ML11355A241
| ML11355A241 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 11/30/2005 |
| From: | Nuclear Energy Institute |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML11355A240 | List: |
| References | |
| RAS 21598, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 | |
| Download: ML11355A241 (79) | |
Text
NYS000287 Submitted: December 21, 2011 NEI 05-01 [Rev A]
Severe A~ccident MitigatiCJ*n Alternatives (SAMA) A~nalysis Guidance Document November 2005 OAGI0000585 00001
NEI 05-01 [Rev A]
Nuclear E111ergy Institute Severe~ Accident Mitigation Alternatives (SAMA) Analysis Guidance Document Nove1nber 2005 Nuclear Energy Institute, 1776 I Street N. W, Suite 400, Washington D. C. (202. 739.8000)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following in the development of this guideline: Fred Polaski, Exelon Nuclear; Kenneth Brune, TVA; Bill Watson, Millstone Power Station License Renewal; Richard Gallagher, Millstone Power Station License Renewal; Jeff Gabor, ERIN Engineering and Research, Inc.; Stanley H. Levinson, AREVA; Alan B. Cox, Entergy License Renewal Services; and Lori Ann Potts, Entergy License Renewal Services.
NOTICE Neither NEI, nor any of its employees, members, supporting organizations, contractors, or consultants make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assume any legal responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of, or assume any liability for damages resulting from any use of, any information apparatus, methods, or process disclosed in this report or that such may not infringe privately owned rights.
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EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
This document provides a template for completing the severe accident mitigation alternatives (SAMA) analysis in support of license renewal. Its purpose is to identify the information that should be included in the SAMA portion of a license renewal application environmental report to reduce the necessity for Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requests for additional information (RAis). The method described relies upon NUREG/BR-0184 regulatory analysis techniques, is a result of experience gained through past SAMA analyses, and incorporates insights gained from review ofNRC evaluations ofSAMA analyses and associated RAis.
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TABLE c*F CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUM MARY******************************************************************************************************* I 1 INTRODUCTION ********************************************************************************************************** 1 1.1 PURPOSE ..........*.......*...............*...............*..........*.**.................................*...............*..* 1 1.2 REQUIREMENTS .*.........*...............*...............................................................*............1 2 METHOD ********************************************************************************************************************* 2 3 SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK ******************************************************************************************* 4 3.1 LEVEL 1 PSA MODEL ...........*....*.........*..**...*..*.....***.*.*......*.......*.....*..*.*.*.*...*..*..*.*...4 3.1.1 Internal Events *..*..................*..*.........*.....*..**....*..............*............*....***....*....*4 3.1.2 External Events *..*....................*.***.***.****...*...*..*.**.*...*.......*......****.****.*.***.*..**.*5 3.2 LEVEL 2 PSA MODEL **.......*......*............*....*..**......*.***.......*.**.**.....*......*.*.*.*.*...**.** 10 3.2.1 Description Of Level 2 PSA Model ...*....****.**..*...*..*******.**.*....*...***.*******....*.l l 3.2.2 Level 2 PSA Model Changes Since IPE Submittal *.*......**..*..................*.*. l l 3.3 MODEL REVIEW
SUMMARY
- ..*...........*.........*....*.*...........*............*....*.*......**..*...* 12 3.4 LEVEL 3 PSA MODEL .*.*...............*....................*......**......*..............*...**...*...*......... 13 3.4.1 Population Distribution .........*.....*........*..**.*....*..................*.......*.............*...13 3.4.2 Economic Data ...*................*..**..*..........*.....**...........*......................*...*.*.....** 13 3.4.3 Nuclide Release .....................................*.....*...........*.......................*...*.*.*.*.*.14 3.4.4 Emergency Response .*..*.....*...*.*..*..*.....**.*...**.***......*..**..*.*.*..*.****.........***.***.14 3.4.5 Meteorological Data....*.....*........*..........*.................*...**.................*.....*..*.***. l5 3.5 SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK ru:SUL TS .......*......*....*..*...*..*................*........**.......**15 4 COST OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK/ MAXIMUM BENEFIT ...................................... 16 4.1 OFF-SITE EXPOSURE COST .................................................................................. 16 4.2 OFF-SITE ECONOMIC COST ................................................................................ 17 4.3 ON-SITE EXPOSURE COST ................*.........*....................................................*.... 17 4.4 ON-SITE ECONOMIC COST ..........*...............................................................*.....**19 4.5 TOTAL COST OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK I MAXIMUM BENEFIT ......... 22 5 SAMA IDENTIFICATION ******************************************************************************************* 23 5.1 PSA IMPORTANCE ...........................*...*..............................*........................*..........23 5.2 PLANT IPE .................................................................................................................24 5.3 PLANT IPEEE ..................................................................................*..............*.......... 24 5.4 INDUSTRY SAMA CANDIDATES ........*...........*........................................*............ 24 5.5 LIST OF PHASE I SAMA CANDIDATES ..............................................................24 lll OAGI0000585 00006
6 PHASE I ANALYSIS .*************.****.************************.********.*******.*****.**.*************************.* 25 7 PHASE II SAMA ANALYSI$ ***.**.*.****.*.****************.****.*******.*.***.**.*.*.********.****************.* 27 7.1 SAMA BENEFIT ......................................................................................................... 27 7.1.1 Severe Accident Risk \Vith SAMA Implemented **************************************27 7.1.2 Cost of Severe Accident Risk with SAMA Implemented .......................... 28 7.1.3 SAMA Benefit ............................................................................................... 28 7.2 COST OF SAMA IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................28 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES *.*****.*..*****.**.**.****.********.******.*.**************.*..***.***.******.*********** 30 8.1 PLANT MODIFICATIONS ........................................................................................30 8.2 UNCERTAINTY .......................................................................................................... 30 8.3 PEER REVIEW FINDINGS OR OBSERVATIONS ..............................................31 8.4 EVACUATION SPEED .............................................................................................31 8.5 REAL DISCOUNT RATE ..........................................................................................31 8.6 ANALYSIS PERIOD ................................................................................................... 32 9 CONCLUSIONS ********.****************.*.***.**.**************.*.*.******..**.*.*..*.*.*****.*.****.****************** 33 10 TABLES AND FIGURES **.***.*.***.*.*** ~ .*.**..***.**..****.******.....*.*..*.*.**.****.*********.*****.********* 34 TABLE 1 SAMPLE ACCIDENT CLASS DISTRIBUTION ............................................................34 TABLE 2 SAMPLE RELEASE SEVERITY AND TIMING CLASSIFICATION SCHEME ................34 TABLE 3 SAMPLE RELEASE CATEGORY FREQUENCY AND RELEASE FRACTIONS ................ ..
(SOURCE TERM) .*.....*...*******.*............*.*.*.****.*...............*.************................*.....*********.*********..35 TABLE 4 SAMPLE ESTIMATED POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN A 50-MILE RADIUS.36 TABLE 5 SAMPLE MACCS2 ECONOMIC PARAMETERS ......................................................37 TABLE 6 SAMPLE CORE INVENTORY VALUES .....................................................................38 TABLE 7 SAMPLE RELEASE CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................39 TABLE 8 SAMPLE
SUMMARY
OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK RESULTS ..................................39 TABLE 9 SAMPLE PSA IMPORTANCE REVIEW.....................................................................40 TABLE 10 SAMPLE LIST OF PHASE I SAMA CANDIDATES ..................................................41 TABLE 11 SAMPLE PHASE II SAMA LIST ............................................................................4 2 TABLE 12 SAMPLE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS RESULTS ..........................................................43 TABLE 13 STANDARD LIST OF BWR SAMA CANDIDATES ................................................ .44 TABLE 14 STANDARD LIST OF PWR SAMA CANDIDATES ................................................. 56 11 REFERENCES .*..***..*.*.**.*.*.******....*..**....*.*.**..**.**.*.*......*...**.*......*.*..***.***..**..***..**.*.**. 71 IV OAGI0000585 00007
List of Acronyms Acronym Definition AC alternating current AM SAC ATWS miti!~ation system actuation circuitry ATWS anticipated transient without scram BWR boiling water reactor ccw component cooling water CDF core damage frequency CRD control rod drive CST condensate storage tank cs containment spray DC direct current ECCS emergency core cooling system EDG emergency diesel generator EOP emergency operating procedure EPRI Electric Power Research Institute FIVE fire-induced vulnerability evaluation HPCI high pressure coolant injection HRA human reliability analysis HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning IPE individual plant examination IPEEE IPE - external events ISLOCA interfacing systems loss of coolant accident LERF large, early release frequency LOCA loss of coolant accident LOOP loss of off-site power v
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Acronym Definition LPCI low pressure coolant injection MACCS2 MELCOR accident consequence code system MCC motor control center MSIV main steam isolation valve NPSH net positiVE! suction head NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission PSA probabilistic safety assessment PWR pressurized water reactor RAI request for additional information RCIC reactor con3 isolation cooling RHR residual heat removal RHRSW residual heat removal service water RPV reactor pressure vessel RWCU reactor water cleanup SAG severe accident guidelines SAMA severe accident mitigation alternatives SAMOA severe accident mitigation design alternatives SBO station black-out SLC standby liquid control SMA seismic margins analysis SRV safety relief valve sw service water TBCCW turbine building closed cooling water USI unresolved safety issue Vl OAGI0000585 00009
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 SEVERE ACCIDENT IVIIITIGATION ALTERNATIVES CSAMA.) ANALYSIS GUIDANCE DOCUMENT 1 INTRODUCTION This document provides a template for completing the severe accident mitigation alternatives (SAMA) analysis in support of license renewal. Its purpose is to identify the information that should be included in the SAMA portion of a license renewal application environmental report to reduce the necessity for Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) requests for additional information (RAis). The method described relies upon NUREG/BR-0184 regulatory analysis techniques, is a result of experience gaine:d through past SAMA analyses, and incorporates insights gained from review ofNRC evaluations ofSAMA analyses and associated RAis.
1.1 PURPOSE The purpose of the analysis is to identify SAMA candidates that have the potential to reduce severe accident risk and to determine if implementation of each SAMA candidate is cost-beneficial.
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November 2005 2 METHOD The SAMA analysis consists of the following steps.
- Determine Severe Accident Risk Levell and 2 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) Model Use the plant-specific PSA model (Section 3.1 through Section 3.3) as input to a Level 3 PSA analysis. Incorporate external event contributions as described in Section 3 .1.2.
Level 3 PSA Analysis Use Level 1 and 2 PSA output and site-specific meteorology, demographic, land use, and emergency response data as input for a Level 3 PSA (Section 3.4). Estimate the severe accident risk i.e., off-site dose and economic impacts of a severe accident.
- Determine Cost of Severe Accident Risk I Maximum Benefit - Use NRC regulatory analysis techniques to estimate the cost of severe accident risk. Estimate the maximum benefit that a SAMA could achieve if it eliminated all risk i.e., the maximum benefit (Section 4).
- SAMA Identification - Identify potential SAMA candidates (that prevent core damage and that prevent significant releases from containment) from the PSA model, Individual Plant Examination (IPE) and IPE - External Events (IPEEE) recommendations, and industry documentation (Section 5). As has be,en demonstrated by past SAMA analyses, SAMA candidates are not likely to prove cost-beneficial if they only mitigate the consequences of events that present a low risk to the plant. Therefore, PSA importance analyses play a key role in the SAMA identification process.
- Preliminary Screening (Phase I SAMA Analysis)- Screen out SAMA candidates that are not applicable to the plant design, candidates that have already been implemented or whose benefits have been achieved at the plant using other means, and candidates whose roughly-estimated cost exceeds the maximum benefit. PSA insights may be used to screen SAMA candidates that do not address significant contributors to risk in this phase (Section 6).
- Final Screening (Phase II SAMA Analysis)- Estimate the benefit of severe accident risk reduction to each remaining SAMA candidate and compare to an implementation cost estimate to determine net cost-benefit (Section 7). In an implementation cost estimate, all costs associated with the SAMA should be considered including design, engineering, safety analysis, installation, and long-term maintenance, calibrations, training, etc. that will be required as a result of the change. As has been demonstrated by past SAMA analyses, cost-beneficial SAMAs are most likely limited to procedure changes and minimal hardware changes.
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November 2005 Sensitivity Analysis - Evaluate how changes in SAMA analysis assumptions and uncertainties would affect the cost-benefit analysis (Section 8).
- Identify Conclusions - Summarize results and identify conclusions (Section 9). List potentially cost-beneficial SAMA candidates.
The remainder of this document describes these steps in more detail and indicates associated information that should be included in the SAMA portion of the license renewal environmental report. Figure 1 provides a graphical representation of the SAMA analysis process.
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November 2005 3 SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK Describe the PSA models used to calculate severe accident risk. Describe the Level 1 PSA model (internal and external), the Level2 PSA model, PSA model review history, and the Level 3 PSA model, as shown in Section 3.1 through Section 3.4. Include results of the severe accident risk calculation as shown in Section 3.5.
For multi-unit sites, provide either separate results for each unit or results for a single unit with rationale for why the single analysis is representative or bounding for the other unit(s).
3.1 LEVEL 1 PSA MODEL Level 1 PSA models determine CDF based on initiating event analysis, scenario development, system analyses, and human-factor evaluations.
3.1.1 INTERNAL EVENTS 3.1.1.1 Description of Levell Internal Events PSA Model Identify and describe the Level 1 internal events PSA model used for the SAMA analysis, including the model freeze date. If different PSA versions are used for identifying SAMAs (Section 5.1) and for the benefit analysis (Section 7.1), the impact ofusing a later version should be described.
For example, The Level 1 Internal Events PSA Model used for the SAMA analysis was the most recent internal events risk model (Revision x.xx) that contains modeling of all plant changes implemented up to [date), uses failure and unavailability data to the same date, and resolves industry peer review comments on a previous revision of the model.
Provide a breakdown of the internal events CDF by major contributors, initiators, or accident classes. Include contributions to core damage frequency from station blackout (single unit and dual unit) and anticipated transient without SCRAM events. Candidate SAMAs should concentrate on these events. Table 1 shows a typical accident class distribution.
Provide Level 1 internal events importance measures. This list may be combined with an evaluation of applicable SAMA candidates as shown in Table 9.
If applicable, identify changes to the Level 1 internal events PSA model made to accommodate the SAMA analysis.
3.1.1.2 Levell PSA Model Changes since IPE Submittal Describe major changes to the Levell internal events PSA model since the IPE submittal and the impact these changes have had on CDF.
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November 2005 Discuss changes to the plant, such as power uprate or steam generator replacement that are planned or have occurred since the model freeze date. Indicate if the model used for the SAMA analysis addresses these changes. If the model used for the SAMA analysis does not address these changes, include a qualitative discussion of the impact of the changes on the SAMA analysis. If desired, sensitivity analyses may be performed to support the discussion (Section 8).
3.1.2 EXTERNAL EVENTS The IPEEE identified the highest risk externally initiated accident sequences and potential means of reducing the risk posed by those sequences. Typically, the following external events were evaluated.
- Internal fires
- Seismic events
- Other external events such as high wind events, external flooding, transportation and nearby facility accidents The type of information available for these initiators vanes by the type of risk analysis performed for the IPEEE. For instance, a fire or seismic analysis performed using PSA modeling techniques produces quantitative results. However, due to differences in assumptions, model techniques, uncertainties (e.g., related to initiating event frequencies and human actions),
care should be taken when comparing quantified external events with the results of the best-estimate internal events analysis. Furthetmore, seismic margins analysis {SMA) does not produce a CDF (i.e., is a qualitative analysis) and is predicated on the ability to evaluate the seismic durability of equipment required to safely shut the plant down. The results of this kind of analysis do not directly lend themselves to the frequency-based SAMA analysis. Also, a fire analysis using the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Fire-Induced Vulnerability Evaluation (FIVE) method produces fire zone CDF values that are conservatively high and not suitable for comparison with best-estimate internal events CDF values. As a result, each of the external event contributors must be considered in a manner suiting the type of risk analysis performed.
For each external event, summarize the risk analysis method and subsequent revisions as shown in Section 3.1.2.1 through Section 3.1.2.3. Discuss recommendations to reduce risk due to each external event, and indicate whether or not they have been implemented. Potential improvements from the IPEEE and improvements to address USI A-46 outliers that have not been implemented should be included in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates (Section 5.3).
Describe the method used to quantitatively incorporate external event severe accident risk in the SAMA analysis, as shown in Section 3.1.2.4.
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November 2005 3.1.2.1 Internal Fires 3.1.2.1.1 Risk Analysis Provide a brief discussion of the risk analysis method used for the IPEEE. Indicate if a fire PSA model was created, or if the EPRI FIVE method was used. If the EPRI FIVE method was used, identify first-pass assumptions and screening criteria (e.g., l.OE-06) and discuss methods used to evaluate zones that did not screen on the firs1t pass.
Indicate if the fire risk analysis has been updated since the IPEEE. If so, provide revised fire zone CDF values.
If the EPRI FIVE method was used, the results are conservative and not comparable to internal events core damage frequencies. If a fire PSA model was created, the results should be less conservative than if the FIVE method had been used, but caution must be exercised when making comparisons to best-estimate values. Discussion of specific conservatisms may be provided, as in the following examples.
Initiating Events: The frequency o.ffires and their severity are generally conservatively overestimated. A revised NRC fire events database indicates a trend toward lower frequency and less severe fires. This trend reflects improved housekeeping, reduction in transient fire hazards, and other improved fire protection steps at utilities, System Response: Fire protection measures such as sprinklers, C02, andfire brigades may be given minimal (conservative} credit in their ability to limit the spread ofa fire.
Cable routings are typically characterized conservatively because of lack ofdata regarding the routing ofcables or lack ofanalytic modeling to represent the different routings. This leads to limited credit for balance ofplant systems that are important in core damage mitigation.
Sequences: Sequences may subsume a number offire scenarios to reduce the analytical burden. Subsuming initiators and sequences is done to envelope those sequences included. This results in additional conservatism.
Fire Modeling: Fire damage andfire spread are conservatively characterized. Fire modeling presents bounding approaches regarding the immediate effects ofa fire andfire propagation (e.g., all components in a fire zone are failed by a fire in the zone, or all cables in a tray are failed for a cable tray fire).
HRA: There is little industry experience with crew actions following fires.
This has led to conservative characterization of crew actions in fire analyses. Because CDF is strongly correlated with crew actions, this conservatism has a profound effect on fire results.
Level ofDetail: Fire analyses may have a reduced level ofdetail in mitigation of the initiating event and subsequent system damage.
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November 2005 Quality of Model: The peer review process for fire analyses is less well developed than for internal events PSAs. For example, no industry process, such as NEI 00-02, exists for the structured peer review ofa fire PSA.
Recommended Improvements Discuss existing fire prevention and mitigation features and recommended hardware or procedure changes (including those from the IPEEE and subsequent fire evaluations) to reduce risk in the dominant fire zones.
For example, the dominant fire zones may be monitored by a detection system that alarms in the control room, and they may be equipped with automatic suppression systems. Electrical cabinets in the zones may use rated cables that are difficult to ignite and slow to propagate. Radiant energy shields may be used to prevent a fire on one component from disabling redundant components. Also, hot work permit and transient combustible loading programs reduce possible ignition sources and the fire protection program maximizes the availability of fire protection equipment. If this discussion duplicates inffJrmation provided to NRC for the IPEEE, reference to docketed correspondence may be substituted.
Potential improvements to reduce risk in 1he dominant frre zones (including those from the internal fire portion of the IPEEE and subsequent fire evaluations) should be included in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates (Section 5.3).
3.1.2.2 Seismic Events 3.1.2.2.1 Risk Analysis Provide a brief discussion of the risk analysis method used for the IPEEE. Indicate if a seismic PSA model was created, or if the EPRI SMA method was used.
Indicate if the seismic risk analysis has been updated since the IPEEE. If so, provide revised results.
If a seismic PSA model was created, discuss whether the seismic CDF value is conservative or best-estimate. Discussion of specific conservatisms may be provided as in the examples for internal fires.
Recommended Improvements Discuss enhancements (including those recommended in the IPEEE) to ensure equipment on the safe shutdown list is capable of withstanding a review level earthquake. Discuss USI A-46 resolution and whether all identified outliers have been addressed. If this discussion duplicates information provided to NRC for the IPEEE, reference to docketed correspondence may be substituted.
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November 2005 Potential improvements to minimize seismic risk (including those from the seismic events portion of the IPEEE, subsequent seismic evaluations, and improvements to address unresolved USI A-46 outliers) should be included in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates (Section 5.3).
3.1.2.3 Other External Events 3.1.2.3.1 Risk Analysis Provide a brief discussion of the risk analysis method used for the IPEEE and indicate if the analysis has been updated since the IPEEE. If so, provide revised results.
Discussion of specific conservatisms may be provided as in the examples for internal fires.
Recommended Improvements Describe existing prevention and mitigation features and recommended hardware or procedure changes from the IPEEE to reduce risk from external events caused by high winds, external flooding and transportation accidents, as applicable. If this discussion duplicates information provided to NRC for the IPEEE, reference to docketed correspondence may be substituted.
Potential improvements to reduce risk from other external events (including those from the other events portion of the IPEEE) should be included in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates (Section 5.3).
3.1.2.4 External Event Severe Accident Risk Discuss the method used to address external event risk. As discussed previously, the preferred method is dependent on the risk analysis methods available for the plant. IPEEE reports typically concluded that the risk from other external events (i.e., not fire and seismic events) is less than IE-06/rx-yr. Therefore, these events are typically not the dominant contributors to external event risk and quantitative analysis. of these events is not practical. Thus, the various combinations of internal fire and seismic risk analysis are discussed below.
FIVE and SMA Methods The SMA method does not provide a quantitative result, but resolution of outliers assures that the seismic risk is low and further cost-beneficial seismic improvements are not expected.
Therefore, the FIVE results may be used as a measure of total external events risk.
Estimate the degree of conservatism for the external events risk. Since a FIVE method fire analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could result in a substantially lower fire CDF. NRC staff has accepted that a more realistic fire CDF may be a factor of three less than the screening value obtained from a FIVE analysis (Reference 1). Technical justification should be provided for selection of a reduction factor.
Reduce the fire CDF by an appropriate factor and compare to the internal events CDF to estimate an external events multiplier.
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November 2005 For example, Assume that the total of the unscreened.fire zone CDFs from the FIVE analysis is 2. 7E-05/rx-yr.
Also, assume that the internal event CDF is 8E-06/rx-yr.
Given a factor of three reduction, the resulting fire CDF would be about 9E-06/rx-year, which is the same order of magnitude as the internal events CDF. This would justify use of an external events multiplier of two.
Use the external events multiplier on the maximum benefit (Section 4.5) and on the upper bound estimated benefits for individual SAMA candidates during the Phase II screening (Section 7).
Fire PSA and SMA Method The SMA method does not provide a quantitative result, but resolution of outliers assures that the seismic risk is low and further cost-beneficial seismic improvements are not expected.
Therefore, the fire PSA results may be used as a measure of total external events risk.
Estimate the degree of conservatism for the external events risk. If the fire PSA analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could result in a substantially lower fire CDF. Technical justification should be provided supporting determination of a reduction factor to obtain a more realistic fire CDF.
Use the reduction factor on the baseline fire PSA results and compare to the internal events CDF to obtain an external events multiplier as described for the FIVE method. Use the external events multiplier on the maximum benefit (Section 4.5) and on the upper bound estimated benefits for individual SAMA candidates during the Phase II screening (Section 7).
FIVE Method and Seismic PSA Since the FIVE method and seismic PSA provide quantitative results, the results may be combined to represent the total external events risk.
Estimate the degree of conservatism for the external events risk. Since a FIVE method fire analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could result in a substantially lower fire CDF. NRC staff has accepted that a more realistic fire CDF may be a factor of three less than the screening value obtained from a FIVE analysis (Reference 1). Also, if the seismic PSA analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could result in a substantially lower seismic CDF.
Technical justification should be provided supporting determination of reduction factors to obtain more realistic fire and seismic CDF.values Reduce the fire and seismic CDF values by their factors, combine to obtain a total external events CDF, and compare to the internal events CDF to estimate an external events multiplier.
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November 2005 For example, Assume that the total of the unscreened.fire zone CDFs from the FIVE analysis is 2. 7E-05/rx-yr.
Assume that the seismic PSA resulted in a CDF of 3E-6/rx-yr; which was estimated to be a factor offour higher than a best-estimate of seismic CDF. Also, assume that the internal event CDF is 8E-06/rx-yr.
Given a factor of three reduction, the resulting.fire CDFwould be about 9E-06/rx-year.
Given a factor offour reduction, the resulting seismic CDFwould be about 8E-7/rx-yr.
Thus, the total external events risk would be 9.8E-6, which is the same order of magnitude as the internal events CDF. This wouldjustifY use of an external events multiplier of two.
Use the external events multiplier on the maximum benefit (Section 4.5) and on the upper bound estimated benefits for individual SAMA candidates during the Phase II screening (Section 7).
Fire PSA and Seismic PSA Since fire PSA and seismic PSA provide quantitative results, the results may be combined to represent the total external events risk.
Estimate the degree of conservatism for the external events risk. If the fire PSA analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could a
result in substantially lower fire CDF. Tc~chnical justification should be provided supporting determination of a reduction factor to obtain a more realistic fire CDF. Also, if the seismic PSA
. analysis contains numerous conservatisms, as discussed previously, a more realistic assessment could result in a substantially lower seismi~c CDF. Technical justification should be provided supporting determination of a reduction factor to obtain a more realistic seismic CDF.
Reduce the fire and seismic CDF values by their factors, combine to obtain a total external events CDF, and compare to the internal events CDF to estimate an external events multiplier (as in the above example). Use the external events multiplier on the maximum benefit (Section 4.5) and on the upper bound estimated benefits for individual SAMA candidates during the Phase II screening (Section 7).
3.2 LEVEL 2 PSA MODEL Level 2 PSA models determine release frequency, severity, and timing based on Level 1 PSA, containment performance, and accident progression analyses.
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November 2005 3.
2.1 DESCRIPTION
OF LEVEL 2 PSA MODEL Identify and describe the Level 2 PSA model used for the SAMA analysis, including the model freeze date.
For example, The Level 2 PSA model usedfor the SAJ.-JA analysis was the most recent model (Revision xxx) that contains modeling of all plant changes implemented up to [date], uses failure and unavailability data to the same date and resolves industry peer review comments on a previous revision of the model.
Provide a description of the release severity and timing scheme. This may be in paragraph form or like the example shown in Table 2.
Provide a table or matrix describing the mapping of Level 1 accident sequences into Level 2 release categories and a description of the representative release sequences.
Provide the release category frequencies and fission product release characteristics (release fractions, timing, and energy). If the sum of release frequencies does not equal the total CDF, an explanation should be provided. Table 3 displays sample release category frequencies and release fractions.
Provide Level 2 importance measures. These measures should not only be based on consideration of large early release frequertcy contributors, but should consider other release categories that are major contributors to population dose. This* list may be combined with an evaluation of applicable SAMA candidates as shown in Table 9.
If applicable, identify changes to the Level 2 PSA model made to accommodate the SAMA analysis.
3.2.2 LEVEL 2 PSA MODEL CHANGES SINCE IPE SUBMITTAL Describe changes to major modeling assumptions, containment event tree structure, accident progression I source term calculations, or binning of endstates in the Level 2 PSA model since the IPE submittal and the impact these changes have had on large, early release frequency (LERF).
Discuss changes to the plant, such as power uprate or steam generator replacement that are planned or have occurred since the model fre:eze date. Indicate if the model used for the SAMA analysis addresses these changes. If the model used for the SAMA analysis does not address these changes, include a qualitative discussion of the impact of the changes on the SAMA analysis. If desired, sensitivity analyses may be performed to support the discussion (Section 8).
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November 2005 3.3 MODEL REVIEW
SUMMARY
Provide a brief description of in-house and peer reviews of the Level 1 and 2 PSA models that have been performed since the IPE. For example, The model has been updated several times since completion of the IPE to maintain it consistent with the as-built plant, to incorporate improved thermal hydraulic results, and to incorporate PSA improvements. The updates have involved a cooperative effort including both licensee personnel and PSA consultant support. In each of the updates, an independent review of revisions to the PSA model is performed. The PSA model and results have been maintained as plant calculations or engineering reports. As part of each major update, in order to ensure adequacy of the updated model, an expert panel reviews the PSA model results. The panel is typically composed of experienced personnel from various plant organizations, including Operations, System Engineering, Design Engineering, Safety Analysis, and PSA.
An Owner's Group peer review of the model was conducted in [date]. The results of this review are described below.
In addition, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Staff reviewed results of the prior version of the model as part of the benchmarking of the Significance Determination Program Notebook.
The Staff and its contractors conducted the review at the site during [date]. The Stafffurther reviewed the model, primarily the human reliability analysis and fire risk analysis, as part of its review of the risk impact ofextended power uprate. This review included a site visit in {date].
Provide a brief description of the overall findings of the owner's group peer review. Discuss signific;:mt findings or observations and indicate if resolution was included in the model used for the SAMA analysis. If the model used for the SAMA analysis does not address significant fmdings or observations, include at least a qualitative discussion of the impact of the findings or observations on the SAMA analysis. Sensitivity analyses may be performed to support the discussion (Section 8).
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November 2005 3.4 LEVEL 3 PSA MODEL Level 3 PSA models determine off-site dose and economic impacts of severe accidents based on Level 1 PSA results, Level 2 PSA results, atmospheric transport, mitigating actions, dose accumulation, early and latent health effects, and economic analyses.
Provide a description of the Level 3 analysis method and input data. In many SAMA analyses, the MELCOR Accident Consequence Code System (MACCS2) (Reference 2) is used to calculate the off-site consequences of a severe accident. Some SAMA analyses have used previous Level 3 analyses such as those included in NUREG/CR-4551. Description of the method may be no more than a reference to the document describing the method. However, the various input parameters and associated assumptions must still be described.
The following sections describe input data if MACCS2 (Reference 2) is the analysis tool. If another code is used, similar description of the input parameters must be documented.
3.4.1 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION Provide a predicted population within a 50-mile radius of the site. The predicted population distribution may be obtained by extrapolating publicly available census data. Transient population included in the site emergency plan should be added to the census data before extrapolation. Explain why the population distribution used in the analysis is appropriate and justify the method. used for population extrapolation. Typically, with increasing population, the predicted population is estimated for a**ye.ar within the second half of the period of extended operation. Extrapolation to a later date, and therefore a larger population, adds conservatism to the analysis. Of course, if a population reduction is projected~ extrapolation to an earlier date would be more reasonable.
The population distribution should be by location in a grid consisting of sixteen directional sectors, the first of which is centered on due north, the second on 22.5 degrees east of north, and so on. The direction sectors should be divided into a number of radial intervals extending out to at least 50 miles. A sample population distribution is provided in Table 4.
3.4.2 ECONOMIC DATA Provide economic data from publicly available information (e.g., from the U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Agriculture, or state tax office) on a region-wide basis. Economic data should be expressed in today's dollars (dollars for the year in which the SAMA analysis is being performed), not extrapolated to the end of the~ period of extended operation. Economic data from a past census can be converted to today's dollars using the ratio of current to past consumer price indices.
Describe the values and bases for the following economic estimates.
- Cost of evacuation
- Cost for temporary relocation (food, lodging, lost income)
- Cost of decontaminating land and buildings 13 OAGI0000585 00022
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- Lost return on investments from properties that are temporarily interdicted to allow contamination to be decreased by decay of nuclides
- Cost of repairing temporarily interdicted property
- Value of crops destroyed or not grown because they were contaminated by direct deposition or would be contaminated by root uptake
- Value of farmland and of individual, public, and non-farm commercial property that is condemned Sample MACCS2 economic data is provided in Table 5.
3.4.3 NUCLIDE RELEASE Provide a discussion of the source of core inventory values and a list of those values. Table 6 shows sample core inventory values. The aetuallist of radioisotopes may differ from the list in Table 6.
MACCS2 default core inventory values are for a reference plant with a power level of 3,412 megawatts-thermal. Since actual core inventory is usually fuel vendor proprietary information, plant-specific core inventory values may be obtained by scaling the MACCS2 default values by the ratio of power level to reference plant power level. Additional adjustment of the core inventory values may be necessary to account for differences between fuel cycles expected during the period of extended operation and the fuel cycle upon which the MACCS2 default core inventory values are based. *
- Also provide a description of the characteristics associated with the release (i.e., elevation of release, thermal content of release). Use of a release height equal to half the height of the containment is acceptable, because it provides adequate dispersion of the plume to the surrounding area. Table 7 shows example release characteristics.
3.4.4 EMERGENCY RESPONSE Discuss emergency response and evacuation parameter assumptions.
Provide an evacuation start time delay and a radial evacuation speed based on site-specific information. Since population dose is highly dependent on radial evacuation speed, and uncertainties may be introduced during derivation of a single evacuation speed from emergency plan information, sensitivity analyses should be documented to show that the radial evacuation speed used in the SAMA analysis is reasonable (Section 8.4).
Best-estimate values for groundshine and cloudshine shielding factors are acceptable (e.g., Grand Gulf values found in Table 3.28 of Reference 3).
MACCS2 default values are acceptable for other parameter inputs, such as inhalation and skin protection factors, acute and chronic exposur'e effects, and long-term protective data.
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November 2005 3.4.5 METEOROLOGICAL DATA Describe the meteorological data used in the analysis, including wind speed, wind direction, stability class, seasonal mixing heights, and precipitation. Indicate the sources of the data (e.g.,
site meteorological tower, National Climatic Data Center).
Also indicate the span of the data. Examplt~s include, "a foil year (2003) of consecutive hourly values," or "an average offive years (1995-2003) of consecutive hourly values."
Explain why the data set and data period are representative and typical.
For example, Annual meteorology data sets from 1998 through 2000 were investigated for use in MACCS2.
The 1998 data set was found to result in the largest doses and was subsequently used to create the one-year sequential hourly data set used in MACCS2. The conditional dose from each of the other years was within 10 percent of the chosen year.
If data is not from the plant meteorological tower, discuss why the data is acceptable.
3.5 SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK RESULTS Provide the mean annual off-site dose and economic impact due to a severe accident for each of the release categories analyzed. Report results for all release categories, including those with normal containment leakage (intact containment). Provide total off-site dose and total economic impact, which are the baseline risk measures from which the maximum benefit is calculated (Section 4). Table 8 provides a sample summary of severe accident risk results.
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November 2005 4 COST OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK/ MAXIMUM BENEFIT Using the baseline risk measures from Section 3.5, calculate severe accident impacts in four areas: off-site exposure cost, off-site economic cost, on-site exposure cost, and on-site economic cost (Section 4.1 through Section 4.4). The following descriptions of the severe accident impact calculations are based on the NRC-accepted methods found in NUREG/BR-0184 (Reference 4).
Calculation of severe accident impacts involves an analysis period term, tr, which can be defined as either the period of extended operation (20 years), or the years remaining until the end of facility life (from the time of the SAMA analysis to the end of the period of extended operation)
(25 years or more). The value typically used for this term is the period of extended operation (20 years). Since this is a license renewal application, if the analysis determines that an aging-related SAMA is potentially cost-beneficial, the plant is under no obligation to implement the SAMA immediately. Thus, the plant will commit to implementing the SAMA by the beginning of the period of extended operation. Therefore, the benefits of the SAMA are only assured for 20 years. However, NRC has asked several plants to perform a sensitivity analysis using the period from the time of the SAMA analysis to the end of the period of extended operation to determine if SAMAs are potentially cost-beneficial if performed immediately. This sensitivity analysis should be performed to provide the information wanted by the regulator (Section 8.6).
Alternatively, the analysis could use the period from the time of the SAMA analysis to the end of the period of extended operation (25 years or more), and a sensitivity analysis would not be needed. This method adds conservatism to the analysis ..
Calculation of severe accident impacts also involves a real discount rate, r, which is typically assumed to be 7% (0.07/year) as recommended in NUREG/BR-0184. A value of 7% is conservative because cost estimates are usually performed by utilities using values between 11 and 15%. Use of both a 7% and 3% real discount rate in regulatory analysis is specified in Office of Management Budget (OMB) guidance (Reference 5) and in NUREG/BR-0058 (Reference 6). The two discount rates represent the difference in whether a decision to undertake a project requiring investment is viewed as displacing either private investment or private consumption. A rate of 7% should be used as a baseline for regulatory analyses and represents an estimate of the average before-tax rate of return on an average investment in the private sector in recent years. A rate of3% should also be used and represents an estimate of the "consumption rate of interest," i.e., the real, after-tax rate of return on widely available savings instruments or investment opportunities. To address this concern, perform a sensitivity analysis using a 3% real discount rate (Section 8.5).
Combine the severe accident impacts with the external events multiplier to estimate the total cost of severe accident risk. Since this is the maximum benefit that a SAMA could achieve if it eliminated all risk, it is the maximum benefit (Section 4.5).
4.1 OFF-SITE EXPOSURE COST Convert the baseline off-site dose to dollars using the conversion factor of $2,000 per person-rem, and discount to present value using the following equation.
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= C
- Zpha Where:
Wpha off-site exposure cost ($)
C [ 1-exp(-rtr)]/r (years) tr analysis period (years) (see Section 4) r = real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4)
Zpha = value of public health (acddent) risk per year before discounting ($/year)
Zpha = $2,000/person-rem
- mean annual off-site dose impact due to a severe accident from Section 3.5 For example, Assume the baseline off-site dose from Section 3.5 is 9 person-rem/year.
Then, Zpha = 9 person-rem/year * $2, 000/person-rem = $18, 000/year.
Assume a 20-year analysis period and a 7% real discount rate.
Then, Cis approximately 10.76 years.
Therefore, off-site exposure cost is 10. 76 years * $18, 000/year = $193, 680.
4.2 OFF-SITE ECONOMIC COST Discount the off-site economic cost to present value using the same equation as in Section 4.1, with Zpha = mean annual economic impact due to a severe accident from Section 3.5.
For example, Assume the baseline off-site economic impact from Section 3.5 is $21,000/year, then Zpha
$21, 000/year.
Assume the same analysis period and real discount rate.
Then, off-site economic cost= 10.76 years * $21,000/year = $225,960.
4.3 ON-SITE EXPOSURE COST The values for on-site (occupational) exposure consist of "immediate dose" and "long-term dose." The best estimate value provided in NUREG/BR-0184 for immediate occupational dose 17 OAGI0000585 00026
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November 2005 is 3,300 person-rem/event, and long-term .occupational dose is 20,000 person-rem (over a ten-year clean-up period). The following equations are used to calculate monetary equivalents.
Immediate Dose WIO = R*F*DIO*C Where:
W1o = immediate on-site exposure cost ($)
R = monetary equivalent of unit dose ($/person-rem)
F = Level 1 internal events core damage frequency (events/year)
DIO = immediate on-site (occupational) dose (person-rem/event) c = [1-exp(-rtr) ]/r (years) r = real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4) tr = analysis period (years) (see Section 4)
For example, Using the following values from above, R = $2,000/person-rem r 0.07/year D 10 = 3,300 person-rem/event 1j = 20years And assuming the Level 1 internal events core damage frequency, F = 1E-6 events/year Then, the immediate on-site exposure cost is:
Wio = $2,000/person-rem ;t: JE-6 events/year* 3,300 person-rem/event
- 10.76 years
= $71 Long-Term Dose Wuo = R
- F
- DLTo
- C * {[1 - exp(-rm)]/rm}
Where:
WLTo long-term on-site exposure~ cost ($)
R monetary equivalent of unit dose ($/person-rem)
F Level 1 internal events core damage frequency (events/year)
DLTo long-term on-site (occupational) dose (person-rem/event) c = [ 1-exp(-rtr) ]/r (years) 18 OAGI0000585 00027
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November 2005 r = real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4) tr = analysis period (years) (see Section 4) m years over which long-tenn doses accrue For example, Using the following values from above, R $2, 000/person-rem r 0.07/year DLro 20,000 person-rem/event m 10years fJ 20 years F 1E-6 events/year Then, the long-term exposure cost is:
WLro $2, 000/person-rem
- 1E-6 events/year
- 20,000 person-rem/event
- 10. 76 years
- {[1 -exp(-0.07*10)}10.07*10}
$310 Total On-site Exposure - Combining immediate and long-term on-site exposure costs results in a total on-site exposure cost, W0 , of Wo = W10+WLTo For the example, W0 = ($71 + $310) = $381 4.4 ON-SITE ECONOMIC COST On-site economic cost includes cleanup and decontamination cost, and either replacement power cost or repair and refurbishment cost.
Cleanup and Decontamination Integrate the net present value of the total cost of clean-up and decontamination of a power reactor facility subsequent to a severe accident over the analysis period. The total cost of cleanup and decontamination of a power reactor facility subsequent to a severe accident is estimated in NUREG/BR-0184 to be $1.5E+9.
Calculate the present value of this cost as follows.
PVco = [Cco/m] * {[1- exp(-rm)]/r}
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November 2005 Where:
PVco = net present value of a single event ($)
Ceo = total cost of cleanup and decontamination effort ($)
m = cleanup period (years) r real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4)
For example, Using the following values from above, Ceo $1.5£+9 m 10years r 0.07/year Then, PVco = $1.5£+9 I 10 years * {[1 -exp(-0.07*10)}10.07/year} = $1.08£+9 Integrate this cost over the analysis period as follows.
Uco = PVco* C Where:
Uco = total cost ofdeanup and decontamination over the analysis period ($-years)
PVco = net present value of a single event ($)
c = [ 1-exp(-rtr) )/r r real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4) tr analysis period (years) (see Section 4)
For example, Using the following values from above, PVco = $1.08£+9 r 0.07/year ft 20years Then, the cleanup and decontamination cost is,
$1.08£+9
- 10.76 years= 1.16£+10 $-years Replacement Power Cost Determine the net present value of replacement power for a single event, PVRP, using the following equation.
[B/r] * [ 1 - exp(-rtr) ]2 20 OAGI0000585 00029
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November 2005 Where:
PVRP = net present value of replacement power for a single event, ($)
r = real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4) tr = analysis period (years) (see Section 4)
B = a constant representing a string of replacement power costs that occur over the lifetime of a reactor after an event (for a 91 OMWe "generic" reactor, NUREG/BR-0184 uses a value of$1.2E+8) ($/yr)
For example, Assuming a 1023 MWe plant, and scaling B for power level, B = 1.2£+8$/yr
- 1023/910 = 1.35£+8$/yr Using the following values from above, r 0.07/year 1_r 20years Then, PVRP = [1.35E+8$/yr/.07/yr] * [1- exp(-.07*20)/ = $1.09£+9 Sum the single-event costs over the entire analysis period, using the following equation.
[PVRP /r] * [1- exp(-rtr)i Where:
URP net present value of replacement power over life of facility ($-year) r = real discount rate (7% = 0.07/year) (see Section 4) tr = analysis period (years) (se'e Section 4)
For example, Using the following values from above, PVRP $1.09£+9 r 0.07/year l_r 20 years Then, the replacement power cost is,
[$1.09E+9/0.07/year] * [1- exp(-0.07*20)/ = 8.84£+9 $-years Repair and Refurbishment Cost Repair and refurbishment costs may be estimated in accordance with NUREG/BR-0184 as 20%
of the cost of replacement power previously discussed. Assuming that replacement power will 21 OAGI0000585 00030
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November 2005 be required for the remaining life of the plant results in higher benefit estimates and is, therefore, more conservative than assuming the plant will be repaired.
Thus, repair and refurbishment costs need not be estimated.
Total On-Site Economic Cost Calculate total on-site economic costs by summing cleanup/decontamination costs and replacement power costs, and multiplying this value by the internal events CDF.
For example, Using the values from above and assuming an internal events CDF of 1E-6/year, Total onsite economic cost= (1.16E+10 $-years+ 8.84£+9 $-years)* 1E-6/year = $20,440.
4.5 TOTAL COST OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK I MAXIMUM BENEFIT Calculate the severe accident impact by summing the off-site exposure cost, off-site economic cost, on-site exposure cost, and on-site economic cost.
For the example, the sum of the baseline costs is as follows.
Off-site exposure cost $193,680 Off-site economic cost $225,960 On-site exposure cost $381 On-site economic cost $20,440 Severe accident impact $440,461 Combine the severe accident impact with the external events multiplier (Section 3.1.2.4) to calculate the total cost of severe accident risk. Since this is the maximum benefit that a SAMA could achieve if it eliminated all risk, it is the maximum benefit.
For example, If the external events multiplier in Section 3.1.2.4 is two, Maximum benefit= $440,461
- 2 = $880,922 The maximum benefit is used in the Phase I screening process (Section 6) to eliminate SAMAs that are not cost-beneficial. If the estimated cost of implementing a SAMA exceeds this value, it is excluded from further analysis.
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November 2005 5 SAMA IDENTIFICATION Develop a list of SAMA candidates by reviewing the major contributors to CDF and population dose based on the plant-specific risk assessment and the standard BWR or PWR list of enhancements (Table 13 or 14). The following sections provide a more detailed description of the identification process and the necessary documentation.
5.1 PSA IMPORTANCE Identify plant-specific SAMA candidates by reviewing dominant risk contributors (to both CDF and population dose) in the Level I and Level 2 PSA models. Describe how dominant risk contributors, including dominant sequences, equipment failures, and operator actions identified through importance analyses, were used to identify plant-specific SAMA candidates. This should include a review of dominant sequences or cutsets for failures that could be addressed through an enhancement to the plant. It should also include a similar review of dominant equipment and human failures based on importance measures. Past SAMA analyses have shown that SAMA candidates are not likely to prove cost-beneficial if they only mitigate the consequences of events that present a low risk to the plant.
The definition of "dominant sequences or cutsets" is open to interpretation. The SAMA portion of the license renewal environmental report should indicate how the dominant sequences were defined and the rationale for the cutoff value. For example, "The top 100 Level 1 cutsets, representing 62% of the total CDF, were rev.iewed. Individual cutsets below this point have little influence on CDF and are therefore not likely contributors for identification of cost beneficial enhancements."
Similarly, the definition of dominant equipment and human failures is open to interpretation.
The SAMA portion of the license renewal environmental report should indicate how the dominant failures were defined and the rationale for the cutoff value. For example, "Failures with risk reduction worth > 1.005 were identified as the most important failures. Events below this point influence CDF by less than 0. 5% and are therefore not likely contributors for identification of cost beneficial enhancements. "
Provide a list of equipment failures and human actions that have the greatest potential for reducing risk based on importance analysis. For each dominant contributor describe relevant Phase I SAMAs and list the Phase II SAMA(s) that address that contributor. SAMAs may be hardware changes, procedure changes, or enhancements to programs, including training and surveillance programs. Hardware changes should not be limited to permanent changes involving addition of new, safety-grade equipment, but should also include lower cost alternatives, such as temporary connections using commercial grade equipment (e.g., portable generators and temporary cross-ties). Previous SAMA analyses for similar plants are a prime source for identifying potential low-cost alternatives to address similar risk contributors. If a SAMA was not evaluated for a dominant risk contributor, justify why SAMAs to further reduce the contributor would not be cost-beneficial.
A sample partial PSA importance review is provided in Table 9.
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November 2005 5.2 PLANT IPE Plant IPE submittals included a list of risk-based insights and potential plant improvements.
Identify if potential improvements have not been implemented.
Include potential improvements that have not been implemented in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates.
5.3 PLANT IPEEE Potential improvements to reduce the risk in dominant fire zones and to reduce seismic risk and risk from other external events (including those from the IPEEE, subsequent fire and seismic evaluations, and improvements to address USI A-46 outliers) should be included in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates.
5.4 INDUSTRY SAMA CANDIDATES Include the generic BWR or PWR enhancements (Table 13 or 14) in the list of Phase I SAMA candidates.
5.5 LIST OF PHASE I SAMA CANDIDATES .
The combined list of potential improvements from Section 5.1 through Section 5.4 is the list of Phase I SAMA candidates. Maintain this comprehensive list of SAMA candidates, with the source of each candidate indicated, in on-site documentation. Due to its size and limited value to NRC reviewers, this list need not be included in the SAMA portion of the license renewal environmental report.
A sample partial list of Phase I SAMA candidates is presented in Table 10. The last two columns in this table are part of the Phase I analysis and are discussed in Section 6.
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November 2005 6 PHASE I ANALYSIS Perform a preliminary screening of SANlA candidates to eliminate SAMAs from further consideration. This step is taken to limit the number of SAMAs for which detailed analysis in Phase II is necessary. Describe the screening criteria used in the Phase I analysis. The following are examples of screening criteria that may be applied.
- Not Applicable: If a SAMA candidate does not apply to the plant design, it is not retained.
For example, installation of accumulators for turbine-driven feedwater pump flow control valves would not require further analysis at a plant with motor operated turbine-driven feedwater pump flow control valves.
- Already Implemented: If a SAMA candidate has already been implemented at the plant, it is not retained. For example, installation of motor generator set trip breakers in the control room to reduce the frequency of core damage due to an ATWS would not require further analysis at a plant with a control room actuated diverse scram system.
- Combined: If a SAMA candidate is similar in nature and can be combined with another SAMA candidate to develop a more comprehensive or plant-specific SAMA candidate, only the combined SAMA candidate is retained. For example, addition of an independent reactor coolant pump seal injection system and use of an existing hydro test pump for reactor coolant pump seal injection provide similar risk-reduction benefits. If the lower-cost alternative is not cost-beneficial, the higher-cost alternative also will not be cost-beneficial. Therefore, the higher-cost alternative would not require further analysis.
- Excessive Implementation Cost: If a SAMA requires extensive changes that will obviously exceed the maximum benefit (Section 4.5), even without an implementation cost estimate, it is not retained. For example, the cost of installing an additional, buried off-site power source would exceed the maximum benefit from Section 4.5 and would not require further analysis.
Consideration should be given to lower cost alternatives, such as temporary connections using commercial grade equipment (e.g., portable generators and temporary cross-ties),
procedure enhancements, and training enhancements that could offer much of the potential risk reduction at a fraction of the cost of safety-related modifications.
- Very Low Benefit: If a SAMA from an industry document is related to a non-risk significant system for which change in reliability is known to have negligible impact on the risk profile, it is not retained. For example, if the instrument air system is not a risk-significant system at the plant, and failure ofthe air compressors is not on the PSA importance list (Section 5.1),
the plant risk profile would be unchanged if the air compressors were made perfectly reliable.
Therefore, an improvement to replace the: current air compressors with a more reliable model would not require further analysis.
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November 2005 Provide a description of the screening process and its results, in sufficient detail that a reader can understand how the initial set of Phase I SA1v1As was reduced to the more limited set of Phase II SAMAs (e.g., an accounting of the SAMAs eliminated by each criterion.)
Table 10 provides sample Phase I dispositions for individual SAMA candidates. Those SAMAs that require detailed cost-benefit analysis are retained for Phase II analysis (Section 7).
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November 2005 7 PHASE II SAMA ANALYSIS Perform a cost-benefit analysis on each ofth1e remaining SAMA candidates.
The benefit is the difference in the baseline cost of severe accident risk (maximum benefit from Section 4.5) and the cost of severe accident risk with the SAMA implemented (Section 7.1). The cost is the estimated cost to implement the SAMA (Section 7.2). If the estimated cost of implementation exceeds the benefit of implementation, the SAMA is not cost-beneficial.
For multi-unit sites, assure that the benefits and implementation costs are provided on a consistent basis, e.g., all benefit and all cost estimates are on a per-site basis. If benefit and cost estimates are provided on a per-unit basis, the impact (and efficiencies) associated with implementation of the SAMA at multiple units should be reflected in the estimated implementation costs.
7.1 SAMA BENEFIT 7.1.1 SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK \VITH SAMA IMPLEMENTED Perform bounding analyses to determine the change in risk following implementation of SAMA candidates or groups of similar SAMA candidates.
For each analysis case, alter the Level 1 internal events or Level 2 PSA model to conservatively consider implementation of the SAMA candidate(s). Then, calculate the severe accident risk measures using the same procedure used for the baseline case described in Section 3.
For SAMAs specifically related to external events, estimate the approximate benefits through use of the external events PRA, if available, or bounding-type analysis, (e.g., estimating the benefit of completely or partially eliminating the external event risk).
Describe the changes made to the PSA models for each analysis case.
For example, LBLOCA This analysis case was used to evaluate the change in plant risk profile that would be achieved if a digital large break LOCA protection system was installed. Although the proposed change would not completely eliminate the potential for a large break LOCA, a bounding benefit was estimated by removing the large break LOCA initiating event. This analysis case was used to model the benefit of SAMA 7.
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November 2005 DCPWR This analysis case was used to evaluate plant modifications that would increase the availability of Class JE DC power (e.g., increased battery capacity or the installation ofa diesel-powered generator that would effectively increase battery capacity). Although the proposed SAMAs would not completely eliminate the potential failure, a bounding benefit was estimated by removing the battery discharge events and battery failure events. This analysis case was used to model the benefit of SAMAs 4, 5, 10, 12, and 24.
7.1.2 COST OF SEVERE ACCIDENT RISK WITH SAMA IMPLEMENTED Using the risk measures from Section 7.1.1, calculate severe accident impacts in four areas: off-site exposure cost, off-site economic cost, on-site exposure cost, and on-site economic cost using the same procedure used for the baseline cas1~ described in Section 4.
As in Section 4.5, sum the severe accident impacts and combine with the external events multiplier (Section 3.1.2.4) to estimate the total cost of severe accident risk with the SAMA implemented. Use of the external events multiplier is inappropriate for some SAMAs. For example, SAMAs specifically related to external events that would not impact internal events (e.g., enhanced fire detections) and SAMAs related to specific internal event initiators (e.g.,
guard pipes for main steam line break events). Provide a discussion of SAMAs on which the external events multiplier was not applied.
7.1.3 SAMA BENEFIT Subtract the total cost of severe accident risk with the SAMA implemented from the baseline cost of severe accident risk (maximum benefit from Section 4.5) to obtain the benefit.
List the estimated benefit for each SAMA candidate.
Table 11 provides a sample portion of a Phase II SAMA candidate list with estimated benefits listed.
7.2 COST OF SAMA IMPLEMENTATION Perform a cost estimate for each of the Phase II SAMA candidates. Describe the cost estimating process and list the cost estimate for each SAMA candidate.
As SAMA analysis focuses on establishing the economic viability of potential plant enhancement when compared to attainable benefit, often detailed cost estimates are not required to make informed decisions regarding the: economic viability of a particular modification.
SAMA implementation costs may be clearly in excess of the attainable benefit estimated from a particular analysis case. For less clear cases, engineering judgment may be applied to determine if a more detailed cost estimate is necessary to formulate a conclusion regarding the economic viability of a particular SAMA. Nonetheless, the cost of each SAMA candidate should be conceptually estimated to the point where economic viability of the proposed modification can be adequately gauged.
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November 2005 For hardware modifications, the cost of implementation may be established from existing estimates of similar modifications from previously performed SAMA and SAMDA analyses.
Costs associated with implementation of a SAMA including procurement, installation, long-term maintenance, surveillance, calibration, and training should be considered.
Discuss conservatisms in the cost estimates. For example, cost estimates may not include the cost of replacement power during extended outages required to implement the modifications.
They also may not include contingency costs associated with unforeseen implementation obstacles. Estimates based on modifications that were implemented or estimated in the past may be presented in terms of dollar values at the time of implementation (or estimation), and not adjusted to present-day dollars. In addition, implementation costs originally developed for SAMDA analyses (i.e., during the design phase of the plant) do not capture the additional costs associated with performing design modific:ations to existing plants (i.e., reduced efficiency, minimizing dose, disposal of contaminated material, etc.).
Table 11 provides a sample portion of a Phase II SAMA candidate list with cost estimates.
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November 2005 8 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES Evaluate how changes in SAMA analysis assumptions would affect the cost-benefit analysis.
Perform the following sensitivity analyses, as applicable.
Table 12 contains sample sensitivity analysis results.
8.1 PLANT MODIFICATIONS Major changes to the plant, such as power uprate or steam generator replacement, may be planned or may have occurred since the model freeze date, as described in Section 3.1 and Section 3.2. If the Levell or Level2 PSA model used for the SAMA analysis does not address a major plant change, a sensitivity analysis may be performed to support discussion of the impact of the change on the SAMA analysis results.
In this sensitivity analysis, modifY the PSA model (or its results) to simulate incorporation of the plant modification and perform the Phase II analysis with the revised severe accident risk results.
Sufficient margin exists in the maximum benefit estimation that the Phase I screening should not have to be repeated in the sensitivity analysis.
Discuss the plant modification and how its effects were simulated in the PSA model. Provide pertinent results and discuss how they affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis. If SAMAs appear cost-beneficial in the sensitivity results, discussion of conservatisms in the analysis, (e.g.,
conservatisms in cost estimates discussed in Section 7 .2), and their impact on the results may be appropriate.
8.2 UNCERTAINTY A discussion of CDF uncertainty, and conservatisms in the SAMA analysis that off-set uncertainty, should be included. For example, use of conservative risk modeling to represent a particular plant change may be used to offs1~t uncertainty in risk modeling; use of conservative implementation cost estimates may be used to offset uncertainty in cost estimates; and use of an uncertainty factor derived from the ratio of the 95 1h percentile to the mean point estimate for internal events CDF may be used to account for CDF uncertainties. Estimate an uncertainty factor based on this discussion and perform a sensitivity analysis using the uncertainty factor on the results. [Based on analysis to date the ratio of the 95th percentile to the mean point estimate for typical internal events CDF values is 2 to 5 (Reference 1).]
Provide pertinent results and discuss how they affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis. If SAMAs appear cost-beneficial in the sensitivity results, discussion of conservatisms in the analysis, (e.g., conservatisms in cost estimates discussed in Section 7.2), and their impact on the results may be appropriate.
30 OAGI0000585 00039
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 8.3 PEER REVIEW FINDINGS OR OBSERVATIONS If the model used for the SAMA analysis does not address significant findings or observations from the PSA peer review discussed in Section 3.3, sensitivity analyses may be performed to support discussion of the impact of the fmdings or observations on the SAMA analysis results.
In these sensitivity analyses, modify the PSA model (or its results) to simulate incorporation of the finding or observation and perform the Phase II analysis with the revised severe accident risk results. Sufficient margin exists in the maximum benefit estimation that the Phase I screening should not have to be repeated in the sensitivity analysis.
Discuss the finding or observation and how its effects were simulated in the PSA model.
Provide pertinent results and discuss how th1ey affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis. If SAMAs appear cost-beneficial in the sensitivity results, discussion of conservatisms in the analysis, (e.g., conservatisms in cost estimates discussed in Section 7.2), and their impact on the results may be appropriate.
8.4 EVACUATION SPEED Population dose may be significantly affected by radial evacuation speed, and uncertainties may be introduced during derivation of a single evacuation speed from emergency plan information, as discussed in Section 3.4.4. Therefore, perform sensitivity.analyses to show that variations in this parameter would not impact the results of the analysis.
This sensitivity analysis should modify the evacuation speed assumed in the Level 3 PSA model and recalculate the baseline severe accident risk results. Multiple speeds may be evaluated as necessary.
Discuss uncertainty in the evacuation speed and how the modified speed was selected. Provide pertinent results and discuss how they affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis.
8.5 REAL DISCOUNT RATE Calculation of severe accident impacts also involves a real discount rate, r, which is typically assumed to be 7% (0.07/year) as recommended in NUREG/BR-0184. A value of 7% is conservative because cost estimates are usually performed by utilities using values between 11 and 15%. Use of both a 7% and 3% real discount rate in regulatory analysis is specified in Office of Management Budget (OMB) guidance (Reference 5) and in NUREG/BR-0058 (Reference 6). The two discount rates represent the difference in whether a decision to undertake a project requiring investment is viewed as displacing either private investment or private consumption. A rate of 7% should be used as a baseline for regulatory analyses and represents an estimate of the average before-tax rate of return on an average investment in the private sector in recent years. A rate of3% should also be used and represents an estimate ofthe "consumption rate of interest," i.e., the real, after-tax rate of return on widely available savings instruments or investment opportunities. To address this concern, perform a sensitivity analysis using a 3% real discount rate.
31 OAGI0000585 00040
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 In this sensitivity analysis, modify the real discount rate in the Level 3 PSA model and perform the Phase II analysis with the revised severe accident risk results. Sufficient margin exists in the maximum benefit estimation that the Phase I screening should not have to be repeated in the sensitivity analysis.
Provide pertinent results and discuss how they affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis. If SAMAs appear cost-beneficial in the sensitivity results, discussion of conservatisms in the analysis, (e.g., conservatisms in cost estimates discussed in Section 7.2), and their impact on the results may be appropriate.
8.6 ANALYSIS PERIOD As described in Section 4, calculation of severe accident impacts involves an analysis period term, tr, which can be defined as either the period of extended operation (20 years), or the years remaining until the end of facility life (from the time of the SAMA analysis to the end of the period of extended operation) (25 years or more).
The value that is typically used for this term is the period of extended operation (20 years).
However, NRC has asked several plants to perform a sensitivity analysis using the period from the time of the SAMA analysis to the end of the period of extended operation to determine if SAMAs are potentially cost-beneficial if performed immediately. This sensitivity analysis should be performed to provide the information wanted by the regulator.
In this sensitivity analysis, modify the analysis period in the calculation of severe accident risk and perform the Phase II analysis with the revised analysis period. The cost of additional years ofmaintenance, surveillance, calibrations, and training should be included in the cost estimates for SAMAs in this Phase II analysis. Sufficient margin exists in the maximum benefit estimation that the Phase I screening should not have to be repeated in the sensitivity analysis.
Provide pertinent results and discuss how they affect the conclusions of the SAMA analysis. If SAMAs appear cost-beneficial in the sensitivity results, discussion of conservatisms in the analysis, (e.g., conservatisms in cost estimat,es discussed in Section 7.2), and their impact on the results may be appropriate.
32 OAGI0000585 00041
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 9 CONCLUSIONS Discuss SAMAs that are cost-beneficial aftc:::r the Phase II and sensitivity analyses. It may also be useful to discuss the combination of selected SAMAs and their impact on the overall plant risk. In some instances, addressing certain SAMAs may reduce the importance of the remaining candidates.
This analysis may not estimate all of the benefits or all of the costs of a SAMA. For instance, it may not consider increases or decreases in: maintenance or operation costs following SAMA implementation. Also, it may not consider the possible adverse consequences of procedure changes, such as additional personnel dos.e. Since the SAMA analysis is not a complete engineering project cost-benefit analysis, the SAMAs that are cost-beneficial after the Phase II analysis and sensitivity analyses are only potentially cost-beneficial.
33 OAGI0000585 00042
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 10 TABLES AND FIGURES TABLEt SAMPLE Accident Class Distribution Class Description Frequency Percent of (per year) Total TABLE2 SAMPLE Release Severity and Timing Classification Scheme Release Severity Source Release Timing Term Release Fraction Classification Cesium Iodide % Classification Category Release Category Time of Release<1>
Extreme (E) greater than SO Late (L) greater than 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br /> Large (L) 10 to 50 Early (E) less than 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br /> Medium(M) 1 to 10 Small (S) less than 1 (1) Relative to declaration of a General Emergency.
34 OAGI0000585 00043
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE3 SAMPLE Release Category Frequency and Release Fractions (Source Term)
D Release CategOfY"*'I
"~~E~E~--~--~l~E'--~~~l~-~L--~j~~M~E~~~~~M~L--~--~S~-E~--~--~S~L--~
in Frequency 2.64E-09 4.20E-06 7.19E-06 8.99E~8 1.09E~6 1.81E~7 3.97E~5 MAAP Run Case 1 Case2 Case3 Case4 CaseS Case6 Case7 1111e after "cram wnen <;enera* tmergency IS eclared 25min 30mn 2hrs 2hrs 18 hrs 1 hr 2hr ission Product Group:
1)Noble Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 9.9E~1 7.4E~l1 8.5E~1 6.2E~1 1.0E+OO 1.0E+OO 1.0E+OO Slart of Release (hr 0.25 0.8(* 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 4.0C* 10.00 6.00 36.00 4.00 18.00
~)Csl Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 8.3E~1 4.6E~l1 2.8E~1 8.9E~ 2.7E~2 5.0E~3 2.7E~3 Start of Release (hr 0.25 o.8C 9.00 4.40 36.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 40.00 40.00 14.00 40.00 6.00 18.00 3)Te02 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 6.8E~1 2.4E~l1 9.9E~2 1.2E-01 7.5E-03 2.4E-03 9.6E-04 Start of Release (hr 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 12.00 22.00 8.00 40.00 4.00 40.00 4)Sr0 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 1.5E-02 4.7E~13 2.0E-05 2.3E-02 7.4E-06 1.5E-04 5.2E-06 Start of Release (hr 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 2.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 6.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 40.00 6.00 26.00 5)Mo02 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 2.4E-02 3.7E~l3 4.1E-07 4.4E-06 6.1E-06 2.7E-04 8.4E-08 Start of Release (hr) 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 2.00 16.00 6.00 34.00 4.00 16.00
~)CsOH Total Release Fraction al40 Hours 6.9E-01 3.1E-01 1.9E~1 1.4E~1 5.7E~3 3.4E~3 8.7E-04 Start of Release (hr) 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 30.00 18.00 8.00 40.00 6.00 18.00
~)BaO Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 2.BE-02 6.1E-03 1.6E-05 1.0E-02 6.4E-06 3.7E-04 2.8E-06 Start of Release (hr) 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 40.00 4.00 16.00
- 8) la203 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 6.5E-04 4.8E-04 5.6E-07 1.7E-03 1.3E-07 9.7E-06 8.9E-06 Start of Release (hr) 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 6.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 36.00 8.00 16.00
~)Ce02 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 4.6E~3 2.0E-03 8.8E-06 1.5E-02 3.8E-07 5.9E~5 9.4E~7 Start of Release (hr) 4.00 3.00 9.00 4.40 34.00 4.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 6.00 6.00 9.00 6.00 36.00 6.00 24.00 10)Sb Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 5.9E-01 3.8E-C01 1.6E-01 4.4E-01 2.0E-04 3.2E-02 3.4E-03 Start of Release (hr) 0.25 0.80 9.00 4.40 34.00 1.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 2.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 36.00 14.00 40.00 11)Te2 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 2.3E-03 2.4E-C*2 1.2E-02 2.4E-02 7.8E-06 3.3E-04 1.2E~3 Start of Release (hr) 4.00 3.00 9.00 4.40 36.00 5.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 6.00 40.0(1 20.00 40.00 40.00 8.00 40.00 12)U02 Total Release Fraction at 40 Hours 2.0E-05 1.1E-C5 1.BE-07 7.7E-05 1.3E-10 3.2E-07 8.0E~9 Start of Release (hr 4.00 3.00 9.00 4.40 36.00 5.00 16.00 End of Release (hr) 6.00 6.00 20.00 6.00 40.00 8.00 40.00 (1) Puff releases are denoted in the table by those entries with equivalent start and end times.
(2) All cases run for 40 hrs 35 OAGI0000585 00044
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE4 SAMPLE Estimated Population Distribution Within a 50-Mile Radius Sector 0-10 miles 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-mile miles miles miles miles total N 1752 3211 6617 3250 1666 16496 NNE 2029 1530 5073 9080 3560 21272 NE 2357 10080 12428 4616 15346 44827 ENE 7797 9726 9548 23262 23199 73532 E 8436 25584 36954 30706 50569 152249 ESE 6243 22217 224818 322317 372411 948006 SE 9976 26461 188697 788711 785680 1799525 SSE 3114 12878 45896 179943 150702 392533 s 5132 17275 17036 24134 12217 75794 ssw 1995 6219 9689 8202 13624 39729 sw 2432 5053 9951 11975 16255 45666 WSW 1372 8140 3616 13662 6280 33070 w 1879 4061 5821 6432 8220 26413 WNW 1671 6540 14434 15309 7830 45784 NW 739 10546 130402 9655 6890 158232 NNW 4610 4129 4398 6235 10743 30115 Total 61534 173650 725378 1457489 1485192 3903243 36 OAGI0000585 00045
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLES SAMPLE MACCS2 Economic Parameters
- Variable
- Description
- Value
- DPRATE
- Property de(ueciation rate (per yr)
- 0.2
- DSRATE
- Investment rate of return (per yr)
- 0.12
- EVACST
- Daily cost for a person who has been
- 43 evacuat1ed ($/person-day)
- POPCST
- Population relocation cost ($/person)
- 7967
- RELCST
- Daily cost for a person who is
- 43 relocatE:d ($/person-day)
- CDFRMO
- Cost of farm decontamination for
- 897 various levels of decontamination
($/hectare)
- 1992
- CDNFRM
- Cost of non-farm decontamination
- 4781 per resident p,erson for various levels of decontamination ($/person)
- 12754
- DLBCST
- Average cost of decontamination
- 55793 labor t($/person-year)
- VALWFO
- Value of farm wealth ($/hectare)
- 4547
- VALWNF
- Value of non-farm wealth ($/person)
- 126108 37 OAGI0000585 00046
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE6 SAMPLE Core Inventory Values Core inventory Core inventory Nuclide (becquerels) Nuclide (becquerels)
Cobalt-58 3.22E+I6 Tellurium-131M 4.67E+17 Cobalt-60 2.47E+l6 Tellurium-132 4.66£+18 Krypton-85 2.47£+16 lodine-131 3.20E+l8 Krypton-85M 1.16E+18 Iodine-132 4.72E+18 Krypton-87 2.11E+I8 Iodine-133 6.76E+l8 Krypton-88 2.86E+18 lodine-134 7.43E+18 Rubidium-86 1.88E+15 Iodine-135 6.38E+18 Strontium-89 3.58E+18 Xenon-133 6.78£+18 Strontium-90 1.94£+17 Xenon-135 1.27E+l8 Strontium-91 4.62E+18 Cesium-134 4.32E+l7 Strontium-92 4.80E+18 Cesium-136 1.31£+17 Yttrium-90 2.08E+17 Cesium-137 2.41E+17 Yttrium-91 4.36E+18 Barium-139 6.27E+18 Yttrium-92 4.81E+l8 Barium-140 6.21£+18 Yttrium-93 5.45E+18 Lanthanum-140 6.34E+18 Zirconium-95 5.52E+I8 . Lanthanum-141 5.82E+18 Zirconium-97 5.76E+18 Lanthanum-142 5.61£+18 Niobium-95 5.21E+18 Cerium-141 5.65E+18 Molybdium-99 6.09E+18 Cerium-143 5.49E+18 Technetium-99M 5.25E+18 Cerium-144 3.40E+l8 Ruthenium-! 03 4.54E+18 Praseodymium-143 5.38E+ 18 Ruthenium-! 05 2.94E+18 Neodymium-147 2.41E+l8 Ruthenium- I 06 1.03E+18 Neptunium-239 6.46E+l9 Rhodium- I 05 2.04E+l8 Plutonium-238 3.66E+l5 Antimony-127 2.79E+17 Plutonium-239 8.25E+14 Antimony-129 9.85E+17 Plutonium-240 1.04E+15 Tellurium-127 2.69E+17 Plutonium-241 1.75E+17 Tellurium-127M 3.55E+16 Americium-241 1.16E+14 Tellurium-129 9.26E+17 Curium-242 4.43E+16 Tellurium-129M 2.44£+17 Curium-244 2.59E+l5 38 OAGI0000585 00047
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE7 SAMPLE Release Characteristics Parameter Early- Early- Bypass Late Rupture Leaks Heat ofRelease 2.1E+06 1.8E+06 l.OE+06 9.2E+05 (W)
Height of 30 30 30 30 Release (m)
TABLES SAMPLE Summary of Severe Accident Risk Results Off-Site Dose Economic Release (person- Impact Category rem/year) ($/year)
E-E 1.39E-02 6.05E+Ol L-E 1.73E+Ol 1.31E+05 L-L 1.58E+Ol .1.17E+05 M-E 2.57E-Ol 1.79E+03 M-L 4.43E-01 4.63E+02 S-E 7.00E-02 5.85E+Ol S-L 4.13E+OO 3.24E+03 None O.OE+OO O.OE+OO (intact)
Totals 3.80E+Ol 2.54E+05 39 OAGI0000585 00048
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE9 SAMPLE PSA Importance Review Risk Si~nificant Terms RRW Disposition LINER-MELT 9.362 This term represents the probability of sufficient corium leaving the vessel to melt the containment liner. Phase II SAMAs 004 and 009 to increase injection systems and provide a dedicated drywell spray system were examined to reduce the risk of containment liner melt HPCI 1.4966 This term represents random failure of the HPCI system. Phase I SAMAs to improve availability and reliability I
of the HPCI system include raising backpressure trip set points and proceduralizing intermittent operation.
Additional improvements were evaluated in Phase II SAMAs 049,050,051,052, and 053.
ECCS Low Pressure Interlock 1.3472 This term represents random failures of the reactor low-pressure transmitters during transients with stuck open SRVs or LOCAs in which random failures prevent all low-pressure injection valves from opening. Phase II SAMAs 065 and 066 were examined to reduce the risk due to the failure of the ECCS low-pressure interlock.
Depressurization (SRVs and ADS Logic) 1.2724 This term represents random failures of the SRVs to open on demand to depressurize during transients and small LOCAs. Phase I SAMAs to enhance reliability of the SRVs include adopting symptom based EOPs and SAGs, modifying .A_DS logic~ and upgraril'lg S!tV pneu..rp.atic components ...A..dditicna! in1provements \vere exa..T.ined L.'l Phase II SAMAs 059 and 060.
Loss of feedwater - Initiating event 1.1794 This term represents the initiating event for loss offeedwater. Modifications to significantly reduce or eliminate the potential for loss of feedwater have already been implemented, such as installing a digital feedwater control system, providing a backup water supply, and adding a third feedwater pump. Many of the Phase II SAMAs (e.g.
035,051,052,053, and 054) explored potential benefits for mitigation of this event. No additional SAMAs were recommended for this broad subject.
Operator Action: 1.1109 This term represents the operator failing to manually open the SRVs to depressurize during transients and small Operator fails to open SRVs for vessel LOCAs. Improvement ofplant procedures and instrumentation to enhance the likelihood of success of depressurization during transients and operator action in response to accident conditions were examined in Phase I SAMAs during preliminary small LOCA screening. No additional SAMAs were recommended for this subject.
EXV-STM-EX 1.009 This term represents a steam explosion which fails containment. Phase II SAMAs 014 and 006 to strengthen the drywell and add a diverse injection system were examined to reduce the risk of a steam explosion in containment.
0
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0 0
0 0
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40 0
0
<D
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLElO SAMPLE List of Phase I SAMA Candidates PHASE I SAMA RETAINED FOR PHASE TI ID SAMA TITLE SAMA DISCUSSION SOURCE PHASE 1 DISPOSITION ANALYSIS?
NUMBE R
1 Provide an This SAMA would help mitigate LOOP events Levell The cost of installing an additional No additional diesel and would reduce the risk of on-line EDG Importance List EDG has been estimated to be greater generator maintenance. Benefit would be increased if and standard than $20 million in the Calvert Cliffs the additional diesel generator could 1) be listofBWR Application for License Renewal. As substituted for any current diesel that is in SAMA this is greater than the Maximum maintenance, and 2) ifthe diesel was of a candidates Benefit, it has been screened from diverse design such that common cause failure further analysis.
dependence was minimized.
2 Add additional Improved availability of DC power system. Levell and 2 Retain for Phase II analysis. Yes battery charger or Importance portable, diesel- Lists and driven battery standard list of charger to BWRSAMA existing DC candidates system.
3 Provide a Improved availability of DC power system:
- Level1 and 2 Retain for Phase II analysis. Yes portable generator Importance to support SRVs Lists and hard pipe vent 4 Contingency Assessing likely failures of the off-site AC Levell Retain for Phase II analysis. Yes plans during power supply due to switchyard work and Importance List switchyard work providing plans for power restoration in the event that such a loss occurs could reduce the time required to recover off-site power.
0
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0 0
0 0
(J'1 00 1()'1 41 0
0 0
(J'1 0
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE 11 SAMPLE Phase II SAMA List PHASE SAMA SAMA DISCUSSION UPPER BOUND ESTIMATED CONCLUSION BASIS FOR CONCLUSION IISAMA TITLE ESTIMATED COST OF ID BENEFIT IMPLEMENTA TI NUMBE ON R
010 Use the fire Improved containment spray $178,000 $1,500,000 Not Cost-Beneficial Elimination of all off-site releases water system capability. results in a benefit of $178,000 as a backup (analysis case OFFSITE). In 1993, source for the cost of implementing a similar the SAMA in the Westinghouse-CE containment System 80+ was estimated to be spray system $i,500,000. Since the cost of implementing this SAMA exceeds the attainable benefit, this SAMA is not cost-beneficial.
011 Make Replace one of the two containment $520,440 $424,783 Potentially Cost- Elimination of all core damage due containment sump valves with an air-operated Beneficial to containment sump valve failures sump valve. This would reduce the results in a benefit of $520,440 recirculation potential for common cause failure (analysis case SUMPMOV). The outlet valve of these valves. cost of implementing this SAMA is motor- judged to be $424,783. Therefore, operated this SAMA is potentially cost-valves beneficial.
diverse from one another 0
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0 0
0 0
(J'1 00 1()'1 42 0
0 0
(J'1
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE 12 SAMPLE Sensitivity Analysis Results Upper Bound Upper Bound Upper Bound Estimate Benefit Estimate Benefit Estimate Benefit Phase II SAMAID SAMATitle Base line Estimated Cost Sensitivity Case 1 Sensitivity Case 2 I Add a service water pump. $120,000 $5,900,000 $140,000 $160,000 2 Provide a redundant train or means of EDG $470,000 $1,000,000 $550,000 $640,000 room ventilation.
3 Add a diesel building high temperature alarm $160,000 $2500,000 $180,000 $220,000 or redundant louver and thermostat.
4 Install an independent method of suppression $530,000 $5,800,000 $620,000 $720,000 pool cooling.
5 Install a filtered containment vent to remove $0 $3,000,000 $0 $0 decay heat.
6 Install an ATWS sized filtered containment $0 >$2,00,000 $0 $0 vent to remove decay heat.
7 Create a large concrete crucible with heat $640,000 >$1 00 million $720,000 $890,000 removal potential to contain moIten core debris 8 Provide a reactor vessel exterior cooling $640,000 $19,000,000 $720,000 $890,000 system.
9 Enable flooding of the drywell head seal. $20,000 >$1,000,000 $20,000 $30,000 10 Enhance fire protection system and standby $1,410,000. >2,500,000 $1,610,000 $1,980,000 gas treatment system hardware and procedures 11 Create a core melt source reduction system $640,000 >$1,000,000 $720,000 $890,000 i 12 Install a passive drywell spray system $530,000 $5,800,000 $620,000 $720,000 !
l3 Strengthen primary/secondary containment $530,000 $12,000,000 $620,000 $720,000 e.g., add ribbing to containment shell).
14 Increase depth of the concrete base mat or $640,000 >$1 ,000,000 $720,000 $890,000 use an alternative concrete material to ensure melt-through does not occur.
15 Provide a reactor vessel exterior cooling $640,000 $2,500,000 $720,000 $890,000 system.
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0 0
0 0
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0 0
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NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 TABLE 13 STANDARD List of BWR SAMA Candidates Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference Improvements Related to AC and DC Power 001 Provide additional DC battery capacity. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 17 002 Replace lead-acid batteries with fuel cells. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 6, 10 003 Add additional battery charger or portable, Improved availability of DC power system. 5 diesel-driven battery charger to existing DC system.
004 Improve DC bus load shedding. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 1, 7 005 Provide DC bus cross-ties. Improved availability of DC power system. 6 006 Provide additional DC power to the 120/240V Increased availability of the 120 V vital AC bus. 3 vital AC system.
007 Add an automatic feature to transfer the 120V Increased availability of the 120 V vital AC bus. 5 vital AC bus from normal to standby power.
008 Increase training on response to loss of two Improved chances of successful response to loss of two 120V AC buses. 5 l20V AC buses which causes inadvertent actuation signals.
009 Reduce DC dependence between high-pressure Improved containment depressurization and high-pressure injection following DC failure. 1 injection system and ADS.
010 Provide an additional diesel generator. Increased availability of on-site emergency AC power. I, 6, 10, 11, 12 011 Revise procedure to allow bypass of diesel Extended diesel generator operation. 15 generator trips.
012 Improve 4.16-kV bus cross-tie ability. Increased availability of on-site AC power. 1, 6, 11, 12 013 Create AC power cross-tie capability with other Increased availability of on-site AC power. 1, 7, 13 unit (multi-unit site).
014 Install an additional, buried off-site power Reduced probability of loss of off-site power. I source.
0 015 Install a gas turbine generator. Increased availability ofon-siteAC power. I, 6
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0 0
0 0
(J'1 00 1()'1 0
44 0
0 (J'1
(.,)
NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 016 Install tornado protection on gas turbine Increased availability of on-site AC power. 18 generator.
017 Install a steam-driven turbine generator that Increased availability of on-site AC power. 6 uses reactor steam and exhausts to the suppression pool.
018 Improve uninterruptible power supplies. Increased availability of power supplies supporting front-line equipment. 6 019 Create a cross-tie for diesel fuel oil (multi-unit Increased diesel generator availability. 1 site).
020 Develop procedures for replenishing diesel fuel Increased diesel generator availability. 1 oil.
021 Use fire water system as a backup source for Increased diesel generator availability. 1 diesel cooling.
022 Add a new backup source of diesel cooling. Increased diesel generator availability. 1 023 Dc;vdup prucc;durc;s io repair or replace failed 4 Increased probability of recovery from failure of breakers that transfer 4.16 kV non- 1 KV breakers. emergency buses from unit station service transformers.
024 In training, emphasize steps in recovery of off- Reduced human error probability during off-site power recovery. 1 site power after an SBO.
025 Develop a severe weather conditions procedure. Improved off-site power recovery following external weather-related events. 1, 3, 17 026 Bury off-site power lines. Improved off-site power reliability during severe weather. 1 Improvements Related to Core Cooling Systems 027 Install an independent active or passive high Improved prevention of core melt sequences. 5,6 pressure injection system.
028 Provide an additional high pressure injection Reduced frequency of core melt from small LOCA and SBO sequences. 5 pump with independent diesel.
029 Raise HPCIIRCIC backpressure trip set points. Increased HPCI and RCIC availability when high suppression pool temperature exists. 15 030 Revise procedure to allow bypass ofRCIC Extended RCIC operation. 15 turbine exhaust pressure trip.
031 Revise procedure to allow intermittent Extended HPCI and RCIC operation. 1 operation of HPCI and RCIC.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 032 Revise procedure to control torus temperature, Increased probability that injection pumps will be available to inject coolant into the vessel. I torus level, and primary containment pressure to increase available net positive suction head (NPSH) for injection pumps.
033 Revise procedure to manually initiate HPCI Increased availability ofHPCI and RCIC given auto initiation signal failure. 1 and RCIC given auto initiation failure.
034 Modify automatic depressurization system Reduced frequency of high pressure core damage sequences. 3, 21 components to improve reliability.
035 Add signals to open safety relief valves Reduced likelihood of SRV failure to open in an MSIV closure transient reduces the 3 automatically in an MSIV closure transient. probability of a medium LOCA.
036 Revise procedure to allow manual initiation of Improved prevention of core damage during transients, small and medium LOCAs, and 21 emergency depressurization. ATWS.
037 Revise procedure to allow operators to inhibit Extended HPCI and RCIC operation. 5 automatic vessel depressurization in non-ATWS scenarios.
038 Add a diverse low pressure injection system. Improved injection capability. 5,6 039 Increase flow rate of suppression pool cooling. Improved suppression pool cooling. 6 040 Provide capability for alternate injection via Improved injection capability. 5 diesel-driven fire pump.
041 Provide capability for alternate injection via Improved injection capability. 1 reactor water cleanup (RWCU).
042 Revise procedure to align EDG and allow use Improved injection capability. 15 of essential CRD for vessel injection.
043 Revise procedure to allow use of condensate Improved injection capability. 15 pumps for injection.
044 Revise procedure to allow use of suppression Improved injection capability. 6 pool jockey pump for injection.
045 Revise procedure to re-open MSIVs. Regains the main condenser as a heat sink. 15 046 Improve ECCS suction strainers. Enhanced reliability ofECCS suction. 22 047 Revise procedure to align LPCI or core spray to Improved injection in loss of suppression pool cooling scenarios. 15 CST on loss of suppression pool cooling.
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)> 048 ~emove LPCI loop select_logic. Enables use of LPCI A loop for injection in the event of a B injection path failure. 18 G>
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 049 Replace two of the four electric safety injection Reduced common cause failure of the safety injection system. This SAMA was originally 5,10 pumps with diesel-powered pumps. intended for the W estinghouse-CE System 80+, which has four trains of safety injection.
However, the intent ofthis SAMA is to provide diversity within the high- and low-pressure safety injection systems.
Improvements Related to Cooling Water 050 Change procedures to allow cross connection of Continued operation of both RHRSW pumps on failure of one train of SW. 3 motor cooling for RHRSW pumps.
051 Add redundant DC control power for SW Increased availability of SW. 3 pumps.
052 Replace ECCS pump motors with air-cooled Elimination of ECCS dependency on component cooling system. I motors.
053 Provide self-cooled ECCS seals. Elimination ofECCS dependency on component cooling system. I 054 Enhance procedural guidance for use of cross- Reduced frequency of loss of component cooling water and service water. 1 tied component cooling or service water pumps.
055 Implement modifications to allow manual Improved ability to cool RHR heat exchangers. 1 alignment of the fire water system to RHR heat exchangers.
056 Add a service water pump. Increased availability of cooling water. 6 057 Enhance the screen wash system. Reduced potential for loss of SW due to clogging of screens. 23 Improvements Related to Feedwater and Condensate 058 Install a digital feedwater upgrade. Reduced chance of Joss of main feed water following a plant trip. 1 059 Create ability for emergency connection of Increased availability of feedwater. 5 existing or new water sources to feedwater and condensate systems.
060 Install an independent diesel for the condensate Extended inventory in CST during an SBO. 5 storage tank makeup pumps.
061 Add a motor-driven feedwater pump. Increased availability of feedwater. 1, 3 Improvements Related to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 062 Provide reliable power to control building fans. Increased availability of control room ventilation. 2 0 063 Provide a redundant train or means of Increased availability of components dependent on room cooling. 1
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title)
- Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 064 Enhance procedures for actions on Joss of Increased availability of components dependent on room cooling. 3 HVAC.
065 Add a diesel building high temperature alarm Improved diagnosis of a loss of diesel building HVAC. 1 or redundant louver and thermostat.
066 Create ability to switch HPCI and RCIC room Increased availability ofHPCI and RCIC in an SBO event. 1 fan power supply to DC in an SBO event.
067 Enhance procedure to trip unneeded RHR or Extended availability of required RHR orCS pumps due to reduction in room heat load. 3 CS pumps on loss of room ventilation.
068 Stage backup fans in switchgear rooms. Increased availability of ventilation in the event of a loss of switchgear ventilation. 5 069 Add a switchgear room high temperature alarm. Improved diagnosis of a loss of switchgear HVAC. 5 Improvements Related to Instrument Air and Nitrogen Supply 070 Provide cross-unit connection of Increased ability to vent containment using the hardened vent. 3 uninterruptible compressed air supply.
071 Modify procedure to provide ability to align Increased availability of instrument air after a LOOP. 18 diesel power to more air compressors.
072 Replace service and instrument air compressors Elimination of instrument air system dependence on TBCCW and service water cooling. 5 with more reliable compressors which have self-contained air cooling by shaft driven fans.
073 Install nitrogen bottles as backup gas supply for Extended SRV operation time. 18 safety relief valves.
074 Improve SRV and MSIV pneumatic Improved availability of SRVs and MSIVs. 6 components.
Improvements Related to Containment Phenomena 075 Install an independent method of suppression Increased availability of containment heat removal. 6,8,9 pool cooling.
076 Revise procedure to initiate suppression pool Improved containment pressure control and containment heat removal capability. 6,8,9 cooling during transients, LOCAs and ATWS.
077 Cross-tie open cycle cooling system to enhance Increased availability of containment heat removal. 8, 9 drywell spray system.
078 Enable flooding of the drywell head seal. Reduced probability of leakage through the drywell head seal. 6, 8, 9 0 079 Create a reactor cavity flooding system. Enhanced debris cool ability, reduced core concrete interaction, and increased fission product 1, 7, 11, 12
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 080 Install a passive drywell spray system. Improved drywell spray capability. 6, 14 081 Use the fire water system as a backup source Improved drywell spray capability. 4,6 for the drywell spray system.
082 Enhance procedures to refill CST from Reduced risk of core damage during station blackouts or LOCAs that render the suppression 15 demineralized water or service water system. pool unavailable as ail injection source.
083 Enhance procedure to maintain ECCS suction Reduced chance of pump failure due to high suppression pool temperature. 15 on CST as long as possible.
084 ModifY containment flooding procedure to Reduced forced containment venting. 16 restrict flooding to below the top of active fuel.
085 Install an unfiltered, hardened containment Increased decay heat removal capability for non-ATWS events, without scrubbing released 6,8,9 vent. fission products.
086 Install a filtered containment vent to remove Increased decay heat removal capability for non-ATWS events, with scrubbing of released 6, 8, 9, 14 decay heat. fission products.
Option 1: Gravd Bed Filier Option 2: Multiple Venturi Scrubber 087 Enhance fire protection system and standby gas Improved fission product scrubbing in severe accidents. 9 treatment system hardware and procedures.
088 ModifY plant to permit suppression pool Increased scrubbing of fission products by directing vent path through water in the 6 scrubbing. suppression pool.
089 Enhance containment venting procedures with Improved likelihood of successful venting. 16 respect to timing, path selection, and technique.
090 Control containment venting within a narrow Reduced probability of rapid containment depressurization thus avoiding adverse impact on 18 band of pressure. low pressure injection systems that take suction from the torus.
091 Improve vacuum breaker reliability by Decreased consequences of a vacuum breaker failure to reseat. 6 installing redundant valves in each line.
092 Enhance air return fans (ice condenser plants). Reduced probability of containment failure in SBO sequences. 1 093 Provide post-accident containment inerting Reduced likelihood of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas combustion. 6, 7, 12 capability.
094 Create a large concrete crucible with heat Increased cooling and containment of molten core debris. Molten core debris escaping from 6,8,9 removal potential to contain molten core debris. the vessel is contained within the crucible and a water cooling mechanism cools the molten core in the crucible, preventing melt-through of the base mat.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 095 Create a core melt source reduction system. Increased cooling and containment of molten core debris. Refractory material would be 13 placed underneath the reactor vessel such that a molten core falling on the material would melt and combine with the material. Subsequent spreading and heat removal from the vitrified compound would be facilitated, and concrete attack would not occur.
096 Strengthen primary/secondary containment Reduced probability of containment over-pressurization. 5, 6, 10, 14 (e.g., add ribbing to containment shell).
097 Increase depth of the concrete base mat or use Reduced probability of base mat melt-through. 10 an alternate concrete material to ensure melt-through does not occur.
098 Provide a reactor vessel exterior cooling Increased potential to cool a molten core before it causes vessel failure, by submerging the 10 system. lower head in water.
099 Construct a building to be connected to Reduced probability of containment over-pressurization. 6, 10 primary/secondary containment and maintained at a vacuum.
iOO Institute simulator training tor severe accident Improved arrest of core. melt progress and prevention of containment failure. 6 scenarios.
101 Improve leak detection procedures. Increased piping surveillance to identify leaks prior to complete failure. Improved leak 6 detection would reduce LOCA frequency.
102 Install an independent power supply to the Reduced hydrogen detonation potential. 5, 10 hydrogen control system using either new batteries, a non-safety grade portable generator, existing station batteries, or existing AC/DC independent power supplies, such as the security system diesel.
103 Install a passive hydrogen control system. Reduced hydrogen detonatiorfpotential. 5, 10 104 Erect a barrier that would provide enhanced Reduced probability of containment failure. 5 protection of the containment walls (shell) from ejected core debris following a core melt scenario at high pressure.
Improvements Related to Containment Bypass 105 Install additional pressure or leak monitoring Reduced ISLOCA frequency. 4, 7, 11, 12, 15 instruments for detection ofiSLOCAs.
106 Add redundant and diverse limit switches to Reduced frequency of containment isolation failure and ISLOCAs. 1 0 each containment isolation valve.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 107 Increase leak testing of valves in ISLOCA Reduced ISLOCA frequency. I paths.
108 Improve MSIV design. Decreased likelihood of containment bypass scenarios. 6 109 Install self-actuating containment isolation Reduced frequency of isolation failure. 5 valves.
110 Locate residual heat removal (RHR) inside Reduced frequency of ISLOCA outside containment. I4 containment Ill Ensure ISLOCA releases are scrubbed. One Scrubbed ISLOCA releases. 1 method is to plug drains in potential break areas so that break point will be covered with water. I 112 Revise EOPs to improve ISLOCA Increased likelihood that LOCAs outside containment are identified as such. A plant had a I i identification. scenario in which an RHR ISLOCA could direct initial leakage back to the pressurizer relief tank, giving indication that the LOCA was inside containment.
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113 Improve operator training on ISLOCA coping. Decreased ISLOCA consequences. I Improvements Related to ATWS 114 Create cross-connect ability for standby liquid Improved availability ofboron injection during ATWS. I8 control (SLC) trains.
115 Revise procedures to control vessel injection to Improved availability of boron injection during ATWS. I5 prevent boron loss or dilution following SLC injection.
116 Provide an alternate means of opening a Improved probability of reactor shutdown. I8 pathway to the RPV for SLC injection.
117 Increase boron concentration in the SLC Reduced time required to achieve shutdown concentration provides increased margin in the 18 system. accident timeline for successful initiation of SLC.
118 Add an independent boron injection system. Improved availability ofboron injection during ATWS. I8 119 Provide ability to use control rod drive (CRD) Improved availability ofboron injection during ATWS. 1 or RWCU for alternate boron injection.
120 Add a system of relief valves to prevent Improved equipment availability after an ATWS. 19 equipment damage from pressure spikes during anATWS.
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)> 121 Increase safety relief valve (SRV) reseat Reduced risk of dilution of boron due to SRV failure to reseat after standby liquid control I G> reliability. (SLC) injection.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 122 Provide an additional control system for rod Improved redundancy and reduced ATWS frequency. 18 insertion (e.g., AMSAC).
123 Install an ATWS sized filtered containment Increased ability to remove reactor heat from A TWS events. 6 vent to remove decay heat.
124 Revise procedure to bypass MSIV isolation in Affords operators more time to perform actions. Discharge of a substantial fraction of steam 1, 20 turbine trip A TWS scenarios. to the main condenser (i.e., as opposed to into the primary containment) affords the operator more time to perform actions (e.g., SLC injection, lower water level, depressurize RPV) than if the main condenser was unavailable, resulting in lower human error probabilities.
125 Revise procedure to allow override of low Allows immediate control oflow pressure core injection. On failure of high pressure core 16 pressure core injection during an ATWS event. injection and condensate, some plants direct reactor depressurization followed by five minutes of automatic low pressure core injection.
Improvements Related to Internal Flooding 126 Seal penetrations between turbine building Increased flood propagation prevention. 1 basement and switchgear rooms. I 127 Improve inspection of rubber expansion joints Reduced frequency of internal flooding due to failure of circulating water system expansion 1 :
on main condenser. joints.
128 Modify swing direction of doors separating Prevents flood propagation. 5 turbine building basement from areas containing safeguards equipment. *'
Improvements to Reduce Seismic Risk 129 Increase seismic ruggedness of plant Increased availability of necessary plant equipment during and after seismic events. 3, 10 components.
130 Provide additional restraints for C0 2 tanks. Increased availability of fire protection given a seismic event. 17 131 Modify safety related condensate storage tank. Improved availability of CST following a seismic event. 6 132 Replace anchor bolts on diesel generator oil Improved availability of diesel generators following a seismic event. 1 cooler.
Improvements to Reduce Fire Risk 133 Replace mercury switches in fire protection Decreased probability of spurious fire suppression system actuation. 7 system.
134 Upgrade fire compartment barriers. Decreased consequences of a fire. 7 0 135 Install additional transfer and isolation Reduced number of spurious actuations during a fire. 18
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement {SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 136 Enhance procedures to use alternate shutdown Increased probability of shutdown if the control room becomes uninhabitable. 6, 7 methods if the control room becomes uninhabitable.
137 Enhance fire brigade awareness. Decreased consequences of a fire. 7 138 Enhance control of combustibles and ignition Decreased fire frequency and consequences. 7 sources.
Other Improvements 139 Install digital large break LOCA protection Reduced probability of a large break LOCA (a leak before break). 5 system.
140 Enhance procedures to mitigate large break Reduced consequences of a large break LOCA 7 LOCA.
141 Install computer aided instrumentation system Improved prevention of core melt sequences by making operator actions more reliable. 6 to assist the operator in assessing post-accident plant status.
142 Improve maintenance procedures. Improved prevention of core melt sequences by increasing reliability of important 6 equipment.
143 Increase training and operating experience Improved likelihood of success of operator actions taken in response to abnormal conditions. 6
- feedback to improve operator response.
144 Develop procedures for transportation and Reduced consequences of transportation and nearby facility accidents. 7 nearby facility accidents. -- ------
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November 2005 Table 13 References
- 1. NUREG-1560, "Individual Plant Examination Program: Perspectives on Reactor Safety and Plant Performance," Volume 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, December 1997.
- 2. Letter from Mr. M. 0. Medford (TVA) to NRC Document Control Desk dated September 1, 1992. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2- Generic Letter (GL) 88 Individual Plant Examination (IPE) for Severe Accident Vulnerabilities- Response- (TAC M74488)."
- 3. Appendix D-Attachment F, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, March 2000.
- 4. Letter from Mr. D. E. Nunn (TVA) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated October 7, 1994. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2-Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDA)- Response to Request for Additional Information (RAI)- (TAC Nos. M77222 and M77223)."
- 5. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewai of Nuclear Piants," Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant",
Supplement 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, February 1999. *
- 6. General Electric Nuclear Energy, Technical Support Document for the ABWR, 25A5680, Revision 1, January 18, 1995.
- 7. NUREG-0498, "Final Environmental Statement related to the operation of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2," Supplement No. 1, U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, April1995.
- 8. Cost Estimate for Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives, Limerick Generating Station for Philadelphia Electric Company, Bechtel Power Corporation, June 22, 1989.
- 9. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants," Volume 1, 5.35, Listing of SAMDAs considered for the Limerick Generating Station, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, May 1996.
- 10. NUREG-1462, "Final Safety Evaluation Report Related to the Certification of the System 80+ Design," U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 1994.
0 11. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants," Volume 1, 5.36, Listing of SAMDAs
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November 2005
- 12. Letter from Mr. W. J. Museler (Tennessee Valley Authority) to the NRC Document Control Desk, dated October 7, 1994, "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2- Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDAs)."
- 13. Letter from Mr. D. E. Nunn (Tennessee Valley Authority) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated June 30, 1994. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Unit I and 2 - Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDAs) Evaluation from Updated Individual Plant Evaluation (IPE)."
- 14. Letter from N. J. Liparulo (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated December 15, 1992, "Submittal of Material Pertinent to the AP600 Design Certification Review."
- 15. NUREG/CR-5474, "Assessment of Candidate Accident Management Strategies", U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, March 1990.
- 16. Severe Accident Applicability ofBWROG Revision 4, "Emergency Procedure Guidelines", BWROG, September 1988.
- 17. Appendix E- Environmental Report, Appendix G, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Peach Bottom Nuclear Power Plant Units 2 and 3, July, 2001.
- 18. Appendix F, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Analysis Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, January 2003.
- 19. NEDC-33090P, Rev.O, "Safety Analysis Report for Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station Constant Pressure Power Uprate", September 2003.
- 20. BWROG EPC Issue 98-07.
- 21. Individual Plant Examination for Severe Accident Vulnerabilities - Generic Letter 88-20, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, November 23, 1988.
- 22. NRC Bulletin 96-03, "Potential Plugging of Emergency Core Cooling Suction Strainers by Debris in Boiling-Water Reactors", May 1996 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
- 23. Duke Power Company, Applicant's Environmental Report, Operating Licensing Renewal Stage. Attachment K, "Oconee Nuclear Station 0 Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives (SAMA) Analysis." Rev. 0. Charlotte, North Carolina, June 1998.
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November 2005 TABLE 14 STANDARD List of PWRSAMA Candidates Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference Improvements Related to AC and DC Power 001 Provide additional DC battery capacity. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 1' 3' 6, 10, 11' 12, 17 002 Replace lead-acid batteries with fuel cells. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 6, 10 003 Add additional battery charger or portable, Improved availability of DC power system. 5 !
diesel-driven battery charger to existing DC system.
004 Improve DC bus load shedding. Extended DC power availability during an SBO. 1, 7 005 Provide DC bus cross-ties. Improved availability of DC power system. 6 006 Provide additional DC power to the 120/240V Increased availability of the 120 V vital AC bus. 3 vital AC system.
007 Add an automatic feature to transfer the 120V Increased availability of the 120 V vital AC bus. 5 vital AC bus from normal to standby power.
008 Increase training on response to loss of two Improved chances of successful response to loss of two 120V AC buses. 5 120V AC buses which causes inadvertent actuation signals.
009 Provide an additional diesel generator. Increased availability of on-site emergency AC power. 1, 6, 10, 11, 12 010 Revise procedure to allow bypass of diesel Extended diesel generator operation. 15 generator trips.
011 Improve 4.16-kV bus cross-tie ability. Increased availability of on-site AC power. 1, 6, 11, 12 012 Create AC power cross-tie capability with other Increased availability of on-site AC power. 1, 7, 13 unit (multi-unit site) 013 Install an additional, buried off-site power Reduced probability of loss of off-site power. 1 source.
014 Install a gas turbine generator. Increased availability of on-site AC power. 1, 6 015 Install tornado protection on gas turbine Increased availability of on-site AC power. 18 generator.
0 016 Improve uninterruptible power supplies. Increased availability of power supplies supporting front-line equipment. 6
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November 2005 SAMAID Potential Enhancement (SAMA Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Source I Reference !
017 Create a cross-tie for diesel fuel oil (multi-unit Increased diesel generator availability. I I site). I 018 Develop procedures for replenishing diesel fuel Increased diesel generator availability. I oil.
019 Use fire water system as a backup source for Increased diesel generator availability. 1 diesel cooling.
020 Add a new backup source of diesel cooling. Increased diesel generator availability. I 021 Develop procedures to repair or replace failed 4 Increased probability of recovery from failure of breakers that transfer 4.16 kV non- I KV breakers. emergency buses from unit station service transformers.
022 In training, emphasize steps in recovery of off- Reduced human error probability during off-site power recovery. I site power after an SBO.
023 Develop a severe weather conditions procedure. Improved off-site power recovery following external weather-related events. I, 3, 17 024 Bury off-site power lines. Improved off-site power reliability during severe weather. I Imorovements Related to Core Coolin!! Svstems
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025 Install an independent active or passive high Improved prevention of core melt sequences. 5,6 pressure injection system.
026 Provide an additional high pressure injection Reduced frequency of core melt from small LOCA and SBO sequences. 5 pump with independent diesel.
027 Revise procedure to allow operators to inhibit Extended HPCI and RCIC operation. 5 automatic vessel depressurization in non-A TWS scenarios.
028 Add a diverse low pressure injection system. Improved injection capability. 5,6 029 Provide capability for alternate injection via Improved injection capability. 5 diesel-driven fire pump.
030 Improve ECCS suction strainers. Enhanced reliability ofECCS suction. 22 031 Add the ability to manually align emergency Enhanced reliability ofECCS suction. 5 core cooling system recirculation.
032 Add the ability to automatically align Enhanced reliability ofECCS suction. 5 emergency core cooling system to recirculation mode upon refueling water storage tank depletion.
0 033 Provide hardware and procedure to refill the Extended reactor water storage tank capacity in the event of a steam generator tube rupture. 5, 10
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 034 Provide an in-containment reactor water Continuous source of water to the safety injection pumps during a LOCA event, since water 10 storage tank. released from a breach of the primary system collects in the in-containment reactor water storage tank, and thereby eliminates the need to realign the safety injection pumps for long-term post-LOCA recirculation.
035 Throttle low pressure injection pumps earlier in Extended reactor water storage tank capacity. 5 medium or large-break LOCAs to maintain reactor water storage tank inventory.
036 Emphasize timely recirculation alignment in Reduced human error probability associated with recirculation failure. 5 operator training.
037 Upgrade the chemical and volume control For a plant like the Westinghouse AP600, where the chemical and volume control system 5 system to mitigate small LOCAs. cannot mitigate a small LOCA, an upgrade would decrease the frequency of core damage.
038 Change the in-containment reactor water Reduced common mode failure of injection paths. 5 storage tank suction from four check valves to two check and two air-operated valves.
039 Replace two of the four electric safety injection Reduced common cause failure of the safety injection system. This SAMA was originally 5, 10 pumps with diesel-powered pumps. intended for the Westinghouse-CE System 80+, which has four trains of safety injection.
However, the intent ofthis SAMA is to provide diversity within the high- and low-pressure safety injeciion sysiems.
040 Provide capability for remote, manual operation Improved chance of successful operation during station blackout events in which high area 5 of secondary side pilot-operated relief valves in temperatures may be encountered (no ventilation to main steam areas).
a station blackout.
041 Create a reactor coolant depressurization Allows low pressure emergency core cooling system injection in the event of small LOCA 5, 10 system. and high-pressure safety injection failure.
042 Make procedure changes for reactor coolant Allows low pressure emergency core cooling system injection in the event of small LOCA 5 system depressurization. and high-pressure safety injection failure.
Improvements Related to Cooling Water 043 Add redundant DC control power for SW Increased availability of SW. 3 pumps.
044 Replace ECCS pump motors with air-cooled Elimination ofECCS dependency on component cooling system. 1 motors.
045 Enhance procedural guidance for use of cross- Reduced frequency of loss of component cooling water and service water. I tied component cooling or service water pumps.
046 Add a service water pump. Increased availabiiity of cooling water. 6 047 Enhance the screen wash system. Reduced potential for loss of SW due to clogging of screens. 23 0 048 Cap downstream piping of normally closed Reduced frequency of loss of component cooling water initiating events, some of which can 5
)> component cooling water drain and vent valves. be attributed to catastrophic failure of one of the many single isolation valves.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 049 Enhance loss of component cooling water (or Reduced potential for reactor coolant pump seal damage due to pump bearing failure. 5 loss of service water) procedures to facilitate
' stopping the reactor coolant pumps.
050 Enhance loss of component cooling water Reduced probability of reactor coolant pump seal failure. 5 procedure to underscore the desirability of cooling down the reactor coolant system prior to seal LOCA.
051 Additional training on loss of component Improved success of operator actions after a loss of component cooling water. 5 cooling water.
052 Provide hardware connections to allow another Reduced effect of loss of component cooling water by providing a means to maintain the 5 essential raw cooling water system to cool charging pump seal injection following a loss of normal cooling water.
charging pum£_ seals.
053 On loss of essential raw cooling water, Increased time before loss of component cooling water (and reactor coolant pump seal 5 proceduralize shedding component cooling failure) during loss of essential raw cooling water sequences.
water loads to extend the component cooling water heat-up_ time.
054 Increase charging pump lube oil capacity. Increased time before charging pump failure due to lube oil overheating in loss of cooling 5 water sc____qucnces.
055 Install an independent reactor coolant pump Reduced frequency of core damage from loss of component cooling water, service water, or 5,10 I seal injection system, with dedicated diesel. station blackout.
056 Install an independent reactor coolant pump Reduced frequency of core damage from loss of component cooling water or service water, 5,10 seal inj_ection system, without dedicated diesel. but not a station blackout.
057 Use existing hydro test pump for reactor Reduced frequency of core damage from loss of component cooling water or service water, 5 coolant pump seal injection. but not a station blackout.
058 Install improved reactor coolant pump seals. Reduced likelihood of reactor coolant pump seal LOCA. 5 059 Install an additional component cooling water Reduced likelihood of loss of component cooling water leading to a reactor coolant pump 5 Ipump. sealLOCA.
060 Prevent makeup pump flow diversion through Reduced frequency of loss of reactor coolant pump seal cooling if spurious high pressure 5 the relief valves. injection relief valve opening creates a flow diversion large enough to prevent reactor coolant pump seal injection.
061 Change procedures to isolate reactor coolant Reduced frequency of core damage due to loss of seal cooling. 5 pump seal return flow on loss of component cooling water, and provide (or enhance) guidance on loss of injection during seal LOCA.
062 Implement procedures to stagger high pressure Extended high pressure injection prior to overheating following a loss of service water. 5 safety injection pump use after a loss of service water.
0 063 Use fire prevention system pumps as a backup Reduced frequency of reactor coolant pump seal LOCA. 5
)> seal injection and high pressure makeup source.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 064 Implement procedure and hardware Improved ability to coe>l residual heat removal heat exchangers. 5 modifications to allow manual alignment of the fire water system to the component cooling water system, or install a component cooling water header cross-tie.
Improvements Related to Feedwater and Condensate 065 Install a digital feed water upgrade. Reduced chance of loss of main feed water following a plant trip. I 066 Create ability for emergency connection of Increased availability of feedwater. 5 existing or new water sources to feedwater and condensate systems.
067 Install an independent diesel for the condensate Extended inventory in CST during an SBO. 5 storage tank makeup pumps.
068 Add a motor-driven feedwater pump. Increased availability of feedwater. 1,3 069 Install manual isolation valves around auxiliary Reduced dual turbine-driven pump maintenance unavailability. 5 feedwater turbine-driven steam admission valves.
070 Install accumulators for turbine-driven Eliminates the need for local manual action to align nitrogen bottles for control air following 5 auxiliary feedwater pump flow control valves. a loss of off-site power.
071 Install a new condensate storage tank (auxiliary Increased availability of the auxiliary feed water system. 5, 10 feedwater storage tank).
072 Modify the turbine-driven auxiliary feedwater Improved success probability during a station blackout. 5 pump to be self-cooled.
073 Proceduralize local manual operation of Extended auxiliary feedwater availability during a station blackout. Also provides a success 5 auxiliary feedwater system when control power path should auxiliary feedwater control power be lost in non-station blackout sequences.
is lost.
074 Provide hookup for portable generators to Extended auxiliary.feedwater availability. 5, 10 power the turbine-driven auxiliary feedwater pump after station batteries are depleted.
075 Use fire water system as a backup for steam Increased availability of steam generator water supply. 5
!generator inventory.
076 Change failure position of condenser makeup Allows greater inventory for the auxiliary feedwater pumps by preventing condensate storage 5 valve if the condenser makeup valve fails open tank flow diversion to the condenser.
on loss of air or_power.
077 Provide a passive, secondary-side heat- Reduced potential for core damage due to loss-of-feedwater events. 5 rejection loop consisting of a condenser and L__ _ _ _ heat sink.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 078 Modify the startup feedwater pump so that it Increased reliability of decay heat removal. 10 can be used as a backup to the emergency feedwater system, including during a station blackout scenario.
079 Replace existing pilot-operated relief valves Increased probability of successful feed and bleed. 5 with larger ones, such that only one is required for successful feed and bleed.
Improvements Related to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning 080 Provide a redundant train or means of Increased availability of components dependent on room cooling. 1 ventilation.
081 Add a diesel building high temperature alarm Improved diagnosis of a loss of diesel building HVAC. I or redundant louver and thermostat.
082 Stage backup fans in switchgear rooms. Increased availability of ventilation in the event of a loss of switchgear ventilation. 5 083 Add a switchgear room high teiilQ_erature alarm. Improved diagtl_osis of a loss of switchgear HVAC. 5 084 Create ahilitv., to switch
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Improvements Related to Instrument Air and Nitrogen Supply 085 Provide cross-unit connection of Increased ability to vent containment using the hardened vent. 3 uninterruptible compressed air supply.
086 Modify procedure to provide ability to align Increased availability of instrument air after a LOOP. 18 diesel power to more air compressors.
087 Replace service and instrument air compressors Elimination of instrument air system dependence on service water cooling. 5 with more reliable compressors which have self-contained air cooling by shaft driven fans.
088 Install nitrogen bottles as backup gas supply for Extended SRV operation time. 18 safety relief valves.
089 Improve SRV and MSIV pneumatic Improved availability ofSRVs and MSIVs. 6 components.
Improvements Related to Containment Phenomena 090 Create a reactor cavity flooding system. Enhanced debris cool ability, reduced core concrete interaction, and increased fission product I, 7, 11, 12 scrubbing.
0 091 Install a passive containment spray system._ Improved containment spray capability. 6, 14
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 092 Use the fire water system as a backup source Improved containment spray capability. 4, 6 for the containment spray system.
093 Install an unfiltered, hardened containment Increased decay heat removal capability for non-ATWS events, without scrubbing released 6,8,9 vent. fission products.
094 Install a filtered containment vent to remove Increased decay heat removal capability for non-ATWS events, with scrubbing of released 6, 8, 9, 14 decay heat fission products.
Option I: Gravel Bed Filter Option 2: Multiple Venturi Scrubber 095 Enhance fire protection system and standby gas Improved fission product scrubbing in severe accidents. 9 treatment system hardware and procedures.
096 Provide post-accident containment inerting Reduced likelihood of hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas combustion. 6, 7, 12 capability.
097 Create a large concrete crucible with heat Increased cooling and containment of molten core debris. Molten core debris escaping from 6,8,9 removal potential to contain molten core debris. the vessel is contained within the crucible and a water cooling mechanism cools the molten cere in the crucible, preventing melt-through of the base mat.
098 Create a core melt source reduction system. Increased cooling and containment of molten core debris. Refractory material would be 13 placed underneath the reactor vessel such that a molten core falling on the material would melt and combine with the material. Subsequent spreading and heat removal from the vitrified compound would be facilitated, and concrete attack would not occur.
099 Strengthen primary/secondary containment Reduced probability of containment over-pressurization. 5, 6, 10, 14 (e.g., add ribbing to containment shell).
100 Increase depth of the concrete base mat or use Reduced probability of base mat melt-through. 10 an alternate concrete material to ensure melt-through does not occur.
101 Provide a reactor vessel exterior cooling Increased potential to cool a molten core before it causes vessel failure, by submerging the 10 system. lower head in water.
102 Construct a building to be connected to Reduced probability of containment over-pressurization. 6, 10 primary/secondary containment and maintained at a vacuum.
103 Institute simulator training for severe accident Improved arrest of core melt progress and prevention of containment failure. 6 scenarios.
104 Improve leak detection procedures. Increased piping surveillance to identify leaks prior to complete failure. Improved leak 6 detection would reduce LOCA frequency.
0
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 106 Install automatic containment spray pump Extended time over which water remains in the reactor water storage tank, when full 5 header throttle valves. containment spray_ flow is not needed.
107 Install a redundant containment spray system. Increased containment heat removal ability. 5, 10 108 Install an independent power supply to the Reduced hydrogen detonation potential. 5, 10 hydrogen control system using either new batteries, a non-safety grade portable generator, existing station batteries, or existing AC/DC independent power supplies, such as the security system diesel.
109 Install a_l)_assive hydrogen control system. Reduced hydrogen detonation potential. 5, 10
!10 Erect a barrier that would provide enhanced Reduced probability of containment failure. 5 protection of the containment walls (shell) from ejected core debris following a core melt scenario at high pressure.
Improvements Related to Containment Bypass Ill Install additional pressure or leak monitoring Reduced ISLOCA frequency. 4, 7, 11, 12,15 instruments for detection of!SLOCAs.
112 Add redundant and diverse limit switches to Reduced frequency of containment isolation failure and ISLOCAs. 1 each containment isolation valve.
113 Increase leak testing of valves in ISLOCA Reduced ISLOCA frequency. 1 paths.
114 Install self-actuating containment isolation Reduced frequency of isolation failure. 5 valves.
115 Locate residual heat removal (RHR) inside Reduced frequency of ISLOCA outside containment. 14 containment 116 Ensure ISLOCA releases are scrubbed. One Scrubbed ISLOCA releases. 1 method is to plug drains in potential break areas so that break point will be covered with water.
117 Revise EOPs to improve ISLOCA Increased likelihood that LOCAs outside containment are identified as such. A plant had a 1 identification. scenario in which an RHR ISLOCA could direct initial leakage back to the pressurizer relief tank, giving indication that the LOCA was inside containment.
118 Improve operator training on ISLOCA coping. Decreased ISLOCA consequences. 1 119 Institute a maintenance practice to perform a Reduced frequency of steam generator tube ruptures. 5, 10 I 00% inspection of steam generator tubes 0
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NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 121 Increase the pressure capacity of the secondary Eliminates release pathway to the environment following a steam generator tube rupture. 5,10 side so that a steam generator tube rupture would not cause the relief valves to lift.
122 Install a redundant spray system to depressurize Enhanced depressurization capabilities during steam generator tube rupture. 5, 10 the primary system during a steam generator tube rupture 123 Proceduralize use of pressurizer vent valves Backup method to using pressurizer sprays to reduce primary system pressure following a 5 during steam generator tube rupture sequences. steam generator tube rupture.
124 Provide improved instrumentation to detect Improved mitigation of steam generator tube ruptures. 5,10 steam generator tube ruptures, such as Nitrogen-16 monitors).
125 Route the discharge from the main steam safety Reduced consequences of a steam generator tube rupture. 10 valves through a structure where a water spray would condense the steam and remove most of the fission }Jl'Oducts.
126 Install a highly reliable (closed loop) steam Reduced consequences 'of a steam generator tube rupture. 5 generator shell-side heat removal system that relics on natural circulation a11d stored water sources 127 Revise emergency operating procedures to Reduced consequences of a steam generator tube rupture. 5 direct isolation of a faulted steam generator.
128 Direct steam generator flooding after a steam Improved scrubbing of steam generator tube rupture releases. 5 generator tube rupture, prior to core damage.
129 Vent main steam safety valves in containment. Reduced consequences of a steam generator tube rupture. 5, 10 Improvements Related to ATWS 130 Add an independent boron injection system. Improved availability of boron injection during ATWS. 18 131 Add a system of relief valves to prevent Improved equipment availability after an ATWS. 19 equipment damage from pressure spikes during anATWS.
132 Provide an additional control system for rod Improved redundancy and reduced ATWS frequency. 18 insertion (e.g., AMSAC).
133 Install an ATWS sized filtered containment Increased ability to remove reactor heat from A TWS events. 6 vent to remove decay heat.
134 Revise procedure to bypass MSIV isolation in Affords operators more time to perform actions. Discharge of a substantial fraction of steam 1, 20 turbine trip A TWS scenarios. to the main condenser (i.e., as opposed to into the primary containment) affords the operator more time to perform actions (e.g., SLC injection, lower water level, depressurize RPV) than 0 if the main condenser was unavailable, resulting in lower human error probabilities.
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November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 135 Revise procedure to allow override of low Allows immediate control oflow pressure core injection. On failure of high pressure core 16 pressure core injection during an ATWS event. injection and condensate, some plants direct reactor depressurization followed by five minutes of automatic low pressure core injection.
136 Install motor generator set trip breakers in Reduced frequency of core damage due to an ATWS. 5 control room.
137 Provide capability to remove power from the Decreased time required to insert control rods if the reactor trip breakers fail (during a loss of 5 bus powering the control rods. feedwater ATWS which has rapid pressure excursion).
Improvements Related to Internal Flooding 138 Improve inspection of rubber expansion joints Reduced frequency of internal flooding due to failure of circulating water system expansion I on main condenser. ~oints.
139 Modify swing direction of doors separating Prevents flood propagation. 5 turbine building basement from areas containing safeguards equipment.
Improvements to Reduce Seismic Risk 140 Increase seismic ruggedness of plant Increased availability of necessary plant equipment during and after seismic events. 3, 10 components. '
141 Provide additional restraints for C0 2 tanks. Increased availability of fire protection given a seismic event. 17 Improvements to Reduce Fire Risk 142 Replace mercury switches in fire protection Decreased probability of spurious fire suppression system actuation. 7 system.
143 Upgrade fire compartment barriers. Decreased consequences of a fire. 7 144 Install additional transfer and isolation Reduced number of spurious actuations during a fire. 18 switches.
145 Enhance fire brigade awareness. Decreased consequences of a fire. 7 146 Enhance control of combustibles and ignition Decreased fire frequency and consequences. 7 sources.
Other Improvements 147 Install digital large break LOCA protection Reduced probability of a large break LOCA (a leak before break). 5 system.
148 Enhance procedures to mitigate large break Reduced consequences of a large break LOCA. 7 LOCA.
0 149 Install computer aided instrumentation system Improved prevention of core melt sequences by making operator actions more reliable. 6
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NEI 05-01 (Rev A)
November 2005 Potential Enhancement (SAMA Source SAMAID Title) Result of Potential Enhancement Reference 150 Improve maintenance procedures. Improved prevention of core melt sequences by increasing reliability of important 6 equipment.
151 Increase training and operating experience Improved likelihood of success of operator actions taken in response to abnormal conditions. 6 feedback to improve operator response.
152 Develop procedures for transportation and Reduced consequences of transportation and nearby facility accidents. 7 nearby facility accidents.
153 Install secondary side guard pipes up to the Prevents secondary side depressurization should a steam line break occur upstream of the 5, 10 main steam isolation valves. main steam isolation valves. Also guards against or prevents consequential multiple steam
!generator tube ruptures following a main steam line break event.
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November 2005 Table 14 References
- 1. NUREG-1560, "Individual Plant Examination Program: Perspectives on Reactor Safety and Plant Performance," Volume 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, December 1997.
- 2. Letter from Mr. M. 0. Medford (TVA) to NRC Document Control Desk dated September 1, 1992. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2- Generic Letter (GL) 88 Individual Plant Examination (IPE) for Severe Accident Vulnerabilities- Response- (TAC M74488)."
- 3. Appendix D-Attachment F, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, March 2000.
- 4. Letter from Mr. D. E. Nunn (TVA) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated October 7, 1994. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2-Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDA) -Response to Request for Additional Information (RAI)- (TAC Nos. M77222 and M77223)."
- 5. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants," Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant",
Supplement 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, February 1999.
- 6. General Electric Nuclear Energy, Technical Support Document for the ABWR, 25A5680, Revision 1, January 18, 1995.
- 7. NUREG-0498, "Final Environmental Statement related to the operation of Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2," Supplement No. 1, U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, April1995.
- 8. Cost Estimate for Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives, Limerick Generating Station for Philadelphia Electric Company, Bechtel Power Corporation, June 22, 1989.
- 9. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants," Volume 1, 5.35, Listing of SAMDAs considered for the Limerick Generating Station, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, May 1996.
- 10. NUREG-1462, "Final Safety Evaluation Report Related to the Certification of the System 80+ Design," U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August 1994.
- 11. NUREG-1437, "Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants," Volume 1, 5.36, Listing of SAMDAs 0
)> considered for the Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, May 1996.
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- 12. Letter from Mr. W. J. Museler (Tennessee Valley Authority) to the NRC Document Control Desk, dated October 7, 1994, "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Units 1 and 2- Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDAs)."
- 13. Letter from Mr. D. E. Nunn (Tennessee Valley Authority) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated June 30, 1994. "Watts Bar Nuclear Plant (WBN) Unit 1 and 2 - Severe Accident Mitigation Design Alternatives (SAMDAs) Evaluation from Updated Individual Plant Evaluation (IPE)."
- 14. Letter from N. J. Liparulo (Westinghouse Electric Corporation) to NRC Document Control Desk, dated December 15, 1992, "Submittal of Material Pertinent to the AP600 Design Certification Review."
- 15. NUREG/CR-5474, "Assessment of Candidate Accident Management Strategies", U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, March 1990.
- 16. Severe Accident Applicability ofBWROG Revision 4, "Emergency Procedure Guidelines", BWROG, September 1988.
- 17. Appendix E- Environmental Report, Appendix G, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Peach Bottom Nuclear Power Plant Units 2 and 3, July, 2001.
- 18. Appendix F, Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives Analysis Submittal Related to Licensing Renewal for the Quad Cities Nuclear Power Plant Units 1 and 2, January 2003.
- 19. NEDC-33090P, Rev.O, "Safety Analysis Report for Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station Constant Pressure Power Uprate", September 2003.
- 20. BWROG EPC Issue 98-07.
- 21. Individual Plant Examination for Severe Accident Vulnerabilities- Generic Letter 88-20, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, November 23, 1988.
- 22. NRC Bulletin 96-03, "Potential Plugging of Emergency Core Cooling Suction Strainers by Debris in Boiling-Water Reactors", May 1996 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
- 23. Duke Power Company, Applicant's Environmental Report, Operating Licensing Renewal Stage. Attachment K, "Oconee Nuclear Station Severe Accident Mitigation Alternatives (SAMA) Analysis." Rev. 0. Charlotte, North Carolina, June 1998.
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- Figure 1 SAMA S1creening Process Initial SAMA List Phase I Analysis Retain for potential No implementation Phase II Analysis Screened 69 OAGI0000585 00078
SAMA Analysis Guidance Document 11 REFERENCES 1 Pages G-8 and G-28 of Draft NUREG-1437, Supplement 19, Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal ofNuclear Plants, Regarding Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2, August 2004.
2 NUREG/CR-6613, Vol.1, Code Manual for MACCS2, User's Guide, D. Chanin and M.L. Young, Technadyne Engineering Consultants and Sandia National Laboratories for U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and U. S. Department of Energy, SAND97-0594, May 1998.
3 NUREG/CR-4551, Evaluation ofSeJ,ere Accident Risks: Quantification ofMajor Input Parameters, MACCS Input, J. L. Sprung, et. al., Sandia National Laboratories for the U.S. NRC, Vol. 2, Rev. 1, Part 7, Dc::cember 1990.
4 NUREG/BR-0184, Regulatory Analysis Technical Evaluation Handbook, U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1997.
5 Office of Management and Budget, "Regulatory Analysis," Circular No. A-4, September 17, 2003. http://www.wbitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a004/a-4.pdf 6 NUREGIBR-0058, Revision 4, Regulatory Analysis Guidelines of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 2004.
71 OAGI0000585 00079