom temperature (OC), salinity (ppt) and l dissolved oxygen (ppm) values were taken at each depth at each 6-1 l

O

. Y 6

a _ .,

.. a y C' '

6 g 12 '

KEO" 00

"'^

X8 ; t4glp

{ <a {(,9:

A . .

< ,3 T e gh o

c 4 5

3:9 lob 6{0-BEACH' ....

fb 8 12

.* 6

[$j. , ! h, Gi , a,

.h, PS W i C C N P P.'~f, N - , 12 R OC KY'.- h POINT " RP

? 20,00 *

\ :: ..

c Meters .

t COVE POINT ' . ' ..

l Figure 8.1. Fish bottom trawling stations, showing sa:npling sites at 6 , 9- and 12-m depths, at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) on the Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979.

O 6-2

l t

. i station. Temperature and salinity were measured with a Beckman f RSS-3 salinometer; dissolved oxygen with a YSI (Yellow Springs !

(]) Ins trument) dissolved oxygen meter. ;

I

' or each trawl depth, the total number of fish, number of F

species, and the number and measurements of representative I individuals of each species were tabulated. These data are kept on file at the Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory. [

. i j Statistical Analysis l Statistical analyses were carried out to examine the data [

for potential effects of the plant discharge on the abundances ,

lengths, and percentages of the dominant species of fishes, as .

well as blue crabs. A general linear model that would allow !

examination of the relative importance of different independent ,

variables upon the above three variables was used. The question i considered of prime importance was whether there are significant !

station differences after the effects of other important inde- ;

pendent variables are removed. 'If so, can they be attributed '

to the CCNPP? >

I The model used three dependent variables: log of total l abundances + 1 (transformed to stabilize variances), mean :

length-and percent composition of the following fish species: l Atlantic silversides , bay anchovy, spot, Winter flounder and i

, hogchokers. Total abundance of all fish collected was also '

analyzed, as well as total abundance of blue crabs and lengths !

of male and female crabs. Independent variables included:

month, station, depth, Do level (above or below 1 ppm), bottom !

temperature, and bottom salinity. The general linear model l technique used analyzed each dependent variable as a function '

of the independent variables. The significance level was dropped from a=.05 to 0.01 because of the large number of ef- l fects being. tested.

i Although certain of the assumptions of the model may be !

violated (independence of samples in particular) , a time-series !

j approach was not used because of the short duration of the i l study. Furthermore, the relative proportions of explained ,

variance were considered more important than the specific i significance probabilities.

Results and Discussion !

Physicochemical Variables !

Tables 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 present the surface and bottom

. values for temperature (OC), salinity (ppt) , and dissolved i oxygen (ppm) by depth at Kenwood Beach, Plant ~ Site, and Rocky j

(:) '

1 6-3 i

I

. - . - ~ , . - . . ~ . - - - . .- , . _ _ _ . ,, ,

Table 8-1. Surface and bottom values for temperature (*C),

salinity (ppt) and dissolved oxygen (ppm) taken h

during trawling studies at Kenwood beach in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen (oC) (ppt) (ppm)

Depth Month B S B S B S January 1.6 1.6 10.9 10.7 11.1 11.2 February 0.2 0.0 11.7 11.3 13.0 13.4 March 1.1 1.9 13.9 12.4 9.8 10.2 April 9.8 9.3 7.0 6.9 16.1 16.5 May 13.7 13.8 8.0 8.0 13.1 13.2 6 r.eters June 20.6 21.5 S.6 8.8 7.7 7.8 July 23.4 23.6 9.2 9.2

August 27.1 27.5 12.5 10.9 2.4 4.3 September 21.8 23.1 12.4 12.2 7.0 7.4 October 16.9 17.6 12.6 12.6 6.6 7.1 November 12.4 12.8 10.8 10.8 8.3 8.4 Decerbe r 8.6 8.2 10.4 10.8 8.7 8.9 January 1.7 1.6 11.2 11.1 10.4 11.2 February 0.1 0.5 12.0 11.9 12.9 13.4 March 0.9 2.4 15.8 10 .7 9.8 10.8 April 9.4 9.2 7.2 7.1 15.6 16.0 May 13.6 13.8 8.1 8.0 5.3 13.8 9 meters June 20.4 21.6 8.7 8.5 6.6 7.8 July 22.2 23.6 10.4 9.0 *

August 27.7 28.8 11.0 10.6 5.2 7.7 Sep tembe r 22.6 22.6 12.4 12.4 6.6 6.9 October 17.7 18.1 12.8 12.7 0.6 6.4 Neverber 12.8 12.8 11.1 10.8 7.9 8.4 Decerber 8.2 8.2 11.0 10.4 8.5 8.9 January 2.0 1.8 13.3 12.5 11.2 11.7 February 0.0 0.0 12.8 11.8 13.4 13.8 March' 2.1 3.4 10.6 9.3 8.9 11.0 April 5.2 9.0 10.4 6.9 15.5 15.8 May 11.5 12.9 12.0 8.0 6.2 12.9 12 meters June 19.3 21.0 10.0 8.5 6.0 8.0 July 22.2 24.0 8.1 9.3 *

August 24.4 28.3 20.5 10.5 0.1 6.0 Sepcerter 23.3 23.0 13.4 12.8 2.6 6.7 October 18.8 18.3 13.8 12.6 3.1 6.7 Novembe r 12.9 12.7 11.5 10.9 7.9 8.2 December 10.1 8.9 12.8 11.0 7.8 8.5

Values not available 6-4 O

T

A V

Table 8-2. Surface and bottom values for temperature (*C),

salinity (ppt) and dissolved oxygen (ppm) taken during trawling studies at the Plant Site in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Dissolved Temperature Salinity oxygen i (OC) (ppt) (ppm)

Dep th Month B S B S B S January 2.4 2.9 14.7 14.8 11.9 11.0 February 0.4 0.5 11.6 11.3 12.6 13.1 March 2.6 3.0 11.9 10.2 10.3 10.8 April 10.4 10.6 7.3 7.3 15.2 15.8 May 14.9 15.2 6.5 8.3 13.6 13.1 6 meters June 20.8 21.7 9.3 9.1 6.9 7.5

July 22.1 24.0 12.5 11.9 2.5 4.1 August 28.4 29.0 12.5 11.9 4.5 6.8 Septerber 23.6 24.3 12.9 12.9 7.9 9.4 October 20.3 20.7 12.8 13.0 6.9 6.9 November 12.8 13.1 11.0 10.9 8.2 8.4 December 8.7 8.5 '11.0 11.0 8.0 8.5 January 2.2 2.5 14.0 12.4 9.8 11.0 February 0.4 0.5 12.2 11.4 12.4 13.0 i March 4.0 5.2 12.9 10.7 11.5 11.8

( April 8.0 9.3 9.1 8.3 12.5 15.2 May 13.7 13.5 8.7 8.3 14.3 13.6 9 reters June 20.9 21.5 9.4 9.1 6.7 10.0 July 21.7 23.5 12.8 13.9 5.4 7.2 August 25.2 28.3 18.3 11.4 0.5 5.9 Septembe r 22.8 23.9 12.7 12.7 5.8 8.6 October 20.0 20.4 12.9 13.1 4.4 6.7 November 13.5 13.9 10.7 10.5 7.8 8.5 Decerbe r 9.0 9.1 10.8 10.7 8.2 9.0 January 2.2 2.1 15.0 13.0 9.6 11.0 February 0.5 0.1 15.2 12.1 10.4 13.0 March 1.8 4.2 10.6 10.0 9.6 11.7 April 4.1 9.6 13.8 7.8 13.8, 15.8 May 13.8 13.2 8.9 8.1 12.5 13.7 12 meters June 18.0 21.7 13.5 9.0 6.6 7.6 July 22.0 23.3 14.0 10.5 6.6 7.3 August 24.5 28.4 20.2 11.4 0.2 5.1 September 23.3 24.1 13.4 12.6 5.8 7.7 Octobe r 18.1 18.1 13.3 12.8 2.4 6.7 November 13.5 13.6 11.0 10.5 7.6 8.3 Decembe r 9.4 9.0 10.3 10.7 8.4 8.4

Values not available 6-5

O Table 8-3. Surface and bottom values for temperature ('C),

salinity (ppt) and dissolved oxygen (ppm) taken during trawling studies at Rocky Point in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Dissolved Temperature Salinity Oxygen (OC) (pp t) (ppm)

Depth Month B S B S B S January 2.5 2.5 15.5 15.5 10.6 10.8 February 0.5 0.5 12.0 11.6 12.8 13.2 March 4.0 4.5 13.0 12.1 11.5 11.8 April 9.3 9.7 8.2 8.0 15.1 15.6 May 13.5 13.2 8.8 8.3 13.8 13.7 6 meters June 20.7 21.1 9.7 9.6 6.6 7.1 July 23.5 23.6 10.3 10.3 *

August 29.5 28.8 11.3 11.3 2.9 3.1 September 24.1 24.7 14.4 13.7 6.5 7.2 October 20.0 19.8 13.0 12.8 6.7 6.8 Noverbe r 13.6 13.9 10.5 10.4 7.8 8.2 Decerter 8.5 8.4 10.8 10.8 9.0 9.0 January 2.4 2.6 15.4 15.7 11.1 11.0 February 0.4 0.4 12.1 11.4 12.8 12.7 March 3.1 4.1 13.6 11.0 11.7 12.0 April 8.7 9.1 8.5 8.1 11.2 14.9 May 13.1 12.7 9.1 8.8 13.5 13.6 9 meters June 21.2 21.4 9.5 9.2 8.0 7.7 July 22.8 23.7 10.9 10.7 *

August 25.0 28.3 20.8 11.3 5.4 5.8 Sep tembe r 24.2 24.2 13.9 13.6 5.8 6.2 October 19.9 19.8 13.3 12.8 3.8 6.6 Nove mber 13.6 13.8 10.8 10.6 7.8 8.0 December 8.2 8.4 10.9 10.8 8.8 9.0 January 2.6 2.4 15.7 15.2 10.6 11.2 February 0.3 0.4 12.6 11.8 13.4 13.8 March 1.8 2.6 9.6 9.9 10.1 12.8 April 6.9 9.4 9.9 8.3 9.0, 15.4 May 13.0 12.9 9.5 8.9 13.2 13.8 12 meters June 20.5 21.1 9.6 9.2 6.7 8.5 July 22.0 22.9 12.8 10.4 *

August 24.6 28.4 17.1 11.6 0.3 6.0 September 24.8 23.9 14.1 13.5 5.6 6.2 October 21.1 19.5 16.6 12.9 4.5 6.5 November 13.2 13.5 10.5 10.5 8.0 7.2 Decerber 8.9 8.7 10.7 10.9 8.5 8.6

Values not available O

6-6

t Point, respectively. Normal seasonal patterns for each param- '

Os eter were in evidence at each station during 1979. Plant Site values were similar to Kenwood Beach and Rocky Point. [

t Bottom water at each depth generally had slightly higher !

salinity values, lower temperature and less oxygen than surface '

values. The 12-m depths at each station generally exhibited the highest values for salinity and lowest for dissolved oxygen.

i Community Composition l Dominant species at each station included bay anchovy ;

(Anchoa mitchilli), spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) , winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) , hogchoker (Trinsates t maculatus) and Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) (TWble !

8-4). These species made up 98.5% of all fish captured at all .

i stations in 1979. Weakfish (Cynosofon regalis) , Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) , summer flounder (Paralichthys l dentatus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogon undulatus) were ;

among the more abundant species collected at each station; !

however, they comprised a small percentage (less than 1.5%) l of the total.

Station Abundances .

Total numbers of fish collected were similar between sta- i tions at each depth (Figs. 8-2, 8-3, 8-4). At the 6- and 9-m '

deptha abundances were highest during the warmer months. The i 12-m depth catches were more variable, especially during the >

warmer months, due in large part to the normal summertime sag j in dissolved oxygen experienced yearly at this depth at each >

station. .

I To allow better comparison of data, numbers of fish col- !

lected were converted to catch per unit effort (CPUE) values ;

(number of fish collected per minute of trawl time) . Table 8-5 presents these values for each depth and station by month and l for the year. It can be seen that highest CPUE values at each i station also generally occurred at the 6- and 9-m deoths during the warmer months (May through October) . During the colder [

months (November through April), CPUE values were more variable, :

with no depth or depths consistently yielding the largest values. !

Again, low CPUE values at the 12-m depth during warmer months are due to the normal summertime sag in dissolved oxygen experi- I enced at this depth. For the year, highest CPUE values at Ken- I wood Beach and Rocky Point occurred at the 9-m depth and the i lowest were at the 12-m depth. At the Plant Site the highest value was at the 12-m depth with the lowest at 6-m. l The total number of species collected was similar between

() stations at each depth (Figs . 3-5, 8-6, 8-7). As with total j l

6-7

Table 8 -4. The abundance and percent of the total catch represented by each of the five most abundant fish species collected in monthly bottom trawls (6 ,

9- and 12-m depths combined) at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

KB PS RP Species # % # % # %

Anchoa mitcheIIi 35602 41.4 35999 61.0 21137 38.1 Bravoortia tyrannus 633 0.7 91 0.2 286 0.5 Leiostomus xanthurus 45197 52.5 19598 33.2 26165 42.2 Pseudopleuronectes americanus 3245 3.8 1118 1.9 5673 10.2 Trinectes maculatus 361 0.4 1214 2.1 1163 2.1 Remaining species 1052 1.2 981 1.7 1060 1.9 Total # fish 86090 59001 55484 e O O

105 , , , , , ,

O 10 4 - -

r 103 - -

i I,

i 102 _ _

O :

3 l I

10 -

I l 1 I I I I I I I I I I I ;

J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 8-2. Total number of fish captured at 6 m at Kenwood Beach (D) , the Plant Site (O) and Rocky Point (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity of the l Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January '

. through December 1979.

O ,

6-9 ,

I l

_,m__ .,

105

g i g g i i i 1 i i I g'

I04 -

103 - -

102 _ -

g, 10 - -

l l 1 I I I I I I I I I I

. J F M A M J J A S O N D I

Figure 8-3. Total number of fish captured at 9 m at Kenwood Beach O), the Plant Site (O), and Rocky Point (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

6-10

l O i i i i iiiiiiii !

104 -

f -

i i

1 103 - -

I i

102 - - :

i I

10 - -

f 6 !

L I

I I i l r i I I I l I J F M A M J J A S O N D Figure 8-4. Total number of fish captured at 12 m at Kenwood Beach (D), the Plant Site CO), and Rocky Point (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity of the O

kJ Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

6-11 r

Table 8-5. Catch per unit e ffort (CPUE, number of fish captured per minute of trawl time) at each station and depth during trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Depth (m) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Year Kenwood 6 1.9 0.3 0.6 0.1 3.8 11.0 403.4 100.8 62.7 259.7 21.9 14.2 73.4 Beach 9 0.7 0.6 0.4 2.5 394.3 15.0 530.0 244.6 24.6 115.5 126.9 10.0 122.1 12 0.8 1.8 0.1 0.2 44.3 0.0 0.5 0.7 68.0 88.4 305.8 13.7 43.7 Plant 6 0.2 1.8 0.2 0.4 0.3 8.9 69.3 96.5 15.8 310.2 9.4 0.9 43.1 Site 9 3.8 3.6 0.2 0.4 82.3 4.3 188.9 57.2 37.7 141.1 79.3 31.4 52.5 12 6.9 3.5 0.2 0.7 408.9 0.5 95.8 0.1 39.6 94.8 113.6 55.2 68.3 m

1.2 40.2 85.8 99.4 2.5 78.2 205.1 9.7 43.8 h

y Rocky Point 6

9 0.2 1.4 2.5 16.1 0.4 3.5 0.5 16.2 6.0 11.7 212.5 484.9 18.9 37.1 144.6 42.5 83.0 12 1.9 17.4 0.1 0.2 83.4 0.1 102.8 0.8 14.9 31.2 47.4 28.2 27.4 O O O

O 14 ;

I I I I I I I I I I I I l l

t l2 - - :

10 - -

i 8 - -

6 - -

O 4 -

!1 I

2 / - \

l' I I I I I I I I I I I l O

J F M A M J J A S O N D l Figure 8-5. Total number of species collected at 6 m at Ken-wood Beach (C), t:1 e P l a n t S i t e (O) and Rocky Point l (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

l lO 6-13

i l

1 0;

i4 i i i i 1 I I I i I I I '

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l i

10 - -

L 8 -

0- !

1 i

6 - -

t O-4 - -

O' 2 - - :

o I I I I I I I I I I I I :

J F M A M J J A S O N D j Figure 8-6. Total number of s accies collected at 9 m at Ken-wood Beach (O), t:1e Plant Site CO) and Rocky ;

Point (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Janu- ;

ary through December 1979.

l i

i O

6-14

l

'4 ;

O I I I I I I I I I I I I t

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10 -

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l ,

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O J M A M J J A O F S N. D I I

Figure 8-7. Total number of species collected at 12 m at Kenwood Beach (D), the Plant Site CO), and Rocky

)

j !

Point (A) during trawling studies in the vicinity i of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Janu-ary through December 1979. !

i l

O ,

6-15 I l

l l

1

numbers of fish, the 6-and 9-m depths were similar; the 12-m depth exhibited the lowest number of species, generally during a W

the summer months. A total of 27 species was collected at all depths for the year at the Plant Site, 25 were collected at Kenwood Beach and 24 at Rocky Point. Three species were col- ,

lected solely at the Plant Site. A short-nose sturgeon (Aoi-penser brevirostrum) was collected in May at the 9-m depth.

This individual, 73.0 cm long, was returned to the water imme-diately. Two other species, the blennies Chasmodes bosquianus and Hypsablennius hentai, (e ach yielding two individuals) were collected at tl3 Plant Site. Two species, Menidia beryllina and Prionotus carolinus, were collected solely at Kenwood Beach.

Rocky Point yielded one species (Astrocopus guttatus) found only at that station.

Blue crab (Callineotes sapidus) catch data presented in Table 8-6 show that at all stations the largest number of crabs were collected at the 6-m depth and the fewest at the 12-m depth. Few crabs were captured from January through April and in December. Larger catches appeared in May, with the peak occurring in July and August. Mean lengths of blue crabs showed a general increase throughout the period.

Species Biology As in previous years of this study, bay anchovy was the most abundant species collected (Table 8-4). Abundances of this species were underestimated because it (and Atlantic g

menhaden) is not a benthic species and therefore not effectively sampled by otter trawl. Generally, the largest numbers of bay anchovy were collected during the late spring and fall. Hilde- ,

brand and Schroeder (1928) report that cooler water temperatures in the fall and winter tend to concentrate anchovies in deeper '

water. Our large catches seem to be chance captures of large schools. No st 1 tion during 1979 consistently yielded fewer ,

or larger numbers .of bay anchovy.

Spot, the second most abundant species collected in 1979, is a benthic species and is effectively sampled by benthic trawl. As in previous years, spot appeared in our catches at all stations in May. Large numbers were collected through the rest of the year.

Winter flounder, as in previous years, were more abundant in the shallower areas (6- and 9-m) (Table 8-7). Larger winter flounder were present in the spring catches. Winter flounder I spawning extends from January through May (Lippson and Moran, 1974). Smaller flounder appeared in our catches generally in June. These flounder showed an increase .4 n mean lengths until they disappeared from catches in November or December.

O 6-16

o

^

O O Table 8-6. Total number of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected at each station and depth, by month, during trawling studies in the vicinity of'the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Station Depth (m) Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Total Kenwood 6 1 0 0 0 34 71 575 319 318 2 1 0 1321 Reach 9 12 1 0 0 21 30 43 85 47 6 4 0 249 12 3 1 0 0 9 0 34 8 75 13 2 0 145 Plant 6 0 4 0 0 28 13 1075 459 201 24 0 0 1804 Site 9 0 3 0 0 1 12 56 37 77 77 4 0 267 12 0 0 0 0 2 5 40 5 47 30 21 1 151 m

i H Rocky 6 0 0 0 0 7 17 979 475 42 10 15 0 1545 4 Point 9 0 4 0 0 4 4 562 521 120 65 3 0 1283 12 1 0 0 0 0 15 4 0 58 14 25 0 117

-_,s-w -

-., -a . . , - _ . , , , , - --..v-- - , . - . _ , . -. - , - - - . . - , - - , , , . , . , . . , - - -

O Table 8-7. Total number of winter flounder (Pse udop le uronecte s americanus) collected at each station and depth during -trawling studies in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Depth Kenwood Beach Plant Site Rocky Point 6 3141 1012 3010 9 66 95 2659 12 38 11 4 Total 3245 1118 5673 0

6-18

Statistical Analyses

() Fishes The models generally explained a large proportion of the total variation in fish abundances (Table 8-8); R2 values ranged from . 4 9 to . 71. The effects of months were by far the strong-est, accounting for between 81 and 97% of the total explained variation. The seasonal pattern varied from species to species, as discussed earlier. Atlantic silversides were collected almost exclusively from January through March and in December.

Anchovies were quite variable, with the largest numbers evident in the spring and fall. Spot appeared first in May, and were quite abundant during the remainder of the year. Winter floun-der showed a striking increase in abundance between June and August. Hogchokers were most abundant between July and October.

The pattern for all fish species combined is dominated by the contribution of anchovies and spot, and thus shows greatest numbers from May through November.

Station effects were very weak; in only one case, hog-choker abundances, could a significant station effect be detected (p=.002). This effect was due to reduced numbers of hogchokers at Kenwood Beach (Table 8-4); values at Rocky Point and the Plant Site were similar. These data show that the sta-tion effect cannot be attributed to a plant effect. This sta-tion effect, although significant, accounted for only 3% of the variation explained by all independent variables and 4.5%

of the total variation unexplained by months.

Differences among depths were significant for all species except Atlantic silversides. Significant variation explained ,

by depth ranged from 3.to 14% of the total explained variation, .

and from 7 to 14% of the total variation unexplained by nonths.

The effects of depth differed from species to species in Lat-terns expected from individual species biology (ANSP, 1979). ,

The strongest depth effect was evident for flounders, which were predominantly collected in shallower depths (Table 8-7).

A term was added to the model for dissolved oxygen to account for low levels (<1.0 ppm) that might cause avoidance behavior in fishes. The term was significant for all species except Atlantic silversides and winter flounder. The former i species is not collected during the months when DO levels are lowest; the latter is not generally collected in deeper water regardless of DO level. Therefore, these results are consis-tent with the biology of the individual species and indicate ,

that the demersal species in this region indeed avoid low DO levels, as expected.

Neither temperature nor salinity showed significant effects on fish abundances.

l l 6-19 l

l

Table 8-8. Results of analysis of covariance for data derived from fish trawls in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979. Values in the table are the significance probabilities (p-values) of each independent variable in the model, p-values Dependent Variable Species Month Station Depth D.O. Level Temp. Salinity R2 Total Silversides .0001 .13 .43 .99 .42 .68 .54 Abundance Anchovies .0001 .12 .0001 .001 .21 .87 .69 Spot .0001 .63 .0001 .0001 .05 .28 .71 Flounder .0001 .46 .0001 .28 .06 .15 .49 Ilogchokers .0001 .002 .001 0001 .39 .30 .71 i Total Fish .0001 .44 .0001 .0001 .10 .40 .63 Lengths Silversides .02 .57 .24 --

.70 .31 .31 Anchovies .0001 .20 .16 .16 .01 .49 .67 Spot .0001 .55 .24 .12 .40 .69 .82 Flounder .0001 .40 .78 .73 .48 .10 .95 llogchokers .004 .51 .41 .48 .36 .70 .38 Percent Silversides .0001 .05 .0001 .79 .84 .73 .62 Ab undance Anchovies .0001 45 .10 .98 .06 .52 .68 Spot .0001 .62 .0001 .06 44 .60 .63 Flounder .0001 .88 .0307 .17 .63 .43 .29 Ilogchokers .05 .31 .35 .40 .21 03 .14 e O O

i !

l The mean length of fish in a sample was used as a dependent i variable to test the hypothesis that fish of different size might ;

O, be preferentially attracted to, or repelled from, the Plant Site.

In general, the nodel was less successful in explaining the vari-l l ation in fish lengths than in explaining abundances. R2 values [

for the complete models ranged from .31 to .95. Again, the month i effect explained the greatest amount of variation and was sig- l

! nificant (p<.01) for all species except Atlantic silversides. 1 For those species with significant month effects, 86 to 99.6%

of the explained variation was attributable to months. The strongest month effect (largest F-ratio) was associated with

winter flounder; large individuals were captured from January [

through April, while smaller individuals, showing a progressive j increase in length over time, were captured from June through !

December. The other species showed increases in length through

the spawning season that would be expected from the growth of (

juveniles. No other variables showed significant effects on fish l i

lengths. In particular, there was no evidence of station effects. t i !

The proportion of total fish abundance represented by each }

of the dominant species was also examined. Seasons and depths ;

were the only independent variables having any significant !

e f fect , as would be expected from the abundance analysis above. l I

i Blue Crabs !

The model accounted for 73% of the total variation in blue crab abundances. Months accounted for 88% of the explained !

O variation. There was no evidence of a station effect, but depth and DO level were significant. Depth accounted for 5% of the l

total explained variation and 12% of the total variation unex- j plained by months. Crabs were collected most frequently at i

6- and 9-m depths. l There was also a significant effect of temperature (p< .0 03) l

with more crabs collected at warmer temperatures. Lengths of ;

males and females showed significant variation among months, but !

no other significant effects were determined.

t

Conclusions !

i i Analysis of the 1979 data indicates no effects by the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant on the abundances, lengths, or percent composition of the fishes in the vicinity or upon blue crabs. . A significant difference between stations was found for only one species, hogchokers, and was attributed to low numbers . ,

collected at Kenwood Beach. The effects of month and . depth of collection, as well as inherent variation in the distributions of the species, far outweigh the effect of any difference between stations.

i

1. The dominant fish species remained the same as in previous

O years, as did the seasonal and depth patterns.

6-21 l

Literature Cited ANSP (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) . 1969. Fish ll) trawl survey. Progress report I for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. September 196 8-February 1979. 17 pp.

. 1970. Fish tre.dl survey. Progress report II for the Daltimore Gas and Electric Company. March 1969 to August 1969. 12 pp.

. 1971c. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Progress report III, September 1969-August 1970 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. 22 pp.

. 1971b. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Progress report IV, September 1970-August 1971. Special Scientific Report No. 045. 41 pp.

. 1973. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

Progress report V, September 1971-August 1972 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. 45 pp.

. 1974. Chesapeake Bay fish survey (bottom trawling) .

Progress report VI, September 1972-August 1973. Special Scientific Report No. 083. 53 pp.

. 1975. Chesapeake Bay fish survey bottom trawling.

September 1973-December 1974 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. p. 11.1-14 0 to 11.1-186.

. 1976. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

January 1975-December 1975 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Compray, p. 8-1 to 8-50.

. 1977. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, bottom trawling.

January 19 76-December 1976 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. p. 8-1 to 8-56.

. 1978. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Fish bottom trawling January 1977-December 1977 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. p. 8-1 to 8-37.

. 1979. Chesapeake Bay fish survey. Fish bottom trawling January 1978-December 1978 for.the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. p. 8-1 to 8-77.

l Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C. p. 109-111.

Lippson, A. J. and R. L. Moran. 1974. Manual for identifica-tion of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Rep. No. PPSP-MP-14, Martin Marietta Corp. ,

Environmental Technology Center, Baltimore, Md. 293 pp.

lll 6-22

BLUE CRAB STUDIES

) George R. Abbe Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction For nearly a century the blue crab Callinactes sapidus has been the basis of an important commercial fishery in the Chesapeake Bay'and its tributaries. During the past 40 years the annual catch has averaged nearly 60 million pounds valued at more than $3 million. From 1965 to 1975 the average annual catch increased to almost 72 million pounds valued at $7.5 million, but with reduced catches in the late 1970s the average annual catch from 1968 to 1978 dropped to 60.4 million pounds (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1970a, b; National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 1972-1979a, b) ; however, dockside value continued to increase and averaged $8.7 million annually.

Preliminary figures indicate landings near 36 million pounds valued at $9.0 million through August 1979 (NMFS, 1979 c , d) .

The need to protect a fishery of this size and economic impor-tance is apparent.

() Blue crabs have a high thermal tolerance. Tagatz (1969) has shown that at salinities slightly lower than those at Calvert Cliffs, 50% of the crabs acclimated at 220 C will survive 48 h '

at a temperature of 36.9 C. Burton (1978) has also demonstrated high thermal tolerance in blue crabs. Since maximum temperatures near the discharge are several degrees below this (Naiman, Hixson, and Capizzi,1978) , it seems reasonable to assume that crabs would not be killed by heated effluents discharged from the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP). However, sublethal temperatures may affect distribution of the population, so that numbers of crabs, or their size or sex ratios may be changed from normal distribution patterns. Because fluctuations in the ;

annual abundance of blue crabs are common (Pearson, 1948; Van Engel, 1958; Tagatz, 1965 ; Abbe, 1973) , this study was designed to examine the abundance as well as seasonality, sex ratios, and size-frequency distribution of the crab population in the vicinity of the CCNPP over several years, and to ascertain whether any significant changes in these factors might result from its operation.

7-1

Materials and Methods Program Design h Commercial techniques and crab pots of 25-mm (1-in) mesh were used to sample the crab population at Kenwood Beach (KB),

the Plant Site (PS), and Rocky Point (RP) (Fig. 7-1) from early May until.1: Ate fall, when cold temperatures reduced crab activity so that they could no longer be caught with pots.

(In 1979 crabbing continued through the first week of Decenter.)

Most commercial pots have 38-mm (1-1/2 in) mesh and will generally not hold crabs smaller than 77 mm (3 in) in width.

However, the sm aller nesh used in this study allowed some crabs lesa than 51 mm (2 in) wide to be caught.

Pots were fished overy other week throughout the season.

During those weeks, fire pots were fished for four days at each station (weather permitting) . Pots were set in 2-4 m of water and were baited daily with menhaden or alewives.

Bottom temperature and salinity were determined daily at each station with a YSI Model 33 S-C-T meter, and dissolved oxygen concentrations were determined with a YSI Model 57 dissolved oxygen meter.

The following information was derived from the catch:

1. Total number of crabs 2.. Number of pots fished

3. Mean number of crabs per pot

4. Percent catch at each station

5. Total weight (kg)

6. Mean weight per crab (g)

7. Number of legal-size crabs (> 127 mm)

8. Number of non legals (<127 mm)

9. Percent legal-size crabs

10. Mean number of legal-size crabs per pot

11. Mean width across lateral spines (Imn)

12. Number of male crabs

13. Number of female crabs

14. Percent male crabs Statistical Analysis Data analyses were divided into two sections, analysis of 1979 data, and analysis of historical data (1968-1979) with emphasis on preoperational vs. operational comparisons.

l The 1979 data were tested for station differences using nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973) on the following variables: number of crabs per pot, mean width of males, mean width of females, mean weight of males, mean weight of females, percent males, and percent legal-size crabs.

lll 7-2

(3 v

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BEA . .:

9.

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Figure 7-1. Locations of crab pots at Kaitwood Beach (KB) Plant Site (PS), and Rocky Point (RP) in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 to 19 79.

7-3

Historical data for both preoperational and operational periods were pooled over the blocks (weeks fished) within each year, and Friedman ANOVAs were performed to test for lll station differences over years and for each period separately.

The variables used were crabs per put, mean catch weight of males, mean catch weight of females, and percent male crabs.

Results and Discussion 1979 Based on Maryland commercial crab landings through September 1979 (NMFS, 1979e), there is good indication that total landings and value of crabs will be higher than during the past few years. Through September 1978, 13.8 million pounds of blue crabs were landed from Maryland waters of Chesapeake Bay, down 14% from the 16.1 million pounds landed during the same months of 1977 (NMFS, 1977). In 1979, 18.4 million pounds of crabs were landed through September, repre-senting a 33% increase compared with 1978.

The improvement in 1979 landings were due to successful recruitment from the 1977 and 1978 year classes and to the milder spring weather in 1979 compared to that in 1978.

Although crab catches at Calvert Cliffs were small during May and June (Fig. 7-2), they began to improve in July. The average catch per pot from July to September ranged from 6 to 10 crabs, but in October it increased to over 16 at KB and RP. Through June only 451 crabs were caught, but by the end of August 2,134 crabs had been taken, more than were caught during all of 1977. By the end of the season a total of 5,741 crabs had been caught (Table 7-1) representing a 65%

increase over the 3,476 caught in 1978. A total of 879 crab pots was fished, yielding 6.53 crabs per pot, also a 65%

increase over the-3.95 crabs per pot in 1978. Mean width and weight were 142 mm and 150 g, respectively. Legal-size crabs

(> 127 mm) made up 77.5% of the total and males accounted for 57.8%.

Station KB produced 35.3% of the total (6.91 crabs / pot) ,

PS produced 30.8% (6.03 crabs / pot), and RP produced 34.0%

(6.66 crabs / pot). The mean weekly catch at each station shown in Fig. 7-2 was analyzed by a Friedman ANOVA, but no significant I

station differences were detected (p> 0.10) .

The mean size of crabs was 143.7 mm at KB, 139.3 mm at PS, I

and 142.8 mm at RP. Males at KB, PS and RP averaged 140.2, 136.0, and 138.8 mm, respectively; fenales at the same stations averaged 146.9, 143.7, and 147.7 mm, respectively. Although the mean annual size of each sex was smallest at PS, and males were smallest at PS during 9 of 16 weeks (Figure 7-3) , no significant differences were detected between stations for either males or females.

g 7-4

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-.-. 7. bI I I I t g g May Jun Jul Au? Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 7-2. Mean number of crabs caught per pot during each sampling week at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979.

. . . _ . . . - - - . - . . - - - , , . . . . . - , ,_ -,..,.m. . . . . - - , _.m.m.- . . , - __ .- ..,. . - . . , - - - . _ _ . . _ _ . - _ . . _ . . . - . - . . - - - . . , _ , , -

Table 7-1. A comparison of blue crab catches based on number, carapace width, weight and sex of crabs, and the number of pots fished at three stations near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay during 1979.

Kenwood Plant Rocky Grand Beach Site Point Total Mean Total number of crabs 2,011 1,778 1,952 5,741 Number of pots fished 291 295 293 879 Crabs per pot 6.91 6.03 6.66 6.53 Percent at each station 35.3 30.8 34.0 100.1 Total weight (kg) 305 258 301 864 Weight per crab (g) 152 145 154 150 Legal-size crabs Q127 mm) 1,616 1,296 1,538 4,450 Non legal (<127 mm) 395 482 414 1,291 Percent legal-size crabs 80.4 72.9 78.8 77.5 Legal-size crabs per pot 5.55 4.39 5.25 5.06 Mean width (mm) 144 139 143 142 Number of males 957 1,002 1,075 3,034 Number of females 1,054 776 877 2,707 Percent males 47.6 56.4 55.1 52.8 9

7-6

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g I I I I t g May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 7-3. Mean carapace width of. male crabs caught each week during 1979 at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

, -, , m. _e . _ - - - _ , _ _ _ . __ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ ,_ _.-._ . ____,__ 7, , , - _ . . , _ _, ,,, , _ ,

Male crabs were heavier at KB (163 g) and RP (160 g) than at PS (150 g), but no significant differences were detected using Friedman techniques (p > 0.10). Females were also lightest at PS (139 g) compared to KB (142 g) and RP (147 g),

lll but again no significant differences were found (p > 0.10).

The mean weight of males and females combined by station is listed in Table 7-1.

Male crabs made up 56.4% and 55.1% of the catches at PS and RP, respectively, and 47.6% at KB (Table 7-1), but no significant station differences were detected (p > 0.10).

The percent of legal-size crabs at each station is shown in Figure 7-4. They accounted for 80.4% at KB, 72.9% at PS, and 78.8% at RP, but again no differences were detected by the Friedman ANOVA (p > 0.05).

Tables 7-2 through 7-5 list the number and weight by sex of the crabs caught each week during the season. Weekly station means (crabs per pot) were relatively close through mid-July and again in early-November and December. Otherwise they were erratic and appeared independent of each other.

October and November yielded the largest catches of crabs made during 12 years of study. Largest total catch for a week prior to this year was 628 in August 1969 followed by 610 in August 1971 and 1974. In early October 1979, 685 crabs were caught, and 2 weeks later 820 were taken (Table 7-5) . In early November, with all pots averaging over 14 crabs, the total catch for the week reached 894. Despite the fact that water temperature was dropping (Table 7-6), catches were increasing. (High totals from previous years were all in Augus t . ) Water temperature decreased from about 18 UC in October to 130C in November, but not until December when it fell below 100 C did catches subside. Good catches were also made in October and November 1978 before temperatures dropped to abcut 100C in early December (Abbe, 1979).

Dead crabs were found in pots on only one occasion in 1979, on 3 August at KB. This was probably due to a low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration. The DO the day before had been measured at 2.6 mg/l (Table 7-7) , and although this is not low l enough to cause mortality, it apparently decreased further later that day. A low DO condition at KB is not unusual and l has resulted in crab mortality on numerous occasions (Abbe, l 1976; Abbe 1979).

l Results of the 1979 study showed no significant differences between stations for any of the variables measured, indicating no observable adverse effect of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant on the crab population in the adjacent area of Chesapeake Bay.

O 7-8

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Figure 7-4. Percent of catch made up of legal-size crabs (1127 mm) during each sampling week at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979.

Table 7-2. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs , number of pots , and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1979 at Kenwood Beach in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Males Females Week of t No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 8 May 79 24 3.28 14 1.73 20 1.90 22 May 79 23 2.90 18 2.23 20 2.05 5 Jun 79 15 1.88 12 1.58 15 1.80 19 Jun 79 22 3.55 10 2.08 20 1.60 3 Jul 79 50 7.50 30 4.78 20 4.00 17 Jul 79 52 9.10 54 8.20 20 5.80 31 Jul 79 83 10.03 50 4.55 20 6.65 14 Aug 79 54 7.20 33 3.48 15 5.80 28 Aug 79 70 9.15 101 12.00 20 8.55 11 Sep 79 24 3.43 61 9.40 15 5.67 26 Sep 79 16 2.38 127 21.70 15 9.53 8 Oct 79 88 14.70 199 29.40 17 16.88 22 Oct 79 153 31.20 98 15.00 17 14.76 5 Nov 79 156 34.20 139 21.20 20 14.75 19 Nov 79 96 12.80 81 9.80 17 10.41 4 Dec 79 21 2.35 27 2.13 20 2.40 l Total 957 155.65 1054 149.26 291 Mean 59.8 9.73 65.9 9.33 18.2 6.91 O

7-19

O Tabic 7-3. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs , number of pots , and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1979 at the

. Plant Site in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Males . . Females Week of: No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 8 May 79 19 3.28 19 2.45 20 1.90 22 May 79 29 4.80 25 3.40 20 2.70 5 Jun 79 18 1.53 10 1.23 20 1.40 19 Jun 79 43 4.85 23 2.98 20 3.30 3 Jul 79 42 4.80 37 5.70 20 3.95 17 Jul 79 85 11.93 50 7.55 19 7.11 31 Jul 79 128 18.70 58 7.83 20 9.30 14 Aug 79 29 3.95 32 3.10 12 5.08 i 28 Aug 79 66 7.38 36 3.50 20 3.10 11 Sep 79 31 4.35 41 5.85 15 4.80 j 26 Sep 79 10 1.40 95 17.15 15 7.00

,i 8 Oct 79 68 11.80 94 12.90 17 9.53 1 ;

22 Oct 79 148 26.80 85 12.00 20 11.65 5 Nov 79 131 33.70 102 15.80 20 14.15 l

19 Nov 79 72 8.00 50 5.00 17 7.18 4 Dec 79 33 2.70 19 1.45 20 2.60 Total 1002 149.97 776 107.89 295 Mean 62.6 9.37 48.5 6.74 18.4 6.03 4

0 7-11

Table 7-4. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female blue crabs , number of pots , and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1979 at Rocky Point in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Pos 3r Plant.

Males Females Week of: No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 8 May 79 16 2.15 6 0.60 20 1.10 22 May 79 13 1.48 6 0.70 20 0.95 5 Jun 79 26 2.58 8 0.45 20 1.70 19 Jun 79 26 4.28 26 3.73 20 2.60 3 Jul 79 29 4.03 30 5.30 20 2.95 17 Jul 79 73 8.65 50 8.10 19 6.47 31 Jul 79 123 16.20 65 7.10 20 9.40 14 Aug 79 47 5.50 29 2.83 10 7.60 28 Aug 79 74 8.95 13 1.38 20 4.35 11 Sep 79 99 13.10 43 6.30 15 9.47 26 Sep 79 26 4.13 92 17.85 15 7.87 8 Oct 79 85 14.20 151 24.90 17 13.88 22 Oct 79 213 43.50 123 19.10 20 16.80 5 Nov 79 164 35.80 152 22.49 20 15.80 19 Nov 79 44 6.08 58 6.23 3* 6.00 4 Dec 79 17 1.80 25 2.15 20 2.10 Total 1075 172.43 877 128.82 293 Mean 67.2 10.78 54.3 8.05 18.3 6.66 O

7-12

Tabic 7-5. Total numbers and weights (kg) of male and female O~ blue crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs caught per pot during weeks fished in 1979 at all three stations in Chesapeake Bay in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuc1 car Power Plant.

Males Females Week of No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Crabs / Pot 8 May 79 59 8.71 39 4.78 60 1.63 22 May 79 65 9.18 49 6.33 60 1.90 l 5 Jun 79 59 5.99 30 3.26 55 1.62 i i

i 19 Jun 79 91 12.68 59 8.79 60 2.50 3 Jul 79 121 16.33 97 15.78 60 3.63 .

1 4 17 Jul 79 220 29.68 154 23.85 58 6.45

! i 31 Jul 79 334 44.83 173 19.48 60 8.45 14 Aug 79 130 16.65 94 9.41 37 6.05 28 Aug 79 210 25.48 150 16.88 60 6.00 11 Sep 79 154 20.88 145 21.55 45 6.64 26 Sep 79 52 7.91 314 56.70 45 8.13 8 Oct 79 241 40.70 444 67.10 51 13.43 22 Oct 79 514 101.50 306 46.10 57 14.39 -

5 Nov 79 501 103.70 393 59.20 60 14.90 19 Nov 79 212 26.88 189 21.03 51 7.86 4 Dec 79 71 6.85 71 5 73 60 2.37 Total 3034 478.05 2707 385.97 879 Mean 189.6 29.88 169.2 24.12 54.9 6.53 O

.7-13

Tabic 7 -6. Mean weekly bottom temperature (OC) and salinity (0/oo) values at three crabbing stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1979.

Kenwood Beach Plant Site Rocky Point Week of: Temp. 'C Sal. 0/oo Temp. 'C Sal. 0/oo Temp. *C Sal. 0/oo 8 May 16.4 7.9 17.1 8.5 16.1 8.4 22 May 18.4 7.3 18.9 7.5 18.6 8.4 5 Jun 19.2 7.1 19.6 8.2 19.8 7.8 19 Jun 22.1 7.7 22.2 7.7 22.2 8.2 3 Jul 22.4 8.1 22.5 8.5 22.6 8.5 17 Jul 26.4 8.9 27.1 9.1 26.6 9.3 31 Jul 26.8 9.8 27.0 10.2 26.7 10.5 14 Aug 24.7 11.4 24.8 11.0 25.2 11.8 28 Aug 25.2 12.5 25.6 12.9 24.9 12.7 11 Sep 24.4 11.8 25.0 12.5 24.3 12.5 26 Sep 20.7 9.3 21.4 10.2 21.1 10.6 8 Oct 17.8 10.8 19.1 12.0 18.4 12.2 22 Oct 15.8 10.8 16.2 10.8 16.8 10.5 5 Nov 13.0 10.2 13.4 9.9 13.3 10.0 19 Nov 11.6 8.2 12.1 8.3 12.0 8.6 4 Dec 8.8 9.3 9.1 9.5 9.7 9.4 Hean 19.6 9.4 20.1 9.8 19.9 10.0 O

l 7-14

O O O Table 7-7. Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg/1) in bottom water and the occurrence of crab mortality at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant during 1979.

June 4 6 6 7 8 18 19 20 21 22 Kenwood Beach -

7.5 8.0 7.0 5.7 7.0 7.4 8.0 7.5 5.0 Plant Site -

7.5 7.5 6.5 7.4 6.4 7.0 7.4 7.2 6.0 Rocky Point -

7.7 8.3 8.3 6.5 6.3 7.0 6.6 6.8 4.3 July 2 3 4 5 6 16 17 18 19 20 30 31 Kenwood Beach -

4.4 7.8 8.6 , 7.7 8.4 9.0 8.9 7.1 8.3 6.8 7.6 Plant Site -

5.3 8.5 7.8 8.0 8.3 8.2 8.3 8.1 7.5 7.2 6.0 Rocky Point -

5.6 9.5 7.5 7.0 9.1 8.9 9.5 8.3 8.4 7.2 5.7 h

tn August 1 2 3 13 14 15 16 17 27 28 29 30 31 1

Kenwood Beach 4.4 2.6 4.4* 6.9 2.8 6.5 -

6.3 3.6 5.3 3.5 8.6 5.1 Plant Site 6.6 6.1 4.5 7.8 5.3 7.5 -

7.3 4.4 5.6 5.1 5.8 5.9 Rocky Point 6.4 6.3 5.9 6.3 4.9 - -

7.0 5.2 6.2 5.7 5.3 6.0 September 10 11 12 13 14 25 26 27 28 Kenwood Beach 6.4 6.5 7.8 6.8 -

7.3 6.6 8.7 7.5 Plant Site 5.7 5.2 6.7 7.5 -

6.6 6.4 7.1 7.5 Rocky Point 6.5 6.0 6.7 6.7 -

6.6 6.5 7.6 6.8 October 8 9 10 11 12 22 23 24 25 Kenwood Beach 6.3 8.6 -

8.3 8.4 8.0 6.9 -

9.0 Plant Site -

7.3 -

7.7 7.6 7.7 7.0 7.3 8.0 Rocky Point 6.2 7.9 -

8.0 8.2 9.6 7.4 7.0 8.2

20 of 49 crabs were dead.

5

1968-1979 Table 7-8 summarizes the blue crab catches made in the Calvert Cliffs area from 1968-1979. Table 7-9 lists numbers of males and females, their weights, and the mean number caught per pot at each station during this period. In 12 years, 8,795 pots produced 38,544 crabs (4. 38 crabs per pot) ,

of which 54.9% were males and 76.0% were legal-size. Considerable variability in catch size, individual size, and sex ratio is apparent from Tables 7-8 and 7-9. This variation is due to normal fluctuation in the population structure and probably is unaffected by the power plant.

Mean numbers of crabs per pot by station by year are illustrated in Figure 7-5. Station values were generally similar except during 1972-74 when KB showed greater variation than elsewhere. In 12 years, pots at KB produced an average 4.32 crabs per pot (32.9% of the total) , while PS produced an average 4.29 crabs per pot (32.6%), and RP produced 4.54 crabs per pot (34.5%) (Table 7-9). A Friedman ANOVA revealed no differences between stations for the 12-year period, nor were any differences evident when the preoperational period (1968-74) and the operational period (1975-79) were analyzed separately (all p > 0.10).

The mean weights of males and females caught per pot at each station each year are presented in Table 7-10. When these data were analyzed, no differences were detected among stations for either the preoperational or operational periods llh (all p > 0.10).

51though weights were similar among stations, percentage of males was hot. Figure 7-6 shows that the percentage of males was highest at KB during 9 of 12 years, and analysis of the data revealed a significant difference between the 57.6% males at KB and the 52.2% males at EP (p < 0.05) . This difference was evident during the 1968-74 period also, but was not evident in an analysis of operational data alone (p > 0.10).

Annual percentages based on catch per unit effort (pot) have ranged from 25.6 to 38.5% at KB, from 22.9 to 39.1%

at PS, and from 30.0 to 45.4% at RP. In 1979 the 35.3, 30.8, and 34.0% of the total taken at KB, PS, and RP, respectively, fell well within these ranges.

Except for a higher percentage of males at KB, no station differences were detected for variables in crab populations.

Summary and Conclusions During 1979, 879 crab pots yielded 5,741 crabs (6.53 per pot) , a 65.2% increase over the 3.95 crabs caught per pot in ggg 7-16

_ - . _ _ - ._. - . . - . - - -_ _ _ = _ _ _ _-- _-- _ _ - - . . _ . -

O O O Table 7-8. Summary of crab catch data collected near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from 1968 through 1979.

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Total number 239 2833 1557 4784 3046 3059 3970 4902 2845 2092 3476 5741

. Total weight (kg) 48 367 240 711 449 480 632 778 392 378 552 864 Weight per crab (g) 200 132 154 150 145 159 159 159 138 181 159 150 Number 1 127 mm 206 2006 1191 3620 2202 2388 2942 4009 1922 1739 2601 4450 Number < 127 mm 33 827 366 1164 844 671 1028 893 923 353 875 1291 Percent 1127 mm 86.2 70.8 76.5 75.7 72.3 78.1 74.1 81.8 67.6 83.1 74.8 77.5 Number males 158 1995 962 2660 1800 1753 2366 2381 1245 1082 1707 3034 h

4 Number females 81 838 595 2124 1246 1306 1604 2521 1600 1010 1769 2707 Percent males 66.1 70.4 61.8 55.6 59.1 57.3 59.6 48.6 43.8 51.7 49.1 52.8 Total pots fished 281 470 616 730 754 855 817 923 840 750 880 879 Number of crabs per pot 0.85 6.03 2.52 6.55 4.04 3.58 4.86 5.31 3.39 2.79 3.95 6.53 Market-size crabs per pot 0.73 4.27 1.93 4.96 2.92 2.79 3.60 4.34 2.29 2.32 2.96 5.06 i

Toble 7-9. Numbers and weights (kg) of male and female crabs ,

number of pots, and average number of crabs per a pot caught at three stations during 1968-1979 in W Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Kenwood Beach Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Av. Crabs / Pot 1968 57 11 24 5 99 0.82 1969 677 88 296 36 154 6.32 1970 394 65 209 27 207 2.91 1971 911 144 662 87 236 6.67 1972 541 85 290 37 247 3.36 1973 573 113 200 28 281 2.75 1974 996 184 562 86 279 5.58 1975 834 130 769 110 308 5 20 1976 406 56 476 65 275 3.41 1977 391 84 312 51 245 2.87 1978 491 82 461 73 284 3.35 1979 957 156 1,054 150 291 6.91 7,228 1,198 5,315 755 2,906 4.32 Plant Site Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Av. Crabs / Pot 1968 39 8 18 4 96 0.59 1969 720 96 270 34 156 6.35 1970 230 35 190 29 197 2.13 1971 771 117 629 85 247 5.67 1972 602 95 472 60 252 4.26 1973 632 103 572 78 296 4.07 1974 743 122 468 63 267 4.54 1975 827 139 708 133 307 5.00 1976 409 57 482 63 282 3.16 1977 347 69 361 56 253 2.80 1978 630 102 757 111 300 4.62 1979 1;002 150 776 108 295 6.03 6,952 1,093 5,703 824 2,948 4.29 O

7-18

Table 7-9 (continued). Numbers and weights (kg) of male and Q

female crabs, number of pots, and average number of crabs per pot caught at three stations during 1968-1979 in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.

Rocky Point ,

Males Females No. Wt. No. Wt. No. Pots Av. Crabs / Pot 1968 62 14 39 7 86 1.17 1969 598 78 272 35 160 5.44 1970 338 55 196 30 212 2.52 1971 978 157 833 122 247 7.33 1972 657 99 484 75 255 4.47 1973 548 79 534 79 278 3.90 1974 627 96 574 82 271 4.43 1975 720 116 1,044 150 308 5.73 1976 430 59 642 92 283 3.79 1977 344 64 337 54 252 2.70 1978 586 100 551 83 296 3.84 1979 1,075 172 877 129 293 6.66 6,963 1,089 6,383 938 2,941 4.54 All Stations Combined Males Females O 1968 No.

158 Wt.

33 No.

81 Wt.

15 No. Pots 281 Av. Crabs / Pot 0.95 1969 1,995 262 838 105 470 6.03 1970 962 154 595 87 616 2.52 1971 2,660 418 2,124 294 730 6.55 1972 1,800 278 1,246 171 754 4.04 1973 1,753 295 1,306 185 855 3.58 1974 2,366 402 1,604 230 817 4.86 1975 2,381 385 2,521 393 923 5.31 1976 1,245 172 1,600 220 840 3.39

, 1977 1,082 217 1,010 161 750 2.79 1978 1,707 285 1,769 267 880 3.95 1979 3,034 478 2,707 386 879 6.53 21,143 3,379 17,401 2,514 8,795 4.38 7-19

9 .

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2 I I f I I I I I t I i i 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Figure 7-5. Annual mean number of crabs caught per pot at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 through 1979.

i I

9 O O

I 1

1 O Table 7-10. Mean weights in kilograms of males and females caught per pot each year from 1968 to 1979 at i three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. t l l i

l

! Males remales KB PS RP KB

, PB 1 1968 0.11 0.08 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.08 I 1969 0.57 0.62 0.49 0.23 0.22 0.22 j 1970 0.31 0.18 0.26 0.13 0.15 0.14 -

1971 0.61 0.47 0.64 0.37 0.34 0.49 1972 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.15 0.24 0.29 ;

1973 0.40 0.35 0.28 0.10 0.26 0.28 -

1974 0.66 0.46 0.35 0.31 0.24 0.30 i 1975 0.42 0.45 0.38 0.36 0.43 0.49 1976 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.24 0.22 0.33 1977 0.34 0.27 0.25 0.21 0.22 0.21 !

1978 0.29 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.37 0.28 1979 0.54 0.51 0.59 0.52 0.37 0.44 '

Mean 0.40 0.36 0.36 0.24 0.26 0.30 i

f Q I 1

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1 f f f I I I f f i f I 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Figure 7-6. Percent of annual catch made up of male crabs at three stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1968 through 1979.

e O O

l 1978. Legal-size crabs made up 77.5% of the total, and males ;

O accounted for 52.8% of the catch. Station KB was the most productive, with 35.3% of the total, followed by RP with 34.0%,

1 and PS with 30.8%, although these station differences were not l statistically significant. Stations were also tested for ,

j differences in percent males, percent legal-size, mean width i

of each sex, and mean weight of each sex, but none was found ,

(all p > 0.05) . j

} In 12 years of study a total of 8,795 pots was fished, and i

38,544 crabs were caught (an average of 4.38 per pot fished) . !

! Of these, 76.0% were legal-size crabs, and 54.9% were male. f

{ Annual station percentages based on the number of crabs caught per pot have ranged from 25.6 to 38.5% at KB, from 22.9 to ;

39.1% at PS, and from 30.0 to 45.4% at RP. Station KB produced l

32.9% of the 12-year total, while PS and RP produced 32.6% !

and 34.5%, respectively. !

Variation in catch size between stations has been moderate r over time, but other than a higher percentage of males at KB, i

no statistically significant differences were detected during preoperational (1968-74) and operational (1975-79) periods.

j While many of the variables examined showed changes from year to year, the variability appeared to be normal fluctuation in

population structure and was unrelated to power plant operation.

l l Data from 7 years of preoperational study and 5 years of ,

I

() operational study showed no evidence that the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant has had any adverse effect on the abundance, I

distribution, size, or sex ratios of blue crabs in the vicinity of the plant in Chesapeake Bay. ;

i Literature Cited ,

s Abbe, G. R. 1973. Catches of the blue crab (callinectes sapidus) from 1968 to 1971 in the area of Calvert Cliffs, Maryland.

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- i i delphia 125:189-196. l l

. 1976. Blue crab studies. Pages 9-1 to 9-23 in ,

Semi-annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert ;

i Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, March 1976. Baltimore Gas and !

Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. l I

j . 1979. Blue crab studies. Pages 9-1 to 9-25 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1978. .

Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

l v

C:)

l 7-23 I

_ ~ ~ _ . . . . . ~ , _ _- ,, - - ,

Burton, D. T. 1978. The response of two estuarine Crustacea exposed to time-temperature changes simulating once-through, 10 C AT, power plant condenser entrainment.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. No. 78-30. 22 pp.

lll Hollander, M. and D. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley and Sons. New York, N.Y. 503 pp.

Naiman, R. J., J. H. Hixson, III and T. Capizzi. 1978. Fish bottom trawling., Pages 8-1 to 8437 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January - December 1977. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

NMFS. (National ~ Marine Fisheries Service). 1977. Maryland landings, August 1977. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7373. United States Departnent of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

. 1972-1979a. Maryland landings, 1970-1978. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5719, 5914, 6115, 6414, 6714, 6914, 7214, 7512, and 7717. United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

. 1972-1979b. Virginia landings, 1970-1978. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5720, 5915, 6116, 6415, 6715, 6915, 7215, 7513, and 7718. United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

. 1979c. Maryland landings, August 1979. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7897. United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

. 1979d. Virginia landings, August 1979. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7898. United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

. 1979e. Maryland landings, September 1979. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 7916. United States Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

Pearson, J. C. 1948. Fluctuations in the abundance of the l blue crab in Chesapeake Bay. United States Fish and Wildlife Service Research Report 14. 26 pp.

Tagatz, M. E. 1965. The fishery for blue crabs in the St. :

i Johns River, Florida, with special reference to fluctuation >

in yield between 1961 and 1962. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Special Scientific Report, Fisheries 501. 11 pp.

O 7-24

. 1969. Some relations of temperature acclimation O and salinity to thermal tolerance of the blue crab, CaZIinectes sapidus. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 98 (4) :

713-716.

1 United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 1970a. Maryland ,

landings, 1969. Current Fisheries Statistice No. 5307. '

Bureau Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.

. 1970b. Virginia landings, 1969. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 5326. Bureau Commercial Fisheries, Washington, D.C.

Van Engel,.W. A. 1958. The blue crab and its fishery in Chesapeake Bay. Part I. Reproduction, early development, growth, and migration. Commercial Fisheries Review ,

20(6):6-17.

O f

4 b

I 1

7-25 I

t i

OYSTER TRAY STUDIES i

() George R. Abbe (;

Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory l Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction This program was designed to examine power plant induced effects on the growth, meat condition and mortality of oysters .

(Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) and to determine the abundance I of associated species at several locations in the Calvert Cliffs !

i area of Chesapeake Bay. Studies were conducted using oysters of different age classes held-in trays. A study of tray-held oysters ,

offers advantages over a study of natural populations since the :

same oysters may be observed for a long time period. It is ;

assumed that the effects of the environment are similar on -

oysters in trays and on natural oyster populations in the same ;

4 area. Growth, condition, and mortality data allowed an evaluation !

of environmental effects on oysters, and data derived from studies !

of associated species were used in determining the health of the !

rest of the oyster community. Changes in community structure !

(e.g., gain or loss in numbers of species) may indicate sublethal i stresses which could affect the growth or condition of the oysters.

i 1

Although oyster beds are located above Kenwood Beach and .

near the Plant Site, this area of the Bay does not support a substantial commercial fishery. Oyster densities are relatively !

low in both areas, and at the Plant Site many of the oysters are attached to rocks, making them difficult to harvest; however, !

both areas are occasionally worked by commercial oystermen. !

I Materials and Methods t I

Program Design j The trays used in this study were similar to - the Sea-Rac j l trays described by Hewatt and Andrews (1954) and were of vinyl- !

. coated stainless steel, 2.5-cm mesh. The trays had hinged tops and measured 91 x 41 x 13 cm. Trays of oysters were fastened to the top rails of steel and concrete platforms which were located on the bottom at Kenwood Beach (KB), Plant Site (PS),

! Camp Conoy (CC) , Rocky Point (RP), and-Cove Point (CP) (Fig.

8.1-1) . These platforms replaced the wooden platforms which l were used from 1970 to 1978, . and were 3.05 m long by 1.52 m ,

, wide. Trays were held 0.6 m off bottom, and since there was '

nothing between the tops of the trays and the surface, neither .

I trays nor platforms were subject to ice damage as had previously' l

. occurred. January - March 1979 was the first winter quarter

, in 3 years during which some oysters were'not lost to ice damage.,! !

~ () Although trays of oysters can only be retrieved by divers, use of concrete and steel platforms prevent seasonal loss of data. '

i :

8.1-1 ,

i J i

- ,, . . _ . , . -,- ._ +-

O 7 .,.

=e ,

KE o BE _.,,.

g KS 3

'., 4

> <a . ,

, =-

de M ' ^

. m' 5g

.s. ,

LONdiO.

BEACH'. ,

. ,g q PS Q

'iG. .

.y l',**'*

CC .'i.,. h C C N - RP ROCKh':::.

POINy a.'.

? 29 %

Meters

ti y. Q CP COVE polNT .a.. .*. '

Figure 8.1-1. Locations of oyster trays at Kenwood Beach (KB),

Plant Site (PS), Camp Conoy (CC), Rocky Point (RP), and Cove Point (CP) in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay.

O 8.1-2

Temperatures were recorded continuously throughout the study at KB, PS and RP by magnetic tape thermographs (General Oceanics

(]) model 6070). Preliminary data show that PS experienced the '

greatest temperature increase (averaging 0.5'C-1.5*C above KB and reaching 2.5*-3.0*C above KB on some flood tides). RP also experienced temperature increases but to a lesser degree, and CC probably experienced an increase between that of PS and RP.

KB and CP were essentially unaffected by the thermal discharge.

Three age classes of oysters (first , second , and third-year) were used in tnis study. During the period before operation of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) , oysters set out in June 1970 were observed for 5 years so that by June 1975 the age classes could have been designated as sixth , seventh-and eighth-year oysters. Since oyster growth is more rapid in the smaller stages, it seemed appropriate at the end of each study year to assign each age class to the next class i.e.,

first-year oysters became second-year oysters, second-year became third-year, etc.; new first-year oysters were then obtained from the hatchery. Thus a first-year oyster would be studied for 3 years before it was moved out of the third-year class, providing it was not lost or had died.

Because of platform losses in 1977 and 1978, the present data are the first from a study lasting more than 1 year since the 1975-76 study. By the end of 1980 some of the oysters will have been observed for 2.5 years and good statistical comparisons with 1970-72 data will be possible. Although the present study O. - covers a period of only 1.5 years, station values are compared within this time, and oyster growth is compared with preoperational data (1970-71; ANSP, 1972) where possible.

Mean shell lengths of the present second , third- and fourth-year oysters at the time they were set out in June 1978 were ,

approximately 31 mm, 57 mm, and 79 mm, respectively. In June 1979, when th.e oysters were reclassified, the new first-year oysters were approximately 28 mm long. All oysters used in the 1978-79 study were obtained from Chesapeake Bay Oyster Culture of Shady Side, Maryland.

Four trays were located at each platform and each was divided ,

into four equal sections. Ten oysters of each age class were held in the first three sections, respectively; the fourth section held fourth-year oysters which provided data on meat condition and metal uptake (Section 8.2) . Before installation the oysters were cleaned and shell dimensions were measured to the nearest millimeter.

Trays set in June 1978 were retrieved for examination in September and December 1978 and in March, June, September, and December 1979. During each examination the following were ,

recorded:

l l 8.1- 3 l

t

1. Growth - The measurements of the length a id width (mm) of each living oyster. Length refers to the measurerant from the hinge of the oyster :o the ggg advancing edge of the bill; width is the ueasure-ment across the right valve over the adductor muscle.

2. Condition - Ten fourth-year oysters from each station were shucked to determine meat condition, spawning activity, and presence of green coloration (which may indicate copper uptake). Meats were rated on a scale of 1 (low) to 10 (high), based on visual opacity due to glycogen content (Philip Butler, EPA Gulf Breeze Laboratory, unpublished) .

3. Mortality - The number of dead oysters among those examined.

4. Associated organisms (fouling) -

a) Organisms adhering to the tray which could compete for food or occlude the wire mesh of the tray and thus reduce water flow, b) Organisms present inside the trays with the oysters, which could prey upon them or reduce water circulation, c) Organisms associated with each oyster.

5. Additional information - e.g., siltation, signs O

of predation or damage to equipment, which could result in the loss of oysters.

After the oysters were measured they were moved to a clean tray which was then replaced on the platform.

Statistical analyses were performed on growth, meat condition, mortality, and associated organism data collected from tray studies to determine possible differences between stations.

Increases in length, width, and length x width between l

successive quarters were determined for each replicate and tested l using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) for profile data (Morrison, 1967). Stations were compared over quarters against the error term computed from replicate trays within stations. Station differences in the number of associated species per oyster were similarly tested.

Meat condition indices and percent mortality were compared between stations using the Friedman nonparametric analysis of variance technique (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973).

O 8.1-4

Results and Discussion

() Growth of Oysters Mean length and width of each age class and the size ;

increases associated with them for each quarter from June 1978 [

to December 1979 are presented in Tables 8.1-1 through 8.1-5. -

Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979, thus there are four .

year classes in each table. The second , third , and fourth- l year classes were the first , second, and third-year classes, !

respectively, of the June 1978 - June 1979 study. The first-year class consisted of new oysters set out in June 1979.

Since June 1979 marked the end of growth studies on the oldest ;

oysters, there are no measurements for fourth-year oysters after that time.

1 First-year Oysters The average lengths of oysters at PS and CP increased by 36 mm and 35 mm, respectively, during the last 6 months of 1979. '

The increases at KB (32 mm), CC (33 mm), and RP (33 mm) were only slightly less. Width increases at PS and CP were 28 mm, while at KB, CC, and RP they were 24, 27, and 26 mm, respectively. ;

The ANOVA detected no signficant station differences (Table 8.1-6).

Second-year Oysters i This class of oysters was set out in June 1978 and was {

observed for 1.5 years. During this time the lengths increased at KB, PS, CC, RP, and CP by 44, 54, 50, 51, and 48 mm, respectively. Widths increased by 35, 42, 39, 41, and 39 mm for the same stations. As with the first-year oysters the increases of both dimensions were greatest at PS and smallest at KB, although these differences were not statistically significant.

1 Third-year Oysters !L This class was also set out in June 1978 and was observed l for 1.5 years. Increases in length were smallest at KB (31 mm) and CP (32 mm) and largest at PS (4 2 mm) ; CC (33 nm) and RP l 1 (35 mm) were intermediate. The ANOVA detected a significant j

' station difference (p<0.05) for this variable (Table 8.1-6). l Width increases at KB, PS, CC,.RP, and CP were 24, 30, 27, 26, !

and 22 mm, respectively, j As with the two younger age classes, the greatest increase I in both dimensionsJoccurred at PS. While not statistically l I

significant in all cases, the ' plant ~ appeared to influence oyster growth, probably a result of warmer water temperature.

(

i

(

8.1-5 i

O, Table 8.1-1. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Kenwood Beach in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Length Width No. Mean Increase Mean Increase Oysters mm mm mm mm First-year Oysters Jun 79 40 28.1 - 23.0 -

Sep 79 40 54.6 26.5 44.7 21.7 Dec 79 40 59.6 5.0 46.9 2.2 U U Second-year Oysters Jun 78 40 31.1 - 24.8 -

Sep 78 40 50.8 19.7 42.4 17.6 Dec 78 40 62.7 11.9 51.6 9.2 Mar 79 40 62.9 0.2 50.7 -0.9 Jun 79 39 65.5 2.6 53.0 2.3 Sep 79 37 73.4 7.9 59.0 6.0 Dec 79 36 74.8 1.4 60.1 1.1 C U Third-year Oysters Jun 78 40 58.1 - 47.2 -

Sep 78 40 74.4 16.3 59.4 12.2 Dec 78 40 83.7 9.3 66.6 7.2 Mar 79 40 83.8 0.1 66.6 0.0 Jun 79 40 85.6 1.8 68.0 1.4 Sep 79 39 89.9 4.3 71.3 3.3 Dec 79 39 89.5 -0.1 71.5 0.2 U U Fourth year Oysters Jun 78 40 79.1 - 58.4 -

Sep 78 40 88.6 9.5 65.8 7.4 Dec 78 38 96.2 7.6 70.4 4.6 Mar 79 37 95.6 -0.6 69.3 -1.1 Jun 79 36 96.9 1.3 70.9 1.6 ITT U O

8.1-6 L

O ,

Table 8.1-2. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at the Plant Site in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December ,

1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Length Width No. Mean Incre M Mean Increase Oyaters nun nun mm mm ,

First-year Oysters ,

Jun 79 40 28.3 - 2 t.5 -

Sep 79 40 57.1 28.8 46.2 23.8 Dec 79 40 63.9 6.8 51.0 4.7 U U Second-year Oysters Jun 78 40 31.7 - 25.4 -

Sep 78 38 54.5 22.8 44.2 18.8 Dec 78 37 68.7 14.2 55.6 11.4 Mar 79 37 69.2 0.5 55.2 -0.4 ,

Jun 79 37 72.4 3.2 58.8 3.6 Sep 79 34 81.5 9.1 65.7 6.9 l

Dec 79 34 85.8 4.3 66.9 1.2 U U O Third-year Oysters Jun 78 - 40 56.2 - 45.0 -

Sep 78 40 75.6 19.4 59.9 14.9 Dec 78 40 88.2 12.6 69.4 9.5 Mar 79 40 87.2 -1.0 68.3 -1.1 Jun 79 40 89.9 2.7 70.9 2.6 Sep 79 40 93.5 3.6 73.2 2.3 Dec 79 40 97.7 4.2 74.6 1.4 U U Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 78.8 - 59.0 -

Sep 78 39 89.3 10.5 68.0 9.0 Dec 78 39 97.3 8.0 71.8 3.8 Mar 79 39 95.1 -2.2 69.8 -2.0 Jun 79 39 97.3 2.2 72.4 2.6 IT T U O

8.1-7

1 O

Table 8.1-3. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Camp Conoy in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nucicar Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979.

Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Length Width No. Mean Increase Mean Increase Oysters mm mm mm mm First-year Oysters Jun 79 40 27.6 -

22.3 -

Sep 79 40 54.4 26.8 45.1 22.8 Dec 79 40 60.7 6.3 49.6 4.5 M M Second-year Oysters Jun 78 40 30.7 -

25.0 -

Sep 78 40 53.4 22.7 45.1 20.1 Dec 78 40 68.6 15.2 55.5 10.4 Mar 79 40 66.2 -2.4 54.2 -1.3 Jun 79 40 70.5 4.3 59.3 5.1 Sep 79 39 77.0 6.5 63.2 3.9 Dec 79 38 80.4 3.4 63.6 0.4 O E Third-year Oysters Jun 78 -

40 57.4 -

46.7 -

Sep 78 40 74.8 17.4 61.8 15.1 Dec 78 40 85.2 10.4 69.6 7.8 Mar 79 40 84.4 -0.8 67.4 -2.2 Jun 79 40 87.9 3.5 71.5 4.1 Sep 79 40 90.1 2.2 71.7 0.2 Dec 79 40 90.6 0.5 73.3 1.6 E E Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 79.2 - 58.8 -

Sep 78 38 90.8 11.6 69.4 10.6 Dec 78 38 97.4 6.6 74.6 5.2 Mar 79 38 96.9 -0.5 73.9 -0.7 Jun 79 37 97.0 0.1 75.2 1.3 ITT TCT I

O 8.1-8

O Table 8.1-4. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Rocky Point in -

the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power- Plant ;

in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. l Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979. '

Length Wid th No. Mean Increase Mean Increase Oysters nun mm mm mm First-year Oysters Jun 79 40 29.4 - 23.7 -

Sep 79 38 53.9 24.5 44.6 20.9 Dec 79 38 62.1 8.2 50.1 5.5 '

C 71/ 3 Second-year Oysters Jun 78 40 30.5 -

24.6 - !

Sep 78 40 56.0 25.5 46.5 21.9 Dec 78 40 68.4 12.4 56.9 10.4 Mar 79 40 67.3 -1.1 55.4 -1.5 Jun 79 40 70.6 3.3 60.1 4.7 >

Sep 79 39 76.6 6.0 63.7 3.6 ,

Dec 79 39 81.8 5.2 65.5 1.8 -

D T6"Y !

Third-year Oysters Jun 78 -

40 57.2 -

47.6 -

Sep 78 39 70.9 13.7 58.8 11.2 Dec 78 38 82.9 12.0 6 T, . 0 9.2 Mar 79 38 80.9 -2.0 6E.1 -1.9 -

Jun 79 38 83.4 2.5 (9.1 3.0 ,

Sep 79 38 88.1 4.7 72.2 3.1 Dec 79 38 91.9 3.8 73.2 1.0 TC7 YT.T Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 79.2 -

60.5 -

Sep 78 38 85.6 6.4 65.6 5.1 Dec 78 38 93.0 7.4 71.4 5.8 Mar 79 37 92.3 -0.7 69.4 -2.0 Jun 79 37 93.2 0.9 71.2 1.8 14.0 C ',

t t

l l

1 lo 8.1-9

Table 8.1-5. Mean lengths and widths of tray-held oysters and increases associated with them at Cove Point in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979.

Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Length Wid th No. Mean Increase Mean Increase Oysters mra mm mm mm First-year Oysters Jun 79 40 28.7 - 23.7 -

Sep 79 40 56.9 28.2 46.9 23.2 Dec 79 40 63.9 7.0 51.3 4.4 E 77'T Second-ysar Oysters Jun 78 40 30.9 - 25.1 -

Sep 78 40 55.0 24.1 47.1 22.0 Dec 78 40 64.0 9.0 52.4 5.3 Mar 79 40 62.5 -1.5 50.6 -1.8 Jun 79 40 66.8 4.3 56.7 6.1 Sep 79 36 73.5 6.7 63.3 6.6 Dec 79 36 78.6 5.1 64.1 0.8 Third-year Oysters Jun 78 40 55.8 -

47.6 -

Sep 78 40 66.2 10.4 57.6 10.0 Dec 78 40 76.0 9.8 62.2 4.6 Mar 79 40 73.5 -2.5 59.5 -2.7 Jun 79 40 77.3 3.8 63.9 4.4 Sep 79 40 82.3 5.0 68.5 4.6 Dec 79 40 87.3 5.0 70.0 1.3 IT.T 77~T Fourth-year Oysters Jun 78 40 80.0 - 60.1 -

Sep 78 38 86.6 6.6 67.0 6.9 Dec 78 38 93.8 7.2 71.3 4.3 Mar 79 38 90.9 -2.9 67.7 -3.6 Jun 79 38 92.9 2.0 71.3 3.6 l

II"Y C l

1

(

O 8.1-10

t i

O i

i Table 8.1-6. Summary of the analyses of variance: probability values from the tests for station differences -for tray-held oysters in Chesapeake Bay near Calvert ,

Cliffs during 1978-79. l t

4 i

i First-year Second-year Third-year Fourth-year ,

, Oysters Oysters Oyste rs Oysters I

Growth (length) p=0.08 p=0.04 p=0.0005** p=0.005 Growth (width) p=0.05 p=0.08 p=0.015 p=0.010 i Growth (length x width) p=0.04 p=0.05 p=0.005 p=0.015 ,

Number of associated p=0.0005** p=0.0005** p=0.0005** p=0.0005** ;

species per oyster '

- significant station differences. (To protect against too many spurious "significant differences", the individual a-level was ,

dropped to a=0.003 to preserve an overall error rate of approx-imately a=0.05.)

p I

i i

I l

l l l

i

O ' '

8.1-11

Fourth-year Oysters This age class was also set out in June 1978, but was observed for only 1 year, at which time the oysters became lh cubjects for meat condition ratings and metal analyses.

During the year they increased in length 18 mm at KB, PS, and CC, with smaller increases at RP (14 mm) and CP (13 mm).

Width increases were greatest at CC (16 mm) and least at RP (11 mm) and CP (11 mm). Width increases of 12 mm and 13 mm occurred at KB and PS, respectively. No significant station differences were detected.

Although increases in length or width showed very little difference between stations, there appeared to be some plant effect since growth was often higher at PS Chan elsewhere.

When the products of length x width for each age class were ranked by station and tested by a Friedman Rank Sum test (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973), a significant station difference was detected (p<0.05) . However, when the multiple comparison test based on the rank sums was applied, the difference between PS (most growth) and KB (least growth) was not quite significant (p = 0.054). Despite the lack of significant station differences, the oysters at PS experienced greatest growth while those farthest from the plant (KB and CP) grew the least. CC and RP, which also received some thermal effect, grew less than at PS, but more than at KB or CP.

Increased growth rates resulting from plant-related temperature increases are not unexpected, since higher temperatures result in higher metabolic rates and a longer growing season, provided ample food is available. The maximum rate of ciliary movement for water transport in oysters occurs at about 26*C; ciliary activity declines rapidly above 32*C (Galtsoff, 1964).

However, maximum temperature recorded at PS was only 30.5*C on August 7, 1979 (27.8*C at KB). For most of August, however, temperature at PS remained between 25* and 29*C. Highest temper-ature at KB in 1979 was 28.9 recorded on August 5.

Oyster Meat Condition Oyster meat condition averages are presented in Table 8.1-7.

KB yielded the lowest average (6.65 for June 1978 to December ,

1979). Meat condition improved in a down-bay direction with l 6.97 at PS, 7.07 at CC, 7.05 at RP, and 7.27 at CP. A Friedman I Rank Sum test (Hollander and Wolfe, 1973) detected a significant I

station difference (p<0.05) ; a multiple comparison test found this difference between KB and CP (p< 0. 0 5) . No other station l differences were detected.

1 1

8.1-12

O V Table 8.1-7. Average meat condition, percent of oysters showing '

gonad layer, and percent. exhibiting green colored meat. Values are based on 10 oysters held in trays in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. ;

Kenwood Beach Plant Site Camp Conoy Rocky Point. Cove Point t

Meat Condition Sep 78 5.6 5.8 6.0 6.4 6.2 Dec 78 6.9 7.9 7.7 7.4 7.6

Mar 79 7.2 7.2 7.8 7.7 8.1 '

Jun 79 7.0 6.6 7.0 7.2 7.5 Sep 79 6.1 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.8 Dec 19 7.1 7.5 7.3 7.3 7.4 ,

Mean G G W 7~5T G Gonad Layer Sep 78 10 0 0 20 20 ;

Dec 78 0 0 0 0 0 j Mar 79 0 0 0 0 0 Jun 79 30 20 20 10 20 Sep 79 30 40 20 60 40 ,

Dec 79 0 0 0 0 0 !

Green Sep 78 0 0 0 0 0 ;

Dec 78 0 10 0 0 0 i Mar 79 0 0 0 0 0 i Jun 79 0 0 0 0 0 !

Sep 79 0 0 0 0 0 ,

Dec 79 0 0 0 0 0 i i

l h

I .

r O i 8.1-13,

Meat conditions were lowest in September (6.26) and highest in March (7.60) and Friedman tests found these to be significantly different (p<0.01). Low September condition is llh due to spawning related losses. With gonadal tissue accounting for up to 41% of total body weight (Galtsoff , 19 64 ) , spawning can obviously expend a considerable amount of an oyster's reserves, thereby reducing the quality of the meat. By December, condition ratings are generally high as the oysters are prepared to undergo a period of about 3 months (January-March, without feeding. Feeding ceases when water temperature drops to 7 or 8*C (Galtsoff, 1964). Evidence of spawning activity (gonad layer) was observed in 20% of the oysters in June 1979 and in 38% in September 1979 (Table 8.1-7) . No green oysters were observed during 1979.

Mortality The highest mortality for any age class during a quarter was 10% among second-year oysters at CP in September 1979 (Table 8.1-8). Fourth-year oysters had the highest annual mortality rate (6.00%), followed by second-year oysters (4.69%) . Third-and first-year oysters had annual rates of 1.00% and 2.00%,

respectively. The highest annual mortality rate for a station was 6.73% at KB, but PS (5.00%) and CP (5.00%) were nearly as high; mortality rates at CC (4.16%) and RP (3.33%) were lowest. Nonparametric statistics detected no station differences between these mortality rates. The causes of death were undeter-mined, but the rates at all stations were low compared to the g annual mortalities of tray-held oysters (25%) and bottom W populations (30-42%) in the lower Chesapeake Bay (Hewatt and Andrews, 1954).

Associated Organisms Organisms attached to or associated with the oysters included anemones, mussels, bryozoans, barnacles, amphipods (Cammarus and Corophium), polychaete worms, Bimeria and tunicates (Molgula), as well as others which occurred less i frequently (Tables 8.1-9 through 8.1-13). Barnacles, which were not found in their normal abundance in 1978, as explained by Abbe (1979), were found on 100% of the oysters at all stations in June 1979. Following June their numbers dropped considerably during the rest of the year, so that by December they were found on only about 18% of the second- and third-year oysters.

Molgula, which was far more abundant at CP and RP than at l the upper stations in 1978, was seen rarely in 1979, probably l a result of low salinity conditions which prevailed during much of the year.

O 8.1-14

O T ble 8.1-8. Percent mortalities of tray-held oysters in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power- Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979.

Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979. Totals are based on differences between first and last ,

counts. ,

I l

Kenwood Beach Plant Site Camp Conoy Rocky Point Cove Point First-year Ovsters ,

l Sep 79 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.0 0.0 1 Dec 79 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 t D 'J 3 E 5.0 W [

Second-year Ovsters ,

Sep 78 0.0 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dec 78 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mar 79 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jun 79 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 Sep 79 5.1 5.4 2.5 0.0 10.0 Dec 79 2.7 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 T 17 3 "T3 W 17'T Third-year Oysters Sep 78 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 O Dec 78 Mar 79 Jun 79 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 G.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 Sep 79 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Dec 79 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 W

"T3 D D "l'.T Fourth-year Ovsters Sep 78 0.0 2.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 Dec 78 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Mar 79 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Jun 79 2.7 0.0 2.6 0.0 0.0 IU 6 T.T '73 T.T T.T i f

1 I

O 8.1-15+

l

Table 8.1-9. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Kenwood Beach in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 19 79.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Cammarus/Nbi7ula/

t Barnacles /Corophium/ Bryozoa / Mud Crabs /Polychaetes/ Flatworms /Bimeria First-year Oysters Sep 79 851 On 25% 21 0% 21 St 984 84 721 On 18%

Dec 79 95 0 22 2 0 0 12 100 0 72 0 38 Second-year Oysters Sep 78 95% On 32% 04 On 84 04 994 On 84 On 84 Dec 78 100 0 30 0 0 2 20 100 2 70 0 22 Mar 79 100 0 15 0 2 2 15 88 0 10 0 2 Jun 79 38 0 18 3 0 100 87 100 0 33 0 5 Sep 79 97 0 35 3 0 43 11 100 11 68 0 38

, Dec 79 100 0 33 3 0 6 6 100 0 83 0 33 Third-year Oysters

[ Sep Dec 78 78 981 100 On 0

4 21 70 04 0

94 0

On 2

On 1004 On 81 On 12%

30 95 0 92 0 10 Mar 79 100 0 45 a 0 0 15 82 0 25 0 2 uun 79 58 0 28 0 ,, 100 65 100 0 48 2 8 "ep 79 100 0 79 0 0 72 0 100 8 82 3 51 Dec 79 100 0 36 0 0 21 10 100 0 100 0 15 Fourth-year Oysters Sep 78 100% 0% 85% 01 On 12% 0% 1004 On 30% On 25%

Dec 78 100 0 92 0 0 5 29 97 0 84 0 32 Mar 79 100 0 78 0 0 5 8 89 0 24 0 11 Jun 79 86 0 81 11 0 100 72 100 0 36 3 17 e O O

O O O Table 8.1-10. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at the Plant Site in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Anemones / Class / Mussels /Caemarus/lelgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/ Bryozoa / Mud Crabs /Polychaetes/ Flatworms /Bimeria First-year Oysters Sep 79 954 On 58% 95% On 255 204 1004 20% 501 On 12t Dec 79 90 0 38 72 0 10 10 100 0 68 0 10 Second-year Oysters ~

Sep 78 100% On 344 5% On 11% on 95% On 50t On 324 Dec 78 100 0 16 65 0 8 0 84 0 57 0 16 Mar 79 95 0 16 30 0 11 19 89 0 5 3 5 Jun 79 92 5 24 92 0 100 100 100 3 78 3 11 Sep 79 100 0 76 97 0 56 65 100 35 56 0 29 m Dec 79 88 0 62 88 0 21 6 100 0 88 0 29 Third-year Oysters

,[ Sep 78 1004 On 284 5% On 254 On 984 84 68% On 85%

Dec 78 98 0 48 58 0 25 0 92 2 75 5 72 Mar 79 100 0 22 32 2 25 12 88 0 12 0 60 Jun 79 92 0 22 95 0 100 100 100 2 62 5 52 Sep 79 100 0 98 95 0 75 58 100 30 70 0 52 Dec 79 100 0 88 100 0 10 9 100 5 92 0 32 Fourth-year Oysters Sep 78 1004 0% 77% On On 44% 24 974 54 74% On 85%

Dec 78 95 0 77 72 5 54 0 95 0 74 0 72 Mar 79 97 0 62 54 5 33 28 87 0 15 0 54 Jun 79 97 0 62 90 0 100 100 100 5 64 3 31 9

<- . - ,.,+---e .-w< , ,, ,, -

_ - - - ,w, , ,-- ,- - - - ,

Table 8.1-11. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Cam) Conoy in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapea ce Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Cammarus/Wlgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/Dryozoa/Hud Crabs /Polychaetes/ Flatworms /Bdewria First-year Oysters Sep 79 90% 01 60% 88% On 22% 504 1004 55 604 On 101 Dec 79 95 0 18 38 0 12 12 100 2 85 0 35 Second-year Oysters Sep 78 1004 On 32% 125 On 38% 81 921 On 684 On 25%

Dec 78 100 2 28 38 8 18 0 98 0 70 2 32 Mar 79 92 0 12 2 2 10 0 72 0 2 0 10 Jun 79 60 0 8 92 0 100 98 100 0 10 0 20 Sep 79 97 0 67 92 0 72 56 100 18 74 0 10 Dec 79 100 0 37 74 0 26 0 100 3 84 0 26 o3 Third-year Oysters j' Sep 78 1001 100 10 1 0

52%

49 0%

32 on 2

30%

20 0%

0 1004 100 84 2

82%

80 On 5

981 82

p. Dec 78 oo Mar 79 100 0 30 5 0 5 2 75 0 12 0 72 Jun 79 55 2 20 90 0 100 82 100 0 48 0 78 Sep 79 98 0 32 95 0 72 55 100 12 80 0 38 Dec 79 100 0 35 85 0 25 12 100 0 88 0 55 Fourth-year Oysters Sep 78 1001 On 924 16% On 29% 04 974 13% 82% On 1004 Dec 78 100 0 89 42 5 18 0 95 0 89 3 84 Mar 79 95 0 82 13 0 5 8 89 0 8 0 87 Jun 79 70 0 68 78 0 100 86 100 0 49 0 81

O O O Table 8.1-12. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Rocky Point in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Cammarus/Milgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/ Bryozoa / Mud Crabs /PolychaetesN1atworms/Bimaria First-year Oysters On 611 100% 04 26% 714 974 On 58% On 16%

Sep 79 95%

100 0 50 55 3 5 21 100 0 45 0 39 Dec 79 Second-year Oysters dep 78 984 on 42% 58% 01 62% 0% 100% 09 504 On 35%

100 0 45 90 22 15 0 100 5 80 2 38 Dec 78 0 5 75 0 28 48 2 0 30 30 0 18 Mar 79 42 2 10 50 10 22 75 0 100 75 100 0 Jun 79 ,

100 0 90 100 0 87 54 100 21 64 0 10 Sep 79 100 0 69 74 3 15 26 100 3 74 0 21 Dec 79 Third-year Oysters 1004 04 774 59% 01 77% On 974 154 44% on 64t H Sep 78 84 0 60 8

Dec 78 100 0 53 92 18 8 3 100 3

74 0 29 45 0 8 39 53 0 29 0 24

'* Mar 79 Jun 79 58 11 29 89 0 100 76 100 0 50 3 53 84 0 92 100 0 100 61 100 18 68 0 21 Sep 79 18 Dec 79 97 0 84 66 3 11 13 100 3 50 0 Fourth-year Oysters 97% 04 92% 42% On 824 34 1001 169 68% 01 79%

sep 78 Dec 78 95 0 87 95 16 11 0 97 13 82 0 74 Mar 79 100 0 84 51 0 11 35 49 0 27 0 51 Jun 79 84 3 76 97 3 100 70 100 3 51 5 54 h

Table 8.1-13. Percentage of oysters bearing various associated organisms at Cove Point in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to December 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Anemones / Clams / Mussels /Cammarus/Molgula/ Barnacles /Corophium/ Bryozoa / Mud Crabs /Polychaetes/ Flatworms /Bimeria First-year Oysters Sep 79 884 On 32% 88% On On 551 1004 lot 724 On On Dec 79 78 0 2 60 0 20 45 100 0 50 5 5 Second-year Oysters Sep 78 984 On 04 984 On 034 54 924 04 55% On 284 Dec 78 98 2 0 92 55 15 0 100 2 82 0 32 Mar 79 35 0 0 40 2 0 52 5 0 12 0 0 Jun 79 22 0 0 62 0 100 78 100 2 32 0 10 Sep 79 100 3 47 92 0 94 72 100 33 78 0 3 o> Dec 79 100 0 17 53 0 22 50 100 0 78 3 8 Y Third-year Oysters N

o Sep 78 1004 04 154 100% 04 95% On 1004 18% 88% On 52%

Dec 78 90 0 5 95 75 12 0 100 2 72 0 55 Mar 79 25 0 2 15 0 0 50 8 0 0 0 0 Jun 79 20 2 5 48 0 100 82 luo 5 42 2 22 Sep 79 100 0 55- 98 0 88 70 100 32 75 0 10 Dec 79 100 0 20 52 0 28 48 100 12 68 0 0 Fourth-year Oysters Sep 78 1004 On 584 1004 On 974 On 100% 16% 871 04 47%

Dec 78 92 5 26 89 55 34 0 100 0 84 0 63 Mar 79 47 0 11 39 0 5 63 21 0 11 0 2 Jun 79 61 0 5 45 0 100 89 100 5 37 0 18 e O O

4

i Gammarid amphipods, which were found regularly and abundantly at PS, CC, RP, and CP, were rarely seen at KB. The reason for

() this is unclear, but it could be related to environmental differences at KB which could also have subtle effects on the

, oysters. Except for fewer mussels and Bimeria at CP,.the occurrence of other organisms did not vary noticeably between '

i stations. ,

The number of associated species per oyster was lower ,

up-Bay (KB) for all age classes (Table 8.1-14), probably

/ resulting from the absence of amphipods.

Analyses of the associated organism data revealed station- [

differences for all age classes (Table 8.1-6). Multiple :

comparisons among means using a Student-Newman-Kuels test !

(Sokal and Rohlf, 1969) showed that the average number of l species per oyster at KB (Table 8.1-14) was significantly i less than at PS, CC, RP, and CP (p<0.05) for first , second , l and third-year oysters. For fourth-year oysters KB was i significantly less (p<0.05) than PS, CC, and RP. However,-it did not differ from CP, nor did CP differ from the other ;

stations. The reason for the lower average at CP was a scarcity l of anemones, mussels, Bimeria, and bryozoa in March 1979 l i

(Tables 8.1-9 through 8.1-13) . CP is located in shallower 7 water than are the other stations and these organisms may have ,

, been affected by the severe winter weather which preceded the :

~

l spring observations.

l (:) !

Growth of Oysters: 1970-71 vs. 1978-79 !

The preoperational and operational periods were compared l by testing for differences in growth (length) of oysters between -

the two periods.

Growth of first-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP during June to December 1970 was compared with that of similar-aged ,

oysters during June to December 1979. The ANOVA ' revealed '

that-the average increase of 44.5 mm per oyster in 1970 was significantly greater (p<0.01) than the average of 33.1 mm in 1979. PS was not used for comparison since the only first-year !

oysters installed at PS during the preoperational period were i set in 1973 and were lost after one observation period.

Growth of second-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP from .

June 1970 to December 1971 was compared with that of similar l

oysters from June 1978 to December 1979. The ANOVA detected i a significant difference (p<0.01) between the average 45.8_ ;

mm per year increase for the preoperational period and the i average 31.7 mm increase during 1978-79. At PS, second-year oysters were the only ones observed for more than~6 months' ,

during the preoperational period. They were set in September l l 1973 and followed until June 1975. Oyster growth at PS during

(

i 8.1-21 l

l

Table 8.1-14. Average number of species per oyster observed in the area of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power a W

Plant in Chesapeake Bay from June 1978 to Decem-ber 1979. Oysters are listed by age as of June 1979.

Kenwood Beach Plant Site Camp Conoy Rocky Point Cove Point First-year Oysters Sep 79 -3.15 4.75 4.88 5.25 4.55 Dec 79 1.42 3.98 3.93 4.17 3.65 Mean G G G G G Second-year g Sep 78 1.48 3.25 3.75 4.58 4.70 Dec 78 3.46 3.45 3.95 5.00 4.80 Mar 79 2.35 2.72 2.05 2.35 1.48 Jun 79 3.88 5.44 4.88 4.88 4.08 Sep 79 4.04 6 .10 5.87 6.24 6.14 Dec 79 3.64 4.96 4.49 4.87 4.33 M5t G G G G G Third-year Oysters Sep 78 2.60 4.15 4.68 5.32 5.72 Dec 78 3.98 4.72 4.70 5.25 5.08 Mar 79 2.70 3.55 3.02 3.02 1.00 Jun 79 4.20 6.40 5.75 5.66 4.30 Sep 79 4.95 6.75 6.25 6.41 6.22 Dec 79 3.83 5.18 4.98 4.45 4.28 Mean G G G G G Fourth-year Oysters Sep 78 3.52 4.85 5.30 5.80 6.02 Dec 78 4.38 5.45 5.30 5.62 5.60 Mar 79 3.14 4.36 3.87 4.08 1.98 Jun 79 5.04 6.49 6.32 6.48 4.60 Mean G G G G G O

8.1-22

4 i

t the September 1973-December 1974 preoperational period was I compared with the September 1978-December 1979 period. A O t-test revealed no difference (p>0.05) between the 24.9 mm annual increase during 1973-74 and the 17.7 mm annual-increase of 1978-79. '

Third-year oysters of the preoperational period were compared with those of the operational period exactly as were second-year oysters. However, this age class showed no ,

difference (p>0.05) between the 28.3 mm annual increase of 1970-71 and the 21.9 mm annual increase of 1978-79.

Fourth-year oysters from KB, RP, and CP from June 1970 to June 1971 were compared with similar oysters from June 1978 to June 1979. The ANOVA revealed that the 26.1 mm increase ;

during 1970-71 was significantly greater (p<0.05) than the r 14.9 mm increase during 1978-79. !

Of the four age classes compared between periods, three !

1 showed significantly more growth during 1970-71 than during 1978-79; the remaining class also showed more growth in i 1970-71 but the difference was not significant. While the i ages and sizes of oysters used for comparison were basically ,

the same, they were obtained from two different hatcheries.

In addition there may have been differences in environmental factors; thus the differences must be viewed with caution. r Nevertheless, growth was better in 1970-71 than it was during

() 1978-79.

Summary and Conclusions

, Oysters at all stations exhibited good growth during 1979, but those at PS grew larger than elsewhere. While there were i few significant station differences, a trend was apparent.

j~

Oysters at PS (receiving the most thermal effect) showed the '

most growth among first , second , and third-year oysters.

Oysters at CC and RP (which received some thermal effect, but less than at PS) generally grew less than those at PS, but '

more than those at CP or KB (which received no thermal increases) .

Meat conditions increased in a down-bay direction'with the f' lowest condition rating (XB-6.97) significantly lower-(p<0.05) than the highest (CP-7. 27) .

l Mortalities were low at all stations, ranging from an annual average of 3.33% at RP to 6.73% at KB. No station differences

~

were detected.

, t 8.1-23 1 . -. . - ._

Occurrences of associated organisms were similar at all the four lower stations, and generally the oysters at these stations averaged one species more than did the oysters at KB.

This difference was significant (p<0.05) for all age classes and was due to the absence of gammarid amphipods at KB.

Data collected during 1978-79 showed no detectable adverse effects on the growth, meat condition, or mortality of tray-held oysters, or on organisms associated with them in the area influenced by the discharge of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Although some statistically significant station differences were detected, some of which may be related to plant operation (e.g., accelerated growth of oysters), they cannot be viewed as detrimental.

Although good growth occurred during the present study, it was significantly less than that which occurred among similar oysters during 1970-71. The reasons for this are not known at this time, but they are probably not related to operation of the power plant.

O O

8.1-24

Literature Cited Abbe, G. R. 1979. Oyster tray studies. Pages 10.1-1 to 10.1-29 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January-December 1978. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila.

ANSP (Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). 1972.

Chesapeake Bay oyster tray studies 1970-1971, Baltimore -

Gas 2.nd Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 24 pp.

Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

Fish. Bull. 64:1-480.

Hewatt, W. G. and J. D. Andrews, 1954. Oyster mortality studies in Virginia. I. Mortalities of oysters in trays ,

at Gloucester Point, York River. Texas Journal of Science 6(2):121-133. j Hollander, M. and D. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley and Sons. New York, N.Y. 503 pp.

Morrison, D. 1967. Multivariate statistical methods. McGraw Hill Book Company. New York, N.Y. 337 pp.

/ Sokal, R. and J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and

\~ Co. San Francisco. 776 pp.

i i

l l

l()

8.1-25

HEAVY METAL ANALYSES OF OYSTERS George R. Abbe Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction Many marine and estuarine organisms are capable of accum- l ulating and concentrating trace elements from their environments.

One such organism, the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin), has been thoroughly studied (McFarren, Campbell, and Engle, 1962; Galtsoff, 1964; Pringle et al., 1968; Shuster and Pringle, 1969; and Kopfler and Mayer, 1973). Because of its sedentary habits and ability to concentrate metals, the oyster is an excellent biological tool for monitoring environmental changes in metal concentrations which could affect other members of the ecosystem. In addition, high concentrations of certain metals in oysters may reduce the value of these commercially important shellfish. For example, Ratkowsky et al. (1974) reported that some people who ate Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) containing high concentrations of copper, zinc, and cadmium became ill. -

O Oysters sampled from wild populations often show a sizeable variation in the amount of metal accumulated. In sampling oysters from Maine to North Carolina in areas selected without regard' to the possible influence of chemical pollution, Pringle et al. l (1968) found a range of copper concentrations from 7 to 517 ppm !

(mean - 91.5 ppm). Nickel concentrations in the same samples ranged from.0.08 to 1.80 ppm and averaged 0.19 ppm. Huggett, Bender, and Stone (1973) stated that metal concentrations often vary 100 to 300% among oysters collected from the same area.

Because saltwater erosion of the 70-30 copper-nickel alloy condenser tubing in the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant would ,

cause additions of these two metals to the environment, this !

study was designed to determine copper and nickel accumulation

~

by tray-heid oysters in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs.

If metals released by the power plant are being accumulated by oysters, then increases in metal concentration ratios (plant site / control site) should be evident when operational data are compared with preoperational data and when control site oysters are compared with plant site oysters.

i 1

n N/ 8.2-1 l

Methods and Materials From September 1973 to December 1975, five oysters (100-130 mm in shell length) from each of three locations (Kenwood Beach (KB) oyster bed, KB oyster tray, and Plant Site (PS) oyster tray; see Fig. 8.1-1) were collected quarterly (March , June , i September, and December) and analyzed for Cu and Ni content.

Until June 1975, oysters were shucked immediately after collection and frozen whole. After that time, the five oysters were homogenized in a blender before freezing, a procedure that Fielded a uniform sample and eliminated the bias inherent in spot-sampling various types of tissue (which occurred when only portions of whole oysters were used).

During 1976 oysters were collected quarterly from the oyster bed at KB, and from tray 9 at KB, PS (December only) ,

Rocky Point (RP), and Cove Point (CP). Oysters were returned to the laboratory where they were scrubbed and rinsed with distilled water, shucked, rinsed again and blotted dry.

Oysters were then individually homogenized, bagged and frozen.

In 1977, sampling of the KB oyster bed station was discontinued, and data from RP and CP were incomplete because of ice-related losses of oysters. Again in 1978, dhta were missing for the first half of the year because of ice-related losses. In June 1978, oysters were set at all stations and a new station was added at Camp Conoy (CC). The present study is a continuation of that begun in June 1978. Oysters collected during 1977-1979 were processed by the same methods used in llh 1976,except that during 1978-79 each oyste. was weighed before being homogenized.

At the time of analysis, oysters were thswed and a 5-g sample of tissue was weighed and placed in a nicro-Kjeldahl flask. Each 5-g sample was digested by boiling with concen-trated HNO3 until the resulting solution was clear (Shuster and Pringle, 1969; Huggett, Bender and Stone, 1973; Ayling, 1974; O' Conner, 1976). The solution was then diluted to a constant volume with distilled-delonized water. Copper concentrations were determined by aspirating the sample solution into a Perkin-Elmer 460 atomic absorption spectro-photometer, and nickel levels were determined by injecting the sample into a Perkin-Elmer HGA 2100 graphite furnace installed in the burner compartment of the Model 460.

l Results and Discussion Copper and nickel concentrations in oysters, expressed as milligrams of metal per kilogram of wet tissue, are listed in Table 8.2-1 through 8.2-3. During 1973-75, when each collection of five oysters was treated as a single sample, the sample was analyzed in duplicate and the results averaged; thus only means ggg 8.2-2

O rable 8.2-1. Copper and nickel concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1973 through 1975. (Values are means of two analyses performed on samples con-listing of five oysters.)

Copper Nickel September 1973 Kenwood Beach Tray 60 2.2 Kenwood Beach Bed 5.5 4.3 Plant Site Tray 85 9.0 Decerber 1973 Kenwood Beach Tray 43 2.0 Kenwood Beach Bed 8.6 0.3 Plant Site Tray 82 1.6 March 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 19 2.5 Kenwood Beach Bed 62 2.8 Plant Site Tray 84 3.4 June 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 7.4 2.4 Kenwood Beach Bed 53 1.7 Plant Site Tray 56 0.9 September 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 26 3.0 Kenwood Beach Bed 33 3.2 Plant Site Tray 41 3.4 h December 1974 Kenwood Beach Tray 25 2.2 Kenwood Beach Bed 24 2.2 Plant Site Tray 18 2.5 March 19?5 Kenwood Beach Tray 30 <1 Kenwood Beach Bed 42 <1 Plant Site Tray 56 <1 June 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 28 <1 Kenwood Beach Bed 55 <1 Plant Site Tray 54 <1 September 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 14 <1 Kenwood Beaet. Bed 22 <1 Plant Site Tray 68 <1 December 1975 Kenwood Beach Tray 20 <1 Kenwood Beach Bed 19 <1 Plant Site Tray *

All oysters lost h'n v

8.2-3

Table 8.2-2. Copper and nickel concentrations in'mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in G

Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1976 through 1977. (Values are based on five oysters analyzed individually.

Beginning of new study is designated by ***.)

Copper Nickel Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean Std. Err.

March 1976 ***

Kenwood Beach Bed 7.4- 9.2 8.8 0.36 <0.2 - 0.2 <0.2 0.00 Kenwood Beach Tray 9.2-10.4 10.0 0.22 <0.2 -<0.2 <0.2 0.00 Rocky Point Tray 8.8- 9.2 9.1 0.08 Cove Point Tray 8.6- 9.4 9.0 0.15

June 1976 Kenwood Beach Bed 7.4-13.4 9.5 1.12 <0.2 -<0.2 <0.2 0.00 Kenwood Beach Tray 5.8- 8.8 7.2 0.49 <0.2 - 0.4 0.3 0.04 Rocky Point Tray 20.0-40.0 29.8 3.23

Cove Point Tray 14.8-25.6 19.2 1.85

September 1976 Kenwood Beach Bed 12 - 32 20.8 3.44 0.52- 1.20 0.88 0.12 Kenwood Beach Tray 4 - CO 18.4 10.46 0.56- 1.08 0.78 0.09 Rocky Point Tray 12 - 56 36.8 7.31 0.10- 0.88 0.63 0.14 Cove Point Tray 20 - 56 41.6 6.01 0.64- 0.96 0.78 0.05 December 1976 Kenwood Beach Bed 11 - 34 23.0 4.20 0.76- 1.44 1.10 0.52 Kenwood beach Tray 12 - 60 30.4 8.36 0.60- 1.40 1.03 0.13 Plant Site Tray 36 - 80 57.6 8.63 0.92- 1.12 1.01 0.03 Rocky Point Tray 32 - 80 52.8 9.67 0.76- 1.44 1.02 0.13 Cove Point Tray 32 - 48 40.0 2.53 0.76- 1.40 0.97 0.12 March 1977 Kenwood Beach Tray 20 -120 60 16.55 <0.02- 0.38 0.14 0.07 Plant Site Tray 20 -200 100 30.41 0.12- 0.24 0.17 0.02 Cove Point Tray 20 -200 124 32.50 0.04- 0.14 0.09 0.02 June 1977 Kenwood Beach Tray 10 - 30 20 3.13 0.20- 0.40 0.32 0.04 Plant Site Tray 10 - 50 35 7.60 0.50- 0.60 0.58 0.02 September 1977 m Kenwood Beach Tray 2 - 16 11 2.68 0.28- 0.52 0.40 0.04 Plant Site Tray 24 - 44 35 3.58 0.36- 0.50 0.46 0.03 December 1977 Kenwood Beach Tray it - 15 13 1.34 0.44- 1.12 0.70 0.12 Plant Site Tray 26 - 44 34 3.13 0.36- 0.62 0.47 0.05 Rocky Point Tray 10 - 16 13 0.98 0.24- 0.58 0.37 0.07 Cove Point Tray 10 - 22 15 3.71 0.72- 0.84 0.77 0.03

Missing data 8.2-4 O

O '

O Table 8.2-3. Copper and nickel concentrations in mg/kg wet weight for oysters collected from stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1978 through 1979. (Values are based on five oysters analyzed indi-vidually.

Cgpp_er, Nickel Weight (q) Range Mean Std. Err. Range Mean Std. Err.

June 1978 Initial Sample 10.6 ,7 - 80 52 12.50 0.01-0.15 0.10 0.02 September 1978 Kenwood Beach 11.1 12 - 32 19 3.44 0.06-0.26 0.13 0.03 Plant Site 9.4 44 - 89 64 9.47 0.20-0.70 0.48 0.08 Camp Conoy 9.5 34 - 54 45 3.38 0.01-0.44 0.19 0.09 Rocky Point 9.8 20 - 74 38 9.44 0.06-0.50 0.32 0.08 Cove Point 11.4 18 - 40 26 4.75 0.02-0.52 0.25 0.09 December 1978 Kenwood Beach 18.2 11 - 19 14 1.56 0.14-0.48 .0.24 0.06 Plant Site 16.5 65 - 75 70 1,64 0.16-0.20 0.18 0.01 Camp Conoy 15.9 35 - 57 47 4.13- 0.10-0.40 0.18 0.06 Rocky Point 17.0 13 - 37 27 5.01 0.12-0.24 0.18 0.02 .

Cove Point 17.1 21 - 29 25 1.46 0.14-0.22 0.17 0.01 00

. March 1979 p: Kenwood Beach 19.9 9 - 17 12 1.51 0.18-0.70 0.34 0.10 s Plant Site 20.1 32 - 49 43 3.19 0.16-0.40 0.22 0.04 U1 Camp Conoy 24.7 20 - 50 37 6.08 0.04-0.22 0.15 0.03 Rocky Point 17.9 5 - 37 19 6.62 0.04-0.32 0.18 0.05 Cove Point 17.7 18 - 28 23 2.05 0.10-0.34 0.22 0.04 June 1979 Kenwood Beach 15.9 4 - 14 10 2.29 0.12-0.20 0.16 0.01 Plant Site 11.8 14 - 21 19 1.37 0.14-0.26 0.19 0.02 Camp Conoy 17.7 19 - 46 34 5.04 0.14-0.24 0.20 0.02 Rocky Point 17.6 7 - 39 16 5.57 0.01-0.10 0.05 0.02 Cove Point 16.2 14 - 48 32 6.05 0.02-0.08 0.05 0.01 September 1979 Renwood Beach 17.8 4 - 23 12 4.2d 0.46-0.96 0.61 0.09 Plant Site 16.0 28 -100 66 12.77 0.62-0.96 0.80 0.05 Camp Conoy 16.4 14 - 67 '33 9.65 0.32-0.90 0.57 0.11 Rocky Point 16.8 31 - 46 38 2.66 0.72-1.02 0.86 0.05 Cove Point 17.1 23 - 38 27 2.72 0.58-0.78 0.66 0.04 December 1979 Renwood Beach 21.4 8 - 20 14 2.40 0.16-0.26 0.21 0.04 Plant Site 21.8 12 - 69 33 11.56 0.22-0.38 0.29 0.03 Camp Conoy 21.7 16 - 43 32 5.03 0.16-0.28 0.21 0.02 Rocky Point 21.3 26 - 47 35 4.26 0.12-0.30 0.20 0.03 Cove Point 22.1 11 - 23 16 2.22 0.08-0.30 0.16 0.04 Crand Mean Kenwood Beach 17.4 4 - 32 14 1.17 0.06-0.96 0.28 0.04 Plant Site 15.9 12 -100 49 4.60 0.14-0.96 0.36 0.04

- Camp Conoy 17.7 16 - 67 38 2.46 0.01-0.90 0.25 0.04 Rocky Point 16.7 5 - 74 29 2.76 0.01-1.02 0.30 0.05 Cove Point 16.9 11 - 48 25 1.61 0.02-0.78 0.25 0.04

- - .-, - -. .~ - - . . - -, . , .-_, ,.

are listed in Table 8.2-1. During 1976-1979, oysters were analyzed individually, allowing ranges, means, and standard errors of the means to be calculated as listed in Tables 8.2-2 g and 8.2-3. Means for copper in all samples are plotted in W Figure 8.2-1, and means for nickel during 1976-1979 are plotted in Figure 8.2-2. Because the limits of detection were higher before 1976 than after that time, it is not possible to accurately plot the two periods together.

Copper (1978-79)

When oysters were set out in June 1978 the mean copper concentration of five oysters randomly selected from the entire group was 52 mg/kg with a range of 7-80 mg/kg (Table 8.2-3).

Concentrations at KB, CC, RP, and CP generally decreased since that time, whereas at PS they showed both sharp increases and subsequent decreases (Fig. 8.2-1). A Friedman rank sum test (Hollander and Wolfe,1973) showed significant station differences (p < 0. 01) . A multiple comparison test using the rank sums showed differences between PS and KB during most periods (Table 8.2-4). In September and December 1978, PS was significantly greater than KB (p <<0'.01), and CC was also greater than KB (p < 0.05) . In March 1979, PS was again greater than KB (p < 0.05) . In June 1979, both CC and CP were greater than KB (p < 0.05) , but no other differences were detected. In September PS was again greater than KB (p < 0.01), and RP was greater than KB (p < 0.05). No differences between any stations were found in December 1979. lll When the entire 18-month period was examined, it was found that PS (mean-49 mg Cu/kg wet tissue) , CC (38 mg/kg), RP (29 mg/kg), and CP (25 mg/kg) were all significantly greater (p < 0.01) than the 14 mg/kg mean for oysters at KB. In addition, PS was greater than CP (p < 0.05). Although the mean and range of concentrations (12-100 mg Cu/kg) were highest at PS, these values were lower.than those reported by other investigators (McFarren, Campbell, and Engle, 1962; Pringle et al., 1968).

In all cases the means were below the recommended maximum allowable copper level for human consumption of 100 mg/kg (Roosenburg, 1969).

Nickel (1978-79)

In June 1978, nickel concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.15 mg/kg and averaged 0.10 mg/kg. Since then, concentrations were generally higher, but were nearly the same again in June 1979 (0.13 mg/kg). During 1978-79, uptake appeared to be seasonal with lowest levels in June and highest levels in September (Table 8.2-3, Fig. 8.2-2) .

As seen in Figure 8.2-2, the station differences detected l for copper were not apparent for nickel; however, a Friedman

! rank sum test did detect some significant differences. Using 3 a multiple comparison test based on Friedman rank sums W 8.2-6

O O O 150 g = Kenwood Beach Trays C 3 Kenwood Beach Bed 125 .- 0 0 Plant Site Trays C O Camp Conoy Trays a a Rocky Point Trays 100 _

(. a Cove Point Trays 3

s 3

g 75 _

3 i

m be y ~

So _ 4 w t '

o en 25 -

a i i t I i t i 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Figure 8.2-1. Mean copper concentrations in mg/kg wet tissue weight for oysters collec'ted from six stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1973 through 1979.

l.2

;ll; Kenwood Beach Trays C D Kenwood Beach Bed 1.0 , l 0 ; Plant Site Trays C O Camp Conoy Trays a a Rocky Point Trays c 3 Cove Point Trays 0.8 .

O U

s 3

y 0.6 _ (

3 N

= if IJ g 0.4 - k 5

0.2 - ,

t I i i 1976 1977 1978 279 Figure 8.2-2. Mean nickel concentrations in mg/kg wet tissue weight for oysters collected from six stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1976 through 1979.

O O O

O O O Table 8.2-4. Comparison of copper concentrations at stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant using the Friedman nonparametric analysis of variance technique. Quarterly concentrations are ranked from 1 (low) to 5 (high),

Kenwood Plant Camp Rocky Cove S p Otation Differences Beach Site Conoy Point Point Sep 78 5 23 19 17 7 16.00 0.000 PS>KB (p<0.01); CC>KB (p(0.05)

Dec 78 5 25 20 13 12 19.04 0.000 PS>KB (p<0.01); CCSKB (p<0.05) y Mar 79 7 22 20 11 15 12.32 0.006 PS>KB (p<0.05) 1 W3 Jun 79 7 15 21 10 22 13.92 0.002 CP>KB (p<0.05); CC)KB (p<0.05)

Sep 79 5 22 16 19 13 13.60 0.002 PS>KB (p<0.01); RP>KB (p<0.05)

Dec 79 11 15 17 22 10 7.52 0.107 No significant differences Total 40 122 113 92 83 54.75 0.000 PS, CC, RP, CP>KB (p<0.01)

PS>CP (p<0.05) 7-, - - - - - - - , , , , - , , - , . . - , - , - - - . - - - - - - - -

(Hollander and Wolfe, 1973), the June concentration at CC (0.20 mg/kg) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than the 0.05 mg/kg at RP (Table 8.2-5). A similar test used on the entire data set detected a significant difference (p < 0.05) between PS (0.36 mg/kg) and CC (0.25 mg/kg) and CP (0.25 mg/kg).

No other differences were detected.

1973-1979 In 6 years of study, copper concentrations have ranged from 4-200 mg/kg wet weight, well within the ranges detected by others (Pringle et al. ,1968; Shuster and Pringle, 1969).

The mean differences between PS and KB (the two sites for which the most data were available) were compared during the preoperational period (September 1973 - June 1975) and operational period (December 1976 - December 1979), but no significant difference was detected (t-test, p > 0.05). Mean copper concen-tration during the operational period (calculated from Tables 8.2-2 and 8.2-3) was 19.6 mg/kg at KB and 50.6 mg/kg at PS (difference of 31. 9 mg/kg) . However, during the preoperational period the mean (calculated from Table 8.2-1) was 29.8 mg/kg at KB and 59.6 mg/kg at PS (difference of 29.8 mg/kg) .

Although PS values are presently considerably higher than KB levels, the differences between them have not changed. Abbe and Krueger (1977) showed that the Morgantown Generating Station on the Potomac River was a source of copper for lh oysters, although most of the uptake was by oysters in the Morgantown effluent canal and not in the receiving water.

However, since PS levels at Calvert Cliffs were higher both before and after plant operation began, it is not evident that -

higher copper levels at PS are directly related to plant operation.

In more than 6 years of study, nickel levels in oysters have ranged from about 0.01 mg/kg wet weight to 9.0 mg/kg, a range of values so far above those detected by Pringle et al.

(1968) that its validity must be questioned. However, since 1976 when the Academy's instrument technology was refined, nickel levels have ranged from about 0.01 to 1.44 mg/kg. No station means exceeded 1.00 mg/kg during the 1977-79 period.

The calculated means for nickel for the preoperational and operational periods were 1.08 mg/kg (from Table 8.2-1) and 0.05 mg/kg (from Tables 8.2-2 and 8.2-3), respectively.

Although PS means were higher during both periods, a t-test detected no differences between stations.

8.2-10

O O O Table 8.2-5. Comparison of nickel concentrations at stations in Chesapeake Bay near the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant using the Friedman nonparametric analy-

-sis of variance technique. Quarterly concentrations are ranked'from 1

'(low) to 5 (high).

Kenwood Plant Camp Rocky Cove S p Station differences Beach Site Conoy Point Point Sep 78 9.5 22 12 16.5 15 7.24 0.121 Dec 78 18.5 16 9 15.5 16 4.04 0.443 Mar 79 21 15.5 12 11 15.5 4.92 0.316 co g ,Jun 79 18 20.5 21.5 7 8 15.56 0.000 CC)RP (p<0.05) i Fd Sep 79 11 18.5 9.5 22.5 13.5 9.36 0.042

>a Dec 19 14.5 22 13.5 15 10 6.12 0.195 To tal. 92.5- 114.5 77.5 87.5 78 12.73 0.004 PS>CC, CP (p<0.05)

-. - - . . . - = _m + -.-v.1- ,--e=.- , - - - - - - - ,, r--- - - . -- - - - -ee-v1 -e -vws,--,e-m-- v--'r - - -- = e- v-- == w v-- , - , , -

l Conclusions Uptake of copp. by oysters in the Calvert Cliffs area of Chesapeake Bay appears to decrease with increasing distance from the CCNPP. From June 1978 to December 1979, .the mean concentration at PS was 49 mg/kg, which was significantly l greater than the 14 mg/kg at KB (p < 0.01) and the 25 mg/kg at CP (p < 0.05) . While the difference in mean copper concen-tration between KB and PS for the December 1976-December 1979 period was 31.0 mg/kg, it was 29.8 mg/kg for the preoperational period of September 1973-June 1975. Thus, it is not readily evident that higher copper concentrations at PS are directly related to plant operation.

Mean nickel concentration for 1978-79 was highest at PS (0.36 mg/kg) and was significantly greater (p < 0.05) than at CC (0.25 mg/kg) and CP (0.25 mg/kg) . However, unlike copper, nickel levels were not related to distance from the plant since the mean at KB (0.28 mg/kg) was nearly as high as at PS. Although concentrations at PS were higher during the operational period than at KB, they were also higher during the preoperational period.

From these data, it is not evident that operation of the CCNPP has adversely affected the oysters in the adjacent area by elevating the concentrations of copper and nickel.

O 8.2-11

Literature Cited [

(1) i Abbe, G. R. and F. E. Krueger. 1977. Metals in oysters -

1976 study. Pages D-9 to D-23 in Morgantown station and the Potomac estuary: a 316 environmental demon-stration. Vol. 3. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. ,

Ayling, G. M. 1974 Uptake of cadmium, zinc, copper, lead, ,

and chromium in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, grown in the Tamar River, Tasmania. Water Research 7 8:729-738. ,

l Galtsoff, P. S. 1964. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica Gmelin. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Fish. Bull. 64:1-480.

Hollander, M. and D. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley and Sons. New York, N.Y. 503 pp.

Huggett, R. J., M. E. Bender, and H. D. Stone. 1973. Utilizing metal concentration relationships in the Eastern oyster

! (Crassostrea virginica) to detect heavy metal pollution.

Water Research 7:451-460. ;

Kopfler, F. C., and J. Mayer. 1973. Concentrations of five trace metals in the waters and oysters (Crassostrea O

I virginica) of Mobile Bay, Alabama. Proc. Nat. Shellfish.

Assn. 63:27-34.

McFarren, E. F., J. E. Campbell and J. B. Engle. 1962.

The occurrence of copper and zinc in shellfish. Pages 229-234 in E. T. Jensen, ed. Proceedings 1961 Shellfish Sanitation Workshop. U. S. Public Health Service. ,

O' Conner, T. P. 1976. Investigation of heavy metal concen- '

trations of sediment and biota in the vicinity of the Morgantown Steam Electric Station.

Martin Marietta Morgantown Monitoring Program Report Series. Ref. No.

MT-76-1. 23 pp. ,

Pringle, B. H., D. E. Hissong, E. L. Katz, and S. T. Mulawaka.

1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. '

Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engnrs. J. Sanit. Engnr. Div.

94 (SA3) : 4 55-4 75.

Ratkowsky, D. A., S. J. Thrower, I. S. Eustace, and J. Olley.

1974. A numerical study of the concentration of some i heavy metals in Tasmanian oysters. J. Fish. Res. Bd.

Can. 31(7) :1164-1171.

i (:)

8.2-13 !

l

Roosenburg, W. H. 1969. Greening and copper accumulation in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, in the vicinity of a steam electric generating station. Ches. Sci.

10:241-252.

Shuster, C. N., Jr., and B. H. Pringle. 1969. Trace metal accumulation by the American Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica. Proc. Nat. Shellfish. Assn. 59:91-103.

O l

l l

l 8.2-14 0

,- IMPINGEMENT STUDIES 1. IMPINGEMENT COUNTS Michael F. Hirshfield J. Howard Hixson III James D. White Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction

i Since 1975, studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) have been carried out to estimate numbers, species ;

composition, weight, and size of fish and selected invertebrate i species impinged.

Approximately 9.08 x 106 1/ min (2.4 x 10 6 gal / min) of Chesapeake Bay water are circulated through the CCNPP condensers i for cooling. At a velocity of less than 0.15 m/sec, the water passes under a 171-m long curtain wall which extends from slightly above the water surface to a depth of 8.5 m. The cooling water is drawn approximately 91.4 m across an embay- ,

O ment into the intake structure, where the velocity increases to 0.3 m/sec. At the intake, organisms unable to avoid the '

current or those that move with it encounter a series of rotating screens fitted with 1-cm screening. During routine operations, each of the six pairs of screens at each unit rotates in succession for a period of 10 min and remains stationary during the other 50 min. Organisms larger than the mesh size may be impinged on these screens; as the screen rotates, impinged organisms are washed into a trough and returned to the Chesapeake Bay. .

In this report, data collected from January through December ,

1979 are examined.

Materials and Methods A collecting net (consisting of 1.27-cm stretch mesh ,

nylon), was placed in the screen' wash discharge trough and left for approximately 1 h during each sample. Sampling frequency was based on 6-day cycles. On each sampling day, 1-h collections were made at each of the two generating unite (if one unit was not in operation, both samples were collected at the operating unit). The unit to be sampled first alternated each day. The initial 6-day sampling period, and succeeding odd-numbered 6-day periods, were scheduled as follows: the first collection began A

U 9.1-1 ;

at 0000, 0400, 0800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 h on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd 4th, 5th and 6th days, respectively. The second collections on each day began 2 h after the first collections had begun. The lll second 6-day sampling period, and succeeding even-numbered sampling periods, were scheduled as follows: the first collections began at 0100, 0500, 0900, 1300, 1700 and 2100 h on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th days, respectively. On each day the second collection began 2 h after the first had begun. Therefore, all hours of the day were sampled in two 6-day sampling periods.

Up to 50 individuals of any species collected were measured and examined for external injuries. A total weight for each species was also obtained. Before each sample was collected, the number of circulators operating was noted.

For each month the mean count and weight of the hourly samples were multiplied by the total number of operating hours in the month for each unit. Confidence intervals were determined using the variancs among the samples within each month, expanded to estimate the variance of the monthly totals. Thus, for month i the variance was calculated as N i(Ni -ni) x vari where N i = total number of operating hours ni in month i ni= number of hourly samples in month i vari = variance of the ni samples Confidence intervals were determined by X = 1.96/ vari, where

,X = the monthly estimate of the total organisms impinged.

~ (These intervals, however, do not account for the possible autocorrelation between sample values.)

Estimates for yearly totals were determined by summing all months' individual estimates. A regression model was fit to the mean hourly counts for each day in order to estimate a variance which considered yearly cyclical trends and autocorrelation.

The model was composed of a linear term for day of the year (date),

a sine and cosine component to describe one yearly cycle and a lag term to explain autocorrelation. The mean square error was taken as an estimate of variance and from this, confidence intervals were calculated.

l Because samples were not taken every day of the year and a lag term of one day was included, the regression was determined in two stages. In this way all data could be utilized in fitting

, the model, not only those sample days which were immediately I preceded by another sample day. First, residual values were produced by initially regressing all the actual counts on the date and the yearly cycle (expressed by cos(.01721xdate) and sin (.01721xdate)). These values were then fit to the' actual 9.1-2

counts of the previous day, where applicable, thus excluding about fg one third of the data. The estimated coefficient of the lag term

(_) was then added to the initial predicted curve so that the overall model became countt = p + at + b cos ( .01721 t) + c sin (.01721 t) + d count t-l' i where countt = actual count at date t, p = mean count, and ,

a,b,c,d = estimated parameters.

Predicted values were calculated for all 365 days by using the e previous actual counts, if taken, or the previous predicted values for the lag term. The variance of the residuals (observed - ,

predicted values) for all the sample dates (except the first) was then expanded to give the variance of the yearly estimate of organisms impinged.

Results and Discussion

! The total number of each species, number of male and female blue crabs (Callinectos sapidus) and number of hours sampled each month from Units 1 and 2 are presented in Tables 9.1-1 and 2, respectively. Dominant species collected at each unit were Os similar and included bay anchovy (Anchoa micchilli) , blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) , Atlantic menhaden (Bravoortia tyrannus), spot (Leiostomus =anthurus) , Atlantic crohker ,

(Micropogon undulatus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), and hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus). These species accounted for 81.3% of the total catch at Unit 1 and 92.0%

at Unit 2. Other species were abundant at either Unit 1 or 2. ,

For example, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) composed 8.3%

of the catch at Unit 1 but only 1.7% at Unit 2.

A total of 27 species was collected at Unit 1 during 211 hours0.00244 days 0.0586 hours 3.488757e-4 weeks 8.02855e-5 months of sampling; 37 species were collected at Unit 2 during 272 hours0.00315 days 0.0756 hours 4.497354e-4 weeks 1.03496e-4 months of sampling effort. Species collected only at Unit 1 were i American eel (Anguilla rostrata) , striped blenny (Chasmodes bosquianus)

~

and conger eel (Conger oceanicus). Thirteen species, chain pickerel (Esor niger), striped killifish (Fundulus majalis), banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), naked goby (Gobiosoma bosci), brown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus), striped bass ( :orone saxatilis) , black drum (Pogonias cromis), bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus), windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus),

northern puffer (Sphoeroides maculatus) , Atlantic needlefish (Strongylura marina) and lizard fish (Synodus foetens) were collected only at Unit 2. These were rarely encountered species, each yielding less than 10 individuals. l

() '

9.1-3

Over 1000 fish were collected at Unit 1 in March, April, and December. Largest mean numbers per hour (Table 9.1-3) also g

occurred in March, April and December. Note, however, that Unit 1 was not sampled in May and June because it was not operating.

At Unit 2 more than 1000 fish were collected from January through July. Largest mean numbers per hour were also obtained during this period. The monthly mean numbers per hour were larger at Unit 1 during 5 months and at Unit 2 du*ing 5 months. During months when comparable samples were taken, Unit ' impinged approximately 30%

more fish per hour than Unit 1.

At each unit largest numbers of blueback herring were collected in February and March. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) reported that most blueback herring migrate through the bay without stopping and go directly to the ocean. However, Hildebrand and Schroeder collected specimens during the winter in deeper waters, indicating that at least some individuals do not enter the ocean until they are approximately two years old. Mean sizes of blueback herring fou..d in Academy collections indicated that these individuals were about one year old. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) found specimens with a mean length of 82 mm in February which was comparable to the mean size of February Academy collections, 81 mm at Unit 1 and 82 mm at Unit 2.

Large numbers of bay anchovy appeared in Academy collections at each unit in April. Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) reported that bay anchovy are present in the bay at all seasons of the llh year. They do tend to concentrate in deeper waters during cooler months, but large schools range widely throughout the bay during the warmer months.

Largest numbers of spot appeared in Academy catches in May and June at Unit 2. Spot were collected in all months except February and March, when they do not usually appear (Hixson and Capizzi, 1979).

Atlantic croaker were collected only in January and February.

Dovel and Lippson (1973) observed a spawning season lasting from August through December. Juvenile croaker then move into the bay (Lippson and Moran, 1974), where they appeared in Academy catches at a mean size of =5.0 cm. After entering the bay, these fish seek deeper waters during the cooler months (Hildebrand and Schroeder, 1928).

l Most winter flounder were collected from June thrcugh August.

l More winter flounder were collected at Unit 2; however, Unit 1 was not operating during May and June. During July, largest numbers of winter flounder per hour (23.4) were collected at Unit 2; during August, more were cr .lected per hour at Unit 1

( 6. 7) than at Unit 2 (4.4).

9.1-4 O

Hogchokers were most abundant from May through August. As with winter flounder, more total hogchokers were collected at Unit 2. However, the numbers collected per hour in July and August were quite close (39.2 and 17.1 at Unit 1; 33.5 and 20.9 at Unit 2).

Blue crabs were abundant from April through November. Peak abundance occurred in July when 6752 crabs were collected at Unit 1 and 7063 were collected at Unit 2. For the year, a total of 15810 (10601 females, 5209 males, E = 74.9/h) were collected at Unit 1 and 21069 (13207 females, 7862 males, i =77.5/h) were collected at Unit 2 (Tables 9.1-3) . In all months more females were collected than males (from 59.2% to 85.0% at Unit 1; from 51.3% to 94.9% at Unit 2).

Total catch was plotted against time of day to determine when large impingements occurred. No clear pattern was evident, although as in previous years, most large impingements occurred between 2000 and 0300 hours0.00347 days 0.0833 hours 4.960317e-4 weeks 1.1415e-4 months . All larger impingements of hogchoker

(>100 fish) occurred between 2300 and 0300 hours0.00347 days 0.0833 hours 4.960317e-4 weeks 1.1415e-4 months . All large impingements of bay anchovy (>300 fish) occurred between 2000 and 0200 hours0.00231 days 0.0556 hours 3.306878e-4 weeks 7.61e-5 months . Large impingements of spot occurred at any time of day. Large impingements of Atlantic croaker (>60 fish) were between 2000 and 0300. Crabs (male and female) were impinged more frequently at night.

() Monthly estimates and confidence intervals for numbers of total fish, Atlantic menhaden, hogchoker, bay anchovy, spot, Atlantic croaker, and blue crabs are presented in Table 9.1-4.

Yearly estimates are presented in Table 9.1-5. The estimated total number of fish impinged for 1979 (868,140) was lower than the estimated totals for 1974,.1976, and 1978, and only slightly higher than the estimate for 1977 (841,236), (ANSP, 1979). The estimated total number of blue crabs impinged for 1979 (1,106,962) was greater than that for any past year (ANSP, 1979). This large value resulted from exceedingly large catches in July and August (Table 9.1-3) . Estimated total numbers of menhaden, hogchoker, spot, and bay anchovy were all lower than estimates in 1977 and 1978 (ANSP, 1979).

The mean number of ctenophores and coelenterates collected each hour and the number of hours sampled are presented in Tables 9.1-6 and 9.1-7, respectively. Ctenophores were abundant from October through December, when as many as 2306 were collected each hour. Coelenterates were abundant from June through October.

During this period coelenterates constituted a substantial por-tion of the catch. For example, at Unit 1 in September, 7631 coelenterates were collected each hour.

(a~h 9.1-5

Conclusions lh

1) Total fish catch was dominated by seven specient bay anchovy, blueback herring, Atlantic menhaden, spot, Atlantic croaker, winter flounder and hogchoker.

2) These seven opecies accounted for 81.3% of the total 1979 catch at Unit 1 and 92.0% of the total 1979 catch at Unit 2.

3) The seasonal patterns of impingement of individual species were similar to those seen in previous years.

4) Blue crabs composed a large portion of the organisms im-pinged, both in numbers and total weight; more crabs were impinged at night.

5) Certain species (e.g. hogchoker, bay anchovy, and Atlantic croaker) showed a tendency to be impinged at a higher rate during the night.

6) At times, coelenterates and ctenophores constituted a large portion of the catch.

7) Numbers of total fish impinged during 1979 were within the range of numbers impinged in recent years. More blue crabs and fewer menhaden, hogchoker, bay anchovy, and spot were impinged in 1979 than in previous years.

llh

8) As in previous years, Unit 2 impinged more individuals than Unit 1 per hour sampled.

O 9.1-6 1

i

Literature Cited p/ g Dovel, W. L. and A. J. Lippson. 1973. Spot, croaker and weakfish.

ss Pages 42-43 in A. J. Lippson, ed. The Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. An atlas of natural resources. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.

Hildebrand, S. F. and W. C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of the Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 388 pp.

Hixson, J. H. and T. P. Capizzi. 1979. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, fish bottom trawling, January-December 1978. Page 8-1 through 8-77 in Nonradiological environmental monitor-ing report for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Hixson, J. H. and J. D. White. 1979. Impingement studies I. -

Impingement counts. Pages 11.1-1 to 11.1-30 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila.

Lippson, A. J. and R. L. Moran. 1974. Manual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River Estuary. Rep. No. PPSP-MP-14, Martin Marietta Corp. '

Environmental Technology Center, Baltimore, Maryland. 293 pp.

() Moore, C. J. 1977. Impingement studies. Pages 11-1 to 11-55 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Moore, C. J. 1976. Chesapeake Bay fish survey, shore zone fishes, progress report V, January 1975 - December 1975 for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 38 pp.

Naiman, R. J., J. H. Hixson and B. Wilson. 1978. Impingement studies - impingement counts. Pages 11-1 to 11-33 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January - December 1977. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Phila.

l l

l i

9.1-7 l

Tcble 9-1-1. Total number of fish species and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) collected monthly at Unit I during impingement studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Species Jan Feb M,a r Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Alosa aestirealio 27 206 1398 30 1 14 1676 A. pseudoharengus 67 218 1 286 Anchoa mitchilli 5 32 4 1103 12 11 23 83 51 313 1637 Anguilla rostrata 2 2 1

Apeltes quadr' acus 1 Bre>oortia tyrannus 68 9 24 70 4 22 3 34 201 643 1078 Chasmodes bosquianus 1 1 m Conger oceanicus 1 1

. Cynoscion regalis 1 16 6 10 4 37 H 1 1 2 Cyprinodan variegatus Porosoma cepedianum 2 14 639 7 1 13 676

Casterosteus aculeatus 6 25 53 84 Cobiesox strumosus 2 5 4 11 flypsoblennius hentsi 1 5 6 Laiostomus ranthurus 8 11 18 2 25 20 322 406 1

Lepomis gibbosus 1 Menidia menidia 71 82 77 12 3 3 1 6 255 Micropogon undulatus 475 76 551 Morone americana 11 1 1 13 opsanus tau 3 1 1 1 6 Paralichthys dentatus 13 5 1 3 22 Peprilus alepidotus 3 1 38 7 43 92 P. triaconthus 9 9 Pseudopleuroneotes americanus 3 5 65 140 1 2 216 Syngnathus fuscus 1 2 1 1 1 6 Trinsates maculatus 2 588 359 20 19 30 38 1056 8

Urophyois regius 8 Number of species 9 10 10 11 7 10 8 10 15 18 27 Number of fish 664 515 2431 1237 696 561 69 215 332 1419 8139 Jallincotes sapidus t 404 3994 3411 317 1352 1121 2 10601 e 159 2758 1163 56 454 618 1 5209 Number of hours sampled

. 18 20 16 0 0 15 21 15 35 39 19 211

no samples collected during this month.

O O O

O O O Table 9-1-2. Total number of fish species and blue crabs (CaZZinectes sapidus) collected monthly at Unit 2 during impingement studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total Alosa anotipolis 22 764 1114 22 13 2 3 1940 A. pseudoharangus 7 301 165 2 1 476 Anchoa mitchilli 30 23 6 4553 3505 85 32 51 77 4 284 8650 Apeltes quadracus 1 1 Brepoortso tyrannus 129 5 7 171 321 205 31 16 36 7 181 1109 Cynosoion regalis 3 7 8 47 3 3 71 Cyprinodon pariegatus 4 2 6 Dorosoma cepedianum 6 26 325 4 10 1- 5 377 Esox niger 1 1

.Fundulus diaphanus 1 3 5 9 F. majalis 1 1 Casterosteus aculeatus 74 40 2 3 1 120 Cobiesor strumosus 1 1 4 6 Cabiosoma bosci 1 1 Cypsoblennius hentsi 13 11 1 25 Iotalurus nebulosus 1 1 43 Lelostomus ranthurus 42 2 969 964 56 32 11 1 53 2130 Lepomis gibbosus 1 1 7

m Cenidia menidia Micropogon undulatus 43 1139 211 162 82 13 43 16 3 4 2 417 1301 Corone amerionna 1 5 2 6 1 1 16 M. sazatilia 2 2 1 5

'Opsanus tau 26 23 6 2 1 58 Paralichthya dentatus 2 106 31 4 1 2 146 Poprilus alopidotus 5 7 1 4 17 P. triacanthus 2 2 4 Pogonias cronis 1 1 Pomatumus saltatrix 3 3 Prionotus carolinus 8 8 Pseudopleuroneotes americanus 1 1 6 20 749 772 93 1 1643 Scophthalmus aquosus 1 1 2 Sphooroides maculatus 1 1 Strongylura marina 1 1 Syngnathus fuscus 8 1 5 7 8 1 2 1 33 Synodus foetens 2 2 Yrineotes maoulatus 3 1 10 165 2355 1106 438 67 2 26 4173 Urophyois regius 3 3 7 1 14 Number of species 17 11 14 18 20 17 9 14 11 6 0 16 37 Number of fish 1440 1569 1758 4803 5120 4545 2038 657 253 18 0 569 22770 I

Callineages sapidus e 1 1298 1961 2592 4362 1809 609 573 2 13207 i e 769 1860 1683 2701 699 119 31 7862 Number of hours sampled 31 18 '20 28 42 39 23 21 23 7 1 19 272 j

Table 9.1-3. Mean number of fish and blue crabs collected each hour monthly during during impingement studies at Units 1 and 2 at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Jar nary through December 1979, fini t Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1979 Pisle Unit 1 51.1 28.6 121.6 77.3 *

46.4 26.7 4.6 6.1 8.5 74.7 38.6 5D Unit 2 46.5 87.2 87.9 171.5 121.9 116.5 88.6 31.3 11.0 2.6 0.0 30.0 83.7 w

e H 111ue Ctabs o

fini t 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.2 *

450.1 217.8 24.9 51.6 44.6 0.2 74.9 Lini t 2 0.1 0.0 0.0 73.8 91.0 109.6 307.1 119.4 31.7 86.3 0.0 0.1 77.5 no samples collected

Table 9.1-4, Monthly estimates and approximate 95% confidence intervals for total fish, numbers of major fish species, blue crabs and total fish weight impinged.

Estimats 951 Confidence Estimate of Month of Fish Interval Weight (g)

All fish January 45,619 22,637- 68,600 236,245 February 77,303 34,270 121,335 513,445 Ma;ch 155,331 46,120-265,542 2,609,803 April 169,944 61,565-278,323 793,136 May 90,697 57,500-123,894 429,182 June 83,908 39,298-128,518 1,477,329 July 98,856 44,691-153,020 2,503,211 August 43,152 25,973- 60,331 1,238,689 >

September 12,202 8,308- 16,097 254,653 October 5,808 3,113- 8,504 111,954 November 6,474 4,286- 8,662 155,044 December 77,346 39,130-116,562 1,011,057 Menhaden January 4,271 2,833- 5,709 118,339 February 523 160- 885 12,544 March 1,153 31- 2,325 32,810 April 6,781 3,995- 9,566 306,236 May 5,696 2,066- 9,306 73,815 June 3,785 1,697- 5,872 18,222 July 1,265 629- 1,902 22,129 August 1,346 728- 1,964 61,752 September 1,478 888- 2,067 83,482 October 1,022 727 1,317 47,713 November 3,919 2,491- 5,348 117,799 December 32,266 14,075 50,457 535,837 Hogchoker January 65 3- 157 1,951 February 0 0- 0 0 March 112 3- 271 3,646 April 281 94- 469 7,822 May 2,923 734- 5,111 112,185 June 43,477 12,240-74,713 1,288,523

, July 61,251 30,029 92,474 2,227,977 August 28,237 17,581-38,892 1,086,736 September 3,297 1,656- 4,937 111,941 October 523 231- 816 15,082 November 585 287- 883 17,277 December 2,506 1,149- 3,863 70,367 0

9.1-11

r Table 9.1-4 (continued). Monthly estimates and approximate 95%

confidence intervals for total fish, numbers of major fish species, blue crabs and total fish weight impinged.

g Estimate 951 Confidence Estimate of Month of Fish Interval Weight (g)

Bay Aschovy January 759 341- 1,177 1,344 February 2,053 826- 3,281 2,501 March 372 67- 677 1,228 April 157,676 50,620-264,732 428,489 May 62,089 32,310- 91,867 179,233 June 1,569 1,022 2,117 4,172 July 1,591 831- 2,351 5,243 August 2,197 766- 3,627 8,042 September 3,789 2,506- 5,0/3 12,770 October 2,169 583- 3,754 5,310 Novembe r 994 507- 1,481 2.964 December 23,377 8,568- 38,186 76,906 Spot January 1,084 329- 1,839 18,733 February 0 0- 0 0 March 0 0- 0 0 April 56 2- 132 1,773 May 17,165 249-34,081 20,584 June 17,797 5,181-30,412 75,138 July 2,423 1,470- 3,375 25,889 August 1,771 697- 2,346 17,927 September 493 96- 889 8,261 October 648 149- 1,147 12,215 November 390 219- 560 6,396 December 14,684 375-34,416 213,645 Croaker January 34,994 13,918-56,071 59,625 February 8,385 359-17,411 10.528 March 0 0- 0 0 April 0 0- 0 0 May 0 0- 0 0 June 0 0- 0 0 July 0 0- 0 0 August 0 0- 0 0 September 0 0- 0 0 October 0 0- 0 0 Novembe r 0 0- 0 0 Decembe r 0 0- 0 0 Blue crab January 22 1- 63 43 February 0 0- 0 0 l March 0 0- 0 0 April 73,999 33,661-114,336 469,202 May 67,686 31,655-103,718 308,795 June 78,923 31,519-126,327 540,129 July 499,521 360,078-638,965 32,538,996 August 250,905 158,472-343,338 21,467,766 September 41,722 33,171- 50,274 4,738,055 October 60,078 47,882- 72,274 7,045,039 November 33,910 22,039- 45,782 3,408,229 December 196 5- 465 9,202 9.1-12

Table 9.1-5. Yearly (1979) estimates and approximate 95% con-(]) fidence intervals for total fish, major fish spe-cies, blue crabs and total fish weight impinged. ,

Estimate 95% Confidence Estimate of of Fish Interval Weight (g) i Total fish 866,675 (60,102- 276,860) 11,333,750 t

~

Menhaden 63,496 46,630- 80,362 1,430,679 l

Hogchoker 143,257 70,447- 216,067 4,943,506 Bay Anchovy 258,636 93,055- 424,217 728,203 Spot 56,511 7,593- 105,429 400,562 F Croaker 43,880 9,991- 77,769 70,153 'I 1

Blue Crab 1,106,962 885,577-1,328,347 70,525,460 O

i.

d rN

'd 9.1-13

Table 9.1-6. Mean number of ctenophores collected each hour lll by month, from Units 1 and 2 at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Number of Number of Month Unit 1 hours sampled Unit 2 hours sampled January 0 13 7 31 February 0 18 0 18 March' 0 20 0 20 April 0 16 0 28 May 0 3 42 June 0 69 39 July 65 15 78 23 August 71 21 81 21 September 122 15 122 23 ggg October 649 35 377 7 November 2306 39 0 1 December 740 19 728 19 i

l O

9.1-14

J i

i i

Table 9.1-7. Mean number of coelenterates collected each hour by month, from Units 1 and 2 at the Calvert Cliffs

-O Nuclear Power Plant, January through December 1979.

Number of Number of Month Unit 1 hours sampled Unit 2 hours sampled l January 0 13 0 31 February 0 18 0 18 i March 0 20 0 20 I i

April 0 16 0 28 i

May 0 0 42 2

June 0 1274 39 July 1663 15 1870 23 i

August 3300 21 3401 21' 4

September 7631 15 3016 23

{}

October 253 35 2962 7 :

November 34 39 0 1 December 0 19 0 19 -

f 1

i l

I

( -

l 9.1-15 l

A)

(- IMPINGEMENT STUDIES 2. SURVIVAL ESTIMATES OF IMPINGED FISH Dennis T. Burton and Stuart L. Margrey Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Benedict, Maryland 20612 Introduction Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) is located on the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay in Calvert County, Maryland. The plant has two units which are capable of gener-ating net electric outputs of 850 MWe each. Both reactors are cooled by a once-through cooling system which uses approximately 9083 m / min of Chesapeake Bay water.

8 Water used for cooling purposes is drawn from the bay under a 171-m long curtain wall, which extends below the water's sur-

-(]

face to a depth of 8.5 m. During wintertime plant operations, all removable panels in the curtain wall are left in place, pro-viding a surface barrier (to a depth of 8.5 m) to potentially impingeable species. During summertime operations, three to four panels are removed from the curtain wall to prevent entrap-ment of fish species within the embayment area which may be ad-versely affected as a result of DO sags.

Water entering the embayment area under the 8.5-m deep curtain wall moves at a velocity of less than 0.15 m/sec. Cool-ing water travels 91.4 m from the curtain wall to the intake structure and the velocity increases from 0.15 m/sec at the curtain wall to 0.3 m/sec at the traveling screens. The 12 traveling screens (Link-belt, FMC) at each unit are designed to prevent organisms larger than 1 cm from entering the plant.

Organisms smaller than 1 cm pass through the plant's condenser system and are returned to the bay via a submerged discharge conduit. .

During normal plant operations, the 12 screens on each unit are sequentially operated in pairs (2 rotating screens /

circulation pump) for 10 min each. .During this rotation period, organisms that are impinged during nonrotating periods (i.e.,

50 min) are removed from the traveling screens with high-pres-

-sure water jets and returned - to the bay via a storm drain system.

O V

9.2-1

The objectives of the studies conducted during 1979 were: 3

1) to determine differences in survival potential of fish im- W pinged at Units 1 c.id II during the screen rotation schedule normally employed during plant operation (i.e. intermittent rotation); 2) to determine differences in survival potential of fish impinged at Units I and II during a continuous screen rotation schedule; 3) to observe species immediately following the collection period, (To); 4) to evaluate the effect of time

~

of collection (i.e., day o'r night) and screen rotation schedule (i.e., intermittent or continuous) on the survival potentials of the species collected at each unit; 5) to determine interact-ing ef fects of time of collection (i.e., day or night), unit (Unit I or II), screen rotation schedule (i.e., intermittent or continuous) and various seasonal temperatures on the survival potentials of the species collected and 6) to compare responses to impingement at each unit, as well as between units.

Methods and Materials Collections From January 3 to February 27, 1979, weekly impingement-survival studies were conducted when possible at each unit at Calvert Cliffs. Faunal collections were made in the 9.1 x 3.7 x 0.5 x 0.6-m animal surveillance pools locate d near the terminus of the storm drain systems for each unit. The total volume of each storm drain system was diverted into the surveillance pools lll by closing the storm drain discharge flow gates and opening the gates to the pools. During this period (January 3 to February 27, 1979) samples were collected during normal plant operations and organisms were exposed to impingement during the intermittent schedule of screen rotation previously mentioned. A 1-h sampling period was used to ensure that all traveling screens had been rotated at least once during the collection. If the number of organisms was such that overcrowding in the surveillance pool occurred, shorter sampling periods were used. This was done to prevent DO sags and build-up of excretion products. Collection periods were terminated by opening the storm drain discharge flow gate and closing the pool gate. Day samples were made be-tween 0700 and 1630 h; night samples were made between 1700 and 0255 h on alternating weeks.

Following the 1-h collection period, observations were made at To (immediately following the collection period), T24 (24 h after the collection period) and T48 (48 h after the col-lection period). At each observation the number of live, dead and LOE (loss of equilibrium) organisms were recorded. This sampling and observation schedule has been previously described (Burton and Graves,1979) and was designed to determine latent effects caused by impingement during intermittent screen rota-tion.

9.2-2

.. - -- -- ~- . . . - - - . . - ~ . - -. - .-- - - - . , . ---

. P 4 I From' March 9 through December 13, 1979 the: screen rotation l()

! schedule was manipulated to ' determine the _ effect of two rotation i schedules on the survival potential of impinged fish. The first i i schedule was.the same intermittent rotation and collection period >

previously discussed for normal plant operation. Determir.ations l 1 of the number of live fish, dead fish and fish with LOE were !

i made as before at To ; however, no observations were made at T24 or T48, as was done during January and February. l 4 _ _ _ _ ;

i The second schedule of screen operation studied was con- l

tinuous rotation. Immediately af ter the 1 h collection during 1 the intermittent schedule, all screecs at each unit were allowed l

to rotate continuously for a minimum of 0.5 h prior to collec- l

! tion of the continuous sample. This was done to remove any or- !

l. ganisms which were impinged during intermittent rotation. After j

! all the organisms ~ collected during intermittent rotation were :

1 counted and removed from the surveillance pools, a 1-h sample j was collected during continuous screen rotation. As in the in- l termittent studies from March through December, To observations- i 1

were made to determine immediate responses of the organisms; no

subsequent observations were made at T24 and T48 When possible, j i

replicate samples were collected. The number of samples col- ;

lected during each schedule of ~ screen rotation was dependent l l upon: 1) whether the units were down for refueling or mainten- I

! ance; 2) whether all circulating pumps were working; 3) whether ,

j all screen wash pumps were operational and 4) whether mud ' :

I slides had occurred at Unit II. i I ,

j. As in studies conducted during January and February, day- [

j time observations were made between 0700 and '1630; nighttime

observations were made between 1700 and '0255. i

Species Removal I

Burton (1976) has shown that hogchokers (Trinectes macula-tus) and blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were nearly unaffected

(>99% survival) by impingement at Calvert Cliffs. These two j species were removed from all samples and not studied during

1979.

Observations :

I j Observations during January and February were made To, T24_

i and T48; during each observation the number of fish alive,~ dead !

[ or having loss of equilibrium were recorded._ As in the previous ;

year, the T 24 or T g4 observations were made to determine 11atent 1 l mortality _resulting from' impingement. During;the period from i l March throughL December, .1979, observations for' the t same three !

. responses by the'o'ganisms were-made.only'at To forL both screen rotation schedules. . Only the f data for the To observations were ,

. used :for statistical analyses in this report.: Observations'at- :

'_().

l~ T24 and T48 during January and' February wero' excluded:fromLthe-

_ data ~ analyses because of_the small number of samples. collected

during; that period; . _

i 9.2-3' i

- - -' w -- ,u , , + - w, , , , w ge $+ w, r , + -,- y ---

,-,-., eye-- y

The criterion for death of fish was failure to exhibit opercular or all other overt movements whether induced spon-taneously or in response to mild mechanical stimulation. The criterion for LOE was the inability of fish to maintain an upright position in the water. Anatomical parameters recorded were 1) total length (to the nearest 0.1 cm) and 2) weight (to the nearest 0.1 g). A total of 25 individuals of each _

species (randomly chosen if more than 25 organisms were col-lected) was measured at the end of the collection period and the total weight of those same individuals was recorded. Water quality measurements included dissolved oxygen (mg/1), salinity (ppt) and temperature (OC).

Statistical Analysis The primary objectives of the statistical analyses performed on these data were to: 1) provide estimates of percent survival and LOE by species for all species collected; 2) test for unit, schedule, time of day and temperature effects on the survival and LOE of the dominant species and 3) provide confidence inter-vals (CI's) for the survival and LOE estimates for the major species. Estimates of the survival and LOE proportions were made for each species for all samples collected during the year, regardless of test parameter, using the following equation:

E aij ri = j E mij g

J where:

ri = percent survival (or LOE) of species i aij = number of species i alive (or LOE) in sample j mij = total number of species i in sample j Confidence intervals (at the 95% level) for survival and LOE proportions for the' year were calculated as described by Burton and Graves (1979).

An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tested for differences in survival and LOE proportions. The data were divided into three major classes, schedule, unit and time of day. Each class contained two variables, i.e., schedule consisted of intermit-tent and continuous screen rotation, unit consisted of Unit I and Unit II and time of day consisted of day and night. Sea-sonal temperature was used as a covariate in these analyses.

The assumption was made that salinity, fish lengths and other parameters associated with seasonal variation are reflected in the seasonal temperature. All survival and LOE data were arcsin transformed (sin = arcsin (2p-1)) to normalize the proportions .

During the 1979 study, five time regimes (Table 9.2-1) were analyzed separately using the ANCOVA. As can be seen in 9.2-4

() Table 9.2-1. Regimes tested during statistical analyses of the Calvert Cliffs Units I and II fish impingement- -

survival estimate study, January - December, 1979. !

1 1

p Operating Operating Time of >

Regime Period Units Schedules Collection j f

1 January-February I, II IN D, N ;

2 March-April I, II IN, C D, N i 3 May-July II IN, C D, N l' 4 August-September II IN D, N 5 October-December I IN D, N l l

l I - Unit I. l II - Unit II. l IN - Intermittent screen rotation. !

D - Day sample.

N - Night sample.

C - Continuous screen rotation.

r I

h i

1 l

i l

l (~) .

t 9.2-5

Table 9.2-1, there was only one regime (March-April) in which (g) all combinations of class variables (i.e., schedules, units and time of collection) could be analyzed simultaneously. In addition to the inconsistencies in class variables throughout the year within each regime, different species were dominant at different times of the year. Since these inconsistencies did occur, the procedure used to analyze for each set of class _

variables was to run an ANCOVA on each regime. If there was no difference in the effect caused by each class variable the data were combined and tests were done over more than one regime. Single regime tests were done for total fish and for each of the three dominant species within that regime. The term " dominant species" (5% or more of the total number of fish collected during each regime) refers to dominance within a regime; the term " major species" refers to dominance through-out the year.

Results and Discussion A total of 43,944 fish was collected in 1979 at Units I and II. Over the year, 32 species were collected at Unit I (Table 9.2-2) and 39 species were collected at Unit II (Table 9.2-3). A total of 45 species was collected from both units combined during the year (Table 9. 2-4 ) . More than twice as many fish were collected at Unit II (30,560) than at Unit I g (13,384). 2 The survival estimates for these fish suggest that W Unit I had slightly less effect on all the species collected (70.4 % survival) than Unit II (59.3% survival). Though there was a slight difference in total survival between units over the year, the difference was not significant (p10.05) based on the number of samples collected at each unit.

Tables 9.2-5 and 9.2-6 summarize the dominant species and the significance of each class of variables on their percent survival and loss of equilibrium, respectively. The species that were dominant in at least one regime throughout the year were: Alosa aestivalis, Alosa pseudoharengus, Brevoortia ty rannu s, Dorosoma cepedianum, Anchoa mitchilli, Menidia meni-dia, Cynoscion regalia, Leiostomus ranthurus, Micropogon undu-latus and PseudopLeuronectes americanus (Tables 9.2-5 and 9.2-6). Tables 9.2-7 and 9.2-8 show the effects of the class variables on survival and LOE results, respectively, on all fish collected at the plant for the entire year. A diagonal line through a class ~ a t each regime indicates that insufficient samples were available to compare between the two class variables.

A diagonal line through all classes in a regime for a species in Tables 9.2-5 and 9.2-6 indicates that the species was not

~

' Survival estimates of all species were derived by weighting the survival esticiates of the individual species.

9.2-6 l

/ Table 9.2-2. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert Cliffs Unit I, January - December, 1979.

i Total Number Percent Percent Percent Species Collected of Total Survival LOEa Alosa aestivalis 3,119 23.31 47.74 0.80 Alosa pseudoharangus 912 6.81 59.54 0.77 Anchoa mitchilli 4,501 33.63 68.61 5.73 Anguilla rostrata 5 0.04 100.00 0.00 Apeltes quadracus 9 0.07 100.00 0.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 599 4.48 54.76 4.51 Cynoscion regalis 32 0.24 68.75 3.13 Cyprinodon variegatus 6 0.04 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 2,160 16.14 74.12 2.13 Enneacanthus obesus 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Fundulus diaphanus 6 0.04 83.33 0.00 Fundulus heteroclitus 11 0.08 100.00 0.00 Casterosteus aculeatus 137 1.02 93.43 0.00 Gobiesox strumosus 16 0.12 100.00 0.00 (p Hypsoblennius hentai 6 0.04 100.00 0.00 QJ Leiostomus zanthurus 96 0.72 81.25 0.00 Lepomis gibbosus 3 0.02 33.33 0.00 Monidia beryllina 36 0.27 91.67 0.00 Menidia menidia 914 6.83 45.41 3.72 Micropogon undulatus 652 4.87 1.99 0.46 Morone americana 26 0.19 69.23 11.54 Morone saxatilis 9 0.07 77.78 11.11 Mugil curema 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Notomigonus crysoleucas 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Notropia hudsonius 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 6 0.04 66.67 0.00 Peprilus alepidotus 58 9.43 89.66 3.45 Perca flavescens 6 0.04 83.33 16.67 Pesudopleuronectes 20 0.15 100.00 0.00 americanus Syngnathus fuscus 5 0.04 60.00 0.00 Urophycis regius 28 0.21 85.71 3.57 aL O E = Loss of equilibrium.

k

(_)

9.2-7

Tcble 9.2-3. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert Cliffs Unit II, January - December, 1979.

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Spncies Collected of Total Survival LOE" Alosa aestivalis 593 1.94 44.52 3.88 Alosa pseudoharengus 61 0.20 65.57 1.64 Anchoa mitchilli 15,823 51.78 61.45 3.37 Anguilla rostrata 8 0.03 25.00 25.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 2,126 6.96 50.89 1.22 Centropristia striata 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Chasmodes bosquianus 16 0.05 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion nebulosus 2 0.01 0.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalis 126 0.41 30.95 3.97 Cyprinodon variegatus 44 0.14 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 58 0.19 46.55 17.24 Fundulus diaphanus 8 0.03 87.50 0.00 Fundulus heteroclitus 19 0.06 94.74 5.26 Fundulus majalis 1 <0. 01 100.00 0.00 Casterosteus aculeatus Cobiesox strumosus 44 11 0.14 0.04 90.91 90.91 2.27 0.00 g

Cobiosoma bosci 54 0.18 100.00 0.00 Hippocampus erectus 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Hybognathus nuchalis 1 <0 . 01 0.00 0.00 Hypsoblennius hentai 59 0.19 98.31 0.00 Leiostomus xanthurus 8,180 26.77 89.34 0.28 Lepomis gibbosus 10 0.03 60.00 20.00 Lucania parva 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Menidia beryllina 5 0.02 60.00 0.00 Menidia menidia 284 0.93 40.49 2.82 Micropogon undulatus 157 0.51 6.37 1.91 Morone americana 13 0.04 53.85 0.00 Morone saxatilis 12 0.04 33.33 16.67 Opsanus tau 245 0.80 98.78 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 444 1.45 88.06 0.00 Pepritus alepidotus 12 0.04 91.67 0.00 Pomatomus saltatrix 2 0.01 50.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 25 0.08 96.00 0.00 Prionotus evolans 3 0.01 66.67 0.00 Pseudopleuronectes 2,003 6.55 92.46 0.10 americanus Rissola marginata 4 0.01 100.00 0.00 Syngnathus fuscus 72 0.24 98.61 0.00 Synodus foetens 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Urophycis regius 29 0.09 93.10 0.00 cL O E = Loss of equilibrium 9.2-8

Table 9.2-4. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent

/~N loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert

(-) Cliffs Units I and II, January - December 1979.

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Species Collected of Total Survival LOE 8 Alosa aestivalis 3,712 8.45 47.23 1.29 Alosa pseudoharengus 973 2.21 59.92 0.82 Anchoa mitchilli 20,324 46.25 63.03 3.89 Anguilla rostrata 13 0.03 53.85 15.38 Apeltes quadracus 9 0.02 100.00 0.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 2,725 6.20 51.74 1.95 Centropristis striata 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Chasmodes bosquianus 16 0.04 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion nebulosus 2 <0 . 01 0.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalis 158 0.36 38.61 3.80 Cyprinodon variegatus 0.11 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 2,218 5.05 73.40 2.52 Enneacanthus obeaus 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Fundulus diaphanus 14 0.03 85.71 0.00

() Fundulus heteroclitus Fundulus majalis 30 1

0.07

<0.01 96.67 100.00 3.33 0.00 Casterosteus aculeatus 181 0.41 92.82 0.55 Cobissox strumosus 27 0.06 96.30 0.00 Cobiosoma bosci 54 0.12 100.00 0.00 Hippocampus erectus 2 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Hybognathus nuchalis 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Hypsoblennius hentai 65 0.15 98.46 0.00 Leiostomus xanthurus 8,276 18.83 89.25 0.28 Lepomis gibbosus 13 0.03 53.85 15.38 Lucania parva 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Menidia beryllina 41 0.09 87.81 0.00 Menidia menidia 1,198 2.73 44.24 3.51 ,

Micropogon undulatus 809 1.84 2.84 0.74 Morone americana 39 0.09 64.10 7.69 Morone saxatilis 21 0.05 52.38 14.29 Mugil curema 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Notemigonus crysoleucas 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 '

Notropio hudsonius 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 247 0.56 98.79 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 450 1.03 87.78 0.00 Perca flavescens 6 0.01 83.33 16.67 Poprilus alepidotus 70 0.16 90.00 2.86 Pomatomus saltatrix 2 <0.01 50.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 25 0.06 96.00 0.00 Prionotus evolans 3 0.01 66.67 0.00 0)

R-9.2-9

Table 9.2-4. (Continued) Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - December 1979.

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Species Collected of Total Survival LOE" Pseudopleuronectes 2,023 4.60 92.54 0.10 americanus Rissola marginata 4 0.01 100.00 0.00 Syngnathus fuscus 77 0.18 96.10 0.00 Synodus foetens 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Urophycis regius 57 0.13 89.47 1.75 "L O E = Loss of equilibrium.

O l

I til i 9.2-10 l

I

f Table 9.2-5. Summary of ANCOVA results on survival of the dominant species collected at To regime at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January -

December, 1979.

a Regige Species 1 2 3 4 5 Class Alosa NS NS / / / Time aestivalis NS NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule-NS NS / / / Temperature Alosa / NS / / / Time ,

pseudoharengus

^

/ NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule

/ NS / / / Temperature Anchoa / ** NS NS ** Time mitchi11i / NS / / / Unit

/ NS *

/ / Schedule NS ** NS

Temperature

/

Bravoortia NS

NS NS NS Time tyrannus NS NS / / / Unit

/ NS NS / / Schedule NS NS **

NS Temperature Cynoscion / / / NS / Time l regalis / / / / / Unit

/ / / / / Schedule

/ / / NS / Temperature Dorosoma / NS / / / Time cepedianum / NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule

/ NS / / / Temperature Leiostomus / / NS NS NS Time 1 xanthurus / / / / / Unit

/ / NS / / Schedule

/ / NS NS NS Temperature Nenidia NS / / / / Time i manidia NS / / / / Unit '

/ / / / / Schedule NS / / / / Temperature O

9.2-11 l

Table 9.2-5. (Continued) Summary of ANCOVA results on survival- g of the dominant species collected at To regime at W Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - December, 1979.

Regime a Species 1 2 3b 4 5 Class Micropogon NS / / / / Time undulatus NS / / / / Unit

/ / / / / Schedule NS / / / / Temperature Pseudopleuronectes / / NS *

/ Time americanus / / / / / Unit

/ / NS NS / Schedule

/ / NS NS / Temperature

" Refer to Table 9.2-1 for regime description.

b Regimes with diagonal lines in all class treatments show that the given species was not dominant during that particular regime. g NS - Not significant at the p<0.05 level. W

/ - Insufficient data for comparisons between class variables.

- - Significant at the p<0.01 level.

- Significant at the p<0.05 level.

9.2-12 O

i g Table 9.2-6. Summary of ANCOVA results on loss of equilibrium

(~/

\_ of the dominant species collected at To at each regime at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January -

December, 1979.

a Regige Specias 1 2 3 4 5 Class Alosa NS NS / / / Time aestivalist NS NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule NS NS / / / Temperature Alosa / NS / / / Time pseudoharengus / NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule

/ NS / / / Temperatur Anchoa / * * -

NS Time ,

mitchilli / NS / / / Unit NS

Schedule

() /

/ NS **

/

- Temperature l Bravoorbia NS NS NS -

NS Time tyrannus NS NS / / / Unit

/ NS NS / / Schedule NS NS NS -

NS Temperature Cynosofon / / / NS / Time regalis / / / / / Unit

/ / / / / Schedule

/ / / NS / Temperature Dorosoma / NS / / / Time aspedianum / NS / / / Unit

/ NS / / / Schedule

/ NS / / / Temperature Leiostomus / / * - -

Time manthurus / / / / / Unit

/ / NS / / Schedule ,

/ / NS - -

Temperature Menidia NS / / / / Time ;

l menidia NS / / / / Unit

/ / / / / Schedule i NS / / / / Temperature

! 9.2-13 l

Table 9.2-6. (Continued) Summary of ANCOVA results on loss of equilibrium of the dominant species collected at To lll at each regime at Calvert Cliffs Unit I and II, January - December, 1979.

a Regige Species 1 2 3 4 5 Class Micropogon NS / / / / Time undulatua NS / / / / Unit

/ / / / / Schedule NS / / / / Tempera'.ure Pseudopleuronectes / / NB -

/ Time americanua / / / / / Unit

/ / NS / / Schedule

/ / NS -

/ Temperature

" Refer to Table 9.2-1 for regime description.

b Regimes with dis < gonal lines in all class treatments show that the given species was not dominant during that particular regime.

NS - Not significant at the pe0.05 level.

/ - Insufficient data for comparison between class variables.

- Significant at the p<0.05 level.

- - Significant at the p<0.01 level.

- - Species dominant; insufficient organisms to allow testing of class variables.

t

(

l l

l O'

9.2-14

Table 9.2-7. Summary of ANCOVA results of all living fish (A) and fish with loss of equilibrium (B) collected at To ,

at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - l December, 1979. ,

t i

A Regime a ,

Class 1 2 3 4 5 k

Time NS **

NS NS !

Unit NS NS / / / j Schedule / NS ** / / l Temperature NS NS ** ** NS l i

i i

B !

Regime" !

Class 1 2 3 4 5 ;

t P

Time NS * ** NS NS Unit NS NS / / /

Schedule NS *

/ / /

O t

Temperature NS NS ** NS **

a Refer to Table 9.2-1 for regime descriptions.

NS - Not significant at p<0.05 level.

- - Significant at p<0.01 level. ;

- Significant at p<0.05 level. ;

/ - Insufficient data for comparison between class variables. ,

i f

i t

I O !

I 9.2-15 I

Table 9.2-8. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged during the day at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, a

W January - December, 1979.

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Spncies Collected of Total Survival LOE" Alosa aestivalis 1,110 7.45 52.16 0.81 Alosa pseudoharengus 276 1.85 81.88 0.72 Anchoa mitchilli 5,764 38.68 53.47 7.01 Anguilla rostrata 5 0.03 40.00 20.00 Apoltes quadracus 4 0.03 100.00 0.00 Bravoortia tyrannus 886 5.95 56.89 3.05 Centropristis striata 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Chasmodes bosquianus 9 0.06 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion nebulosus 2 0.01 0.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalia 18 0.12 50.00 5.56 Cyprinodon variegatus 21 0.14 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 721 4.84 71.29 2.64 Fundulus diaphanus 7 0.05 85.71 0.00 Fundulus heteroclitus 15 0.10 9'.33 3 6.67 llh Fundulus majalis 1 0.01 '.00.00 0.00 Gasterosteus aculeatus 66 0.44 90.91 1.52 Gobiesox strumosus 9 0.06 88.89 0.00 Cobiosoma bosci 6 0.04 100.00 0.00 Hippocampus erectus 2 0,01 100.00 0.00 Hypsoblennius hentai 13 0.09 100.00 0.00 Leiostomus xanthurus 4,658 31.26 90.73 0.39 Lepomis gibbosus 4 0.03 100.00 0.00 Lucania parva 2 0.01 100.0C 0.00 Menidia beryllina 4 0.03 100.00 0.00 Nanidia menidia 212 1.42 34.43 4.25 Micropogon undulatus 231 1.55 0.43 0.00 Norone americana 13 0.09 46.15 0.00 Norone saxatilis 5 0.03 60.00 20.00 Notemigonus crysoleucas 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 49 0.33 97.96 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 120 0.81 85.83 0.00 Peprilus alepidotus 43 0.29 95.35 0.00 Porca flavescens 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 13 0.09 100.00 0.00 Pseudopleuronectes 546 3.66 94.51 0.18 americanus Riesola marginata 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Syngnathus fuscus 46 0.31 93.48 0.00 Urophycia regius 14 0.09 92.86 7.14 O

CL O E = Loss of equilibrium.

9.2-16

a dominant one during that regime. A single asterisk (*) in-dicates significance at the p < 0.05 level; a double asterisk

({>T (**) indicates significance at the p < 0.01 level. A dash on the LOE table indicates that, though the species was doini-nant in that regime, no LOE response was observed. -

The major species collected during the year were: S.

tyrannus (collected 12 months of the year); 4. mitchilli (col-lected 11 months of the year);__L. =anthurus (collecte.d 9 months of the year) and P. americanus (collected 3 months of the year).

Though not at a co'nsistent level, the two most common classes effecting changes in percent survival and LOE were time of collection and temperature. From Tables 9.2-5 and 9.2-6 it can be seen that: 1) there was never a unit effect on any of the dominant species collected at any regime and 2) a signi-ficant (p<0.05) schedule effect on survival was observed only for anchovies collected during regime number 3.

Table 9.2-7 smnmarizes the effects of the class variables on the survival (A) and LOE (B) of all fish collected during the year. Again, no unit effect on percent survival or LOE was found. For all of the fish collected during the year there was a significant percent survival (p<0.01) and LGE (p<0.05) response to' schedule changes during regime 3. As in the dominant species analyses presented in Tables 9.2-5 and 9.2-6, time and temperature classes effected significant re-sponses in all fish more frequently than did the other two O classes.

Since time of collection caused significant changes in sur-vival and LOE estimates 1, Tables 9.2-8 and 9.2-9 were construc-ted to show how all species were affected in day and night im-pingement, respectively, over the year. Table 9.2-10 illus-trates the survival (A) and LOE (B) of the major species impinged.

During day samples, 14,900 fish (38 species) were collected; the resulting survival and LOE estimates following impingement were 68% and 3%, respectively (Table 9.2-8). Nearly twice as many fish were collected at night (29,044 fish; 39 species);

the resu] ting survival and LOE estimates following impingement were 66s and 2%, respectively (Table 9.2-9). As can be seen from these tables, there was no significant difference between day and night samples in survival or LOE estimates over the year for all species collected. However, evaluation of the five regimes shows significant responses to time of collection during the year, probably resulting from periodic changes in species composition. Table 9.2-10 shows the relative resis-tance of the major species to impingement during day and night I

Survival and LOE estimates for total fish were derived by weighting the survival and L0E estimates for the individual species.

9.2-17

Tabic 9.2-9. Summnry of cpecico collected, percent survival cnd percent loss of equilibrium data for fish impinged at night at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January -

December, 1979.

O Total Number Percent Percent Perceng Species Collected of Total Survival LOE Alosa aestivalis 2,602 8.96 45.12 1.50 Alosa pseudoharengus 697 2.40 51.22 0.86 Anchoa mitchilli 14,560 50.13 66.82 2.66 Anguilla rostrata 8 0.03 62.50 12.50 Apeltes quadracus 5 0.02 100.00 0.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 1,839 6.33 49.27 1.41 Chasmodes bosquianus 7 0.02 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalia 140 0.48 37.14 3.57 Cyprinodon variegatus 29 0.10 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 1,497 5.15 74.42 2.47 Enneacanthus obesus 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Fundulus diaphanus 7 0.02 85.71 0.00 Fundulus heteroclitus 15 0.05 100.00 0.00 Gasterosteus aculeatus 115 0.40 93.91 0.00 Gobiesor strumosus 18 0.06 100.00 0.00 g Cobiosoma bosci 48 0.17 100.00 0.00 W Hybognathus nuchalis 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Hypsoblennius hentai 52 0.18 98.08 0.00 Leiostomus manthurus 3,618 12.46 87.34 0.14 Lepomis gibbosus 9 0.03 33.33 22.22 Menidia beryllina 37 0.13 86.49 0.00 Menidia menidia 986 3.39 46.35 3.35 Micropogon undulatus 578 1.99 3.81 1.04 Morone americana 26 0.09 73.08 11.54 Morone saxatilis 16 0.06 50.00 12.50 Mugil curema 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Notropis hudsonius 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 198 0.68 98.99 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 330 1.14 88.49 0.00 Peprilus alepidotus 27 0.09 81.48 7.41 Perca flavescens 5 0.02 80.00 20.00 Pomatomus saltatrix 2 0.01 50.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 12 0.04 91.67 0.00 Prionotus evolans 3 0.01 66.67 0.00 Pseudopleuronectes 1,477 5.09 91.81 0.07 americanus Rissola marginata 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Syngnathus fuscus 31 0.11 100.00 0.00 Synodus footens 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Urophycia regius 43 0.15 88.37 0.00 e

aL O E = Loss of equilibrium.

9.2-18

O O O Table 9.2-10. Estimates of percent survival (A) and percent loss of equilibrium (B)

(+95% confidence interval) of the major species collected during day and night samples at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - December, 1979.

A Brevoortia Anchoa b Leiostomus c Pseudopleuronectes 0 Total tyrannus mitchitti xanthurus americanus Day 68.2( 15.7) 56.9( 12.6) 53.5( 17.5) 90.7(100.0*79.9) 94.5( 3.0)

Night 67.4( 7.1) 49.3( 30.6) 66.8( 7.0) 87.3(t2.9) 91.8( 2.8)

. B Y Brevoortia* Anchoa Leiostomus* Pseudopleuronectes 0 Q; Total tyrannus mitchilli xanthurus americanus Day 3.3(12.0) 3.0 ( 1.1) 7.0 ( 1.4) 0.4( 0.3) 0.2( 0.2)

Night 1.9 ( 0.5) 1.4 ( l.2) 2.7 ( 0.4) 0.1 ( 0.1) 0.l( 0.1) a Collected all 12 months of 1979.

bCollected 11 months of 1979.

cCollected 9 months of 1979.

dCollected 8 months of 1979.

Upper confidence intervals calculated to be greater than 100% survival are reported as 100%. In these cases the confidence intervals are given as upper interval, lower interval.

collections. For the most sensitive species, S. tyrannus and A. mitchilli, it appears that there may be a significant differ-ence in survival estimates between day and night samples. How-g' T

ever, the confidence intervals overlap for each species , thus indicating no significant difference between the time of collec-tion of those major species.

Temperature caused a significant change in survival and LOE in some of the major species over the year. Tables 9.2-11 t'hrough 9.2-13 list the species collected and analyzed statis-cially at the three ambient temperature ranges of <l50,15-250 and >250C. Table 9.2-11 shows that 35 species (22,590 fish) 2 having .a survival estimate of 60% gyer the year were gglieg-ted at temperatures <150C. At 15-250C (Table 9.2-12), 37 spe-cies (20,278 fish) having a survival estimate of 74% for the year were collected. At temperatures greater than 250C (Table 9 . 2- 13 ) , 11 species (1076 fish) having a survival estimate of 86% for the year were collected. Table 9.2-14 summarizes per-cent survival for all fish at each temperature range. The ef-fect of seasonal temperature on survival of the major species at both units combined is summarized in Table 9.2-15. It can be seen that there was no significant effect of seasonal tempera-ture on the survival of the major species. Table 9.2-16 summa-rizes the effects of day and night sampling on survival and LOE estimates at each seasonal temperature range for the year for all species. The variability of survival estimates within this table probably reflects the variability associated with species shif ts in the bay during the course of a year. However, since the confidence intervals overlap between all comparisons, no significant effect on the survival estimates was c.aused by. an interaction between day and night sampling over the course of the year.

Conclusions The results of the study indicate that, during 1979, there was no significant difference in the survival of impinged dominant species between Units I and II at Calvert Cliffs.

The data also showed that the use of a continuous screen rota-tion schedule did not significantly improve survival estimates for all species above levels previously reported for intermit-tent rotation by Burton and Graves (1979). Further, the data indicate that, other than increasing the number of fish collected at night, the time of day at which collections were made did not affect survival estimates . Burton and Graves (1979) sug-gested that survival may be greater at ambient temperatures l ' Survival estimates for total species were derived by weighting the survival i estimates for the individual species. lh 9.2-20 i

I

Table 9.2-11. Summary of species collected, percent survival and

/~T percent loss of equilibrium for fish impinged during kl seasonal temperatures of <l5'C'at Calvert Cliffs Un its I and II, January - December, 1979.

p b

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Species Collected of Total Survival LOEa Alosa aestivalis 3,392 15.02 48.88 1.30 Atosa pseudohavengus 934 4.13 59.85 0.86 ,

Anchoa mitchitti 12,764 56.50 64.78 4.85 Anguilla rostrata 6 0.03 83.33 16.67 Apeltes quadracus 9 0.04 100.00 0.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 839 3.71 51.37 4.53 Chasmodes bosquianus 2 0.03 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion nebulosus 2 0.01 0.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalis 25 0.11 80.00 4.00 Cyprinodon variegatus 23 0.10 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 2,207 9.77 73.54 2.54 Enneacanthus obesus 1 0.00 100.00 0.00 ,

(~% Fundulus diaphanus 8 0.04 87.50 0.00

(,) Fundulus heteroclitus 27 0.12 96.30 3.70 Casterosteus aculeatus 174 0.77 93.10 0.57 Cobiesox strumosus 15 0.07 93.33 0.00 Hybognathus nuchalis 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Hypsoblennius hentzi- 4 0.02 100.00 0.00 Leiostomus xanthurus 96 0.43 78.13 0.00 Lepomis gibbosus 8 0.04 75.00 0.00 :

Nanidia beryllina 36 0.16 91.67 0.00 Menidia menidia 986 4.36 44.73 3.96 Nicropogon undula'tus 808 3.58 2.85 0.74 r Norone americana 35 0.15 65.71 8.57 Norone saxatilis 17 0.08 58.82 17.65 Nugil curema 1 0.01 100.00 0.00 Notamigonus crysoleucas 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Notropie hudsonius 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 3 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Paratichthys dentatus 9 0.04 77.78 0.00 Poprilus alepidotus 56 0.25 87.50 3.57 Perca flavescens 6 0.03 83.33 16.67 Pseudopleuronecces 23 0.10 95.65 0.00 americanus Syngnathus fuscus 25 0.11 88.00 0.00 Urophycis regius 46 0.20 89.13 2.17

) aL 0 E = Loss of equilibrium.

9.2-21

Tcbles 9.2-12. Summary of species collected, percent survival and percent loss of equilibrium for fish impinged during seasonal temperatures of 15-25'C at Calvert Cliffs 3 Units I and II, January - December, 1979. W '

Total Number Percent Percent Percent Spncies Collected of Total Survival L O E."

Alosa aestivalis 320 1.58 29.69 1.25 Alosa pseudoharengus 39 0.19 61.54 0.00 Anchoa mitchilli 7,463 36.80 60.12 2.30 Anguilla rostrata 7 0.03 28.57 14.29 Brevoortia tyrannus 1,853 9.14 51.75 0.81 Centropristis striata 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Chasmodes bosquianus 14 0.07 100.00 0.00 Cynoscion regalis 125 0.62 30.40 3.20 Cyprinodon variegatus 27 0.13 100.00 0.00 Dorosoma cepedianum 11 0.05 45.46 0.00 Fundulus diaphanus 6 0.03 83.33 0.00 Fundulus heteroclitus 3 0.01 100.00 0.00 Fundulus majalis 1 <0.01 100.00 0.00 Gasterosteus aculeatus 7 0.03 85.71 0.00 Gobiesor strumosus 12 0.06 100.00 0.00 Gobiosoma bosci 54 0.27 100.00 0.00 Hippocampus erectus 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Rypsoblennius hentai 61 0.30 98.36 0.00 Leiostomus xanthurus 7,822 38.57 89.66 0.27 Lepomis gibbosus 5 0.02 20.00 40.00 Lucania parva 2 0.01 100.00 0.00 Menidia beryllina 5 0.02 60.00 0.00 Menidia menidia 209 1.03 41.63 1.44 Micropogon undulatus 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 Morone americana 4 0.02 50.00 0.00 Morone saxacilia 4 0.02 25.00 0.00 Opsanus tau 221 1.09 99.55 0.00 Paralichthys dentatus 385 1.90 87.53 0.00 Papritus alepidotus 6 0.03 100.00 0.00 Pomatomus saltatrix 2 0.01 50.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 20 0.10 95.00 0.00 Prionotus evolans 3 0.01 66.67 0.00 Pseudopleuronectes 1,516 7.48 91.76 0.13 americanus Rissola marginata 3 0.01 100.00 0.00 Syngnathus fuscus 52 0.26 100.00 0.00 i Synodus factens 1 <0.01 0.00 0.00 l Urophycia regius 11 0.05 90.91 0.00 h

( CLOE = Loss of equilibrium.

9.2-22 l

-.. 4 Table 9.2-13. Summary of species collected, percent survival and

. (])

percent loss of equilibrium for fish impinged during seasonal temperatures of >25'C at Calvert Cliffs Units '

I and II, January - December, 1979.

Total [

Number Percent Percent Percent >

8 Species Collected of Total Survival LOE Anchoa mitchilli 97 9.01 56.70 0.00 Brevoortia tyrannus 33 3.07 60.61 0.00 Cynoscion regalia 8 0.74 37.50 12.50 !

Leiostomus xanthurus 358 33.27 83.24 0.56 i Menidia menidia 3 0.28 66.67 0.00 ,

opsanus tau 23 2.14 91.30 0.00 l Paralichthys dentatus 56 5.20 91.07 0.00 [

Poprilus alepidotus 8 0.74 100.00 0.00 Prionotus carolinus 5 0.46 100.00 0.00 Pseudopleuronectes 484 44.98 94.84 0.00 [

americanus i Rissola marginata 1 0.09 100.00 0.00 t

aL O E = Loss of equilibrium. [

t i

1 4

i 4

(

9.2-23 t

Table 9.2-14. Estimatos of percent survival (+95% confidence interval) of all fish collected at each seasonal temperature range studied at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - December, 1979.

Unit <l5 *C 15-25*C >25 *C I and II 60,1( 8.0) 73.7(117.0) 85.8( 10.2)

O O

9.2-24 1

1 O Table 9.2-15. Estimates of percent survival (+95% confidence interval) of the major species collected at each seasonal temperature range studied at Calvert ,

~

Cliffs Units I and II, January - December, 1979.

Species <l5*C 15-25*C >25*C B. tyrannua 51.4( 7.2) 51.8( 31.2) 60.6( 18.1) .

t A. mitchilli 64.8( 7.6) 60.1( 5.7) 56.7( 14.1) i L. xanthurus 78.l(100*54.4) 89.7( 6.6) 83.2( 10.5) -

P. amerfoanus 95.7( 2.6) 91.8( 4.1) 94.8(i 1.7) t

Upper confidence intervals calculated to be greater than 100% !

p are reported as 100%. In these cases the confidence intervals

(,/ are given as (upper interval, lower interval) . j j

r b

f F

t f%

(_)

I 9.2-25 l

Table 9.2-16. Estimates of percent survival (+95% confidence interval) of all fiah collected during day and night samples for each seasonal temperature range studied at Calvert Cliffs Units I and II, January - December, 1979.

<l5'C 15-25'c >25'C Day 56.6(116.8) 79.2(120.8) 69.8(100.0*38.3)

Night 61.8( 9.9) 70.4( 13.3) 87.5(18.5)

Upper confidence intervals calculated to be greater than 100% are reported as 100%. In these cases the confidence intervals are given as (upper interval, lower interval).

O I

9.2-26

I O above 25 0C. This appeared to be true during the present study '

when all species were considered. However, survival of the .

i major species was not significantly higher at temperatures above 250C. {

r L

j i i

i t

b

O !

i !

t I

r t

a 1

r

' I 1

f L

r I

i i'

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?

9.2-27 i i

l L - __ . . _. .. - .- - _

1

Literature Cited Burton, D. T. 1976. Impingement studies. II. Qualitative and quantitative survival estimates of impinged fish and crabs. Pages 11.2-1 to 11.2-49 in Semi-annual environmen-tal monitoring report for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, March 1976. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Baltimore, Maryland.

Burton, D. T. and W. C. Graves. 1979. Impingement studies.

II. Survival estimates of impinged fish. Pages 11.2-1 to 11.2-23 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, March 1979. Balti-more Gas and Electric Company, Baltimore, Maryland.

O O

9.2-28

i l

O PHYTOPLANK'IT)N ENTRAINEENT ,

Jack R. Lodge Daltimore Gas and Electric Company i

INTRODUCTION !

l i

During the summer of 1979 (June through September) studies were l conducted once each month to determine the extent to which phytoplankton in the cooling water were affected after passing through the condenser cooling !

water system at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2. These studies .

were similar in nature to those performed on Unit 1 in 1975 and 1976 (Lassahn, f 1977) and Unit 2 in 1977 (Lodge, Lassahn,1978) and 1978 (Lodge,1979).

The change in concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) between -

the intake and discharge was used as a quantitative measum of the plant's effect on the physiological state of the general phytoplankton population.

The measurement of ATP is especially suited for this task, since ATP occurs l only in living cells and is destroyed rapidly upon cell death. No attempt ,

was made to evaluate the differential effects on various species. ;

MATERIALS AND METHODS .

l L

Once each summer month, water samples were collected during the daytime hours from the intake, discharge tunnel access, and the plume at the point of discharge. (Figure 10.1-1) A low flow diaphragm pump was used to minimize sampling mortality. Four sets of samples were collected over an approximate three-hour period. Each sample set consisted of three replicates from each of the sampling locations. All intake samples were composited from three depths (~1m, .v3m, ~5m) directly in front of a circulating water pump.

Samples were collected. from cne depth in the discharge tunnel and plume because i water is very turbulent at these locations and no vertical gradient of plank-tonic organisms was expected. Sample collections were timed to coincide with the calculated transit times through the condenser cooling water system so ,

that the discharge tunnel and plume samples were collected two and four minutes, respectively, after intake sample collection. In order to insure that the plume sample was representative of the discharge water, temperature ccuparisons were made prior to sampling. These measurements were usually t within 0.1 to 0.200 of each other. Each sample consisted of approximately one liter of water filtered through a 130 micron mesh nylon net into a poly-ethylene bottle which was masked with black tape to eliminate light. After each sample set was collected, the samples were returned to an on-site laboratory trailer for immediate extraction of ATP except for the plume 10.1-1 I I

samples which were extracted on board the boat used to collect them. Samples aweiting extraction were held in an insulated container at the sample collec-tion temperature. Each sample was mixed by gentle inversion of the cubitainer prior to vacuum filtration of a 100 ml aliquot througn a h7 mm diameter pre-treated Mil 11 pore Fluoropom (PIFE) filter having a 0.5 micron pore size.

Filter pretreatment consisted of rinsing with 100 m1 isopropyl alcohol fol-lowed by 150 m1 water. The organisms collected on the filter were washed with 5.0 ml of 0.01 M morpholinopropane sulfonic acid (HOPS) buffer solution stabilized with 10-3 M EDTA and 10-2 M MgSOL. After the organisms were washed, they were lysed with a 90 percent solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMS0) in MOPS. The soluble lysate, containing the ATP was then collected using vacuum filtration with three rinses of 3.0 m1 each of the MOPS buffer and the collected extract was immediately placed in dry ice. The extration procedure took about five minutes per sample and the elapsed time between collection of the samples and the extraction of the last sample in the set was typically less than 30 minutes.

The frozen extracts were transferred to another laboratory and placed in a freezer which maintained a constant temperature of -30cc. The extracts were later thawed and analyzed for ATP concentrations using a DuPont Model 760 Luminescence Biometer. The final ATP concentrations are expressed as micrograms per liter (jg;/1) of original sample.

RESULTS The two previous summers resulted in average daytime ATP values at the intake which ranged fron a low of 0.69 J.y/1 (September,1977) to a high of 2.68 jg;/1 (June,1978). The 1979 summer intake values ranged fron 0.91 jg/l in June to 2.25 pg/l in July (Figure 10.1-2).

Average daytime intake temperatures for the last two summers ranged from 20.80c (June, 1978) to 27.6oc (August, 1977). For 1979, the low tempera-ture was 20.$oc in June; the high, 25.7oc in August (Figure 10.1-3).

Average daytime temperature rises (intake to discharge) of the cool-ing water for the two prev $ous summers ranged from 5.2oc (July & september,1977) to 6. loc (September,1978). For 1979, the range went from 5.6oc in July to

6. loc in August.

Differences in ATP concentrations among sampling locations during each study were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance with sample locations as a fixed factor and sampling time as a random variable.

Individual ATP values for each sample and the results of the statistical analyses are presented in Tables 10.1-1 through 10.1-12. Statistically significant differences occurred twice in the sumner of 1979 (two decreases).

By comparison, statistically significant differences occurred twice in 19,78 l (both decreases) and only once in 1977, also a decrease. Table 10.1-3 l

l 10.1-2

DISCUSSION g^g V

Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant has a once through cooling water system with an allowable temperature rise of 6.700 and a transit time from intake to discharge of approximately four minutes. In order to investigate the effect of passage through this cooling system on phytoplankton in the cooling water, ATP analyses were conducted on filtered water samples from three locations: the intake, the discharge tunnel access, and the plume at the point of discharge. Comparisons of the ATP values at these 1m etions j should indicate to what extent the phytoplankton population was et ased or killed as a result of entrainnent into the cooling water system.

Unit 2 daytine entrainment data for 1979 were similar to the data collected in 1977 and 1978 in all categories, i.e., intake tenperatures, temperature rises, intake ATP levels, statistically significant occurrences, and ATP decreases. The only 1979 value which fell outside the hit torical ranges was the August intako-to-discharge, statistically significant, ATP decrease of h1 percent. The largest temparature rise of the study, 6.lcC, was also measured in August; however, an identical temperature rise in September 1978 resulted in an ATP increase of h percent without any statistical significance.

No relationship has been established between the magnitude of the cooling water tenporature rises and statistically significant occurrences or gm ATP decreases. During the 1977-1979 Unit 2 studies, there were $ daytime h statistically significant occurrences whose temperature rises ranged from 5.h to 6.100. However, a similar temperature range of $.2 to 6.100 existed for the 7 remaining daytime studies which exhibited no statistically signifi-Cant occurrences.

The August decrease could be attributable to an infrequently present, stress-sensitive species which may have dominated the phytoplankton population. ,

However, ATP, as a non-specific indicator of living biomass, would be of no value in analyzing this scenario.

Three years of Unit 2 daytime data has resulted in an average intake-to discharge decrease of 15 percent. This small decrease has unlikely adversely affected the overall phytoplankton population. This view was substantiated' by similar studies at other power plants which concluded that power plant entrainment has little impact on phytoplankton populations and the aquatic ecosystems on which the plants were sited (Lawler, Hatusky, and Skelly, 1979).

CONCLUSION The Unit 2 ATP daytine entrainment studies, performed during the summer of 1979, gave results which were typical of those found in the 1977 and 1978 studies - the frequency and magnitude of statistically significant occurrences were quite similar.

f3 V

10.1-3

Since no relationship has been established between cooling water temperature rises and ATP decreases, the relatively higher August ATP decrease h could be attributable to the presence of a stress-sensitive species in the phytoplankton sample.

This study, in addition to others cited, has determined that power plant entrainment of phytoplankton has little ifr. pact on the ecosystem.

O I

O 1 0 . 1 - 14

REFERENCES O

Lassahn, h. G., "Phytoplankton Entrairunent", Non Radiological !

Er.virorunental Monitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear ;

i Power Plant. Baltimors Gas and Elactric Company, Narch, 1977 t Lodge, J. R., and Lassahn, N. G., "Phytoplankton Entrainment",

Non-Radiological Environmental honitoring Report for Calvert l Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, I arch,1978.

f Iodge, J. R., "Phytoplankton Entrairunent", Non-dadiological Environmental Konitoring Report for Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, March, 1979 Lawler, Hatusky, and Skelly, " Ecosystem Effects of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Entrainment", EPRI EA-1038, April,1979 l

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10.1-5

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I l KEY ! 4s i . AVERAGE INTAKE l , TEM PE R ATURE 4o-AVERAGE TEMPERATUPE IN

                                                                        ]      h       SOUTH DISCHARGE TUNNEL ss   .

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o . . . . . . . . . . . . JUN JUL AUG SEP JUN JUL AUG SEP JUN JUL AUG SEP 1977 1978 1979 FIGURE 10.1 - 3 AVERAGE DAYTI M E WATER TEMPERATURES DURING E NTR AI N M ENT STUDIES AT C A LV E R T CLIFFS NUCLEAR POW ER PLANT UNIT 2 FO R THE SUMMERS OF 1977, 1978, AND 1979. O __ . . . _ _ O . .-. .- . . O

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O.a - INDICATES THE PRESENCE OF STATI STI C A L LY SIGNIFIC ANT DI F F E R EN CES IN ATP CONCE NTR ATION S

                                                                           .SETWEEN S A M PLI NG LOCATION S .

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                                                   .O          ,            ,          ,                ,            ,                   ,        ,                  ,     ,           ,            ,           ,

JuN JUL AUG SEP JUN JUL AUG SEP JUN JUL AUG SEP is77 1979 8979 FIGU R E 10.1-4 R ATIO OF D AYT IM E ATP CON CENTR ATION S AT DISCHARGE STATieN S TO THOSE AT THE IN TA K E STATION AT CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT UM" 2 DURING THE SUMMERS OF 1977, 1978 AND 1979.

Table 10.1-1 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT g

                               -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-                                         T DATE: June 28, 1977 - ATP Units are p:/1 Sample      Keplicate                Sample Locatica                 Time Time        Number        Intake        Tunnel      Discharge      Average 1         1.09           0.78           0.85 1153            2          0.82          0.83           0.89 3          0.92          0.87           0.6h Average      0.9h           0.83           0.86          0.88 1         1.25           p.69           0.90 12h8            2         1.50           0.80           0.69 3         1.01           0.81           1.2b Average      1.25           0.77           0.9h         O.90 1         1.01           0.72           0.87 l

1520 2 0.L1 0 91 0.53 3 1.39 0 90 0.7h Average 0.87 0.8b O.71 0.81 Location Average 1.02 0.81 0.8h 0.89 Orand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-ran .'on Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 0.23527 2 0.11763 2.hh Sample Time (B) 0.1h682 2 0.073h1 1.78 A*B 0.19271 h 0.0h818 1.17 Error 0 7h107 18 0.Ch117 O 10.1-10 1

Table 10.1-2 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

                                     -ATP ENTRAIN!ENT STUDY-                                        .

DATE: July 12, 1977 - ATP Units are gl f L Sample Replicate Sample Location Time ! Time Number Intake Tunnel Discharge Average ! L 1 1.12 0.8h 0.83- ! 11h0 2 0 72 0 95 0 92 3 0.08 1.00 0 91 Average 0.91 0.cn 0.89 0.91 1 0.72 1.02 0.73 - 12h2 2 1.h5 1.2h 0.9h i 3 1.15 1.11 1.00 l t Average 1.11 1.12 0.89 1.Oh l r 1 0 71 0.80 0.86 . 1338 2 0.75 0.96 . 1.00 ' 3 1.01 0.95 1.a1 l t Average 0.82 0.90 0.96 0.88 __ Location Average 0.95 0.98 0 91 0 95 orandAveragej i i ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-random l Source of I Variation SS df MS Fs ! t Sample ! Location (A) 0.02356 2 0.01178 0.hh f Sample ! l Time (B) 0.11h99 2 0.057h9 2.01 l A*B 0.10719 h 0.02680 0 9h ] Error 0.51hh7 18 0.02858 10.1-11

Table 10.1-3 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PJ ANT

                               -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-g DATE:   August 9,1977 - ATP Units are g/l Sample       Replicate                Sample Location                  Time Time        Number        Intake         Tunnel      Discharge      Average 1          2.01         1.76             1.85-1200              2           2.00        1.85             1.62 3           2.13        1.58             1.85 Average       2.05         1.73             1.77         1.85 1          2.09         1.78             2.23 1300              2          2.18         1.78             2.07 3          2.hh         2.13             1.9h Average       2.2h         1.90             2.08         2.07 1          2.hh         2.25             2.33 1h15              2          2.Ch         2.h8             2.33 3          2.21         2.h9            2.52 Average       2.50         2.b1            2.39          2.h3 Location Average         2.26         2.01            2.08          2.12     Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-random Source of Variation            SS          df         MS          Fs Sample Location (A)      0.29582         2      0.1h791      8.02       .025 < p < .05 Sample Time (B)          1.55h82         2      0 777h1     18.21         p < .001 A*B               0.07376         h      0.018hh      0.h3 Error             0.53372        18     0.ch268 10.1-12 g

Table 10.1-h CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Q -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: September 13, 1977 - ATP Units are py'1 Sample Replicate Sample Location Time [ Time Number Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 0.h7 0.88 0.7h : 1200 2 0 90 0.85 0.73 l 3 0.6h 0.99 0 78 Average 0.67 0.91 0.75 0.78

                                                    .                                            l 1         0.7h            0.68          0.59 1

130C 2 0.71 0.75 0.61 3 0.91 0.79 0.55 i Average 0.79 0.7h 0.58 0.70 1 0.71 0.6h 0.71 1h00 2 0 7h 0.73 0.38 3 0.36 0.65 0.5h Average 0.60 0.67 0.5h 0.63 I O Location Average 0.69 0 77 0.62 0.70 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs I Sample I Location (A) 0.09925 2 0.0h963 2.h5 ; Sample Time (B) 0.12925 2 0.06h63 h.07 p <.05 l A*B 0.08117 h 0.02029 1.28 ! Error 0.28600 18 0.01589 lO l 10.1-13 :

Table 10.1-5 CALVE. ' OLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

                               -ATP ENTRAIKMENT STUDY-O DATE: June 13, 1978 - ATP Units are p:/1 Sample     Replicate                    Sample Location                   Time Time        Number    e  Intake            Tunnel        Discharge      Average 1          2.86              2.61           2.10          2.52 1300            2          2.77              2.7h           2.10           2.5h 3          3.35              2.65           2.32           2 77 Average   i   2.99              2.67           2.17      :   2.61 1          2.51              1.10           2.13          1 91 1h00            2          2.53              2.1h           1.95           2.21 3          2.96              2.21           2.h8           2.55 Average       2.67              1.82           2.19          2.22 1          2.5h              2.38           2.33           2.h2 1500            2          2.26              1,91           2.08          2.09 3          2.69              2.55           2.62           2.62 Average   i   2.50              2.28           2.3h      I    2.38 1          2.86              2.b6           2.h9           2.60 1600            2          1.78              2.th3          2.h9          2.23 3          3.06      .,      2.5h           2.52           2.71
                                               ~

Averago 2.57 2.L8 2.50 2A1 Location Average 2.68 2.31 2.30 2.h3 Grand Average ANA'JSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Location (A) 1.1380 2 0.5690 3.20 i Sample Time (B) 0 770h 3 0.2568 2.29 A*B 1.066 8 6 0.1778 1.59 Error 2.6907 2h 0.1121 O

                                       -10.1-lh l

l l

Table 10.1-6 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

                                  -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: July 11, 1978 - ATP Units are g 1 Sample      Replicate                  Sample Location                          Time Time         Number

Intake Tunnel Discharge Average 1 1.h8 1.83 1.ho 1.57 !

1115 2 1.h2 1.61 1.09 1.37 3 1.56 1.33 1.32 1.ho Average i 1.h9 1.59 1.27 - 1.h5 I 1 1.h8 1.39 1.58 1.h8 1.66 1208 2 2.03 1.h9 1.h5 3 1.99 1.95 1.5h 1.83 ! Average 1.33 1.61 1.52 1.65 ! 1 2.06 1.hh 1.67 1 72 ; 1308 2 1.55 1.77 1.hh 1.59 3 1.86 1.87 1.h6 1.73 , i Average i 1.82 1.69 1A2 i 1.68 1 1.6h 1.32 1.52 1.h9 1h08 2 1.65 1 92 0.72 1.h3 3 2.33 1.h5 1.39 1.72 Average 1.07 , 1.56 1.21 1.55 Location Average 1 75 1.61 1 36 1.58 Grand Average , ANALYSIS OF VARIAECE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A -Fixed B-Random f l Source of Variation SS df _ MS Fs Sample j

Iceation (A) 0.8h97 2 0.h2h8 9 78 .01 < p 4 .025 Sample Time (B) 0.30hh 3 0.1015 1.h3 A*B 0.2606 6 0.0h3h 0.61 Error 1.7091 2h 0.0712 iO

                                         '10.1-15

Table 10.1-7 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLAh'I

                               -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-g DATE: August 8,1978 - ATP Units are jg/l Sample     Replicate                   Sample Location                  Time Time        Number    i  Intake           Tunnel       Discharge      Average 1          1.23             1.15          0.96          1.11 120h            2          1.33             1.37          1.79          1.50 3          1.30             1.12          0.7b          1.05 Average   6   1.29             1.21          1.16          1.22 1          1.37             1.h3          1.26          1.37 1313            2          1.39             1.68          1.21          1.h3 3          1.57             1.03          1.h0          1.33 Average       1.hh             1.39          1.30      1   1.38 1          1.71             1.7h          1.17          1.$h 1503            2          1.b5            1.bl           1.33          1.h 0 3          1.67            1.3h           1.06          1.36 Average   i   1.61             1.50          1.19          1.h3 1          1.hh             1.37          1.0d          1.30 1602            2          1.h5            1.$1           1.0h          1.33 3          1.h7            1.52           1.58          1.52 Average       1.h6      6      1.h7          1.23          1.38 Location Average         1.h5            1.39           1.22          1.35     Orand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation             SS           df          MS          Fs Sample Location (A)       0.3385            2      0.1693       9.35        .014 p < .02$

Sample Time (B) 0.22h? 3 0.07$0 1.b1 A*B 0.1066 6 0.0181 0.3h Error 1.2787 2h 0.0533 O

                                                    ~
                                      ' 1 0.1-16 l

1

l Table 10.1-8 CALVFR CLIFFS NUCLEAR POTr2 FLAIC I

                                   -ATP ENTRAINMETE STUDY-DATE: September 12, 1978 - ATP Units are p/1 Sample      Replicate                    Sample Location                  Time Time        Number    i  Intake             Tunnel        Discharge     Average 1           2.02              1.h3           2.28         1 91 1218            2            2.hh             1.85           2.h2         2.2h                :

3 1.65 2.20 0.55 1.h7 Average 1 2.Qh 1.83 1.74 8 1.87 1 2.31 1.6h 1.51 1.82 1308 2 2.h0 1.57 1.97 1 98 3 2.26 1.h3 2.58 2.09 - Average 2.32 1A5 2.02 1.96 1 1.77 1.69 ' : 30 1.92 lh03 2 2.01 1.9h 2.82 2.26 3 2.1h 1.h9 2.11 1.91 AveraEe i 1 97 1.71 2.h1 2.03 O 1 2.19 1.71 2.00 1 97 150h 2 2.29 1.07 3.h5 2.27 3 2.00 1.h2 2.39 1.9h Average 2.16 i 1.h0 2.61 2.06 Location Average 2.12 1.62 2.20 1 98 GrandAverage; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Nixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of ; Variation SS df MS Fs i Sample Location (A) 2.3738 2 1.1869 h.22 Sample Time (R) 0.1861 3 0.0620 0.29 A*B 1.689h 6 0.2816 1.30 hr 5.2059 2h 0.2169 O 1

                                          -1 0.1 -17

Table 10.1-9 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLAhT

                                -ATP ENTRAllaENT STUDY-DATE: June 5,1979 - ATP Units are pf1 Sample      Replicate                Sample Location                  Time Time        Number     i  Intake        Tunnel       Discharge      Average 1           0.96          0 91           0.79         0.89 1105            2           0.95          0.95           0.75         0.80 3           1.03          1.05           0.50         0.85 Average    !   0 98          0 97           0.68     >   0.88 1           0.97          0.92           0.01         0.90 1200            2           0.95          0.88           0.97         0.93 3           0 9h          1.01           0.3h         0.93 Average    i   C.95          0.9h           0.67     1   0.92 1           0.92          0.85           0.32         0.86                    '

1300 2 0.85 0 93 0.01 0.86 3 0.87 0.75 0. 78 0.80 Average i 0.88 0.8h 0.80 t 0.8h 1 0.82 0.75 0.66 0.7h O 1h06 2 0.8h 0.93 0.70 0.8h 3 0.82 0.81 0.83 0.82 Average 0.83 0.85 0.73 0.80 Location Average 0.91 0.90 0.77 0.86 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs , Sample l Location (A) 0.1h20 2 0.0710 5.68 Sample Time (B) 0.0702 3 0.023h 3.70 p <v .025 l A*B 0.0750 6 0.0125 1.98 Error 0.1517 2h 0.0063 t l 10.1-18 l

Table 10.1-10 CALVERE CLIFFS NUCLEAR POER PLAhT

                                    -ATP ENTRAINMENT STUDY-DATE: July 10,1979 - ATP Units are jg/l Sample      Replicate                   Sample Location                   Time Time        Number     i  Intake          Tunnel         Discharge      Average 1            1.83           1.65            1.35          1.61 1100            2            1.98           1.77            1.h7          1.7h 3            1.73           1.66           1.53           1.6h Average   i    1.85            1.69           1.h5        -  1.66                 ;

i 1 2.77 2.07 1.98 2.27 i 1200 2 3.03 1.85 2.02 2.30 3 3.13 2.Oh 1.68 2.28 r Average 2.98 3.99 1.89 2.29 1 2.06 1.66 1.89 1.87 , 1300 2 2.20 1.68 1.85 1.91 3 1 99 1.73 1.97 1.90 Average : 2.06 1.67 1.90 ' 1.89 1 2.3h 2.16 1.90 2.13 1h02 2 1.92 2.05 2.07 2.01 3 2.00 1.8h 2.11 1 96 Average 2.09 ! 2.02 2.03 2.0L Location Average 2.25 1.85 1.82 1 97 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of , Variation SS df MS Fs Sample Iccation (A) 1.3882 2 0.69h1 3.32 Sample Time (B) 1.8h5h 3 0.6151 3h.01' p < .001 A*B L.%7 6 0.2093 11.57 p< .001 Error 0.h3h1 2h 0.0181 I 30.1-19 l t !

Table 10.1-11 CALVERP CLIFFS NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

                                 -ATP ENTRAlhMFl4T STUDY-DATE: August 1h,1979 - ATP Units are jg/l Sample       Replicate                 Sample Location                              Time Time         Number     i  Intake        Tunnel          Discharge                Average 1           1.60         1.07              0.78                    1.15 1100             2           1.25          0.50             0.88                    0.88 3           1.52         1.19              0.7h                    1.15 Average    i   1.h6         0.92              0.80      >

1.06 1 1.hh 1.28 0.76 1.16 1202 2 1.h9 1.07 0.83 1.13 3 1.50 1.11 1.05 1.22 Average 1.h6 1.15 0.88 1.17 1 1.65 1.22 1.06 1.31 1303 2 1.78 1.ho 0.81 1.33 3 1.62 1.h2 0.75 1.26 Average i 1.68 3,35 1 0.67 1 1.30 1 1.8b 1.50 1.26 1.53 9 1h00 2 1.88 1.69 1.36 1.6h 3 1.8h 1.60 1.ho 1.61 Average 1,8g ! 1.60 1.% 1.60 Location AveraEe 1.62 1.26 0.97 1.28 Grand Average ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two day ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random Source of Variation SS df MS Fs Sample j Location (A) 2.5033 2 1.2517 h8.7 p< .001 1 Sample Time (B) 1.h553 3 0.hS51 21.h p< .001 A*B 0.15h3 6 0.0257 1.1 l l Error 0.$hh5 2h 0.0227 1 0

                                       ,10.1-20

Table 10.1-12 CALVERT CLIFFS NUCLEAR P0 rra PLAhT

                                -ATP ENTRAIhENT STUDY-O DATE: September 18, 1979 - ATP Units are jg,/1 Sar:ple     Replicate                Sample Location                   Time                   l Time         Number   i   Intake         Tunnel       Discharge      Average 1          1,66           1.33          1.2h           1.h1 1200             2          1.56           1.30          1.25          1.32                   ,

1.h1 1.30 1.2h 1.32 3 Average i 1.$h 1.31 1.2h i 1.37 [ , 1 1.59 1.h7 1.37 1.h8 1300 2 1.68 1.61 1.30 1.53 3 1.67 1.h0 1.h1 1.h9 Average 1.65 1.h9 1.36 1.50 1 1.$h 1.3h 1.07 1.32 lh00 2 1.29 1.38 1.3h 1.3h 3 1.h2 1.3h 1.3h 1.37 Average i 1.h2 1.35 1.25 1.3h ; O 1 1.6h 1.52 1.3h 1.50 1h55 2 2.20 1.h6 1.h6 1.71 3 1.5h 1.65 1.39 1.53 Average 1.79 1.$h 1,ho 1,gg Incation Average l Grand Average 1.60 1.h2 1.31 1.h5 i ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE: Mixed Model Two Way ANOVA A-Fixed B-Random ; Source of l Variation SS df MS Fs ! i Sample , Incation (A) 0.5038 2 0.2519 28.8 p < .001 i Sample i Time (B) 0.3h19 3 0.11h0 6.h . 001 < p < . 005 l A*B 0.052h 6 0.0087 0.5 Error- 0.h26h 2h 0.0178 O 10.1-21

O Table 10.1-13 PERCENTAGE DIFFERENCE IN DAYTEE ATP CCNCENTRATICKS EETWEEN UNIT 2 DISCI!Af".:E AND INTAKE LOCATIONS YEAR 110!iTII DIFFERENCE 1977 June -18% July -b August -8

Septenber -10 1978 June -lh July -21
August -16
September +h 1979 Jura -15 July -18 August -b1
September -19
I l - Indicates decrease from intake to outfall, j + Indicates increase from intake to outfall.
Indicates statistically significant difference.

10.1-22 0

ZOOPLANKTON ENTRAINMENT STUDY Edward M. Newman . Louis E. Sage Linda D'Apolito Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Introduction During the summer of 1979, studies were conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) to examine effects on zoo-plankton entrained in the condenser cooling water system of Unit 2. These studies were similar in design and purpose to entrainment studies of Unit 2 conducted in 1977 (Sage and Bacheler, 1978) and 1978 (Olson and Sage, 1979a) and were part of continuing investigations at Calvert Cliffs. These have in-cluded preoperational studies. in the fall of 1974 and studies - of zooplankton entrained in Unit 1 in 1975 and 1976 (Sage, 1976;

,   Sage and Olson, 1977). When plant operations were modified, 1    increasing the AT to a maximum of 6.7 C from the previous 5.5'C, 8

an experimental program was instituted to assess any additional impact on zooplankton during entrainment. l Since organism survival is probably a function of plant ; operating conditions and environmental and biological variables, studies were designed to examine zooplankton survival in as many different situations as budget and personnel constraints , would permit. The 1978 and 1979 studies included six sampling l periods of 24-h duration rather than four of 48-h duration as in the 1977 study. Based on the results of earlier 12-mo studies the present study was restricted to the summer months when , maximum entrainment effects were anticipated, but sampling was [ conducted during all four months from June to September. In July and August 1979, sampling was carried out each month on two days separated by a span of 24 h. This scheme was employed to maximize differences in sampling and environmental conditions and to minimize differences in the zooplankton populations sam-pled on the two days. Each of the six 24-h sampling events has been analyzed separately and the results are presented separately. Objectives of the zooplankton studies were: 1) to examine abundance and species and age composition of zooplankton en-trained at Calvert Cliffs; 2) to determine what percent of the different ages and types of entrained zooplankton are killed by entrainment or conversely, what percent survive plant pas-sage; 3) to examine.the factors contributing'to entrainment I 10.2-1

effects, e.g., thermal stress and other environmental and/or plant operating conditions and 4) to assess any additional impact to entrained organisms resulting from an increase in waste heat release. Materials and Methods Sampling Schedule As in 1977 and 1978 the entrainment studies employed a time-series study design and analytical approach. Single, unreplicated samples were collected during 1979 at the plant intake and discharge every 30 min through a 24-h period ac-cording to the following schedule (EDST). June 5, 0920 hours to 0830 hours, June 6 , July 10, 0900 hours to 0830 hours, July 11 July 12, 0920 hours to 0830 hours, July 13 August 14, 0930 hours to 0900 hours, August 15 August 16, 0900 hours to 0830 hours, August 17 September 18, 0930 hours to 0900 hours, September 19 Sampling locations A schematic of the plant and sampling locations for the studies of Unit 2 are shown in Figure 10.2-1. The sampling lll stations are the same as those used in the 1977 and 1978 studies. The Intake station (IN) was behind the protective trash rack, directly in the approach conduit to a circulating water pump serving Unit 2. Water here is definitely committed to plant passage. At this station, water from three depths (1, 2 and 3 m from the bottom) was combined to form a single composite sample integrating any vertical gradients in the water column. The Tunnel Access (TA) is an access port to the discharge conduit about midway between the plant and the offshore terminus. The Tunnel Access was not intended to be a zooplankton sampling site but rather to provide a temperature reference for the discharge water at the terminus. The Dis-charge sampling location (DC) was directly in the submerged plume as it issued from the discharge conduits serving Unit 2. Samples were collected from a boat anchored at the head of the plume. At both TA and DC, the water is turbulent and well-mixed; samples at these locations were collected from only a si'ngle depth at the approximate center of the conduit (approx. 5 m). Sampling Methods Samples were pumped from depth using a low speed, 30.3 1/ min diaphragm pump. The total sample volume was 20 liters, 10.2-2

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but to minimize effects of patchiness, collection of each sample ggg was prolonged in several ways. The pump outflow hoses were fitted with 2-way splitters with a septum angled to produce a 40/60% diversion of flow. Water from the 60% spigot was dis-carded; water from the 40% side was col 3cated in 20-liter car-boys. Further, carboys were filled only 1/3 at a time, with a 2-min interval between sample fractions. Total elapsed time for each sample collected was approximately 6 min. Collection at DC began 4 min after IN collection to allow the cooling water to transit the system. Once the carboy was filled, neutral red vital dye (1:150,000) (Crippen and Perrier, 1974; Dressel, Heinle and Grote, 1972) was introduced and mixed thoroughly. The samples were then allowed to stand in shade or dark for at least one h. After incubation, the sample was concentrated to a final volume of 50 ml using a 73-pm mesh plankton net, acidified with 1 ml SN acetic acid /5N sodium acetate, preserved with 5% unbuffered formalin and frozen. Salinity was measured with a Beckman Model RSS-3 salino-meter and dissolved oxygen (DO) with a YSI model 57 DO meter. Data were obtained from productivity studies conducted concur-rently. Water temperature was measured by a hand-held thermom-eter calibrated in tenths of degrees. Sample Analysis and Live / Dead Determination In the laboratory, samples were thawed and an aliquot O sufficiently large to contain at least 200 organisms was with-drawn with a Hensen-Stempel pipette and transferred to a sorting wheel. Organisms were identified and counted by species and, where possible, by life stage (age class). Organisms were fur-ther designated as living or dead at the time of collection. Dye-sensitive organisms reliably indicate they are living by metabolizing vital. dye and taking on its color. Some organisms do not take up dye or do not take up dye within a practicable incubation period and, therefore, vitality cannot be consistently determined. Of the zooplankton in the area, all life stages of calanoid copepods are sensitive to vital dye as are cirriped l (barnacle) nauplii, annelids, nematodes, flatworms and clado-l cerans (Crippen and Perrier, 1974). Data Analyses As in 1977 and 1978, the barnacle population residing in the plant cooling water system required special analytical procedures since the number of cirriped nauplii recovered at the discharge frequently exceeds that recovered at the intake. Total zooplankton densities and relative abundance of individual species which are based on total zooplankton were calculated exclusive of cirriped nauplii. Survival estimates for cirriped O 10.2-4

(]) nauplii are inappropriate, however, general discussions of the community of entrainable zooplankton include this population. Analyses were performed on data for copepod nauplii, Acartia - copepodites, Acartia consa adults, cirriped nauplii, all other species grouped, all dye-sensitive organisms as a group minus cirriped nauplii, copepod nauplii and total zooplankton minus cirriped nauplii. The terms "% Alive" and "% Survival" are ' used occasionally in the text and in Table 10.2-3. "% Alive" , is defined as the percentage of the total number of organisms ' which are alive in a sample. For example, if the total density of copepod nauplii at IN equals 1,000/m 3 , of which 900 are alive, then the % Alive equals 90. If the density of nauplii at DC equals 800/m 3 of which 784 are alive, the % Alive at DC equals 98. The term " survival" is defined as the proportion of living organisms at IN which are recovered alive at DC, l 1.e., # Alive DC/# Alive IN. Expressed as a percent, the term , becomes "% Survival". As used in the tables, the terms "% Alive" and "% Survival" represent mean and median values, L respectively, calculated over the 24-h period. Because vitality cannot be determined for all species, survival estimates were not calculated for "Other" or for " Total" ' zooplankton. An estimate of median survival was obtained for each species or group for each sampling date by calculating l the ratio of the 24-h median density of living organisms at the ' ())) DC to the 24-h median density at IN. The range of 90% of,the survival values around the median was also determined. This expresses the range of single values but does not indicate the reliability of the estimate of the median. This range is usually large as it includes both the stochastic as well as the systematic variation, which exhibits a well developed cyclic pattern as evidenced in Figures 10.2-3 through 10.2-31. The , non-parametric confidence intervals about the median were based on the sign test and calculated according to the proce-dure described by Hollander and Wolfe (1973, pg. 48). The intake and discharge data series were smoothed using a 1:2:3: 4:3:2:1 weighted, moving average. Normalized intake values ' of less than 500 organisms /m 3 were deleted as any survival estimate calculated from these low densities is unreliable. ' The ratios of smoothed discharge density to smoothed intake , density for the remaining values were calculated, producing a ' series of survival estimates for each sampling day. This dis- i tribution was frequently skewed, suggesting that the median , should be used as a measure of central tendency. In 1977 and 1978, periodic (systematic) variations in the intake and discharge data series were separated from the sam-pling (stochastic) variation. To accomplish this 12- and 24-h cycles and auto-regressive effects were removed and the remain-ing variation was treated as sampling variation. This residual 10.2-5

variation in both the intake and the discharge series was used to estimate confidence intervals for the mean ratio of the live zooplankton collected at the discharge to that collected at the llh intake. This technique is effective in analyzing the sample variance around the mean survival rate, but in doing so, it is possible that some systematic time-dependent variations around the mean were not taken into account. This technique is useful when the mean survival rate is of particular interest, however, variance associated with estimating the mean of the function from the finite number of sample points is not included. In addition, the residual variant technique does not ac-count for a third possible source of error--the inappropriate linkage of discharge and intake series by erroneously assuming that the intake and discharge samples are collected from the s'me parcel of water. These concerns prompted the calculation of the median values for each date and these were found to differ from the means by only 2% on the six 1979 sampling dates. Results Plant operating conditions and environmental parameters for sampling dates are summarized in Table 10.2-1. Ambient water temperatures fell within the normal range for summer morths, though they were slightly cooler in 1979 than in 1978 or 1977. Salinities in 1979 were typical for the area. A complete list of the species captured in the 1979 en-trainment samples is given in Table 10.2-2. The zooplankton species identified in the samples and the oscillations of their populations through the season were typical of the summer assem-blage in this area of the Chesapeake Bay (Olson and Sage, 1978; D'Apolito and Sage, in prep). As the water warmed in - June the calanoid copepod Eurytemora affinis declined in abun-dance, while the harpacticoid copepod Helectinosoma curticorne and the calanoid copepod Acartia consa were present in sub-stantial numbers. In succeeding months, adult, copepodite, and naupliar life stages of A. tonsa dominated the samples. The most common barnacle, Balanus improvisus, and the annelids, Scolecolepedes viridis and Nereis sp., usually spawn during spring and fall, at which times their larvae appear in the plankton in substantial numbers. In this study, the fall spawning of these two groups was not observed in September sam-ples. Other common species present in the waters off Calvert Cliffs were nematodes, rhabdocoels and occasionally the cyclo-poid copepods Oichona similis and Saphirella sp. To evaluate the entrainment data in a broader context, 24-h mean densities of total zooplankton and the three life 10.2-6

O O O Table 10.2-1. Summary of plant operating conditions of Unit 2 and some physical-chemical characteristics of the aquatic environment during each of six 24-h zooplankton entrainment studies conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979. (Except DO, data are averages of hourly ; measurements over 24 h). Jun 5-6 Jul 10-11 Jul 12-13 Aug 14-15 Aug 16-17 Sept 18-19*

                                    $' Gross Elec.                862                  873                  869                      780                                  804                                               864
                                   =         Output (mw-h) l
                                    "        Intake temp (OC)      20.4                 22.2                 23.6                        25.6                              24.1                                              24.2 Discharge temp ( C) 26.2                   27.8                 29.2                        31.2                              30.2                                              30.2 4

AT (OC) 5.8 5.6 5.6 5.6 6.1 6.0 4 Salinity ( /oo) 8.9 11.5 11.3 12.3 11.9 12.8 ( 8. 0-9 . 2) (10.8-12.3) (10.8-12.7) (10.9-14.0) (10.8-13.7) (11.1-13.9) DO (mg/1) 2.2- 4.1 2.8 7.8 2.5- 7.0 2.2- 7.3 4.3- 7.7 1 Air temp (OC) ** 21.6 27.3 23.7 18.1 21.3***

Averages calculated through 0400 h on 9/19. Unit 2 down by 0600 h.

                                            ** Insufficient data
                                        *** Air temperature data for 9/18 only 4

_ _ - _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ __ ~ m _ _ , , . , . . . . . ,, , . , , , _ , _ - _ _ , _ _ _ . _ _ . . . . . _ _ , , , , . _ _ , . , , - , _ _ , ..

Table 10.2-2e Taxonomic list of zooplankton sampled at the intake and discharge of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979, aild ranked according to abundance. Jun 5 Jul 10 Jul 12 Aug 14 Aug 16 Sept 18 Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Rank Rhabdocoela

10 14 6 5 6 Nematoda 7 5 6 7 9 10 Annelida-polychaeta 5 6 8 5 7 7 Ostracoda 18 __

13 __ __

Copepoda nauplii (primarily of Acartin tenna) 3 2 1 1 1 1 Acareia copepodites 4 1 2 2 2 2 Acartia tenna (Dana) 16 4 4 3 3 3

{ #alectinonoma corr:podites Halectinonoma curticarne (noeck) 6 12 7 5 7 14 , 1 8 -- ba Ilarpacticoid copepodites - unidentified 10 15 19 15 11 12 i Oithona copepodites 17 11 11 10 8 03 10 nichona nimilin (Claus) 15 13 18 13 6 11 Canualla (=Tcottolana) canadansis (Willey) 13 17 17 -- -- -- Saphirella sp. 14 9 9 9 10 8 Canthocamptidae 12 16 12 11 *

Cletoden Longicaudatuo (Boeck) 18 8 16 12 13 --

Tachidiun li t to ralin (Poppe) 21 18 10 -- -- -- Laophontidae 9 *

17
9 Erganilun sp. 19 -- -- --

12 -- Nitocra sp. 20 -- -- -- -- -- Eurytemora affinis (Poppe) * -- -- -- -- 15 nalicyclopa magniceps (Lilljeborg) 19 -- -- -- -- Cirripedia nauplil 2 3 3 4 4 4 cyprid larvae 11 14 15 16 14 5 Mysidacea Roomynin americana (Smith) * -- -- -- * ~~ Amphipoda Corophidae 8 * * -- -- 13 Decapoda Xanthidae-zocal stage

20 20 -- -- --

         #copanopa tarana says (Smith)                            21     --

14 --

      - Absent

Present in Discharge only O O O

I stages of Acartia tonsa entrained were compared to corresponding () monthly nearfield densities determined for a plant site and reference station (Fig. 10.2-2). In general, composition and l densities of entrained zooplankton were comparable to composi- !

tion and abundances of the nearfield community. However, there ,

were exceptions; in June entrained copepod nauplii (2,506/m 8) l and Acartia copepodite (2,272/m 8 ) densities were considerably , greater than nearfield plant site densities (230/m 8 and 240/m 8, l respectively). j In 1979 the survival values for total dye-specific zooplank- l ton were comparable for all dates except for the notably greater ; value -(48%) on August 16. The. range.for the:other'five dates l was 20-33% (Table 10.2-3), less than observed in 1977 or 1978 l (Sage and Bacheler, 1978;.Olson and Sage, 1979a). Densities of } zooplankton were consistently higher in 1979 than in 1978 or i 1977 (Table 10.2-4 and Sage and Bacheler, 1978; Olson and Sage, ! 1979a). The difference in abundance was due to large densities of copepod nauplii (Table 10.2-5), the most entrainment sensi- , tive zooplankton studied at this site (Sage and Bacheler, 1978; ; Olson and Sage, 1979a). Since 1979, data are reported as median ; survival values; mean values were reported pre-1979. , Table.10.2-6 i presents median values for all years and mean values as:. pre- !

viously reported. !

l Of the groups mentioned above, all life stages of copepods ! -l (dominated by (Acartia tonsa) , annelid (polychaete) larvae, i and cirriped (barnacle) nauplii are sensitive to the vital dye ! used and they composed 87% or more of the zooplankton community ! from July to September. Data analyses, therefore, have focused j 1 on these dominant groups; their census statistics appear in Table 10.2-4. > i Figures 10.2-3 through 10.2-31 show densities of living i organisms at the Intake and Discharge stations at each sampling i interval. Survival of organisms from IN to DC is illustrated l as well as the large and frequently cyclic density fluctuations I which occur over 24 h. Data for copepod nauplii, Acartia cope- [ podites, Acartia tonsa adults, annelids, and " total dye-specific l species" are presented (when these organisms were present) for i each of the six 24-h periods. l l Figure 10.2-32 is a 3-dimensional plot of naupliar survival

against AT and discharge temperature for,each entrainment study at Calvert Cliffs from 1976 through 1979. Note that as the AT ;
and discharge temperature increase, percent survival decreases.. i June 5-6, 1979 I i

Sampling days in June were characterized by clear skies i and light variable winds; the water column was not stratified. ! !C) i i 10.2-9 f

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io I h io J F M A .41 J J A S O N J FMAMJJASON Figure 10.2-2. Densities of entrained zooplankton (9) at Unit 2, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, 1979, compared with densities of Chesapeake Bay, nearfield zooplankton 4- plant site;E- - reference station at Kenwood Beach). Entrained densities are numbers averaged over a 24-h period. Nighttime nearfield densities are g averages of single samples from surface, mid-die and bottom depths at each station (nearfield W data from D'Apolito and Sage, in prep). 10.2-10

O O O Table 10.2-3. Surivival statistics for several zooplankton groups sampled during entrain-ment studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1977 (Sage and Bacheler, 1978), 1978 (Olson and Sage, 1979) and in 1979. Percent survi-val = (# alive at DC/# alive at IN) x 100. Percent survival not defined

,                        where # alive at DC > # alive at IN; i.e., % survival >100.                         (See text for calculation of 95% confidence interval for true survival.)

I. t Survival (956 C.I.): ~6/28/77 6/13/78 6/5/79 Copepod nauplii 75 (64-83) 18 (15-26) 25 (23-29) Acartia copepodites 65 (61-68) 16 (14-20) 23 (20-29) Acartia tonsa adults -- 29 (26-31) -- Annelida 80 (74-90) 56 (53-59) 44 (36-49) All dye-sensitive spp. 72 (64-77) 22 (19-28) 33 (27-36) II. t Survival (954 C.I.): 7/12/77 7/11/78 7/13/78 7/10/79 7/12/79 Copepod nauplii ~>100 34 (30-41) 26 (20-38) 22 (20-26) 20 (18-22) p .Acartia copepodites 91 (81-100) 44 (35-48) 35 (28-45) 25 (23-28) 25 (23-26) C3 Acarcia tonna adults >100 - -- 75 (66-84) 48 (45-55) 56 (44-84)

Annelida Il00 - --

72 (62-88) 64 (51-75) 53 (49-60) y All dye-sensitive spp. ~ 99 (91-100) 43 (37-44) 28 (26-46) 27 (26-30) 22 (21-25) h III. 1 Survival (954 C.I.): 8/9/77 8/8/78 8/10/78 8/14/79 8/16/79 Copepod nauplii 40 (37-43) 30 (26-33) 23 (20-27) 16 (15-17) 43 (33-54) Acartia copepodites 43 (40-45) 43 (39-50) 40 (38-42) 21 (20-23) 40 (38-43) Acartia consa adults 83 (79-89) 87 (82-100) 79 (72-100) 40 (33-45) >100 - Annelida 97 (88-100) 87 (76-100) ~>100 71 (68-82) Il00 - All dye-sensitive spp. 49 (45-53) 48 (38-52) 28 (25-42) 20 (18-23) ~ 48 (41-51) IV. t Survival (954 C.I.): 9/13/77 9/12/78 9/18/79 Copepod nauplii 53 (46-59) 23 (21-25) 23 (19-27) Acarcia copepodites 41 (36-49) 24 (23-27) 28 (26-29) Acartia consa adults 85 (78-100) 45 (43-59) 63 (50s75) Annelida ~>100

                                                         ~
                                                          >100     -

81 (54-92) All dye-sensitive spp. 51 (45-58) 33 (30-38) 25 (21-30)

Table 10.2-4. Mean densities, relative abundance and survival statistics for major zooplankton groups collected at intake (IN) and Discharge (DC) stations during entrainment studies at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant in 1979. Jun 5 Jul 13 Jai 12 Aug 14 Aeq 15 sept il Capepod naupl11

N/a3 :N 2506 18498 44*14 21452 51376 30213 DC 442 3394 9330 3373 29942 4534

                   % of Total           EM       9.6      29.6       63.7       59.4       44.3        34.2 taisus :t riped) 3C           2.5      15.4       42.9       42.3       56 .4       43.3 g Aliv,               ty     19.6       99.9       99.4       98.5       93.3       99.3 DC      99.6       99.2       90.9       94.2       93.4       17.)

t Survival 24.6 22.3 23.3 15.2 43.1 23.2 4esrtta :cpopodites N/m3 tN 2272 22709 16538 13436 29738 19373 3C 575 4385 408L 2244 12325 5544

                  % of Total           :N       7.3      44.4        22.4       29 .0      27.1       34.3 (aAnas :tr:1 ped) :C         1.1       29.3       19.3       29.3       22.8       37.3 t Alive              :N     93.4       19.7        98.5       96.2       96.9       99.3 3C     98.5       12.1        95.5       94.2       95.3       94.3 t Survival                  23.0       25.2       14.9       23.5        40.4       27.4 assstia ;anse adalts N/33                 ts

3537 2922 6383 3416 1696
1719 3C 20* 2 IJ2 5317 1534

                  % of Total           r3

7.2 4.3 3.3 3.6 3.3 (alsus cir;tped! DC
L2.7 9.4 7.5 9.4 13.3 g Altre :N 79 .3 79.1 85.3 44.4 35.5 DC
52.3 43.1 65.2 77.5 43.4
4 Survtval 27.5 54.1 40.1 *130 62.5 AnneLLia Nig 3 IN L354 '97 917 557 733 473 3C I42 554 464 353 696 30 L 9 sf 7stal IN 5.3 L.8 1.2 1.5 0.7 3.5 (sisus :s t:1 ped) DC 3.2 1.5 2.2 4.5 1.3 2.3 4 Alive IN 99.5 133.3 98.2 99.9 130.3 103.3 DC 99.7 99.8 99.4 99.4 91.9 93.9 t Sarvivat 43.5 63.* 53.1 ?1.2 *130 31.4 3tser spectes N/m3 13 22960 7332 1531 2319 4557 3972 DC 22345 4393 5425 L455 5443 1156

                  % af Total          IN        78.4     15.3       LL.6         7.3         4.3       3.7
                  'atsas et rt;ed) C            92.2     39.1       21.1       it.1         13.2       7.7 Ci:riped nauplit N/a 3                 N    5328     6294       5125         419        1302     *219 DC 12332 29779           11347        1301         3154     2194
                  % Alive             CN        94.2     97.2       94.5       12.4         97.3     90.?

3C 99.1 90.9 99.2 92.5 37.3 9L.L l t Servivat *133 *LCO 3 L33 >130 eL30 s t30 Total staus :tr:1pe3 saayL11 N/m3 IN 29292 43973 *1715 34397 135923 55729 OC 27234 21444 21755 1029 53143 L3333

               *Issuffittent ista s analyte 10.2-12

O O O Table 10.2-5. Percentage of the total organisns represented by copepod nauplii and Acartia copepodites at the Intake at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (Sage and Bacheler, 1978; Olson and Sage, 1979a).

                                                                            % of Total at Intake 1977                       1978                    1979 nauplii      copepodite       nauplii   copepodite  nauplii     copepodite y               1 June            41            36              16         27              9                      8
                       .               2 June            75            20               -          -              -                      -

Y l July 28 47 70 14 30 46 [ 2 July - - 57 29 61 22 1 Aogust 49 39 44 26 59 29 2 ;ugust - - 69 21 64 27 Saptember 4 53 51 37 54 35 4 1& 2 - Multiple entrainments in a month.

O Table 10.2-6. Survival statistics [(# alive at DC/# alive at IN) x 100] for each sampling episode during zooplank-ton entrainments at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant on the Chesapeake Bay. Both the mean and median % survival value are presented to provide _ an indication of the distribution within the data range.

                                          % Survival 1977             1978            1979 Median     Mean   Median    Mean  Median    Mean l June 55        (76)    22      (25)    33      (35) 2 June             72        (72)    --       --     --       --

lJ uly 99 (77) 43 (4 3) 27 (28) l 2J uly -- -- 30 (40) 22 (23) l 1August 49 (48) 48 (47) 20 (19) 2August -- -- 28 (29) 48 (46) ggg September 51 (57) 33 (32) 25 (25) 1&2 - multiple entrainments in a month O 10.2-14

l () In contrast to June 1978, there were no large dinoflagellate blooms and anoxic water conditions. Phytoplankton cell densi-ties were moderately low (Mike Kachur, ANSP, personal communi-cation). Survival estimates for June were low but within the range of estimates for the entire study months of 1979.. Sur-vival, however, was greater than in June 1978., when values were unusually low, but lower than June 1977.' Species composi-tion and abundance were typical for early June with representa-I tives of Eurytemora affinis, juvenile stages of Acartia consa and harpacticoid copepods present. Copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, annelid larvae, and cirriped nauplii made up 34% of the total zooplankton (34,600/m 8). However, a non dye sen-sitive harpacticoid copepod, Halectinosoma curticorne, made up 51% of the total zooplankton. As observed in previous studies, there was a greater re-duction in numbers of copepod nauplii and Acartia copepodites from IN to DC stations than annelid larvae (Table 10.2-4). 4 The hard bodied harpacticoid Halectinosoma curticorne consti-tuted 77% of the "Other" species (Table 10.2-4) and was unaffected 8 by entrainment (IN-17,694/m , DC-18643/m )8 . i In the June entrainment a decrease in survival of dye A organisms occurred after 1400 h (sample #11). The abundance () at the IN varied through time for all zooplankters, with ex-tensive variation observed in the small populations of Acartia consa adults. July 10-11 and 12-13 July sampling dates were characterized by intermittent high overcast clouds. A thunderstorm passed over the study , area on July 10 at 1300 h with a light rain continuing to 1600 h. The skies cleared 'nd a remained so through July 13. Winds were light and the water column was weakly stratified. Ambient tem-peratures and salinity were typical for this time of year. The dissolved oxygen range was lower on July 10 (2.2-4.1 mg/1) than July 12 (2.8-7.8 mg/1). Survival estimates for July 10 and 12 were similar but lower than those for July 1977 and 1978. With the exception of occasional peaks which occurred during the July entrainment study, especially on the second day (July 12) , the pattern of survival was fairly stable through the~ first July study period for each dye-specific group (Fig. 10.2-7 to -16). Typically, all three life stages of Acartia consa increased in abundance from June to July. In contrast, the harpacticoid Halectinosoma curticorne markedly decreased in~ abundance. (O 10.2-15

Total zooplankton density on July 12 was greater (78,841/m 3) than July 10 (55,267/m 3). The increase in total abundance on llh July 12 was attributed to copepod nauplii which constitutid 57% of the total zooplankton. Dye-specific species, the copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, Acartia consa adults, annelid larvae, and cirriped nauplii, made up 87% and 89% of the total zooplankton densities on July 10 and 12 respectively. The remaining other species present were Halectinosoma curti-corne, nematodes, and the cyclopold copepod Saphiretta sp. August 14-15 and 16-17 August sampling dates were characterized by clear skies and moderate winds from the northwest with rain at night and generally cool temperatures (Table 10.2-1). Northwest winds of 15-16 mph occurred in the morning of August 16, subsiding at approximately 1400 h to 3-6 mph from the northwest for the remainder of the August entrainment study. Ambient water tem-peratures were slightly cool for this month but were the warmest encountered in 1979. The water column was strongly stratified at 10-12 m with a high salinity gradient (R. Lassahn, Baltimore Gas and Electric, personal communication). There was a three-fold increase in mean densities of total zooplankton from August 14 (36,079/m 3 ) to August 16 (105,920/m 3). This increase in densities was attributed to the three life stages of Acartia consa and, to a lesser extent, annelid larvae and cirriped nauplii. These combined groups lll represent 93% and 96% of the sampled zooplankton community on August 14 and 16, respectively. The remaining species consisted of thabdocoe1s, Oithona similis and Saphirella sp. In the two August entrainment samplings, zooplankton sur-vival was stable through time although oscillations in density occurred through the course of the study. The survival for Acartia consa was high for the relatively small number of speci-mens collected. The disparate survival estimates for the two August en-trainments are seen in Table 10.2-3. Survival estimates for August 14 (20% total dye-specific) were the lowest calculated for 1979 and lower than August 1977 and 1978. However, sur-vival estimates of the second day, August 16 (48% total dye-specific), were the highest of 1979 and similar to those in August 1977 and 1978. On this date relatively low densities of Acartia consa and annelid larvae indicated no mortality evident as a result of entrainment. September 18-19 The September sampling dates, typical for the time of year, were clear and sunny with light winds. Ambient water temperatures 10.2-16

rS and salinity were normal for this date with an unstratified (s/ water column. The survival rate in September, at 25%, was near the middle of the 1979 survival rates although lower than in pre-vious September 1977 and 1978 studies (Table 10.2-3).- The same general patterns of abundance oscillations and survival charac-teristics were observed during the September study. The largest survival rate for copepods was noted.for Acartia consa adults and the least was determined for copepod nauplii. The zooplankton community was similar in composition and abundance in August and September (Table 10. 2-4 ) . Species , composition and abundances were comparable to the two preceding Septembers, differing only in the number of copepod nauplii, with 30,213/m3 present in 1979, approximately 550/m3 in 1977 l and 18,000/m3 in 1978. I Dye-specific species, copepod nauplii, Acartia copepodites, Acartia consa adults, annelid larvae and cirriped nauplii con-stituted 93% of the total zooplankton (57,018/m 8). Other species consisted of rhabdocoels, nemato, des, and the cyclopoid copepods ' Oithona similia and Saphirella sp. On September 19, 1979 because of operational difficulties Unit 2 was shut down by 0600 h, providing an opportunity to (~) again assess entrainment effects on zooplankton without the stress of thermal elevation. In past studies, the principal entrainment effect identified was " cropping" or a reduction l in numbers not caused by lethal effects of thermal elevation ; but associated with passage through the plant (Olson and Sage, 1979b). On this sample date there was no increase in survival rates during the period of shut-down when compared to a com-parable time period earlier in the September entrainment (Figs.

10. 2-27 to -31) .

Discussion

     .       The species composition of zooplankton collected during the 1979 zooplankton entrainment studies was similar to and in approximately the same proportions as that determined during     i previous studies conducted at this site. The appearance of certain species during the seasonal succession cycles of the zooplankton community was delayed in 1979 compared to the norm established in previous years (Sage and Bacheler,1978a; Olson and Sage, 1979a). This could be a consequence of the          l unseasonably cool spring, which produced the cooler water           l temperatures measured during the first entrainment study of         '

1979. In examining the monthly nearfield data collected during (~}

 \-    the spring of 1979, it was noted that the usual spring density l

l I 10.2-17 i i i t . .__

pulse typically occurring in May was delayed. Consequently, the expected depression in densities normally associated with the June collections was displaced by the late-occurring, g large density peak. Densities throughout the 1979 entrainment studies were generally two-to-five times greater than those observed during the previous two years. There was similarity between total zooplankton densities captured at the intake and densities collected on the corre-sponding dates during nearfield sampling, with the exception of August 16 when greater densities of organisms were collected at the intake. On this particular date there was a strongly stratified water column, which can affect the depth from which the plant withdraws cooling water (Carter et al., 1978) , and thereby affect the composition of zooplankters entrained. The densities of Acartia consa adults entrained at Cal-vert Cliffs during the August and September sampling dates differ from those found in the corresponding nearfield samples; a phenomenon observed in 1978 entrainment studies (Olson and Sage, 1979a). These adults generally exhibit greatest densities at dawn and at dusk with higher densities during the night than during the day. The probable cause for this difference is the vertical migratory behavior of the adult Acartia consa at specific times during each entrainment study (Bougis, 1976). This migratory behavior would alter the susceptibility to entrainment and thus alter their appearance in the entrainment samples. The Acartia tonsa adults are negatively photosensi-tive and during summer months will preferentially select the lh bottom depths during the daylight hours (Hutchinson, 1967). The organisms would be most susceptible to entrainment during the transitory times at dawn and dusk when those adults are actively migrating vertically. This predictable vertical migratory behavior is not displayed by either the nauplii or the juvenile stages of this species (Bougis, 1976) and thus they appear to be entrained in numbers which correspond to those collected in the nearfield samples. A large population of an epibenthic harpacticoid species (51% of the total organisms collected) was present during the June study. Unlike 1978, this harpacticoid copepod, Haleo-tinosoma curcicorne, made up a large proportion of the assem-blage captured in the 1979 nearfield samples (Olson and Sage, 1979a) and were also collected in adjoining areas of the Chesapeake Bay Estuary during the spring (ANSP unpublished data). Survival statistics for the 1979 entrainment (Table 10.2-4) reveal that the minimum survival value (20%) occurred on August 14 and the maximum survival (48%) occurred two days later on August 16; the four other study dates had a total survival range for the dye-specific species of 22 to 33%. It should be noted that on the two August dates the water column was strongly & W stratified with the greater density-gradient pycnocline slightly 10.2-18

higher in the water column on the latter date (R. Lassahn, O personal communication) . . The depth of withdrawal on these dates was probably similar since the relative composition of the zooplankton community was comparable. However, the densi-ties increased three fold on August 16, with only some of the increase occurring within the nauplii stage of the calanoid , copepods (Table 10.2-5). Although the survival rates for all dye-specific organisms show marked increase, the survival of nauplii improved by three fold from 15.7 to 43.9%. The discharge temperature on August 14 was the highest (31.2'C) of any of the entrainment studies conducted in 1979. ; Although this temperature is near,the maximum limits of thermal tolerance of Acartia tonsa (Gonzales, 1974), this factor alone would be an improbable cause for the difference in survival rates. Since the additional stress would be solely thermal, the increase in mortality should appear within the live-to-dead ratio and not.in any additional cropping through mechani-cal forces within the plant. It is clear that a reduced survi-val is due to a reduction in numbers of organisms recovered at the discharge relative to the density at the intake. Table 10.2-3 contains the median survival values and the 95% confidence intervals. Since the survival statistics from the previous entrainment studies have presented mean values, Table 10.2-6 presents both the median and the mean for each month for studies conducted in 1977, 1978 and 1979. The () median and mean values for a particular monthly entrainment are generally similar. However, when the distribution is skewed, as in July of 1977 (Table 10.2-6), a discrepancy , between these values will exist. Both sets of values for the last three years are included to provide a basis for compari-son. Survival statistics of the 1979 study were generally , comparable with those of the 1978 study although considerably : less than those determined for the 1977 entrainment study. ' The 1979 study was favored with ideal meteorological condi-tions which^were consistent throughout all six studies. In 1978 several studies had to be abbreviated due to adverse weather conditions which affected some of the sampling regimes. , The 1977 study which was conducted continuously for 48 h on five separate occasions was felt by the investigators to have produced data showing the daily cyclic components more distinctly due to the longer uninterrupted sampling. In 1978 and 1979 studies were run for two 24-h periods separated by an interval of 24 h. As noted in past entrainment reports there is considerable day-to-day variation due to changing meteorological, hydrographic and biologic conditions. The survival data are composed of two elements, 1) the reduction of organisms from the intake to the discharge, an indication of organism destruction and 2) the live: dead ratio at the intake compared to this ratio at the discharge, an () indication of a non-destructive mortality. The ratio of l 10.2-19 l l

alive-dead organisms during the 1979 study was relatively high, generally approaching 100%; the difference which might be lll attributed to entrainment effects was less than 10% and most frequently less than 3%. Therefore, within the sensitivity of this study the alteration in the live: dead ratio was not a significant factor in the overall survival of zooplankton during the 1979 entrainment study. This observation is consistent with entrainment studies from other years (Olson and Sage, 1979b). Studies conducted by other investigators at power plants situated on estuarine waters have also observed instantaneous mortality to be relatively low through entrainment where transit time is short (4 min at CCNPP), the temperature elevation is modest (5.5'C) and where no biocides are used to control fouling (Heinle, 1976; Sage, 1976; Icanberry, 1974). The loss of organisms (cropping) has been found to be the main entrainment effect at this plants The live: dead ratios have remained relatively constant and very high through-out the years; thus, alterations in the survival rates appear to be due mainly to a complete disappearance of organisms during the entrainment process. Organisms most affected in the cropping process are copepod nauplii, Acartia consa cope-podites and, to a lesser extent, Acartia consa adults, annelids and a few other copepod species which appear in notable abundance during the summer studies. The degree of loss of organisms through entrainment does not consistently correlate with any of the environmental (temperature, salin-ity, dissolved oxygen) parameters that are monitored. The plots of density through time for those organisms being cropped show that survival through the plant clearly decreases with increasing density over the short-term. The magnitude of loss is accentuated by calculating survival values from ratios. In this situation where the discharge density: intake density is positively correlated and the intake coefficient of variation is greater than that of the discharge, the survival estimate is expected to be negatively correlated with the intake density. In fact, this was noted in the 1978 and 1979 data. This phenomenon is not necessarily the result of biological factors but instead is the statistical result of calculating the

survival estimate. Thus, low intake densities lead to high survival estimates with high variance and a skew of the survival estimates.

In past reports (Olson and Sage, 1979a; Sage and Bacheler, 1978) we have suggested that the reduction in the number of organisms recovered at the discharge was due at least in part to mechanical damage, i.e., shear stresses imposed on the organisms passing through the plant. If this is the case, organisms would suffer spontaneous disruption due to a frac-ture of the carapace (body wall) . In this case, fragments of the zooplankton should be recovered at the discharge. However, studies conducted by the State of Maryland failed to recover llg . 10.2-20

i

   - n      fragments in sufficient numbers to account for the cropping                                  I U       rate observed in the entrainment studies (Bradley, 1980).                                    {

Since the cropping process is more selective for specific l species or age classes and not uniform for all species, sam- . piing error cannot be cited as a major factor contributing I , to this phenomenon. For example, the harpacticoid copepod { H. curtisoma did not exhibit the relative losses incurred by : 1 copepod nauplii in June. Therefore, non-uniform rates of j j losses through entrainment cannot be attributed to sampling l error although they have as yet to be fully understood. j i

!                    In 1979 part of the study objective was to examine the                              I 1

effect of a (rise in At) to a maximum of 6.7'C. Two dates ! when the temperature was significantly elevated were August 16 ! and September 18 with resultant survival rates of 48 and 25%. l i The temperature elevation occurring with the particular environmental conditions for the date did not result in any i extraordinary alteration'of the survival rate. The minimum } 4 survival rate calculated for 1979, which occurred on August 14, ; corresponded with the maximum discharge temperature recorded ! for the 1979 study. The discharge temperature of 31.2'C was l'C warmer than the temperature recorded on August 16 when the I highest survival rate was recorded. An organism exposed to j temperatures approaching its upper incipient lethal limit would t be expected to exhibit an accelerated rate of mortality l I (Prosser, 1973). Although.the discharge temperatures recorded ,

,           on August 14 approach the upper incipient lethal limits, it                                  !

would be difficult to attribute the accelerated mortality i l solely to of 32 the l'C elevation. The upper incipient lethal limit (Gonzales, 1974) has been determined only for adult j Acartia tonsa and the nauplii and juvenile stages may have a ! lower incipient lethal limit if they follow the patterns of ! other invertebrates in which certain juvenile stages are more i i sensitive to thermal stress (Jensen et al. , 1969 ; Kinne , 1970) . . ;

Plotting the nauplii survival against discharge temperature ,

shows a rapid reduction in survival with higher discharge i temperatures (Fig. 10.2-32). ! However, the estimated reduction does not alone satisfy l l the degree of difference in survival rates on'the two August ; j dates. l l Conclusions- l l ! Results of the 1979 zooplankton entrainment study at the ; l Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant corresponded generally with results for the 1978 studies. The composition of the entrained ! zooplankton reflected those species composing the pelagic l zooplankton community of ~ this region of Chesapeake Bay. Several common littoral and epibenthic species were also collected and i on one occasion constituted a very significant proportion of O the sample. Numbers of zooplankton collected in 1979 were l 10.2-21 l I l :

i greater than had been collected in the two previous years and generally mirrored densities collected for the nearfield program on corresponding dates. ll) As observed in 1977 and 1978, the calculated estimate of zooplankton survival (measured by the ratio of alive organisms entering the plant to those recovered alive in the effluent) varied by species, age group and through time. The major factor in the survival estimates was a loss in organisms recovered at the discharge rather than an increase in the number of dead organisms between stations. This loss of orga-nisms through entrainment is currently attributed to mechani-cal damage but to date this finding is inconclusive. Of the dye-specific organisms present during the summer months, the copepod nauplii and the copepodite stage of Acartia consa incur the greatest losses. Survival does appear to vary inversely with density; however, at least part of this phenom-enon may be ascribed to the statistical result of establishing ratios for survival rates. Survival values were not significantly correlated with environmental factors such as temperature or dissolved oxygen, but these factors appear to be important influences. In the 1977, 1978 and 1979 studies there appears to be little evi-dence of significant mortality resulting from thermal stress during the entrainment incursion. Ilowever , the date of low-est survival coincided with the date of highest discharge tem-perature. Any significance attributed to this observation should be viewed with caution since only two days later the highest survival was observed when discharge temperatures were only 1 8 C less. O 10.2-22

Literature Cited O Bougis, P. 1976. Marine plankton ecology. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam. 355 pp. Bradley, B.P. 1980. Calvert Cliffs zooplankton entrainment study. PPSP-CC-80-1. Department of Natural Resources. Annapolis, Maryland. 51 pp. Carter, H.H., R.J. Regier, E.W. Schiemer, J.A. Michael. Jan., 1978. The summertime vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen at the Calvert Cliffs Generating Station: A physical interpretation. Chesapeake Bay Institute. Annapolis, Md. Crippen, R.W. and J.L. Perrier. 1974. The use of neutral red and Evans blue for live-dead determinations of marine ' plankton. Stain Technology 49:97-104. Dressel, D.M., D.R. Heinle and M.C. Grote. 1972. Vital staining to sort dead and live copepods. Chesapeake Science 13:156-159. Gonzales, J.G. 1974. Critical thermal maxima and upper lethal temperatures for the calanoid copepods Acartia consa and A. clausi. Marine Biology 27:219-223. () Heinle, D.R. 1976. Effects of passage through power plant cooling systems on estuarine copepods. Environmental Pollution 11:39-58. i i Hollander, M. and D.A. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical , methods. J. Wiley and Son. New York. .503 pp. Hutchinson,'G.E. 1967. A Treatise on Limnology. Vol. II. Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. J. Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. Icanberry, J.W. 1974. Zooplankton survival in cooling water systems of four California coastal power plants. Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Jensen, L.D., R.M. Davies, A.S. Brooks and C.D. Meyers. 1969. The effects of elevated temperatures upon aquatic inverte-brates. RP-49 Report No. 4. The Johns Hopkins University and Edison Electric Institute. Kinne, O. 1970. Marine Ecology. Vol. I. Environmental factors Wiley-Interscience. New York. [u ') ' 10.2-23

Olson, M.M. and L.E. Sage. 1978. Nearfield zooplankton studies at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. May 1974 through December 1976. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. lh Olson, M.M. and L.E. Sage. 1979a. Zooplankton. Pages 12.2-1 to 12.2-57 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Olson, M.M. and L.E. Sage. 1979b. Zooplankton entrainment studies 1974-1978 at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Report No. 79-34. A summary report prepared for Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Prosser, C.L. 1973. Comparative animal physiology. Vol. I. Environmental physiology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 456 pp. Sage, L.E. 1976. Zooplankton. Semi-annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. l Sage, L.E. and M.M. Olson. 1977. Zooplankton. Semi-annual environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company. Sage, L.E. and A.G. Bacheler. 1978. . Zooplankton entrainment. Pages 12.2-1 to 12.2-54 in Non-radiological environmental monitoring report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Baltimore Gas and Electric Company and The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. O 10.2-24

O . O' O 1600 + 8 I I I a I 1 i i i I I E

                                     ??9ff   +                                                                                                                       1 I                                                                                                                             e                                                                 I I                                                                                                        I     I                                                  I   I I                                                                                                                                    I I                            I   I g                                                                                                                                                                                  i              i
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I 8 i o . + _;___.....___;__..__g._g__g __;___.___..._.._g__..__g__g__ g. g _g__g _g..g ..g________________ Sample l? umber SLT SHT SLT 4 SHT f Figure 10.2-3. Density (N/m ) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 3 ' 30 min on June 5-6, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

(

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l i I i 8 a 2'00 . I I I I I 8 I I I I 2000 . I i i Number Alive i ! : : : 1 1511d 1 I y i I I I l 8 f I I N I I ! ! I m 1000 . I I I OO D0 3 0 0 0DD D I I D000 0 0 0D I I 4. D o D D 00 50u . I500 D D 000D I tL D 5 00 00D I ObD000 I o . 1 ? 5 7 9 li 15 15 17 19 71 75 25 27 29 31 35 n !? 19 41 45 45 47 Sample Number SHT SLT + SHT fSLT Figure 10.2-4. Density (N/m ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 3 30 min on June 5-6, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Clif fs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data. e O O

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1 3 5 7 6 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 21 29 31 34 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 Sample Number SLT SHT 4 SLT SHT + Figure 10.2-8. Density (N/m 3 ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected overy 30 min on July 10-11, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert ~ Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tida (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data. O O , O

O O - O I I I I A 64 0 D . 8 I I I 5600 . I 8 8 I I 4 ADD + 1 1 a i f I I silOd . J Number Alive ' I DD 8 4 .

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1 1 I o . 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 !? 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 Sample humber SLT SIIT 4 .SLT SHT + Figure 10.2-9. Density (N/m') of living Acar tia consa adults in samples collected every 30 min on July 10-11, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4 ) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

3600 . I I I I 3200 . I I I I I I 2P00 . I i I i B B 2400 . I I I I I I I I 2000 . I i 1 Number Alive 1 I I I I I I e I 1600 + 3 I I I I I I I I D H I I I I O g g n

                                   '                 I                          I          OO                                    1 1700  .                 L      I         D      D                       DDD                                   I y                 1               0                                                       0     1                                 0 bJ                I                 IeI                                           D I                                O          D                             D     I                     I       D I               I     b                                                     D      I               bU
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40u . PG D 1 D I I I U . 1 3 5 7 9 11 11 15 ft tv 21 25 25 21 29 31 35 35 31 39 48 43 45 47 Sample Number SLT SIIT + SLT SIIT t Figure 10.2-10. Density (N/m3) of living annelids (polychaete larvae) in samples col-lected every 30 min on July.10-ll, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SIIT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data. O O O

O O O YOllessa e I i

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4 1 3 ? / 9 11 13 15 17 19 ti 45 15 21 29 31 55 35 37 39 41 45 45 47 Sample Number , SLT SHT + SLT SHT + 3 Figure 10.2-11. Density (N/m ) of living total dye-specific zooplankton in samples col-lected every 30 min on July 10-11, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (+). A 7 point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

            ?? Duo

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49 51 55 55 51 59 61 M 6* 67 A* 11 73 /5 77 79 81 93 a5 s7 av vt 95 v5 Sample Number SLT SHT .. SLT SHT

                                                                                                         +                                                   t Figure 10.2-12.                  Density (N/m8) of living copepod nauplii in samples collected every 30 min on July 12-13, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SIIT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

O O O

           .   .       __ _ _            -    --                   _     - _ . -      _ -- -                        -                      _ _ _ _ - - __                            ~ . - - ._ __.           _- -           - . .,

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u a 0 0. p p i' s * 'l D 0 060000000 1 0p U- 000 000D0D0 4 4 L................................--......... --.--..........--............................ .............--.................. 49 51 $1 55 57 59 at $? 65 67 69 11 F5 15 TF Fw st al 65 si 49 93 93 v5 Sample Number SLT SHT SLT SitT

                                                                                                                                        +                                                                               t Figure 10.2-13.                Density (N/m 3 ) of living Acartia copepodites in samples collected every 30 min on July 12-13, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert
                                           . Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.                                                         Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SIIT) and slack low tide (SLT).                                                    Sun                positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset -(4 ) . A 7 point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

_. _=_. .-. . . - _ _ . _ _ _

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49 $1 S' S1 59 el o' t' 67 a4 78 Fi 15 Il 19 US 65 h? 87 89 98 v1 95 Sample Number SLT Silt SLT SIIT 4 t Figure 10.2-14. Density (N/m ) of living Acar'tia consa adults in samples collected 3 every 30 min on July 12-13, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Slit) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (f) . A 7 point smoothing function was used to trans form the data. e O O

                                                                                                                                           ,i LJ
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I 49 53 55 55 57 SS 61 65 6% 61 69 71 75 TS // 79 81 65 85 A7 49 41 95 95 Sample Number SLT SIIT SLT 4 Sl(T Figure 10.2-15. Density (N/m3) of living annelids (polychaete larvae) in samples collected every 30 min on July 12-13, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Slit) and slack low tide (S LT) . Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4 ) . A 7 poir t smoothing function was used to transform the data.

3600

I I I

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49 51 53 S' 57 59 61 6' 65 67 69 11 74 75 77 79 et et 65 e7 hv 51 93 95 Sample Number SLT SIIT SLT SIIT 4 t Figure 10.2-l6. Donsity (N/m 3 ) of living total dye-specific zooplankton in samples col. acted every 30 min on July 12-13, 1979 at Intake (I) and Dis-charge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high tide (Silt) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4 ) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data. O O O

O O O

        . 45u00 +
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                                                                                      ' Sample Number SLT                                      Silt                                                                                              SLT                                 SIIT Figure 10.2-17.            Density (N/m') of living copepod nauplii i,n samples collected every 30 min on August 14-15, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.                                        Tides are indicated as slack high tide
                                   -(SHT) and slack low tide (SLT) .                                                   Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (1) .

A .7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

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 ,                                              sunset (4). A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.

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Figure 10.2-21. Density (N/m ) of living total dye-specific zooplankton in samples col-lected every 30 min on August 14-15, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Tides are indicated as slack high , tide (S!!T) and slack low tide (SIT) . Sun positions are indicated as sun-rise (t) ,and sunset (+). A 7-point smoothing function was used to trans-form the data.

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                                                                                                                                                                               +                                                                                                 t Figure 10.2-25.                                                   Density (N/m3) of living annelids (polychaete larvae) in samples collected every 30 min on August 16-17, 1979 at Intake (I) and Discharge (D) at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant.                                                                                     Tides are indicated as slack high tide (SHT) and slack low tide (SLT). Sun positions are indicated as sunrise (t) and sunset (4 ) . A 7-point smoothing function was used to transform the data.
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                                           'o 33 Figure 10.2-32.        Three dimensional plot of copepod naupliar su,rvival versus discharge temperature and AT (8 C) of cooling water. Values are 24-h averages from zooplankton entrainment studies conducted at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant from 1976 through 1979.                               (Dotted lines indicate questionable survival estimates).

O 10.2-54

1 () ICHTHYOPLANKTON AND MACROPLANKTON Introduction The ichthyoplankton and invertebrate macroplankton communities in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant (CCNPP) have been monitored since 1976. The study was designed to characterize the temporal and spatial distri-bution patterns of the plankton around the CCNPP and to assess alterations among the populations which may have resulted from the operation of the CCNPP. This report presents the nearfield abundance data of the ichthyoplankton and macroplankton collected in 1979. The data were used to analyze horizontal distribution patterns within a 10-km-long region of the Chesapeake Bay surrounding the CCNPP. Vertical distribution patterns of taxa within each station were determined. Materials and Methods The station locations and collection techniques used in ' 1979 were identical to those used in the 1978 program (Shenker and Currence, 1979). Nearfield samples were collected monthly O at Kenwood Beach (KB), Long Beach (LB), in the Discharge Plume (D), Plant Site Intake Channel (PSC), Plant Site (PS) and Rocky Point (RP) (Fig. 10.3-1). Heavy ice cover prevented sampling in February. Dgring the summer spawning season (late May-August) , weekly samp < n8 were collected at D, PSC and PS. All sampling was conductad at night to minimize net avoidance behavior and because some invertebrate species move up into the water column only at night. Sampling gear consisted of three 0.5-m diameter bridleless plankton nets, and constructed of 223 pm mesh, equipped with General Oceanics flowmeters. The nets were suspended from a tow chain and fished simultaneously at surface (0 m) , middle (5 m) and bottom (10 m)' depths. Single tows were taken at the 10 m depth contour at KB, LB, PS and RP. The nets were towed in a circular pattern to eliminate the variability caused by towing with or against a current. PSC tows began at the curtain wall (depth 13 m) and moved eastward along the intake channel. Due to the shallow i depth at D, only surface (0 m) and bottom (5 m) samples were , taken. Nets were towed from the visible end of the discharge l plume toward the head of the plume. j Temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen were measured l g3 at each sampiing depth at each station. j (_/ 10.3-1 l

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                                                                              's Figure 10.3-1. Ichthyoplankton and invertebrate macroplankton sampling stations, 1979, in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Maryland.

KB = Kenwood Beach, LB = Long Beach, D = Dis-charge plume, PSC = Plant Site Intake Channel, PS = Plant Site, RP = Rocky Point. t 10.3-2 O l

Towing time for ea h sample was 7 min, during which approxi-() mately 100 m3 of water was filtered. After the nets were retrieved from the water and flow meter readings recorded, the samples were hosed down into the collection cups attached to the nets. Cnidaria and ctenophore volumes were measured to the nearest 100 ml, and all samples were preserved in 5% buffered formalin. Samples were returned to the laboratory where they were sorted and counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope. All organisms were identified to the lowest practical taxonomic level. Fish larvae were separated into four developmental categories: yolk-sac, fin-fold, post fin-fold and juvenile. Lippson and Moran (1974) was used as the primary ichthyoplankton identification reference. Gosner (1971) was used for identification of invertebrate taxa.

Data analysis All organism counts were normalized to a standard volume of 100 m 3. Dominant species of ichthyoplankton and invertebrate macroplankton were chosen for further analysis. All species of amphipods were grouped for analysis, as were polychaetes.

Yolk-sac, fin-fold and post fin-fold fish larvae were similarly grouped. The Friedman distribution-free non-parametric statistical test (Hollander and Wolfe,1973) was used to test for vertical () distribution patterns at all stations except D where the heavy turbulence prevents vertical stratification. To evaluate ; spatial patterns, only monthly samples were used. Three stations were grouped as "near-plant" stations (D, PSC and PS), and three as reference stations (KB, LP and RP). For each month, near-plant and referegce station densities of each taxon were con. pared (#/300 m ) . Mann-Whitney U-tests (Snedecor and Cochran, 1967) were used on the near-plant / ; reference station pairs to determine significant differences in spatial distribution over the year. Results and Discussion Hydrographic Data Temperature ( C), salinity ( /oo) and dissolved oxygen (mg/1) values for each station and depth for each sampling date in 1979 are listed in Table 10.3-1. Temperature profiles for all stations except D were relatively similar for any sampling date. Temperatures at D were generally 1-40C higher than the other stations. Peak summer temperatures were slightly lower (1-30C) than those recorded in 1978. Salinity generally increased with depth at each station. The slight north-south gradient observed on most sampling O dates in 1978 was seldom seen in 1979. Salinity levels followed 10'.3-3

Table 10.3-1. Temperature ( C), dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and salinity ( /oo) in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs, January-December 1979. 1979 Sur face Middle Bot tom Date T DO S T DO S T DO S EE Jan 10 1.0 12.6 10.1 1.9 12.2 10.3 2.2 11.2 13.0 Feb - NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Mar 19 6.0 11.4 7.0 5.0 11.6 8.0 S.0 11.5 8.0 Apr 12 9.0 10.5 7.0 9.0 9.6 7.0 8.6 9.7 7.0 Ed May 2 13.8 11.7 6.0 13.8 11.2 6.0 14.0 6.8 8.0 c) Jun 4 20.0 7.2 8.0 20.0 7.5 8.0 20.0 7.4 8.0 Jul 9 22.8 7.5 9.0 22.6 5.4 9.0 21.8 1.6 12.0 if45 Aug Sep 13 17 22.8 23.8 7.0 9.6 10.0 11.0 24.5 23.5 6.7 6.3 11.0 11.0 24.0 23.0 2.8 6.5 14.0 11.0 Oct 18 16.5 10.9 8.0 15.9 6.8 10.0 16.5 6.4 10.0 Nov 27 12.6 10.6 9.5 12.7 9.9 10.0 12.7 8.6 10.0 Dec 10 8.5 11.6 8.0 8.5 11.4 0.0 8.5 10.7 9.0 EB Jan 10 1.9 12.5 10.3 2.0 12.2 10.3 2.4 11.1 13.1 Feb - NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Mar 19 6.0 11.7 6.0 4.8 11.6 6.0 4.6 11.2 8.0 Apr 12 9.0 11.3 7.0 9.0 10.5 7.0 8.8 10.5 7.0 May 2 14.2 11.1 6.0 14.2 10.0 7.0 13.0 5.7 10.0 Jun 4 19.8 7.2 8.0 19.6 7.1 8.0 19.7 8.8 8.0 Jul 9 22.4 6.8 9.0 22.0 4.4 10.0 21.6 1.5 12.0 Aug 13 24.8 6.6 11.0 24.2 6.0 12.0 23.8 1.2 16.0 Sep 17 24.0 11.8 11.0 23.8 8.3 11.0 23.0 6.3 11.0 Oct 18 16.3 10.4 8.0 16.0 7.5 9.0 16.5 6.3 11.0 Nov 27 12.8 10.3 9.5 12.7 9.5 10.5 12.6 8.7 10.5 Dec 10 8.3 10.8 8.0 8.3 10.6 8.0 8.0 10.7 9.0 NS = Not Sampled O O O

O O O 4. Table 10.3-1 (continued). Temperature (OC), dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and salinity ( /oo) in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs, January-December 1979. 1979 Sur fa ce Middle Bo t tom Date T DO S T T DO S DO S f.SE Jan 10 1.9 11.6 10.3 2.0 12.5 10.3 2.8 11.1 13.6 Feb - NS NS NS NS NS MS NS NS NS Mar 19 6.0 11.5 6.0 5.6 11.4 6.0 4.0 9.8 10.0 F' C Apr 12 11.0 9.6 8.0 10.5 9.4 8.0 10.0 11.0 7.0

                              .#                        Nay 2        14.9               11.6        7.0     14.1     11.0               7.0        12.5              5.6    11.0 La                             16        NS                       NS    NS       NS      NS                    NS       NS               MS      NS I                             30     20.0                     7.2    9.0     19.5      7.5               9.0        20.2              7.2     9.5 in                        Jun 4       20.0                     9.4    8.0     20.0      8.3                8.0       19.6              8.4     8.0 13     22.1                     7.5    8.0     20.7      7.8                8.0       20.5              7.7     8.0 18     22.4                     7.8    8.0     22.4      7.6                8.0       22.2              7.6     8.0 27     22.5                    9.5     8.0     21.9      9.4                8.0       21.0              5.2    10.0 Jul 5          NS                       NS   NS       NS       NS                    NS       NS               NS      NS 9     22.5                    4.8    10.0     22.0      4.2          10.0            21.5              3.6    12.0 18     27.0                     7.3    9.0     26.0      5.8          10.0            24.0              0.2    14.0 25     26.0                    5.4    11.0     24.5      2.1          12.0            24.2              0.5    13.0 Aug 1       27.5                     7.2   10.0     27.5      6.8          10.G            26.9              5.5    11.0 8        NS                       NS   NS       NS       NS                   NS        NS               NS      NS 13     24.0                    7.2    11.0     24.0      6.0          11.0            23.2              0.3    18.0 22     25.5                    9.6    12.0     25.2      9.9          12.0            24.6              8.1    13.0 30     27.0                    9.5    12.0     26.5      9.2          12.0            26.2              8.0    13.0 Sep 17      24.9                    9.9    11.0     24.5      9.7          11.0            23.5              6.7    11.0 Oct 18      16.8                10.5        9.0     16.8      9.5               9.G        16.8              8.1    10.0 Nov 27      12.7                    9.3    10.0     12.7      9.3          10.0            12.5              9.2    10.0 Dec 10        8.5               10.8        9.0      8.5     11.3               9.0         8.5             11.3     9.0 NS = Not Sampled

Table 10.3-1 (continued). Temperature ( C), dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and salinity ( /oo) in the vicinity o f Calvert Cli f fs , January-December 1979. 1979 Surface Middle Bottom Date T DO S T DO S T DO S U Jan 10 2.0 11.8 10.4 1.8 12.5 10.7 1.9 11.5 13.6 Feb - NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS Mar 19 5.8 11.8 6.0 5.4 11.4 6.0 5.5 9.6 12.0 Apr 12 9.2 10.8 7.0 9.2 10.2 7.0 9.1 10.4 7.0 May 2 14.1 11.2 7.0 14.0 11.3 6.0 14.0 9.8 8.0 16 18.1 12.6 9.0 18.0 12.3 9.0 18.2 11.9 9.0 Fa 30 20.0 7.7 9.0 19.0 7.7 9.0 19.0 6.1 9.5 O Jun 4 19.5 8.3 8.0 19.8 9.0 8.0 19.6 9.1 8.0 13 21.9 7.6 9.0 21.7 8.0 9.0 21.2 7.9 9.0 f 18 22.4 9.2 8.0 22.4 9.0 8.0 22.1 7.9 8.0 m 27 22.1 10.6 8.0 22.0 10.4 8.0 21.2 6.3 9.0 Jul 5 21.8 7.5 8.0 22.0 8.2 8.0 22.0 8.0 8.5 9 22.4 5.4 10.0 22.2 4.9 10.0 21.6 1.9 12.0 18 27.0 9.0 8.0 26.0 6.6 9.0 24.8 1.2 12.0 25 25.5 5.4 11.0 24.8 1.9 12.0 24.0 0.7 13.0 Aug 1 27.4 7.9 10.0 27.0 7.7 10.0 26.5 7.6 12.0 8 27.3 8.5 10.0 27.4 8.4 10.0 26.7 8.2 11.0 13 24.0 7.1 11.0 24.0 6.4 11.0 23.8 0.1 16.0 22 25.2 8.3 12.0 25.1 8.8 12.0 24.5 6.2 12.0 30 26.8 10.1 12.0 26.2 7.1 12.0 26.2 7.2 12.0 Sep 17 24.2 7.2 11.0 24.0 7.4 11.0 23.3 6.2 12.0 Oct 18 16.3 10.8 8.0 16.2 8.0 10.0 16.2 6.7 11.0 Nov 27 12.5 9.3 10.0 12.5 9.3 10.0 12.5 9.0 30.0 Dec 10 8.5 10.2 8.0 8.5 10.3 9.0 8.5 10.4 9.0 NS = Not Sampled R O O O

O O O Table 10.3-1 (continued). Temperature ( C), dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and salinity ( /oo) in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs, January-December 1979. 1979 Surface Botton Date T DO S T DO S D Jan 10 3.6 12.5 10.3 3.4 12.4 10.3 Feb - NS NS NS NS MS NS ' Mar 19 7.5 11.5 6.0 8.5 11.0 8.0 Apr 12 12.0 10.0 8.0 12.4 9.7 8.0 May 2 16.8 8.5 9.0 16.6 9.0 10.0 p 16 NS NS MS NS MS NS C3 30 21.5 7.2 9.0 21.2 7.4 9.0 Jun 4 21.8 7.8 8.0 21.8 9.3 8.0 y 13 23.4 7.7 8.0 23.6 7.8 8.0

      <a                                       18                     NS      NS       NS                        NS                MS            NS 27        24.0                B.8     9.0                      22.2              8.9           8.0 Jul 5                     NS        NS       MS                        NS                MS            MS 9       23.5                4.1    10.5                      22.5              3.8          10.5 18        28.1                5.6    10.0                      28.1              4.6          10.0 25        28.5                2.0    12.0                      28.5              1.0          x2.0 Aug 1          27.8                6.7    10.0                      28.0              6.3          10.0 8                 NS        NS       NS                        NS                MS            NS

. 13 27.2 5.5 12.0 27.0 4.8 13.0 22 29.1 7.0 12.0 26.0 7.8 12.0 30 30.2 8.1 12.0 31.0 8.0 13.0 Sep 17 27.5 7.3 12.0 28.2 7.1 11.0 Oct 18 19.0 9.1 10.0 18.5 8.4 9.0 Nov 27 14.8 9.6 10.0 14.5 9.6 10.0 Dec 10 11.0 10.7 9.0 11.8 11.0 9.0 NS = Not Sampled

 - _.    -_           . _ . . . _ _ . _ .       . _ - .                  ,.       _     _      __ _ _ . - _ ,                    . - _ . .     . - - . - _ - - - - _ - - ~ _ _ , - . - - - - . _ . _ _ .      .

Table 10.3-1 (continued). Temperature ( C), dissolved oxygen (mg/1) and salinity ( /oo) in the vicinity of Calvert Cliffs, January-December 1979. 1979 Surface Middle Dottom Date T DO S T DO S T DO S E H Jan 10 2.0 12.2 10.7 2.0 12d 10.8 2.3 9.8 13.2 O Feb - NS NS NS NS pS NS NS NS NS Mar 19 6.0 10.9 6.0 5.5 11.6 y Apr 12 9.6 9.9 8.0 9.8 10.0 5.5 7.0 5.2 9.6 10.8 7.8 8.0 8.0 co May 2 14.0 11.1 7.0 14.0 11.0 7.0 13.8 9.5 8.0 Jun 4 19.7 8.5 8.0 19.7 8.8 8.0 19.6 7.9 8.0 Jul 9 22.4 6.5 10.0 22.2 5.5 10.0 22.0 3.2 12.0 Aug 13 24.2 7.6 11.0 24.5 6.8 11.0 24.0 3.8 13.0 Sep 17 24.0 8.5 11.0 23.9 7.4 11.0 23.5 5.8 12.0 Oct 18 16.3 10.2 8.0 15 . 5 8.6 9.0 16.3 8.5 9.0 Nov 27 12.5 9.5 10.0 12.5 9.0 10.0 12.3 9.0 10.0 Dec 10 8.5 10.6 8.0 8.5 10.1 9.0 8.5 9.7 9.0 NS = Not Sampled e O O

1 l the general pattern displayed in previous years, with a 7 decrease in the spring and rising levels in the summer. Q However, due to the heavy precipitation in the late summer and fall, the fall salinities remained 3-6 O/co lower.than

I the levels reached in 1978. i i i i Dissolved oxygen values fluctuated widely from cruise , to cruise. During the summer, DO levels frequently decreased t rapidly with increasing depth. Ten samples from the near- ! plant stations (including weekly sampling) and three reference station samples had DO values of 2.0 mg/l or less. ! i ,. Ichthyoplankton Table 10.3-2 presents a list of fish eggs, larvae and ! juveniles collected in 1979. As in previous years, bay anchovy ; (Anchoa mitchilli) eggs and larvae, hogchoker (Trineotes maculatus) ! eggs and naked goby (Gobiosoma bosci) larvae dominated the ichthyoplankton community. . Tables 10.3-3 through 10.3-7 present abundance data for : 1 the dominant taxa for 1979. The temporal patterns of ichthyoplankton found infrequently in the collections and ; those collected only in low densities are given in Table 10.3-8. l

Figures 10.3-2 through 10.3-11 illustrate the temporal and

spatial abundance patterns of the major ichthyoplankton taxa. ,

(:) Bay anchovy, Anchoa micohilli i The bay anchovy has been the numerically dominant species of ichthyoplankton collected near the CCNPP since survey studies ! were begun in 1976. In 1979, eggs were taken from May 16 through i August 30. Spawning activity was very heavily concentrated during July, with a maximum density of more than 1000 eggs /100 m3 ' being collected at RP on July 9. (Table 10. 3-3, Fig. 10.3-2) . Larval densities were highest throughout August, with a peak of 130 larvae /100 m3 taken at D on August 22, (Table 10.3-4, Fig. l i 10.3-3). Date from each of the three previous years of this i survey (Wakefield,1977; Shenker and Currence 1978, 1979) ! presented a difterent picture of anchovy spawning near the l CCNPP. The 1979 data indicate further variation in the repro- r ductive success of this species. The spawning patterns can be summarized in the following manner: , i 1976. Very little spawning was observed. Egg and larval l densities peaked in July and August, but never exceeded ! 50 organisms /100m3 ; i 1977. Major egg production occurred in July l' maximum observed density near 2000 eggs /100mb.with Larval a densities exceeded 2000/100m3, and 3rrge numbers of-() larvae were collected from July Enrough early ~ August.

                                                        - 10.'3-9
             -,                   , -.       ,u ..   ..--e . . . , , , , . . + . , . . _ . ~ , ,                   , , , ,   - , - .   ,.-,a 4     4

Table 10.3-2. Taxonomic list of ichthyoplankton collected in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Maryland, 1979. Order Family Species Common Name Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla rostrata American eel Clupeiformes Clupeidae Brevoortia tyrannus Atlantic menhaden Engraulidae Anchoa mitchilli Bay anchovy Gobiesociformes Gobiesocidae Gobiesor strumosus Skilletfish

                                 -Atheriniformes          Atherinidae        Membras martinica           Rough silverside Menidia beryllina           Tidewater silverside Gasterosteiformes       Syngiia~thidae     Syngnathus fuscus           Northern pipefish Cynoscion regalis           Weakfish Perciformes             Sciaenidae         Leiostomus xanthurus        Spot Micropogonias undulatus     Atlantic croaker s                                                          Blenniidae         Chasmodes bosquianus        Striped blenny

. Hypsoblennius hentai Feather blenny y Gobiidae Gobiosoma bosci Naked goby s Pleuronectiformes Pleuronectidae Pseudopleuronectes Winter flounder

americanus Soleidae Trinectes maculatus Hogchoker e O O

i i i f O i Table 10.3-3. Mean density (averaged over depth) of bay anchovy l (Anchoa mitchitti) eggs collected in 1979 in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nt. clear Power Plant, Maryland (eggs /100 m 8). e f 5 near-plant reference i 1979 KB LB D PSC PS RP stations stations ,

                                                                                  ~ combined  combined         L May 16             NS      NS      NS     -

35.2 NS 35.28 NS i 30 NS NS - - - NS 0 NS Jun 4 - - - - - - 0 0 13 NS NS 0.5 - - NS 0.5 b 88 18 NS NS NS - 2.3 NS 2.3 NS I 27 NS NS 9.1 4.2 1.4 NS 14.7 NS 5 Jul 5 NS NS NS NS 426.2 NS 426.28 NS 9 146.3 177.8 123.3 26.6 264.2 1031.2 414.1 1355.3 - 18 NS NS 4.7 6.8 1.4 NS 12.9 NS 25 NS NS 19.8 26.5 9.1 NS 55.4 NS Aug 1 NS NS 0.7 1.0 9.5 NS 11.2 NS

 ,                8            NS      NS      NS    NS          1.7 NS                1.78      NS            ;

3.2 3.5 9.5 3.0 13 6.7 31.8 19.2 38.5 22 NS NS 1.5 - 0.4 NS 1.9 NS 30 NS NS 0.9 - 0.3 NS 1.2 NS I monthly 140.5 181.3 130.0 36.1 267.2 1063.0 433.3 1393.8 t I weekly NS NS 37.2' 38.5 487.5 MS 563.2 NS P Total 149.5 181.3 167.2 74.6 754.7 1063.0 996.5 1393.8 NS = not sampled a = 2 of 3 near-plant stations sampled , b = 1 of 3 near-plant stations sampled near-plant stations = D, PSC, PS reference stations = KB, LB, RP ,

4 j 10.3 ;

                     . - , ,         ,     .-            - - -                                   - , , , - .cc

i 0 1000 , C ONear plant stations 4 a Reference

                      .                                      stations 100 -

m,

O

h l 10 -- 1 4 y , , ,, , , , , , , 4 J J A S Figure 10.3-2. Densities of bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) eggs, averaged over depth, collected at near-plant (D, PSC, PS) and reference (KB, LB, RP) stations l in 1979 in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Maryland (number of eggs / ! 300 m'). Solid symbols indicate density =0. l l Ol l 10.3-12 l l

d O i h Table 10.3-4. Mean density (averaged over depth) of bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchitti) larvae collected in 1979 in the vicinity of the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Maryland (larvae /100 m ) . 8 - f near plant reference stations stations 1979 KB LB D PSC PS RP combined combined Jun 27 NS NS 0.4 0.3 - NS 0.7 NS [ Jul 5 NS NS NS NS 4.9 HS 4.9a NS 9 1.0 - 1.5 1.3 1.0 2.0 3.8 3.0 ; 18 NS NS 4.3 2.8 4.1 NS 11.2 NS 25 NS NS 2.5 2.4 1.4 NS 6.3 NS Aug 1 NS NS 32.2 5.1 3.8 NS 41.1 NS 8 NS NS NS NS 7.0a yg O 7.0 NS , 13 6.7 13.3 8.7 2.9 11.2 3.5 22.8 23.5 22 NS NS 131.3 23.9 31.6 NS 186.8 NS 30 NS NS 15.9 9.0 '14.6 NS 39.5 NS Sep 17 3.0 - 9.3 1.3 0.8 - 11.4 3.0 , Oct 18- - 0.3 - - - - 0 0.3 ! E monthly 10.7 13.6 19.5 5.5 13.0 5.5 38.0 29.8 E wc.akly NS NS 186.6 43.5 67.4 NS 297.5 NS Total 10.7 13.6 206.1 49.0 80.4 5.5 335.5 29.8 NS = Not Sampled a = 1 of 3 near-plant stations sampled near-plant stations = D, PSC, PS reference stations = KB, LB, RP \ l- 10.3-13 1. l

O 100 - C O Near-plant stations

                 ~
                 ,                                   4,  A Reference stations "a

t 10 _ t .

O l

1

                         #l   3     l' A   l ' l [l               l l

Figure 10.3-3. Densities of bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) j larvae, averaged over depth, collected at near- i plant (D, PSC, PS) and reference (KB, LB, RP) stations in 1979 in the vicinity of the Calvert l Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Ma , tand (number o f ' larvac/300 m3 ). Solid symbo~.> indicate den-sity=0. : i O 10.3-14 I

I Larval numbers actually exceeded egg numbers; this is O probably a reflection of the 24-48 h incubation time ! for eggs (Lippson and Moran, 1974). : 1978. Egg densities. peaked in early June, with densities j i of over 4700 eggs /100m3 This represents a 250% increase l over the 1977 maximum. Egg production in July and August ! was relatively low. Larval survivorship appeared to be l very low, dropping off rapidly from an early June peak j of 130 larvae /100m3 Reasons for this poor survival are , unclear, but the early June spawn may have taken place j before there was an adequate number of zooplankton present l to support them. 1979. As in 1977, peak egg production occurred in July. Relatively similar egg densities were observed in both ; years, but the 1977 levels were obvious underestimates ' because of the much higher larval densities. These wide year-to-year variations in spawning effort and success present a confusing picture of the reproductive strategy < of this species. The factors that affect this variation have not been identified. , Anchovy eggs were taken at all depths in the water column, and tended to be randomly distributed. Larvae were also generally evenly distributed at all depths. ( ' Both 1978 and 1979 data allow an analysis of the spatial i distribution of eggs and larvae around the CCNPP. For both years, the locations of maximum densities shifted from week . to week. In 1979, monthly sampling collected eggs only in l July and August, when catches at RP were larger than-all other ! stations combined. However, weekly sampling showed spawning ! activity also occurred at the near-plant stations, particularly ! at PS on July .5 Fig. 10.3-2 and 4). For larvae, the monthly ! samples indicated an even distribution throughout the study ! area. Weekly samples were dominated by the presence of larvae i 1 at D during August (Figs. 10.3-3 and 5). No statistically j significant horizontal distribution patterns were present. ! l 1 The few juvenile anchovies collected in April 1979, were}}

ML19323A416

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