ML18017A251
| ML18017A251 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Susquehanna  |
| Issue date: | 05/26/1981 |
| From: | CURTIS N W PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO. |
| To: | YOUNGBLOOD B J Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| RTR-NUREG-0564, RTR-NUREG-564 PLA-818, NUDOCS 8105280266 | |
| Download: ML18017A251 (184) | |
Text
TWONORTHNINTHSTREET,ALLENTOWN,PA.18101PHONE:(21$)82I.$151NORMANW.CURTISVicePresidentEntpneereg8ConsrrUcten821-SSSIMay26,1981rMr.B.J.Youngblood,ChiefLicensingBranchNo.1U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionWashington,D.C.20555SUSQUEf&NNASTEAMELECTRICSTATIONCOMMENTSONSUPPLEMENT2OFDRAFTENVIRONMENTALSTATEMENTER100450FILE991-2PLA-818
DearMr.Youngblood:
AttachedarePP6LtscommentsonSupplement2oftheDraftEnvironmentalStatement.Verytrulyyours,g,vdWCurtN..xsVicePresident-Engineering6Construction-NuclearDPM/mjm6-81Sgg448yosgsQPENNSYLVANIAPOWER4'IOHTCOIAPANY ApplicantshavereviewedSupplementNo.2totheDraftEnvironmentalStatementrelatedtotheoperationoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStationUnits1and2(NUREG-0564)andingeneralconcurwiththeStaff'sanalyses,evaluations,andconclusions.ApplicantsbelievetheSupplementmeetstheintent'oftheCommis-sion'sstatementofinterimpolicyregardingaccidentconsiderationsandagreewiththeStaff'sconclusionthatwhiletheenvironmentalimpactsofthe.accidentsconsideredmaybesevere,thelikelihoodoftheiroccurrenceisremote.Therefore,theconclusionsreachedintheDraftEnvironmentalStatementshouldremainunchanged.Applicants-dohavethefollowingspecificcommentsonSupplementNo.2.A)TheStaff'sanalysismakesseveralassumptionswhichtendtooverstatetheimpactsoftheeventsbeingconsidered.l.7-DayGroundDoseAssumptionPage6-12ofSupplementNo.2containsthefollowingstatement:TheRSSconsequencemodelalsocontainsaprovisionforincorporatingtheconsequencereductionbenefitsofevacuationandotherprotectiveactions.Exceptasotherwiseindicatedbelow,theresultsshownforSusquehannadonotincludethisprovision.Withrespecttothisaspectofthecalcula-tions,therefore,theresultsare"worstcase"estimates.Themodeldoes,however,provideforrelocationofpersonstoavoidprolongedexposuretogroundcontamination.Unlessotherwisespecified,thecalculationsforSusquehannaincorporatethisprovisionfogre-locationfollowingsevendaysofexposure..This"sevendaysofexposure"referstoirradiationfromfissionproductsdepositedonthegroundfollowingapos-tulatedcore-meltaccident.Itisextremelyconservativetoassumethepopulationwouldremaininplaceandbeexposedtothisradiationforaslongassevendays.Thisover-conservatismisparticularlygreatforearlyhealtheffects,suchasacutefatalities.TheresultsoftheReactorSafetyStudy(RSS)~)showthatinthehighlyunlikelyeventofaccidentalreleasesoflargeamountsofradioactivity,theincidenceofacute.gatalitiesin,thepopulationisdominatedbytheradiationdosefromdepositedgamma-emitters.~)It"isthereforeparticularlyimportanttotrytomakeamore6-82 realisticestimateofthemagnitudeofthisdose,takingintoaccountwhatcanreasonablybeexpectedbywayofprotectiveactionssuchasevacuation.TheStaffrecognizesthis,sinceitreferstotheresultsasbeing"worstcase"andincludescalculationswhichincorporateamodelforearlyevacuationasindicatedinTable6.1.4-5.Theuseoftheseven-daygrounddoseinSupplementNo.2resultsinthepredictionofunwarra'ntedlylargeconsequencesandconveysanincorrectimpressionoftheriskofreactoraccidents.Realisticvaluesshouldbepresentedasthemainre-sultsofthereport.Table6.1.4-5showsthattheuseofrealisticprotectiveactionsreducesthepredicted.annualaveragevaluesof.'publicriskduetopopulationexposureortolatentcancerfatalitiesbyafactorofbetweenfiveandtwelve.Theriskdueto,early-fatalitiesissimilarlyreducedby,,afactor~ofaboutthirty.Figure6.1.4-4shows'hemarkedreductioninacutefatalitieswhichresultswhenrealisticprotectivemeansareassumed.However,mostofthedatainSupplementNo.2doesnotreflectrealisticprotectiveactions'andisthereforeoverlyconservative.(Seefigures6.1.4-2,6.1.4-3,6.1.4-5,6.1.4-7,6.1.4-8.)TheplotofisoplethsinFig.6.1.4-7andFig.6-1.4-8byincorporatingthe7-daygrounddoseassumptiongivesamisleadingimpressionofhowfardownwindacutefatalitiesmightbeexpectedtooccurfollowingareactoraccident.*2~CommentsontheUseofCRACItisApplicants'nderstandingthattheversionoftheCRAG(CalculationofReactorAccidentConsequences)computercodeusedinthepreparationofSupplementNo.2wasessen-tiallythesameasthatusedforthepreparationoftheRSS.Asignificantdifferencewastheincorporationofanevacuationmodel,recentlydevelopedatSandiaLabora-tories(3).Although,thismodelrepresentsanimprovementoverthatusedintheRSS,thereareothermodificationswhichcouldbeincorporatedintoCRAG.Thesehavebeen~AgL'escribedinrecentstudiessuchasthatoftheLimerick.BWR(4).Applicantsbelievetheomissionofthesemodifi-cationsisanothersignificantsourceofconservatism-Examplesoftheseconservativeelementsinclude:Applicantsal'sohavereservationsaboutthemeaningfulnessofisoplethsofindividualriskatthe1010or101peryearlevel.Atthisvanishinglysmallprobabilitylevel(onein10billionoronein100billionperyear),thesevalueshavelittlemeaning.6-83 (a)PlumeWidthThewidthoftheplumeinthedispersionmodelusedintheRSSandinSupplementNo.2ishxseduponreleasesofradioactivematerialforonlythreeminutesduration;thatis,theformulaeusedforcalculatingtheplumewidtharephenomen-ologicalfits.todatatakeninexperimentsinwhichthedurationofreleasewasaboutthreeminutes.Inpractice,theshortestreleasedurationconsideredintheRSSandSupplementNo.2wasthirtyminutes.Itisawell-knowncharacteristicofdispersingplumesthat,roughlyspeaking,theiraveragewidthisanincreasingfunctionofthedurationofcloudpassage.(l)Ifplumewidthsforathirty-minutereleaseareused,predictedplumecenterlineconcentrationsarereducedbyafactorofabouttwo.Radiationdosesarealsoreducedbythesamefactor.'hepre-dictedeffectonthenumberofacutefatalitiesdependsuponthepopulationdistributionaroundthereactor,butshouldbeareductionbyat'leastafactoroftwo.(b)ShieldingFactorsTheCRAGanalysisincorporatesshieldingfactorsforpeopleassumedtobeshelteredfromgamma-raysemittedbydepositedfissionproducts.IntheRSSandpresumablySupplementNo.2,ashieldingfactorof0.3wasused.IntheLimerickStudy(theshieldingfactorwasestimatedbyconsideringthe.shieldingprovidedbytypicalhousesfoundinPennsylvania.Sincebrickhouseswithbasementsarecommonthere,withexcellentshieldingcharac-teristics,amorerealisticshieldingfactorof0.15wasdeduced.Sincetheaccumulatedgrounddoseisthedominantcontributortotheradiationdosethatisusedincalculationsofearlyfatalities,thisshieldingfactorcanleadtoasubstantialreductioninthatdose.'-84 Takentogetherwiththefactoroftwoduetothechangefroma3-minutetoa30-minuteplumewidth,areductionbyafactorof3-4inpredicteddosesispossible.Thecorrespondingreductioninthepredictednumberofearlydeathsmaybeevengreaterbecauseofthethresholdsintheearlyfatalitydose-riskrelationships.Theseconsid-erationswouldsuggestthataconsiderablereductionoftheacutefatalityprobabilitydistdibutionsshownonFigure6.1.4-4ispossiblewithappropriatechangesinCRAG.Consequently,theresultsasshownareconservativeandover-statetherisk.B)Table6.1.4-1providesalistofsomeDesignBasisAccidents.TheindicatedfrequencycategoriesfortheseaccidentsarenotconsistentwithpreviousNRCdocuments.ThistableimpliesthattheseaccidentswereincludedinthedesignbasisasInfrequentAccidents,wheninfacttheyhavebeenconsideredasLimitingFaultsbasedontheacceptancecriteriacontainedintheStandardReviewPlan.C)Onpages6-8inSection6.1.3.2,thefourthparagraphstatesthatonlyoneindustrialplant,theLuzerneOuterwearCompany,islocatedwithintheLPZ.Lastsummer,CAR-MARmovedintoanindustrialparkwhichisalsowithintheLPR.CAR-MARemploysPg'L(~approximately70people.ThisindustrialparkislocatedinSector10approximately1.7milesfromthesite.D)Onpage6-16,thesecondparagraphinSection6.1.4e5statesthattherearenowellsbetweentheplantandtheriverviathenorthernbedrockvalleypathway.WhilethisstatementiscorrectPPAL)intermsofpathwaysforexposureto'hepublic,therearefivewellslocatedonApplicants'ropertyintheareainquestion.Intheunlikelyeventofanaccidentinvolvingreleasestogroundwater,thesewellswouldnotbeused.6-85
REFERENCES:
1.ReactorSafetyStudy,WASH-1400(NUREG75/014),1975.2.Wall,I.B.Yaniv,S'.S.,Blond,R.M.,etal,"OverviewoftheReactorSafetyStudy."PaperpresentedattheInternationalConferenceofNuclearSystemsReliabilityEngineeringandRiskAssessment,Gatlinburg,Tennessee,June19-25,(1977).3.Aldrich,D.C.,Blond,R.M.andJones,R.B.,"AModelofPublic'EvacuationforAtmosphericRadiologicalReleases",SandiaLaboratoriesReportSAND,78-0092(1978).4.ProbabilisticRiskAssessment,'imerickGeneratingStation,PhiladelphiaElectricCompany,DocketNos.50-352and50-353,(March,1981).6-86
-PPKL(Al)AnalysesandtextnowpresentedinFESaredifferentfromthoseintheDESSupp.No.2.Regardinguseofindividualriskat100or10-"1levelsperreactor-yearintheisopleths,theselevelsarenotmeaninglesswhentherewouldbedistributionofseveralmillionper'sonsintheregio'nsspannedbytheseisopleths.Societalriskfromthoseregionswouldbeintherangeof10-4<<10casesperreactoryear-asdirectlyderivedbymultiplyingtheindividualrisksandthenumberofpersonsintheregions.-PPKL(A2)Thestaffhasnotcompletedthereviewoftheaccidentconsequencecalculati'onsintheLimerickRiskAnalysisStudyreferencedinthecomment.However,thelicensingstaffisintheprocessofreviewingtherecentchangesmadetotheCRACcodeusedattheSandiaNationalLaboratoriesandthestaffwillincorporateanyappropriateandqualifiedchangesintotheversionofCRAGcurrentlyusedinlicensingactions.-PPKL(B)Seeminortextchangeinthese'condparagraphofSection6.1.4.1DesicenBasisAccidents.-PP&L(C)Thestaffhasrecentlylearnedofthisindustrialactivitynearthesite.ThestaffisrequestingadditionalinformationfromtheapplicantregardingCAR-MARactivities,aswellasanticipatedplansfortheindustrialpark,andwillprovideanevaluationinaforthcomingsupplementtotheSafetyEvaluationReport.-PP/LID)Thestaffhascorrectedthestatmenttoindicatethattherearenooffsitewellsthatcouldbeencounteredviathenorthernbedrockvalleypathway.6-87 0
7.NEEDFORPLANTANDALTERNATIVESTOTHEPROPOSEDACTION7.1RfSUMPWhentheFES-CPwasissuedinJune1973,theapplicant,PennsylvaniaPower&LightCo.,sched-uledoperationoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,Units1and2,tobeginoperationin1981and1982,respectively.In1973,needfortheplantwasprojectedtooccurbetween1978and1982inordertomeettheprojectedannualenergydemandincreaseof7.2X.Since1973,theoilembargoandrisingelectricitycostshaveledtoadeclineingrowthofelectricalenergyandpeakdemandsinthenationandinthePP&Lservicearea.ThePP&Lserviceareademandforpowerdidnotcontinuetogrowatthehistoricalratesoccurringpriortothe1973Araboilembargo.PP&Lhadprojected'a1980winterpeakdemandof4970MW,withoutUGI(LuzerneElectricDivisionofUGICorp.),a255reductionfromthe1973forecastof6600MW.ConstructionhasproceededapproximatelyonschedulewithoperationofSusquehannaUnits1and2nowscheduledforthesecondquarterof1982andthesecondquarterof1983,respectively.Since1973,Pp&Lhasagreedtosella10KshareofbothunitstotheAlleghenyElectricCooperative.Duringtheconstruction-permitstage,thestaffanalyzedalternativesites,plantdesigns,andmethodsofpowergeneration,includingthealternativeofnotaddingproductioncapacity.Thestaffconcluded,basedonitsanalysisofthesealternatives,aswellasonacost-benefitanalysis,thatadditionalcapacitywasneeded,thatanuclear-fueledplantwouldbeanenviron-mentallyacceptablemeansofprovidingthecapacity,andthatSSES,Units1and2,ataspecifiedsiteandofas'pecifieddesign,wereacceptablefrombotheconomicandenvironmentalperspectives.Sincethattime,constructionofSSEShasbeennearlycompleted;andmanyoftheeconomicandenvironmentalcostsassociatedwiththeconstructionofthestationhavealreadybeenincurredandmustbeviewedas"sunkcosts"inanyprospectiveassessment.7.2APPLICANT'SSERVICEAREAANDREGIONALRELATIONSHIPSThePP&LserviceregionisshowninFigure8.1oftheFES-CP.Theapplicantsupplieselectric'powertoabout26,000kmzineastcentralPennsylvania(225oftheareaofthestate}.In1973,thepopulationoftheserviceareawasabout2.3million(20Ãofthestatetotal},MajorcitiesservedbyPP&LincludeAllentown,Bethlehem,Harrisburg,Hazelton,Lancaster,Scranton,Wilkes-Barre,andWilliamsport.Alongwiththefollowingutilities,PP&LisasigneetothePennsylvania-NewJersey-Maryland(PJM)InterconnectionAgreement:PublicServiceElectricandGasCo.(PS);PhiladelphiaElec-tricCompany(PE);BaltimoreGasandElectricCompany(BC);GeneralPublicUtility(GPU),whichconsistsofJerseyCentralPower&LightCo'mpany(JC),MetropolitanEdisonCompany(ME),andPennsylvaniaElectricCompany(PN);PotomacElectricPowerCompany(PEPCO);AtlanticCityElectricCompany(AE);DelmarvaPower&LightCompany(DPL);andLuzerneElectricDivisionofUGICorporation(UGI).Theseelevencompanies,operatingtheirtransmissionandgenerationfacilitiesasasinglesystemwithfree-flowingpowerinterchangebetweencompanies,account'orenergyflowbetweencompaniesanduseafter-the-factaccountingprocedures.TheagreementwithPJMrequiresthatPP&LmeetitsgenerationcapacityobligationasapartofthePJM,interconnection.7.3BENEFITSOFOPERATINGTHEPLANTSSES-1and-2areb'eingconstructedforthepurposeofassuringanadequatelowcostsupplyofelectricalenergyfortheneedsofthePP&LandPJMserviceareaneeds.Attheoperatinglicensestage,considerationofalternativesinvolvesonlythedecisionastowhethertheplantshouldoperateornot.Thisdecisionisbasedonaweighingofthebenefitsofoperationagainstenvironmentalimpacts(includingproductioncosts).PotentialbenefitsofoperatingSusquehanna1and2includereliability,diversity,andeconomicadvantage.7.3.10erationofthePJMInterchaneOneofthemostimportantconceptsofthePJMinterconnectionisitseconomicoperationasasinglesystemwithcentralizeddispatchofgenerationandfree-flowingpowerexchangesbetween7-1 7-2membercompanies.TransmissionlinesconnectingthevariousPJMcompaniesprovideforthetransferofenergyfromonecompanytoanotherasrequiredtomeettheloadsofeachcompany.Thisallowsforthefullutilizationoftheresourcesofallcompaniestomeetthecustomerloadsofallcompaniesmosteconomically.Coordinationisnotrestrictedtothegenerationphase;itisalsoimplementedincapacity,maintenance,andtransmissionplanning.CentraldispatchofallPJHgeneratingunitsisaccomplishedbyprovidingtheInterconnectionOffice,locatedatValleyForge,PA,withthenecessarydata,controlequipment,andcomputerstoeconomicallyloadallPJHunitsatlevelsneededtomeetthePJHload.TheInterconnectionOffice,acentralcoordinatingoffice,isconnectedtoallcompanydispatchcenters(i.e.,applicant'sAllentownPowerControlCenter)viavoice,digitalandanalogcomputers,andtele-typewritercircuits.InordertomeetaspecificPJMloadtheInterconnectionOfficetransmitstoallcompaniestheincrementalcost,takenfromthecombinedloadingschedule,neededtoprovidegenerationattherequiredlevel.AsthePJMloadincreases,higherincrementalcostvaluesaretransmittedtothevariouscompaniesandthelevelofgenerationisincreased.EachcompanywillraiseorlowergenerationonitsunitsaccordingtothePJHincrementalcostsignalregardlessofitsownloadrequirement.Occasionally,duetounitoperatingconstraints,transmissionlimitations,orreliabilitycon-siderations,unitsareoperatedatabovetheincrementalcostlevelateitherthecompany'sorPJH'srequest,dependinguponthecircumstances.Sincesomecompanieshavealargeramountoflessexpensivegeneration,suchasnuclearorcoal-fireduni,ts,.thesecompaniesmaybegeneratingatlevelsabovetheirownloadandassuchmaybesupplyingenergytoothercompaniesovertheinterconnectedtransmissionlines.Toprovideameansofcompensatingforthisexchangeofenergybetweenmembercompanies,anaccountingpro-cedure,basedonthesplit-savingsprinciple,isused.TheinterchangeaccountingprocedureusedonPJHprovidesboththesupplyingcompanies(sellers)andthereceivingcompanies(buyers)withasavingsasaresultoftheenergytransactionsbetweenthem.Thebillingforeachtransactionishalfwaybetweenthecostincurredbythesuppl'yingcompaniesandthecostthatwouldhavebeenincurredbythereceivingcompanieshadtheyusedtheirownhigher-costgenerationtomeettheirloads(split-savingsprinciple).7.3.2MinimizationofProductionCostsInordertodeterminethepotentialeconomicadvantageofoperatingSSES,thestaffstudiedthecostassociatedwithoperationofSSESUnits1and2andtheprojectedcostofreplacementelectricity.Theunitcostsforfuel,operationandmaintenance,andtheprojectedsourceanditsshareofsupplyofreplacementelectricityprovidedbytheapplicantareshowninTable7.1.Itappearsthat75%ofthereplacementelectricitywouldcomefromothermembersofthePJHinterchange.Comparedtoothersources,thecostprojectionsprovidedbytheapplicantarereasonable(Table7.2).Basedontheapplicant's90%shareofSSES-1andtheunit'sprojectedoperationat70K,thesavings(infuelandoperationandmaintenancecosts)fortheinitialyearofoperationareestimatedtobe$64.5million($1980).Kowever,theapplicant'sassump-tionastothecapacityfactoroftheSusquehannaunitsduringtheirinitialyearsofoperationisprobablyhigh(basedontheexperienceofnuclearunitsingeneral).>Ifalowercapacityfactor'wereassumed,e.g.,50Kto60K,thesavingsperunitperyearwouldbeabout$46millionto$55million.However,thecostsavingswouldnotbeconfinedonlytotheinitialyearofoperation;theapplicantwouldcontinuetosaveaslongasSSESUnits1and2werecapableofoperating,aperiodofabout30years.In1980,thefuelcostforgeneratingelectricityfromanoil-firedunitwas43.1mills/kWh,whichishigherthantheapplicant'sprojection(madein1978)of25mills/kWh.zThisisduetotherapidriseinthepricethatelectricutilitiespaidforoilfrom1978to1980.Kence,thesavingstotheapplicant,usingcurrentcostofoil-firedgeneratedelectricity,wouldbe$100millionand$118millionperunitperyear,respectively(assumingtheunitswereoperatingat605and70Kcapacityfactor).IfitisassumedthatthereplacementcostofelectricitytoAlleghenyElectricCooperative,Inc.,whichowns10KundividedinterestinSSESUnits1and2,isthesame,thetotalsavingsfromtheoperationofSSESwouldbe$112millionperunitperyear(assumingtheunitswereoperatingat60%capacity).Incalculatingthesavings,itwasassumedthatthequantityofelectricitydemandedwouldremainthesameregardlessofwhetherornotSSESwereoperated.'IThestaffviewstheapplicant'sassessmentofpotentialsavingsasreasonabletoconservative(ER-OL,p.1.1-4).Theresultscouldnotbesignificantlyalteredifthedemandforelectricitygrewatalowerratethanassumed;thisisbecausetheapplicant'smarginalenergysourcewouldcontinuetobeoil.Thus,thestaffconcludesthateconomicconsiderationsjustifyaddingtheSusquehannafacilityinthescheduledtimeperiod.
Table7.1.ProjectedType/CostofReplacementEnergyAssociatedwithApplicant'sShareofSusquehannaUnit1bSusquehannaNuclearAlicantPJHlessalicantCombustionCombustionCoalOilTurbinecCoalOilTurbinecPercentorreplacementenergygenerated15103040Fuelcost(mills/kWh)OEMcosts(mills/kWh)Totaloperatingcost(mills/kWh)41214252116265010601427211628451055Partialcosts(milliondollars)7313.915.027.864.915.9Totalcosts(milliondollars)73137.51980dollars.Witha70%unitcapacityfactor,applicant's90$share(945HW)ofSusquehannaUnit1wouldprovideapproximatelv5794GWh.DoesnotreflectpriceincreasesduetoeventsintheHideastduring1979.Duetoroundingerrors,columndoesnotaddup.
7-4Table7.2.ARelativeComparisonofProjectedCostbyPP&L,ComnonwealthEdison,andNRC(mills/kWh)NuclearCoalOilPP&L(inprojected$1980)CE(in$1977)NRC(inprojected$1980)1310161716,2627FromTable7.1,in1980dollars.bIn1977dollars.SeeReference3.cLow-sulfurcoalwithoutscrubbers.dBasedon1980asfirstyearofoperation.SeeReference4.7.3.3DiversitofSu1Source0Regardlessoftherelativeeconomicadvantageofnuclearorcoal,itistotheadvantageofapublicutilitytohavediversesourcesofpoweravailable.Intheeventoftheunavailabilityofimportedoil,majorstrikes,frozencoalpiles,enrichmentfacilityshortages,orregulatoryuncertainties,arelianceupononeprimaryfuel,especiallyforbaseloadoperation,couldcausecutbacksinpowertothegrid.Currently,allofPP&L'sbaseloadunitsutilizecoaloroil.AsnotedinTable7.1,nobaseloadnuclearisavailabletoPP&L'sreplacementpower.WiththeSusquehannanuclearstationinoperation,PP&Lwillbebetterpreparedtomeetunexpectedchangesinthesupplyofcoalandoil.ThefactthatoperationofSSESUnits1and2willimprovethediversityofgenerationsupplyfortheapplicantisanimportantfactorinsupportofissuinganoperatinglicense.7.3.4ReliabilitAnalsis7.3.4.1PP&LProjectionsTable7.3presentstheapplicant'shistoricalwinterpeakloadandenergybetween1966and1977andtheprojectedwinterpeakloadandenergysalesbetween1978and'1990.Thegrowthratesforwinterpeakandenergysalesforthe'period1966to1977were7.1%and6.8%,respectively.Theratesofincreaseofpeakloadandenergysalesthroughtheprojectedperiod1978to1990are2.7Xand3.1$,respectively.7.3.4.2PP&LReserveMarginThePP&Lreservemargin,withandwithouttheSusquehannafacility,ispresentedinTable7.4fortheperiod1978through1985.Adjustedpeakisdefinedtobe"peakloadplussalesminuspurchases."Reserveisdefinedas"capacityminusadjustedpeak,"andreservemarginas"reservedividedbyadjustedpeak."TherateofgrowthofpeakdemandandenergyhasbeenmuchsmallerthananticipatedduringtheplanningforconstructionofSusquehanna.Consequently,the,reservemarginforPP&L,evenwithouttheSusquehannafacility,ismuchlargerthanthe5%requiredbytheinterchangeagree-mentorthe15to25KrecommendedbytheFederalEconomic,RegulatoryCommission(formerlyFederalPowerAdministration).*Atthetimeconstructionwasplanned(early1970s),thereserverequirementwas205(not5lasnow).Thereis,however,thepossibilitythatthisreserverequirementcouldincreasetowardthecurrentPJHreserverequirementof205.IfPJMsummer-peakingcompaniestendtowardwinterpeakingasmoreelectricheatingloadsaresub-stitutedforgasandoil,theapplicant'screditforpeakloaddiversitywillbereducedanditscapacityobligationcouldapproachthe20KrequirementofPJM.IfthePJMreserverequirementincreasesasaresultofsuchconditions,itisexpectedthatanequivalentanddirectchange*PP&L's5XreservemarginisduetodiversityonthePJMsystem;i.e.,withtheexceptionofPP&L,allutilitiesbelongingtoPJMaresummerpeaking.PP&LcanrelyuponthecapacityofotherPJMutilitiestosupportitswinterpeakload.
7-5Table7.3.Applicant'sPeakLoadandEnergySales:PastandProjectedaEnerSalesWinterPeakYearHistorical1966196719681969~19701971197219731974197519761977~Pro'ected1978197919801981198219831984198519861987198819891990kWhx1010,15710,967'12,08113,53114,68315,68517,01318,86518,96319,11320,35420,92621,65022,40023,4002435025,25126,11026,91927,67328,37929,06929,75430,43931,124Increase8.010.112.08.56.88.510.90.50.86.50.33.53.54'4.03.73.43.12.82.62.42.42.32.2MW2,0852,3262,5142,8503,2383,2943,5983,6623.7724,1224,5144,4314,6504,7904,9705,1405,310'5,4805,6305,7705,9106,0306,1606,2906,4205Increase13.38.113.413.61.79.21.83.09.3.9.5-1.84.93.03.73.43.33.22.72.52.42.02.12.12.1Source:ER-OL,Table1.1-9.Table7.4.1977ProjectionofApplicant'sLoads,Capacity,andReservesforthe1978-1985Period(mid-rangeloadprojection)aWinterPeak(MWe)197819794,6504,79019804,97019815514019825,3101983198419955,4805,6305,770Totalcapacities(MWe)Fossil(coal)Fossil(oil)CT5DieselHydroNuclearFirmpurchaseCapacityTransactionsTotal(MWe)4,1451,64053914676~41)6,5054,1451,64053914676~50)6,4964,1451,64053914676~110)6,436"4,1451,64053914676~65)6,4814,1451,64053914694576~31)7,4604,145',6405391461,89076~62)8,3744,1451,6405391461,89076~93)8,3434,1451,6405392091,89076~125)8,374Adjustedpeak4,6504,7904,9705,1405,3105,4805,6305,770WithSusquehannaReserve(MWe)Reservemargin(N)2,150402,8942,7132,6045348,45WithoutSusquehannaReserve(MWe)Reservemargin(X)1,8551,70640361,466291,341261,205231,004I88237141512DatafromER-OL,Answerto,Cost-BenefitquestionsTable1.1-4.January1979,TableCAB-11.1;ER-OL, 7-6intheapplicant'scapacityobligationwilloccur.Thestaffalsorecognizesthatadditionalreservecapacityabove20%maybedesirableforasystemwithunitsthatarelargeinrelationtosystemsize(aswillbethecasewiththeSusquehannafacilityinservice).7.3.4.3PJMReserveMarginInTable7.5,thestaffpresentsthereserveandreserve-margincalculationsforPJMwithandwithouttheSusquehannafacilitythrough1985.SincetherearenofirmpurchasesorsalesoutsidePJHandsinceallPJMutilitiesexceptPP&Laresumerpeaking,thereservemarginisdefinedas"capacityminussummerpeakload,dividedbysumerpeakload."WithouttheSusque-hannafacility,thereservemarginofPJHcouldbeaslowas23Kin1983and1984.Inaninterchangesuchas,PJM,withabout7000MWormorethan20Knuclearbaseloadoperation,a23%reservemarginmightnotbeadequatetomeetminimumreliabilitystandards.WiththeSusquehannafacility,thereservemarginforPJHwillbeanacceptable28Kin1983and1984.Table7,5.ProjectionofPJHLoads,Capacities,andReservesSummerpeak(HWe)1978197919801981198219831984198531,68633,67034,87036,20037,63039,000.40,31041,650Totalcapacities(HWe)Fossil(coal)Fossil(oil)Nuclear'CTanddieselHydroTotal(HWe)b15,50112,1326,1977,926~223643,99215,48712,1328,1927,960~223646,00715,887'2,132831927,960~223646,40715,87012,1328,1927,959~226746,42015,88413,1649,1827,972~226748,46915,79113,38310,2428,247~226749,93015,79113,99311,362',246~226751,65916,19113,52513,4848,132~226753,599Reserveoversummerpeak:WithSusquehannaReserve(MWe)Reservemargin(l)WithoutSusquehannaReserve(HWe)Reservemargin(5)10,83910,93011,34911,9492928282912s30612'371135371032209s849869609639910s0193937332826232324Actual1978summerpeak;occurredon16August1978.-Capacityasshownin"LoadandCapacityForecast,"PJMInterconnection,1June1978.7.4ALTERNATIVESThestaffbelievesthattheonlyreasonablealternativetotheproposedactionofgrantinganoperatinglicenseforSSESavailableforconsiderationattheoperatinglicensestageisdenyingthelicenseforoperationofthefacilityandtherebynotpermittingtheconstructednuclearfacilitytobeaddedtotheapplicant'sgeneratingsystem.Alternativessuchasconstructionatalternativesites,extensivestationmodification,orconstructionoffacilitiesutilizingdifferentenergysourceswouldeachrequireadditionalconstructionactivitywithitsaccompany-ingeconomicandenvironmentalcosts,whereasoperationofthealreadyconstructedplantwouldnotcreatethesecosts.Therefore,unlessmajorsafetyorenvironmentalconcernsresultingfromoperatingtheplantthatwerenotevidentandconsideredduringtheconstruction-permitreviewarerevealed,thesealternativesareunreasonableascomparedtooperatingthealreadyconstructedplant.NosuchconcernshavebeenrevealedwithregardtooperationofSSES.Withrespect,totheproposedactionofoperatingthefacility,itwasshownthattheadditionofSSEStothePJMsystemisexpectedtoresultinsavingsinsystemproductioncostsofabout$112millionperyearforeachofthetwounitsofSSES.Further,asstated,ope'rationofthese 7-7unitswillprovidediversityoffuelsources,therebydecreasingdependenceonfuelsuppliesofuncertainavailability(gas,oil,andlignite)andwillcontributetoincreasedsystemreli-ability.TheenvironmentalimpactsofoperationarereassessedinSection4ofthisStatement.AsdiscussedinSection4,asaresultofthisreassessment,thestaffhasbeenabletoforecastmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofoperationofSSESandhasdeterminedthatthestationwilloperatewithacceptableenvironmentalimpact.Thealternativeofnotoperatingthefacilitywillrequiretheutilitytosubstituteapproxi-mately11billionkWhperyearofelectricalenergythatwouldhavebeenprovidedbySSESwithothersourcesofenergythathaveagreatereconomiccostandanequalorgreaterenvironmentalcost.Asindicated,theadditionaleconomiccosthasbeenestimatedatapproximately$112millionperyearforeachofthetwounits.Afterweighingthedescribedoptions,thestaffconcludesthatthepreferablechoiceisopera-tionofSSES.Referencesl.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,"LicensedOperatingReactorStatusReport,"Vol.5,No.2,NUREG-0020,February1981.*2."EnergyReview,"Vol.5,No.2,Spring'l981.3.A.D.RossinandT.A.Rieck,"EconomicsofPower,"Science{201}582-589,18August1978.4.J.0.Roberts,S.M.Davis,andD.A.Nash,"CoalandNuclear:AComparisonoftheCostofGeneratingBaseloadElectricitybyRegion,"NUREG-0480,December1978.**varaeorpureasefromtheNRC/GPOSalesProgram,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,Washington,DC20555,and/ortheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfie'id,VA22161.*"AvailableforpurchasefromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA22161.
8.EVALUATIONOFTHEPROPOSEDACTION8.1ADVERSEEFFECTSTHATCANNOTBEAVOIDEDThestaffhasre-assessedthephysical,social,biological,andeconomicimpactsthatcanbeattributedtotheoperationofSSES.Inasmuchastheunitsarecurrentlyunderconstruction,manyofthepredictedandexpectedadverseimpactsoftheconstructionphaseareevident.ThestaffhasnotidentifiedanyadditionaladverseeffectsfromthosepresentedintheFES-CPthatwillbecausedbytheoperationoftheunits.Theapplicantiscoranittedtoaprogramofresto-rationandredressofthestationsitethatwillbeginattheendoftheconstructionperiod.8.2SHORT-TERMUSESANDLONG-TERMPRODUCTIVITY(herehavebeennosignificantchangesinthestaff'sevaluationoftheuseoflandfortheSusquehannaSteamElectricStationsincethepreconstructionenvironmentalreview.TherehavebeenmajorchangesinthelocationofsomeofthetransmissioncorridorssincetheFES-CPwasissued;however,thestaff'sevaluationoftheenvironmentalimpactsofthetransmissionlinesremainsessentiallyasbefore.ThepresenceofthestationinLuzerneCountywillcontinuetoinfluencethefutureuseofotherlandinitsiamediateenvironsaswellasthecontinuedremovalofcountylandfromagriculturalandtimberuseastheresultofanyincreasedindustrialization.8.3IRREVERSIBLEANDIRRETRIEVABLECOMMITMENTSOFRESOURCESTherehasbeennochangeinthestaff'sassessmentofthisimpactsincetheearlierreviewexceptthatthecontinuingescalationofcostshasincreasedthedollarvaluesofthematerialsusedforconstructionandfuelingoftheplant,Thestaffhas'xpandedandupdated'thediscussionofuraniumfuelavailabilityinSection8.5.8.4COMPARISONOFNUCLEARANDCOAL-FIREDPOWERPLANTS8.4.1HealthEffectsInadditiontotheenvironmentalcostsattributabletocoalandnuclearfuels(Table8.1),thedifferinghealtheffectsfromusingcoala'ndnuclearfuelshavebeenconsideredintheenviron-mentalassessmento'feachalternative.Inmakingtheseassessments,theentirefue'1cycleratherthanjustthepower-generationphasewasconsideredtocomparethetotalimpactsofeachcycle.'orcoal,thecycleconsistsofmining,processing,fueltransportation,powergeneration,andwastedisposal.Thenuclearfuelcycleincludesmining,milling,uranium.enrichment,fuelprep-aration,fueltransportation,powergeneration,irradiatedfueltransportationandreprocessing,andwastedisposal.Inpreparingthisassessmentitwasrecognizedthattherearegreatuncertaintiesduetothelackofanadequatedatabaseincertainareasofeachfuel-cyclealternative.Theoveralluncer-'aintyinthenuclearfuelcycleisprobablyaboutanorderofmagnitude(increasedordecreasedbyafactorof10)over100yearsandabouttwoormoreordersofmagnitude'over1000years.Theuncertaintyassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycletendstobemuchlargerbecauseoftheinabilitytoestimatetotalhealthimpactsfromallthepollutantsreleasedtotheenvironmentfromthatcycle.However,ifoneassumesmostofthepublicimpactoveraperiodofseveraldecadesiscausedbyinhalationofsulfurcompoundsandassociatedpollutants,thereisasmuchasatwo-order-of-magnitudeuncertaintyintheassessmentofthecoalfuelcycle.Themuchgreateruncertaintyassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycleresultsfromthere'lativelysparseandequivocaldata'egardingcause-effectrelationshipsformostoftheprinci'palpollutantsinthecoalfuelcycle,theeffectoffederallawsonthefutureperformanceofcoal-firedpowerplants,minesafety,andculm-bankstabilization,andthelong-termimpactsofcoalashandfluegasdesulfur-izationsludges."Healtheffects,"asthetermisusedhere,isintendedtomeanexcessmortality,morbidity(diseaseandillness),andinjuryamongoccupationalworkersandthegeneralpublic("excess"referstomeaneffectsoccurringatahigher-than-normalrate;inthecaseofdeath,"excess"is8-1 8-2Table8.1.ComparativeEnvironmentalCostsforan1800-MWeCoalPlantandSSESatFullOutputImpactLanduse,haStationproperandassociatedponds;fuelandwastestorageareasReleasetoairDust,kg/daySulfurdioxide,kg/dayNitrogenoxides,kg/dayRadioactivity,Ci/yrReleasestosurfacewaterChemicalsdissolvedinblowdown,kg/dayRadioactivity,Ci/yrWaterconsumed,ms/minFuelConsumed,kg/dayAsh,kg/dayCoal20,000230,000132,000SmallgbNone+55I*20,000,000~2,000,000Nuclear470NoneNoneNone21,000160106186SocialEstheticModerateModerateBothrequirelargeindustrial-typestructuresandcoolingtowersCoalyard,ashpit,tallstackrequiredaCoal-firedplantemissionsestimatedonthebasisthattheplantjustmeetsapplicableEPAstandards.Informationnotavailable.OfUsOa.usedsynonymouslywith"prematuremortality").ThemostrecentanddetailedassessmentsofhealtheffectsofthecoalfuelcyclehavebeenpreparedbytheBrookhavenandArgonnenationallaboratories.~Themostcompleteandrecentassessmentoftheradiologicalhealtheffectsoftheuraniumfuelcyclefornormaloperationswaspreparedforthe"FinalGenericEnvironmentalStatementontheUseofRecyclePlutoniuminMixedOxideFuelinLightWaterCooledReactors(GESMOI)"7However,inaccordancewith10,CFRPart51.20(e),thecurrentimpactoftheuraniumfuelcycle(excludingreactorsandmines)isdefinedbythe14Harch1977revisionofTableS-3,10CFRPart51.[ConsistentwiththeCommission'sannouncedintentiontoreexaminetheruleperiodic-'llytoaccormodatenewinformation(39FR14188,22April1974,and42FR13803,14March1977),staffstudies,areunderwaytodeterminewhatareas,inadditiontowastemanagementandreprocessing,mayrequireupdatinginTableS-3(NoticeofProposedRulemaking,DocketNo.RM50-3,EnvironmentalEffectsoftheUraniumFuelCycle,41FR45849,18October1976).]UsingtheTableS-3effluentsandthemodelsdevelopedforGESMOI,itwaspossibletoestimatethe.impactoftheuraniumfuelcycleonthe.generalpublicforroutineoperations.ThesevaluesareshowninTables8.2-8.7andsomecriticalassumptionsrelatedtoestimatesareshowninAppendixH.BecauseTableS-3(Table4.16)excludesradonreleasesfromuraniummines,thehealtheffectsofsuchreleasesonthegeneralpublicarenotincludedinTables8.2-8.7.Theeffectsofsuchreleaseswouldresultinsomesmallincreasesinthetotalrisksofmortalityandmorbidityasdiscussedfurtherunder"OtherConsiderations."'1' Table8.2.SuranaryofCurrentEnergySourceExcessMortalityperYearper0.8GWy(e)FuelCycleOccuationalGeneralPublicAccidentDiseaseAccidentDiseaseTotalNuclear(U.S.population)AllnuclearWith1005ofelectricityusedinthefuelcycleproducedbycoalpower0.22a0.14b0.24-0.25'.14-0.46'.050.10'.18-1.30.59-1~7(1~0)bd0.77-6.31.2-6.8(2')Coal(regionalpopulation)Ratioofcoaltonuclear(range):(geometricmeans)0.35-0.650-7eh42(allnuclear)14(withcoalpower)1.213-110915-120(42)Primarilyfatalnonradiologicalaccidents,suchasfallsor'explosions.bPrimarilyfatalradiogeniccancersandleukemiasfromnormaloperationsatmines,mills,powerplants,andreprocessingplants.Primarilyfataltransportationaccidents(TableS-4,10CFRPart51)andseriousnuclearaccidents.Valuesinparenthesesarethegeometricmeansoftheranges(~aPrimarilyfatalminingaccidents,suchascave-ins,fires,andexplosions.Primarilymembersofthegeneralpublickilledatrailcrossingsbycoaltrains.Primarilyrespiratoryfailureamongthesickandelderlyfromcombustionproductsfrompowerplants,butincludesdeathsfromwaste-coal-bankfires.Primarilycoalworkerspneumoconiosis(CWP)andrelatedrespiratorydiseasesleadingtorespiratoryfailure.With100Kofallelectricityconsumedbythenuclearfuelcycleproducedbycoalpower;amountsto45MWeper0.8GWy(e).AlthoughTableS-3nolongerincludesreleaseestimatesforRn-222fromuraniumandmillingoperations,*thestaffhasreevaluatedthequestionandpreparednewestimateswhichwereusedinthisassessment.ThesenewestimatesindicatethatRn-222releasesaccountformostofthepotentialprematuremortalityfromtheuraniumfuelcycle.Inaddition,Tab'leS-3doesnotgenericallyaddressreleasesfor'light-water-cooledpowerreactors.TheestimatedtotalbodypopulationdosecommitmentsforgothoccupationalworkersandthegeneralpublicweretakenfromGESMOI(uraniumrecycleonlyoption).Inaddition,theoccupa-tionaldosecorrmitmentstoworkersinuraniummines,mills,uraniumhexafluorideplants,uraniumfuelplants,anduraniumenrichmentplantsweretakenfromGESMOI,becausetheyarenotconsid-eredinTableS-3.However,thesedosecoranitmentsarecomparabletothosethatwouldresult'romtheradiologicalreleasesdescribed'nNUREG-0216,whichprovidesbackgroundsupportforTableS-3.ThedosecommitmentstothepublicandoccupationalworkersintheMarch1977TableS-3wereusedforestimatinghealtheffectsfromthereprocessingandwaste-managementaspectsoftheuraniumfuelcycle.TheriskestimatorsusedtoestimatehealtheffectsfromradiationdosecommitmentsweretakenfromGESMOIandWASH-1400.e*Effective14April1978[Fed.Reg.43(15613)(llApril1978)j,NRCdirectedthestafftodeletethe74.5-CiRn-222sourcetermfromTableS-3(10CFRPart51),andconsidersuchhealtheffectsasmightresultfromradonreleasesfromminingandmillingoneRRYofuraniumonacase-by-casebasis.
8-4Table8.3.ExcessMortalityper0.8GMy(e)--NuclearOccuationalGeneralPublicFuel-cycleComponentAccidentDisease'Accident'iseasegTotalResourcerecovery(mining,drilling,'tc.)ProcessingPowergenerationFuelstorageTransportationReprocessingWastemanagementTotal0.20.0050.01J/aOj/j/0.220.0420.061sQ=00.003~00.14j/~0.04J/0.01J/3/0.050.026-1.180.016-0.20aQeO0.054-0.062O.OQl0.18-1.30.038sO0.0850.59;1.7BreakdownofTable8.2.L.D.Hamilton,ed.,"TheHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsofElectricityGeneration:APre-liminaryReport,"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,July1974..U.S.NuclearRegulatoryComnission,"FinalGenericEnvironmentalStatementontheUseofRecyclePlutoniuminNixedOxideFuelinLightMaterCooledReactors,"NUREG-0002(August1976).d10CFRPart51.TableS-3.10CFRPart51,TableS-4.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,"ReactorSafetyStudy,"MASH-1400(NUREG-75-014),October1975.Long-tenneffectsfromRn-222releasesfrommillsandtailingspilesaccountforallbutQ.001healtheffects.hIncludesmilling,uraniumhexafluorideproduction,uraniumenrichment,andfuelfabrication.Correctedforfactorof10errorbasedonreferencedvalue(reportWASH-1250).JTheeffectsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesarenotknownatthistime.Althoughsucheffectsaregenerallybelievedtobesmall,theywouldincreasethetotalinthecolumn.Table8.4.ExcessMortalityper0.8GWy(e)--CoalFuel-cycleComponentAccidentDiseaseOccuationalGeneralPublicAccidentDiseaseTotalResourcerecovery(mining,drilling,etc.)ProcessingPowergenerationFuelstorageTransportationWastemanagementTotal0.040.01b/b/b/0.35-0.65b/b/b/b/b/0-70.3-0.60-7b/b/b/b/1.2b/1.2b/103-100b/b/b/13-11015-120BreakdownofTable8.2.SeealsoL.D.Hamilton,ed.,"TheHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsofElectricityGeneration:APreliminaryReport,"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,July1974.bTheeffectsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesarenotknownatthistime.Although.sucheffectsaregenerallybelievedtobesmall,theywouldincreasethetotalinthecolumn.
8-5Table8.5.SumnaryofCurrentEnergySourceExcessHorbidityandInjuryper0.8GWy(e)PowerPlantFuelCycleOccuationalMorbidityInjuryGeneralPublicHorbidityInjuryTotalNuclear(U.S.population)Al1nuclearWith1005ofelectricityusedbythefuelcycleproducedbycoalpowerCoal(regionalpopulation)Ratioofcoaltonuclear(range):(geometricmeans)0.841-.7-4.1f12b13-141.0-3.11,5-7.6g20-7017-3410-10097.3(allnuclear)5.2(withcoalpower)0ld0.5510h14-16(15)17-24(21)57-210(109)Primarilynonfatalcancersandthyroidnodules.bPrimarilynonfatalinjuriesassociatedwithaccidentsinuraniummines,suchasrockfallsorexplosions.Primarilynonfatalcancers,thyroidnodules,geneticallyrelateddiseases,andnonfatalill-'esses(suchasradiationthyroiditis,prodromalvomiting,andtemporarysterility)followinghighradiationdoses.dTransportation-relatedinjuriesfromTableS-4,10CFRPart51.Valuesinparenthesesarethegeometricmeansoftheranges(~afPrimarilynonfataldiseasesassociatedwithcoalminingsuchasCWP,bronchitis,andemphysema.gPrimarilyrespiratorydiseasesamongadultsandchildrencausedbysulfuremissionsfromcoal-firedpowerplantsandwaste-coalbankfires,Primarilynonfatalinjuriesamongmembersofthegeneralpublicfromcollisionswithcoaltrainsatrailroadcrossings.Coaleffectsarebasedonaregionalpopulationof3.8millionpeoplewithin80kmofthecoalplant.3Primarilyinjuriestocoalminers.fromcave-ins,fires,andexplosions.With100$ofalle'lectricityconsumedbythenuclearfuelcycleproducedbycoalpower;amountsto45HWeper0.8GWy(e).Theimpactofaccidentsinfuel-cyclefacilitiessandreactorsagenerallydoesnotmarkedlyincreasetheimpactofnormaloperationsfortheuraniumfuelcycle,buthasbeenincludedinthisassessmentforcompleteness.Nocomparab'Ieanalysisofhealtheffectsresultingfromaccidentsincoal-firedplantsisavailableatthistime.Estimatesofdeath,diseaseandinjuryfromnonradiologicalcausesfortheuraniumfuelcyclearefromtheBrookhavenevaluations,>swiththeexceptionoftransportation-accident-relateddeaths,whichweretakenfromTableS-4,10CFRPart51.Theresultsoftheseassessmentsareshown.inTables8.2-8.7.Itshouldbenotedthattherearetwolinesunderthenuclearfuelcycle:thefirstassumesalloftheelectricityusedwithintheuraniumfuelcycleisgeneratedbynuclearpower(i.e.,all-nucleareconomy);thesecondlineassumes,asshowninTableS-3(10CFRPart51),that100Koftheelectricityusedwithinthenuclearfuelcyclecomesfromcoalpower.Thisisequivalenttoa.45-HWecoal-fired,plant,or4.5Xofthepowerproduced.8.4.2TheUraniumFuelCcleCurrentlytheNRCestimatesthattheexcessdeathsper0.8gigawatt-yearelectric(.GWy(e)1wil'1beabout0.47foranall-nucleareconomy.Thisisprobablysomewhathighduetotheconservatismrequiredinevaluationsofgenericp'lantsandsites("Conservatism"isusedtomeanthatassump-tionsregardingatmosphericdispersion,depositionofparticulates,bioaccumulation,etc.,generally 8-6Table8.6.MorbidityandInjuryper0.8GWy(e)--NuclearOccuationalGeneralPublicFuel-cycleComponent'orbidityInjuryMorbidityInjuryTotalResourcerecovery(mininganddrilling)Processing-Powergeneration'uelstorageTransportationReprocessingWastemanagementTotald/d/d/d/d/d/d/0.84100.61.3g/<1(L/g/12e/e/e/e/e/e/e/1.0-3.1ccpapap0.1(L/~00.114-16BreakdownofTable8.5..L.0.Hamilton,ed.,"TheHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsofElectricityGeneration:APre-liminaryReport,"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,July1974.TableS-4,10CFRPart51.dNonfatalcancers<fatalcancers(excludingthyroid)or0.14.Nonfatalthyroidcancersandbenignnodules~3xfatalcancersor0.42.Geneticdefects~2xfatalcancersor~0.28.Reactoraccidents:10xfatalitiesor~0.40nonfatalcases.Normaloperations:Nonfatalcancers<fatalcancersor~0.18-1.3.Nonfatalthyroidcancersandnodules~3xfatalcancers(fromtotalbodydoses)or~0.26-0.84.Geneticeffects~2xfatalcancers(fromtotalbodydoses)or0.17-0.56.fIncludesmilling,uraniumhexafluorideproduction,uraniumenrichment,andfuelfabrication.Theeffectsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesarenotknownatthistime.Althoughsucheffectsaregenerallybelievedtobesmall,theywouldincreasethetotalinthecolumn.Table8.7.MorbidityandInjuryper0.8gWy(e)--CoalOccuationalGeneralPublicFuel-cycleComponentResourcerecovery(mininganddrilling)hProcessingPowergenerationFuelstorageTransportationWastemanagementTotalMorbidity20-70b/gbgbb/b/20-70Injury13-3031.2b/gbb/17-34b/b/b/10-100Jbb/b/'0-100b/b/'b10b/10~MorbidityInjuryTotal57-210BreakdownofTable8.5.SeealsoL.0.Hamilton,ed.,"TheHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsofElectricityGeneration:APreliminaryReport,"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,July1974.Theeffectsassociatedwiththeseactivitiesarenotknownatthistime.Althoughsucheffectsaregenerallybelievedtobesmall,theywouldincreasethetotalinthecolumn.
8-7resultinestimatesofimpactthataretypicallyupperboundestimates.Inmostcases,theestimateswouldbelowerforrealplants).However,itisnotgreatlydifferentfromestimatesbyotherssuchasComarandSagan~o(0.11to1.0),Hamilton'0.7to1.6),andRoseetal.~~(0.50).Theuncertaintyintheestimateisaboutanorderofmagnitudeforperiodsuptoabout100years,andprobablytwoormoreordersofmagnitudeforestimatesasfarintothefutureas1000y'ears.If,asshowninTableS-3,100Koftheelectricalpowerusedbytheuraniumfuelcyclecomesfromcoal-firedpowerplants,NRCestimatestherewouldbeaboutl,lto5.4excessdeathsper0.8GWy(e).Ofthistotal,about0.62to4.9excessdeathsper0.8GWy(e)wouldbeattributabletocoalpower(Table8.6).Theuncertaintyintheestimateisaboutoneorderofmagnitude.ThetotalnumberofinjuriesanddiseasesthatmightoccuramongworkersandtheentireU.S.populationasaresultofnormaloperationsandaccidentsintheuraniumfuelcyclewasestimatedtobeabout14per0.8GWy(e)foranall-nucleareconomy.Injuriesamonguraniumminersfromaccidentsaccountfor.10ofthe14cases(Table8.5).If100Ãoftheelectricalpowerusedbytheuraniumfuelcyclecomesfromcoal-firedpowerplants,NRCestimatestherewouldbeabout17to24injuriesanddiseasesper0.8GWy(e).Ofthistotal,about3to10excesseventsper0.8GMy(e)wouldbeattributabletocoalpower(Table8.6).Theuncertaintyintheestimateisalsoaboutoneorderofmagnitude.Althoughanticipatedsomatic(nongenetic)effectsassociatedwithnormalreleasesofradioactiveeffluentsfromthenuclearfuelcyclearelimitedtopotentialcancersandleukemias,forthehigherdosesassociatedwithseriousnuclearaccidentsthereissomesmallriskofvariousnon-fatalsomaticeffects(Table8.5,Footnotec).Atthistimeonlylight-water-cooledpowerreactorshavebeenthoroughlyevaluated.aHowever,itshouldbenotedthatpowerreactorsprobabl~accountformostofthepotentialhealtheffectsassociatedwithnuclearaccidentsintheuraniumfuelcycle.Thisresultsfromthefactthatpowerreactorsrepresent80Kofallfuel-cyclefacilitiesexpec-tedtobeoperatingforthebalanceofthiscentury~andaccountforthemajorityofoccupa-tionallyexposedindividuals.Inaddition,althoughtheprobabilityofseriousaccidentsisextremelysmall,ifoneweretooccur,thehealtheffectswouldbelargerthanforanyothertypeoffuel-cyclefacility.Seriousnuclearaccidentsinpowerreactorsmightalsocontributeabout0.04excessdeathsper0.8GWy(e),whereastransportation-relatedaccidentsareestimatedtocontributeabout0.01:excessdeathsper0.8GMy(e)(Table8.2,Footnotec).Earlyandlatentnonfatalsomaticeffectsthatmightbeexpectedafterhighradiationdosesincludeavarietyofeffects(Table8',Footnotec).Itispossiblethatnonfatalsomaticeffectscouldbeanorderofmagnitudegreaterthanexcessdeathsresultingfromaccidents;thus,thetotalnumberper0.8GWy(e)wouldbeabout0.4.Thisaccountsforaboutonethirdofthemorbidityshownforthegeneralpublicandanall-nucleareconomyinTable8.5.Thenumberofnonfatalthyroidcancers(5-10$'mortalityrate)andbenignthyroidnoduleswouldbeabout0.6per0.8GWy(e)fromroutinereleasestothepublicandoccupationa'}exposures(primarilyexternalirradiation),whereas.othernonfatalcancerswouldbelessthanorequalinnumbertofatalcancers[about0.2per0.8GWy(e)](Table8.5,Footnotec).Itisbelievedthatgeneticallyrelateddiseases(e.g.,cysticfibrosis,hemophilia,certainanemias,andcongenitalabnormalitiessuchasmentalretardation,short-limbeddwarfism,andextradigits),andabnormalitiesfnthedescendantsofworkersandthegeneralpublicfrombothnormaloperationsandaccidentswouldbeperhapstwicethenumberofexcessdeaths'duetocancerfromtotalbodyirradiation;*'thiscouldaddanother0.3healtheffectsper0.8GWy(e)amongworkersand0.2healtheffectsper0.8GWy(e)amongthegeneralpublic(Tables8.5and8.6,Footnotec).Inassessingtheimpactofcoalpowerusedintheuraniumfuelcycle,TableS-3(10CFRPartSl)wasthebasisfortheassumptionthat1005oftheelectricityusedintheuraniumfuelcycle,primarilyforuraniumenrichmentandreactoroperation,camefromcoal-firedplants.Adding4.55ofthehealtheffectsper0.8GWy(e)fromthecoalfuelcyclesignificantlyincreasesthehealtheffectspower0.8GWy(e)fromtheuraniumfuelcycle,asshownonthesecondlinesofTables8.2and8.7.8.4.3TheCoalFuelCcle*Currentestimatesofmortalityandmorbidityresultingfromthecoalfuelcyclearequiteuncer-tain;thisistheprincipalreasonforthewiderangeofvaluesreportedintheliterature.Theseuncertaintiesresultfromthelimitednumberofepidemiologicalstudiesanddifferencesin*Seealso"Activities,Effects,andImpactsoftheCoalFuelCyclefora1,000NWeElectricPowerGeneratingPlant,"NUREG/CR-1060,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryComnission,February1980, 8-8interpretationoftheresultsofsuchstudies.Thereisadditionaluncertaintyregardingtheeffectsofnewfederallawsoncoalcyclefacilitiesinthenextdecade.Currentestimatesofexcessdeathsfortheentirecoalcyclerangefrom15to120per0.8GWy(e),whereasdiseaseand.injuryestimatesrangefrom57to210per0.8GWy(e).Inthecaseofoccupationaleffects,thereisconsiderableuncertaintybecauseofant'icipatedreductionsinhealtheffectsresultingfromtheimplementationoftheFederalCoalMineHealthandSafetyActof1969(PL91-173).The'provisionsofthisactshouldresultinsignificantimprovementofthe'undergroundworkenvironment,particularlyregardingcoaldust.Coaldustisbothacauseofundergroundexplosionsandfiresandacauseofcoalworkerspneumoconiosis(CWP),comenlycalledblacklungdisease,andsubsequentprogressivemassivefibrosis(PMF).>sInaddition,morecoalintheyearsaheadisexpectedtobeproducedbystripmining,whichresultsinlowermortalityrates.>Asaresult,thefrequenciesofbothtypesofeventsareanticipatedtodeclineintheyearsahead,onaperGWy(e)basis.Ontheotherhand,statisticsshownewcoalminersexperiencehighermortalityandinjuryratesthanegperiencedminers.sAsaresultofexpectedincreasesincoalproduction,aninfluxofinexperiencedminerswilltendtoincreasethemortality,andinjuryratesforminersasagroup.Forthegeneralpublic,thereisalsoconsiderableuncertaintyintheestimationofhealtheffects.(Inthecaseofcoal-planteffluents,considerationofhealtheffects,waslimitedtothepopulationwithin80kmofsuchplants.)Forexample,althoughthereareestimatesofhealtheffectsrelatedtoburningculmbanks(wastebanksfromcoalscreening),recenteffortsbymineoperatorshavegreatlyreducedsuchfires,andfutureprocessingactivitiesareexpectedtoavoidfiresasaresultofnewmethodsofstabilizingthebankstopreventslides.>~Currentestimatesofexcessdeathsinthepublicfromsulfatesfromsuchfiresrangefromonetotenper0.8GWy(e)(Table8.2,Footnotef).Powergenerationisestimatedtoresultin3to100excessdeathsper0.8GWy(e)(Table8.2,Footnotef),whereasexcessmorbidityrangesfromabout10-100per0.8GWy(e)(Table8.5,Footnotee).tTheuncertaintiesareevengreaterinthepower-generationphaseofthecoalcycle,whereesti-matesofhealtheffectsrangeoverseveralordersofmagnitude.~o'Thisislargelyduetothelackofareliabledatabaseforpredictinghealtheffectsfromthevariouspollutantsemittedfromcoalplants,andtheeffectoftheEPANewSourcePerformanceStandardsforcoalplantsregardingparticulateandsulfuremissionsinfutureyearsonalong-term'basis.Thereissomeuncertaintyastowhetherthesestandardscanbemetinlargecoal-firedpowerplantsoverthelifeoftheplant.Themajorpollutantsemittedinclude:1.Particulates:Containlargeamountsoftoxictracemetalsinrespirableparticlesize~"suchasarsenic,antimony,cadmium,lead,selenium,manganese,andthallium;ssignificantquantitiesofberyllium,chromium,nickel,titanium,zinc,molybdenum,andcobalt;>>andtracesofRa-226and-228andTh-228and-232>~2.Hydrocarbons:Includeverypotentcarcinogens(cancer-causingsubstances)suchasbenzo(a)pyrene3.Sulfuroxi'des4.Nitrogenoxides45.Othergases:Includeozone,carbonmonoxide,carbondioxide,mercuryvapor,andRn-222Regardingtheprecedinglist*ofpollutants,therearenowell-establishedepidemiologiccause-effectrelationshipsthatcanbeusedtoestimatetotalhealtheffectsaccurately,eitherfromacuteexposuresduringair-pollutionepisodesorfromchroniclong-termexposures.Althoughdefinitivecause-effectrelationshipsarelacking,tentativecause-effectrelationshipsforsulfuremissionshavebeenusedbynumerousgroupstoestimatehealtheffects,fromsulfuremissionsfromcoalplantstheyaredescribedbytheNationalAcademyofSciencesinarecentreporttotheU.S.Senate.7ThemostwidelyquotedstudiesarethosebyLaveand'Seskin,>aWinkelsteinetal.,'sandanunpublishedstudybyEPAthatwasusedintheNAS/NRCstudyfortheU.S.Senate.>>Ingeneral,theeffectsrangefromexcessdeathsfromcardiovascularfailureandincreasesinasthmaattacksduringsevereairpollutiontoexcessrespiratorydiseasefromlong-termchronicexposures,Mostoftheacutedeathsareamongtheelderlyandtheseverelyill,whereasmor-bidityfromlong-termexposurealsoincludeschildren.Althoughwidelyacceptedcause-effectrelationshipswerenotderivedfromstudiesofacuteair-pollutionepisodesinLondonin1952;zoDonora,Pennsylvania,1948;z~andNewYork,thesestudiesdefinitelysupporttheconclusionsregardingexcessdeathanddiseaseassociatedwithemissionsfromcombustionofcoal.ATherearenoestimatesofpossiblelong-termcarcinogeniceffectsbysulfuroxidesorpssociatedpollutants.Inaddition,thelarge-scaleEPAConmunityHealthandEnvironmentalSurveillanceSystem(CHESS)study(completedin1976)failedtoprovideanynewordefinitivecause-effectrelationshipsforanyofthepollutantsfromcoal-firedplantsthatcouldbeusedtoprovidebetter 8-9estimatesofhealtheffectsthanarecurrentlyavailable.sThe$22millionCHESSstudyattemptedtocorrelateair-pollutiondatacollectedfrysixU,S.citieswithavarietyofhealthproblems.Assumingthatnewcoal-firedplantsinthe1980scanmeetEPANewSourcePerformanceStandards(whichcouldrequire905sulfurremovalforhigh-sulfurcoalandabout99$particulateremoval)andotherfederallawsregardingminesafetyandculm-bankstabilization,thenumberofdeathsshouldbereduced.Thus,currentestimatesof15to120per0.8GWy(e),duelargelytosulfatesfromcombustionofcoal,maybereducedbyabouthalf.IArgonneNationalLaboratoryrecentlydevelopedapredictivemodelfordeathsfromemissionofbenzo(a)pyrene,whichindicatesabout1to4deaths.per0'GWy(e)dependingonuseofconven-tionalcombustionorfluidized-bedcombustion.<Sucheffects,althoughgreaterthantheexpecteddeathsfromtheentireuraniumfuelcycle(all-nucleareconomy),donotsignificantlychangethetotalimpactofthecoalfuelcycleandwerenotincludedintheeffectslistedinTable8.2.Probablythemostreliableestimatesofdeathsassociatedwiththecoalfuelcyclearethoseassociatedwithtransportationaccidents.Becausea1000-HWecoal-firedplantconsumesabout2.7milliontonnes(threemilliontons)ofcoalperyear,thereareliterallythousandsofcarloadsofcoalbeingtransportedbyrailfromminestoplants.IthasbeenestimatedthataboutoneoutofeverytentrainsintheU.S.isacoaltraingoingtoacoal-firedpowerplant.z4Thesetrainsareestimatedtotravelanaveragedistanceofabout480kmfromtheminetotheplants.~sAsaresult,thereareabout1.2deathsper0.8GWy(e)amongworkersandthegeneralpublic.Further,becausemostofthesedeathsoccuratrailroad,crossings,thenumberscanbeexpectedtoincreaseasmoreautomobilesareoperatedanddrivengreaterdistances,andasrail-transportationdistancesincreasewhenhaulinglow-sulfurwesterncoalstoeasternmarkets.Sicknessamongcoalminersandthegeneralpublicaccountsfor,mostofthenonfataloccurrencesinthecoalfuelcycle,withmostoftheremainderduetoinjuriesamongcoalminers.Asaresultofimplementationoffederallaws,itisprobablethatfutureratesamongundergroundminerswillbesubstantiallyreduced.Itisnotunreasonabletoassumethatcurrentestimatesofabout57to210casesofsicknessandinjuryamongworkersandthegeneralpubliccouldbereducedintheyearsahead,inasmuchasoccupationalsicknessandinjurycurrentlyaccountforabouthalfofthetotalnonfatalhealtheffects.Theoveralluncertaintyintheestimatesofhealtheffectsforthecoalfuelcycleinthisassess-mentisprobablyaboutonetotwoordersofmagnitude.Althoughthebreakdownestimatesgenerallyfallwithintherangeofestimatesintheliterature,suchestimatesrepresentonlytheimpactsoccurringoveraperiodofafewdecades(e.g.,whileapowerplantisoperating)anddonotincludepotentiallong-tennhealtheffectsrgsultingfromRn-222andtoxicheavymetalswhichmaybereleasedtothebiospherefromcoalashandfluegasdesulfurizationsludgewastepits.Suchreleases,whichmayoccurovercenturiesormillenia,couldsubstantiallyincreasetheestimatedhealthimpactspresentedinthisassessment.Therefore,thesepotentiallong-termimpactssubstantiallyincreasetheuncertaintyinthehealthimpactsjustdiscussed.8.4.4OtherConsiderationsAlthoughtheReactorSafetyStudyahashelpedprovideaperspectiveoftheriskofmortalityormorbidityfrompotentialpower-reactoraccidents(thecurrentexperienceforseriousaccidentsiszero),*thereistheadditionalproblemassociatedwithindividualperceptionofrisk.Thus,*InJuly1977,NRCorganizedtheindependentRiskAssessmentReviewGroupto:1)clarifytheachievementsandlimitationsoftheReactorSafetyStudy(RSS);2)assesspeercoranentsthereonandresponsestothosecoranents;3)studythepresentstateofsuchriskassessmentmethodology;and4)recoranendhowandwhethersuchmethodologycanbeusedintheregulatoryandlicensingprocess.TheresultsofthisstudywereissuedinSeptember1978(NRC,"RiskAssessmentReviewGroupReport,"NUREG/CR-0400,September1978).WhilepraisingtheRSS'sgeneralmethodologyandrecbgnizingitscontributiontoassessingtherisksofnuclearpower,theReviewGroupfoundthatitwasunabletodeterminewhethertheabsoluteprobabilitiesofaccidentsequencesinreportWASH-1400arehighorlow;itdidconcludethattheerrorboundsonthose.estimatesare,ingeneral,greatlyunderstated.On19January1979,NRCissuedastatementofpolicyconcerningtheRSSandReviewGroupReport.NRCacceptedthefindingsoftheReviewGroupandconcludedthattheRSS'snumericalestimatesoftheoverallrisksofreactoraccidentsshouldnotberegardedasreliable.Theimportanceofthisuncertaintycanbebetterperceivedbyconsideringtheeffectsofanincreaseintherisks,ofreactoraccidentsontheestimatedoverallmortalityrateasso-ciatedwiththenuclearfuelcycle.Assumingthereactoraccidentrisktobe100timesthatestimatedintheRSS,theupperboundoftherangeofmortalityperreferencereactoryearpresentedinthisdocumentfromthenuclearfuelcyclecouldincreasefrom1.7to3.7.If,however,theriskofsuchaccidentswerelowerthanestimatedintheRSS,thelowerboundoftherangeofmortalitywouldnotchangeappreciably.
8-10althoughthestudyconcludedthat"Allnon-nuclearaccidentsexaminedinthisstudy,includingfires,explosions,toxicchemicalreleases,damfailures,airplanecrashes,earthquakes,hurri-canesandtornadoes,aremuchmorelikelytooccurandcanhaveconsequencescomparabletoorlargerthan,thoseofnuclearaccidents,"uncertaintywillcontinuetobeassociatedwithsuchevaluations.Furthermore,theremaybeaproblemofpublicacceptanceofpotentialaccidents,becausetheconsequencescanbesevere.Infact,itappearsthatsomepeoplezsmorereadilyaccept,forexample,having,55,000peopleactuallykilledeachyearinviolenthighwayacci-dents,oneortwoatatime,thantheydotheunlikelyoccurrenceofperhapsseveralthousandpossibledeathsfromasinglecatastrophicaccidentduringtheirli'fetime./AsnotedinFootnote5totheMarch1977revisionofTableS-3theGESMOIRn-222releaseincreasesfrom74.5Citoabout4800Ciwhenreleasesfromminesareincluded.ThiswouldresultinasmallincreaseinthetotalnumberofexcessdeathsshowninTable8.2,althoughthemortal-ityper0.8GWy(e)forthegeneralpublicwouldincreasebyabout304.Withregardtothecoalfuelcycle,itisawell-establishedfactthattheuseofcdalresu'itsinnumerousothercoststosocietythathavenotyetbeenadequatelyquantified.Theseinclude1.Theshort-andlong-termimpactsofsulfurandnitrogenoxidesonbiotaandmaterials.Acidrain,forexample,isknowntobeseverelydamagingtoterrestrialandaquatichabitats.ArgonneNationalLaboratoryprovidesadetaileddiscussionoftheseandothereffectsofsulfurandnitrogenoxideemissions.sHowever,asmorecoalplantscomeonline,theseeffectscanbeexpectedtoexpandtosurroundingareas.2.Damagetomaterials,suchaspaints,buildingsurfaces,statuary,andmetals,causedbyemissionsofsulfuroxides,ozone,andnitrogenoxides.A1976reviewofsucheffectsindicatesthatthecostscouldrangeintobillionsofdollarsperyearintheUnitedStatesalone.zs3.'ontaminationofsoilandvegetationtotoxiclevelsbysuchmechanismsasdepositionandbioaccumulationoftraceelementspresentingaseousemissions.4.Destructionofentireecosystemsinstreamsandriversbyacid-minedrainage,andthepotentialforpublic-healtheffectsfromdownstreamuseofsuchwaterfordomesticoragriculturalpurposes.5.Inadditiontotheoccurrenceofexcessmortalities,injuries,andmorbidities,thecoststosocietyintermsofmedicalcosts,lostproductivity,andothersociallosses,representasignificantconsiderationthathasnotbeencompletelyevaluatedatthistime.Tworecentstudies,whichdealtwiththeseextremelycomplexissues,z~>>aconcludedthatsocialcostsfromonecoal-firedplantmaycurrentlybeabout$50millionperyear,notconsiderin'gtherestofthecostsforthecoalfuelcycle.6.Thepossibilityoftheso-called"greenhouseeffect,"aphenomenonexpectedtooccursometimeearlyin'h'enextcenturyas-aresultofthepresentandfutureanticipatedproductionratesofcarbondioxidefromthecombustionoffossilfuels.sBecauseeach1000-MWecoalplantproducesabout7.5to10.5milliontonsofcarbondioxideperyear,>itisbelievedthattheseemissionsfromhundredsoffossil-fueledpowerplantsmayresultingreaterreleasesofcarbondioxidethantheatmosphereandoceanscancycle.Asaresult,thecarbondioxideconcentrationswouldbeexpectedtoincreaseintheatmosphere.Becausecarbondioxidestronglyabsorbsinfrared,itispostulatedthat'themeanatmospherictemperaturewillriseseveraldegrees.Thismaycauseallorpartofthepolaricecapstomelt,resultingininundationofmanyinhabitedareasoftheworld.'Atthesame'ime,droughtwouldbeexpectedtoprevailinmanyoftheagriculturalareasofthetemperatezones,resultinginhugecroplosses.Itispossiblethattheparticulatesemittedbyfossilplantswillcounteractsomeofthegreenhouseeffectbyreducingtheamountofsunlightreachingthesurfaceoftheearth.However,anothereffectfromcarbondioxidereleasedbycoalcombustionoccu'rsbecausecoalhasessentiallynocarbon-14.Ineffect,thestablecarbondilutesthecarbon-14inthebiosphere,resultin'ginareductionintheradiological'mpactofbothnaturallyoccurringandmanufacturedcarbon-14.7.Anadditionalconsiderationthathasnotbeenevaluatedforthecoalcycleistheradio-logicalimpactofminingandburningcoal".Ofinterestisthereleaseofradon-222fromthedecayofradium-226incoal:Notonlyistheradonreleasedduringminingandcombustion,butitwillcontinuetoemanatefromflyashformilliorisofyearsafterthecoalhasbeenburned.AlthoughPohlhasshownthatthisisnotaproblemwithmosteasterncoal(generallyofhighsulfurcontentbutwith1-3ppmuraniumcontent),theaverageuraniumandradiumcontentofsomereservesoflow-sulfurwesterncoalisasmuchas50timeshigherthanthatofmosteasterncoal.>~iszCombustionofthecoalanddisposaloftheremainingashleadstoaboutthesamehealtheffectsfromradon-222emissionsasdouranium-mill-tailingspiles.Thesereleaseswouldaccountforlessthanoneexcessdeathper0.8GWy(e)duetofuel-cycleactivitiesduringtherestofthiscentury.Asaresult,suchreleasesdonotsignificantlyaffecttheconclusionsreachedwithregard=toacomparisonofthetwoalternativefuelcycles.Inaddition,somet 8-11believessthatifthephysicalandbiologicalpropertiesoftheradiumreleasedfrom,conventionalcoal-poweredplants(burningcoalwith1-2ppmU-238andTh'-232)arecon-sidered,suchplantsdischargerelativelygreaterquantitiesofradioactivematerialsintotheatmospherethandonuclearplantsofcorn(arablesize.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhasestimatedradiationdosesfromcoalandnuclearplantsofearlydesignsandreachedsimilarconclusions.>>8.4.5SugarandConclusionsForthereasonsdiscussed,itisextremelydifficulttoprovideprecisequantitativevaluesforexcessmortalityandmorbidity,particularlyforthecoalfuelcycle.Nevertheless,anumberofestimatesofmortalityandmorbidityhavebeenpreparedbasedonpresent-dayknowledgeofhealtheffects,andpresent-day.plantdesignandanticipatedemissionrates,occupationalexperienceandotherdata.ThesearesumarizedinTables8.2and8.5(seeFootnotek,Table8.5),withsomeimportantassumptionsinherentinthecalculationsofhealtheffectslistedinAppendixH.Althoughfuturetechnologicalimprovementsinbothfuelcyclesmayresultinsignificantreduc-tionsinhealtheffects,basedoncurrentestimatesforpresent-daytechnology,itmustbeconcludedthatthenuclearfuelcycleisconsiderablylessharmfultomanthanthecoalfuelcycle.~-s.>o~>>~z>~e~ssssAsshowninTables8.2-8.7,thecoalfuel-cyclealternativemaybemoreharmfultohumansbyfactorsof7to42dependingontheeffectbeingconsidered,'foranall-nucleareconomy,orfactorsof6to14withtheassumptionthatalloftheelectricityusedbytheuraniumfuelcyclecomesfromcoal-poweredplants.Althoughtherearelargeuncertaintiesintheestimatesofmostofthepotentialhealtheffectsofthecoalcycle,itshouldbenotedthattheimpactoftransportationofcoalisbasedonfirmstatistics;thisimpactaloneisgreaterthantheconservativeestimatesofhealtheffectsfortheentireuraniumfuelcycle(all-nucleareconomy)andcanreasonablybeexpectedtoworsenasmorecoalisshippedovergreaterdistances.Inthecasewherecoal-generatedelectricityisusedinthenuclearfuelcycle,primarilyforuraniumenrichmentandauxiliaryreactorsystems;theimpactofthecoalpoweraccountsforessentiallyalloftheimpactoftheuraniumfuelcycle.However,lesttheresultsofthisbemisun'derstood,itshouldbeemphasizedthattheincreasedriskofhealtheffectsforeitherfuelcyclerepresentsaverysmallincrementalrisktotheaveragepublicindividual.Forexample,ComarandSagan~ohaveshownthatsuchincreasesinriskofhealtheffectsrepresentminuteincreasesinthenormalexpectationofmortalityfromothercauses.Amorecomprehensiveassessmentofthesetwoalternativesandothersisanticipatedin1979fromtheNationalResearchCouncilCoranitteeonNuclearandAlternativeEnergySystems.Thisstudymayassistsubstantiallyinreducingmuchoftheuncertaintyintheanalysispresented.8.5URANIUMRESOURCEAVAILABILITYThfssectionreviewsinformationavailablefromtheDepartmentofEnergy(DOE)onthedomesticuraniumresourcesituationandtheoutlookfordevelopmentofadditionaldomesticsupplies,availabilityofforeignuranium,andtherelationshipofuraniumsupplytoplannednucleargeneratingcapacity.Analysisofuraniumresourcesandtheiravailabilityhasbeencarriedoutbythegovernmentsincethelate1940s.Theworkwascarriedoutformanyyearsby,theAtomicEnergyCoranission(AEC).TheactivitywasmadepartoftheEnergyRe'searchandDevelopmentAdministration(ERDA)whentheagencywascreatedinearly1975s~andwassubsequentlytransferredtoDOEwhenthedepartmentwasformed1October1977.8.5.1U.S.ResourcePositionToestablishsomebasicterminology,areviewofresourceconceptsandnomenclaturewouldbeworthwhile.Figure8.1definesresourcecategoriesbasedonvaryinggeologicknowledge.Resourcesdesignatedasorereserveshavethehighestassuranceregardingtheirmagnitudeandeconomicavailability.Estimatesofreservesarebasedondetailedsamplingdata,primarilyfromgalenaraylogsofdrillholes.DOEobtainsbasicdatafromindustryfromitsexplorationeffortandestimatesthereservesinindividualdeposits.Inestimatingorereserves,detailedstudiesoffeasiblemining,transportation,andmillingtechniquesapdcostsaremade.Consis-tentengineering,geologic,andeconomiccriteriaareemployed.Themethodsusedaretheresultofmorethanthirtyyearsofeffortinuraniumresourceevaluation.
8-12URANIUMRESOURCESRESERVES-DefinedbydirectsamplingPOTENTIALRESOURCES-Incompletelyde(inedorundiscoveredProbablePossibleSpeculaliveDECREASINGKNOWLEDGEANDASSURANCEFig.8.1.DOEUraniumResourceCategories.Resourcesthatdonotmeetthestringentrequirementsofreservesareclassedaspotentialresources.Foritsstudyofresources,DOEsubdividespotentialresourcesintothreecate-gories:probable,possible,andspeculative.sIIProbablepotentialresourcesarethosecon-tainedwithinfavorabletrends,largelydelineatedbydrilling,withinproductiveuraniumdistricts,i.e.,thosehavingmorethan10tonsofUsOsproductionandreserves.guantitativeestimatesofpotentialresourcesaremadebyconsideringtheextentoftheidentifiedfavorableareasandbycomparingcertaingeologiccharacteristicswiththoseassociatedwithknownoredeposits.Possiblepotentialresourcesareoutsideofidentifiedmineraltrendsbutareingeologicprovincesandformationsthathavebeenproductive.Speculativeresourcesarethoseestimatedtooccurinformationsorgeologicprovincesthathavenotbeenproductivebutwhich,basedontheevaluationofavailablegeologicdata,areconsideredtobefavorablefortheoccurrenceofuraniumdeposits.8ecauseanyevaluationofresourcesisdependentupontheavailabilityofinformation,theestimatesthemselvesare,toalargedegree,ascorecardonthestateofdevelopmentofinfor-mation.Thus.appraisalofU.S.uraniumresourcesisheavilydependentonthecompletenessofexplorationeffortsandontheavailabilityofsubsurfacegeologicdata.SincethegeologyoftheUnitedStatesasitrelatestomineraldepositscanneverbecompletelyknownindetail,itisnotpossibletoproduceatrulycompleteappraisalofdomesticuraniumresources.Itislikelythatthetotalresourcepicturewilleventuallyprovelargerthancurrentlyestimated,giventhenatureandstatusofestimationmethodology.Thekeyfactormaybethetimelinesswithwhichresourcesareidentified,developed,andproduced.Conceptually,"aresource,whetheruraniumorothermineralcommodity,wouldinitiallybeinthepotentialcategory.Developmentofadditionaldataandclarificationofproductiontechniquesandeconomicswouldberequiredtodelineateandunderstandspecificoredepositstoadegreethattheycouldbecategorizedasreserves.Wecanexpectadynamicbalancebetweenanticipatedmarketsandpricesandtheextenttowhichexplorationandreservedelineationwillbedone.Thereisnoeconomicincentiveforindustry'oexpandreservesiftheadditionaluraniumwillnotbeneededformanyyears,andespeciallyifthelong-termmarketoutlookisuncertain.Thishasbeentrueforuranium.Theminingcompaniesareconcentratingonmarketsforthenextfivetofifteenyears.Theutilitiesandgovernmentareconcernedwiththeoutlookforthenextthirtytofortyyears.Conversionofthecurrentlyestimatedpotentialresourcesintoorereserveswilltakemanyyearsandwillcostseveralbilliondollars.Itwouldbedifficulttoeconomicallyjustifyacceler-atingsuchanefforttodelineateorereservelevelsequaltolifetimerequirementsofallplannedreactorscoveringsomethirtyto-fortyyearsinthefuturesimplytosatisfyplanners.Supplyassurancethroughcontinuedtimelyadditionstoreservesandmaintenanceofaresourcebaseadequatetosupportproductiondemands,coupledwithcarefully,developedinformationonpotentialresources,isconsideredtobeadequateandamorerealisticandeconomicapproach.
8-13eTheconversionofpotentialresourcestoorereservesandexpansionofproductionfacilitiescanbeaccomplishedwhenneededasmarketsexpandandproductionisneeded.All'raniumresourceestimatesmadebyDOEanditspredecessoragenciesbefore1979weresingleestimatesoftonsoforeandgradeforvariouscostcategories.Theestimtesweremadebyexperiencedgeologistsandengineersaccordingtostandardprocedures,andrepresentedareason-ablemeasureofresources.'hecurrentproceduresforestimatinguraniumresourcesprovidebothmeanvaluesanddistributionstocharacterizethereliabilityoftheestimatesatspecificconfidencelevels.Allavailablegeologicinformationandtheexpertiseoftheestimatorsarefullyutilized.Theseproceduresarestandardizedanddocumentedtominimizepersonalbiasesandtofacilitatereviewsandrevisionsasnewinformationisacquired.TheestimatesofresourcesintheUnitedStatesaredevelopedfromadatabaseaccumulatedduringthepastthreedecadesofgovernmentandindustryactivitiesandenhancedbyNationalUraniumResourceEvaluationprograminvestigationsofthepastfiveyears.Dataacquiredtosupportresourceassessmenthavebeenextensiveandvaried.Theassessmentincludestheevalu-ationofseveralhundredthousandindustry-drilledholes;aerialradiometricsurveys;samplingandgeochemicalanalysesofgroundwater,streamwater,andstreamsediment;selectivedrillingtofillvoidsinsubsurfaceinformation;andextensivegeologicfieldexaminations.Thesedatahavebeenevaluatedtodeterminethoseareasfavorableforuraniumoccurrences.Evaluationcriteriahavebeendevelopedfromstudiesofuraniumdepositsthroughouttheworld.Infavor-ableareas,theuraniumendowment,materialgreaterthan0.01percentUsOa,isestimated,andsubsequentlyeconomicfactorsareappliedtoassessthepotentialresourcesavailableatselectedcosts'.Thecostsusedtocalculateuraniumresourcesareforwardcosts.thatconsiderbothoperatingandcapitalcosts(incurrentdollars)thatwouldbeincurredinproducingtheuranium.Thesecostsincludepower,labor,materials,royalties,payroll,severanceandadvaloremtaxes,insurance,andapplicablegeneralandadministrativecosts.Allpreviousexpenditures(beforethetimeoftheestimate)forsuch.itemsaspropertyacquisition,exploration,minedevelopment,andmillconstructionareexcluded.Alsoexcludedareincometaxes,profit,andthecostofmoney.Theresourcesassignedtothevariouscostcategoriesareindependentofthemarketpriceatwhichtheuraniummightbesold.Therearetwomajormethodologiesinuraniumassessment:oneisusedfortheestimationofreservesbasedonsampleresultsfromdrillholesonspecificproperties,thesecondinvolvestheuseofavarietyofgeologicinformationtosubjectivelyestimatepotentialresources.Reservesarecalculated,individuallyforpropertiesthroughouttheUnitedStatesusingdatavoluntarilyprovidedbytheuraniumcompaniestoDOE.Thedataconsistprimarilyofradiometricdrillholelogsandmaps.Parametersevaluatedincludethicknessandtenorofmineralizedrock;depthandspatialrelationships,miningmethods,oredilution,andrecovery;andamenabilityoforestoprocessing.Theamountsofuranium'that*could,beexploitedattheforwardcostlevelsarecalculatedaccordingtoconventionalengineeringpracticesutilizingavailableengineering,geologic,andeconomicdata.Aregionalreservesdistributionestimateisobtainedbymathematicallycombiningtheestimatesofindividualdistributionsforeachproperty.TheseregionaldistributionsarethencombinedtoprovideatotalfortheUnitedStates.Estimatesincludeallmaterialoveraselectedmini-mumthicknesswithauraniumcontentabove0.01%UsOa.Arecoveryfactorisapplied,afterrateproceduresareusedforpropertiesonwhichsolutionminingisinprogressorisplanned.Potentialresourceestimatesarebasedongeologicanalogy.Geologiccharacteristicsrelatedtouraniumpotentialintheareabeinginvestigatedarecomparedwiththoseinanareawithsimilarcharacteristics,thatis,acontrolareathatcontainsuraniumdepositsforwhichthefrequencydistributionofgradesandtonnagesinthedepositshasbeendeveloped.Theanalogy-basedmethodologyismadefeasiblebyDOE'sextensivedatabasefromwhichdetailedcharacterizationsofthedistributionofuraniumhavebeendeveloped.Fromsystematiccomparisonwithanappro-priatecontrolarea,anestimateisdevelopedofthetotalamountofuranium,above0.01%Us0a,thatmightbepresentinanareabeingevaluated.Uraniumendowmentfactors,suchassurfacearea,fractionunderlainbyendowment,grade,andtonnageareestimatedatthreeconfidencelevels,i.e.,amodalvaluethatisconsideredasmostlikely,andalowandhighestimatecorrespondingrespectivelytoa95and5%probabilitythatthefactorisatleastthatlarge.Theendowmentestimateisanalyzedtodeterminetheportionsthatareproducibleatvariouscostcategorieswithinstatedconfidencelevels.Table8.8providesthemeanreserveandpotentialresourceestimatesforeachcostcategory,aswellasestimatesatthe95th'and5thpercentile.The95thpercentilevalueprovidesanesti-mateforwhichthereisa95%confidencethatatleastthatamountexists.The5thpercentileprovidesanestimateforwhichthereisa5Xprobabilitythatitwillbeexceeded.Due.tothecorrelationoftheindividualestimatesthatareaggregatedtogeneratetheregionalandnationaltotals,theestimatesatthe95thand5thpercentilearenotdirectlyadditive;however,themeanvaluesareadditive.
8-14Table8.8.UraniumResourcesoftheUnitedStatesForward-costCategoryAt$15perpoundufUs0aReservesProbablePossibleSpeculativeTotalsAt$30perpoundofUsOa'eservesProbablePossibleSpeculativeTotalsAt$50perpoundofUsOa'eservesProbablePossibleSpeculativeTotalsAt$100perpoundofUsOa'eservesProbablePossibleSpeculativeTotalsMean225,000295,00087,00074,000681,000645,000885,000346,000311,0002,187,000936,0001,426,000641,000482,0003,485,0001,122,0002,080,0001,005,000696,0004,903,00095thPercentile190,000185,00042,00030,000447',000.567,000659,000194,000155,0001,731,000821,0001,102,000346,000251,0002,771,000971,0001,646,000521,000'78,000.3,875,0005thPercentile260,000448,000156,000162,0001,026,000729,0001,161,000530,000600,0002,748,0001,060,0001,802,000973,000890,0004,313,0001,291,0002,573,0001,526,0001,225,0006,056,000Uraniumresourcesareestimatedquantitiesrecoverablebymining.Reservesshownasof1January1980;otherresourcesasof7October1980.TonsUsOaprobabilitydistributionvalues.$6.80/kg.Includeslowercost'esourcecategories.$13.60/kg.$22.65/kg.$45.30/kg..-ConversionFactors:toconvertlbtokg,multiplyby0.454.toconverttonstotonnes,multiplyby0.907..HostoftheuraniumresourcesarelocatedinafewareasintheColoradoPlateauofNewMexico,Arizona,Colorado,andUtah,intheWyomingBasins,andintheTexasGulfCoastalPlain(Figs.8.2and8.3).ItshouldbenotedthatthereserveestimatesinTable8.8wereasof1January1980,andthelowercostreserveshaveundoubtedlydecreasedsincethatdatebecauseofcontinuingrisingcosts.
8-15FACSFscCollll0CoolOIVAOAIC0Colossil00IO100rslAOCCIII01OCCOI00000PllllloSI1OS)10SMIOOAISS400S.TIIOl~sRrass~sssssaCsssl107SollCOIATFIAIOSlorSOsSIllosOnCSSIOSAOSssslloClollll1001MIOS00IIFFFllloSOSOIOSIILAOOS00IOSAIA5SA2osCOllllLPLlso111011TOTALSITSSOUSANOSOPTONSUSOSIPAOSAOL!lss?0~OSSIOLSSl1SPECVLATIVESSTAlolIOI00Fig.8.2.PotentialUraniumResourcesbyRegion($22.65/kg;$50/lbofUBOG);SPOKAY/YOMINGBASINSPOIVOEARIVE<<SSIIALETBASINCROOKSGAPy+BIGINO.~PFRONTRANGEIURAVANMINERALBELTCAATT>>OOG"SHA<<GRANTS'sL~MINERALBELTCOLORAOOPPPLATEAOTEXASCOASTALPLAINGEOLOGICPAOVINCEQURANIUMAAEAKAANES~gg.C,4>,LIVEOAKFLOBIOAQPIIOSPHATESFig.8.3.UraniumAreasoftheUnitedStates.
8-168.5.2UraniumExlorationActivitiesUraniumexplorationintheUnitedStatesreacheditsall-timehighin1978asmeasuredbytheprincipalexplorationindicator,surfacedrilling.DataprovidedtoDOEbytheexplorationcompaniesindicatedatotalof14.6millionmetersofdrillingin1978.In1979,however,drillingdeclinedto12.5millionmetersandthedownwardtrendsteepenedduring1980withdrillingestimatedtobeapproximately8.5millionmetersfortheyear(Fig.8.4).~ACTUALmmaPLANNED1979~~~tt~~PLANNcO19601960ESTIMATEEtwnditt(nTtttlOUI'Qt.R6~ttt200~3160cnZO720>IlQg80ZO20(tt~OIYtlOphlttlttOLRIt9Eti&NlbnONVQ019661968197019721976197619761980YEAR0Fig.8.4.U.S.ExplorationActivityandPlans.(Toconvertft.tom,multiplyby0.3048.)Annualgrossadditionstoreserves,ameasureofexplorationsuccess,havebeenathighlevelsforthehighercost,i.e.,$13.60to$22.65perkilogramUsOacategories,buthavebeendecreasingforlowercostlevels.Costshaveincreasedsignificantlyinrecentyearsraisingthequality~ofresourcesneededtoproduceatagivencostlevelandreducingthequantitiesavailableatthatlevel.Forexample,in1979only907tonnes(1000tons)wereaddedto$6.80($15)costrevenues,but47,164tonnes(52,000tons)wereremoved,largelybecauseofinflation,andanadditional12,698tonnes(14,000tons)weredepletedbyproduction.Hence,in1979,$6.80($15)reservesdecreasedfrom263,030to204.075tonnes(290,000to225,000tons).Thistrendcontinuedin1980.Ontheotherhand,in1979some84,351tonnes(93,000tons)wereaddedto$22.65($50)reservesand69,839tonnes(77,000tons)removedforanetincreaseof14,512tonnes(16,000tons)U30a~Thus,whileexplorationhasbeensuccessful,thecostsofproducingtheresound'cesfoundarehighincomparisonwithcurrentpricesandconcurrentlythecostofproducingpreviouslyfoundresourceshasalsoincreased.Thesharpriseinexplorationresultedfromtheincreaseinpricesinthe1974to1976period,theactiveprocurementactivityofutilities,andtheoptimisticprogectionsoffuturegrowthinuraniumdemand.Manynewcompaniesbecameacti.veinexploration.Morethan150comp'anieswereinvolvedinexplorationin1979.,Consideringthedropinrequirementprojections,thelevelofactivityreachedprobablywasinexcessofrealneeds.Therefore,somereductionofeffortmoreinlinewithfutureneedsisnotdetrimental.
8-17Domesticuraniumproductionin1980was19,573tonnes(21,850tons)UsOainconcentrate.Thisrepresentsa15Kincreaseover1979andisthehighestU.S.productionlevelforanysingleyear.Productioninrecentmonthshasbeenatrecordrates;theequivalentofmorethan19,954tonnes(22,000tons)UsOaperyear.Thisproductioncomesfromconventionalmine-milloperationsaswellasfromsuchnonconventionalsourcesassolutionminingandbyproductrecoveryfromprocessingofotherminerals.Thehighproductionlevelsareinresponsetopriorsalescontracts.Buyersareactuallyreceivinguraniuminexcessoftheircurrentlyscheduledneeds.Severalnewuraniumprocessingfacilitiesareunderconstructionorplanned,whichcouldbringthetotalnational,capacity'oaround27,000tonnes(30,000tons)peryearbythemid-1980s.Despitetheincreasesinorethroughputanduraniumproductionin1980,awidespreadcurtailmentofuraniumminingandmillingactivitiesisunderway.Productionatsomeoperatingmineshasbeenreducedandsomeplannedmillexpansionsandconstructionarebeingpostponed.Thereduc-tioninmineoutputwillnotbereflectedindecreaseduraniumproductionuntilmineandmillorestockpilesarereduced.StudieshavebeenconductedonattainableuraniumproductionlevelsfromuraniumreservesintheUnitedStatesandrelatedcosts.Theuraniumproductioncapabilityprojectionsshouldnotbeconstruedasbeingestimatesofactualfuturesupply,butsimplyaspotentialproductionthatmaybeavailabletomeetwhateverdemandeventuallyexists.Usingthe"productioncenter"concept,U.S.uraniumproductioncapabilityhasbeenprojectedfromorereservesestimatedasofJanuary1980,tobeavailableatforwardcostsof$13.60to$22.65perkilogramUsOaorless.Theproductioncentersconsistofoperating(Class1),committed(Class2),planned(Class3)uraniumextractionandprocessingfacilities,andpro-jected(Class4)facilitiesbasedonprobablepotentialresources.Thestudyincludedconven-tionalmillssuppliedbyopen-pitand/orundergroundmines;solutionminingandheap-leachoperations;andoperationswhereuranium'isrecoveredasabyproductofphosphate,copper,orberylliumminingandprocessing.activities.Projectionsarebasedprimarilyon.operatingconditions-averageoregrades,millrecoveries,andoperatingandcapitalcosts--similartothosecurrentlyprevalentintheuraniumminingandmillingindustry.Specificinformationon'companyplans,costs,'and'operatingmethodshasbeenconsidered.,Figure8.5showsthetotalprojected'productioncapabilityfor$13.60($30)resourcesbyresourcecategory.Figure8.6showsthecapabilityfor$22.65($50)resources.Projecteduraniumdemandandcurrentsalesconeitmentsarealsoshown.DomesticdemandisbasedontheDOE'sOfficeofUraniumResourcesandEnrichment(URE)1980nuclear-powergrowthprojections,assumingnorepro-cessinganda0.20%U-235enrichmenttailsassay.8.5.4DomesticReactorReuirementsTheoutlookforuraniumrequirementsiscloselyrelatedtothegrowthofnuclearpower.On1December1980,75nuclearpowerreactorswerelicensedtooperateintheUnitedStates,concentratedmostlyintheEastandMidwest.Theseplantshaveanelectricalgenera'tingcapa-cityof55GMe.Inadditiontooperatingplants,86plantsareunderconstructionwithatotalratedcapacityof95GWe.Someoftheplantsareatsuchanearlyconstructionstagethattheymaybedeferredorcanceledcompletely.Anadditional17reactorswith20GWecapacityareonorder.Togetherthegroupaggregates170GWeofcapacity.Mowever,thefutureforsomeoftheorderedreactorsisquestionable.Latestprojectionsofnuclear-powergrowthbyUREandtheEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)(Table8.9)showanincreaseinnuclearpowerlicensedtooperatefrom55GWeattheendof1980to96GWein1985,129GWein1990,155GWein1995,and180GWein2000.EIAalsoprojectedalowcaseof160GWeandahighcaseof200GWefortheyear2000.TherearealternativeviewsonU.S.powergrowth.TheDOE'sOfficeofPlanningandAnalysishasprojectednucleargrowthtotheyear1990at125GMeandtotheyear2000at150GWe,basedonhistoricdelaystonuclearpowergrowth.TheDOEOfficeoftheAssistantSecretaryofNuclearEnergyhasprojected400GWe,basedonenergydemand,growth,nuclearcompetitiveness,andindustryconstructioncapability.Allofthesevaluesaresharplyreducedfromtheprojectedgrowthofthenuclearindustryofjustafewyearsago.Forexample,in1976UPS.nuclearcapacityintheyear2000hadbeenprojectedtobe500GWe,andin1978ithadbeenprojectedtobe320GMe.
8-187060n50XD"n40Z0+302010~CiasEG!'"..',::Class4s1-3,withoutexpansionsandClasses1-3expansions/otr.c"~o~'cPProbable'otential'eserves80828486889092949698000204060809YEARFig.8,5.EstimatedAnnualNear-termProductionCapabilityfromResourcesAvailableat$13.60/kgof.Us0aorLesswithClass1,2,and3ExpansionsandClass4.120UraniumrequirementsbasedonUREenrichmentplanningcasesat0.20%tailsassay'100180I-ZOZ600VZ4008thZ200Isibl'eeresFrospecrnposulativanouFromprobabpotentle~rFromreserveseoa1gj)6~ntao~~;.:.,~A.~4r198019902000YEAR20102019Fig.8.6.AnnualProductionCapabilityfromResourcesAvailableat$22.65/kgofUs06orLessProjectedtoNeetNuclear-PowerGrowthOemand.
8-19Table8.9.U.S.Nuclear-PowerGrowthProjections,June1980EndofYearLowPowerRaneGWeMid'igh19851990199520008512514216096129155180105140165200Evenatthemoreconservativeestimates,nuclearcapacitystillisexpectedtoexpandsubstan-tiallyandtoprovideasignificantportionoffuturedomesticelectriccapacity.Currentmethodsofproiectingnucleargrowthanduraniumrequirementsarebasedonestimatesofreactorstartupdatesconsideringconstructionandlicensingtimes,andsystemspowerrequirements.Accurateforecastshaveproventobedifficult.Theuraniumneededtobedeliveredbyuraniumconcentrate-producingplantsasfuelforthenuclearplantswillalsoincreaseovertime;fortheUREmid-case,from12,063tonnes(13,300tons)U30ain1981to21,405(23,600)in1985,26,212(28,900)in1990,31,745tonnes(35,000tons)in1995,and36,280tonnes(40,000tons)in2000,iftheenrichmentplantsareoperatedat0.20%U-235tailsassay.Cumulativeuraniumrequirementsthroughtheyear2000rangefrom462,570to562,340tonnes(510,000to620,000tons)UaOawith516,990tonnes(570,000tons)UsOaforthemid-case.Uraniumrequirementsarebasedonnormalleadtimesforfuel-cyclestepsandcurrenttechnologyforenrichmentandforreactordesignandoperation.Therearepossibleimprovementsinenrich-mentthatwouldallowuseoflowertailsassays,which,wouldreduceuraniumrequirements.1'herearealsopossibleimprovementstoreactordesignandoperationthatcouldreduceuraniumrequire-ments.Thesefactorsarenotlikelytohaveasignificantimpactonuraniumdemandsuntilatleastwellintothe1990s.8.5.5UraniumInventoriesBuyers'nventoriesofuraniumhavebeenincreasingforseveralyearsasactualdeliverieshavebeeninexcessofneeds.Inventoriesatthebeginningof1980totalled.32,742tonnes(36,100tons)ofnaturaluranium(Table8.10),with.25,033tonnes(27,600tons)heldbyutilities.In1980,U.S.utilitiessentanequivalentof15,691tonnes(17,300tons)UsOatotheDOEgaseousdif-fusionplantsforenrichment.Thus,the25,033tonnes(27,600tons)inventorylevelamountedto1.6yearsofU.S.utilities'eeds.OfthoseUPS.utilitiesthatrespondedtoquestionsoninventorylevels,mostindicatedthattheydesirealevelamountingtoaboutoneyear'sneeds,althoughsomereportedinventorylevelsassmallasthreemonth'sneeds,whileothersdesireinventoriesasgreatastwoyear'sneeds.Producersalsohadinventoriesofabout2,177tonnes(2,400tons)UsOaatthebeginningof1980,whichisaboutanormalworkinginventory.Theoutlook,isforacontinuingbuildupofbuyers'nventories,ascurrentcontracteddeliveriesareinexcessofactualneeds.Table8.10.Buyers'nventoriesofNaturalUraniuminTonsUsOaBeginningofYearDomesticOriginForeignOriginTotal1976197719781979198022,60025,80025,10028,00030,8001,1003,5003,6005,2005,30023,70029,30028,70033,20036,100ConversionFactor:toconverttonstotonnes,multiplyby0.907.
8-208.5.6AnalsisofProductionCaabilitandReactorCaacitStudyofattainableproductioncapabilityfromcurrentlyestimated$13.60($30)U.S.orereservesandprobablepotentialresourceindicatesthatproductionlevelsof40,815tonnes(45,000tons)U30Qperyear.canbeachievedwithaggressiveresourcedevelopmentandexploitation,includingbothminingandmilling.Althoughthelevelmaybeachievedbyuseofdomestic$13.60($30)orereservesandprobableresourcesalone,developmentandutilizationof$30possibleandspecu-lativecategoriesanduseof$22.65($50)orereservesandpotentialresourceswouldprovideaddedassurancethatthelevelscouldbeattainedandsustained.Consideringtheuseof$22.65($50)resource,alevelof54,240tonnes(60,000-tons)peryearsupplyisachievablefromcurrentlyestimatedresources.Suchalevelcouldbereachedbytheearly1990s.Importeduraniumandinventorieswouldaddtothesupplyfromtheseprojections.Thelevelofnucleargeneratingcapacitysupportablewith54,240tonnes(60,000tons)peryearofuranium,willvarywithenrichmenttailsassayandrecycleassumptions.Withoutrecycleofuraniumorplutoniumandwitha0.30KU-235enrichmenttailsassay,about260,000HWecouldbesupported.Withoutrecycleandat0.20$tailsassay,about310,000HWecouldbesupported.Withrecycleofuraniumandplutoniumanda0.20%tailsassay,about520,000HWecouldbesupported.Allthelevelsofsupportablecapacityareabovethe170,000HWeofcapacityinoperation(55,000HWe),underconstruction(95,000MWe),andonorder(20,000HWe),asoflate1980.Thus,currentlyestimatedresourcescanprovide'dequateuraniumsuppliesforasizableexpan-siontoU.S.nucleargeneratingcapacity.Thecumulativelifetime(30years)uraniumrequirementsforalloftheabovereactors(170,000HWe)wouldbeabout0.907milliontonnes(1.0milliontons)UsOaat0.20%enrichmenttailswithnorecycle,comparedtothe1.45milliontonnes(1~6milliontons)meanvaluein$13.60[($30)orthe2.27milliontonnesat$22.65(2.5milliontonsat$50)]orereserves,by-product,andprobablepotentialresources.Evaluationoflong-termfuelcomnitmentsonthebasisoforereservesandprobablepotentialresourcesisconsideredaprudentcourseforplanning.Thelifetimecommitmentwouldbelessthanonethirdofcurrentlyestimated$22.65($50)domesticresources,includingthepossibleandspeculativecategories(seeTable8.8).8'.7UraniumResourceRecoverInregardtotheavailabilityofestimateduraniumresourcesconsideringrecoveriesinminingandoreprocessing,estimatesofU.S.uraniumresourcesrepresentthequantityofuraniumesti-matedtobeminableexpressedastonsofUsOa'oforeintheground,TheseestimatesareareflectionoftheinformationavailabletoDOEatthetimeoftheestimate;thus,theyaredependentontheextentofexploration.Inviewoftheconsiderationsinvolvedinpreparingtheresourceestimatesandtheuraniumresourceoutlook,noadjustmentforlossesiswarranted.U.S.miningpracticeresultsinrecoveryofhighpercentagesoftheuraniumcontainedinadeposit.DOEresourceestimationproceduresconsiderthecapabilitiesandrequirementsofminingsystemscurrentlyinusesothattheestimatesarearealisticappraisalofwhatisminable.Becausedepositsfrequentlyarenotfullydelineatedbeforetheyaredeveloped,itisnotunusualformoreuraniumtoberecoveredfromdepositsthanwasincludedinorereservesbeforesuchdepositswereputintoproduction.Miningcompanypracticeseekstorecoverasmuchofthecontainedmineralcontentaspossiblebeforeabandoningamine.Astrongincentiveforsuchpracticeis'theincreaseinfinancialreturns.Intheprocessingofuraniumores,recoveriesgenerallyareover90%;in1980,millrecoveryaveragedabout93K.Higherrecoveriesareusuallypossibleifeconomicallyjustified.8.5.8HihCostResources,Analternative'toidentificationofadditionallow-costresourcesistheutilizationofhighercostresources.ThehighestcutoffcostcategoryincludedinDOEresourcesinTable8.8is$45.30/kgofUsOa.Thislevelisanupperrangeofwhatmightbeofinterestforutilizationinlightwaterreactorsoverthenextfewdecades.Theincreasedpriceofoilandcoal,inthelastfewyearshasbeenacontributingfactortotheincreasedpriceofuraniumeconomicallyacceptableinlightwaterreactors.Thisimpactresultsfromtherelativeinsensitivityofnuclearelectricpowercoststoincreasesinuraniumprices.Thecostoffuelisaverysmallfractionofthecostofpowerfromanuclearplant.Inturn,,thecostofnaturaluraniumisonlyasmallfractionofthefuelcost;enrichment,,fabrication,reprocessing,andcarryingchargesmakeupthebalance.Asaresult,largeincreasesinuraniumpricesresultincomparativelysmallincreasesinpowercosts.AspointedoutinSection8.5.6,nuclearcapacitycurrentlyinoperation,undercon'struction,andonorderisexpectedtohaveadequatesuppliesofUsOaatpricesmuchlowerthan$45.30/kgin1980dollars.
8-21IKnowledgeofU.S.resourcesintheabove$22.65($50)categoryismeager,largelybecauseofthelackofpasteconomicinterest.Therehasbeenvirtuallynoindustryactivitytosearchforortodevelopsuchresources.ProspectsfordiscoveryofhighercostresourcesintheUnitedStatesareconsideredpromisingatthisstageofU.S.exploration.Theprincipallarge,verylow-gradedepositsthathavebeenstudiedinsomedetailinthepastaretheshalesandphos-phates~TheChattanoogashaleinTennesseeisofparticularinterestbecauseofitslargesize.Thisdepositwasextensivelydrilled,sampled,andstudiedinthe1950s.ThehighergradepartoftheChattanoogashalehasanaverageuraniumcontentofabout60to80ppmcomparedto1500ppminpresent-dayores.Itcontainsinexcessof4'milliontonnes(5milliontons)ofUsOathatmaybeproducibleatacostof$45.30ormoreperkilogramofUsOa.Additionalworktodevelopproductiontechnologywillbeneeded.IfChattanoogashalewereminedtofuelan1150-NWereactor,assumingrecycleofuranium(butnotofplutonium)anda0.3Xenrichmenttail,about11,428tonnes(12,600tons)ofshalewouldhavetobeprocessed.eachday;withuraniumandplutoniumrecycle(shouldthatbepracticed)and0.20Kenrichmenttails,about7,710tonnes(8500,tons)perdaywouldhavetobeprocessed.Anaverageofabout10,250tonnes(11,300tons)ofcoalwouldhavetobeburnedeachdayif20HJ/kgofcoalwereusedtop'roducepowerequivalenttothatproducedbya1150-NWereactor.Utilizationoftheverylow-graderesourcessuchasChattanoogashalewould,ofcourse,involveminingandprocessingverymuchlargerquantitiesoforethaniscurrentlyminedtoproducethesameamountofuranium.Fromanenvironmentalaswellasfromaneconomicpointofview,identificationandutilizationofadditionalhighergradeoreswouldbepreferable.However,theshalesareavailableiftheiruseshouldbecomenecessary.8.5'PricesDuringtheperiod1973-1979,theaveragedeliverypriceperkilogramofUsOaforsalesfromdomesticproducerstodomesticbuyers,inyear-of-deliverydollars,increasedfrom$3.22'o$10.80,asshowninTableF11.ITable8.11.HistoricalTrendofAverageUraniumPricesYear1973197419751976197719781979FinalPrice3.223.584.767.308.959.7810.80Indollars/kginyear-of-deliverydollars.Futurepricesformaterialundercontractasof1July1980,asreportedtoDOE,isshowninTable8.12.Alsoshownarethepercentagesofmaterialundercontractpricearrangementscoveringthepricepresented.Theremainderisinmarketpricecontractsorincaptiveproduction.8.5.10ForeinUraniumResourcePositionThemostreliablesourceofinformationonworlduraniumresourcesisthatcompiledbytheWorkingPartyonUraniumResourcessponsoredjointlybytheNuclearEnergyAgency(NEA)andtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA).Thisgrouphas'eengatheringandpublishinguraniumresourceestimatessince1965andincludesmostofthesignificanturaniumresourcecountries.Incompilingitsestimates,thisgroupclassifiesresourcesas"reasonablyassured"resources 8-224Table8.12.AverageContractPricesandSettledMarketPriceContractsforUranium,1July1980Year19801981198219831984198519861987198819891990pricea11.7813.0015.7618.7519.6819.6821.2219'319.34'3.4924.12PercentagesofProcurementunderContractPriceContracts6655474335321618'22316Indollars/kginyear-of-deliverydollars.Theseyearsincludesettledmarketpricecontracts.Marketpricecontractpricesaredeterminedsometimebeforedelivery,basedonprevailingmarketprices.(roughlycomparabletoorereservesintheusualminingindustrysense)and"estimatedaddi-tional"resources(roughlycomparabletoDOE'sprobablepotentialresources).Resourcesintheworldoutside'fthecentrallyplannedeconomiesarea(WOCA)aretabulatedbycontinentsandmajorcountriesinTable8.13.Almost80%oftheseresourcesareconcentratedinthreecontinents:NorthAmerica,Africa,andAustralia.Sixcountries,withinthosecontinents-theUnitedStates,Canada,SouthAfrica,Namibia,Niger,andAustralia--haveaboutthreequartersofthereasonablyassuredresources.Thisgeographicconcentrationisareflectionofthegeologicfavorabilityoftheseareasaswellastheextentofexplorationandresourceappraisaleffortstodate.8.5.11ForeinProductionCaacitandPlansStudiesbytheNEAandtheIAEAhavealsoprovidedreliableinformationonworldproductioncapacity.Thecurrentproductioncapacityofexistingnon-U.S.plants(Class1)isabout34,466tonnes(38,000tons)UsOaannually,asshowninTable8.14..ThisproductionisprimarilyinCanada,France,Namibia,Niger,andSouthAfrica.Constructionofnewplants,(Class2)withacapacityofabout7,256additionaltonnes(8,000tons)istakingplace,primarilyinAustraliaandCanada.Plantsthatareplanned(Class3),couldincreasetotalannualproductionbyanother32,652tonnes(36,000tons)UsOaforatotalof76,188tonnes(84,000tons)UsOaby1990.Sinceneedsforuraniumarewellbelowattainableproductioncapacitylevels,andpriceswouldnotjustifyalloperations,itislikelythatmanyoftheprojectedplantswillbebuiltonadeferredschedule.Itisalsopossiblethatsomenewplantswillreplaceexistingoperations.Countriesofparticularsignificanceinfuturepro-ductionexpansionareAustraliaandCanada,whichhave82Kofcapacityunderconstructionand70Koftheplannedadditionalcapacity.8.5.12ForeinReactorReuireme'ntsTheuraniumrequirementsinnon-CommunistforeigncountrieshavebeenprojectedbytheEnergyInformationAdministrationbasedonthereactorsplannedandtimingofconstruction.Table8.15showsthreecasesofpowerplantgrowthwhich,bytheyear2000,rangefrom300to400GWeof 8-23Table8.13.WorldUraniumResourcesbyContinentReasonablAssuredEstimatedAdditionalContinentNorthAmerica$30/lb$50/lb$30/lb$50/lbUnitedStatesCanadaOtherTotal6452809930940305441gg90885480441,4101,430945652,440AfricaSouthAfricaNigerNamibiaOtherTotal3202101521097905082101731151,0007069392180180696922340AustraliaTotal380390165180~EuroeFranceSpainSwedenOtherTotal51131229072133903151034ll019-6060ll453130AsiaIndiaOtherTotal39135039216010031030SouthAmericaBrazilArgentinaOtherTotal963001309636013011757130117128140Worldwidetotal(rounded)2,4003,4001,9003,300Modifiedfrom"UraniumResources,ProductionandDemand"OECD,NuclearEnergyAgency(NEA),andtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA),December1979."World"referstoworldoutsidecentrally.plannedeconomicarea.Resourcesgivenin1000tonsUsOa.bIncludesresourcesat$30perpoundofUsOa.ConversionFactors:toconverttonstotonnes,multiplyby0.907toconvert$/lbto$/kg,multiplyby0.453.a Table8;14.ForeignUraniumProductionCapabilityCanada123FranceNamiMa~NierS.Africa1231231231231231231980'.30019811811019821.83.3019831.83.3019841833019851.83.36.519861.23.311.519871.23.311.519881.23.311.519891.23.311.519901.23.311.5Total9.809.81.49.81.910.51.911.02.912.02.912.02.912.02.912.02.912.02.912.02.90002.04.05.07.27.27.27.27.245-004.50.2-04.50.504.50.7=04.50.704.50.704.51.404.51.404.51.404.51.404.51.405.3005.3005.3005.301.25.301.25.301.25.301.25.301.25.301.25.30.1.25.301.25.25.25.25.25.25.25.25.25.25.25.2008.3008.30083008.300.78.302.58.305.28.305.28.305.2830528305.28.30001.202.90.4.605.205.505.605.605.505.505.24.10038.5004.100.8=39.02.72.04.103.039.05.75.94.104.139.75.911.94.1.04.440.26.915.54.105.141.26.925.84.105.140.67.635.84.105.240.67.635.94.105.340.67.635.94.105.440.67.636.04.105.540.67.635.884.0InthousandtonsUsOaperyear.Class:1.Currentlyoperatingplants2.Plantsunderconstruction3.PlannedplantsIncludesArgentina,Brazil,CAR,Gabon.India,Italy,Hexico,Portugal,Spain,Yugoslavia.Basedon"UraniumResources,Producti'onandDemand,"December1979.ConversionFactor:toconverttonstotonnes,multiplyby0.907.
8-25Table8.15.ForeignNuclearCapacityandUraniumRequirementsCapacityRequirementstonsU0YearLowHidHigh'owHidHigh1980198519901995200066681171241651812292523003507712820128040017,30024;00027,50034,60042,70018,40026,20031060041,50054,10019,80029520032,70047,80064,3000.20ÃU-235tailsassay.ConversionFactor:toconverttonstotonnes,multiplyby0.907.nuclearpowerinoperation.Themid-caseistakenasthemostlikelyone.However,nuclearpowergrowthprojectionshavebeensubjecttocontinualdownwardrevisioninthelastseveralyears.Inor'dertosupplythesenuclearplants,EIAhasestimatedtheamountofuraniumrequiredassuming0.205U-235enrichmentplanttailsandnorecycleofuraniumorplutonium.Table8.15givestheannualtonsUsOafrom1980to2000forhigh-,mid-,andlow-cases.Forthemid-caseforeignrequirementsincreasefrom16,689tonnes(18,400tons)UsOain1980to23,763tonnes(26,200tons)UsOain1985,andto49,069tonnes(54,100tons)UsOaintheyear2000.Cumulativerequirementsthroughtheyear2000total650,319tonnes(717,000tons)UsOa.Ifalltheplannedforeignmine-millproductioncameon-streamascurrentlyprojected,therewouldbeconsiderableexcesscapacity.Ifonlyoperatingmillsorthoseunderconstructionwereavailablebythelate1980s,productioncapacitywouldcoverannualdemandsthroughthelate1990s.AdditionalprojectionsofWOCAnucleargrowthanduraniumrequirementsweredevelopedduringtheInternationalNuclearFuelCycleEvaluation(INFCE).Whiletheprojectionsarenowconsideredashighbymany,theydoprovideanadditional,moreoptimistic,vfewpointonfuturenuclearrowth.TheINFCElowcase-modifiedtoexcludetheUnitedStates--indicatedagrowthinforeignWOCA)nuclearcapacity,from82GWeattheendof1980to217GWein1990andto580GWeintheyear2000,Correspondingforeignuraniumrequirementswouldbe19,047tonnes(21,000tons)in1980,45,350tonnes(50,000tons)in1990,and108,840tonnes(120,000tons)in2000.Suchprojectionsindicateamuchlargerpossiblegrowthinfutureuraniumdemands.8.5.13ForeinCometitionandtheDomesticIndustrTheconcentrationofworlduraniumresourcesandproductionhas,inpastperiodsoflowpricesandoreproduction,fosteredattemptstoformcartel-likeorganizationsseekingtorestrictthe,freemovementofuraniumandinfluencepricing.Theconcentrationofuraniumproductioninafewcountrieswillcontinuefor,sometime,thoughthereisanincreasingdiversityofsupplysources.Theopportunityforfutureforeigncartel-likeactivitieswillcontinue,particularlyifuraniumproducercountrygovernmentsareinvolved,whichhasbeenthecaseinthepast.How-ever,theseverecriticismofsuchpracticeandthelegalactionsthathaveresultedintheUnitedStatesmightoperatetodiscouragesuchactivitiesinthefuture.SincetheUnitedStateshasthecapabilityofproducingalargeportion,orall,ofitsuraniumneeds,andsinceUnitedStatesuraniumbuyershistoricallyhaveshownastrongpreferencefordomesticuranium,theUnitedStatesisnotexpectedtodevelopalargedependenceonforeignuranium.Thesefac-torswouldtendtoreducethesusceptibil.ityoftheUnitedStatestodirectimpactsofanycartel-likeactivity.8.5.14ConclusionsInconclusion,DOEassessmentofuraniumresourcesindicates'hatcurrentlyestimatedorereservesandprobablepotentialresourcesatforwardcostsupto$13.60/kgUsOatotalmorethan1.36mil-liontonnes(1.5milliontons),andatforwardcostsupto$22.65/kgUs0atotalalmost2.17million 8-26tonnes(2.4milliontons).The2.17milliontonnes(2.4milliontons)U30awillsupport390GWeofnuclearpowergeneratingcapacity,assuminga30-yearlifeforthereactors,nospentfuelreprocessingandanenrichmentplanttailsassayof0:20%U-235.UnderthelatestDOEforecastfornucleargeneratingcapacityinthepost-2000period,theseresourcesshouldsupportU.S..nuclearpowergrowth,includingSSES1and2,wellintothenextcentury.However,meetingtheuraniumrequirementsforanexpandingU.S.nuclearpowerindustrywillrequireextensiveindus-tryeffortstosustainexploration,andsuccessindiscoveringanddevelopingthepotentialuraniumresources.Foreignuraniumresourcesaresubstantialandhavebeengrowing.Someofthemorerecentlydiscovered.deposits,especiallyinCanadaandAustralia,willhavecomparativelylow-costuraniumproduction.Thestaff,therefore,concludesthattherewillbesufficientnuclearfuelavailableforSSES1and2.8.6DECOMMISSIONINGTerminationofanuclearlicenseisrequiredattheendoffacilitylife.Suchterminationrequiresdecontaminationofthefacilitysothatthelevelofanyresidualradioactivityremainingatthesiteislowenoughtoalloweitherunrestricteduseofthesitefornuclearornonnuclearpurposes.TheobjectiveofNRCregulatorypolicyindecoranissioningnuclearfacilitiesistoensurethatproperandexplicitproceduresarefollowedtomitigateanypoten-tialforadverseimpactonpublichealthandsafetyorontheenvironment.Threealternativemethodscanbeandhavebeenusedtodecomnissionreactors.~sDECONmeanstoremoveinmediatelyallradioactivematerialsdowntolevelsthatwouldpermittttepropertytobereleasedforunrestricteduse.SAFSTORisdefinedasthoseactivitiesrequiredtoplace.andmaintainaradioactivefacilityinsucasconditionthat1)therisktosafetyiswithinaccep-tableboundsand2)thefacilitycanbesafelystoredforaslongatimeasdesiredandsubse-quentlydecontaminatedtolevelsthatwouldpermitreleaseofthefacilityforunrestricteduse.ENTOMBmeanstoencaseandmaintainpropertyinastrongandstructurallylong-livedmateri~atoensureretentionuntilradioactivitydecaystoalevelacceptableforreleasingthefacilityforunrestricteduse.ForalargeBWR,DECONisestimatedtocost$43.6million(in1978dollars);SAFSTORisestimatedtocost$59.9millionwitha30-yrs'afe-storageperiodand$55.6millionwitha100-yrsafe-.storageperiod.ENTOMBisestimatedtocost$35.0millionwiththepressurevesselanditsinternalsretainedand$41.7millionwiththepressurevesselandinternalsremoved;a$40,000annualmaintenanceandsurveillancecostwouldbeaddedinbothcases.EitherENTOMBoptionrequiresindefinitededicationofthesiteasaradioactivewasteburialground.Thesecurityofthesitecouldnotbeassuredforthousandsof'yearsnecessaryforradioactivedecaysothisoptionwillprobably,notbe.viable.AlthoughDECONislesscostly,thanSAFSTOR,itresultsinslightlyhigherradiationexposurestothedecommissioningworkersandtothepublic.Theperson-remofoccupationalexposureisestimatedat1955forDECONascomparedto442for30-yearSAFSTORand1624forENTOMB(inter-nalsretained).Theperson-remexposuretothepublicisminimalforanyofthealternatives:10forDECON,2for30-yearSAFSTOR,or5forENTOMB.RadiationdosestothepublicasaresultofdecomnissioningactivitiesshouldbeverysmallandwouldcomeprimarilyfromthetransportationofdecorenissioningHastetowasteburialgrounds.Radiationdosestodecoranissioningworkersshouldbeasmallfractionoftheexposuretheyexperienceovertheoperatinglifetimeofthefacility;thesedoseswillusuallybewellwithintheoccupationalexposurelimitsimposedbyregulatoryrequirements.DecoranissioningofnuclearfacilitiesisnotaninIIinenthealth'ndsafetyproblem.However,-planningfordecoranissioningcanhaveanimpactonhealthandsafetyaswellascost.Essen-tialtosuchplanningactivityisthedeconmissioningalternativetobeusedandthetiming.Alsotobeconsideredare1)acceptableresidualradioactivitylevelsforunrestricteduseofthefacility,2)financialassurancethatfundswillbeavailableforperformingrequireddeconmissioningactivitiesattheendofthefacilityoperation(includingpermatureclosure),and3)thefacilitationofdecoranissioning.VDecoranissioningofanuclearfacilitygenerallyhasapositiveenvironmental'impact.Comparedtooperationalrequirements,thecomnitmentofresourcesfordecoranissioningisgenerallysmall.Themajorenvironmentalimpa'ctofdecoranissioningisthecomnitmentofsmallamountsoflandfortheburialofwaste.Thisisinexchangeforbeingabletoreusethefacilityandsiteforothernuclearornonnuclearpurposes.Becausethelandhasvaluableresourcecapability,inmanyinstances(suchasatareactorfacility)thereturnofthislandtothecoamercialorpublicsectorishighlydesirable.
~8.7ENERGENCYPLANNING8-27InconnectionwiththepromulgationoftheCoamission'supgradedemergencyplanningrequire-ments,thestaff(OfficeofStandardsDevelopment)issuedNUREG-0685,"EnvironmentalAssessmentforEffectiveChangesto10CFRPart50andAppendixEto10CFRPart50;EmergencyPlanningRequirementsforNuclearPowerPlants,"(August1980).Atthistime,how'ever,thestaffdoesnothavesufficientinformationtodeterminewhetheranyenvironmentalimpactswillresultfromimplementationbytheapplicantoftheupgradedemergencyplanningrequirementsin10CFRPart50,AppendixE,suchasconstructionofanear-siteemergencyoperationsfacilityandtheconductofemergencypreparednessexercises.Uponreceiptofallcomponentsoftheapplicant'semergencyplanandimplementingprocedures,thestaffwillbeinapositiontodeterminewhetherornotsuchplanandimplementingprocedureswillresultinsignificantenvironmentalimpacts.TheNRCstaffwilldiscussemergencyplanninginaSupplementtotheSafetyEvaluationReport.References1.L.D.Hamilton,ed.,"TheHealthandEnvironmentalEffectsofElectricityGeneration:APreliminaryReport,"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,July1974.2.L.D.HamiltonandS.C.Morris,"HealthEffectsofFossilFuelPowerPlants,"InPopula-tionExposures:ProceedingsoftheEighthMidyearTopicalSymposiumoftheHealthPhysicsSociety,"October1974.3.L.D.Hamilton,"EnergyandHealth,"InProceedingsoftheConnecticutConferenceonEnergy,December1975.4.S.C.MorrisandK.M.Novak,"Handbookforthet)uantificationofHealthEffectsfromCoalEnergySystems'(Draft),"BrookhavenNationalLaboratory,Upton,NY,December1976.5.A.J.Dvoraketal.,"HealthandEcologicalEffectsofCoalUtilization(Draft),"ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL,November1976.6."AnAssessmentoftheHealthandEnvironmentalImpactsofFluidized-BedCombustionCoalasAppliedtoElectricalUtilitySystems(Draft),"ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL,January1977.7.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryComission,"FinalGenericEnvironmentalStatementontheUseofRecyclePlutoniuminMixedOxideFuelinLightWaterCooledReactors,"NUREG-0002,August1976.*8.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryComnission,"ReactorSafetyStudy,"WASH-1400(NUREG-75/014),October1975.**9.U.S.AtomicEnergyComnission,"TheSafetyofNuclearPowerReactors(LightHater-Cooled)andRelatedFacilities,"WASH-1250,July1973.10.C.L.ComarandL.A.Sagan,"HealthEffectsofEnergyProductionandConversion,"pp.581-600InJ.M.Hollander,ed.,AnnualReviewofEnergy,vol.1,1976.ll.D.J.Rose,P.W.Walsh,andL.L.Leskovjan,"NuclearPower--ComparedtoWhatf"Am.Sci.64:291-299,1976.12.D.Grahn,"Cost-BenefitasWeighedonGeneticScales,"InR.A.Karan.andK.Z.Morgan,eds.,EnergyandtheEnvironment:Cost-BenefitAnalysis,Pergamon:NY,pp.371-386.1976.13.CouncilonEnvironmentalguality,"EnergyandtheEnvironment,"August1973,p.43.14.D.F.S.Natusch,J.R.Wallace,andC.A.Evans,"ToxicTraceElements:PreferentialConcentrationinRespirableParticles,"Science183:202-204,1974.15.S.T.CuffeandR.W.Gerstle,"EmissionsfromCoal-FiredPowerPlants:AComprehensiveSuranary,"U.S.DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare,PublicHealthService,PHS-999-AP-35,1967.
8-2816.J.E.Martin,E.D.Harward,andD.T.Oakley,"RadiationDosesfromFossilFuelandNuclearPowerPlants,"InD.A.BerkowitsandA.M.Squires,eds.,PowerGenerationandEnvironmen-talChange,MITPress:Cambridge,MA,1971.17.ComnitteeonNaturalResources,NationalAcademyofSciences,NationalResearchCouncil,"AirQualityandStationary,SourceEmissionControl,"preparedfortheU.S.SenateCommitteeonPublicWorks,SerialNo.94.4,March19?5,pp.599-610.18.L.B.LaveandE.P.Seskin,"AnAnalysisoftheAssociationBetweenU.S.MortalityandAirPollution,"J.Am.Stat.Assoc.68:284-290,1970.19.W.Winkelstein,Jr.,etal.,"TheRelationshipofAirPollutionandEconomicStatustoTotalMortalityandSelectedRespiratorySystemMortality,"InMen:I.SuspendedParti-culates,Arch.Environ.Health14:162-171,1967.20.MinistryofHealth,"MortalityandMorbidityduringtheLondonFogofDecember1952,"ReportNo.95;London,HerMajesty'sStationeryOffice,1954.21.H.HESchrenk,etal.,"AirPollutioninDonora:EpidemiologyoftheUnusualSmogEpisodeofOctober1948,"PreliminaryReport,PublicHealthBulletinNo.306,1959.22.H.SchimmelandL.Greensburg,"AStudyoftheRelationofPollutiontoMortality;NewYorkCity,1963-1968,"J.AmPolit.Contr.Assoc.22(8):607-616,1972..23.C.Normal,"CastlesintheAir,"Nature264:394,1976.24.L.A.Sagan,"HealthCostsAssociatedwiththeMining,TransportandCombustionofCoalintheSteam-ElectricIndustry,"Nature250:107-111,1974.25.B.Coneoner,ThePovertyofPower,AlfredA.Knopf:NY,May1976.26.J.E.YoconandN.Grappone,"EffectsofPowerPlantEmissiononMaterials."ResearchCorporationofNewEnglandfortheElectricPowerResearchInstitute,July1976.27.S.M.Barrager,B.R.Jedd,andD.W.North,"TheEconomicandSocialCostsofCoalandNuclearElectricGeneration,"StanfordResearchInstitute,March1976.,28.D,W.NorthandM.W.Merkhofer,"AMethodologyforAnalyzingEmissionControlStrategies,"Comput.Oper.Res.3:187-207,1976.29.C.F.Baes,Jr.,etal.,"TheGlobalCarbonDioxideProblem,"ORNL-5194,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,OakRidge,TN,August1976.30.R.O.Pohl,"HealthEffectsofRadon-222fromUraniumMining,"Search7(5):345-3501976.t'31.N.W.Denson,etal.,"UraniuminCoalintheWesternUnitedStates,"U.S.GeologicalSurveyBulletin1055,1959.32.R.F.AbernethyandF.H.Gibson,"RareElementsinCoal,"InformationCircular8163,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofMines,1963.33.M.EisenbudandH.G.Petrow,"RadioactivityintheAtmosphericEffluentsofPowerPlantsthatUseFossilFuels,"Science148:288-289,1964.34.L.B.LaveandL.C.Freeburg,"HealthEffectsofElectricityGenerationfromCoal,OilandNuclearFuel,"Nucl..Saf.14(5):409-428,1973.35.U.S.AtomicEnergyComnission,"ComparativeRisk-CostBenefitStudyofAlternativeSourcesofElectricEnergy,"HASH-1224,December1974.36.K.A.HubandR.A.Schlenker,"HealthEffectsofAlternativeMeansofElectricalGeneration,"InPopulationDoseEvaluationandStandardsforManandHisEnvironment,InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,Vienna,19?4.37.U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,BureauofMines,"MineralFactsandProblems,"1970,p.230.38.U.S.AtomicEnergyCoranission,"UraniumIndustrySeminar,"GrandJunction,CO,Office,GJ0-108(74),October1974.39.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission,"DraftGenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementonDecommissioningofNuclearFacilities,"NUREG-0586,January1981P**valaeorpureasefromtheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA22161.*+AvailablefreeuponwrittenrequesttotheDivisionofTechnicalInformationandDocumentControl,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryComnission,Washington,DC20555.
9.BENEFIT-COSTANALYSIS'9.1RESUME.Thefollowingsectionssuranarizetheeconomic;environmental,andsocialbenefitsandcost'sassociatedwiththeoperationofSusquehannaUnits1and2.Table9.1suamarizesallbenefitsandcostsofplantoperation.Reducedgeneratingcostsarepresentedfortheexpectedenergydemandsituation.Theenvironmentalcostsarecalcu'latedforanassumedworst-casesituation.9.2BENEFITSThedirectbenefits,oftheplanttothePJHinterchangeincludetheapproximately11.0to12.9billionkWhofelectricalpowertheplantwillbeabletoproduceonanannualbasis(assumingaplantcapacityfactorofbetween60%and705),theincreaseinsystemreliabilitybroughtaboutbytheadditionof1890HWofgeneratingcapacityto'thePJMinterchangeand210HWtotheCooperative,andthesavingof$112millioninproductioncostsperunitperyear($1980).'f"river-following"weretobeundertakenbytheapplicant(seeAppendixA,Sec.A.5.1),thestaffhasdeterminedthatoccasionallow-flowconditionsresultinginforcedoutageswould'auselessthana2Cdecreaseinthedirectenergybenefit.9.3SOCIETALCOSTSNosignificantsocioeconomiccostsareexpectedfromeitherstationo'perationorstationpersonnelandtheirfamilies'livinginthearea.9.4ECONOMICCOSTSThecapitalcostforcompletionofSusquehannaUnits1and2ispresentlyestimatedtobe$1833million.Fuelandoperationandmaintenancecostsforthefirstful'1yearofoperationofUnit1areestimatedtobe$51and$22milliondollars,respectively;Decomnissioningcostsforthecompleterestorationofthesiteareestimatedat$78.5million($1980).9.5ENVIRONHENTALCOSTSTheenvironmentalcostsofmostland-use,water-use,andbiologicaleffectspreviouslyevaluatedhavenotincreasedorotherwiseadverselychanged.Thestaffreviewofthewater-intakestruc-turerevealedthattheremaybeanincreaseinfishkillsduetoimpingementandentrainment.Chemicalusagewillresultinamaximumdischargeof.1.4x10skgofchemicalsperyearintotheSusquehannaRiver.Thisdischargeshouldnotresultinanyadverseeffectstotheenvironment.Theheatdischargesystemwillresultinanaveragewaterconsumptionof1.4ms/sfromevapora-tionandotheruses.Amaximumof3.4x10>>J/hrwillberejectedfromthereactorsintotheSusquehannaRiverasheat.Noadverseimpactsareexpectedasaresultofthisdischarge.Thedesignoftheradioactivewastesystemshasbeenfinalized.Undernormaloperation,eachreactorwillbeinconformancewithAppendixIto'l0CFR50anddischargeatotalof17curiesoftritiumand0.46curiesofallotherradionuclidestotheSusquehannaRiverannually.Eachreactorwillalsodischargeapproximately19,000curiesofnoblegases,0.52curfesofradio-iodines,0.004curiesofradioactiveparticulates,9.5curiesofcarbon-l4,and69curiesoftritiumintotheatmospheresurroundingtheSusquehannaSteamElectricStationfacilityannually.Theseeffluentswillresultinatotalbodydosecomnitmentof40person-remperyeartothegeneralpublicoftheU.S,populationintheunrestrictedarea.Thisdoseconeitmentwillhavenodiscernibleeffectonthepopulation.TheoperationoftheSusquehannafacility,evenforabriefperiodoftime,willproducearadioactivestructurerequiringdecommissioningandlong-termprotectivestorage.However,the9-1 9-2Table9.1.Benefit-CostSummaryPrimaryImpactandPopulationorResourceAffectedEnergyCapacityReducedgeneratingcostsOperating:FuelOperation&maintenanceDecommissioningUnitHeasureDirectBenefitskWh/yrx10skwx10s$(1980)/yrEconomicCosts$(1980)/yrperunit$(1980)/yrperunit$(1980)EnvironmentalCostsHagnitudeofImpact11,0002,100About$224,000,0005ls000s00022,000,00078,500,0001.Impa1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.8.2Fisheries1.9Naturalwaterdrainage1.9.1Floodcontrol1.9.2ErosioncontrolctonwaterConsumption(average)Heatdischargetonaturalwaterbody1.2.1Coolingcapacityofwaterbody1.2.2Aquaticbiota1.2.3Higratoryfish-Chemicaldischargetonaturalwaterbody1:3.1People1.3'.2Aquaticbiota1.3.3Waterquality1.3.4ChemicaldischargeRadionuclidecontaminationofnaturalsurfacewaterbody1.4.1Allexcepttritium1.4'TritiumChemicalcontaminationofgroundwater1.5.1People1.5.2PlantsRadionuclidecontaminationofgroundwater1.6.1People1.6.2PlantsandanimalsRaising/loweringofgroundwaterlevels1.7.1People1.7.2PlantsEffectsonnaturalwaterbodyofintakestructureandcondensercoolingsystems1.8.1Primaryproducersandconsumersm>/sJ/hrkg/yr1.43.4~10~~(maximum)Hinor,acceptableMinor,acceptableNotdiscernible001,400,000NotdiscernibleNotdiscernibleChemicaldischargesdiscerniblebutmostlikelyofacceptableconcentrationHinimalunlessin-creasedproductivitycausedbyintakeNodamageInsignificantCi/yrperreactor0.46Ci/yrperreactor17.0NotdiscernibleNotdiscernible 9-3Table9.1.(Cont'd)PrimaryImpactandPopulationorResourceAffectedUnitHeasureHagnitudeofImpactEnvironmentalCosts(cont'd)2.Impactonair2.1ChemicalDischargetoambientair2.1.1Airquality,chemical2.1.1.1,CO2.1.1.2SOz2.1.1.3NOx2.1.1.4Particulates2.1.1.5HC2.1.2Airquality,odor2.2Radionuclidesdischargedtoambientair2.2.1Noblegases2.2.2Radioiodines2.2.3Particulates2.2.4Carbon-142.2.5Tritium2.3Foggingandicing2.3.1Groundtransportation2.3.2Airtransportation2.3.3Watertransportation2.3.4Plants2.3.4.1Coolingtoweremissions2.3.4.2Spraypondemissions2.4Saltdischargefromcoolingsystem2.4.1People2.4.2Plantsandsoil2.4.3Property3.Impactsonterrestrialsystems3.1Stationarea3.1.1Proposedpost-constructionrecla-mationofstationarea(e.g.,landscaping,erosioncontrol)3.2Birdimpingementsonstationfacilities(e.g.,coolingtowers)4.Transmissionlinecorridors4.1Right-of-waymaintenanceandinspection4.2Productionofozone,othergaseous.pollutants4.3Audiblenoise4.4RadioandTVingerferencekg/yrkg/yrkg/yrkg/yrkg/yrCi/yrperreactorCi/yrperreactorCi/yrperreactorCi/yrperreactorCi/yrperreactorkg/haperyrkg/hapermoIndividualimpingementsIndividualcomplaints4.5Electricalfieldeffects5.TotalbodydosecoomitmentstoU.S.popula-person-rem/yrtiongeneralpublic,.unrestrictedareaSocietalCosts2,900Negligible8,700Negligible130Negligible19,0000.520.0049.569.0NoneNegligibleNoneNegligib'leNotdiscerniblePotentiallocalice-loadingoffsiteNegligible28.0(maximum),staffestimate0.88(maximum),appli-cant'sestimateNotdiscernibleAcceptableUnknown(tobemonitored)AcceptableInconsequentialHinimalReceptionproblemsresolvedbyapplicantasnecessaryAcceptable65l.Operationalfueldisposition1.1Fueltransport(new)1,2Fuelstorage1.3Wasteproducts(spentfuel)2.Plantlaborforce3.Historicalandarcheologicalsites4.Stationoperationalnoise5.Esthetics5.1Visualimpactstostationstructures,5.2Visualimpactstocoolingtowerplumes5.3VisualimpactsoftransmissioncorridorsTrucks/yrRailshipments/yrpeopleSoundlevel,dBA10200AcceptableAcceptablewithpropermitigation;tobemonitored.AcceptableAcceptableAcceptable 9-4nuclearwasteassociatedwithdecemnissioningoftheSusquehannafacilitywillbeasmallquan-'titycomparedtothatalreadygeneratedbycoamercialandmilitarynuclearapplications.9.6ENVIRONMENTALCOSTSOFTHEURANIUMFUELCYCLEThecontributionofenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwiththeuraniumfuelcycleisindicatedinTable4.16anddescribedinSection4.5.6.Thestaffhasevaluatedtheenvironmentalimpactsofthefuel-cyclereleasespresentedinTable4.16andhasfoundtheseimpactstobesufficientlysmallsothat,whentheyaresuperimposedupontheotherenvironmentalimpactsassessedwithrespecttotheconstructionandoperationoftheplant,theydonotaffectthe-benefit-costbalance.9.7ENVIRONMENTALCOSTSOFURANIUMFUELTRANSPORTATIONThecontr'ibutionofenvironmentaleffectsassociatedwiththetransportationoffuelandwastetoandfromthefacilityaresummarizedinSection4.5.2andTable4.13.Theseeffectsaresufficientlysmallsoasnottoaffectthebenefit-costbalance.9.8SUMMARYOFBENEFIT-COSTAsaresultoftheanalysisandreviewofpotentialenvironmenta'i,technical,economic,andsocialimpacts,thestaffhasbeenabletoforecastmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofthestation'soperation.Nonewinformationhasbeenacquiredthatwouldaltertheoverallbalancingofthebenefitsofthisstationversustheenvironmentalcosts.-Consequently,thestaffhasdeterminedthatitwouldbepossibletooperatethestationwithonlyminimalenvironmentalimpacts.Thestaffbelievesthattheprimarybenefits'ofproviding2100MWofelectricalenergy,minimizingsystemproductioncosts,andincreasingsystemreliabilitythroughtheadditionof2100MWbaseloadcapacitywillgreatlyoutweightheenvironmental,social,technical,andeconomiccosts.Benefit-costsaresunmarizedinTable9,1,whichisexplainedinAppendixE.Reference1."Technology,Safety,andCostofOecoranissioningaReferenceBoilingWaterReactorPowerStation,"Vol.IenpreparedfortheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCoamissionbyPacificNorth-westLaboratory,Richmond,WA,NUREG/CR-0672,June1980.AvailableforpurchasefromtheNRC/GPOSalesProgram,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCornnission,Washington,OC20555,and/ortheNationalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA22161.
10.DISCUSSIONOFCONMENTSRECEIVEDONTHEDRAFTENVIRONMENTALSTATEMENT0PursuanttoParagraphA.6ofAppendixDto10CFRPart50,theDraftEnvironmentalStatementfortheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,Units1and2,wastransmitted,with'arequestforcom-ments,toAdvisoryCouncilonHistoricPreservationDepartmentofAgricultureDepartmentoftheArmy,CorpsofEngineersDepartmentofCommerceDepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfareDepartmentof,HousingandUrbanDevelopmentDepartmentoftheInteriorIIDepartmentofTransportationDepartmentofEnergyEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyFederalEnergyRegulatoryAdministtationPennsylvaniaStateClearinghousePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResourcesLuzerneCountyPlanningComnfssionEconomicDevelopmentCouncilofNortheasternPennsylvaniaBoardofSupervisors,BerwickTheDraftSupplementtotheDraftEnvironmental'StatementRelatedtoOperationofSusquehannaSteamE'lectricStation,Units1and2,wastransmitted,witharequestforcomnents,tothesamefederal,state,andlocalagencies.TheDraftSupplementwasalsotransmittedto:SusquehannaRiverBasinCommissionInaddition,theNRCrequestedcommentsontheDraftEnvironmentalStatementfrominterestedpersonsbyanoticepublished;intheFederalReisteron24June1979.Inresponsetotherequestsreferredtoabove,comnentswerereceverom'epartmentofAgriculture,ForestService(DA-FS)DepartmentofAgriculture,SoilConservationService(DA-SCS}DepartmentofCommerce(DOC)DepartmentofHealth,Education,andWelfare(HEW)DepartmentofHousingandUrbanDevelopment{HUD)DepartmentoftheInterior(DOI)DepartmentofTransportation(DOT)T.R.DuckEconomicDevelopmentCouncil(EDC)EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)FederalEnergyRegulatoryComnission(FERC)T.J.HalliganH.L.HersheyN.J.HuntingtonH.C.JeppsenS.LaughlandW.A.LochstetLuzerneCountyPlanningComoission(LUZ)M.H.HolesevichL.HosesD.OberstPennsylvaniaPower&LightCompany(PP&L)PennsylvaniaStateClearinghouse,DepartmentofEnvironmentalResources(PDER)W.L.Prelesnik4iSEDA-Council,ofGovernments(SEDA)F.L.ShellyS.Shortz10-1 10-2SierraClub,PennsylvaniaChapter(Sierra)SusquehannaAlliance(SA)SusquehannaRiverBasinCommission(SRBC)F.ThompsonL.E.WatsonThecommentsarereproducedinthisStatementasAppendixB.Thestaff'sconsiderationofthecomentsreceivedanditsdispositionoftheissuesinvolvedarereflectedinpartbyrevisedtextinthepertinentsectionsofthisFinalEnvironmentalStatementandinpartbythefollowingdiscussion.Thecommentsarereferencedbyuseoftheabbreviationsindicatedabove;also,thepagesinAppendixBonwhichcopiesofthecommentsappearareindicated.10.1SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS,FOREWORD,INTRODUCTIONa10.1.1SumnarandConclusions(SRBC8/30/79:8-68;HUD:B-6)Thestaffagreesthattheestimateofthe7-day,10-yearlowflowbaseduponthelongerrecordshouldbeused.Theyconcurinthevalueof22.7ms/s.However,thecontrollingdischargeshouldbeconsideredfixedat22.7m/stoprecludeannualchangesduetonewdataaffectingthe7-day,10-yearflow.'10.1.2Foeewoed(SA8/17/79:8-62;T.J.Balllgao:8-26)TheAtomicSafetyandLicensingBoardforSusquehannahasconsideredthequestionof"piece-mealing"theNEPAreviewandhasfoundnomerittothisargument.Itisthestaff'sconclusionthattheFinalEnvironmentalStatementrepresentsacomprehensiveenvironmentalassessment.TheNRChaspublisheddraftproposedproceduresforimplementingNEPAregulations.Publicandagencycoranentshavebeenreceivedonthedraftproposedprocedures,andproposedfinalregu-lationsarenowbeforetheCotmoissionersforapproval.Thefinalregulationsprovidethatactionsundertakenpriortopublicationofthefinalrulewillnotrequireadherencetothenewprocedures.10.1.3Introduction(PP&L9/4/79:B-42;PDER8/20/79:B-50)NationalPollutionDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)PermitNo.PA-0047325,effective31July1979,wasissuedtocovertheblowdownandotherlesserdischarges.Thispermitprohibitedthedischargeoffloatingdebris,visiblefoam,andpolychlorinatedbiphenylcompounds(PCBs);italsosetlimitsforthedischargeoffreeavailablechlorine,totaliron,totalsuspendedsolids,oilandgrease,butdidnotspecifylimitsforsulfateinthedischarge.Thestaffnotesthatthispermitexpiredon30September1980andwasadministrativelyextendedbyPDER,UponreceiptofanewpermitapplicationfromPP&LundertheEPA'sConsolidatedPermitRe9u-lationProgram(45FR33425,19Hay1980),thepermitwillberenewed.ThisisexpectedtooccurbyMarch1982.10.2THESITE10.2.1ResumeNocomments.10.2.2SocioculturalProfile(EDC9/26/79:B-14)10.2.2.1IntroductionNocoraaents.10.2.2.2DemographyNocomments.10.2.2,3SettlementPattern(H.H.Holesevich:B-39)Figure2.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthesecoments.10-310.2.2.4SocialOrganization(M.M.Molesevich:8-39,EDC8/27/79:8-13)tThestateandlocalevacuationplanswillbereviewedbyNRC.andthe'Federal'EmergencyManage-mentAgency(FEMA)beforeth'eoperatinglicensecanbeissued.FEHArequiresthattheplansincludeal'IhospitalsandinstitutionswithintheSusquehannaplantplumeexposure.10.2.2'.5PoliticalOrganization1Nocomments.10.2.2.6LandUse(M.H.Holesevich:8-39)Thetexthasbeenrevisedtoreflectthecormentsonland-usecategories.1D.2.2.7ChangesintheLocalEconomyNoconments.10.2.3WaterUse(EPA8/17/79:8-17;EDC9/26/79:8-14)ThethirdparagraphofComment8-17isnotclear:ifitisintendedtoindicatethepossibi'Iityofinteractiveeffects,anysucheffectsshouldbereflectedinappropriatestandards.Regard-ingstoichiometry,itispointedoutinSection10.3.2.4thatthe"maximum"conditionsassumedinestimatingchemica'Idischargesareinconsistentandcouldnotoccurinpractice.Thisinconsistencyislargelyresponsiblefor'heapparentlyhighsulfatedischargesestimatedintheDES.Theapplicantgavethefollowingresponsetothiscornnent(applicant'sresponses13November1979):TheNPDESpermitfortheSusquehannaSEShasspecifiednoaveragelimitationonironbutadailymaximumof7mg/L.Theiron.contentintheSusquehannaRivernormallydoesnotmeetPennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResources,Chapter93,WaterI)ualityCriteria,OnDESpages4-4through4-7andTable4-3,thediscussionofthedischargefromthestationdoesnotindicatethesettlingrateofsuspendedsolidsinthecoolingtowerbasins.Theratioofsuspendedsolidsofthewaterinthecoolingtowerbasinstothewaterinthedischargeisabout3to1whichapproximatelyoffsetstheconcentrationfactorslistedinTable4-3.IftheconcentrationofironintheriverexceedsDERcriteria,thestationwil'Idischargeapproximatelythesameconcentration.ThisisnotedintheNPDESpermitwhichstatesthattheeffluentqualityneednotexceedthequalityoftherawwatersupply.SincetheDESwaspublished,theapplicanthasindicatedthattheparking-lotpondhasbeendeleted.Figure2.3has,beenamendedaccordingly.Theonlywaterdischargedtotheriverthroughthedrainageditchwillberainfall-genera'tedwaterandtreatedwastewaterfromsumpsanddrainsinnon-radioactiveplantareas(e'.g.condenser,pumphouse,dieselgeneratorandelectricalequipmentareas),estimatedas9.1L/s.Oilwillbeseparatedandrecoveredwherenecessary.Thewastewaterfromrawwatertreatment(essentiallyclarifiedwater)willberecycledtothecondensercoolingsystemtogetherwithneutralizedandfiltereddemineralizerwaste.Thetotalwatersorecycledisestimatedas3.15L/s.TheaveragedemineralizerwasteflowwasestimatedintheER-CPas0.21L/s.Theapplicanthasprovidedthefollowingadditionalinformationonotherinternalstationflowrates(applicant'sresponsesdatedNovember13,1979):FlowPathRawWaterTreatmentPlanttoRadioactiveAreaWasteUsesRawWaterTreatmentPlanttoDemineralizer,DemineralizertoRadioactiveAreaWaterUsesDemineralizertoGeneralPlantUsesRawWaterTreatmentPlanttoGeneralPlantUsesguua~tttr0-12.6I./s7.6L/s(batch)1-'I2.6L/s0-F1L/s,0-9.1L/s 10-4"Becausetheseflowratesarevariableorintermittent,aprecisewaterbalanceisnotpossible,buttheaverage.ratesaresosmallthattheeffectontheoverallplantwaterbalancewillbenegligible.Inestimatingthechemicaldischarges,thestaffdidnotfinditnecessarytoestablishaprecisewaterbalanceforeachoftheseunitprocesses'llwaterrecycledtothecondensercoolingsystemwillbefiltered.Thesolidsfromthewaterrecoveryfilterwillbetruckedoffsiteanddisposedofinalicensedlandfill.ThestaffhasanalyzedtheconstructionanduseofPondHillReservoirinAppendixA.ResponsibilityforregulatingdownstreamusesandusersofwaterisassignedtotheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,theSusquehannaRiverBasinCoamission,andthePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResources.ThelocationoftheplantrelativetothefloodplainoftheSusquehannaRiverisdiscussedinSection4.3.2.2.Themajorplantstructuresarewellabovethefloodplain;onlytheintakestructure,itsaccessroad,andsomerecreationalfacilitiesareinthefloodpl,ain.TheTioga-HamondDamisprimarilyafloodcontrolproject.Ananalysisoftheeffectsof.its(hypothetical)suddencatastrophicfailureshowedthatresulti,ngwaterlevelsontheSusquehannaRiverneartheplantsitewouldbelowerthanthelevelofthefloodforwhichtheplantisdesigned.10.2.3.1RegionalWaterUseNocoments.10.2.3.2HydrologyNocorments.10.2.3.3MaterSources(PPEL9/4/79:8-42)Figure2.3hasbeenmodifiedasaresultofthedesignchange.10.2'.4MaterOuality(EPA8/17/79:B-17;PPIIL9/4/79:B-42)Table2.8hasbeenupdatedto,showtherevisedStateMaterCriteriapublishedinJuly1979,andapplicabletotheNorthBranchSusquehannaRiverfromtheLackawannaRivertotheWestBranchconfluence,includingthewatersinthevicinityofthesite,whichare'lassifiedWWF(protec-tionofwarmwaterfishery).Thecriteriaincludethestate-widelistplusdissolvedoxygen,temperature,andmanganese,butsulfateandchloridearenotincluded.Althoughcriteriaforsulfateandchloridedonotcurrentlyapplytothisstretchoftheriver,criteriaforthemdoexistinthestate.Theselimitationscouldbeappliedinthefutureifdeemednecessarybythestate.Section2.3.4.1hasbeenrevisedtorespondtotheco+ventsmade.10.2.4~Meteorolo(PPSL9/4/79:6-42)Therecoveryrateofapproximately70Kforonsitemeteorologicaldatacollectedduringcalendaryear1973cited~"intheSusquehannaDESisforwindspeedandwinddirectionmeasurementsatthe9.6mlevelandontemperaturedifferentialmeasuredbetween91.7mand9.6m.Thestaffagreesthatthedatarecoverabilityofjointwindspeed,winddirection,andtemperaturedifferentialmaybeenhancedbyusingtemperaturedifferencesmeasuredbetween30.5mand9.6mwhenthe91.7mto9.6marenotavailable,However,becauseofthelargedifferenceinthedeothsofthetwolayersoverwhichthetemperaturedifferencesweremeasured(62.1mand20.9m)andparticularlytheshallowdepthofthelowerlayer(20.9m),thestaffquestionstheresultofdirectsubstitutionofthelowertemperaturedifferentialmeasurementwhenthe91,7mto9,6mdataaremissing.ThestaffacknowledgesthattheunusuallyhighoccurrenceofunstableatmosphericconditionsrecordedattheSusquehannasitemayrepresentthemeteorologicalconditionsthatoccurredin1974and1975.However,inthestaff'sopinion,thisperioddoesnotadequatelyrepresentaverageconditionsexpectedtooccurduringthelifetimeoftheplant.Sincethesedatawouldrepresentasubstantialpartofthemeteorologicaldatabaseiftheywereusedintheevalu-ation,theycoulddeceptivelyweighttheresultantdispersionestimates.Therefore,thestaffdidnotincludethemeteorologicaldatacollectedduringthe1974and1975calendaryearsinitsatmosphericdispersionevaluation.
10-5Thestaffagreesthatthewindfromthewest-southwestandwestdirectionsasrecordedatthe9,6-mleveloccurredwithfrequenciesof13.5%aridabout12.0%,respectively,duringcalendaryear1976.Therecordedfrequencyofcalmwas1.5%.Thesecorrectionshavebeenmadeintheappropriatesectionofthetext.10.2.5~StteEcole10.2.5.1TerrestrialEcology{PPSL9/4/79:8-42)Section2.5.1.3hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthecogentmade.10.2.5.2AquaticEcologyNocontents.10.2.6CulturalResources(Sierra:8-61;SA8/17/79:8-62;PDER8/20/79:B-50;DOI9/10/79:SeeSection10.4.7.10.3THEPLANT10.3.1ResumeNocomments.10.3.2DesinandOtherSinificantChanes10.3.2.1WaterUse(SRBC8/30/79:8-68;EDC8/27/79:8-13and9/26/79:B-14)Section3,2.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflecttheapplicablecomments.Table3.1hasalsobeenrevised.Theapplicanthascalculatedthat,unde'rtheworstmeteorologicalcondition,whichruns1%ofthetime(adrybulbtemperatureof-29.4'Gor85'Fandawetbulbof23.9'Cor75'F)andamaximumplantload,themaximumevaporationratewillbe1.81ms/s.AppendixAaddressesthecompensationreservoirproposedbytheapplicanttomeettheSusquehannaRiverBasinComnission'sregulationswithrespecttoconsumptivewateruseduringperiodsoflowriverflow.TheplantriverintakestructureisdesignedtobeoperationalduringtheStandardProjectFlood(SPF),whichisthemostseverefloodreasonablycharacteristicoftheregion.ThecalculatedriverleveloftheSPFattheintakelocationismorethan2.4mabovethemaximumrecordedlevel,whichresultedfromTropicalStormAgnes.IntheSPFanalysis,nocreditwastakenforanyprotectiontheproposedTioga-HaneondDamwouldprovide.Inaddition,itmustbeemphasizedthattheplantcanbesafelyshutdownwithoutusingtheSusquehannaRiverintake.Forfurtherdiscussionofthesafety-relatedaspectsofplantwatersupply,seetheSafetyEvaluationReport(SER).TheeffectsoffloodsonSSESarediscussedindetailintheSER,Section2.4.Theplantiswellabovethelevelofanycredib'lefloodontheSusquehannaRiver.Theabilityoftheplanttosafely'hutdownusingtheonsitespraypondintheeventthattheriverintakestructureisfloodedisalsoaddressedin'theSER,Section2.4.10.3HeatDissipationSystem(EPA8/17/79:8-17;SRBC8/30/79:8-68)ThestaffisfamiliarwithEPADocument660/2-73-016.Constructionoftheintakewas'essentiallycompleteatthetimeofthesitevisit(September1978).DeterminationofcompliancewithSection316(b)oftheCleanWaterActistheresponsibilityofEPA,nottheNRC.Approvaloftheapplicant'simpingement/entrainmentstudy,eitherunderSectibn402or316(b)oftheCleanWaterAct,isinterpretedbyNRCtomeanthatthedesignofagivenintakeisEPAapproved.PDER(Pennsylvaniabeinganagreementstate)approvedtheapplicant'simpingement/entrainmentstudyon29April1980.~Shouldtheapplicant'sentrainmentstudyindicatethatmitigativemeasuresarenecessary,appropriatemodificationswillbemade.Section5.3.4hasalsobeenupdatedtoreflectthisinformation.Constructionoftheintakeisessentiallycomplete.DeterminationofcompliancewithSec-tion316{b)oftheCleanWaterActistheresponsibilityofEPA.PennsylvaniaisanEPA 10-6agreementstatewiththePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResourcesresponsiblefordeterminingcompliancewithSection316(b).PDERhasacceptedtheapplicant'sproposedimpingement/entrainmentstudy.~~zAdeterminationoftheenvironmentalacceptabilityoftheintakewillbemadebyPDERafterthe316(b)studyiscomplete.Section5,3.4hasalsobeenupdatedtoreflectthisinformation.10.3.2.3RadioactiveWasteSystemsNocomments.10.3.2.4Chemical,Sanitary,andOtherWasteTreatment(EPA8/17/79:B-17;DOI9/10/79:8-?)SulfateTheNPDESpermitdoesnotlimitthesulfateconcentrationinthedischarge.TheonlycurrentlyapplicablestandardsforriverwaterqualityarethoseshowninTable2.8.Thestatecriteriaforprotectionofaquaticlifeinthestretchoftheriveradjacenttotheplantsitedonotcurrentlyincludealimitonsulfateconcentration,althoughalimitof250mg/Lfordrinkingwaterisincludedinthelistofspecificcriteria,whichcouldbeappliedifdeemeddesirabletoanystreaminthestate.Therecoat.'ndeddrinkingwaterstandardisbasedontastepercep-tion;adverse(laxative)effectsar'enotnoticeableatsulfateconcentrationsbelow400mg/L,Underthemostadverseconditions,thestaffestimatesthatthesulfateconcentrationintheriverwillnotexceed250mg/L(Table4.3)aftercompletemixingoftheblowdownwiththeminimumriverflow.AsstatedinSection4.3.3.2,impuritiesnotaddedintheplantwillbeconcentratedby-afactorof1.06to1.08byevaporationinthecoolingtowers.Withamaximumobservedsulfateconcentrationof222.5mg/L,themaximumfinalconcentrationwouldbeabout241mg/Lifnosulfuricacidwereadded;thus,themaximumsulfateadditionwouldproduceanincreaseofonly6mg/Lundertheseunlikelyconditions.AsshowninSection3.2.4.2,itmaybepossibletoreducethissmallcontributionevenfurtherbyoperatingwithamorepositivesaturationindex,whichwouldalsoimprovecorrosionprotection.OtherSulfuricacidadditionisthemosteffectiveandeconomicalmethodofscalecontrol;itisusedinvirtuallyalllargegeneratingstations,nuclearandfossil-fueled,wherewaterqualitydemandsscalecontrol.Itsactiondependsonwell-knownphysicochemicalprinciplesandthedosagecanbecalculatedquiteaccuratelyforgivenwaterqualityandplantconditions.Sulfateionispresentinmostnaturalwaters;itsenvironmentaleffectshavebeenwellstudied,andarereflectedinwaterqualitycriteria.Thestaff'sevaluationshowsthatsulfuricacidcanbeusedatSSESwithoutviolatingthesecriteria,althoughcarefulanalyticalcontrolwillbenecessarybecauseofthehighandvariableambientsulfatelevel.TheAmertapsystemofmechan-icalcleaningmayretardthebuildupofcalciumcarbonatescale,shouldscalingconditionsprevailforprolongedperiods.Controlledsulfuricacidadditionshouldavoidtheseconditions.Theoretically,hydrochloricacidcouldbeusedtoreducealkalinityandcontrolscale,butitisneverusedfotthispurpose;corrosionisamajorobjection.EPAhasalreadyexpressedconcernregardingthechloride"concentrationinthedischarge(seeEPA8/17/79,p.8-ll);thiswouldbegreatlyincreasedby:theuseofhydrochloricacid.Organicscalecontrolagents(tannins,lignins,polyacrylates,polyphosphonates)areknowntobeeffective.Theyinhibitcrystalgrowthratherthanincreasesolubility.Theseagentsarenotincommonuseinlargecoolingsystems,andtheirenvironmentaleffectsarenotwellknown.Thephosphonatesappeartobethemosteffective,butthereleaseofphosphoruscompoundsonalargescaleappearshighlyundesirable.Inanyevent,thepurposeoftheEnvironmentalImpactStatementattheOperatingLicenseStageistoassesstheimpactsofthestationasdesigned;alternativesarenotnormallyconsideredatthisstage,unlesstheimpactoftheproposedsystemorprocedureisassessedasbeingunaccept-able.Thatisnotthesituationinthiscircumstance.Amoredetailedanalysisisthereforenotwarranted.10.3.2.5TransmissionSystems(Sierra:8-61)ThestaffinterpretsthecogentasbeingrelatedtothePennsylvania,.ScenicRiversActof1972,whichauthorizesestablishmentofascenicriverssystem.Accordingly,thePennsylvaniaDepart-mentofEnvironmentalResourcesconductsriverstudiesandreportstothegovernorandgeneralassemblyregardingdesignationandmanagementofcandidatewaterways.TheapplicantindicatesthatthetransmissionlinecrossingattheLehighRiverGorgewasspecif-icallyselectedtominimizethevisibilityoftheline.ThePDER.reviewedandconcurredwithplansforthecrossing(ER-CP,Amendment5).ThestaffalsonotesthatthePDERgrantedtheapplicantapermitforcrossingthegorge(ER-OL,Sec.12.1.2).
10-7ThestaffhasalsocontactedtheDepartmentoftheInteriorHeritageConservationandRecrea-tionService(HCRS)concerningthestatusoftheLehighRiverGorgeareaforconsiderationintheNationalWf'IdandScenicRiversSystem.ANationwideRiverInventoryhasrecentlybeendevelopedbyHCRSandtheLehighRiverGorgeareaislistedashavingpotentialforinclusionfntheNationwideRiverSystem.However,itisthestaff'sunderstaridirigthat,becausetheexcavation,construction,anderectionofthetowersatthegorgecrossingbeganinthefallof1978,priortopublicationoftheNationwideRiverInventorylist,theSusquehanna500-kvline,wouldnotimpactthefuturestatusofthisriversegmentforinclusionintotheNationalMildandScenicRiverSystem.10.4ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSOFSTATIONOPERATION10.4.1ResumeNocomnents.10.4.2ImactsonLandUse(H.H.Holesevich:B-39)0ThestateaydlocalevacuationplanswillbereviewedbyNRCandtheFederalEmergencyManage-mentAgency(FEHA)beforetheoperatinglicensecanbeissued.FEHArequiresthattheplansincludeallhospitalsandinstitutionswithintheSusquehannaplantplumeexposure.10.4.3ImactsonWaterUse(T.R.Duck:8-11)ThePondHillReservoirisbeingplannedtosupplementriverflowduringperiodsoflowriverflow.TheSusquehannaRiverBasinCommissionhasdirectedthatthereservoirbeconstructedby1July1984.ThePondHillReservoirfsnotrequiredforthesafeoperationofthenuclearplant.Therefore,theEnvironmentalStatementreviewdealtonlywiththeeffectoftheconstruc-tionandoperationofthePondHillReservoirontheenvironment.10.4.3.1ThermalImpactsinWaterUse(PP&L9/4/79:B-42;L.E.Matson:B-75)Section4.3.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflecttheconditionsspecifiedintheNPDESpermit.Table4.1hasalsobeenrevised.Thestaffassumesthat"additionaldestructionofhabitat"referstowildlifehabitat.ThiswasdiscussedinSection4.3.1ofAppendixA.10.4.3.2HydrologicalAlterationsandPlantMaterSupplyNocomments.10.4.3.3IndustrialChemicalWastes(EPA8/17/79:B-17;PP&L9/4/79:B-42;PDER8/20/79:B-50)Theincreaseinchlorideionisdueprimarilytoevaporativeconcentrationoftheambientchloridecontent,butthechlorineaddedasabiocidealsocontributessignificantly.Theapplicanthasdemonstratedtothestaff'ssatisfactionthattheproposedchlorineusagedoesnotexceedthequantityrequiredtomaintainanadequatebiocidalconcentration(ResponsetoStaffguestfonCHE-1inER-OL,Rev.'I,1/79).Evenso,theestimatedchlorideconcentrationsattheedgeofthemixingzone(Table4.3)donotexceedtheproposedcriteria.Theapplicantstates'thatinhibitorscontainingchromiumwillbeusedinclosedcoolingloops.Thetext(Section4.3.3.3)hasbeenamendedaccordingly.Thefrequencyofdischarge,ifany,fromtheseloopshasnotbeens'pecifiedby'heapplicant.However,reviewoftheapplicant'sNPDESpermitapplicationindicatesthatnoneofthewastestreamsfromtheplantwillcontainchromium.ThisisconsistentwiththerecentlyproposedEPAEffluentLimitationsGuidelinesfortheSteamElectricPowerGeneratingPointSourceCategory,whichwouldprohibitdischargeofpowerp'lantwastestreamscontainingchromium.1'hecooeentonsulfateconcentrationwasaddressedinSection10.3.2.4.10.4.3.4EPAEffluentGuidelinesandLimitations(EPA8/17/79:8-17;DOI9/10/79:B-7,EDC9/26/79:8-14)Section4.3.4hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthecommentsmade.FAnentrainmentstudywillbeconductedaspartoftheapplicant'sNPDESrequirements.>TheFEStexthasbeenmodifiedtoreflectthisnewinformation.10-810.4.3'EffectsonWaterUsersthroughChangesinWaterI)ualityNocomments.10.4.3.6SanitaryWastes(EPA8/17/79:B-17)Thetreatedsanitaryeffluentisdischargedtotheriverataseparateoutfall(seeFESFig.2.3).Thetreatmentplantusestheactivatedsludge,extendedaereationprocess.'Therearethreeindependentaereationtanksandclarifiers,eachdesignedfor15,000gal/day.Duringconstruc-tion,allthreeunitswereused,buttheapplicantexpectstouseonlytwounitsduringoper-ation,withthethirdasastandbyforpeakemploymentperiodssuchasmaintenanceorrefueling.Themodulardesignshouldpermittheeffectivehandlingofreducedloadswithoutseriousunder-loading.-10.4.4EnvironmentalImacts10.4.4.1;TerrestrialEnvironment(DA-FS:B-4;DA-SCS:B-4;DOI9/10/79:B-7;EOC9/26/79:8-14;W.L.Prelesnik:B-55)Coranitmentsbytheapplicantincludeastipulationthat"anychemicalsusedtocontrolvegeta-tionwillbeapprovedbystateandfederalauthoritiesandappliedasdirectedbysaidauthor-ities"(ER-CP,Amendment4,p.5.5-4andAmendment5,p.5.5-4).Thiscoranitmentwasacon-siderationinthestaff'sassessment,as,indicatedonpageC-6,AppendixCofthisStatement.Recentinformationindicatesthe"applicantspresently.anticipateusingprimarilyDicambraandFosamine.">Ammoniumsulfamatemayalsobeusedinwatershedareastoalimitedextent.Thestaffdifferentiatesbetweenconstructionandoperationimpacts;thelatterbeingtheprincipalfocusofthisStatement.Thestaffdoesnotforeseeinstancesinwhichroutineopera-tionofthestationandtransmissionfacilitieswillresultinappreciableimpactsonadditionalimportantfarmlands.TheenvironmentalimpactsofconstructionanduseofthePondHillReservoirarediscussedin.AppendixA;impactsrelatedtotheoperationofthecoolingtowersareaddressedinSection4.4.3.Impactsonterrestrialwildlifehabitatandaquaticorganismsresultingfromtheproposeddevel-opmentandoperationofthePondHillReservoirarediscussed-inSectionA.4.3.1.ThestaffisnotawareofanyinstanceinwhichtheplannedoperationofSSESwillresultinatemporarylossofhabitatthat"wouldkillallfishandwildlifecurrentlylivingnearthesite."Thestaffdoesnotforeseehowoperationalimpactsonaquaticcomaunitieswouldresultinkillingalllocalwildlife.0Thestaffoffers,thefollowingobservations.AsindicatedinSection4.4.1.1,theanticipatedoperationalnoiselevelsreferredtoareestimatesbasedoncalculationsandvariousassump-tions.Thus,theextenttowhichoperationalnoisemaywarrantmitigationisnotclearatthistime.Thestaffalsowishestopointoutthattheapplicantwillberequiredtomonitorlocalnoiselevelsfollowinginitialoperationofthestation(seeSection5.3.5).Comparisonsbetweenpreconstructionsurveysandoperationalmonitoringdatawillenabletheestimationofincreasednoiselevelsattributabletostationoperation.Ifneedformitigationisindicated,theoperationalmonitoringdatawillprovideabasisforselectingbetweenalternativemethods,structures,and/orequipmenttobeusedinreducingnoiseemissionsfromthestati'on.10.4.4.2AquaticEnvironment(EPA8/17/79:B-17;PP&L9/4/79:B-42;PDER8/20/79:B-50;SRBC8/30/79:B-68;EDC9/26/79:B-14)ThestaffagreesthatthepracticabilityofreintroducingshadtotheSusquehannaRiverisquestionable;however,thestaffisalsoawarethatvariousstateandregionalagenciesareconsideringsuchapossibility.Therefore,)hediscussioniswarranted.Withrespecttothe'adultshad,theadultsgenerallyremaininthemainchanneloftheriverduringtheirupstreammigration.Operationoftheexistingintakewouldhaveapotentialimpactonthoseadultsusingtheintakepoolforresting.Thestafffeelsthatthegreatestimpacttomigratingshadwouldbeduringthefallwhenyoung-of-the-yearareusingthepoolsandshallowerportionsoftheriverduringthedownstreammigration;Theentrainmentstudytobeconductedaspartoftheapplicant'sNPDESpermitrequirementswillindicatewhat,ifany,mitigativemeasuresarenecessary.TheEPAhastheauthoritytorequirefuturestudiesifconditionswarrantthem.Section5.3.4hasalsobeenupdatedtoreflectthisinformation.Thestaffstillbelievesthat"theintakedesignatSSESascurrentlysitedanddesignedwilladverselyaffecttheaquaticcormunitywithintheimaediatevicinityofthewingwallsand 10-9associatedriprap"(DESp.4-9).Also,thestaffstands,byitsstatementrelativetoembayment-typeintakeshavingagreaterpotentialfor"attracting"fishthanotherintakes.AtthetimetheDESwaswritten,thePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResourceshadnot'acceptedorrejectedtheintakedesignatSSES.Withtheacceptanceoftheapplicant'simpingement/entrain-mentstudy,~thePDERrulestheintakedesignasenvironmentallyacceptable.TheentrainmentstudywillindicateifmitigativemeasuresarerequiredtobeincompliancewithSection316(b)oftheCleanWaterAct.Thestaffdoesnothavetheauthoritytorequireimpingement/entrainmentstudies.Thestaffagreeswiththecommentthattheintakesitedoesnotnecessarilyoccupyaparticularlyuniqueareaoftheriver.ThefirstparagraphofSection4.4.2.1oftheFEShasbeenmodifiedtoreflectthisopinion.Thestafffeelstheterm"pool"isproperlydefinedandusedintheFES.Page4-10hasbeenmodifie'd-toreflectnewinformationontheimpingement/entrainmentstudy;however,thestaffisstillnotconvincedthatimpingementimpactscanbeaccuratelypredictedbasedonresultsatanotherpowerplant.Thestaffstilldoesnotbelievethatmonitoringofthebenthiccoranunityinthevicinityofthedischargeisnecessary.Asstatedonpage4-10oftheDES,"thevicinityofthedischargeisnotparticularlyuniquetotheriverandanylossofhabitatshouldnothaveasignificantimpactonthevariouspopulations."TheapplicantwillbeoperatingthePondHillReservoir.tocompensateforwaterconsumedduringperiodsoflowflows;therefore,thestaffconcludesthatimpactsduetooperationofSSESduringlow-flowperiodswillnotbesignificant.10.4.4.3AtmosphericEffectsofCooling-TowerOperation(PDER8/20/79:B-50;H.H.Holesevich:B-39)TheuseofSSESinitsplannedbaseloadmodewillprobablyresultintheconversionofoneormoreoil-orcoal-firedpowerplantstoload-followingor'eakingduty.,SincetheoperationofSSESwillresultinessentiallyzeroemissionsofparticulates,SOz,NOxandotherpollutantscharacteristicoffossilunits,thestaffexpectsanimprovementintheregion'sairqualityasaresultoftheuseofSSES.TestplantsobservedintheChalkPointstudiesreferencedinSection4.4.1.1includecorn(Zeamays),soybeans(G7ycinemax)tobacco(Nicotianatobaccum),dogwood(Comusflorida),blacklocust(Bobiniapseudo-acaciaI,Virginiapine(Pinusvizginiana),andsassafras(SassafrasaIbidum).Additionaltestspeciesobservedinotherrelatedstudiesincludetulippoplar(Siriodenchontulipifeva);privet(triquetrumspp.);Amurandredmaples(AcerginnaIa,A.rubicon);andScotch,white,andlobbollypines(PinuseySvestTia,P.etrobus,P.taeda).4DistributionsofthesespeciesarenotlimitedtoHarylandnortocoastalareasaffectedbysaltdepositionsofoceanicorigin.InviewoftheextensiveoccurrenceofthesespeciesinPennsylvania,thestaffbelievesthattheChalkPointvegetationstudiesarerelevanttothefutureoperationoftheSusquehannastation.Soilinvestigationsarealsoconsideredpertinent;thestaffisuncertainastotheintendedmeaningofstatementsimplyingthatsomesoilsare,tolerantofor"accustomedto"saltdepositions.Asreportedin1978,investigations(1975-1977)oftestplantspeciesandlocalsoilsatChalkPointfailedtorevealeffectsthatcouldbeattributedtocooling-tower,operation.Conclusionspresentedbyinvestigatorsincludedvariouscaveatssuchastheneed'forfuturestudiestodocumentlong-termeffects.However,simulatedsalt-driftstudiesareindicativeoflevelsofsaltdepositionsbeinginvestigated.Forexample,"applicationsofsaltupto3.6kg/haperweekfailedtoinducestatisticallysignificantreductionsinyieldsforcornandsoybeans"(Section.4,Reference7)."Oftheagriculturalspeciesinvestigatedthusfar,"cornexhibitsthehighestsensitivitytosaltdrift..InothersimulateddriftstudiesatChalkPointinvol-vinganestimatedsaltdepositionrateof7.46kg/hapermonth,thereportinginvestigators.concludedthat"someinjurymayoccurtoasensitivespeciessuchasdogwoodundercertaincoolingtoweroperatingconditions."sTheinvestigatorsalsocautionedagainstassumingthatthereporteddepositionratewas"ageneralindicatorofanysaltdriftinjury."However,thestaffbelievesageneralcomparisoniswarrantedsincethereporteddepositionrate(7.4kg/ha'ermonth)isalmostninetimesgreaterthanthemaximumdepositionrate(880g/hapermonth)estimatedtooccurduringSSESoperation.PostoperationalsurveysofvegetationinthevicinityoftheThreeHileIslandNuclearStationarealsoofinterestsincetheSusquehannaRiveristhesourceofthatstation'scoolingwater.Reportedresultsof1975plantpathologysurveysandquantitativevegetationstudiesdidnotindicateanyeffectsthatcouldbeattributedtosaltdriftfromstationcoolingtowers.7Norwereanyeffectsdetectedin1974.
10-10Thestaffexpectsnoadverseeffectsfromthemineraldriftfromtheplant'scoolingtowersduetothelowsaltdepositionrates,thenatureofthematerialdeposited(primarilycalciumsul-fatevssodiumchloridetypicalofcoastalareas),andthenaturalrainfallthatisexpectedtodiluteandwashawaythesaltdeposits.Thisconclusionissupportedbystudiesmadeatfresh-watercoolingtowers(Refs.22-25and29ofChapter4;alsoarecentstudyforUSEPA:G.A.EnglessonandM.C.Hu,NonwatergualityImpactsofClosed-CycleCoolingSystemsandtheInter-actionofStackGasandCoolingTowerPlumes,EPA-600/7-79-090,IndustrialEnvironmentalResearchLaboratory,ResearchTrianglePark,N.Cfh1979,214pp.).Observationsofplumefromnatural-draftcoolingtowers,includingseveralinPennsylvaniaandKentucky,showthattheplumesdonotreachtothegroundandcausegroundfogandicingbecauseoftheirheightandplumeriseduetobuoyancyandmomentum.ThisisdiscussedintheDESandthereferencescitedabove.10.4.5RadioloicalImactsfromRoutine0eration(SA8/17/79:B-62;W.A.Lochstet:8-32;atson:-;..reesne:B-;8/27/79:8-13;EPA8/17/79:8-17;F.L.Shelly:8-57)RisksfromLow-LevelRadiationTheNRCstaffisnotawareofanystudiesthathaveestablishedthatthereisnosafelevelofradiation.However,asaconservativeandprudentassumption,ithasbeenassumedthatnoamountofradiationissafe.Formorethanfourdecades,theeffectofaradiationonhumansandanimalshasbeenthoroughlystudied.Numerousmajorbiologicalresearchprogramshavebeenwelldocumentedandmaybefoundintheopenliterature.TheUnitedStateshasbeenthefore-runnerinradiationresearch,butmanyothercountriesalsohavepursuedsimilarprogramsandhavecontributedsubstantiallytocurrentknowledge.WhiletherelationshipbetweenionizingradiationdoseandbiologicaleffectsamonghumansisnotErreciselknownforalllevelsofradiation,theprincipaluncertaintyexistsatverylowdoselevelswherenaturalsourcesofradiation(cosmicandterrestrial)andthevariationsinthesesourcesarecomparabletothedosesbeingevaluated.Themostimportantbiologicaleffectsfromradiationaresomaticdiseases(principallycancer),hereditarydiseases,abortions,andcongenitalanomalies.Theseeffectsareidenticaltothosethatoccurnormallyamonghumansfromothercauses.Itisthislastpoint,incombinationwithotherconfoundingfactors,e.gfhmagnitudeandvariations1)innormalincidenceofdiseases,2)indosesfromnaturalradiationsources,3)inradiationdosesfromhuman-madesourcesotherthanthenuclearindustry,and4)inexposurestoother(non-nuclear)carcinogens,thatisresponsibleformuchoftheuncertaintyinthedose-riskrelation-shipatlowdoselevels.Datafromstudiesofanimalsandhumansarereviewedcontinuouslybyteamsofscientificexpertswhoevaluateradiologicalinformationandproviderecomendations.IntheUnitedStates,theprincipalexpertiseinradiologicalmatterslieswiththeNationalCouncilonRadiologicalProtectionandMeasurementsandtheNationalAcademyofScience/NationalResearchCouncil(NAS/NRC).Federalagericiesalsoretainexpertiseintheradiologicdisciplinesinordertofulfilltheirresponsibilities;theseagencies,however,relyheavilyonrecomnendationsofthepre-viouslymentionedadvisoryorganizations.OthercountrieshavenationaladvisoryorganizationssimilartothoseoftheUnitedStates.Therearealsocooperativeinternationalorganizationsthatevaluatedatafromallsourcesandpresentrecormendationsandconclusions;forexample,theUnitedNationsScientificCommitteeontheEffectsofAtomicRadiation(UNSCEAR)andtheInternationalCommissiononRadiologicalProtection(ICRP).Insummary,notonlyhavetheradiologicaldatabeenascertainedbytheworld'soutstandingbiologistsandepidemiologists,butthedatahavebeenevaluatedindependentlybytheirpeers'Inlieuofpreciseknowledgeoftherelationshipbetweenlow-levelradiationandbiologicaleffects,alinearnon-thresholdextrapolationfromhighradiationlevelstothelowerlevelsisassumedforradiationprotectionpurposes.Thismeansthatitisassumedthatanydoseof~radation,nomatterhowlow,maybehamnful.Severalfederalagencies,principally'SPA,theOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),andNRChaveresponsibilitiesforregula-tingexposurestoradiationorradioactivematerial.Inallcases,thestaffsoftheseagenciesarewellawareofthepotentialhealtheffectsandhaveexpertiseinbiologyandtheotherdisciplinesneededeitherwithinthestafforavailabletothem.0Thebasisfortheriskestimatorsonp.4-27ofNUREG-0564ismorefullydescribedinChapter4,SectionJ,Appendix8,"HealthRisksfromIrradiation,"oftheFinalEnvironmentalStatementontheUseofRecyclePlutoniuminMixedOxideFuelinLightWaterCooledReactors(NUREG-0002).AsstatedinNUREG-0002,"ThoughtheseriskestimatesaretheupperboundestimatesgivenintheRasmussenReport,>higherestimatescanbedevelopedbyuseofthe'relativerisk',modelalongwiththeassumptionthatriskprevailsforthedurationoflife.ThiswouldproduceriskvaluesuptosevenfoldgreaterthanthoseusedinGESMO."Consequently,theriskestimatorsinNUREG-0511areconsistentwiththoseusedinNUREG-0002.10-11tSeveralofthegeneralstatementsinWEL.Prelesnik'scommentreflect'somemisunderstandingsregardjngNRCpolicyandpositions.Therefore,thestaffhasattemptedtoprovidemoredetailonsomeoftheseconcerns.First,itisstatedthat"anylow-levelradiationreleasesaresignificantashasbeenadmittedandproven,evenbytheoldAECandtheNRC'sownstudies.Thereisnosafelevelofradiationlevelofradiation.However,asaconservativeandprudentassumption,thestaffassumesthatnoamountofradiationissafe(seeSection5.5.5oftheFESforadditionalinform~ation.Secondly,itisstatedthat"Thecurrentstandards,wereinitiallysetinordertojustifyatomicbombtesting.Thosestandards.werekeptinordertojustifynuclearpowerplantsbecausethenuclearindustryandour'governmentrecognizesthatnoplantoperateswithout'normal'eleasesofradiation."GeneralinformationaboutradiationstandardsisprovidedintheNRC's"Radia-tionStandardsFactSheet"(acopyhasbeensenttoW.L.Prelesnikinaletterdated18October1979,however,itistoolengthytorepeathere).As,notedinthisfactsheetandinSec-tion10.4.5,theradiationprotectionstandardswerebasedonthebestscientificjudgmentavailableintheworld.Inaddition,seeSection4.5.5oftheFESandresponsestocommentsinSection10.6.2.ImactsfromtheFuelCcleiDr.Lochstet'sbasiccontentionisthat"thehealthconsequencesofradon-222emissionsfromtheuraniumfuelcycleareimproperlyevaluated"intheSusquehannaDraftEnvironmentalState-ment(DES,NUREG-0564).ThebasisforLochstet'scontentionisthatthestaff"hasarbitrarilyevaluatedthehealthimpactsofradon-222releasesfromthewastesgeneratedinthefuelcyclefor1000yearsorless,'atherthanfor"theentiretoxiclifeofthewastes."Lochstetthenestimatesthatradon-222emissionsfromthewastesfromeachannualreactorfuelre-quirementwillcauseabout600,000to12milliondeathsoveraperiodofmorethan1billionyears'Themajordifferencebetweenthestaff'sestimatednumberofhealtheffectsfromradon-222emissionsandLochstet'sestimatedvaluesistheissueofthetimeperiodoverwhichdosecom-mitmentsandhealtheffectsfromlong-livedradioactiveeffluentsshouldbeevaluated.Lochstethasintegrateddosecommitmentsandhealtheffectsoverwhatamountstoaninfinitetimeinverval,whereasthestaffhasintegrateddosecoomitmentsfromradon-222releasesovera100-yearperiod,a500-yearperiod,anda1000-yearperiod.Thestaffhasnotestimatedhealth'effectsfromradon-222emissionsbeyond1000yearsforthefollowingreasons.Predictionsovertimeperiodsgreaterthan100yearsaresubjecttogr'eatuncertainties.Theseuncertaintiesresultfrom,butarenotlimitedto,politicalandsocialconsiderations,populationsize,healthcharacteristics,and,fortimeperiodsontheorderofthousandsofyears,geologicandclimatologiceffects.IncontrasttoLochstet'sconclusion,someauthorsaestimatethatthelong-term(thousandsofyears)impactsfromtheuraniumusedinreactorswillbelessthanthelong-termimpactsfromanequivalentamountofuraniumleftundisturbedintheground.Consequently>>thestaffhaslimiteditsperiod'ofconsiderationto1,000yearsorlessfordecision-mak'ingandimpact-calculationalpurposes.WithregardtoDr.Kepford'stestimonyregardinguseof$1,000perperson-remforenvironmentalhealthcosts,thestaffwouldliketomakethefollowingpoints.The$1,000perperson-remvaluewasselectedbythecoranissionersastheupperboundofallthenumericalestimatesintheliterature.Thepurposewastoestimatethepotentialmonetarycostsofhealtheffectsduringthelifetimesofpersonslivingwithin80kmofanuclearpowerplant(nootherfacilit)sothatthosepotentialcostscouldbecomparedwiththerealcostsofaddingationaraoogicalwastetreatmentsystemstoeachproposednuclearpowerplanttodetermineiftheoperationoftheplantwouldresultinmeetingthe10CFRPart50,AppendixI"aslowasreasonablyachievable"rule.Itwasnev'ertheintentofthecomnissionerstousethatmonetaryvalueforanyotherpurpose,suchasestimatingthemonetarycosts'ffuturehealtheffectsfromothersourcesontoday'spopulationsorfuturepopulations.Theabsurdityoffuturemonetary.costscanbedemonstratedverysimply,~assuminhumaninstitutionsandthehumanracepersistintothefutureinthesamemannerastoday.Ignoringtherealpossibilitythatradonhealtheffectsmaynotoccurinthefutureduetotechnologicaladvances,inthe,cureand'preventionofsucheffects,itispossibletocalculatehowmuchmoneywouldhavetobe'epositedinasavingsaccountnowtomeet"futuremonetarycosts"of$10billionperreferencereactoryear.Asaconservativeestimate,itwasassumedthata5percentsimpleinterestratewoulddemonstratethemeaninglessnessofsuchcalculations.Conservativestaffestimatesindicatethatonlyafewhealtheffectsmightoccurwithin1000years.ItisobviousthatessentiallyallofDr.Kepford's"healtheffects"wouldoccuroverperiodsoftimethatexceedtheprobablelifeexpectancyofthehumanraceandoursolarsystem.Nevertheless,tongue-in-cheek,itcanbeshownthat,if 10-12theutilityweretodepositonecentinaperpetualsavingsaccounttopayforanyfuturehealthcoststhatmightoccur,thatfundwouldcontainnearly$16million-trillionafteronly1000years.Clearly,onecentwouldnotsignificantlymodifythefuturecostsofelectricalpowergeneratedtoday.WithregardtoDr.Kepford'sestimatesofmillionsoffuturedeathsfromradon-222perreferencereactoryear,seealsoSection10.4.5.3.Thecontentionthat'-'theNRCitselfhasbeenunabletodisagreewithDr.Kepford'sfindingsthat1.2millionpeopleper.yearwilldieinthefuturefromtheeffectsofradongasemittedfromthetailingsproducedjusttofuelTHI,"isincorrect.Thestaffhasrefutedsuchclaimsinseveralhearingsasmeaninglessformanyreasons.Someofthemoreimportantreasonswerediscussedearlier.ItistheresponsibilityofNRCtoprotectthehealthandsafetyofthepublicastheyrelatetonuclearplantoperations.NRCrequiresthatthedesignandoperationsofnuclearfacilitiesconsiderandprotectthehealthandsafetyofthepublic.NRCreviewseachnuclearfacilityanddeterminesifitwillendangerthehealthandsafetyofthepublic.NRCwillonlypermitopera-tionofafacilityifitfindsthefacilitycanbesafelyoperated.SinificanceofRadioloicalImactW.L.Prelesnik'scontentsaskedthefollowingquestions(responsesfolloweachquestion};I}uestion1:Response:I}uestion2:Response:Whatisyourdefinitionofsignificant,andhowwasitarrivedat7NRCcurrentlyevaluatestheradiologicalimpacttothreeindividuals:1)ahypotheticalmaximallyexposedindividual,2}anaverageindividualwithin80kmofthesite,and3)anaverageindividualintheUnitedStates.Therisktothefirsttwotypesofindividualsfromradio-activeeffluentsfromoneyearofreactoroperationsisquantifiedinTable4.17oftheFES.,Forexample,theriskofprematuredeathtothehypotheticalmaximumexposedindividualfromgaseouseffluentsfromoneyearofreactoroperationsislessthanonechanceinamillion.(Theriskfromliquidandgaseouseffluentshasnotbeenaddedbecause'itisveryunlikelythatanyrealindividualwouldbeexposedatthemaximumlevelfrombothsources.)Thisriskismuch'lessthansimilarlycalculatedrisksfrommanyothertypesofradiationexposure(e.g.,medicalradiationexposure,naturalbackgroundradiation,andairtravel.)Therisktothemaximumindividualiswithintherangeofmanyothercommonsourcesofradiation(e.g.,airlinetravel,naturalgasheating,andtelevisionviewing;}Therisktotheaverageindividualwithin80kmofthesite,andtherisktotheaverageindividualintheUnitedStatesfromoneyearofreactoroperationsislessthan1/100oftherisktothemaximumhypotheticalindividual.Sincetheriskfromradioactiveeffluentsfromnuclearpowerplantsissolowcomparedwithmanyothertypesofrisk(radiationrelatedorotherwise}andsincetheradiation-relatedrisksarebasedonconservativeassumptions,thestaffconsiderstherisktorealindividualsinthevicinityofnuclearpowerstationsfromnormaloperationstobeinsignificant.SeeSec<<tion4.5.5oftheFESforadditionalinfomationcomparingtheriskfromannualoperationofthereactor(s}withtheriskfromothersourcesofradiation,andtheriskfromthecurrentincidenceofcancerfatalitiesandgeneticabnormalities.Onwhatbasisdoyoucalculatethe"anticiated"occurrences'heRasmussenReporthasalreadybeenproventoeincorrect.Theanticipatedoccurrencestowhichthe'cormentsreferarebasedonoperationaloccurrencesandnotonaccidentconsiderations.TheRasmussenReportisnotusedtocalculatetheimpactsfromopera-tionaloccurrences,Furthermore,theRasmussenreporthas'notbeenproventobeincorrect,butasaresultoftheLewisComnittee 10-13Question3:Response:Question4:Response:Question5:Response:Question6:Response:report,ithasbeensuggestedthatthenumericalresultsmayhaveawiderrangeofuncertaintythanassuggestedbytheRasmussenReport.Howdoyoudefine"normal"?Normaloperationlevels,-ofradiationemissionarequitedifferentandseparatefromnormalbackgroundlevelsofradiationalreadyexistingintheenvironment.Also,becauseofbombtestingandpowerplants,the"normal"levelsofbackgroundradiationhaveincreasedoverthepast30years.NRCregulations(10CFRPart50)requirethelight-water-coolednuclearpowerstationsbedesignedandoperatedinamannerthatwilllimitradiationexposurestoanyindividualjnthegeneralpopulationtoasmallfractionofthegeneralradiationstandardsduringnormaloperation.Anextensiverule-makingproceeding(DocketNo.RH-2)wasconductedoveraseveral-yearperiod(December1970toHay1975)toquantifythenumericalguidesforkeepinglevelsofradioactivematerialintheeffluentsoflight-water-coolednuclearpowerreactorsaslowasisreasonablyachievableduringnormaloperating.conditions(AppendixIof10CFRPart50).ThenormaloperatingconditionsforthesereactorswerecharacterizedbyNRCduringthecourseoftherule-making,basedprimarilyupondataobtainedduringoperations.Considerablemoredatahavebeenobtainedsince1975.TheproceduresusedbythestafftocharacterizetheradioactivematerialintheeffluentsaregiveninRegulatoryGuide1.112,"CalculationofReleasesofRadio-activeHaterialinGaseousandLiquidEffluentsfromLight-Water-CooledPowerReactors."Thisguideisusedinconjunctionwithin-formationinNUREG-0016andNUREG-0017forboiling-Haterreactorsandpressurized-waterreactors,respectively(copiesmaybeobtainedfromNRC).Anarrativeexplanationofthepopulationdosefortheentireuraniumfuelcycleforlightwaterreactorswaspublishedon4Harch1981>>N.TheestimatedU.S.populationdosefromradioactiveeffluentsfromoneyear'soperationofSusquehanna,Units1and2,isabout50person-rem(Table4.10).Thisestimateisbasedupona15-yearbuildupofactivityinsedimentandsoil(i.e.,thenomimalmid-pointofthereactor'slife).Thisdoseisaverysmallfraction(lessthan0.0002%)oftheannualU.S.populationdosefromnaturalbackgroundradiation(i.e.,26,800,000person-rem).Whatindividuals,byname,setthese"normal"levels?The"normal"levelsofradiationfromradioactivereleasesfromnuclearreactorsreferredtoarecontainedinTitle10Code'ofFederalRegulations,.Part50,AppendixI(10CFR50,App.I},Theannualdosedesignobjectivessetin10CFR50,App.I,weresetinarule-makinghearingbyNRC,Althoughmanypeopleparticipatedintherule-makinghearing,ComnissionersAnders,Rowden,Hason,Gilinsky,andKennedymadethefinaldecisiontoadoptthelimitssetin10CFR50,App.I.AcopyoftheCoomissionopinioninthematterof10CFR50,App.I,hasbeensenttoW.L.Prelesnik.Howmuch"normal"radiationwillbeexpectedtobereleasedinBerwick?ThecalculatedreleasesofradioactivematerialsinliquideffluentsareprovidedinTable4.11oftheFES,andthecalculatedreleasesofradio-activematerialsingaseouseffluentsareprovidedinTable4.4.Thesetwocalculatedsourcetermsrepresentannualreleasesperreactorfromnormaloperation,includinganticipatedoperationaloccurrences,whenaveragedoverthe30-yearoperatinglifeoftheplant.Thesesourcetermswereusedtocalculateexposuresduetoreleases(Table4,8oftheFES).DoseestimatesandlifetimeriskestimatesfromthesereleasesaregiveninSection4.5oftheFES.What.aretheNRC'srecorded,documentedlevelsof"normal"radiationreleasesfromtheoperatingplants'intheUnitedStates?Thequantityofradioactivematerialsreleasedfromnuclearpowerplantsintheyear1977iscontainedinadocumententitled,"RadioactiveHaterialsReleasedfromNuclearPowerPlants-AnnualReport1977,"(NUREG-0521).NUREG-0521containsanuclide-by-nuclidesummaryof'heradioactiveeffluentsreleasedfromoperatingreactorsintheyear1977,aswellasacategoricalsuraaary(i.e.,noblegases,I-131and 10-14particulates,tritium,mixedfissionandactivationproducts)for.earlieryears.ExcerptsfromNUREG-0521are,toolengthytorepeathere,buthavebeensenttoW.L.Prelesnik.Populationdosecommitmentsfortheyear1975forabout50reactorsaregiveninadocumententitled,"PopulationDoseCommitmentsDuetoRadioactiveReleasesfromNuclearPowerPlantSitesin1975";D.A.Baker,J.K.Soldat,andE.C.Watson;BattellePacificNorthwestLaboratories;PNL-2439;pp.3-4;October1977.Populationdosecomnitmentswerecalculatedforthepopulation.between2and80kmofeachreactorsite.Theaverageindividualdosecommitmenttothatpopulation(about0.02mrem)representsabouta0.02Kannualincreaseoverbackground,radiation.Thedosetothehypotheticalmaximumindividualwouldbehigher.10.4.5.1ExposurePathwaysNocomnents.10.4.5.2DoseCommitments(PDER8/20/79:B-50;EPA8/17/79:8-17)TheSafetyEvaluationReportwaspublishedinApril1981.ModificationsanddesignchangestotheradwastetreatmentsystemssincetheFES/CPwereconsid-eredincalculatingthesourceterms.Thestaff'sdetailedevaluationofthesesystemsandthecapabilityofthesesystemstomeettherequirementsofAppendix'IwillbepresentedinChap-terIIoftheSafetyEvaluationReport.However,fortheFES,thequantitiesofradioactivematerialsineffluentsusedtoassessradiologicalimpactsaregiveninTables4.4and4.11.IThecalculatedvalueforthedirectradiationdose(20mrem/yratatypicalsiteboundary0.6kmfromtheturbinebuilding)givenintheBraunSafetyAnalysisReportisforastandardBMRplantdesign..Thedirectradiationdoseof2.7mrad/yrinNUREG-0564isanestimateddoseforthespecificdesignincorporatedintheSusquehannaplant.Sincethedirectradiationdoseisdependentontheshieldingincorporatedinthespecificplantdesign,theabovevaluesarenotdirectlycomparable.Nonetheless",sincetheactualdirectradiationdosecouldbehigher(orlower)than2.7mrad/yr,asurveywillberequiredatthetimeofplantoperation.Ifthesurveyindicatesthatthelimitsof40CFR190couldbeexceeded,stepswillbetakentoreducethedose.Annualdosespersitefromliquid'ffluentsweregiveninTable4.9.Theestimateddosetothetotalbodyoranyorganofthehypotheticalmaximumindividualfromallpathwayswasabout1.0mrem/yrforthesite.Thisdoseincludesthedosefromingestionoffishaswellascon-sumptionofwater.Thedosetotheaverageindividualusingthenearestcoimunitywatersystemwouldbelessthan1.0mrem/yr.TheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency's"NationalInterimPrimaryDrinkingWaterRegulation"statesthat"theaverageannualconcentrationofbetaparticleandphotonradioactivityfromman-maderadionuclidesindrinkingwatershallnotproduceanannualdoseequivalenttothetotalbodyoranyinternalorgangreaterthan4millirem/year"(Sec.141.16).TheannualdosesfromliquideffluentsfromSusquehanna,Unitsl,and2,arebelowtheabovelimits.10.4.5.3RadiologicalImpactsonHumans(H.L.Hershey:B-27;EPA8/17/79:B-17;T,R,Duck:B-ll;PPSL9/4/79:B-42'SA6/10/80:B-64)Aformalprogramforthemanagementoflow-levelradioactivewastesdisposedofin,comaercialburialgroundsisprovidedin"TheNRCLow-LevelRadioactiveWasteHanagementProgiam,"NUREG-0240,September1977,availableatthePublicDocumentRoom,NRC,1717HStreetNW,Washington,DC,20555.TheprogramrecoranendednewregulationsandrequirementsfortheDisposalofLow-LevelRadioactiveWasteandLow-ActivityBulkSolidWaste(Draft,Regulation10CFRPart61);thesearepresentlybeingdeveloped.Thestaffdoesnotbelievethatpresentlyavailableworldwidedosemodelsarecapableofmaking,suchprojectionswithmeaningfulresults.ThestaffhasdeterminedthatpresentmodelsfortheUnitedStatessufficientlyrepresentthepopulationexposureduetooperationofthisplant.uEnvironmentalimpactsfromuraniumminingandmillingareaddressedinSection4.5.6,"UraniumFuelCycleImpacts,"ofNUREG-0564.TheFESincludescreditfortheleakoffcollectionsystemfortheturbinebuildingreleases.Theoff-gassystemreleaseswerebasedonambientoperationconditionsof77'F(dewpoint45'F)fortheadsorptionunitinreasonableagreementwiththeapplicant'sproposalof60to65'F(dewpoint40'F).10-15t,Table4.12providesestimatesoftransittimeforeffluentsfromvariouslocations.Asindicatedinthis'table;itisassumedthatsportfishermenmayusetheareaneartheplantdischargearea.Thisisconsideredthe"nearestsportfishinglocation"forpurposesofanupperlimitestimate.RadioloicalModelsThestaffhasreviewedareportknownformallyasthe"RadioecologicalAssessmentoftheWyhlNuclearPowerPlant,"andinfor'mallyasthe"HeidelbergReport."ThereportwaswrittenbyaprivategroupofindividualsattheUniversityofHeidelberg,WestGermany,concernedwithenergyandenvironmentalissues.TheauthorsofthisreportareaffiliatedwithagroupcalledInstituteforEnergyandEnvironmentalResearch(IFEU),andhavenotbeenauthorizedtousethenameoftheUniversityofHeidelberg.Hence,theirreportisnowreferredtoastheIFEUReport,althoughithasbeenreferredtoasthe"HeidelbergReport"inthepast.TheIFEUReportpre-sentsanassessmentoftheenvironmentalradiologicalimpactofaproposedpressurized-waterreactortobebuiltnearWyhl,WestGermany.HTheassessmentisbasedlargely'onmathematicalmodelsusedtocalculatedosestohumansintheareasurroundingareactorsiteandto"describethemovementofradioactivematerialsintheenvironment.ThesearethesamemathematicalmodelsusedbyNRCtocalculatedosestoensurethatanyradiationexposureresultingfromreactor,operationsisfarbelownationalandinternationalrecommended"safe"levels.ThestaffreviewedtheIFEUReportbecausethereportimpliedthatNRCmaybesubstantiallyunderestimatingdosestoindividualslivingneatnuclearpowerplantsbyusingincorrectvaluesforparametersinmathematicalmodels.AlthoughtheIFEUReportassessmentisbasedlargelyonenvironmentalmodelsdescribedinfourNRCRegulatoryGuides,thestaff'sreviewofthereportindicatesthattheIFEUauthors-usedvaluesforsomemodel,parametersthataretoohigh.Asaresult,theIFEUReportestimateddosestothepublicbysomepathwaysthatareupto10,000timeshigherthanthedosescalculatedus.ingtheNRC'svaluesforthoseparameters.Thestaff'sreviewconcludedthattheIFEUReportdoesnotprovideanysubstantialevidencethatNRCsignificantlyunderestimatesdoses.Thisconclusionisbasedon:1)measuredeffluentreleasesatreactorsoperatingintheUnitedStates,whicharemuchlessthanthoseusedintheIFEUReport;2)measuredenvironmentalconcentrationsnearreactorsoperatingintheUnitedStates,whicharemuchlowerthanthosecalcualtedintheIFEUReport;and3)adetailedreviewoftheliteratureregardingcriticalparametersemployedinthemodelsinquestion,whichdoesnotsupportthevaluesusedintheIFEUReport.Theresultsofthestaffreviewhavebeenpublishedindraftformforpubliccoranent,bothasamainreportforthetechnicalcoranunity(NUREG-0668)andasasuranaryreportforgeneralpublicinformation.Thefinalreportisexpectedin1981.Inresponsetothecontentionthatthe"oldAEC...deliberatelyriggedtheexperiments,"whileNRCacknowledgesthatsomeoftheAECexperimentsdoneforsomeradionuclidesinthe1950s'ouldbedonebettertodayinlightofadvancementsintechnology,thestaffhasnevercharacterizedthesestudiesasfraudulentandknowsofnoevidencetosupportsuchaclaim.Thecogentalsostatesthatthe"HeidelbergReportisthefirsttimethatindependentscien-tistshaveexaminedtheNRC'ssafetyassurancesaboutroutineemissionsfromoperatingplants,"thusimplyingthatthevalidityofNRCradionuclidetransportanddosemodelshavenotbeenreviewedandassessedbyscientistsoutsideNRC.Thisisabsolutelyincorrect.TheEnviron-mentalProtectionAgency,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,BattelleNorthwestLaboratory,privatelyownedtechnicalconsultingcompanies,andnumerousnationalandinternationalscientificorganizationsallhaveradionuclidetransportanddosemodelsbasedonfieldmeasurementsthatyieldresultsconsistentwiththeNRCcalculations.InSeptember1977,aworkshopof"TheEvaluationofModelsUsedfortheEnvironmentalAssessmentofRadionuclideReleases"washeldinGatlinburg,TN,andtheresultswerepublishedasCONF-770901.Partici-pantsinthisworkshopwereselectedtoensureanappropriatecombinationofindividualsrepre-sentingaspectrumofscientificandadministrativeexpertise,Theworkinggrouponterrestrialfood-chaintransportatthismeeting,whosememberswerepredominantlyfromorganizationsotherthanNRC,concludedthattransportmodels,asgiveninNRCRegulatoryGuide1.109,areveryadequatefor'emonstratingcompliancewithNRC'sregulations(asgiveninAppendixIof10CFRPart50).10.4.5.4RadiologicalImpactsonBiotaOtherThanHumansNocoranents.
10-1610.4.5.5TheUraniumFuelCycle(Sierra:8-61;EPA8/17/79:8-17;SA8/17/79:8-62;F.Thompson:8-74;M.J~Huntington:8-27;S.Laughland:8-32;PDER8/20/79:8-50)Section4.5.5,"TheUraniumFuelCycle,"(nowSec.4.5.6)hasbeenrevisedtoreflecttheCom-mission'sfinalrulepublishedtotheFederalReisteron2August1979(44FR45362).AnexplanatorynarrativeofthesignificanceoreeasenTable4-14wasalsopublishedintheFederalRegister(46FR15154-15175,4March1981).SincetherewillbenoradioactivewastedisposalattheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,wastedisposaltechniquesarenotpartofthefacilityFESbutwillbeconsideredintheformu-lationofregulationsandthelicensingofdisposalfacilities.Themodelsusedinestimatingdosesintheenvironmentalstatementfortheoperatinglicensearestate-of-the-artmodels.Thesource-term,meteorologicaldosimetrymodelshavebeenimprovedsincetheissuanceoftheconstructionpermit.ThesemodelshavebeenreviewedbyEPAinregardtoimplementingtheUraniumFuelCycleStandard(40CFR190).Thedosescalculatedbyusingthesemodelsarethoughttobeconservative(i.e.;themodelsprobablyoverestimateactualdoses).Inaddition,newinformationsincethepublicationoftheDESconcerningthereceptorlocationat0.7milesNWhasresultedinachangeinthemaximumreceptorlocationforiodinesandparticulatesfrom0.7milesNWto2.2milesE.SentFuelStoraeThestorageofspentfuelisaddressedinanNRCdocumententitled"FinalGenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementonHandlingandStorageofSpentLightWat'erPowerReactorFuel"(NUREG-0575).ThestorageofspentfueladdressedinNUREG-0575isconsideredtobeaninterimaction,notafinalsolution.Thecommissionhasclearlydistinguishedbetweenpermanentdisposalandinterimstorage.aOneofthefindingsofNUREG-0575isthatthestorageoflightwaterreactor(LWR)spentfuelsinwaterpoolshasaninsignificantimpactontheenvironment,whetherstoredatareactororawayfromareactor.Primarilythisisbecauseofthephysicalformofthematerial,sinteredceramicoxidefuelpelletshermeticallysealedinZircaloycladdingtubes.Zircaloyisazirconium-tinalloywhichwasdevelopedfornuclearpowerapplicationsbecauseofitshighresistancetowatercorrosioninadditiontoitsfavorablenuclearproperties.Evenincaseswheredefectivetubesexposethefuelmaterial,tothewaterenvironment,thereislittleattackontheceramicfuel./Thetechnologyofwaterpoolstorageiswelldeveloped;radioactivitylevelsareroutinelymain-tainedatabout5x10"uCi/mL.Maintenanceofthispurityrequirestreatment(filtrationandionexchange)ofthepoolwater.Radioactivewastethatisgeneratedisreadilyconfinedandrepresentslittlepotentialhazardtothehealthandsafetyofthepublic.TheremaybesmallquantitiesofsKrreleasedtotheenvironmentfromdefectivefuelelements.However,forthefuelinvolved(fuelatleastoneyearafterdischarge},experiencehasshownthistobenotdetectablebeyondtheiranediateenvironsofastoragepool.Therewillbenosignificantdischargeofradioactiveliquideffluentsfromaspentfuelstorageoperationaswasteswillbeinsolidform.Thisstatementsupportsthefindingthatthestorageofspentfuelinaway-from-reactorfacilitiesiseconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptable.j10.4.6SocioeconomicImacts(EDC9/26/79:8-14;S.Shortz:8-60)Thestaffisunawareofanyspecificlandusechangesthathavenotbeenevaluatedeitherinconnectionwiththeplantorreservoir.Unlessthecontextoflandusechangeismademorespecific,monitoringeffortwouldbeanexercisewithoutanobjective.10.4.6.1DemographyNocoranents.10.4.6.2SettlementPatternNocomments.10.4.6.3SocialOrganizationNocomments.
10-17~~10.4.6.4SocialServices(DOT8/9/79:8-10)ThetransportationimpactshavebeenadequatelyaddressedtothesatisfactionofDOT,withtheexceptionofsufficientcoordination.Itisthestaff'sviewthattheapplicantandDOTshouldworktogethertoconsideradequatedesignoftheaccessroadtothereservoiraswe'llasatten-dantimpacts.NRCwillnotpreemptDOTexpertiseinmattersofdesignandtrafficcoordination.ThecomnentattributesmanyofthechangesinthepastyearstoconstructionofSSES.Manyofthesechangesareduetootherprojects,includingpasthighwayconstruction,andtourban-izationtrendsindependentofSSES.Therecordshowsthattheblastingduringconstructiondidadverselyaffectresidents,butthisshouldnotbeconsideredinadecisionastowhetherornottheplantshouldbeoperated.ThecommentcorrectlystatesthatthelandusedbySSESisanirrevocableloss,buttheopinionthatitsformerusewasthebestusecannotbedemon-stratedoneconomicgrounds.TheEISmentionstheeffectofhurricaneAgnesaspartoftherecenthistoryandisnotmeanttocharacterizethelocalareasurroundingtheplant,10.4.6.5PoliticalOrganization(EDC9/26/79:8-14)ThedistributionoftaxesgeneratedbySSESisprimarilyastateandlocalgovernmentresponsi-bility.Foradiscussionoftaxes,seeSection4.6.6.2.10.4.6,6EconomicImpacts(EDC9/26/79:B-14)ThecommentonanticipatednoiselevelswasaddressedinSection10.4.4.PPSLhasundertakenaprogramofhiringlocalworkersasdiscussedinSection4.6.6.1.10.4.6.7SeminaryandConclusionsNocomnents.10.4.7ImactstoCulturalResources(DOI'/29/80:B-9;Sierra:B-61;EDC9/26/79:8-14;:B-an:B-64PDER8/20/79:B-50)IntheJune1973FES-CP,thestaffreviewedtheeffectsofconstructionandaspectsofoperationonthetotalplantsiteplusthetransmissionlinecorridors.Inthatdocument,thestaffidentifiedthosesiteslistedintheNationalRegisterthatwerewithin32kmofthefacility.TheAdvisoryCouncilonHistoricPreservationfoundthestaff'sstatementprocedurallyadequateandsuggestedcontactwiththeStateLiaisonOfficerforHistoricPreservation.TheStateLiaisonOfficerforHistoricPreservationindicatedthattheprojectwouldnotaffectaknownarcheologicalorhistoricalsiteorhistoricalstructure,andthatitappearedtobecon-sistentwiththeplansandobjectivesofthePennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumComnlssion.In1975,inAppendix8totheDES-OL(June1979),thestaffreviewedtheapplicants'roposedalternatetransmissionlinecorridorsanddeterminedthatneitherofthelinesunderreviewcrossedorpassedinthevicinityofanyregisteredhistoricsite.IntheDES-OL,thestaffrequestedthatasurveybedoneoftherecreationarea.ThestafflaterrequestedasurveyofthePondHillReservoir.Thesesurveysresultedintheidentificationofthreesignificantsitesandonepotentiallysignificantsiteintherecreationarea,whichthestaff,aftercon-sultationwiththePennsylvaniaHistoricPreservationOfficer,willsubmittotheKeeperoftheNationalRegisterforadeterminationofeligibility.10.5ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING10.5.1ResumeNocorments.10.5'PreperationalMonitorinProram10.5,2.1OnsiteMeteorologicalProgramNocomments.10.5.2.2WaterIlualityMonitoringNocoranents.
10-1810.5.2.3GroundwaterMonitoring(DOI9/10/79:B-7)Theapplicantstatesthat"Ingeneral,groundwaterinthePaleozoicrockformationsoftheAppalachianHighlandsflowsfromthetopographicallyhigherareas(rechargeareas)tothevalleys.Thisgroundwater,itisbelieved,dischargestospringsandtothestreamsandriversoftheregion,exceptatfloodstage"(ER-OL,p.2.4-12).Consequently.thedosesfrominges-,tionofgroundwatershouldbenogreaterthanthedosesfromingestionofwaterfromtheriver.Anyuseofgroundwaterasadrinkingwatersupplyshouldbebalancedbyadecreaseinriverwaterasadrinkingwatersupply.10.5.2.4AquaticBiologyNocoranents.10.5.2.5TerrestrialMonitoringProgramNocorenents.10.5.2.6RadiologicalMonitoring(PPSL9/4/79:B-42)TherevisionsdiscussedinPP8L'scornnentwillbeusedinestablishingthattheenvironmentalradiationmonitoringprogrammeetsthestaff's"positiononenvironmentalmonitoring.Lowerlimitsofdetectionwillbeincorporatedintheapplicant'stechnicalspecifications.10.5.30erationalHonitorin(SRBC8/30/79:B-68;L.E.Watson:B-75;EDC9/26/79:B-14)AsdiscussedinSectionA.3.2.2,consumptivewaterusewillbedeterminedbymeasuringthedifferenceinvolumebetweentheintakeflowsforSSESandblowdowntotheriver.Resultsofradiologicalmonitoringprogramsatnuclearpowerreactorsareroutinelymadeavail-abletothepublic.Foranexampleofr'adiologicaleffluentmonitoringseeanNRCdocumententitled"RadioactiveMaterialsReleasedfromNuclearPowerPlants,AnnualReport1977"(NUREG-0521).Individuallicenseereportsonradiologicalenvironmentalmonitoringareavail-ableintheNRCPublicDocumentRoom,1717NStreetNW,Washington,DC20555,andinlocaldocumentroomslocatedneareachlicensedfacility.NRChasfactoredtheimpactoftheThreeMileIslandaccident,intothereviewoftheSusquehannaapplication.Specifically,theEnvironmentalStatementhasbeensupplementedtoevaluatethesite;,specificenvironmentalimpactsattributabletoplant-specificaccidentsequencesthatleadtoreleasesofradiationand/orradioactivematerials,includingsequencesthatcanresultin,inadequatecoolingofreactorfuelandmeltingofthereactorcore(seeSec.6),10.5.3.1OnsiteMeteorologicalProgramNocorments.10.5.3.2WaterI}ualityMonitoringNocoranents.10.5.3.3GroundwaterMonitoringNocorments.10.5.3.4AquaticBiologicalMonitoringNocoranents.10.5.3.5TerrestrialMonitoringProgramNocomments.10.5.3.6RadiologicalMonitoring(H.H.Molesevich;B-39)RadiologicalenvironmentalmonitoringisnottheonlytypeofradiologicalmonitoringrequiredattheSusquehannaStation.NRCrequirestwotypesofradiologicalmonitoringatnuclearpowerreactorstoensurethatradioactiveeffluentsarewithinacceptablelimits;1)radiologicaleffluentmonitoringand2)radiologicalenvironmentalmonitoring.Radiologicaleffluentmoni<<torsarerequiredtomonitorandcontrol,asapplicable,thereleasesofradioactive'aterialsinliquidandgaseouseffluentsduringactualorpotentialreleases.Theradiologicaleffluentmonitorsoperatecontinuously.Inaddition,NRCrequiresthatthelicenseeoperatorofa 10-19nuclearpowerreactorconductradiologicalenvironmentalmonitoringtoconfirmthatmeasuredreleasesof,radioactivity(i.e.,radiologicaleffluentmonitoring)fromtheplantdonotresultinunanticipatedbuildupsintheenvironment.TherequirementsforanacceptableradiologicalenvironmentalmonitoringprogramfornuclearpowerreactorsarecontainedintheNRC's"BranchTechnicalPosition"(Revision1,Nov.1979;copiesareavailablefromNRC'sRadiologicalAssessmentBranch).TheBranchTechnicalPositionwasdevelopedbyexpertsinthefieldof-radiologicalenvironmentalmonitoring.Thestaffdoesnotrequiremorefrequentsamplecollectionsforseveralreasons.First,baseduponthestaffsestimateofdosestomaximumindividuals(e.g.,seeTable4.8),thestaffdoesnotanticipateasignificantbuildupofradioactivityintheenvironmentdueto,normaloperationofSusquehanna,Units1and2.Second,hundredsofreactor-yearsofenvironmentalmonitoringexperiencedatnuclearpowerplantshaveshownthattheconcentrationsofradioactivematerialsinenviron-mentalsamplesareatorverynearbackgroundlevelsduetonaturalsourcesandpreviousatmos-phericweaponstests.Inaddition,whileitistruethatthemostfrequentcollectionofenvironmentalsamplesisonaweeklybasis,thisdoesnotmeanthatenvironmentalmonitorsarerequiredtobeinplacecontinuouslyinordertoobtainanintegrateddose.TheSusquehannaStationradiologicalmonitoringprogrammeetsthebasicrequirementsoftheNRC's"BranchTechnicalPosition"inregardstocollectionfrequency.TheradiologicalenvironmentalmonitoringprogramisnotdescribedmorefullyinthefinalEnvironmentalImpactStatementbecausetheimpactsofthemonitoringprogramarenegligible,However,individuallicenseemonitoringreportsareavailableintheNRCPublicDocumentRoom,1717HStreetNW,Washington,DC20555andinlocaldocumentrooms.locatedneareachlicensedfaci1ity.10.6ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTOFPOSTULATEDACCIDENTS10.6.1ResumeNocomnents.10.6.2PostulatedAccidentsInvolvinRadioactiveMaterials(D.Oberst:8-41;H,C,Jeppsen;B-3;:8-8;L.oses:B-;Serra:8-;/79:8-17;SA8/17/79:8-62and6/10/80:8-64;F.L.Shelly:8-57;S.Shortz;8-60;H.J,Huntington:8-27;PPSL9/4/79:B-42;PDER8/20/79:8-50;T.R.Duck:B-ll;L.E.Watson:8-75;DOI9/10/79:8.7;EDC9/26/79:8-14;SEDA:8-56;M.H.Molesevich:B-39)NRChasfactoredtheimpactoftheThreeMileIslandaccidentintothereviewoftheSusquehannaapplication.Specifically,theEnvironmentalStatementhasbeensupplementedto'valuatethesite-specificenvironmentalimpactsattributabletoplant-specificaccidentsequencesthatleadtoreleasesofradiationand/orradioactivematerials,includingsequencesthatcanresultininadequatecoolingofreactorfuelandmeltingofthereactorcore(seeSec,6).EmergencyResponsePlansarerequired'bytheAtomicEnergyAct.Underthisact,theNRCandtheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEHA)areresponsibleforreviewingevacuationplans.StateandlocalevacuationplanswillbegeneratedandreviewedbytheNRCandtheFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)beforeanoperatinglicenseisissued.The28Harch1979accidentatTMI-2resultedingreateramountsofradioactivewaterandwastethancouldbeprocessedbytheinstalledradwastetreatmentsystemsinashorttime.Thesolu-tiontotheproblemwastocontainthesewastessoastopermittimeforradioactivedecayandforinstallingadditionaltreatmentequipment.Thenewequipmenthasbeeninstalledandcleanupisunderwayasplanned.ForadiscussionoftheresponsibilityofNRCtoprotectthehealthandsafetyofthepublicastheyrelatetonuclearplants,seeSection10.4.5.NRChasincludedanevaluationofClass9accidentsintheFES.Theradiationmonitorsdescrib-edinTable5.1areforpreoperationalpurposesonly.TheTechnicalSpecificationswillrequireadditionalmonitorsforoperation.StateandlocalevacuationplanswillbereviewedbytheFederalEmergencyManagementAgencybeforeanoperatinglicenseisissued.Animalandfood-cropsamplesweretakenpriortothestartupoftheplant;thebackgroundactiv-ityinthesesamplesisdeterminedbydestructivemeans.Similardestructivetestingofhumanswouldnotbepossible.Althoughwhole-bodycounting(anon-destructivetest)couldbedoneofhumansnearthesite,thiswouldnotbeeffectivebecauseofthemobilityofthehumanpopula-tionandthecostofwhole-bodycounting.
10-20NRChasstudiedpostulatedaccidentsassociatedwiththestorageofspentfuelattheSusque-hannasite.Thespentfuelstorageareawasevaluatedbypostulatingtheeffectsoffloods,missiles,pipebreaks,andseismic'vents.TheresultsoftheNRCevaluationaredocumentedinNUREG0776,Section9.1.2.NRChasafull-timeresidentinspectorattheSusquehannasite.Asaresult,thereportingofanyaccidentsbyPP&LwillbesupplementedwithanindependentNRCreportandassessment.10.6.3TransortationAccidentsNocomments.10.7NEEDFORPLANT10.7.1Resume(LEMoses:8-41;PP&L9/4/79:8-42)Section7.1hasbeenmodifiedtoincorporatethelatestinformationonstartupdates.10.7.2Alicant'sServiceAreaandReionalRelationshisNocomments.10.7.3Benefitsof0eratinthePlant(SA8/17/79:8-62;F.Thompson:8-74;H.J.Huntington::8-;..Duck:B-ll;EDC9/26/79:8-14;H.M.Holesevich:8-39)ThebasisforoperatingSSESdoesnotdependsolelyonreservemarginconsiderations.Inthenear-term,theeconomicbasisisthelowercostofelectricityproduction.Inafewyears,thestaffexpectsthatreservemarginrequirementswillnolongerbeadequate,andthatSSESwillbeneededforpeak-loadaswellasbaseloadenergy.AfurtherconsiderationisthatthereservemarginswerecalculatedasifbothunitsoftheThreeMileIslandnuclearplantwereinopera-tion;theEIShasthereforeoverstatedtheactualenergyavailableintheregion,atleastuntildecisionsonoperationoftheTHIUnits1and/or2aremadeandtheunit(s)arebackonline.Asdiscussedinthecomparisonofcoalandnuclearfuelcosts,theneedforSSESintheirnne-diatefuturedependsonlowerproductioncostsofSSEScomparedtootherunitsinthesystem.ThecoranentpointsoutthatSSEScouldhelpreplaceenergylossduetoTHI;thisfactorwasnotevaluatedintheEIS.Inthelongrun,reservemarginswillnotbeadequatewithoutSSES.SSESoperationasscheduledandplannedmakeseconomicsensebecauseoflowerproductioncostsandbecauseofitscontributiontomeetpeakenergyneeds.ThePriceAndersonActandgovernmentsubsidiesforresearchofwastedisposaltechnologydorepresentcostadvantagestonuclearenergythatareavailabletotheindustryasawhole.RemovaloftheseadvantageswouldnotmakethecostofpowerfromSSESprohibitiveasyoustate.Allinsurancepremiumsarehowpaidbynuclearplantoperators.Federallyfundedresearchinwastedisposalquitelikelywillbeasmallpartofthecostofwastedisposal,whichinturnisasmallpartofthecostoffuel.WastedisposalcostsarealreadyincludedinestimatedfuelcostsforSSES.OperationofSSESwouldproveeconomicalevenifthe'PriceAndersonActwererepealedandgovernment-sponsoredresearchstopped.Reasonsforoperatingtheplantwerediscussedandevaluatedanddonotconsistsolelyofreservemarginconsiderations.Seesummaryandconclusions(p.iv).AlsonoteresponsestosimilarquestionsinCoalvs.NuclearandBenefit-CostAnalysissections.AlthoughstaffnotesthatEDCconcursthattheplantisneeded,reservemarginconsiderationisonlyoneofseveralreasonsforoperatingtheplantasscheduled.Anthraciteisdiscussedinresponsetoothercomnentsonthesubject(seeSec.10.8.4).10.7.3.1OperationofthePJHInterchangeNocomnents.10.7.3.2MinimizationofProductionCosts(PP&L9/4/79:8-42)Thetexthasbeenrevisedtoreflectthesecomnents.
10-2110.7.3.3DiversityofSupplySourceNocomments.10.7.3.4ReliabilityofAnalysis(H.H.Holesevich:B-39)AsdiscussedinSection7.3.4.2oftheFES,areservecapacitylargerthan20Kmaybedesirableforasystemwithunitsthatarelargeinrelationtothesizeofthesystem(aswillbethecasewithSSESinservice).Table7.4hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthecomnents.10.8EVALUATIONOFTHEPROPOSEDACTION10.8.1AdverseEffectsThatCannotBeAvoidedNocomments.10.8.2Short-TermUsesandLon-TermProductivitNocomments.10.8.3IrreversibleandIrretrievableCommitmentsofResourcesNocomments.10.8.4ComarisonofNuclearandCoal-FiredPowerPlants(H,C.Jeppsen:B-31;DOT8/9/79;B-0;D-S:8-;Sierra:B-61;SA/179:B-62and6/10/80;8-64;S,Shortz:B-60;H.J.Huntington:B-27;EDC9/26/79:B-14)Thebenefitsofrevitalizingtheanthracite-coal-producingareasisaseparateissueandnotrelatedtotheoperation'of,SSES.Verysmallamountsofanthraciteareusedforsteamproductionbytheutilityindustryprimarilyduetothehighpriceofanthracitecoal.Thenewsourceper-formancestandards(NSPS)wererewrittentoencouragetheuseofEastern'oal..Thesestandardsrequireremovalofatleast70ÃoftheSOzinthefluegasifanemissionrateof0.6lb.ofSOzpermillionBtuscanbeachieved.NinetypercentremovalofSOzisrequiredif,thelimitcannotbemet.fAlthoughthesenewrulesdoencouragetheuseofEasternratherthanlow-sulfur.Westerncoalbecausesomescrubbingisrequired,thereisplentyofEasternbituminouscoalthatcanmeettheserequirements.MuchofthiscoalcanbeobtainedinPennsylvania.Itisnotlikelythatanthracitecoalcaneconomicallycompeteassteam-marketcoal.Anthracitecoalrevitalizationdependsmoreonthesteelindustry;increaseddemandisalsomorelikelytocomefromexportsratherthandomesticuses.Theeconomic'argumentforoperatingSSESratherthanacoalplantisbasedontheloweroper-atingcostofSSEScomparedtocoal-firedplants.Thecostofcoalistwotothreetimesthecostofcomparablenuclearfuel.Nuclearfuelcostshaveceasedtheirrapidpriceescalation,whilerealcoalpricesareforecasttoincreaseat2.2Xperyearthrough1990andat1.7%per1980,Lexington,HA).Thelong-rundifferepcesbetweennuclearandcoalpricesarenotexpectedtodiminish.Currentlynegotiateduraniumpricesareattheleveltheywereinlate1975;i.e..about$28/lbUsOa,Primarilybecauseofthedifferenceinfuelcosts,delayofoperationofSSESmakesnoeconomicsense,,evenifmoreenergycouldbeobtainedfromexistingcoal-firedplants.Constructionofanewcoal-firedplanttoreplaceSSESwouldbeeconomicallyunwisesinceSSEShasalreadybeenconstructed.',Comparisonofcoalvs.nuclearusinganthracitecoalasareferencecasewouldnotimprovetheeconomicsofburningcoal.SinceSSEShasalreadybeenconstructed,theuseofcoalcanonlybeevaluatedforuseinexistingplants,Notonlyisanthracitemoreexpensivethanbituminousatthemine,butboilersandauxiliaryequipmentwouldhavetoberefurbishedtouseadifferentcoaltype.Deratingmayalsobeinvolved.AsstatedinNUREG-0564,thereisaconsiderableamountofuncertaintyinestimatinghealtheffectsoverlongperiodsoftime(greaterthan100years).Theoveralluncertaintyinthe 10-22nuclearfuelcycleisprobablyaboutanorderofmagnitude(increasedordecreasedbyafactorof10)over100yearsandabouttwoormoreordersofmagnitudeover1000years.Theuncer-taintyassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycletendsto,bemuchlargerbecauseoftheinabilitytoestimatetotalhealthimpactsfromallthepollutantsreleasedtotheenvironmentfromthatcycle.However,ifoneassumesthatmostofthepublicimpactoveraperiodofseveraldecadesiscausedbyinhalationof,sulfurcompoundsandassociatedpollutants,thereisasmuchasatwo-order-of-magnitudeuncertaintyintheassessmentofthecoalfuelcycle.Inviewofthe,.largeuncertaintiesinanycomparisonofthehealtheffectsofcoalversusnuclearpowerplants,asite-specificcomparisonisnotwarranted.Increaseduseofcoalandsolarpowerareexpected,buttheseshouldnotbeconsideredasalter-nativestotheoperationofSSES.Nuclearpowermaybeassafeorsaferthancoalwithrespecttoreleaseofharmfulemissions(Sec.8.4).Solarpowerforelectricalgenerationhasnotbeendevelopedtothestagethatbaseloadelectricalgenerationneedscanbesatisfiedevenwithincreasedconservation.Thestaffdoesnotconsidersolarenergy,biomass,cogeneration,andconservationtobeadequatesubstitutesforamountsofpowerthatwillbegeneratedbySSES,norwouldthecostofgenera-tionfromSSESbenearlyashighasfrombuildingandoperatingthesealternatives.Foradiscussionofthetransportationeffects,seeSection10.4.6.Impactsassociatedwithboththecoalanduraniumfuelcycleshavebeenaddressedwithinagenericframeworkinvolvingthedevelopmentanduseofvariousmodels(i.e.modelminesandminingmethods,modelpowerplants,etc.).Discussionofthelandrequirementsforsupportingtheuraniumfuelcycleofamodel1000-mWeLWRispresentedinSection4.5.5.Incontrast,Dvoraket.al.characterizedthecoalfuelcyclewithinselectedsourceareas,therebyfactoringinregionaldifferencesincoalquality,bedthickness,miningconditions,etc:sAccordingly,landdisturbanceresultingfromsurfaceminingtosupplytheannualfuelrequirementofamodelpowerplant(1000HWe)fromthevarioussourceareaswasestimatedasfollows;Wyoming-12.1ha,Arizona-40.5ha,Pennsylvania66.8ha,Illinois76.9ha,andeasternKentucky78.9ha,However,thelistedareas(inhectares)pertainonlytolandsoverlyingthecoaltobeextracted.Thetotalaffectedareawouldbedependentonthedispositionofexcavatedoverburdenand,insomecases,maybetwiceormoretimestheareaslisted.Thestaffagreesthatageneraltrendexistswherebycontinuedextractionofagivenunitofcoaloruraniumresultsinincreasinglygreateradverseimpactsonthelandscape,However,itshouldalsobenotedthatcontemporaryrequirements,standards,andreclamationprogramsim-plementedtolimitsuchimpactsarealsobecomingincreasinglymorestringent.TheSurfaceMiningControlandReclamationAct(SHCRA)of1977exemplifiestheincreasingpublicawarenessoftheneedtoprevent,control,and/ormitigatemining-relatedimpacts.Oneprovisionoftheactmandatestheestablishmentofenvironmentalandothercriteriawhereby'somecoalresourceareasareorwillbedesignatedasunsuitableforsurfacemining.Someofthereclamationrequirementsoftheactincludespecificationsrelativetorestoringnaturallandcontours,topsoilmanagementandreplacement,restoringland-usepotentialstolevelscomparabletoorexceedingthoseexistingpriortomining,andrevegetationstandards.Theindirectimpactsofthecoalandnuclearfuelcycleshavebeentreated.indepthinotherdocuments.Considerationofthecoalfuelcycleisbeyondthescopeofthisproposedaction;however,nuclearpowerdoescomparefavorablywhen"indirecteffectofminingonthelandscape"areexamined.Acomprehensiveevaluationofuraniumminingandmillingispresentedinthe"GenericEnvironmentalImpactStatementonUraniumHilling,"April1979,NUREG-0511(twovolumes).Ifutilitieschoosetobuildcoal-firedplantsratherthannuclearplantsinthefuture,itisnotnecessarilytruethatthecheapestcoalwillcomefromtheareaneartheplant.Itisiunlikelythatanthracitecoalwillbeusedbecauseofthepremiumthatthattypeofcoalcorn<<mandsonthemarket.ThestaffdoesnotseeanyrelationbetweentheissuingofapermitfortheconstructionofPondHillReservoirandtheimpactof'renewedanthraciteindustryontheregion.Atthispoint,thecostofbuildinganewcoalplantandtherecoverycostofSSESwouldbeverylargeascomparedtothebenefitderivedfromtherenewedanthraciteindustry.r10.8.4.1HealthEffects(PP&L9/4/79:8-42)Table8.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthiscomnent.10.8.4.2TheUraniumFuelCycleNocomoents~
10-2310.8.4.3TheCoalFuelCycleNocomments.10.8.4.4OtherConsiderations(T.R.Duck:B-ll)NRChasfactoredtheimpactoftheThreeNileIslandaccidentintothereviewoftheSusquehannaapplication.Specifically,theEnvironmentalStatementhasbeensupplementedtoevaluatethesite-specificenvironmentalimpactsattributabletoplant-specificaccidentsequencesthatleadtoreleasesofradiationand/orradioactivematerials,includingsequencesthatcanresultininadequatecoolingofreactorfuelandmeltingofthereactorcore.10.8.4.5SummaryandConclusionsNoco+vents.10.8.5Uranium-ResourceAvailabilit(T.R.Duck:B-11)Section8.5hasbeenrevisedtoreflectrecentchangesintheoutlookforfutureuranium-fuelsupplies.ThediscussioninSection8.6hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthecurrentstaffpositionrelativetothedecommissioningofnuclearfacilities.Theserevisionssumnarizeamoreextensivetreatmentofthissubjectpublishedinthe"DraftGenericEnvironmentalInputStatementonDecommissioningofNuclearFacilities"(NUREG-0586,January1981,U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommission).ThedecommissioningalternativesforanuclearreactorarediscussedindetailinNUREG-0586.Thedollaramountindicatedinthebenefit-costsectionreferstooneofseveraldeconmissioningmethods;nospecificmethodofdecommissioningforSSEShasbeenselectedatthistime.Allreasonablemethodsofdecommissioningcanbeplannedforwithrespecttoengineeringandfinan-cialconsiderations.ThecomparisontoThreeNileIslandisnotappropriate,because'PIIinvolvesproblemsofcriticality,theextentofthecontaminationatUnittwo,andextraordinaryprecautionsnecessarytominimizeoccupationalexposure.10.9BENEFIT-COSTANALYSIS10.9.1Resume(F.L.Shelly:B-57;F.Thompson:8-74;H.J.Huntington:B-27;S.Laughland:B-32}Theassertionthatnuclearpowerisnotcompetitivewithothersourcesofelectricalenergyproductionisincorrect.SSEShasalreadybeenconstructedand,becausethisisatleasthalfoftheelectricityproductioncost,thereisnoneedtoevaluatethecoalvs.nuclearvs.alter-nativesourcesissue.Theoverallenergysourcecomparisonisusefulonlyattheconstructionstage,whenallcostsarevariableandeconomicchoicesofinterestarethewidestpossible.Attheconstructionstage,SSESisacompetitiveoption;attheoperationstage,itistheonlylogicaleconomicchoice.Theuseof60to705capacityfactorisrealisticfornewnuclearplants;averagecapacityfornuclearunitsin1979was65.2%.In1979,withTMIincludedinthedataforthefirsttenmonths,theaveragecapacityfactorwas58.95(NUREG0020.~0cretinUnitsStatusReort,Vol.4,No.9,September1980,p.1-3).Theavailabilityofelectricalenergyaffectsthedemandforusethroughtheprice.Within-creasingelectricalenergyprices,theadditionalpowerprovidedbySSESisnotgoingtoen-courageincreasedusage.ThesubsidiestonuclearpowermentionedinthecormnentcannotbeattributedtotheconstructionandoperationofSSES.Nosubsidieswereprovidedfor'thiscormercialplant.Wastedisposalcostshavebeenincludedinstudiesofnuclearpowereconomics.Plantcapacityfactorsof60to70%andnoaccidentsthatreleasesignificantlevelsofradioactivitytotheatmospherearetheexpectedfutureofSSES;therefore,theseassumptionsaretheproperbasisforthebenefit-costassessment.ThestresstosomeresidentsnearTHIisreal.Thestressonthoseresidentscannotbecomparedtothatonpeoplewholivewithinafewmilesofplantsthathaveoperatedsuccessfullywithoutaccident.ThecomparativerelativecostofnuclearpoweroperationwasusedasthebasisforassessingSSES;theabsolutecostswillchange.
10-24ThecapacityfactorscitedinM.J.Huntington'scomnentdonotreflectcurrentdata.Itistruethat,overthelifeofa'nuclearplant,capacityfactorsriseandthenfallinthelatteryears.However,thisistrueofcoalplantsaswell;thisdoesnotrepresentadisadvantageofnuclearplants.Theneedfortheplantintheproposedoperatingtimeframeisbasedprimarilyonthesavingsinfuelcosts.SSESisalsoneededinthelongerruntoreplaceenergyduetolossof'generatingcapability,andtomeetfuturedemandforenergy.i0.9.2BenefitsNocomments.10.9.3SocietalCostsNocomments.10.9.4EconomicCosts(M.M.Molesevich:8-39)Decoranissioningplansarepreparedforplantsthathavecompletedtheirusefullives.InthecaseofTMIoranyotheraccident,wheredecomoissioningisconsideredpriortocompletionofausefuloperatinglifeoffrom30to40years,aspecialinvestigationandstudywouldbere-quired.AnyattempttospeculateinadvanceonadecomoissioningplanundersuchextraordinarycircumstanceswouldbeusefulonlyinagenericassessmentandcouldnotbespecificallyappliedtoSSES.Thedecoranissioningcostisestimatedin1978dollarsandrepresentsonlyonemodeofdecommissioning.Nodeconeissioningalternativebasedonreasonablecostrangeswouldaffecttheconclusionthattheplantshouldoperate.10.9.5EnvironmentalCostsNocomments.10;9.6EnvironmentalCostsoftheUraniumFuelCcleNocoranents.10.9.7EnvironmentalCostsofUraniumFuelTransortationNocomnents.10.9.8SummarofBenefit-Cost(SA8/17/79:8-62;PP&L9/4/79:8-42;EDC9/26/79:8-14;oesevic:8-Thetexthasbeenrevisedtoreflectapplicablecoranents.ThestaffhasfoundnoevidencethatemployeesintheareawouldquittheirjobsifSSES.wereallowedtooperate.Thecost/benefitanalysisforPondHillisgiveninSectionA.5.3.10.AAPPENDIXA:FINALSUPPLEMENTTOTHEEISFORSSES10.A.lSuranarandConclusionsForewordIntroduction10.A.l.lSunmaryandConclusionsandForeward(LUZ:8-38;PDER5/20/80:8-54;HEW:8-6;DOI5/29/80:8-9;PP&L5/29/80:8-47)kThetextoftheSummaryandConclusionhasbeenchangedtoreflectapplicablecomments.TheapplicanthasproposedtheconstructionofacompensationreservoiratPondHillCreekinordertomeetrequirementsoftheSusquehannaRiverBasinConmissionduringperiodsoflowflow.DiscussionoftheproposedPondHillReservoiriscontainedinAppendixA.
10-25IItem3.0hasbeenaddedtotheSummaryandConclusionssectionofAppendixA.TheoperationofPondHillReservoirforcompensationreleaseswillhaveaminimalimpactondownstreamportionsoftheSusquehannaRiver(Sec.4).TheSRBChasestablished1July1984asthedeadlineforcompliancewithitsconsumptivewatermakeuprequirements(SRBCRegulation1,Section803.61).ThePennsylvaniaFishCommissionhasbeenaddedtothedistributionlistfortheFinalEnviron-mentalImpactStatement.10.A.1.2Introduction(PP&L5/29/80:B-47)ThetextoftheIntroductionhasbeenchangedtoreflecttheapplicablecoranents.10.A.2TheSiteandItsEnvirons(DOC:B-5)TheapplicantwillberequiredtodetermineifanyUSGSmarkersarelocatedintheproposedconstructionarea.Ifanymarkersareinthisarea,theapplicantwillnotifytheNationalOceanSurveyoftheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration(NOAA)andtakeappropriatestepstorelocatethemarkers.10.A.2.1PlantLocation(PP&L5/29/80:B-47)FiguresA.2.2,A.2.3,andA.2.4havebeenreplacedwithrevisedfigures.10.A.2.2LandUseNocoranents.10.A.2.3HeteorologyandHydrology(PP&L5/29/80:B-47)SectionA.2.3.3hasbeenrevisedtoincludeadiscussionofthespringwithintheprojectboun-dary.10.A.2.4GeologyandSeismologyINoco~ents.10.A.2.5SiteEcology(PP&L5/29/80:8-47)Thereferenceshavebeencorrected.10.A.2.6SocioeconomicProfileoftheLocalAreaNocomnents.10.A.2.7CulturalResources(SA6/10/80:B-64)Foradiscussionofculturalresources,seerevisedSectionA.2.7.10.A.3ReservoirDescritionThetext.ofSectionA.3hasbeenchangedtoreflectapplicablecomments.10.A.3.1Introduction(PP&L5/29/80:B-47;SRBC4/30/80:8-69)FiguresA.3.1andA.3.2havebeenreplacedwithrevisedfigures.RevisedP'latesA-l,2,5,6,17,and19,suppliedbyPP&L,wereusedtocorrectthefigures.10.A.3.2NodeofOperation(EPA5/30/80:8-23;PP&L5/29/80:B-47;SRBC4/30/80:B-69}Thestaffhasestimatedtheprobability,ofoccurrenceofdifferentperiods(numberofdays)oflowriverflowthatwouldinterrupttheoperationofthepowerstationbasedonhistoricalriver-flowmeasurement.Replacementandstartingenergycostsassociatedwitheachshutdownhavealsobeencalculated(TableA.5.3).Becausefutureoccurrencesoflowriverflowareimpossibletoforecast,thestaffhas,simplyprovidedthecostassociatedwithprobab'ledifferentlowriverflowperiods.Thedecisiontoacceptorrejecttheriverflowalternativewilldependuponone'sconfidencethatfutureriverflowwi'llfollowthehistoricpattern.Atpresent,theSusquehannaRiverhasagreaterdegreeofflowcontrolthanithadinthepast.Theanalysisshowsthat,ifthereisanaverageoffourdaysperyearoflowriverflowoveraperiodof30years,thecostofthePondHillprojectwillbemorethanthereplacementenergycost.
10-26C10.A.3.3RecreationArea(EDC9/26/79:B-'l4)IPP8LhasproposedarecreationalprogramforthePondHillReservoir.ThedetailsofthisprogramareprovidedintheEnvironmentalStatementinSectionA.3.3.10.A.3.4EstheticsNocomments.10.A.4EnvironmentalEffectsofConstructionand0eration10.A.4.1ImpactsonLandUse(DOT4/28/80:B-ll)ThetransportationimpactshavebeenadequatelyaddressedtothesatisfactionofDOT,withtheexceptionofsufficientcoordination.Itisthestaff',sviewthattheapplicantandDOTshouldworktogethertoconsideradequatedesignoftheaccessroadtothereservoiraswellasatten-dantimpacts.NRCwillnotpreemptDOTexpertiseinmattersofdesignandtrafficcoordination.ThecommentattributesmanyofthechangesinthepastyearstoconstructionofSSES.Manyofthesechangesareduetootherprojects,includingpasthighwayconstruction,andtourban-izationtrendsindependentof,SSES.Therecordshowsthattheblastingduringconstructiondidadverselyaffectresidents,butthisshouldnotbeconsideredinadecisionastowhetherornottheplantshouldbeoperated.ThecogentcorrectlystatesthatthelandusedbySSESisanirrevocableloss,buttheopinionthatitsformerusewasthebestusecannotbedemonstratedoneconomicgrounds.TheEISmentionstheeffectofHurricaneAgnesaspartoftherecenthistoryandisnotmeanttocharacterizethelocalareasurroundingtheplant.10.A.4.2ImpactsonWaterUse(EPA5/30/80:B-23;SRBC4/30/80:B-69;SA6/10/80:B-64)llEvaporationfromandprecipitationintothereservoirwereincludedinthesimulationofthedroughtofrecord.Thetexthasbeenchanged'oreflectthesecomments.10.A.4.3EnvironmentalImpacts(PP&L5/29/80:8-47;EPA5/30/80:B-23;DOI5/29/80:B-9;SRBC4/30/80:B-69)ThetextandFigureA.4.1havebeenrevisedtoreflectapplicablecomments.Thestatemen'tsinthetextdonotsupportthecomnentpertainingto'significantlynegativeimpactonwaterquality."Withrespecttophosphorouslevels,thetextstatesthatambientphosphorouslevelexceedscriteria.Theexpression"approximateoriginalcontours"(AppendixA,Sec.A.4.3.1)isingeneralaccordwiththeapplicant'scommitment:"Theborrowareaswillberestoredascloselyaspossibletotheiroriginalcondition"(ER-OL,AppendixH,Sec.4.2.2.4).Theextenttowhichoriginalcontourscanberestoredwillvary;however,thestaffexpectstheapplicanttoreestablishoriginalonsitedrainagetotheextentpossible,therebyavoidingunduedisruptionofoffsitedrainagepatterns.PPSL'scoranitmentondrainagefeaturesisingeneralagreementwithastaffrecommendationpresentedintheSectionA.4.3.1,paragraph6.ThestaffacknowledgesEPA'scorwenttotheeffectthat"discussiononwildliferesourcesisacceptable."However,therationalewherebythestaff'sstatementconcerningtherelativelylowdensityofeasterncottontailatthePondHillprojectsitehasbeeninterpretedasassertingthatthecottontailisof"minorimportance"isnotreadilyapparent,nordoesthestaffclearlyunderstandtheintendedmeaningof"minorimportance."Giventhatpopulationsofcottontailexhibitcyclicfluctuationsinnorthernstates(asdothoseofruffedgrouseandsnowshoehare},thelocaldensitiesofcottontailsgenerallyparalleltheavailabilityofproperfoodandcoverhabitat.Theextensivesecond-growthforestvegetationoftheprojectsiteisapproachingmaturity,andtheincreasingclosureoftheoverheadcanopyhasinhibited,andcontinuestoinhibit,theproductionofshrubbyandherbaceousvegetationthatservesasfoodandcoverforthecottontails.Thisprincipalconsiderationunderlyingthestaff'scontentionisingeneralagreementwithacitation(pageA.2-12)totheeffectthatthecottontailpopulationatthepro-posedreservoirsite"ismuchlowerdueinparttotherelativelysparseopenfieldandmeadowacreageandtohighpredationbygreathornedowl,easternredandeasterngrayfoxes,andwilddogs."TheimplementationofthefishandwildlifemanagementplanisastateresponsibilityandisnotnormallyhandledbytheNRC.ThePennsylvaniaStateFishCoranissionandthePennsylvaniaGame 10-27Commission,withtheaidoftheU.S.FishandWildlifeService,willdesignastatefishandwildlifemanagementplan.ThetextofSectionA.4.3.2.3("OperationalImpactsofDischargeSystem".)hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthisnewinformationaswellasthechangeinthedesignoftheinlet-outletstructure.Asaresultofthedesignchange,mostcompensationreleasesfromthereservoirwillbefromtheepilimnionlayer,minimizingthepotentialforcoldshockintheriver.Severalpointsneedtobeconsidered.First,thestaffagreesthatnutrientsmayberesuspendedduringturnover.WaterqualitydatapresentedinTableA.4.1oftheDESindicated.pHvaluesforPondHillCreekandtheSusquehannaRiver.Thestaff,feelsthepHofthereservoirwillbesuchthatnutrientssuspendedduringturnoverwillquicklyprecipitateandreturntothebottomsediments.Asecondpointisthathighlevelsofphosphorousarealreadypresentintheriver.,ItisthereforeincorrecttoimplythatphosphorouslevelsassociatedwitheutrophicconditionsinthereservoirwilladverselyeffecttheSusquehannaattimesofcompensation.'hethirdpointisthatinformationpresentedinTable1.3.2-1ofVolumeIVoftheER-OLsuggeststhatcompensationreleaseswillprimarilyoccurinearlyfallandthereforeprecedefallturnover.Table1~3.2-1hasbeenaddedtoSection4.3.2.2ofthetext.IIronlevelsarealreadyhighintheriverandhavebeenshownnottohavereducedprimarypro-ductivity.10.A.4.4HydrologicImpacts(DOI5/29/80:8-9;EPA5/30/80:8-23;SRBC4/30/80:8-69;SA6/10/80:8-64;PP8IL5/20/80:8-47)Theapplicanthasrevisedthespillwaydesign.SeeSectionA.4.4.2.3.AsstatedinSectionA.2.3.3',thereisnoinformationonhistoricfloodflowsinPondHillCreekbecausethereisnogagingstationonthestream.ThefiguresshowingthefloodplainsoftheSusquehannaRiverandPondHi'llCreekhavebeenrevised.SeeFiguresA.2.5andA.2.6.ChangesinthefloodplainduetotheconstructionandoperationoftheprojectarediscussedinSectionAD4"EnvironmentalEffectsofConstructionandOperation."ThedifferencebetweenEPA'sestimate.of986ranandNRC'sestimateof973ranforthe6-hrPHFisinsignificantandwouldnotaltertheconclusionsreachedinSectionA.4.4.2.3.Thedesignprecipitationseriesischosentorepresentanupperbound.Thereservoirisdesignedtobeabletoaccomnodatethisprecipitationserieswithoutbeingovertopped.Lessintensestormswillresultinlowermaximumreservoire'levations.Thesaddlereferredtohasaminimumelevationof302.1mHSL,0.3mabovethedamcresteleva-tionof301.8mHSLand2.7mabovetheemergencyspillwayweirelevationof299.4mHSL.Theapplicantisconsideringtheconstructionofanimperviouscutoffacrossthissaddle,asshowninFigureA.3.2.TheminimumelevationbetweenLilyLakeandthereservoiris311mHSL,morethan9mabovetheelevationofthedamcrest.Therefore,thepossibilityofeitheroftheselocationsbecomingspillwaysduringafloodisprecluded.Theapplicantcalculatedthedischargetemperaturesfromthelargerreservoirusingtherevisedinlet-outletstructure(SectionA.3.1.3andFigureA.4.1),thelargerreservoirareaandvolume,andboth1964and1975temperaturedata(seePP&L5/29/80,p.8-47).Thecalculatedtempera-turesfortheeffluentstreamflow,basedonreleasesof2.89m>/saregiveninthecitedcomnent.Thestaff'sassessmentofthethermalimpactofreleasesfromPondHillReservoirhasnotchangedasaresultofthisdesignchangeandthemodelingstudiesarebasedon1975meteoro-logicaldata.ThereservoiriswellabovethelevelofanycrediblefloodeventontheSusquehannaRiver.Thedownstreamtoeofthedamis'morethan70mabovethenormalriverlevelandmorethan65mabovethehistoricalmaximumSusquehannaRiverstage(TropicalStormAgnes,'l972).SeeSec-tionA.4.4.2.3foradiscussionofthehydrologicdesignofthedamwiththeproposedrevisedspillway.Table1.3.2-1ofVolumeIVoftheER-OLpresentspasthistorydataontheSusquehannaRiver.Thistableindicatesthatwithdrawalfromthereservoircanbeexpectedtobeinfrequent.ThistablehasbeenincludedinSectionA.4.3.2.2ofthetextandshouldaidinclarifyingthediscussion.
10-28TheresponsibilityforrequiringmonitoringisthefunctionoftheEPA(seeEPA5/30/80,p.8-23),nottheNRC.NRCcannotrequiremonitoringofwaterquality.EPAisresponsibleforwaterqualitymonitoringandwaterquality.,~SectionA.4.4.2.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflecttheseconments.ThelargerreservoirhasbeenplannedtomeetSRBC'srequirementsandnotspecificallyforthepurposeofsupplyingadditionalstoragecapacityforotherusersoruses,suchassalestootherutilitiesorindustrieson.theSusquehannaRiver.Althoughtheseotherusesarepossible,thestaffhasnotattemptedto"evaluatethem.10.A.4.5SocioeconomicImpacts(EPA5/30/80:B-23)Thesectionhasbeenrevisedtoreflectthesecoranents.10.A.4.6ImpactstoCulturalResources(DOI5/29/80:B-9)Foradiscussionofculturalresources,seerevisedSectionA.2.7.10.A.5Alternatives,NeedforFacilitandBenefit-CostAnalsisSectionA.5hasbeenrevisedtoincorporateapplicablecoranents.10.A.5.1AlternativestoConstructingaWaterStorageReservoir(EPA5/30/80:8-23;PP&L5/29/80:8-47SRBC4/30/80:B-69;FERC:B-25;SA6/10/80:B-64)ThePondHillReservoirisbeingplannedtosupplementriverflowduringperiodsoflowriver-flow.TheSusquehannaRiverBasinConmissionhasdirectedthatthereservoirbeconstructedby1July1984.ThePondHillReservoirisnotrequiredforthesafeoperationofthenuclearplant.Therefore,theEnvironmentalStatementreviewdealtonlywiththeeffectofthecon-structionandoperationofthePondHillReservoirontheenvironment.ThestaffdoesnotseeanyrelationbetweentheissuingofapermitfortheconstructionofPondKillReservoirandtheimpactofarenewedanthraciteindustryontheregion.Atthispoint,thecostofbuildinganewcoalplant,andtherecoverycostofnuclearportionsofSSESwouldbeverylargeascomparedtothebenefitderivedfromtherenewedanthraciteindustry.SRBChasfailedtoindicateinitscommentstheeffectitbelieveditsrecooeendationwouldhaveontheavailabilityofaback-upwatersupplycontemporaneouswithconstructionandoperationofSSES.Thestaffnotes,however,thattheconclusionsreachedintheFESdonotrestontheavailabilityofaback-upwatersupply.Instead,thestaffassumedcompliancewiththeSRBCruleswithoutsuchasystem.TheFES(seeSec.A.5.1.2)hasbeenrevisedtoreflecttheSRBC'spositionontheCowanesqueReservoir.10.A.5.2AlternativeSites(SRBC4/30/80:B-69)ThetextofParagraph1ofSectionA.5.2iscorrect.AsstatedinReferences24and29ofSection2ofthisAppendix,theinitialdesigncriteriaforthewaterstoragereservoirwerebasedonaI)710riverflowof21.8ms/s;thealternativesiteanalyseswere'conductedonthisbasis,includingthe96-daycompensationflowrequirement.Later,theg7~0valuewaschanged'o22.7m>/s.ThedamdesigngivenintheER-OL,,AppendixH,andinthisEnvironmentalState-mentisbasedonthehigherg710value.10.A.5.3Benefit-CostAnalysis(FERC:B-25;PP&L5/29/80:B-47;SRBC4/30/80:B-69)ThestaffdisagreeswiththechangesuggestedbyPP&L(5/29/80,p.B-47}.IfPP&LmeetsPJH'sreserverequirements,PJKcouldstillbuytheneededamountofelectricityfromPP&Landwouldnotsufferthelossofsale.Kowever,theabilityofPP&Ltosupplypowertotherestofthenetworkwouldbere'ducediftheriver-followingmodeofoperationwereutilized.Theprobabilityofashutdownoflessthanorequalto14daysis94.1X.SectionA.5.3.1hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthiscomment.Amathematicalaverageoffour-dayshutdowndoesnotmeanthattheplantwillbeclosed,everyyearforfourdays.Likeanyaverage,itsimplymeansthattheplantmaybeclosedformorethanfourdaysinsomeyearsandforlessthanfourdaysinothers.Overtheperiodofobserva-tion,thesumofdeviationfromthemeanisexpectedtobezero,Thecalculationofthepresentvalueofthereplacementenergycostgivesanestimateofthecostincurredbytheapplicantifthefutureriverflowfollowsasimilarhistoricalpattern.Table5.3doespresentthecostassociatedwithdifferentexpectedvaluesofnumberofdaysofplantshutdown.10-29Aspertheapplicant'sresponse,theaverageannualenergyrequirement,includingthepurchaseofreplacementenergyduringthefour-dayshutdownandtheenergyneededto,starttheplantarebetween160,000and170,000HWh,dependingonthelengthoftimeassociatedwithcoldorhotreactorshutdownconditions.Thestaffassumedthattheincrementalamountofelectricityrequiredtostartuptheplantfromcoldvs.hotreactionshutdownconditiontobe10,000HWh.Asthereisnodefiniteknowledgeatthispointoftheplantshutdowncondition,thestaffassumeda50/50chanceofhotorcoldshutdownoverthelifeoftheproject.Underthisassump-tion,theyearlyaverageamountofelectricityrequirementcomesto165,000HWh.Thestaffassumesthattheenergyrequiremen'tis146,000HWh(2100HWx4daysx24hr/dayx0.70cap.factor+5000HMh).Thestaffagreesthattheremaynotbeasubstantialsavingsintheoperatingvariablecostduringtheshutdownperiod.Theamountofsavingsrealized(ifany)wouldnotalterthefind-ingsoftheanalysis.Thestaffdoesnotfindanycostdifferencebetweenthereportbasedontheapplicant'sresponseandtheonebythecogent.Pleasenotethatthepresentvalueofthecostreportedhereincludesthecostoftheproject($65million)andtheyearlyoperatingcostof,$100,700over30years.Thestaffagreesthatsuchasituationmayarise(seePP&L5/29/80,p.8-47},butitishighlyunlikelythatlowriverflowandfuel-oilcurtailmentwouldoccuratthesametime.TableA.5.4hasbeenrevisedtoreflectthiscogent.10.A.5.4EvaluationofUnavoidableAdverseEnvironmentalImpactsoftheProposedActionNocorments.10.8COHHEATSONDESNocoraaents.10.CENVIRONHENTALASSESSMENTBYTHEDIVISIONOFSITESAFETYANDENVIRONHENTAL,ANALYSISFORPROPOSEDHODIFICATIONSTOTHETRANSMISSIONLINESYSTEH(DA-SCS:8-4;DOI9/10/79:8-7;H.H.Holesevich:8-39)Informationpresentedbytheapplicantindicatesthattheysoughtandreceivedan"erosioncontrolprogramandpermit"fromthePDER(ER-OL,Sec.12.1.2).Similarinformationindicatesthat.,theapplicantperiodicallyconsultedwiththeSoilandMaterConservationDistrictsre-gardingmethodstocontrolsoilerosion(ER-OL;Sec.4.5).Furthermore,thestaffevaluatedtheapplicant'sproposedplansforcontrol1ingerosionduringtransmission-lineconstruction;suchplanswerefoundacceptable(seeAppendixC,p.C-6andSec.5.3.5}.Thestaffwouldalsoliketopointoutthatlanddisturbanceattheplantsiteandwithintransmission-linerights-of-wayresultsprimarilyfromconstructionactivities;whereasthefocusofthisstatementisonimpactsassociatedwithoperationofthestationandtransmissionfacilities.Thestaffforeseesnoinstancesinwhichroutineoperationofthefacilitieswillresultinsignificantlanddisturbance.Thestaffhaselectedtoaddressthe"possibility"referredtointhecommentasfollows.Theapplicantstatesthateasementsareusuallyacquiredfortransmission-linerights-of-way(ROM}.TheseeasementsallowtheownerscontinueduseoftheROWconsistentwithsafeandefficientoperationandmaintenanceofthetransmissionlinesandstructures(ER-CP,Section3.2.6).Thus,thefutureuseofclearedROMwillbesubjecttoindividualagreementsbetweentheownersandtheapplicant,andmayormaynotinvolveplantingsforwildlifefoodorcover.AsindicatedinAppendix8(p.8-6),woodyvegetationwillberemovedfromtheROWby"selec-tive"or"tailored"methodsofclearing.Accordingly,completeremova'1oftreesandunderbrushwilloccuronlyinlimitedareas,suchastower-constructionsitesandserviceroads.Ingeneral,onlytalltreesandthoseofgrowthhabits.thatcouldinterferewithenergytrans-missionwillberemovedfromtheROM.Certaintreesoflimited-heightgrowthpotential,shrubs,herbs,andgrasseswillbepreserved"tothegreatestextentpractical"(ER-CP,Amendment5,Exhibit8),therebylimitingtheareaofdisturbanceanderosionpotential.Inmanyinstances,theresidualvegetationisexpectedtobesufficientlybeneficialforwildlifesothatplantingsfor,foodandcoverwillbe'unnecessary.Thestaffencouragestheestablishmentofwildlifehabitatinareaswheresuchmanagementiscompatiblewithotherland-usepriorities.However,"usingplantingsrecoranendedbythe 10-30PennsylvaniaGameConmissionforallforestedareasclearedduringtransmissionlineconstruc-Figureshavebeenchangedinresponsetothecommentmade.References1.LetterfromH.R.Buring(PP&L)toJ.T.Ulanowski(PDER),9April1980.2.LetterfromJ.T.Ulanowski(PDER)toH.R.Buring(PP8L),29April1980.3.LetterfromN.M..Cuntis(PPQ.)toO.E.Sells(NRC),13November1979.4.G.W.Patterson,C.R.Curtis,T.L.Lauves,andG.Hosokaiva,"ChalkPointCoolingTowerProject,NativeVegetationStudy,FinalReport,FY'78,"ReportNo.PPSP-CPCTP-24,WRRCSpecialReportNo.10,Water.ResourcesResearchCenter,UniversityofHaryland,CollegePark,HD,June1978.5.C.L.Hulchi,D.C.Wolfe,andJ.A.Armbruster,"CoolingTowerEffectsonCropsandSoils,PostoperationalReportNo.3,FinalReport,FY-78,"PPSP-CPCTP-23,WRRCSpecialReportNo.11,MaterResourcesResearchCenter,UniversityofHaryland,CollegePark,HD,1978.6.C.RECurtis,B.A.Francis,andT.L.Lauver,"DogwoodasaBioindicatorSpeciesforSalineDrift,"pp.I-65throughI-77,InProceedingsofaSymposiumonEnvironmentalEffectsofCoolingTowerEmissions,Hay2-W1978,UniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,HD,1978.7."AnEcologicalStudyoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftheThreeHileIslandNuclearStation,AnnualReportfor1975,"~BM.A.Potter,ProjectLeader,andAssociates,forHetropolitanEdisonCompany,IchthyologicalAssociates,Inc.,Ithaca,NY,February1976.8.BEL.Cohen,"Radon:Characteristics,NaturalOccurrence,TechnologicalEnhancement,andHealthEffects."Vol.4,ProressinNuclearEner,1979.9.A.J.Dvoraketal.,"TheEnvironmentalEffectsofUsingCoalforGeneratingElectricity,"NUREG-0252,preparedbyArgonneNationalLaboratoryfortheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCom-mission,1977.*10.NaturalResourcesDefenseCouncil,"DenialofPetitionforRulemaking,"42FR34391,5July1977,AvailableintheNRCPublicDocumentRoom.11.U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,"HanagementofTransmissionLineRights-of-WayforFishandWildlife,"Vol.I,Chapter3;Section14,FMS/OBS-79/22,1979.vaaeor,pureasefromtheNatiogalTechnicalInformationService,Springfield,VA22161.
NUREG-1981APPENDIXAFINALSUPPLEMENTTOTHEENVIRONMENTALSTATEMENTBYTHEU.S.NUCLEARREGULATORYCOMMISSIONFORSUSQUEHANNASTEAMELECTRICSTATION,UNITS1AND2proposedbyPENNSYLVANIAPOWERANDLIGHTCOMPANYALLEGHENYELECTRICCOOPERATIVE,INC.DocketNos.50-38750-388
SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONSThisAppendixtotheFinalEnvironmentalStatementwaspreparedbytheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryComtssloo(NRC),Off(caofNuclearReactorRegulatloo(thestaff).1.Theactionisadministrative.2.Theproposedactionistheissuanceofconstructionpermitsbylocal,state,andfederalagencies(includingtheSusquehannaRiverBasinCo()I)ission,SRBC)fortheconstructionofawaterstoragereservoirinthePondHillCreekdrainagebasin.Theproposedsiteis'locatedonasmalltributaryoftheSusquehannaRiverinConynghamTownship,LuzerneCounty,Pennsylvania.ThesiteisapproximatelyllkmnortheastoftheboroughofBerwick,Penn-sylvania,andabout3.7kmnortheastoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation(SSES),nowunderconstruction.ThepurposeoftheproposedreservoiristosupplywatertotheSusquehannaRiverduringperiodsoflowriverflowtoreplacethewaterconsumptivelyusedbySSES.ActionbytheNRCisnotrequiredfortheissuanceofconstructionpermitsforthisreser-voirsThisEnvironmentalStatementhasbeenpreparedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCo)naissiontodescribetheenvironmentalimpactsofconstructionandoperationofthePondHillReser-voirsincethefacilityisassociatedwiththeoperationoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation.3.Thefacilitywillconsistofanearthandrockfilldamconstructedacrossthevalley,about1.3kmeastoftheSusquehannaRiver,aspillway,aninlet-outletstructure,apipeline,andapumpingstation.Thedamwouldbeabout730minlengthatcrestlevel;themaximumheightabovethestreambedwillbeabout67m.Normalwaterstoragecapacityofthereservoirwouldbeabout30)c106ms(24,100acre-feet),ofwhichabout905(5x106m),willbeavailableforcompensationflow.Thewaterareaofthereservoirwillbeabout128haatthedesignnormalwaterlevelof299mMSL.TheinformationinthisstatementrepresentsanassessmentoftheenvironmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeconstructionofthePondHillReservoir,pursuanttotheguidelinesoftheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969(NEPA)and10CFRSloftheCo)mnission'sregulations.Thestaffhasreviewedtheimpactsthatwouldoccurduetotheconstructionandoperationofthereservoir.Thestaff'sanalysisisbasedonareviewofmaterialsuppliedbytheapplicant,PennsylvaniaPower8LightCo.(PP8L);areviewofothermate-rialsecuredindependently;avisittotheproposedandfourofthealternatesites;anddiscussionswithvariousstate,local,andfederalofficials.Thepotentialimpacts,bothbeneficialandadverse,aresu)n))arizedasfol'iows:a.ThevalleyandPondHillCreekwillbepermanentlyaltered.b.Approximately525haoflandwillbededicatedtothereservoirforthelifeofthefaci1ity.c.About2.3kmofPondHillCreekwillbeconvertedfromafree-flowingstreamtoareservoir;the1.3-kmsectionofthecreekbelowthedamwillbeconvertedfromafree-flowing,sometimesintermittent,streamtoapartiallyregulatedstreamwithaminimumflowmaintainedbyreleasesfromthereservoir.d.Asmuchas195haofterrestrialenvironmentmaybedirectlyaffectedandvariouslyalteredduetodevelopmentofthePondHillReservoir.About128haofforestedareawillbeinundated.Impoundmentstructureswilloccupyabout16ha.Mostoftheremainingdisturbedareawillbereclaimedandlandscapedfollowingconstruction.e.Vegetationin,.theareascoveredbywaterandstructureswillbeconvertedintohabitatforaquaticbiota.f.Somewildlifemortalitywil'1occurastheresultofconstructionactivitiesandtheinitialfillingofthereservoir;inaddition,someanimalswillbedisplacedfromaffectedareas.Adverseeffectsonterrestrialwildlifewillbevariouslyoffsetbyreclamationofdisturbedareas,creationofaquatichabitat,andtheimplementationofawildlifehabitat-improvementprogram.A.i goLand-clearingandconstructionactivitieswilltemporarilycauselocallyincreasedlevelsofnoiseaswellasemissionsofsmokeanddust.Somesoilerosionwilloccurdespitetheimplementationofcontrolmeasures.Also,topsoilmaterialsusedinreclamationwillhaveundergoneadversephysicalandchemicalchangesthatmaybereflectedbyreducedfutureproductivityoftheaffectedareas.h.Fluctuatingwaterlevels,totheextenttheprojectisusedforlow-flowcompensation,willresultinexposedareasandwillaltersomeoftheaquatichabitatcreatedbythedamfortheperiodofdrawdownandrefill.Therewillbeatemporaryincreaseinhighwaytrafficduetoworkerscomnutingtoandfromtheareaduringconstructionandtotrucksbringinginconstructionmaterialsandsuppliesandremovingrefuse.ThewaterqualityofPondHillCreekbelowthereservoirwillgenerallybelowerthanthatpriortoreservoirestablishment.k.Basedonthedroughtsofrecord,the,dischargeandstoragecapacitiesofthereservoiraregreaterthanthoserequiredtoprovidecompensationwatertotheSusquehannaRiverasaresultofSSESoperation.l.About145haoflandwillbeconvertedfromtheirpresentusetocertainrecreationaluses,suchashuntingandhiking.Thereservoirmaybedevelopedforcertainwaterrecreationalactivities,suchasnon-powerboatingandfishing.m.Asaresultofreservoirdevelopment,anincreaseinwaterfowlandaquaticandshore-linewildlifemayoccur.n.Hino'rchangesinlocaldemography,settlementpatterns,andsocioculturalstructureswillresultfromtheconstructionandoperationofthereservoir.Eo.TheoperationofPondHillReservoirwillhaveaminimalimpactonwaterqualityandaquaticecologyinthedownstreamportionsoftheSusquehannaRiver,OnthebasisoftheanalysisandevaluationsetforthinthisStatement,andafterweighingtheenvironmental,economic,technical,andotherbenefitsagainstenvironmentalcostsandafterconsideringavailablealternativesitisconcludedthattheconstructionofthePondHillReservoirisanacceptablemethodforcomplyingwiththelow-flowwateruserequire-mentsoftheSusquehannaRiverBasinComnission.Thestaff'sassessmentindicatesthattheenvironmentalandotherimpactsofthereservoirwillbeminimal' CONTENTS'i/Inl.SUNHARYANDCONCLUSIONS.LISTOFFIGURES.LISTOFTABLES........~~FOREWORDA.l.INTRODUCTIONA.l.lHistoryA.l.2PermitsandLicenses.qll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PaeA.iA.vA.viA.viiA.l-lA.l-lA.l-lA.2.THESITEANDITSENVIRONS.A.2.1PlantLocation.~.....A.2.2LandUse.A,2.3MeteorologyandHydrology,A.2.3.1MeteorologyA.2.3.2HydrologyA.2.3.3MaterSourcesA,2.4GeologyandSeismology~..A.2.4.1GeologyA.2.4.2Seismo'logy.A.2.5SiteEcology.A.2.5.1TerrestrialEcologyA.2.5.2AquaticEcologyA.2.6SocioeconomicProfileoftheA.2'.1Demography......A.2.6.2SettlementPattern..A.2.6.3SocialOrganizationA.2.6.4SocialServicesA.2.6.5PoliticalOrganizationA.2.6.6EconomicOrganizationA.2.6.7SocioculturalCharacterA.2.7CulturalResources..A.2.7.1Region.A.2.7.2PondHillSite,...References~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LocalArea~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*I~~~~~~~~istics~~~A.3.RESERVOIRDESCRIPTION.A.3.1Introduction.A.3.1.1EmbankmentDam......'..A.3.1.2Spillway.............A.3.1.3Inlet-OutletStructure.A.3.1.4WaterConduitA.3.1.5PumpingPlantandIntakeStructureA.3,1.6AccessRoadA,3.2NodeofOperationA.3..2.1InitialFillingofReservoir.A.3.2.2CompensationReleasesA.3.2.3ConservationReleasesA.3,2.4RefillingtheReservoirA.3'RecreationAreaA.3.4EstheticsA.3.4.1Construction..........,A.3.4.2OperationReference.A.2-1A.2-1A.2-1A.2-1A.2-1A.2-5A.2-5A.2-9A.2-9A.2-9A.2-9A.2-9A.2-14A.2-20A.2-20A.2-20A.2-20A.2-20A.2-21A.2-21A.2-21A.2-21A.2-21A.2-21A.2-22"A.3-1A.3-1A.3-1A.3-1A.3-1A.3-5A.3-5A.3-5A.3-5A.3-5A.3-5A.3-7A.3-7A.3-7A.3-7A.3-7A.3-7A.3-7A.4.ENVIRONNENTALEFFECTSOFCONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATIONA.4.1ImpactsonLandUseA.4.2ImpactsonMaterUse.............A.4~3EnvironmentalImpacts~~A.4-1A.4-1,A.4-1A.4-1 CONTENTS~~0~~~~\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A.4.3.1TerrestrialA.4.3.2AquaticA.4.3.3AtmosphericA.4.4HydrologicImpacts...A.4.4.1ConstructionA.4.4.2OperationA.4.5SocioeconomicImpactsA.4.5.1Demography.A.4.5.2SettlementPattern.A.4.5.3ImpactstotheSocialSystem..........A.4.5'SocialServicesA.4.5.5ImpactstothePoliticalSystemA.4.5.6ImpactstotheEconomicSystem......A.4.6ImpactstoCulturalResourcesReferencesA.5.ALTERNATIVES,NEEDFORFACILITY,ANDBENEFIT-COSTANALYSISA.F1AlternativestoConstructingaWaterStorageReservoir.A.5.1.1NoActionAlternative--"RiverFollowing"'.A.5.1.2,UseofExistingReservoirs....A.5.1.3SummaryA.5.2AlternativeSitesA.5.3Benefit-CostAnalysisA.5.3.1NoActionAlternative-,-"RiverFollowing"...A.5.3.2UseofExistingReservoirsA.5.3.3PondHillReservoirA.5.3.4DiscussionandConclusionsA.5.4EvaluationofUnavoidableAdverseEnvironmentalImpactsoftheProposedAction..~,,..~.....,~..A.5.4'Land..~...........~.....,,.A.5.4.2WaterA.5.4.3AirA.5.4.4TerrestrialEcologyA.5.4.5AquaticEcologyReference.....~PaeA.4-1A.4-4A.4-10A.4-10A.4-10A.4-11A.4-12A.4-12A.4-13A.4-14A.4-14A.4-14'.4-14A.4-14A.4-14A.5-1A.5-1A.5-1A.5-1A.5-2A.5-2A.5-2"A.5-2A.5-4A.5-4A.5-4AD5-4A,5-4A.5-5A.5-5A.5-5A.5-6A.5-6APPENDIX1.LETTERFROMU.S.FISHANDWILDLIFESERVICErefederalendangeredandthreatenedspeciesinPennsylvanialyproposedA.App.1-1APPENDIX2.ARCHEOLOGICALSURVEYPLANFORTHEPONDHILLRESERVOIRSITEPREPAREDFORPP&LBYCURTISE.LARSEN,ARCHEOLOGIST,COMMONWEALTHASSOCIATES,INC,JACKSON,MICHIGAN,31OCTOBER1979.A.App.2-1 FIGURES~FtuleA.2.1A.2.2A.2.3'.2'A.2.5A.2.6A.3.1A.3.2A.3.3A.3.4A.4.1PondHillReservoirSiteLocation.GeneralPlanofthePondHillReserVoirProject.....LandRequirementsforthePondHillReservoirProject.WaterequalityandAquaticLifeSamplingStationsatPondHillCreek....'loodplainofPondHillCreek......FloodplainoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftPePondHillSite.PondHillReservoirConstructionAreasGeneralProjectPlanforPondHillReservoirwithAlignmentofAlternativesDetailedSchematicofSpillwayStructureforPondHillReservoirProposedIntakeforPondHillReservoir.Inlet-OutletStructure~PaeA.2-2A.2-3A.2-4A.2-6A.2-7A.2-8A.3-2A.3-3A.3-4A,3-6A.4-9A.v TABLESTableA.2.1A.2.2A.2.3A.2.4A.2.5PrincipalPlantSpeciesofTerrestrialVegetationTypesOccurringatthePondHillSite.WaterIlualityCriteriaforPondHillCreek.WaterIlualityDatafromtheUpperSectionofPondHillCreek........WaterIiualityDatafromtheLowerSectionofPondHillCreek.WaterIlualityin'theSusquehannaRiverneartheProposedIntakeSite....~PaeA.'2-11A.2-15A.2-'16A.2-17A.2-18A.4.1ComparisonsofWatergualityofSusquehannaRiverandPondHillCreekA.4.2SummaryofReservoirOperationBasedonHistoricalFlowRecordsoftheSusquehannaRiveratWilkes-BarreA.4.3AnticipatedEvaporationRatedonaMonthlyBasisfo'rthePondHillReservoirA.5.1Thirty-yearPresentWorthoftheAverageAnnualReplacementEnergyCost...A.5.2StaffEstimatesofReplacementEnergyCostattheIncrementalPriceA.5.3ShutdownProbabilities....~.......A.5.4EffectofShutdownonReserveHargin..................,.A.4-5A.4-6A-4-8A,5-3A.5-3A.5-3A.5-5A.vi FOREWORDThisAppendixtotheFinalEnvironmentalStatementwaspreparedbytheU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCoranission,OfficeofNuclearReactorRegulation(thestaff),inaccordancewiththeComnission'sregulation,10CFR51,whichimplementstherequirementsofthe'NationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969(NEPA).NEPAstates,amongotherthings,thatitisthecontinuingresponsibilityofthefederalgovern-menttouseallpracticablemeans,consistentwithotheressentialconsiderationsofnationalpolicy,toimproveandcoordinatefederalplans,functions,programs,andresourcestotheendthatthenationmay:Fulfilltheresponsibilitiesofeachgenerationastrusteeoftheenvironmentforsucceedinggenerations.AssureforallAmericanssafe,healthful,productive,andestheticallyandculturallypleasingsurroundings.Attainthewidestrangeofbeneficialusesoftheenvironmentwithoutdegradation,risktohealthorsafety,orotherundesirableandunintendedconsequences.~Preserveimportanthistoric,cultural,andnaturalaspectsofthenationalheritage,andmaintain,whereverpossible,anenvironmentthatsupportsdiversityandvarietyofindividualchoice.~Achieveabalancebetweenpopulationandresourceusethatwillpermithighstandardsoflivingandawidesharingoflife'samenities.4~Enhancethequalityofrenewableresourcesandapproachthemaximumattainablerecyclingofdepletableresources.Further,withrespecttomajorfederalactionssignificantlyaffectingthequalityofthehumanenvironment,Section102{2){C)ofNEPAcallsforpreparationofadetailedstatementon:(i)theenvironmentalimpactoftheproposedaction(ii)anyadverseenvironmentaleffectsthatcannotbeavoidedshouldtheproposalbeimplemented(iii)alternativestotheproposedaction(iv)therelationshipbetweenlocalshort-termusesofthehumanenvironmentandthemain-tenanceandenhancementoflong-termproductivity(v)anyitreversibleandirretrievablecommitmentsofresourcesthatwouldbeinvolvedintheproposedaction,shoulditbeimplementedAnenvironmentalrepottaccompanieseachapplicationforaconstructionpermit.Apublican-nouncementoftheavai'labilityofthe,reportismade.Anycoaeentsonthereportbyinterestedpersonsareconsideredbythestaff.InconductingtherequiredNEPAreview,thestaffmeetswiththeapplicanttodiscussitemsofinformationintheenvironmentalreport,toseeknewinformationfromtheapp'licantthatmightbeneededforanadequateassessment;andgenerallytoensurethatthestaffhasathoroughunderstandingoftheproposedproject.Inaddition,thestaffseeksinformationfromothersourcesthatwillassistintheevaluationandvisitsandinspectstheprojectsiteandsurroundingvicinity.Hembersofthestaffmaymeetwithstateandlocalofficialschargedwithprotectingstateandlocalinterests.Onthebasisofalltheforegoingandothersuchactivitiesorinquiriesasaredeemedusefulandappropriate,thestaffmakesanindependentassessmentoftheconsiderationsspecifiedinSection102(2){c)ofNEPAand10CFR51.Thisevaluationleadstothepublicationofadraftenvironmentalstatement,preparedbytheOfficeofNuclearReactorRegulation,whichisthencirculatedtofederal,state,andlocalgovernmentalagenciesfotcomment.Asummarynoticeoftheavai'labilityoftheapplicant'sA,vii environmentalreportandthedraftenvironmentalstatementispublishedintheFederalReister.Interestedpersonsarealsoinvitedto-cogentontheproposedactionandthedratstatement.CommentsshouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,DivisionofLicensing,attheaddressshownbelow.AAfterreceiptandconsiderationofcontentsonthedraftstatement,thestaffpreparesafinalenvironmentalstatement,.whichincludesadiscussionofquestionsandobjectionsraisedbythecornnentsandthedispositionthereof;afinalbenefit-costanalysis,whichconsidersandbalancestheenvironmentaleffectsofthefacilityandthealternativesavailableforreducingoravoid-ingadverseenvironmentaleffectswiththeenvironmental,economic,technical,andotherbene-fitsofthefacility.Thisenvironmentalreviewdealswiththeimpact'ofconstructionandoperationofthePondHillReservoirontheenvironment.Thisevaluationisbasedoninformationsuppliedbytheapplicant,PennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany,inAppendixHtotheEnvironmentalReportfortheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation(May1979)andotherdocuments,avisittothesiteoftheproposedreservoir(andfourofthealternatesites),andmeetingswithstateandlocaloff5cials.NoNRCactionisrequiredpriortothestartofconstructionoroperationofthisfacility,~sincethenuclearpowerplantcanbegrantedanoperatinglicensewithoutthereservoir.Priortostartofconstruction,theapplicantwillobtainthenecessarypermitsfromstate,localandfederalagencies,suchastheSusquehannaRiverBasinCommission(SRBC),U.S.CorpsofEngineers(COE),andtheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA).CopiesofthisstatementareavailableforinspectionattheCommission'sPublicDocumentRoom,1717HStreetNW,Washington,DC,andattheOusterhoutFreeLibrary,ReferenceDepartment,71SouthFranklinStreet,WilkesBarre,PA.Singlecopiesofthisstatementmaybeobtainedbywritingto:Director,DivisionofLicensingOfficeofNuclearReactorRegulationU.S.NuclearRegulatoryComnissioniWashington,DC20555Mr.RichardM.StarkistheNRCProjectManagerforthisproject.Mr.Starkmaybecontactedattheaboveaddressorat301/492-7238.
A.l.INTRODUCTIONA:1.1HISTORYMakeupwaterforthetwonuclearreactorsoftheSusquehannaSteamElectr'icStation(SSES)willbewithdrawnfromtheSusquehannaRiver.WhenconstructionpermitsCPPR-101andCPPR-102wereissuedon2November1973,there>>erenorestrictionsontheamountofwaterthatcouldbeconsumptive1yusedbySSES.WaterusesandwithdrawalsintheSusquehannaRiverBasinarecontrolledbytheSusquehannaRiver.BasinComnission(SRBC).Thiscommission,formedbyacompactbetweenthestatesofNewYork,Pennsylvania,andMarylandandth'efederalgovernment,issuednewrulesin1976prohibitinglargewaterusers,suchastheapplicant,fromwithdrawingwaterfromtheriverandusingitconsumptivelyduringperiodsoflowriverflowwithoutreturn-ingtotheriver,fromoffstreamstoragereservoirs,wateratarateequaltoactualconsumptivelosses.ThecutoffpointforlimitingwithdrawalshasbeensetbytheSRBCastheconsecutiveseven-daylowflowto'beexpectedeverytenyears(calledtheI)7-10flowrate).InFebruary1980,SRBCestablished1July1984asthedeadlineforcompliancewithitswatermake-uprequire-ments(SRBCRegulations,Sec.803.61).TheSRBChasdeterminedthat,basedon80,yearsofriverflowdata,theg7-10valueapplicabletoSSESis22.7m/s,asmeasuredattheWilkes-Barregauge(letterfromR.J.Bielo,SRBC,toW.H.Regan,Jr.,NRC,30August1979).Theapplicanthasconsideredthreealternativesformeetingthelow-flowcompensationrequire-mentsofSRBC:1.NottooperatetheplantwheneverriverflowisatorbelowtheI)7-10valueplusconsump-tiveuse.2.Topurchasetherequiredwaterfromanexistingreservoir.3.Toconstructitsownwaterstoragereservoir.Option1,called"riverfollowing,'.-'ouldrequirereplacementelectrical-generatingcapacity,eitherfromotherPennsylvaniaPower&LightfacilitiesorfromthePJM*grid.Theapplicanthasexaminedtherelativemeritsofthesethreealternativesandhasconcludedthatthemosteconomicallydesirableandmostreliablemeansofmeetingthelow-flowcompensa-tionrequirementwouldbebytheconstructionofanewreservoirownedandcontrolledbyPPSL.AfterexaminingthirteensitesalongtheSusquehannaRiver,theapplicantselectedasmallunnamedvalleyontheeastbankoftheriverabout3.7kmupstreamofSSESasthesitefortheproposedreservoir.ThevalleycontainsasmallcreekthatflowsintermittentlyandisnearthesettlementofPondHill.Thecompanyhasnamedtheproposedfacility"PondHillReservoir."A.1.2PERMITSANDLICENSESTheNRChasnolegalauthorityfortheissuanceordenialofanypermittoconstructoroperateawaterstoragereservoir,sinceSSEScanbegrantedanoperatinglicensewithoutsuchafacility.TheNRChasreviewedtheapplicant'srequesttobuildanoffstreamwaterstoragereservoirandhaspreparedthisAppendixtotheFinalEnvironmentalStatementtodescribetheenvironmentalimpactsoftheproposedfacilityaswellasalternativestotheproposedaction.InMarch1979theapplicantsubmittedanapplicationtotheSRBCtobuildthePondHillReservoir;todatetheCoaeissionhasnotcompleteditsreviewoftheapplication.TheapplicantwillobtainthenecessarypermitsfromtheCorpsofEngineers,U.S.DepartmentofCommerceNationalOceanSurvey,andotherfederal,state,andlocalofficials.TheproposedfacilityisinConynghamTownship,LuzerneCounty,Pennsylvania.*InterconnectionGrouplocatedinPennsylvania,NewJersey,andMaryland.
2A.2.THESITEANDITSENVIRONSA.2.1PLANTLOCATIONThesiteoftheproposedPondHillReservoirisasmallvalleydrainedbyasmalltributaryoftheSusquehannaRiver,about3.7kmupstreamofSSES(Fig.A.2.1).Thesiteisabout24kmsouthwestofthecityofWilkes-BarreandllkmnortheastoftheBoroughofBerwick,PA.Thesiteisabout32riverkilometersdownstreamofWilkes-Barre.ThecreekdrainingthisvalleyisnotnamedondetailedU.S.GeologicalSurveymaps(Nanticoke7.5minuteU.S.G.S.quadrangle),butisknownlocallyasCatfishCreek.FigureA.2.2isaplanviewoftheproposedproject;showingthelocationofvariousstructuresaswellashighandlowwaterlevelsintheproposedreservoir.ThesiteoftheproposedfacilityisinConynghamTownshipofLuzerneCounty.Sincethecreekandvalleyarelocated-justnorthofthesettlementofPondHill,theapplicanthasused.thetermsPondHillReservoirforthewaterstoragefacilityandPondHillCreekforthetributary.Thecoordinatesofthesiteare40'8'N,76'7'W.PresentaccesstothesiteisoversecondaryroadsthroughthesettlementofPondHill.Thenorthslopeofthevalleyissteep,witharidgerisingfromabout215to245mabovethevalleyfloor(seeFigs.A.2.2andA.2.3).ThesouthslopeofthePondHillCreekdrainageareaisflatter,witharidgelineabout60to90mabovestreambed.StateHighway239parallelstheSusquehannaRiverjusttothewestofthesiteandconnectsthevillagesofWapwallopenandHocanaqua.ThePennsylvaniaDepartmentofTransportationestimatedthattheaveragedailytrafficonthisstretchofRoute239was1550cars/dayin1978.LocalRoad40120istheprimaryaccessroadfromRoute239,thePondHillReservoirsite,thesettle-mentofPondHill,andtheLily'akeco~unityborderingthelake;estimatedusagein1978was750cars/day.TheDelawareandHudsonRailroadrunsasingle-track,north-southlineparalleltotheriverjusttothewestofStateRoute239.Naximumdailyuseofthislineisfourtrainsperday.A.2.2LANDUSEAlthoughtheexactsiteboundaries(and,therefore,thesitearea)havenotyetbeenestablished,theareaofthesiteisexpectedtobeabout525ha.ThetentativesiteboundariesareshowninFigureA.2.3;thisfigurealsoshowslocalroads,localtopography,andthesettlementsofPondHillandLilyLake.Oneunoccupiedstructurelieswithintheproposedsitearea.Therearenoinhabitedstructures.About93%ofthesiteispresentlycoveredwithsecond-growthforestsandabout7$consistsofoldfieldsandcroplands.Lessthanlloftheareaisclassifiedaswetlands.Recreationaluseofthesiteincludeswalking,hiking,naturestudy,andhunting.Fishingisnotnowpossiblesincethestreamdoesnotsupportaviablegamefishpopulation.A.2'METEOROLOGYANDHYDROLOGYA.2.3.1~NeteoroloSincethesiteoftheproposedreservoirsslessthan4kmnortheastofthesiteofSSES,meteor-ologicalandclimatologicalconditionsofthesitearethesameasthosegiveninSection2.4ofthisEnvironmentalStatement.
ELMIRA~SAYREPltBINGHAMTONNY.PAe00<<SKISHCKSH14YYCL4<<LTO<<MANSFIELOTROYTOWANOA@BIs4<<0020a00PONDHILLSITEg0e0<<0HIL'4CAR:":.IUQ)sSCRANTON@84N.FPORtJERVIS118LOCKHAVENWILLIAMSPORTQBOWILKESBARRENANTICOKE+11~PONDHILLSITELSUSQUEHANNASES~BERWICK0tQBOIOBQISSUNBURYPBIBLOOMSBURG@BI~HA?LETONe4S<<8SCAL4SS0S~e~HeiSHAMOKIN~POTTSVILLEFig.A.2.1.PondHillReservoirSiteLocation.
LLYLAKE/c.!.ItR,4/~1SUREOPIPELSIE/(.~rII"Fa8&ELiNE-':l,"',!-.---INLETOUTLE'TSTRUCTUREir-/INACTIVESTORAGELEVELEL.888OAM~~PROFCUTOFFSPILLWAYMAXIMUMWATERSUPPLYEL.88lTTRR+.'RTURE'9-PENNSYLVANIAPOWER8LIGHTCOMPANYOENERALPLAN~LAIRIKK2TPPE~RRRTl4laCANNT~T10%~SQ4AWIKllWWW%Fig.A.2.2.GeneralPlanofthePondHillReservoirProject Irb1!>>',gl/~lI/;T(.kfIfap~ILIlg~/r.ger'/IIIJN~~l'.'(.'.)+y@p-(/INNIMUMPOOLELEVATIONtTERARESERVORMAXIMUMWATERSUPPLYELEVATIONAPERZUR-SITEPERIMETERCARO~lNsevlvuaavomicaaveer~unwKaaMeaavvv~Nice~OICIIOkISNStCMlANDREOVtREMENTS~saraaanFig.A.2.3.LandRequirementsforthePondHillReservoirPro)ect A.2-5A.2.3.2~HdroloPondHf'llCreekisasmallstreamwithheadwatersapproximately1.3kmnorthofthetownofPondHill.Thestreamflowswesterlyfor3.5kmtoftsconfluencewiththeSusquehannaRiver,3.7kmupstreamfromtheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation.TherearenosignfffcanttributariestoPondHillCreek.Duringdryperiods,thestreamflowdecreasesandsomesectionsbecomeessen-tiallyintermittent,withwaterremainingonlyinthestreambedinterstices.Theproposedreservoir,willinundatea2.3-km(64%)upstreamsectionofthestream,leaving1.3kmfromthedamtotheSusquehannaRiver.Forpurposesofthisdiscussion,thefloodedstreamandlower,unfloodedsectionarereferredtoasthe"upper"and"lower"portionsofPondHillCreek,respectively.TheuppersectionofPondHillCreekhasanaveragellm/kmstreamgradient.Throughoutmostofthissection,thestreamalternatesbetweensmall-poolandrifflehabftats,withasubstrateofboulders,rubble,andsomebedrock.Thispatternisinterruptedfntwoareas,whichwerepre-viouslyinundatedasaresultofbeaverdams.Intheseareas,thestreambedismostlysilt,mud,andgravel.Thus,theresultantstreamhabitatbecomesalong,continuousrun.Theupperstreamhasa2.1-maveragewidth,withmeasurementsrangingfrom0.8to3'mthroughouttheyear.Theaveragedepthisapproximately0.1m,withatotalrangeoffrom0.03to0.39m.Currentvelocitiesaverage0.005m/s,rangingfrom0.003to0.02m/s.ThelowersectionofPondHillCreekhasamuchsteepergradient;theaveragestreamgradientinthissectionisabout70m/km,The2.6-maveragestreamwidthrangesfrom0'to4.2m,andtheaveragedepthisapproximately0.1m,withaminimumof0.03andamaxfmumof0.39m.Currentvelocitiesaverageroughly0.007m/s,rangingfrom0.003to0.02m/s."Characteristically,thestreamsubstrateisbedrockandbouldersalongwithsomerubbleandisolatedpatchesofgravel.Becauseofthesharpgradient,streamhabitatsaretypical'lyshallow,fast-flowingrffflesinterspersedwithsmallpools.Thereareseveralsmall,andonerelativelylarge,waterfallsinthispartofthestream.Inaddition,atRoute239,thestreampassesthroughaculvertandfallsabout1.5mfromtheelevatedculvertbackintothestreamchannel.Sincethereareneitherextensivenoraccessib'lepub'fisheddataconcerningtheaquaticecologyofPondHillC~eek,informationpresentedinthefollowingsectionswasgatheredfromfieldsurveysconductedbytheapplfcantfromSeptember1977toAugust1978(ER-OL,Section3'.3.1.1).ThelocationsofthewaterqualityandbiologicalsamplingstationsusedatPondHillCreekarepresentedfnFigureA.2.4.Waterqualitysamplesweretakenmonthlyatthesite,andbiologicalsampleswereco11ectedquarterly.Inaddition,afishsamplewastakenfromthreesmallfarmponds,whicharelocatedatthesiteanddrainintoPondHillCreek.Thedrainageareaofthestream*abovetheproposedsiteofthedamis329ha.Becausethereisnogaugingstationonthestream,noinformationonhistoricflowsisavailable.Theapplicantdid,however,estimatefloodflowsusingstandardhydrologicmethods.Theestimated4Xchance(25-yearrecurrence)floodflowis39.3m>/s,the1$chance(100-year)floodflowis49.7ms/s,andtheestimatedprobablemaximumfloodflowis202m/s.Inaddition,themethodologyutilizedbythePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResources(DER)toestimatetheseven-day,ten-yearlowflowresultsinaflowof0.005ma/s.It.isprobable,however,thatthestreamdoesnotflowatallduringdroughtperiods.ThehydrologyoftheSusquehannaRiverwasdiscussedearlier.ThefloodplainofPonaHillCreekbelowtheproposedsiteofthedamisverynarrow(Ffg.A.2.5).ThefloodplainoftheSusquehannaRiverfnthevicinityoftheproposedlocationofthepumpingstationisshowninFigureA.2.6.Datafromboringsandwellsindicatethatthegroundwatercontoursfnthevicinityofthepro-posedreservoirgenerallyfollowthesurfacecontours.Ontheridgesnorthandsouthofthestreamchannel,groundwaterwasusuallyencounteredbetween4and15mbelowthesurfa'ce.Thestreamvalleycontainsseveralmarshes,springs,andfarmponds.A.2.3'WaterSourcesAtpresenttherearenousersofPondHillCreekwater.Aspringwithintheproposedprojectboundaryisusedasawatersupplyduringpartoftheyear.Itsusewouldhavetobeabandoned.Mostofthenearbyresidencesobtainwaterfromindividualwells.Therearenowellswithintheproposedprojectboundary.
OeeeDAM.I'.IIPI.v"".,------~--AT.Ii;AI.2eee*eSl,I-IgmewllSPILLWIW~SEL>-..~r~~~r~~'1*e~ee/SO<me)2tr~eagy~e-.44Se<<Sm:~~SA~TERAAPERTURECARPWATERCHEMISTRYOPHI-PONOHILLCREEKSAMPLEOPH2-PONOHN.LCREEKSAIIPLEOLS-LOWERSUSOUEHAHHARIVERSAMPLEAQUATICINVERTEBRATESOAT-IOAT-2OAT-S(UICLUOESZOOPLANKTON)RESERVOIR4IAXIMUMWATERSUPPLYELEVATIOHFISHSAMPLINSAREA0~I~CN@IVLVAINAPOSSCR4ISOIITCOMPANY~Noe&eeeeee~Neecleee4velovWATERQUALITYANDAQUATICLIFESAMPLINQSTATIONSseCeeeeC41Fig.A.2.4.MatergualityandAquaticLifeSamplingStationsatPondHillCreek(Source:Tippetts-Abbett-HCCarthy-Stratton/EngineeringandArchitects).
t'IVPy(('.-"!P'bl.THE-/(r.trI//~/rj-11.Ii'~/rM/'iiibutdomI'.:/!//Ei(ElijEISII(-=.-~VT11Ufl//rgE'RO~IS~SlIET0."~~~ES~~~~ES~RTS~~~ES~O'IiV/r'.,"(~/-Ar~'~i(/r}Ir;,./y('&(),Q~~MINIMUMPOOLELEVATIONRESERVOMMAXIMUMWATERSUPPLYELEVATIONSITEPERIMETERI/tERAEAMFig.A.2.5.FloodplainofPondHillCreek CO/joCHrtw'CEFlceDPLR/h'IaSS+I'vrtrIOtrIIO(~tc'~nohIIIf)IIIIRII'ERQN~ll5~(jSQuCORPORATEI.ISIITS~~LIMITS~%ORTi/Wp+V0IIr4rd~csrPc~ro'tfrIr~~+Co~enodOrrari~)Fig.A.2.6.FloodplainoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityofthePondHillSite.
A.2.4GEOLOGYANDSEISMOLOGYA.2.4.'I~GeoloTheproposedPondHillReservoirsiteislocatedinthePenobscotMounta1n.areainthenorthernportionoftheValleyandR1dgePhysiographicProvince.TheprovinceischaracterizedbyintenselyfaultedanddeeplyerodedsedimentaryrocksofPaleozoicage.Topographically,erosion-resistantsandstoneformationsformlongnarrowridges;valleyswereformedinthe1'essresistantlime-stonesandshales.DuringthePaleozoicEra,theAppalachianMountainregionwasadepositionalbasincollectingthicksediments.Sedimentationwasinterruptedseveraltimesbymountain-buildingactivities"climaxingintheAppalachianMountainstowardtheendoftheera.Sincethattime,theprimaryongoihggeologicprocesshasbeenerosion.The,reservoirsiteisinanareathatwasglaciatedduringthelasticeage,thePleistoceneEpoch.Asaresult,thehighlyweatheredrocks(parentmaterial)andoriginalsoilwereremoved;thepresentsoilsaretypicalofthoseformedinglaciatedregions.Bed'rockinthereservoirareaconsistsofsandstone,siltstone,andshaleoftheCatskillfor-mationofDevonianage.Tothenorth,theCatskillformationisoverlainbyyoungerMississippianandPennsylvanianformationsincludinganthracitecoalbeds.Tothesouth,theCatskillforma-tion1sunderlainbyoldersedimentaryrocks.ThestrikeoftheformationsisN68degreesE,anddipisnorthwesterlyatanglesfromabout40to60degrees,averagingabout45degrees.Jointingisevidentandprimarilyparallelsthebedding,althoughafewlowandhighanglejointsarealsopresent.Jointsintheweathered.zonearefilledwithclay.Belowtheweatherbedzone,thejointsaregenerallytight;somehavebeenhealedwithcalcite.eA.2.4.2~SGIemoloThesiteislocatedinZoneI(minordamage)ontheSeismicRiskMapoftheConterminousUnitedStates.>Thesiteisabout160kmfromthenearestZone2(moderatedamage)boundaryand210kmfromthenearestZone3(majordamage)boundary.Recordsofearthquakeh1story1nthesiteregionwereexaminedtogetherwithanevaluationofregionalandlocalgeologicstructurestoestimatetheseismicriskatthesite.Thisanalysisresultedinarecommendeddesignbasisseismiccoefficientof0.025.SeveralIntensityVI(Mod1fiedMercalliScale)earthquakeshavebeenrecordedwithin160kmofthesite.Manyofthesewerenotfeltatthes1te;otherswerefeltatthesitewithintensit1esequaltoorlessthanIV.Noknownfaultshavebeen1dentifiedinthevicinityofthesite.AlthoughlowanglethrustfaultsaboundinthispartoftheValleyandRidgeProv1nce,theyordinarily,cannotbeidenti-,fiedexceptthroughdetailedmapping.Thrustfaults,however,arenotgenerallyassociatedwithrecurringseismicactivity.Reservoir-inducedearthquakesarenotanticipatedastheproposedreservoirissmallandtherearenoknownsubsurfacestructuralweaknesses.Onthebasisofthisassessment,theseismiccoefficientof0.05thathasbeenusedinthedesignofprojectfeaturesisconsideredbythestaffasconservative.A.2.5SITEECOLOGYA;2.5.1TerrestrialEcoloThenorthandsouthboundariesofthePondHillsitegenerallyparalleltheupperridgesofasmall,steep-walledvalley;thustheenvironmentalconditionsatgivenlocationswithinthesitestronglyreflecttheinfluenceofthelocaltopography(seeFig.A.2.3).TheoccurrenceofaquaticenvironmentsisessentiallylimitedtothenarrowvalleybottomtraversedbyPondHillCreek,asmalldrainagewaythatconvergeswiththeSusquehannaRivernearthewestboundaryofthesite.Ingeneral,soilmoisturelevelsinterrestrialenvironmentsdecreaseatincreasingdistancesnormaltoPondH111Creek.However,thetopographicinfluenceonlocalsoilmoisturegradientsismostpronoun'cedinthenorthernportionofthesite,wherethevalleywall1shigher,theslopesareuniformlysteeper,andthepredominatelysouth-facingslopesareexposed togreaterinsolation.Accordingly,plantcommunitiesoccurr1ngonthemiddleanduppervalleyslopestendtobedominatedbyspeciestolerantofrelativelylowsoilmoisturelevels,whilelowlandvegetationistypicallydominatedbyspecieswithrelativelyhighmoisturerequirements.A.2.5.1.1VegetationThePondHillsiteislocatedintheextremenorthernportionoftheRidgeandValleySection,asubdivisionoftheOak-ChestnutRegiondelineatedbyBraun.zAlthoughhardwoodcommunitieswereconsideredcharacteristicvegetationforthispartofthesection,Braunalsonotedthepresenceofhemlockandhemlock-whitepinecommunities,referredtoasthe"mostmesic"communitiesofthehighervalleys.TheoccurrenceofhemlockandwhitepinewasconsideredindicativeoftransitiontothemorenortherlyHemlock-WhitePine-NorthernHardwoodsRegion.Theforegoingandotherreportedobservationsaregenerallyconsistentwiththeapplicant'scharacterizationofforestvegetationoccurringatthe,PondHillsite.Theapplicantdifferentiatedvegetationofthesiteintotwo-foresttypes,twowetlandcommunties,andundifferentiatedoldfieldsandcropland(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3-1).About92Ãofthetotalsite(525ha)isclassifiedasforestland,about7Xasoldfieldsandcropland,andlessthan1%aswetlands.PrincipalspeciesofeachvegetationtypeareindicatedinTableA.2.1.Essentiallyallforestvegetationissecondgrowthhavingdevelopedsubsequenttologgingbelievedtohaveoccurredduringtheearly1900s(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section3.2.2.2).Hostoftheforeststandshavenotbeendisturbedforthelast30to40years.TheMixedDeciduousisthemostextensiveofthetwoforesttypes,occurringonabout74Kofthesite;theMixedConiferous-Deciduoustypeonabout19K.Thelattertypeispresentinrelativelynarrow,irregularbeltsparallelingallbuttheextremelowerportionofPondHillCreek'wherethestreamgradientisparticularlysteep.ThistypealsooccursasscatteredstandsonthelowerslopesadjacenttotheSusquehannaRiver,andasrelativelysmalloutliersonuplandportionsofthesouthvalleyslopewherethemorefavorablesoilmoistureconditionsprevail.TheHixedDeciduoustypegenerallyoccursonthedrieruplands,thusflankingdistributionsoftheHixedConiferous-Deciduoustype.StandsoftheMixedDeciduoustypedo,however,occuradjacenttoPondHillCreekinlimitedareas.Wetlands,oldfieldsandcroplandoccursontheremaining7Xofthesite.SmallwetlandsarelocatedinthevalleybottomadjacenttoPondHillCreek.TheType3wetland,aninlandshallowfreshmarsh,s'resultingfromtheunionofseveralseepsandsoils'aresaturatedthroughouttheyear.ThepresenceofatleastfivesmallareasofType2wetlands,inlandfreshmeadows,isattributedtopreviousbeaveractivities;thebeaverdamsarepresentlyindisrepair.Oldfieldandcroplandvegetationoccursasvariouslyscatteredblocksadjacentto,ornear,thesouthboundaryofthePondHillsite,Thedistributionofthisvegetationtypegenerallycor-respondswithrelativelylevelareasofuplandterrainwherefarmmachinerycanbeoperatedwithrelativeease.Asobservedbythestaffduringsiteinspection,mostoftheseareaswerebeingmanagedforhayproduction.Inadditiontoageneralsitesurvey,theapplicantsampledsystematicallyselectedforeststandsthatwouldbeinundatedorotherwisedisturbedduringcompletionoftheproposedproject.Theapplicant'sanalysisinvolvedpoolingdataandcalculatingoverallimportancevaluesforindividualspecies(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.2-3).Accordingly,theprincipaloverstoryspeciesincludethefollowing,indecreasingorderofimportance:redmaple,Americanelm,whiteoak,easternwhitepine,easternhemlock,andshagbarkhickory.Asimilarlistingofunderstoryspeciesincludes:Americanelm,redmaple,floweringdogwood,witch-hazel,hawthorn,andround-leaveddogwood.A.2.5.1.2WildlifeResourcesArelativelybroadal'rayofwildlifehabitattypesexistswithinthePondHillsite.However,as1ndicatedinSectionA.2.5.1.1,fopesthabitatsprevailthroughoutmostofthesite.Thepredominanceandthedistribut1onofforestvegetationoccurringonsitetendstolimittheoccurrenceoflessmobileanimalsthatareatleastpartiallydependentonresourcesofotherhab1tattypes.Ingeneral,transit1onsorecotonesbetweendiverse,adjoiningplantcommunitiesareutilizedbyanimalscommontobothcomnunities,aswellasadditionalspeciesvariouslydependentonhabitatconditionsexistingonlyintheecotone.Thedensityofanimalsassociatedwiththeecotonealsofrequentlyexceedsthatforeitheroftheadjoiningcommunities.4Thusthediyersityanddensityofwfldlifeanimalsassociatedwithextensive,uniformforestvegeta-tiontendtobelowerthanforpopulationsfrequentinganequalareainwh1chforestapdotherplantcommunitiesarevariouslyinterspersed.Inviewofthegreaterinterspersionofhabitats(foresttypes,oldf1elds,cropland,andwetlands)inthesouthernuplandsandvalleyfloorofthePondHillsite,theabundanceanddiversityofwildl1fepopulationsisexpectedtoberela-tivelyhighcomparedtothatfornorthernportionsofthesite,wherethevegetationconsistsprimarilyofuniformdeciduousforest.
'TableA.2.1.PrincipalPlantSpeciesofTerrestrialVegetationTypesOccurringatthePondHillSiteVegetationTypesHixedConiferous-DeciduousOverstory:-Associatespecies:Understoryandgroundflora:HixedDeciduousOverstory:-Associatespecies:Understoryandgroundflora:Type2wetland:Overstory:Understoryandgroundflora:Type3wetland:Overstory:Understoryandgroundflora:Old-fieldsandcroplandGroundflora:PrincipalSpeciesAmericanelm(VlmusAmericana),easternhemlock(Tsugacanadensis},redmaple(Acerrubrum),easternwhitepine(Pinusstrobus),whiteash(Fmrinusamericana)Blackash(Fr~nusnigra),whiteoak(quercusalba).round-leaveddogwood(Comusrugosa),floweringdogwood(C.florida),hawthorn(Cretaegussp.),shagbarkhickory(Caryaovata)Chestnutoak(Quercusprinus),swampwhiteoak(q.bicolor),Americanbeech(PagusgzenChfoHa),witch-hazel(Pamamelisvirginiana),hawthorn,Virginiacreeper(Parthenocissusquinquefolia),ladyfern(Athyriumfili'-femina),Christmasfern(Polystichumacrostichoides)poisonivy(thuszedicans)Americanelm,redmaple,whiteoak,shagbarkhickory,sassafrass(Sassafrasalbidum)Chestnutoak,floweringdogwood,easternwhitepine,easternhemlock,graybirch(Betulapopulifolia)Floweringandround-leaveddogwood,witch-hazel,Americanelm,redmaple,whiteoak,graybirch,sassafrass,Americanchestnut(Castaneadentata),mountainlaurel(Kalmialatifolia),groundcedar(lycopodiumtristachyum),treeclubmoss(Eycopodiumobscurum)DeadtreesHad-dogskullcap(Scutellarialaterifolia),goldenrods(So'Lidagosp.),sphagnum(Sphagnumsp.),skunk-cabbage(SymplocarpusfoeHdus}EasternhemlockSphagnum,skunk-cabbage,cinnamonfern(Osmundacinnamomea),commoncattail(TyphalatifoNa),shiningclubmoss(Eycopodiumlucidulum),mayapple(Podophyllumpeltatum)Whiteandredclover(Trifoliumrepens,T.pratense),cowensorrel(Burne~acetosella),oxeyedaisy(Chrisanthemumleucanthemum),comoonandEnglishplantains(PlarttagomaJor,P.lanceolata),timothy(Phelumpratense),junegrass(Koelria~stata),sweetvernalgrass(Anthoxanthumocbratum)Source:ER-OL,AppendixH,Section3.2.2.2.
A.2-12MammalsPublisheddistribut1onmapsindicatethatthePondHillsite1swithintherangesofabout55mammals,showever,habitatrequirementsformanyofthesespeciesislackingorpoorlyrepre-sentedatthesite.Theapplicanthasidentified15speciesasbeing"fieldchecked"duringsitesurveys;anadditionalspecies,porcupine(Erethizondorsatum),wassubsequentlyobservedatthesite(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCg.l3,28September1979).Thewhitetaildeer(Odocoileusvirginianus)andblackbear(Ursusamericanus)arethelargestofthegamespeciesoccurringinthearea.Easterngraysquirrels(Sciuruscarolinensis)areabundant,butthedensityofeasterncottontail(Sylvilagusfloridanus),apopulargamespecies,isrelativelylowcomparedtothatofotherareas(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section3.2.2.3).Otherspeciesthatmaybelegallyhuntedwithfirearmsandareknownorlikelytooccurintheareainclude:easternfoxs'quirrel(Sciurusnigez),redsquirrel(Tamkrsciurushudsonicus),raccoon(Procyonlotoz),woodchuck(Marmotamonaz:).andsnowshoehare(Lepusamericanus).Locallytrappedspeciesoffur-bearinganimalsinclude:raccoon,stripedskunk(Mephitismephitis),shorttailandlongtailweasels(Mustelaerminea,M.frenata),opossum(Ndelphismarsupial'is},mink(Mustelavison),redfox(Vulpesfulva),grayfox(thocyoncinezeoargenteus),muskrat(Ondatrazibethica),andbeaver(Castorcanadensis).Theapplicantconductedsmall-mammaltrapp1ngstudiesatthesite,resultinginthecaptureofshorttailshrew(Blarinabrevicauda),borealredbackvole(OZethrionomysgapperi),andwhite-footedmouse(Peromyscusleucopus).Thepinevole(Pitymyspinetorum),easternchipmunk(Tamiasstriatus),anddeermouse(Peromyscusmaniculatus)werealsoobserved(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.2.6).Noneofthetenbatspeciesreportedtooccurintheregionzwereobservedduringsitesurveys;however,allarevariouslyassociatedwithfdrestorwoodlandhabit'ats.Somespec1esprobablyfrequentthesite,atle'astonoccasion.Otherlikelyinhabitantsofthesitearenotedasfollows.Meadow)umpingmouse(Zapushudsonius)Iandmeadowvole(Microtuspennsylvanicus)arefrequentlyoccurringspeciesofmoistmeadows,oldfields,andcropland.6Maskedandsmokyshrews(Sorercinereus,S.fumeus)arealsotypicalinhabitants;theformerinhabitsawiderangeofhab1tats,thelatterinhabitshemlockforest.BirdsInformationpresentedbytheappliantindicatesthat"thelistofbirdsfortheregion"includes135species,andthatrecentseasonalsurveysverifiedtheoccurrenceof75residentandmigra-toryspeciesatthePondHillsite.Alsonoted,"60speciesnotfieldcheckedmayalsobeusingthearea"(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCg.ll,28September1979).However,atotalof210birdspecieswereidentifiedduringsurveysconductedinthevicinityoftheSusquehannaSteamElec-tricStationlocatedabout4kmdownstreamfromthePondHillsite.7AllspeciesidentifiedatPondHillareincludedintheinventorycompiledfromsurveysattheSSESsite.Theinventoriesforthetwositesarealsosimilarinthatbotharecomprisedofahighproportionofspeciesrepresentativeofthefamil1esParulidae(woodwarblers)andFringillidae(grosbeaks,finches,sparrows).Incombination,speciesofthenamedfamiliescomprise35.8X(21.1and14.7%,respectively)ofthePondHillspeciesinventory.Asderivedfrom1978surveysattheSSESsite,comparablepercentagesforthetwofamilieswere15.1and13.5,respectively.Thema)ordifferencebetweentheSSESandPondHillinventoriesisapparentinthatthelatterdoesnotincludewaterfowlandotherspeciesvariously-associatedwithaquatichabitats.However,the1978SSESsurveysentailedcensusingtheSusquehannaRiver,includingthatportionofthe"riverad)acenttothePondHillsite.Thespeciesmostfrequentlyobservedduringthespringmigrationperiodincluded,indecreasingdrderofoccurrence:Canadagoose(Brantacanadeneis),mallard(Anasplatyrhynchos),woodduck(Aixsponsa),commonmerganser(Mergusmerganser),ring-neckedduck(AythyacoZZaris),andblackduck(Anasrubripes).Someofthesespecies,especiallywoodduckandmallard,probablyinhabitthePondHills1teatvar1oustimes.Otherrecordedspeciesthatvariouslyusehabitatssimilartothoseonsiteinclude:killdeer(Oharadriusvociferus),spottedsandpiper(Actitismacularia),greaterandlesseryellowlegs(Tongamelanoleucus,T.flavipes).beltedkingfisher(Megacerylealcyon),andgreatblueheron(Ardeaherodius).Uplandgamebirdsident1fiedduri.ngsurveysatthePondHillsiteincludeonlyruffedgrouse(Bonasaumbellus)andwildturkey(Meleagrisgallopavo)(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.2-6).Easternportionsofthesite'are'eriodicallystockedwithturkeyandr1ng-neckedpheasants(PhasianuscoZchicus);thelatterspecieswasnotobservedduringsurveys.TypicalhabitatoftheAmericanwoodcock(PhiZohelaminor)existsonsite,and,althoughnotobserved,thespeciesisexpectedtobepresent(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section3.2'.3).Thebobwhite(C'oZinusvirginianus)isalsoknowntooccurinthePondHillarea.zRuffedgrousewastheonlycommonlyobservedgamebirdspeciesdur1ngsite,survey.
A.2-13InformationconcerningtherelativeabundanceofnongamebirdsthatfrequentthePondHillsite,isnotavailable,butotherstudiesservetocharacterizelocalbirdpopulations.~sAccord-ingly,thecharacteristicspeciesofforesthabitatsinclude:black-cappedchickadee'(ParusatricapiZZub),slate-coloredjunco(Juncohyemalis),white-breastednuthatch(Sittacarolinensis),golden-crownedkinglet(Regulussatrapa),anddownywoodpecker(Dendrocopuspubescens).Otherspeciesabundantduringtwoormoreseasonsinclude:bluejay(Gyanosittacristata),ovenbird(SeirusaurocapiZlus),andwoodthrush(Hylocichlamustelina).Birdpopulationsofopen-fieldhabitats,tendtobedominatedbyfieldsparrows(SpizeZlapueilla),songsparrows(MelospizameZodia),starling(Sturnusvulgaris),andAmericangoldfinch(Spinistrietis).Otherseasonallyabundantspeciesinclude:yellowthroat(Geothlypistrichas),slate-coloredjunco,andindigobunting(Passerinacyanea).Characteristicspeciesofwetlandhabitatsinclude:swampsparrows(Helospizageorgiana),songsparrows,red-wingedblackbird(Agelaiusphoeniceus),cardinal(Richmondenacardinalis),andAmericangoldfinch.Otherspecieswellrepresenteddur1ngtwoormoreseasorisinclude:robin(Turdusmigratorius),yellowwarbler(Dendroicapetechia).graycatbird(Dumetellacarolinensis),yellowthroat,andstarling.RetilesandAmhibiansInventoriesofreptilesandamphibians'reportedoccurringinPennsylvaniaconsistof48and38speciesandsubspecies,respectively.9Basedonpublishedspecies-distributionmaps,only20amphibiansand19reptilesarelikelytoinhabitthePondH111area.oInventoriescompiledfromsurveysofthePondHillsiteconsistof5reptilesand17amph1bians(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.2-6).Reptilesreportedasoccurringonsiteinclude3snakesand2turtles.Thevenomousnortherncopperhead(Agkistrodoncontort~mokasen)isassociatedwithforesthabitat;thenorthernwatersnake'(Rat~sipedonsipedon)withallaquatichabitats,andtheeasterngartersnake(ThamnophissirtalissirtaZis)withallterrestrialandaquatichabitats.Hidlandpaintedturtles(Chrysemyspictamarginata)wereobservedinthemarshes;theeasternboxturtle(Terrapenecarolinacmelina)occurredinallterrestrialhabitats(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.2-6).Anurans(frogsandtoads)reportedasoccurringinforesthabitatsnearwaterinclude:,Amer1cantoad(Bufoamericanus),spr1ngpeeper(Hylacrucif'er),andgraytreefrog(Hylaversicolor)~Woodfrog(Ranasylvatica)wereobservedinmoistwoods,aswellasstreamside.Northernleopardfrog(Ranapipiens)wasobservedtofrequentmeadowhabitats,Otheranurans(3frogs)identifiedduringsurveyswereassociatedwiththelimitedstreamandmarshhabitatsoccurringonsite.Similarly,mostsalamanders,aswellasthered-spottednewt(Hotopthalmusviridescensviridescens)wereobservedinstreamsidehabitats.Theexceptions,red-backedandslimysalamanders(Plethodoncinereuscinereus,Plethodonglutinosusglutinosus),wereassociatedwithforestandrockywoodlandhabitats.Mountainduskysalamanders(Desmognathusochrophaeus)andnorthernspringsalamanders(Gyrinophilusporphayriticus)werereportedtofrequentwetwoodsaswellasstreamsidehab1tats.A.2.5.1.3EndangeredandThreatenedSpeciesNoneofthecurrentfederallydesignatedplantspecies(includingvarieties)ofendangeredorthreatenedstatusoccurinPennsylvania.~'iveplantsthatwereproposedforfederallistingin1976~zarereportedtooccurinthestate;knowndistributionsofthesefivespecies,however,donotincludeLuzerneCounty,withinwhichthePondHillsiteNslocated(seeAppendixA).Agrassspecies(Poapaludigina)proposedforfederallistingin1975>>hasbeencollectedinLuzerneCounty;however,thespecieswasnotobservedin1979sitesurveys(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCI).9,28September1979).ThePondHillsiteiswithinthereportedd1stributionalrangeoftwomamaalsandthreeb1rds1ncludedinthefederallistofthreatenedande'ndangeredspecies;>>namely,theeastern.cougar(FeZisconcolorcougar),Indianabat(Hyotissodalis),baldeagle(Haliaeetusleucocephalus),andAmericanandarcticperegr1nefalcons(Paleoperegrinusanatum,F.p,tundrius).Noneoftheseanimalswasobservedduringsurveys,ofthePondHillsite(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section3.2,2,3),althoughrecentlocalsightingsofbaldeagleandAmericanperegrinefalconhavebeenreported.>~~Thenatureofthesesightingsisconsistentwithinformationreceivedbythestaffthatindicatesfederallylistedorproposedendangeredorthreatenedanimalsunderthejuris-dictionoftheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(includingthosementioned)arenotknowntofrequentthePondHillareaotherthanasoccasionaltransient1ndividuals(seeAppendixA).Noneoftherept1lesandamphibiansdesignatedasthreatenedorendangeredspeciesbythePennsylvaniaFishComnissjon~4wereobservedduringsurveysofthePondHillsite(ER-OL,Appen-A.2-14d'ixH.Section3.2.2.3).Comparablestatedesignat'ionaofendangeredorthreatenednaossaisand~birdshavenotbeenmadeatthistime(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoHRCO.TER-6.1).A.2.5.1.4SoilsAnestimated84%ofthePondHillsitesoilsareofCapabilityClassesVthroughVIIIasdefinedbytheOeS.SoilConservat1onService(ER-OL,AppendixH,Table3.2.6-4)andareunsu1tedfornormaltillageofagriculturalcrops.Theseonsitesoilsarecharacterizedbyexcessivestoni-ness,wetn'ess,shallowness,and/orerosionhazard.CapabilityClassIIsoils(includingprimefarmland)arepresentonabout9.6lofthesite,andoccurasscattered,irregulartractsnearoradjacenttothesouthboundaryofthesite.ThedistributionofClassIIsoilsislimitedtothemorerlevelareasofuplandterrain.TheremainingsoilsofthesitearedesignatedasClassIIIandIVsoils(ER-OL,AppendixH,Fig.3-13),thusindicatingsuitabilityfortheproductionofcultivatedcrops.However,therespectivesevereandveryseverelimitationsofClassIIIandIVsoilsrestrictcroplandman-agementalternatives,suchaschoiceofcropplantsand/orsoilmanagementpracticesrequiredtoconservethesoilresource.SomescatteredpatchesofClassIIIandIVsoilsoccurinthevalleybottomandadjacenttotheSusquehannaRiver;mostofthesesoils,however,arecon-tiguouswithClassIIsoilsinuplandsofthesouthernportionofthesite.Theforegoinggroupingsofonsitesoilsarebasedonrelativepotentialsforagriculturalpro-ductivity.Inviewofthehighproportionofforestvegetationoccurringonsite,soil-woodlandsiteindexcorrelationsarealsoindicativeofonsitesoilproductivity.Withoneexception,woodlandproductivityratingsforthemajorgroupingofonsitesoilsarehigh(ER-OL,AppendixH,'able3.2.6-5).iA.2.5.2.1WatergualityA.2.5.2.1.1PONDHIIICREEK.ThePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResourceshasrecentlypromulgatedarevisedsetofwaterqualityregulationsforthestate'ssurfacewaters.ThewaterqualitycriteriathatapplytoPondHillCreekundertheseregulationsarepresentedinTableA.2.2.Inthissystem,PondHillCreekisclassifiedwiththeunnamedtributariestotheNorthBranchoftheSusquehannaRiver,andhasadesignatedprotectedwateruseforthemaintenanceand/orpropagationofcoldwaterfishes,specificallytheSalmonidae(trout);however,fishsamplingfailedtorevealthepresenceoftroutinthestream(ER-OL,Section3,2,3.1,2).HonthlywatersampleswerecollectedfromboththeupperandlowersectionsofPondHillCreek.ResultsoftheanalysesofthesesamplesarepresentedinTablesA.2'andA.2.4.Ingeneral,PondHillCreek'isaclear,highlyoxygenated,coldwaterstream.Ithassoftwaterandisweaklybuffered.ThewaterqualityofPondHillCreekmeetsboththecriteriaproposedbyDERandthoserecommendedforfishandotheraquaticlifebyEPA.Afewparameters,specificallyfecalcoliformsandammonia,occasionallyexceededDERcriteria,butthemagnitudebywhich'thestandardsweresurpassedwasnotexcessive.A.2.5.2.1,2SUSQUEHANNARIVERATRESERVOIRPUMPSTATIONSITE.WaterqualitycriteriaandanalysesfortheSusquehannaRiverwerediscussedinthemainbodyofthisStatement.Additionalsam'pleswerecollectedfromtheriverattheproposedintakelocation;resultsoftheanalysesaretabulatedinTableA.2.5.SamplingwasconductedfromHarchtoAugust1978.Thedat'aindicatethatallparametersexcepttotalironandfecalcoliformbacter1acomplywiththeDERrecommendedcriteriafortheriver.A.2.5.2.2AquaticLifeA.2.5.2.2.1PONDHItICREEK;'gualitativesamplesofplankton,periphyton,andmacrophyteswerecollectedinPondHillCreek.guantitativesamplingwasconductedforbenthicmacroinvertebrates(ER-OL,Section3.2.3.1.3)andfishes.rVeryfeworganismswerefoundinanyoftheplanktonsamplestakenatPondHillCreek.Vir-tuallyalloftheplankton1cspeciescollectedwerewashedoutordetachedfromtheperiphytoncommunity.Theseincludedthed1atoms(Syne&a,Nitzeohuz,NavicuEa,andStauroneie)alongwithfragmentsofthef1lamentousgreenalgae(Spriogyra).Zooplanktonsamplesrevealedthepresenceofafewrotifers,ostracods,cladocerans,copepods,andsomedriftinginsectlarvae.Ingeneral,theplanktonofPondHillCreekistypicalofmostsmallstreams,wheretheconstantturbulent A.2-15TableA.2.2.WaterequalityCriteriaforPondHillCreekaStreamUnnamedTributariesoftheSusquehannaRiver(NorthBranch)ProtectedwaterusesDissolvedoxygenpH'IronZoneBasins,LackawannaRivertoWestBranchSusquehannaRiverColdwaterfishes;maintenanceand/orpropagationoffishspeciesincludingthefamilySalmonidaeandadditionalfloraandfaunaindigenoustoacoldwaterhabitat.Minimumdaily~average6.0mg/L;novaluelessthan5.0mg/L.Forlakesandimpoundmentsonly,novaluelessthan5.0mg/Latanypoint.Notlessthan6.0andnotmorethan9.0.IHottoexceed1.5mg/Lastotaliron;nottoexceed0.3mg/Lasdissolvediron.TemperatureNomeasurablerisewhenambienttemperatureis14'rabove;notmorethana2.84Criseaboveambienttemperatureuntilstreamtemperaturereaches144C;nottobechangedbymorethan1.134Cduringanyone-hourperiod.Totalfilterableresidueat1054CHotmorethan500mg/Lasamonthlyaveragevalue;notmore'than750mg/Latanytime.Bacteria(fecalcolifdrm)AlkalinityTotalmanganeseFlourideCyanideSulfatePhenolCopperZincAluminumArsenicChromiumLeadNitriteplusnitrateasnitrogenAmmonianitrogenDuringtheswimmingseason(May1-September30),thefecalcoliformlevelshallnotexceedageometricmeanof200per100mLbasedonfiveconsecutivesamplescollectedondif-ferentdays;fortheremainderoftheyear,thefecalcoliformlevelshallnotexceedageometricmeanof2000per100mLbasedonfiveconsecutivesamplescollectedondif-ferentdays.Alkalinityshallbe20mg/LormoreasCaCOsfonfreshwateraquaticlife,exceptwherenaturalconditionsareless.Hottoexceed1.0mg/L.Nottoexceed2.0mg/L.Nottoexceed0.005mg/Lasfreecyanide.Nottoexceed250mg/L.Nottoexc'eed0.005mg/L.Nottoexceed0.1ofthe96-hourLC50forrepresentativeimportantspecies.Nottoexceed0.01ofthe96-hourLC50forrepresentativeimportantspecies.HottoexceedO.lofthe96-hourLC50forrepresentativeimportantspecies.Hottoexceed0.05mg/L.Hottoexceed0.05mg/Lashexavalentchromium.Nottoexceed0.05mg/L.Nottoexceed0.01ofthe96-hourLC50forrepresentativeimportantspecies.Nottoexceed10mg/Lasnitratenitrogen.Notmorethan0.5mg/L.Source:ER-OL,Vol.IV,AppendixH,Table3.2.3-1.
TableA.2.3WaterequalityDatafromtheUpperSectionofPondHillCreekParaneter19771978Sept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Har.Apr.HaytunedulyAu9.NHeanS.D.dHax.Hin.Teuperature,water(<C)Dissolvedoxy9en(pp)BODCODpH(s.u.)AlkalinityasCaCDsTotalhardnessasCaCosTotaldissolvedsolids1'otalsuspendedsolidsTurbidity(JTU)Specificconductance(thos)Color(CPU)Sulphateas5OrthophosphateasPTotalphosphateasPNitrateasNChlorideTotalcopperTotaliron'Totalnan9aneseColiforntotalHPN/100nLColiformfecalHPN/100uLfecalstreptococciHPN/100ni.17.09.37.010.17.005.5.24.089.4150.0551113.70.020.010.011.6.O.O20.470.05110093<19.011.23.08.06.302.817.044.8<0.51.048<I-11.00.010.020.053.4<0.020.490.03110093<16.011.32.13.67.252.320.08.4516.02.542312.00.010.020.10r2.3<0.020.210.03110015053.5-0.50.012.513.012.40.5<0.5<I4.0<57.36.706.807.256.417.53.715.0'15.016.0<0.599.437.83.411.313.10.62.26.046484845611.016.010.50.020.010.040.080.010.040.030.270.204.35.5.3.10.03<0.020.050.26,0.290.39<0.020.020.022104324064+<3<<325<1<15.0<1<<56.451.817.53.06.12.348<IIf.30.010.060.24<0.50.020.400.04240240<1B.D12.3<I<57.208.330.045.56.32.052712.0<0.020.030.200.50.020.35<0.02>>2400460<110.011.62.0<54.014.037.62.51.952101'1.00.030.090.431.7<0.020.800.05210232012.09.9<1.017.07.3014.018.056.59.65.549226.00.02<0.020.130.4<0.020.870.05>240011003514.08.4<1.09.06.6017.082.047.46.37.0231.00.050.050.121.7<0.021.400.071100231017.58.21.023.06.8017.020.0S0.440.710.05328<'I.o<0.011.110.160.6<0.021.640.022400110030121112121112121212llll1212121212121212121212128.510.91.88.56.888.424.043.463.83.749.210.19.70.020.130.16r2.10.020.630.051045.3279.310.92.923.301.332.922.6222.894.906.597.991.937.'103.183.120.1440.3580.4021.4610.1530.7940.22432.3316.713.30'17.513.07.023.07.3017.582.099.4516.010.0552816.00.05.1.110.435.50.051.640.20>>2400110035-0.58.2<0.53.66.301.814.0<0.50.50.64210.010.010.010.4<0.020.21<0.0243<3<1Source:ER-OL~Vol.IV,AppendixH,Table3.2.3-2.Unitsu9/Lunlessstatedotherutse.N~nunberofsanples.S.D.standarddeviation.
TableA.2.4.WatergualityDatafrom.theLowerSectionofPondHillCreek19771978ParaneterbSept.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.Feb.Her.Apr.HayJuneJulyAug.NHeanS.D.cdNax.Hin.Teoperature,water(4C)Dissolvedoxygen(ppu)BODCODpH(s.u.)A)ta)in)tyasCaCOsTotalhardnessasCaCOsTotaldissolvedsolidsTotalsuspendedsolidsTurbidity(JIU)Specificconductance(yahos)-Color(CPU)Sulphateas5OrthophosphateasPTotalphosphateasPNitrateasNChlorideTotalcopper.TotalironTotalnanganeseCo))ferntotalHPN/100nLCo))fernfecalHPN/100nLFecalstreptococciHPN/100nL16.09.06.59.511.812.08.04.01.211.17.43.47.106.657.607.411;02.324.023.019.0108.0.49.615.4120.0<0.51.40.73.059454810<1313.2'12.011.80.0<0.010.020.0)<0.010.02<0.010.07<<0.050.72.69.5<<0.02<0.02<0.020.600.460.220.030.040.0246024015024092310<1<13.513.00.59.07.101.815.0<0.53.10.8484)2.5<0,01<0.010.03<0.50.030.200.0415023<10.01.04.013.913.1<0.5<136.8<5.0<5.07.007.307.3023.01.8<1.016.017.015.5102.056.014.28.96.15.21.65.50.646456854<1)6.813.61\.90.02<<0.020.020.010.050.100.330.21.0.122.911.1<0.50.030.060.020.250.390.340.020.02<<0.0243434604<343<1<1<16.58.013.313.2<12.0<5.0<5.07.5511.05.021.022.0133.043.34.98.31.32.5495031511.09.0<0.020.04<0.020.08<0.100.08<0.52.1<<0.02<0.020.250.41<0.020.034602104343<11010.012.4<1.07.07.1011.014.052.38.23.6501212.00.060.040.270.40.021.080.04>2400932014.58.9<118.06.7019.020.044.422.45.2106.00.020.020.241.08<0.023.110.212409<119.08.01.012.06.8016.021.056.28.03.85522.7.0<0.010.470.2111<0.020.650.10>240093<1128.21111.7122.0127.9117.11129.21219.01256.21216.4112.61)51128121).4120.02120.07120.14122.7120.03120.66120.051260912521242.863.431.422.812.6663.034.357.504.051.617.22.73,380.1500.2650.3791.660.1580.8140.22224.77.22.016.013.98.018.07.6023.024.0133.0)20.05.5682216.80.060.470.3311.10.063.110.21>2400240200.08.0<0.53.46.65<1.014.0<0.5<0.50.74516.0<0.01<0.010.010.4<0.020.20<0.0243<3<1Source:SN-OL.Yo),IV,AppendixH,Table3.2.3-3.Unitsng/Lunlessstatedotherwise.N~nuuberofsauples.dS.O.~standarddeviation.
TableA.2.5.WatergualityintheSusquehannaRiverneartheProposedIntakeSiteaParameterbHar.1978Apr.HayJuneJulyAug.NHeanSD.Hax.Min.cd'emperature,water('C)Dissolvedoxygen(ppm)BODCODpH(s.u.)AlkalinityasCaC03TotalhardnessasCaCOaTotaldissolvedsolidsTotalsuspendedsolidsTurbidity(JTU)Specificconductance(thos)Color(CPU)SulphateasSOrthophosphateasPTotalphosphateasPNitrateasNChlorideTotalcopperTotalironTotalmanganeseColiform,totalHPN/100mLColiform,fecalHPN/100mLFecalstreptococciHPN/100mL3.01.07.07.2523.066.167.29.1161602628.80.060.070.9712.8<0.022.110.29>2400240107.012.6<124.07.6041.484.0122.021.77.5190730.00.040.051.0011.0<0.021.960.19433<113.510.73.05.019.073.0138.0'.55.12002546.00.060.120.736.2<0.021.630.32>24002103516.014'<17.08.6046.0109.0196.019.99.82306897.00.020.100.6111.5<0.022'30.49>24004608522.08.92.010.07.2066.0167.0290.09.511.065180.0<0.010.4318'<0.022.340.66>24004601025.09.0'.025.07.2060.0136.0215.036.5'2.033080148.00.100.840.5514.5<0.024.700.90>24001100656566566666,566666666666614.411.22213.07.5742.6105.9171.417.410.22224588.30.050.200.7212.4<0.022.530.482007412343.803.351.473.612.7516.5210.2913.094.173.2014.96.729.400.220.450.8463.52'0.1411.5900.68944.820.35.925.014.95.025.0.8.6066.0167.0290.0'36.516.033080180.00.100.841.0018.4<0.024.700.90>24001100853.03.35<15.07.2019.066.167.29.15.1160728.8<0.010.040.436.2<0.021.630.19433<1Source:ER-OL,Vol.IV.AppendixH,Table3.2.3-7.Unitsmg/Lunlessstatedotherwise.N=numberofsamples.S.D.=standarddeviation.
tandfast-flowingwaterusuallyinhibitsthedevelopmentofatrueself-reproducingdriftcommunity.Instead,anormallysparsemake-'shiftplanktoncoaraunftyisderivedfromorganismswashedoutofsmallpondsandquietbackwatersordislodgedfromthestreambedandperiphyton.TheperfphytoncoaraunftyfnPondH111Creekfsdominatedbyfilamentousalgaeandattacheddfa-toms.Themostabundantdiatomswerethoselistedintheprevfousparagraph.OtherrelativelycommondiatomsincludedMeZcsirvrandOymbsZZa.ThemostcommonlyobservedfilamentousalgaewasthegreenalgaeSpizcgym.Collectively,filamentsofSpricgyvaoftenformednoticeabletuftsuponrocks,sticks,andotherdebrisinthestream.Otherfilamentousalgaepresentintheperiphytonincludedgr'eenalgae(OedogcniumandDesmidium),redalgae(Batrvrchcspsvmrrm),andblue-greenalgae(OsciZZatc&a).Nfcrofaunafoundinthe,periphytonconsistedprimarilyofprotozoans,part1cularlytheciliateOoZpidiumandrotffersfromthefamilyBrachfonidae.Themostcommonflowevingplantsfoundfnthestreamincludedcattails(Typha),pondweed(Pctcmcgeton),bushpondweed(NaJ'as)',waterweed(EZodsa),iris(Iris),andwatercress(Nasturtium).Cattails,pondweeds,andwaterweedswererelativelyabundantintheuppersectionofPondHillCreekinareaspreviouslyinundatedbybeaverdams.However,themostnoticeablemacrophytesfnthestreamwerewatermoss(PontirraZis)andleafyliverwort(OhiZcscyphus),bothofwhichformeddensegrowthsonmostofthestonesandbouldersinthestreambed.Watermossandliverwortaregenerallyconsideredtypicalinhabitantsofhard-bottomed,coldwaterstreams.>>1Atota'1of12,435macrofnvertebratespecimenswerecollectedfromseasonalvisitstoeachofthreesamplingstationsatPondHillCreek.Theaveragedensityofthesemacroinvertebrateswas3,844organisms/m2,rangingfromalowof1,789toahighof10,411.ThedominantinsectsfoundinthemacroinvertebratecoraaunityofPondHillCreekwereflylarvae(Diptera)andmayflynymph(Ephemeroptera).Thesetwogroupsofinsectlarvaecomprised44.2and28.3X,respectively,ofallorganismscollected.ThemostabundantDipteranlarvaeweremidgelarvaeofthefamilyChironomidae.IrcrropsisandEphsmsreZZawerethemostnumerousmayfliesobserved.Otherwell-representedmacroinvertebratesincludedstoneflylarvae(10.3%ofthetotalspecimens),caddfsflylarvae(8.8X),beetles(2.3X),clams(2.1%),andworms(1.9Ã).Collectively,thesemacrofnvertebratesaretypicalofstony-bottomed,smallstreams.DiversityindicescalculatedforallofthemacroinvertebratesamplescollectedfnPondHillCreekrangedfrom2.87to4.18.Onlytwoofthetwelve1ndfceswevebelow3.0.Theoverallaverageindexwas3'6.TheseveryhighvaluesindicatethatPondHillCreeksupportsawell-balancedcommunityofmacroinvertebrates.Thestreamsupportsaverylimitedfishcosrnunfty.Seasonalfishsamplescollectedfntheupperandlowersectionsofthestreamrevealedonlyfivespecies.TheprimaryfactorlimitingthefishcommunityfnPondHillCreekisapparentlytheintermittentnatureofthestream.Also,sincefisharepreventedfrommovingupintothestreamfromtheSusquehannaRiverbyanelevatedculvertnearthestream'smouth',therearenomigratoryspecies'presentinthestream.Fishsampling1nPondHillCreekcoveredadistanceofabout250mofthelowersectfonandapproximately830moftheuppersection.Sampleswerecollectedwithanelectricalshockerandminnowseines.Ofthefivespeciesfound,onlytheblacknosedace(RhirrichthysatvatuZus),acommonminnowspecfesinPennsylvaniaandotherpartsofthenortheasternUnitedStates,wasabundant.Othercmmonmfnnowspeciesfoundincluded:goldenshiners(NotemigonuscvyscZsucas),fatheadminnows(PimephaZespromeZas),andcreekchub(SsmctiZusatrcmacuZatus).However,only9,10,and01specimens,respectively,ofthesethreespecieswerecollected.Theremafningffshspecieswasrepresentedbyasinglespecimenoflargemouthbass(MicvcptevussaZmcides)caughtinthelowersectionofthestreaminDecember1977.Sinceonlythisoneindividualwasfoundfnallthefishsamples,ftfsclearthatPondHillCreekdoesnotsupportalargeresidentpopulationofthisspecies.Furthermore,it1sprobablethatthesinglebassJuvenileorig1natedfromoneofthesmallfarmpondslocatednearthestream.ThesepondsareconnectedtoPondHillCreeknear1tssourcebyasmallrivulet.1NoneofthespeciesfoundinPondHil}CreekisincludedoneithertheU:S.FishandWildlifeService'slistofEndangeredandThreatenedWildlifeandPlantsorthePennsylvaniaFishCom-mission'slistofEndangered,ThreatenedorIndeterminateFishes,AmphibiansorReptilesofPennsylvania.ThestreamhasneverbeenstockedbythePennsylvaniaFishCommission,andnofishermenwereobservedonthestreamduringthesamplingprogram.A.2.5.2.2.2SUSQUEHANNARIVERATRESERVOIRPUMPSTATIONSITE.BiologicaldatagatherednearSSESprovidethemostadequaterepresentationofthenatureoftheaquaticbiotainthevicinityoftheproposedreservoirintakesite.
A.2-20Thereaderisreferredtothe'applicant'sannualreportsandtothemainbodyofthisEnvironmentalStatementforadditionalinformationaboutthesite.>e-zoA.2.6SOCIOECONOMICPROFILEOFTHELOCALAREAThesocioeconomicprofilefortheareasurroundingtheproposedPondHillreservoirwillfocusonConynghamTownship,LuzetneCounty.This"areahasbeenselectedbecausetheproposedreser-voirsiteiscentrallylocatedinthistownship,andthemostdirectimpactsofconstructionandoperationareexpectedtooccurhere.A.2.6.1~DemorahIn1970,thetotalpopulationofLuzerneCountywas342,301,a22.5%decreasefrom1940(ER-OL,Table3.1-1).Between1970and1977,populationdeclinedatarateof1%peryear.z~Incom-parison,ConynghamTownship'spopulationstotaled1,693in1970andwaspro)ectedtohaveincreasedto1,788in1976,anincreaseof5.6l.zComparedtonationaltrends,theagestructureofthecountyandtownshipcanbecharacterizedasanolderpopulationbecauseoftheproportionofpeopleover65yearsofage.zz6zsIn1970,theproportionofpeopleover65was13.0Xforthecountyand13.1%forthetownship,ascomparedto10.8Xforthestate.z4A.2.6.2SettlementPatternPopulationconcentrationsarelocatedinfourareasofConynghamTownship:Mocanaqua,Wapwall-open,PondHill,andLilyLake.z"Scatteredhousesandsmallfarmswereobservedsurroundingthesesmallpopulationcentersandintheareasbetweenthem.~HooeeoIngeneral,thetownshiphousingstockischaracterizedasold;about83%ofthecurrentstruc-tureswerebuiltbefore1939.z4However,theconditionoftheavailable1976housingwasstillratedasfairtogood,andthedemandfornewhousesisexpectedtoincreaseby1980,zsRepairandrenovationofolderhomesandsummerhomeswasobservedbythestaff,particularlyinthePondHillandLilyLakeareas.Recreation(AseriesofrecreationalfacilitiesarelocatedinConynghamTownship;thesehavebeenlistedinacountyrecreationalstudyandpresentedasTable3.8.3ofReference24.Inadditiontotheselistedfacilities,troutfishingisavailableinLittleWapwallopenCreek,fishingandboatingopportunitiesatLilyLake,andhuntingandhikinginseveralofthestategamelands,z"'etailedinformationoncurrentrecreational.needsandplansforthetownshiparenotavailable.However,aneedforadditionalrecreationalfacilitiesofdifferenttypeshasbeenidentifiedforallofLuzerneCounty,whichwouldincludeConynghamTownship(seeSection2.2.3.3).A.2.6.3SocialOranizationAnestimated80Ãofthe1970householdsinthetownshipwerecomposedoffamilies.Thesocio-culturalcharacteristicsofthetownshiphavebeendescribedasruralintermsofitspopulationdensity,atmosphere,andavailableservices.However,thepopulationconcentratedinthe'settle-mentofMocanaqua,whichhasbeenhistoricallyassociatedwiththecoal-miningindustry,isnowdistinctivelyagriculturalandmorediversethanthattypicallyassociatedwithruralareas.>".A.'2.6.4SocialServicesSewae'andWaterPublicwaterservicesarecurrentlyavailableinMocana~uaandWapwallopen.z4Mocanaquahassomepublicsewage,butneedsrenovationofitssystem.~SewagetreatmentisplannedforWapwallopenandLilyLake.><FireandPoliceProtectionThetownshiphasapart-timepoliceforcemadeupoffourpersonsandisalsoservedbythestatepolice.z4Volunteerfirecompaniesprovidefireprotection.z" A.2-21A.2.6.5PoliticalOranizationConynghamisdefinedasasecond-classtownshipbecauseithasfewerthan300residentspersquaremile.zz'hetownshipisgovernedbyaboardofthreesupervisorse'iectedat-"largeforsix-yearterms.zzTheboardexercisesgeneralgovernmentalfunctions,includingmaintenanceofapoliceforce,theroadsystem,andthelevyandcollectionoftaxes.z"A.2.6.6EconomicOranizationBythe1920s,anthraciteminingwasthechiefsourceofemploymentandtheeconomicbaseofLuzerneCounty.Ascoalproductionbegantodeclineinthe1930s,theeconomicbasewasdiversifiedtocounteractseriousincomeandjoblosses.z~Todaytheeconomyisbroad-basedandhasastrongapparel-industryorientation.z?~aIn1976,theDepartmentofCommercelistedonlyfourestablishmentsforthistownshi~employingatotalof154employees.,zaOnebusinessisasawmill,anothera,footwearfirm;z4~ztwobusi-nesseswereundefined.Additionalretailandservicefacilitiesarelocatedwithinthetown-ship,primarilyinHocanaqua,Mapwallopen,andPondHill.z"A.2.6.7SocioculturalCharacteristicsThestaffobservednoresidentpopulationlivingontheproposedsite.Theapplicantstatesthatthepropertydoesnotcontainanyfacilitiesorstructuresusedbytheloca'1communitiesnordoesitsupportanycoranercial'rindustrialactivities.z4Theapplicantalsoreportsthatthereisnoresidentialactivitybelowthedamsite.z"RecreationTheapplicantstatedthatthissiteisusedforwalking,hiking,hunting,andnaturestudyb~thepeoplelivinginthenearbyvicinity.z4Sincethisinformationhasnotbeenquantified,4neitherthenumberofindividualsusingthissitenortheperson-daysofusagecanbedetermined.Theapplicantidentifiedandcharacterizedestheticqualitiesofthesite.>"Duringthesitevisit,thestaffobservedthatthesite,areawasestheticallypleasingbecauseofthesteeptopography,rockoutcrops.waterfalls,anddense,butvariable,forestcover.Therefore,itisreasonablethatpeoplewouldbeattractedtothesiteto,hikeandenjoythekindof,naturalenvironmentpresentontheproperty.Inadditiontorecreational.useofthenaturalarea,thestaffobservedthatapondhasbeenconstructedonthesite.Theapplicantstatedthatthepondwasusedforfishingandswimmingbyseverallocalresidents.Theextentofthepond'susagecannotbequantifiedatthistime.A.2.7CULTURALRESOURCESA.2.7.1~ReionAregionalculturehistoryforLuzerneandColumbiacountyareasisprovidedinSection2.6.]ofthisEnvironmentalStatement.A.2.7.2PondHillSiteAprehistoricculturalsurveyhasbeenmadeintwoareasofthePondHillSite:1)onthepropertydesignatedforthereservoirandwithinthehighwatermarkand2)onasectionofthefloodplain.Fifty-meterintervalsandwalkoverwasutilizedfortheuplands,whilecloserspacedtransectsandtesttrenchingwereusedinthefloodplain.z~
A.2-22References1.S.T.Algermissen,"SeismicRiskStudiesintheUnitedStates,"PresentedattheFourthWorkConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering,Santiago,Chile,14January1969.2.5.6.7.8.10.11.12.13.1415.16.E.L.Braun,DeciduousForestsofEasternNorthAmerica,NewYork:HafnerPublishingCompany,1972.S.P."ShawandC.G.Fredine,"WetlandsoftheUnitedStates,"Circular39,U.S.Depart-mentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Washington,DC,1971,67pages.R,L.SmithEcoloandFieldBiolo,NewYork:Harper&Row,1966.W.H.BurtandR.P.Grossenheider,AFieldGuidetotheMammals,Boston:HoughtonMifflinCompany,1976.J.K.Doutt,C.A.Heppenstall,andJ.E.Guilday,"MammalsofPennsylvania,"PennsylvaniaGameComaission,Harrisburg,PA,1973,280pages.R.M.RuheandJ.D.Montgomery,"Birds,"pages250-283in"EcologicalStudiesoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,"T.V.Jacobsen(ed.),AnnualReportfor1978,IchthyologicalAssociates,Inc.,Berwick,PA,1978.R.M.Rube,"Birds,",Pages311-342,in"EcologicalStudiesoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,"T.V.Jacobsen(ed.),AnnualReportfor1977,IchthyologicalAssociates,Inc.,Ithica,NY,1978.C.J.McCoy,"ListoftheAmphibiansandReptilesofPennsylvania,"SectionofAmphibiansandReptiles,CarnegieMuseumofNaturalHistory,Pittsburgh,PA,1974.R.Conant,AFieldGuidetoRetilesandAmhibiansofEasternandCentralNorthAmerica,Boston:HougtonMffnompany,"ListofEndangeredandThreatenedWildlifeandPlants,"FederalReister,Vol.44,No.117,DepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Washington,DC,17January1979,pp.3636-3654."EndangeredandThreatenedSpecies,"FederalReister,Vol.41,No.117,DepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Washington,DC,16June1976,pp.24524-24572."ThreatenedorEndangeredFaunaorFlora,"FederalReister,Vol.40,No.127,DepartmentoftheInterior,FishandWildlifeService,Wasngton,DC,1July1975,pp.27825-27924."Pennsylvania'sEndangeredSpecies,ReptilesandAmphibians",ReferenceInformation,PennsylvaniaFishCommission,Harrisburg,PA,revisedApril1978.H.B.N.Hynes,TheEcoloofRunninWaters,Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1972.T.V.Jacobsen(ed.),"EcologicalStudiesoftheNorthBranchSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,"AnnualReportfor1974,PennsylvaniaPower&Light,Berwick,PA,May1976.17.18.19.20.,AnnualReportfor1975,,AnnualReportfor1976,,AnnualReportfor1977,,AnnualReportfor1978,,August1976.,October1977.,April1978.,July1979.21.22.23.24.PennsylvaniaProjectionSeries,July1977,"EstimatesofCountyPopulationbyAge,SexandRace,"OfficeofStatePlanningandDevelopment,October1978.PopulationEstimatesandProjections:SeriesP.25,No.777,U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,BureauoftheCensus,January1979;"PlanningandDevelopmentConsiderations,TheWyomingValley,Pennieslvania,"WilburSmithandAssociates,8December1973.Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton/EngineersandArchitects,"EnvironmentalReport:PondHillReservoir,"preparedforPennsylvaniaPower&LightCompany,February1979.
A.2-23t25.Hous)ngSectionoftheLuzerneCountyComprehensivePlan;LuzerneCountyPlanningComnission,1978.26.LandUsePlanofLuzerneCountyfortheYear2000,LuzerneCountyPlanningComnission',June1976.27."ThisisLuzerneCounty,"LeagueofVotersofWilkes-BarreArea,1976.28."PennsylvaniaCountyIndustryReport,"DepartmentofCommerce,BureauofStatistics,ResearchandPlanning,1976.29.CotggonyealthAssociates,"ArcheologicalInvestigationsattheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation:thePondHillReservoirSite,"preparedforPP8L,1981.
AD3.RESERVOIRDESCRIPTIONA.
3.1INTRODUCTION
Inordertoprovidethedesiredwaterstorage,adamwillbeconstructedacrossPondHillCreek1.3kmupstreamfromitsconfluencewiththeSusquehannaRiver.Thereservoirwillhaveallofthefeaturestypicalofthistypeofproject,includingaspillwayandaninlet-outletstructure.Sincethedrainageareaabovethedamistoosmalltofillandrefillthereservoirandalsokeepitfullbetweenuses,anintakestructureandpumpingplantnearthebankoftheSusquehannaRiverandawaterconduitfromthepumpingstationtotheinlet-outletstructureonthenorthshoreofthereservoirwillbeconstructed.Apermanentaccessroadwillbeprovided.Duringconstruction,aconcretebatchplantandborrowpitswillbeused.The'locationofthebatchplantandborrowpitsareshownonFfg.A.3.1.Theapplicanthassupplieddetaileddesignfnformationforadamwithanormalwaterlevelof287mHSLandanactivestoragevolumeof12.53210smsandatotalwaterstoragevolumeof16.032106ms(ER-OL,AppendixH).InresponsetocommentsbyPDERandSRBCregardingthedesirabilityofoptionaldevelopmentofthesitetomeetwatersupplyneedsinadditiontothoseofSSES,theapplicantsubmitteddesigninformationonalargerdam,oneutilizing85%ofthevalley'smaximumcapacity.Thehigher,largerdam(normalwaterlevel299mHSL'),willhaveastoragevolumeofabout27.13106m~andatotalvolumeof29.7x106ms(responsestoNRCquestions,lettersfromN.W.Curtis,PP&L,toD.E.Sells,NRC,12October,13November,and17December1979).Theminimumwaterleve'lforthelargerreservoirfs264.6mHSL.Thefollowinganalysesareforthelarger(299-mnormalwaterlevel)damandreservoirandthe010-7riverflowvalueof22.7ms/s.FiguresA.2.2andA.2.3showlocaltopography,thelayoutofthehigherdamandtheotherstructures,andtheareatobecoveredbywateratmaximumandminimumwaterelevations.FigureA.3.2isadetailedplanviewofthehigherdamandrelatedstructures.A.3.1.1EmbankmentDamThedamwillbeofearthandrockfillconstructionusingmaterialsobtainedmostlyfromtheareatobeinundated.Thecrestofthedamwillbeabout730mlongat302mHSL.Themaximumheightofthecrestofthedamabovetheexistingcreekbedwillbeabout67m.Theapplicant'sengineeringstudieshaveshownthatsufficientcorematerialsareavailablefromonsiteborrowareas.Becauseoflowtopographyalongthesouthernedgeofthereservoir,constructionoftwo,addi-tionalwaterretentionbarrierswillberequired(seefig.A.3.2).Inthesaddlearea,itewdi-atelysoutheastofthemaindam,ashallowdike(about150mlongand2.4mhigh)willbeconstructed.About800meastofthedamanimpervioussubsurfacecutoff(about380mlongand6mdeep)willberequiredtopreventseepagethroughthesaddle.A.3.1.2~AillwaAnoverflow-typeofspillwaylocatedonthesouthabutmentofthedamwf'llbeprovidedtoreleasefloodwaterswhenwaterlevelsexceedthe299-mHSLcrestofthespillway(seeFig.A.3.2).FigureA.3.3isadetailedschematicofthisspillway.A425-mconcrete-linedchutewillcarrytheoverflowwaterfromthespillwaytotheexistingriverbed.Aconcretestructurewillbeusedtodissipatemostofthekineticenergyoftheflow.A.3.1.3.Inlet-OutletStructureThisstructurewillbeusedtobothcontrolreleasesfromthereservoirforconservationandcompensationpurposes,andtodischargepumpedinflowsintothereservoir.ThisstructurehasbeenredesignedsincetheDESwas-issuedinHarch1980(letterfromH.N.W.Curtis,PP&LtoHr.B.J.Youngblood,NRC,29Hay1980:thisletterisonpageB-47ofAppen-dix8).ThenewstructureisshownschematicallyinFigureA.4.1;itslocationisgiveninFigureA.2.3).Thenewdesigncallsforaverticalstructureinsidethereservoir,withexitports7.6,17.0and39.9mbelowthenormalwatersurface.A.3-1 10/iALTTI;(WEr,Nllll~Ilf1~tjIIr,llMUIIMUMPOOLELEVATION~TFF/3PRINARYSORROWAREASRESERVOTIMAXIMUMWATERSUPPLTELEVATIONItRECVIREOAIXXTIONALSORROWAREA0SITEPERIMETERCONSTRUC'TIONSTACINGARGLttNNATLYAWAtOtltRALLCILTC/Ntttttl~tlat<<<<<<litNEMsKWtlatNt<<l<<L%tlat<<ttCONSTRUCTIONAREAS~liltWkN%fly<<TI<<<<<<<<<<<<M<<t<<<<<<<<wAPERTURECARDFig.A.3.1.PondHillReservoirConstructionAreas.(Source:Reference1) ttatItjus'.NORTHTUNNELAI.TERMATIVE0',/~a5'dt'ORTHPIPKUNEALTERNATIVE'lRLETOVTLKTSTRUCTURE'TERAO'ERASURECARDAXIMUMWATERSUPPLYEL.SdDES@Rf,PORT'LTERNATIVEA/rfLSVRIKDPIPELIMEi)/~A.IP'Nr'OJfTOPOfDAMEL.990/dDIACTIVESTORAG-EELEL,888~.PUMPINGPLANTIdPUMPHOUSPIIELUIEALONGROADALTERNATIVE8,I~SPILLWY'd.*+;ATOPOfSADDLE.7(zJ~'adPENNSYLVANIAPOWER8LIGHTCOMPANY~dIIddlIfpNd\,tttadatdaaadMaadlttat~aatwkad\tattaataaa~<<taatlddladAtlatttMtdtOttdStatCOMPARATIVE.WATERCONOUITSTUDY'GENERALPROJECTPLANALIGNMENTOFALTERNATIVESttkttaMtAtTFetIT&Aaaatt~aatddt+taattOamajeareaaaaoadaatawwaaaaTFig.A.3.2.GeneralProjectPlanforPondHi'llReservoirwithAlignmentofAlternatives.(Source:Reference1) i5b~Southfd6~ySpill~yI'kkSpittrioySp>//nCFy55'rIIIIIIIIbrOO7iOO,G/OOSiOOWFOOOiOO2iOOliOO0OOSECTIONA-AJASPILLWAYPLANIOIO/0004<48)0.Cc880<5702~OCO560rExistingGroundotonggofdpillnioyChonnclfr'scOcto//SectionBBPropos6dProfi'lc,Ic/TocA/inccF/ong<~~2/.dd2SECTION8'8co666CALKINFECTf/ddtO'OO0iOOycOO0rOCFS000iOOSi002'OO/iOO=0'00SPILLWAYPROFILE~CNNSYLYANIAPOWER6UONTCONFANYSPILLWAY~llll6ciccccicccccconccccnolccccoc~~Mcocccccc~lowFig.A.3.3.DetailedSchematicofSpillwayStructureforPondHillReservoir.
A.3-5Theconcretestructurewillbeconnectedtothepumpingplantbyanundergroundpipeline(Fig.A.3.2,AlternativeB).Pumpedinflowwillenterthereservoiratthebaseofthestructure.Threeoutletports,eachatadifferentlevel,willbeusedforcompensationandconservationflows.Theoutletport{orports)usedforagivenreleasewillbetheoneatwhichthetem-peratureofthewaterinthereservoirmostcloselymatchesthatoftheSusquehannaRiver.A.3.1.4WaterConduitAsteelpipelinewillbeusedtotransportwaterbetweenthepumpingplantandtheinlet-outletstructure(seeFig.A.3.2,AlternativeB).Thepipewillbecapableofcarrying3.8ms/sofwaterfromthepumpstothereservoir,andanaverageflowof3.0ms/sforcompensationreleases.Themaximumreleaseflowwillbe8.5ms/s.Thepipefromtheinlet-outletstructuretothepumpingplantwillhaveadiameterof1.22m.Thepipelinewillbeconstructedinacut-and-covertrenchalongtheproposedaccessroad(seeFig.A.3.2).A0.61-mpipe'linewithacontrolvalvewi'ilbranchfromthepipe'line,nearthedownstreamtoeofthedam,toallowreleasestoPondHillCreek.Thesystemwillbeabletoreleasewateratarateofupto0.57ms/s,aflowapproximatelyequaltothecapacityofthecreekchannelto,carrywaterwithoutflooding.A.3.1.5PuminPlantandIntakeStructureTheproposedpumpstationwillbebuiltadjacenttotherailroadinanareaoutsidetheflood-plain(seeFigs.A.3'andA.3.4).Theproposedintakewillconsistoftwoparallelsteelpipesextendingabout30mintotheriver(seeFig.A.3.4).Althoughthefinaldesignoftheintakestructurehasnotbeenselected,screenssimilartothosemanufacturedbyJohnsonScreen'CompanyorslottedsteelpipessimilartothosemanufacturedbyRanneyCo.,approximately60mof0.6-mdiameterscreens,willbeprovided.Themaximumapproachvelocitywillbe'about0.12m/s.Thepipeandscreenlowpointswillbeabout0.6maboveriverbottom;pipetopswillbeabout1.2mbelowwaterlevelatminimumpumpingflows.FigureA.3.4showsthecontemplatedconfigurationoftheproposedpumpstation,intakestructure,andtheburledpipelinefromthepumpingplanttotheintakescreens.Compensationreleasestotheriverwouldbethroughthescreens.Three1.25-ms/selectricaldrivenpumpswillbeusedtopumpwaterintothereservoir.A.3.1.6AccessRoadAnewpavedaccessroadwillbeconstructedfromStateRoute239totheconstructionareas.Theroadwillparallelthepipeline.Theroadwillbeapproximately1220mlongand9mwide;theareaimpactedbytheconstructionoftheroadandpipelinewillbeabout2ha.TheuseofthisroadwillminimizeconstructiontrafficthroughthevillagesofPondHillandLilyLake.A.3.2HOOEOFOPERATIONA.3.2.1InitialFillinofReservoirHostofthewaterrequiredtofillthereservoirwillcomefromtheSusquehannaRiver,theremainderfromdrainageandprecipitation.Theapplicantiscoranittedtopumpingonlywhenriverflowisgreaterthan85.4m'/s.Thethreepumpsinthepumpingplantarecapableofdeliveringupto3.8ms/stothereservoir.Pumpingatthisrate,itwou'Idtake84daystofil1thereservoir.A.3.2.2ComensationReleasesDuringperiodsoflowriverflow,definedastheI)7-10valueof22.7ms/splustheactualcon-sumptiveusebySSESanddedicatedcompensationflGCFR803.61(c')(7)(i)],theapplicantwillberequiredtodischargewaterfromthereservoirattheactualconsumptiveuserate.ConsumptivewateruseofSSESwillbedeterminedbymeasuringthedifferencebetweenthevolumeofwaterwithdrawnfromtheriver(primari'lytoreplacethatevaporatedintheplant'scoolingtowers)andblowdowntotheriver.Theaveragerateofdischargefromthereservoirwillbe3.0m/s;theactivestoragecapacityofthedamwillbesuchthatthisflowcouldbemaintainedfor106days.Theapplicantesti-matespeakwaterconsumptiveuseatabout1.8ms/s,andaverageuseat1.4m/s.Compensationwaterwillbetakenfromoneof,thethreeoutletportsintheinlet-outletstruc-ture,passthroughtheconduit,andbedischargedintotheSusquehannaRiverviathemulti-slottedpipes.Theoutletportselectedwouldbetheoneatwhjch.thetemperatureinthereservoirmostcloselymatchesthatoftheriver.
~~~~IIII~~INIg~~4~~~~'biJ4IIg~~~~~~~~fAVLOn~otueOECTNllamoFig.A.3.4.ProposedIntakeforPondHillReservoir(pumpingstationconceptwithouttravelingscreens).(Source:Reference1.)
'A.3-7A.3.2.3ConservationReleasesThePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResourcesrequiresthatallnewreservoirsprovideaminimumreleasetomaintaindownstreamflows.Onstreamswithoutwater-flowdata,'avalueof1.64L/spersquarekilometer,ofupstreamdrainageareaisnormallyutilizedbyDER,Sincetheareaupriverfromtheproposeddamisabout4.4kmz,theapplicantproposesaconservationreleaseofatleast5.7L/s.Thereleasepointforthisdischargewouldbejustwestofthetoeofthedam(seeFig.A.3.2).Precipitationonthelakeanddrainageinexcessofthatrequiredtokeepthewaterlevelat299mwouldbedischargedintoPondHillCreekthroughtheconservation-flowoutlet(upto0.57ms/s),overthespillway,ordirectlyintotheSusquehannaRiverviatheconduitandthepumpingplant.A.3.2.4RefillintheReservoirAdditionalwaterwillbepumpedintothereservoirwheneverprecipitationanddrainageareinsufficienttokeepthepondfullandreplacelossesduetoseepage,evaporation,compensa-tion,andconservationflows.Asstatedearlier,pumpingwillbepermittedonlywithriverflowsinexcessof85.4ms/s.A.3.3~RECREATIONAREATheapplicantproposestoconstructarecreationareasothattherecreationalpotentialofthereservoirmaybeutilized.Theproposedfacilitiesincludea30-to50-carparkinglot,alaunchingrampfornon-combustion-engineboats,andasystemoftrailsforhikingandnaturestudy{ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.2.8).Huntingwillbepermittedinseasonfnthebufferareasaroundthereservoir.ThePennsylvaniaFishCommissionwillbeaskedtostockthereser-voirforsportfishing;thenewaquatichabitatwillbesuitableforwarmwaterfishing.A.3.4ESTHETICSA.3.4.1ConstructionTheappearanceof,approximately146haoflandwillbealteredbyconstructionandoperationofthePondHillReservoir.Onehundredtwenty-eighthectare'sofforestedlandwillbeinundated.Impoundment'structureswillconvertabout16hafromnaturalcovertobuilt-upstructures.A.3.4.2~eeratteeSincemostofthebufferareasurroundingthesitewillnotbealteredduringconstruction,noappreciablechangesintheestheticqualityoftheseareaswilloccur.Theprimarychangefnestheticvalueswillbetheconversionofforestedlandstoalake.NoneofthefacilitieswillbevisiblefromthesettlementsofLillyLakeandPondHill,orfromtheroadsleadingtothesecommunities.,Sincetopographicfeatureswillscreenthedamfromview,thepumphousewillbetheonlystructurevisiblefromStateRoute239.Reference1.Tippetts-Abbett-HcCarthy-Stratton/EngineersandArchitects,"DesignReport:PondHillReservoir,"preparedforPennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany,February1979.I A.4.ENVIRONMENTALEFFECTSOFCONSTRUCTIONANDOPERATIONA.4.1IMPACTSONLANDUSEApproximately525haoflandwillbeconvertedfrompresentusestolanddedicatedtoawaterstorageproject.PondHillCreekandmostofthevalleyitdrains'illbepermanentlyaltered.About146haofthesitewillbepermanentlyalteredbyconstructionandoperationofthereser-voir;about128haofpresentlywooded'Iandswillbeinundatedandanother16hacoveredbyimpoundmentstructures,suchasthedam,spillway,andinlet-outletstructure.Theaccessroad-pipelinecorridorswilloccupyanadditional2ha.Mostoftheareasdisturbedbyconstructionactivities(aboutSlha)willbereclaimedandlandscapedfollowingconstruction;therewillbeonlyminorchangesinlanduseintheremainingundisturbedareasofthesite.Farmingonacontrolledbasiswillbepermittedtocontinuewithinthebufferareaofthe,site.TheimpactsofreservoirconstructionandoperationontheterrestrialenvironmentarediscussedinSectionA.4.F1,thoseontheaquaticenvironmentarediscussedinSectionA.4.3.2.A.4.2IMPACTSONWATERUSEConstruction-Alleffluentsgeneratedduringtheconcretebatchplantoperationwillbecollectedinaholdingpond.Afterthesolidshavesettledout,thesupernatantwillbeeitherrecycledordischargedviaapipelinetoPondHillCreek.,Withthistreatment,thestaffbelievesthatthewasteeffluentdisposalwillmeetPDERrequirementsfordisposalofsuchwaste.A.4.3ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSA.4.3.1TerrestrialConstructionImactsConstructionplansfortheproposedprojecthavenotyetbeencompletelyfinalized.Ascurrentlyreportedbytheapplicant,theprincipalareastobedirectlyaffectedbyconstructionactivitiesareindicatedinFiguresA.2.2,A.2.3,A.3.1,andA.3.2;however,theuseofsomedesignatedimpactareasisqualifiedasfollows.Thelocationoftheconstructionstagingarea,aswellasfacilitieswithinthestagingarea,willbedependent"onneedsandrequirementsoftheappli-cant'sconstructioncontractor.Also,borrowareas3and4,locatedwithintheproposedimpound-mentarea(seeFig.A.3.1),willbetheprincipalsourcesoffillmaterialsusedindamconstruc-tion(ER-OL,Supp.ResponsetoNRCI).17,28September1979).Totheextentthatsuitablecorematerialsavailableatborrowarea3areinsufficienttocompletethedamembankment,therequiredmaterialswillberemovedfromeitherorbothborrowareas1and2.Althoughtheneedforadditionalmaterials,is"notanticipated,"theapplicanthasalsoidentifiedborrowarea5asapossibleoffsitesourceofcorematerials(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCI).17,28September1979).Thusatotalofabout45haoflocallandoutsidetheimpoundmentarea(borrowareas1,2,and5)maybedisturbedtoacquirematerialsfordamconstruction(ER-OL,Supp.ResponsetoNRCI),5",28September1979).Themostobviousandextensiveoftheadverseconstructionimpacts,ontheterrestrialenviron-mentwillresultfromthedestructionoralterationoflocalvegetation.Mostofthevegetationtobeaffectedduringconstructionconsistsofforestandwoodland.Merchantablewoodproductswillbesalvagedtotheextentpracticable(ER-OL,AppendixH,Sec.4.3.2.5);however,thegrowthandgrowthpotentialoftreesthathavenot'yetattainedmerchantablesizerepresentalossofforestresources.Themostsignificantlossofforestvegetationwilloccurwithintheproposedimpoundmentareaandwithinthedamembankmentandspillwaysites(seeFigs.A.2.2andA.3.2),about144haoftotallandarea(ER-OL,Supp.ResponsetoNRCI).1,28September1979).Virtuallyallofthisareawillbeclearedofwoodyvegetationpriortoorduringcon-struction(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.2.5,2);nearly140haofmixeddeciduousandconiferous-A.4-2deciduousforestwillbedestroyed.Severalsmalltractsofforestvegetationinsidetheperim-eteroftheimpoundmentareawillbeleftintacttoprovidehabitatforfish(ER-OL,AppendixH,-Section4.2.2.2).Thelevelofuseandactivitywithintheonsiteconstructionstagingareawillberelatively'intense,'everelyaffectingthelocalvegetation.Asnotedpreviously,thesizeandlocationofthestagingareaarenotyetresolved.However,giventheareaasindicatedinFigureA.3.1,about8haofforestand6haofhaylandandoldfieldvegetationwillbedestroyedordisturbed.Also,theextenttowhichuplandborrowareas(areas1,2,and5;Fig.A.3.1)willbedisturbedtoacquirefillmaterialsfordamconstructionhasnotbeenestablished(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCO.17,28September1979).Assumingtotalutilizationofalldesignatedborrowareas,about22haofforestandwoodland,andasimilarareaofherbaceousvegetationwillbedestroyed.Someadditionalvegetation,primarilyforest,willbedisturbedinthevicinityofsmallcon-structionsites,includingthoseidentifiedinFigureA.3.2;namely,thesaddledikeandcutoff,structureadjacenttotheproposedimpoundment,thepumping-plantsite,andthenarrowcorridor(18,mwide)clearedforconstructionofwaterpipelinesandtheprimaryaccessroad(Alterna-tive8).About2haofvegetationwillbeclearedfromthecoranonright-of-wayrequiredforpipelineandaccess-roadconstruction;lesserareaswillbeaffectedattheothersmallconstruc-ttionsites.Theintensityandpatternofsoildisturbanceresultingfromconstructionwillcloselycorres-pondtoimpactsonthelocalvegetationasdiscussed.Soilsoftheproposedimpoundmentanddamsiteswillbecomnitted,eithertotallydisruptedduringconstructionorinundatedfollowingconstruction.Landwithintheseareasisunsuitableforcultivation,withtheexceptionofisolatedsmalltractsofCapabilityClassIVsoils(seeSec.A.2.5.1.4).About29haofClassIIsoils(includingprimefarmland)occurwithintheconstructionstaginganduplandborrowareas(seeFig.A.3.1);theremaininglandincludessmalltractsofClassIIIandIVsoilsandmoreextensiveso'ilsunsuitedforcultivation(ER-OL,AppendixH,Fig.3-13).Thesesoilswillbevariouslydisturbedduringconstruction;however,soilimpactswillbemitigatedasfollows.Theapplicantwillrequirethattheconstructioncontractorscheduleprojectactivitiessoastominimizeerosionpotential.Further,workareaswillbestrippedoftopsoilthat,inturn,willbestockpiledandstabilizedbyestablishingatemporaryvegetativecover(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.3.2.1).Reclamationofdisturbedareaswillentailestab-lishingtheapproximateoriginalcontours,replacingtopsoil,andprovidingsuitablelandscaping.Theapplicantwillalsorequirethecontractortodevelopandsubmitanerosionandsedimentcontrolplanfortheprojectsite;thisplanwillbesubjecttoreviewbyappropriateagencies,includingthePennsylvaniaDepartmentofEnvironmentalResources(ER-OL,AppendixH,Sec-tion4.3.2.1).Theplanwillincludedetailsconcerningpracticestobeemployed,designspecificationsofcontrolstructure(s),andmaintenanceschedulestoensureeffectiveerosioncontrol.Giventhattherelativelymarginalsoilswithintheimpoundmentanddamsiteswillbedisruptedorotherwisecommitted,thestaffconsiderstheforegoingprovisionsandrequirementstobeadequateprecautionsforconservingsoilresources,providedthatsuchmeasuresareproperlyimplemented.Inviewofthegenerallysteepgradientoftheproposedaccessroad(seeFig.A.3.2),thestaffrecoranendsthatculvertsandwater-spreaderstructuresbeinstalledatappropriateintervalstocontrolthevolumeand.velocityofrunofffromthepavedaccessroadaswellasrunoffinterceptedbytheroadbed.Theapplicant'scomnitmenttolandscapingcertaindisturbedareaswillvariouslyoffsettheadverseconstructionimpactsonthelocalvegetation.Additionally,theestablishedvegetationwillpartiallyoffsetlossesofwildlifehabitatincurredduringland-clearingandconstructionactivities.However,developmentofthedamandimpoundmentsiteswillprecludereclamation,thusmorethantwothirds(144ha)ofthetotalaffectedwildlifehabitatwillbeseverelyalteredduringconstructionandwillbeunavailableforusebyterrestrialwildlifeduringreservoiroperationsTheextentandtypesofwildlifehabitatsaffectedduringconstructionareimplicitinthepre-cedingdiscussionofimpactsonthevegetation.Accordingly,theprincipaltypestobeaffectedwillbeforestandwoodlandhabitats.Wildlifespeciesstronglydependentonresourcesofthesehabitatsincludelocallyimportantgamespeciessuchaswhitetaildeer,blackbear,easternredandgraysquirrels,wildturkey,ruffedgrouse,andAmericanwoodcock.Hostofthelocallyoccurringmaranals.utilizeforesthabitatstovaryingdegrees.Forexample,thehabitatprefer-encesoftheeasterncottontailincludesbrushyareastypicalofforest-oldfieldecotones.However,representativeareasofallmajorhabitattypesoccurringonsitewillbeaffectedduringconstruction;thuspopulationsofallmammalsidentifiedinSectionA.2.5.1.2willprob-ablybedeprivedofhabitattosomeextent.CharacteristichabitattypesofnongamebirdsaswellasreportedhabitatsoflocallyobservedreptilesandamphibiansarealsoindicatedinSectionA.2.5.1.2.
A.4-3Thealterationofhabitatswillbeaccompaniedbyageneralmigrationofanima'Isfromtheaffectedareas.Thedisplacedanimals-willcauseincreasedcompetitionforhabitatresourcesandspaceinadjacenthabitats;theeffectsofthisincreasedcompetitionwillbelocalandgenerallyofshortdurationsincehabitattypessimilartothoseonsiteoccurextensivelythroughoutthesurroundingarea.However,allanimalswillnotescapetheimpactedareas.Someofthelessmobileanimals,aswellasjuvenilesofotherspecies,willbeimpinged,buried,orotherwisedestroyedduringland-clearingandearth-movingactivities.,Anyremaininganimalswillbesubjecttoincreasedpredationduetotheremovalofvegetativecoverandtodestructionofundergroundrefuges.Someadditionalmortalitywilloccurastheresultofcollisionswithproject-relatedtraffic.Constructionnoiseandactivitywillalsoaffectanimalpopulationsinareasnotaffectedbyconstruction.Theapplicantwillrequirethatnoiseemissionsfromconstructionequipmentbeincompliancewithfederalguidelines(OSHA,EPA)(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.3:2.4).Theintensityofblastingvibrationswillalsobecontrolledtotheextentthatlocalstructureswillnotbeaffected.However,someofthemorewaryspecies,suchasthewildturkey,willprobablyvacatethesiteduringtheconstructionperiod.Asnoted,disturbedconstructionareas(withtheexceptionoftheproposedimpoundmentanddamsites)willbereclaimediffeasible,thusmitigatingprojectimpactsonwildlife.Theappli-canthasfurthercomnittedtoimprovingwildlifehabitatoftheprojectsite(seeSec.A.4.4.'1).Pendingfinalestablishmentofsitebbundaries,theapplicant,inconsultationwiththePennsyl-vaniaFishandGameCommissions,willprepareamanagementplanforthesite(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCO.15,28September1979).Givenproperimplementationofasoundhabitatmanagementprogram,thestaffbelievestheadverseconstructionimpactsonwildlifecanbeoffsettoasubstantialextent.Theproposedreservoirwillprovidemanagementopportunitiesnotcurrentlyavailable.Otherconstructionimpactsontheterrestrialenvironmentincludedustemissionsfromworkareasanddisturbedsurfaces;however,theapplicantwillrequirethecontractortoimplementsuitabledustcontrolmeasures(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.3.2.4).Slashmaterialsandothercom-bustib'leconstructionwasteswillbeburnedinaccordwithapplicablefederal,state,andlocalregulations(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.3.2.5)'ThedispositionofwasteeffluentsgeneratedduringbatchplantoperationwillbeincompliancewithrequirementsofthePennsylvaniaOepart-mentofEnvironmentalResources(ER-OL,Supp.,ResponsetoNRCO.6,28September1979).,Thestaffbelievesthatadherencetotheforegoingprecautionswilllimittheanticipatedimpactstoacceptablelevels.0erationalImactsThemostsignificantoperationalimpactswilloccurwiththeinitialfillingofthereservoir,i.e.,conversion,ofterrestrialhabitatstoanaquaticenvironment.Anyresidualsoilsandvegetationwithintheimpoundmentareawillbeinundated.Residentanimalswilleitherperishorbeforcedtomigrateasthewaterlevelwithinthereservoirrises.Ihrtalitywilloccurasanimalsseektemporaryrefugeonisolatedislandscreatedduringinitialfillingofthereser-voir,andastheseislandsaresubsequentlyinundated.Thenumberandkindsofanimalsthatescapewillbeinfluencedbytheswiamingabilityofthevariousspecies.Thenumberofaffectedindividualswillberelativelylowsincemost'willhavebeendestroyedordisplacedduringland-clealingandconstructionactivities.Terrestrialhabitatadjacenttotheperimeterofthefilledreservoirwillbesubjecttodis-turbanceduetowaveaction.However,theapplicantproposesthat"suitablegroundcoveroftheslopesinthevicinityofthewaterlinewillbeprovidedatallareaswheresloughingmaybeaproblem"(ER-OL,Supp.ResponsetoNRCl}.14,28September1979).Thus,theonsiteterrestrialhabitatavailabletowildlifewillbedecreasedbyabout127haduetofillingandoperationofthereservoir.Thislossofterrestria1habitatwilltosomeextentbeoffsetbythecreationofasimilarareaofaquaticenvironmentthatwillbeusedbybothterrestrialandaquaticorganisms.Thefutureuseofthereservoirbywild'lifecannotbereadilyquantified.However,giventheapplicant'scornnitmenttoundertakeawildlifehabitatimprovementprogram,thestaffdoesnotbelievethatprojectrelatedimpactswillcauseanunacceptablediminutionintheoverallwildlifeproductivityofthePondHillsite.Otherimpactsontheterrestrialenvironmentdirectlyattributabletoreservoiroperationwillbeofminorconsequence.Forexample,vegetationwithintheutilityright-of-wayextendingfromthepumping-plantsitetothereservoir(about1.2km)willbecontrolled.TheapplicantindicatesthatonlychemicalsapprovedbyEPAwillbeusedtocontrolvegetation(ER-OL,Supp.ResponsetoNRCO.15,28September1979).Otherhumanactivitiesassociatedwithroutineoperationandmaintenancewillgenerallyresultinnegligibleimpactsonvegetation,soils,andterrestrialwildliferesourcesofthesite.Operationalnoiselevelswillberelativelylow;powerunitsusedforperiodicrefillingofthereservoirwillconsistofelectricmotors.
A.4-4Theapplicantplanstoallowpublicuseofthesiteforspecific'recreationalactivities(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.2.2.3).Suchusewill,however,becontrolledtopreventdegradationofthesiteresources,(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.3.3).A.4.3.2~AceticA.4.3.2.1PumpHouseandIntakeScreensConstructionAspresentlyproposed,theconstructionofthepumphousewillhaveminimal,ifany,impact'oneitherthewaterqualityorthebiotaoftheSusquehannaRiver.Theapplicantiscommittedtoconstructionpracticesthatminimizeerosionandcontrolsedimentation.Thestaffconcludesthattherewillbenoaquaticimpactstothetwounnamedcreeksborderingtheproposedpumphouseonthenorthandsouth(seeFig.A.2.4).Installationoftheslotted-pipeorwedge-wirescreentypeofintake(seeSec.A.3.1.5)willresultinlossofhabitat,increasedturbidity,andsiltation.Thestaffconcludesthatthelossofhabitatwillbeinsignificantandthatincreasesinturbidityandsiltationwillbetemporary.~0erationOperationofeitheraslotted-pipeorwedge-wirescreentypeofintakeisexpectedtohavemini-malimpactontheaquaticcomunityoftheSusquehannaRiver.Theapplicantdidnotindicatewhattheslotwidthwouldbe;however,slotwidthsassmallas0.25ranaresuggestedasameansofscreeningfinedebrisandpreventingtheentrainmentofichthyoplankton.'mpingementispurportedlyminimizedbytheabsenceofaconfiningscreenwell,whichmayentrapfish,andbytheflushingactionofambientcurrentsflowingaroundthecylindricalscreen.Tominimizeimpingementmortalitiesandtoenhancetheescapepotentialoforganismsinthezoneofinfluenceoftheintakeflow,theentrance-slotvelocityforcylindricalwedge-wirescreendesignsisgenerallytakenas12.2cm/sorless.AstheproposedmaximumapproachvelocityforthePond.Hillintakeis11.6cm/s,thestaffconcludesthatapproachvelocitiesshouldposenoproblems.A.4.3.2.2InundationandOperationalImpactsTherocky,shallow,fast-flowingstretchofPondHillCreektobeinundatedwillbecomeasoft-bottomed,deep,slow-movingbodyofwater.Asaresult,theaquaticbiotawillchangefromalotictoalenticcomunity,TheeffectsofthereservoironthewaterqualityoflowerPondHillCreekcanbe,projectedbycomparingthewaterqualityoftheSusquehannaRiverwiththatofPondHillCreek.Acomparisonoftherespectivemaximum,minimum,andaveragewater-qualityparametersisshownonTableA.4.1.Thecomparisonshowsthatalthoughsomeameliorationwilltakeplaceinthereservoir,thewaterqualityoflowerPondHillCreekwillbesubstantiallyloweredbythereservoirdischarge.ThealgaecoranunityinPondHillCreekconsistsofperiphyticalgaeanddiatomsthatbecomefree-floatingonlywhendetachedduringhighflow.Afterinundation,conditionsinthereser-voirwillpermittheestablishmentofphytoplanktonandzooplanktonpopulationsthat.willbecometheprincipalsourceofprimaryproduction.,Thereservoirwillrepresentasignificantecosystemchangefromthepresentstreamhabitat,whichreliesupontheinputoforganicmatterfromthesurroundingareaasthechiefsourceofprimaryproduction.,ProductivitylevelsinPondHillReservoirwilldepend,toalargeextent,ontheamountofnutrientsavailableforthegrowthofphytoplankton.TheSusquehannaRiver,whichwillbethemainsourceofinflowingwaterforthereservoir,containshighputrientconcentrationsyearround(ER-OL,Section4,2.3.2.2).Topreventthedevelopmentofalgalbloomsandtocontroleutrophication,EPAhasrecomnendedthattotalphosphatesasphosphorousshouldnotexceed0.050mg/Linanystreamatthepointwhereitentersanylakeorreservoir,nor0.025mg/Lwithinthelakeorreservoir.s.Datagatheredfrom1972to1976indicatethatnearlyallmonthlyandannualmeansoftotalphosphatelevelsintherivernearSSESconsiderablyexceededthesecriteria(ER-OL,,Section4.2.3.2.2).Consequently,basedonthetotalphosphatelevelsthatwouldbeexpectedintheinflowingwater,thepotentialthateutrophicconditionswilloccurinPondHillReservoirisrelativelyhigh.Thepotentialforhighproductivity(i.e.,eutrophicconditions)duringthefirstfewyearsofimpoundmentwillbeenhanced,sincetherecentlyinundatedterrestrialvegetationandsoilswillprovideanadditionallargesourceofnutrients(ER-OL,Section4.2.3.2.2).Areservoirbecomeslessproductiveoveraperiodoftimeduetoadeclineinthequantitiesofland-supplied A.4-5ITableA.F1.ComparisonsofWaterI)ualityofSusquehannaRiverandPondHillCreekparameteraPondHillCreekHeanHax.Hin.SusuehannaRiverHeanHax.Hin.Temperature('C)DissolvedoxygenBODCODpH(units)AlkalinityasCaCOaTotalhardnessasCaC03TotaldissolvedsolidsTotalsuspendedsolidsTurbidity(dTU)Specificconductance(umhos)Color(CPU)SulphateasSOrthophosphateasPTotalphosphateasPNitrateasNChlorideTotalcopperTotalironTotalmanganeseColiformtotalHPN/100mLColiformfecalHPN/100mLFecalstreptococciHPN/100mL8.211,72.08.97,19.219.056.216.42.651.08.011.40.020.070.142.70.030.660.05609.052.04.016.013.98.018.07.623.024.0133.0120.05.568.022.016.80.060.470.3311.10.063.110.21>2400.0240.020.00.08.0<0.53.46.65<1.014.0<0'<0.50.745'1.06.0<0.01<0.010.010.4<0.020.20<0.0243.0<314.411.22.213.07.642.6105.9171.417.41.2222.045.088.00'50.20.7212.4<0.022.50.482007.0412.034.025.014'5.025.08.666.0167.0290.036.616.0.330.080.0180.00.108.841.018.40.024.70.972400.01100.085.03.03.35<0.15.07.219.066.167.29.15.1160.07.028.0<0.010.040.436.2<0.021.630.1943.03.0<1Unitsmg/Lunlessstatedother'wise.nutrientsandorganicmatterandthelossofnutrientstobottomsediments.>~4~sReservoirsactastrapsforthenutrients,whichadheretoclayparticlesandsettletothebottom.Onceremoved,nutrientsarelesslikelytoreachsurfacewatersbecausethermalstratificationandchemicalconditionsinthesedimenthinderresuspensionordissolution.Duringspringandfallcirculationofwaterinthereservoir,someofthenutrientsarerecycledtothesurfaceforusebyphytoplankton.However,oncephosphorusreachesthebottomsediments,verylittleofitusuallyreturnstotheepilimnion(ER-OL,Section4.2.3.2.2).Withincreasingage,productivitylevelsinthereservoirwill,toalargeextent,dependuponnutrientsintroducedbyinflowingwatersandbroughttothesurfaceduringoverturns.PWheneverwatermustbepumpedfromtherivertomeetstoragerequirements,nutrientsinhigh'concentrationswillenterPondHillReservoir.Consequently.althoughnutrientsmaybesomewhatdepletedinthereservoirastimepasses,anadditionalsupplywillbeprovidedduringrefillingoperations.DataonTableA.4.2indicatethatverylittlepumpingwillberequiredduringmostyears.Ingeneral,PondHillReservoirappearstohavearelativelyhighpotentialforinitialeutro-phication,followedbyagradualdeclineinproductivitylevelsasnutrientsarelosttobottomsediments,-Thiscyclicpatternmayberepeatedfollowingperiodsofpumpingtofillthereservoir.'hElevatedconcentrationsofironwillenterthereservoirfromtheSusquehannaRiver(ER-OL,Section3.2.3.2.2).Heanmonthlylevelsofironintheriverrangedfrom2.2to7.3mg/Lfrom1972to1976.Hostoftheironenteringtheproposedreservoirwillbeoxidized,formingprecipitatesthatwillsubsequentlysettletothebottom.Someofthisironwillappearinthewatercolumnduringspringandfallcirculation,andinthehypolimnionifitbecomesanaerobic; A.4-6'TableA..4.2.SummaryofReservoirOperationBasedonHistoricalFlowRecordsoftheSusquehannaRiveratWilkes-BarreaDrawdownYearPeriodMinimumNumberLevelbAcresofdays(ft.)ExposedRefillPeriodNumberofdays1905-190719081909-19101911191219131914-19381939194019411942-19521953195419551956-195819591960-196119621963196419651966-1975NoOperationSept.17-28NoOperationAug.17-19NoOperationSept.12Sept.16-17Sept.20NoOperationAug.26-31Sept.1-7Sept.10-24NoOperationSept.26-30Oct.1-9NoOperationSept.1Oct.3-5NoOperationJuly31Aug.1Aug.3-10NoOperationSept.24-30NoOperationAug.3-6Aug.25-27Aug.31Sept.1-15Sept.20-27Oct.12-18Oct.20-31Nov.1-6-CriticalDrought-Aug.8-11Aug.15-18Aug.20-21Aug.28-29Sept.3-30Oct.1-31Nov.1-25July30-31'oOperation12671543115871264222831252935.0939.0938.5937.5927.5938.0,934.0939.8938.5939.8936.0937.0938.5937.0936.6930.0926.0937.0931.5928.5937.5936.3935.3933.091.9.0900.0878.0939'12Jan.6-14103Sept.1-34Oct.21-235Nov.9-1314Dec.24-291224Nov.23-259Aug.14-218Oct.9-1448,82332Oct.1-2482026Nov.29-Dec.17262158,111545831272Dec.28,1964-Jan.18,1965Feb.7-Apr.12Sept.26-2786228Oct.29-Nov.1924aDoesnotincludeoperationsformaintenancepurposes.Source:ER-OL,Vol.IV.bToconvertfeettometers,multiplyby0,305.
A.4-7but,withtheexceptionofironchelatedwithorganicmatter,mostofitwillbeoxidizedandreturnedtothesedimentsasinsolublecompounds.Sincetheironwillprobablyremainoxidizedinbottomsediments,thedissolvedironconcentrationinthewatercolumnwillbelessthanthe1.0and1.5mg/Lrecomnendedfortheprotectionofaquaticlife.Iron(bycombinationandprecipitation)doesnotappeartohavereducedphosphatelevelsnorseverelylimitedphytoplanktonproductivitynearSSES.BecauseironconcentrationsinthePondHillReservoirwilldecrease,andthelevelsrecordedintheriveratpresentdonotappeartohaveseriouslyreducedprimaryproduction,theeffectsofirononproductivityinthePondHillReservoirisnotexpectedtobegreat.Impactsonwaterqualityfromothersubstancesenteringthereservoirfromtherivershouldbeinsignificant,sincetheremainingparametershavebeenfoundtomeetcriteriarecommendedbyDERandEPA.Fecalcoliformlevelsintheriverusuallyexceedstandardsacceptableforbathingwaters.However,fecalpathogenicbacteriawillsurviveforonlyafewdaysinthereservoir.4Sincethereservoirwillbeeutrophic,largegrowthsorbloomsofdiatoms,greenalgae,andblue-greenalgaemayseasonallyoccurinsomeyears.However,extensivealgalbloomswouldnotbeanticipatedeveryyear,sincetherewillbeanetlossofnutrientsaltstothebottomsediments.Hacrophytes,suchascattailsandpondweeds,shouldappearintheshallow,inshorewaters,buttheamountofgrowthofmacrophytesandperiphyticalgaeinPondHillReservoirwillbelimited,sincemuchoftheshorelinewillbesteep-sided.Mossesandliverworts,whichareabundantinPondHillCreek,willbeeliminatedfollowinginundation,sincetheyrequirehard,unsiltedsubstratesandcontinuouslyflowingwaterforsurvival.sOtherperiphytonwillgener-allybeconfinedtothelittoralorinshoreareasofthenewreservoir,sincegrowingconditionsinthefloodedstreamchannelwillnolongerbesuitable.Irondepositsmayalsoinhibitmacrophytedevelopment.Followingreservoir-poolformation,athinlayerofsiltwillaccumulateonthebottom,andafairlyuniformbenthichabitatwillresultthroughoutthenewreservoir.Consequently,sincequietandrifflewaterhabitatsandavarietyofsubstrateswillbeeliminatedorcoveredoverbysilt,thediversityofbenthicmacroinvertebratesintheproposedreservoirshouldbelessthanthatobservedinPondHillCreek.Speciescompositionwillalsochangesignificantly.ThePondHillCreekmacroinvertebrates,whichrequirearunning-waterhabitat(stoneflies,caddisflies,andmostmayflies),willnotsurviveintheimpoundment;thosecapableofadjustingtoquieterwatersand/orpreferringsoftsubstrates(oligochaeteworms,snails,dragonflies,andmidgelarvae)willbecomemoreabundantinthereservoir.However,benthicmacroinvertebrates-maybefurtherlimitedbyirondepositsonthebottomand/orlowdissolvedoxygenlevelsinthehypolimnion.Thus,onlythemoretolerantmacroinvertebrateformswouldbeexpectedtoinhabitthebottomofthe:lake.Midgelarvae(Chironomidae)willprobablydominatethereservoirbenthos,sincetheysurviveatverylowoxygenlevelsandwerefoundtobeabundantinsectionsoftheSusquehannaRiverinwhichheavyirondepositswereobserved.,PondHillCreekisverysmallandpresentlysupportsalimitedfishpopulationcomprisedchieflyofminnows.Hoendangeredorrarefishspeciesinhabitthestream,norarethereanypermanentgamefishpopulationspresent.Anumberoffactorswillaffectthetypeoffishcommunitythatwilldevelopinthereservoir.ThefishspeciespresentlyfoundinPondHillCreek,whichpreferand/orrequirerunning-waterhabitats,arenotexpectedtooccurintheproposedreservoir.Theseincludeblacknosedaceandcreekchubs.Ontheotherhand,goldenshinerandfatheadminnows,alongwithbluegills,largemouthbass,andotherspeciesinhabitingthesmallpondsadjacenttothestreammaybecomeabundantinthenewreservoir.Lowdissolvedoxygenandchemically-reducedsubstancesreleasedfrombottomsedimentsmaycreateanunfavorablehabitatinthehypolimnionduringlatesuranerformanyfishspecies.However,oxygenlevelsintheepilimnionshouldremainsufficientlyhightosupportwarmwaterfishes(ER-OL,Section4.2.3,3.2).Ironlevels,neartheintakesitehave.beenconsistentlyhigherthanthe1,0and1.5mg/Lcrite-ria.However,atotalofforty-twofishspecieshavebeenfoundtoinhabitthissectionoftheriver.Apparentlytheambientironconcentrationsintheriverarenotdirectlytoxictothesespecies.Nordogrowthorspawningsuccessseemtohavebeenadverselyaffected.Consequently,mostofthefishspecies,includinganumberofgamefish,inhabitingtheSusquehannaRiverneartheintakesitewouldberelativelyunaffectedbytheironlevelsinthereservoir.Possibledetrimentaleffectsofirononthefishinthereservoirshouldbefurtherreducedbythefactthatironconcentrationswillbelowerthanthoseusuallyfoundintheriver.Periodicdrawdownsshouldhavenomajordetrimentaleffectsonfishorotheraquaticlifeinthereservoir.Orawdownsgenerallywillbeinfrequentandwillexposearelativelysmallamountof A.4-8thelakebottom;anextensivedrawdownofthereservoirwouldbeanticipatedonlyonceinabout71years.Alldrawdownswouldbeexpectedtooccurduringthelatesuranerandfallmonths.Thestaffalsoconcludesthatevaporationrateswillhaveinsignificanteffectsonspawninghabitat.Theapplicant'santicipatedevaporationratesarepresentedinTableA.4.3.Ingeneral,theproposedreservoirwouldbeasuitablehabitatformanywarmwatergamefish;thesecouldincludepickerel,muskellunge,catfish,bluegill(andothersunfish),crappie,smallmouthbass,largemouthbass,yellowperch,andwalleye,allofwhichpresentlyoccurintheSusquehannaRiverneartheintakesite.Thesefishwillbeintroducedandmaintainedbyafisherymanagementprogram(ER-OL,Section4.2.3.3.2).Anumberofthesespecieswouldprobablyestablishpermanentpopulationsinthereservoir.TableA.4.3.AnticipatedEvaporation,RatedonaMonthlyBasisforthePondHillReservoiraMonthEvaporation(cm)MonthEvaporation(cm)JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJune0.00.00.01.31.71.8JulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember1.91.71.20.80.60'Source:ResponsetoNRCI)uestion23,12October1979.A.4.3.2.3DischaegeSystemConstructionImactsSincethedischargesystem,aspresentlyproposed,willbecontainedwithinthesamestructureastheintake(seeFig.A.3.3),impactsassociatedwithconstruction.ofthedischargewillbethesameasthosediscussedfortheintakesystem(seeSec.A.4.4.2.1.1).0erationalImactsTheapplicantindicatesthatthequalityandtemperatureofwaterdischargedfromthereservoirintothedownstreamsectionofPondHillCreekandtheSusquehannaRiverwillbecontrolledbythemultilevelinlet-outletstructure(ER-OL,Sec.4.3.1).Theoutletportsforcompensationreleasesintherevisedinlet-outletstructure(Fig.A.4.1)willbeatthe291.4,282.0,and259.1mlevels.Theapplicanthasperformednewthermalmodelinganalysesforthereservoir,usingthescheduleofcompensationreleasesthatwouldberequired,for,1964droughtconditionsandthetwosetsofmeteorologicaldata,1964and1975(PP8LConmentletter,29May1980;Letter17ofAppendixB).Theresultsofthesecalculationsaregivenintheabovecommentletter.Thestaffhasnotverifiedtheapplicant'scalculationsbutdoesagreewiththeirconclusionthat,undermostconditions,thecompensationreleaseswillbefromtheepilimnionlayer,mini-mizingthepotentialforcoldshockintheSusquehannaRiver.However,intheunusualeventthatthewaterlevelinthereservoirisbelowthatofOutletNo.2(282.0m}(theminimumpoollevelis264.4m),compensationwaterwouldbepumpedthroughtheoutletat259.1mandwou'ldbehypolimneticwater.Thus,apotentialforcoldshockremains.However,thestaffbelievesthatthemulti-slotteddischargewillenhancedilutionandthusmitigatetheeffecttosomedegree.Inadditiontoextremetemperaturechanges,nutrientconcentrationsinthedischargemaybehigherthanpresentlyexpected,dependingonfromwhatportionofthehypolimnionthewateriswithdrawn.Thedeeperthewater,thehighertheconcentrations.Anexceptionwouldbeduringturnover,whentheconcentrationswouldbemoreuniformlydistributed.Ironlevelsinthedischargewatermaybehigh,especiallyifreleasecoincideswithoverturns.Inaddition,sincethereservoirmaybeeutrophic,largeamountsoforganicmattermayappearindischarges.Highironandorganic-matterconcentr'ationsinthedischargesshouldhavelittleimpactontheSusquehannaRiver,sincecompensationreleaseswillbeinfrequentandusuallysmallinvolume.
II5CIrrrr///'l'5>>NI0SSCAiJ/r/TO>>CDANDSNIDSCCLCVATKWw/arr>>rSCCTIONCO5CCTIONC.CrrrrII>>>>tWAIti'".INNwrr>>W>>I>>'LT+w/arirrSCOT@>>ID.DSCCTNNIAArr'1>>SCCSION~D~W>>N>>nrr>>11>>>>wwNWNFig.A.4.1.Inlet-OutletStructure; A.4-10Dissolvedoxygenconcentrationsvaryinverselywithreservoirdepth.Anoxicconditionsmayexistinthedeeperpartsofthehypolimnion.ObviouslythedischargeofanoxicwatertoeitherPondHillCreekortheSusquehannaRiverwouldbeadverse,withtheeffectsbeinglocalized.Aconservationreleaseof5.7L/swillbemaintainedfortheremainingsec'tionofPondHillCreekbelowthedam.Hostofthetime,however,thedownstreamreleaseswillexceedthisrateduetonaturalrunoffinthewatershed.Althoughthereshouldbeasufficientquantityofwatertosupporttheexistingaquaticlifeinthestream,thequalityofthedownstreamreleasewatermaybedetrimentaltosomeofthestreamorganisms.Butironlevelsinthereleasewatermayexceedtherecormendedcriteria,particularlyduringreservoiroverturns.Thiscouldresultinthedepositionorironprecipitatesonthestreamsubstrate,whichinturn,couldlimitperi-phytonandmacroinvertebratecomaunitiestoiron-tolerantspecies.Theaveragereleasevelocitythroughthescreenswillbeabout0.4ft.persecond(0.9cm/s)(measured1footfromthescreens)andthescreenswillbeabout2ft.(0.6m)abovetheriver-bed.Anyscourthatmayresultfromcompensationreleaseswillbelocalizedandtemporary.Thestaffconcludesthatmonitoringbenthosinthevicinityofthedischargeisnotnecessary.A.A.3.3~AtmoshericConverting128haofmixedwoodland/fieldvegetativecovertowaterwillhaveminimalimpactontheatmosphere.Thethermalinertiaofthestoredwaterwillmoderateairtemperaturesslightly.Infallandearlywinter,lightsteamfogwilloccasionallyformoverthewaterand'moveafewtensofmetersinlandbeforeevaporating.Sincethereisnoheatloadonthereservoir,thefrequencyanddensityofthesteamfogwillbesimilartothatofothersmalllakesinthearea.EquipmentusedinconstructionwillcomplywiththecriteriaestablishedbyOSHAandEPAfornoiseandexhaustemissions.Theapplicantwillrequirethecontractortoemploydustcontrolmeasures(ER-OL,AppendixH,pp.4-87).A.4.4HYDROLOGICIHPACTSA.4.4.1ConstructionStrippingofvegetationfromtheareatobeinundatedandfromotherareaswillincreasetherunoffcoefficient,resultinginhigherpeakflowsinPondHillCreek.However,sincethiseffectwillbetemporary(thedam,whencomplete,willprovidefloodcontrolfortheremainingsectionofthestream)andsincetherearenoresidencesthatcanbeaffectedbythehigherstreamflows,thestaffconcludesthattheimpactwillbeminimal.Themajorhydrologicimpactoftheconstructionofthedamwillbetoconvertanaturalstream,PondHillCreek,intoareservoirandastreamwhosemaximumandminimumflowswillbecon-trolled.Thehydrologicaspectsofthestreambeforeconstructionarediscussed'inSec-tionA.2'.2.Theupperportionofthatstreamwillbereplacedbyareservoirwithanormal,orfull-pool,elevationof299mNSL.Thisreservoirwouldcover128haandcontainapproxi-mately30ht10mofwater.Themaximumdepthduringnormalpooloperationwouldbeabout67m;theaveragedepthwouldbe23.3m.TheapplicantusedtheHydrologicEngineeringCenter(HEC)MatergualityModeltosimulatethethermalbehaviorofthereservoir.Themodelresultsaresensitivetocalibrationconstantsthatcanonlybedeterminedbyfieldmeasurements.forthePondHillthermal,simulation,theverticaleddydiffusioncoefficientswereestimatedbycomparisonwithsimilarlakesandreser-voirs.Althoughtheanalysiswasperformedforthesmallerreservoiroriginallyproposedbytheapplicant,theresultsareusefulinthattheyprovideageneraldescriptionthatshouldberepresentativeoftheproposedreservoir'sthermalcharacteristics.TheHECmodelpredictedthattheproposedreservoirwouldbethermallystratifiedduringthesumnerwithturnoversandmixinginearlyspringandlatefall-.ArelativelystablethermoclinewaspredictedtoforminlateAprilandremainthroughouttherestofthespring,suraner,andearlyfall(throughOctober).Themodelpredictedanepilimnion(upperlayer)approximately4.6to6.1mthickwithsurfertemperaturesbetween20'nd25'C.Temperaturesinthehypolimnion(lowerlayer)werepredictedtorangefrom5'o10'C.Theproposedlocationofthepumpingstationisadjacenttotherailroadinanareaoutsidethe1Ãchance(100-year)floodplainasshowninFigureA.2,5.Pipelinesconnectingthepumpingplanttothesubmergedintakeanddischargewillbeburiedinthefloodplain.Theapplicantiscom-mittedtorestorethelandsurfaceinthefloodplainaftercompletionofconstruction.Thestaffconcludesthatthereisnopracticablealternativetotheconstructionofthissectionofpipelineinthefloodplainandthatthehydrologicimpactswouldbeminimal.
A.4.4.2.~0erat)onA.4.4.2.1WaterSupplyThePondHillReservoirwasproposedtoprovidereplacementforSusquehannaRiverwaterconsumedby.theSusquehannaSteamElectricStationduringperiodsoflowflowasdefinedin18CFR803'helow-flowcriterionistheseven-year,ten-day(g7-10)lowflowoftheSusquehannaRiverplustheconsumptivewateruseofthepowerplant.AtWilkes-Barre,theg7-10isestimatedtobe22.7m3/s.Thus,therequirementforreplacementofconsumedwaterbecomeseffectivewhenevertheriverflowatWilkes-Barreisbelow,22.7m~/splustheplant'sactualmeasuredconsumptiveuse.Averageplantconsumptiveuseisestimatedtobe1.4m3/s,withthemaximumestimatedtobe1.8ms/s.Therefore,waterreplacementmayberequiredwhenflowatWilkes-Barreis,below24.5ms/s.ThereservoirwasdesignedtobeabletosupplytherequiredreplacementwatertotheSusquehannaRiverduringarecurrenceofthedroughtofrecord,AugusttoNovember1964.Theeffectsofprecipitationontoandevaporationfromthereservoirduringthedrought,althoughminor,wereincluded.Duringthisdrought,flowatWilkes-Barrewasbelow24.1m~/son106days,includingoneperiodof84continuousdays.Therewasonlyoneadditionalday,whentheflowwasbelow24.5ms/s.Ifitwereassumedthatthemaximumconsumptiveuseoccurredonthatday,theconclu-sionswouldnotchangesignificantly.Atnormalfullpool,thereservoirwillcontainapprbx-imately29.724106msofwaterwithapproximately27.1x106m>availableforrelease.Ifreleasedatanaveragerateof1.4ms/s,theestimatedaverageplantconsumptiveuse,therewillbeenoughwaterformorethan220dayswithoutrefillingthereservoir.Theapplicanthasassumedahigherreleaserateofabout2.9ms/s.Atthisrate,thereservoir'savailablestoragewould,beusedupinabout106days,thenumberofdaysforwhichreplacementwaterwould,berequiredduringarepeatofthedroughtofrecord.Attheassumedaveragereleaserateof2.9ms/s,anaverageof1.4m>/swouldbeneededforreplacementofplantwaterconsumptionand1.5m>/swouldbeavailableforotherusessuchassalestootherwateruserstosupplycompensationreleases.Duringtimesofgreaterplantwaterconsumption,thewateravailableforotherpurposeswouldbereduced.Atthemaximumestimatedplantconsumptionrateof1.8ms/s,approximately1.1m>/swouldbeavailableforotherusesasdescribedabove.ThedesignrateatwhichthereservoircouldberefilledwithwaterfromtheSusquehannaRiveris3.7ms/s.Atthisrate,itwouldtakeapproximately84daystorefillthereservoir.However,theapplicanthasstatedthatrefillingwillnotoccurattimeswhentheflowintheSusquehannaRiverisbelow85.0ms/s.Evenwiththisrestriction,itisalmostcertainthatthereservoirwouldberefilledpriortothenextlowflow.A.4.4.2.2PondHillCreekTheoperationofthePondHilieReservoirwillchangethecharacteroftheremainingportionofPondHillCreek,primarilyduringperiodsofhighandlowflow.Hostofthetime,withthereservoirfull,surfaceflowinto,orrainfallonto,thereservoirwillbereleasedthroughthespillway.ThisflowwillbedirectedtotheremaininglowerportionofPondHillCreek.Thereplacementofapproximately39Koftheupperdrainageareaofthestreamwithareservoirwillincreasetheflowatthespillwayduringmoderatestorms.However,duringseverestorms,thedischargewillbelimitedbythecross-sectionalareaofthespillway.Theexcessinflowtothereservoirwillbeaccommodatedbyariseinwaterlevel'.TheapplicantanalyzedthesystemresponseduringalXchanceflood.'(100-yearrecurrenceflood).Theanalysisindicatedthatundernaturalconditionsthepeakstreamdischargewouldbeabout49.7ms/s.Thecalculatedpeakinflow(overlandflowintoandrainfallonto)tothereservoirwasestimatedtobeabout60.8m3/s.However,thepeakdischargethroughthespillwaywascal-culatedtobeonly0.84ms/s.Thereservoir,~therefore,willservetoconsiderablyattenuatetheeffectsofthefloodonthedownstreamportionofthestream.Normally,withthereservoiratfull-poolelevationof299mHSL,allinflowtotheupperpor-tionofthewatershedwillpasstothelowerportionofthes'treamviathespillway.Theappli-canthasstated,however,thataminimumflowof5.7L/swillbemaintained.Asectionof'pipeline,connectedtothereservoir-to-pumpingplantpipelineimediatelydownstreamofthedamwillbeusedforthispurpose.Thereleasepointwillbebetweenthetoeofthedamandthespillwaydischargelocation.Thechoiceof5L/sfortheminimumflowisbaseduponthemethod-ologyusedbyDERtoestimatetheseven-day,ten-yearlowflowonungaugedstreams.Sincethenaturalstreamflowprobablyceasesduringdroughtperiods,theproposedconserva'tionreleaserepresentsachangeinthehydrologyofthedownstreamportionofthestream.
A.4-12A.4.4.2.3HydrologicDesignofDamSincefailureofthedamwouldnotresultinradioactivereleasesnoreffectthereactorsite,thestaffdidnotperformadetailedevaluationofthedam'shydrologicdesign.Thestaffdid,however,reviewthehydrologiccriteriausedandcomparedthesewithcriteriausedfor(rat)io-logically)safety-relateddams.Theapplicant'shydrologicdesigncriteriaisafloodseriesconsistingofthe6-hrProbableMaximumFlood(PHF)followed,48hrlater,byalesser"RecurrentFlood."Staff'scriteriarequireaPHFprecededby40percentofthePMF.Inaddition,thecriteriaresultinaPMFmoreseverethanthatcalculatedbytheapplicant.However,theapplicant'sdesignfloodseries,'hilenotassevereasthestaff's,isanextremelyseverefloodevent.4Theapplicantoriginallyproposeda3-mwidespillway,withacrestelevationat299mHSL.Themaximumreservoirlevelresultingfromthisdesignfloodwascalculatedbytheapplicantas300.19mHSL,1.18mabovethespillwaycrestand1.56mbelowthecrestofthedam.Thestaffconcluded,however,thatitsmoreseveredesignfloodwouldresultinovertoppingofthedam.Thiswasdueprimarilytothefactthattherelativelynarrowspillwaywasincapableofpassingmorethanasmallfractionofthepostulatedinflowtothereservoir.Theapplicanthasrecentlyrevisedtheproposeddesignofthespillway.Thenewdesigncallsforthespillwaytobe25.91mwidewithacrestelevationat299.31mHSL.The0.30-mdifferencebetweenthecrestelevationandthenormalfull-poolreservoirelevationwillprovideadditionalfloodstorage.Theapplicantrouteditsdesignfloodthroughthereservoirwiththerevisedspillway,assumingtheinitialwaterlevelto.beatthespillwaycrest;i.e.,nofloodstoragebelowthecrestavailable.Themaximumreservoirlevelcalculatedwas300.21mHSL,0.9mabovethespillwaycrestand1.54mbelowthedamcrest.Theapplicantalsoroutedthestaff'smoreseveredesignfloodseriesthroughthereservoir.Thecalculatedmaximumreservoirlevelwas300.42mHSL,1.11mabovethespillwaycrestandl.'33mbelowthecrestofthedam.Theapplicant'scalculationsindicate,therefore,thatthedamcanmeetthehydrologicdesigncriteriastaffrequiresfor(radiologically)safety-relateddams..A.4.4GroundwaterEffectsFillingofthe1reservoirwillalterthegroundwaterconditionswithinthedrainageareaoftheupperportionofPondHillCreek.ThegroundwaterlevelshouldrisetoatleastthelevelofthereservoiratitspeIlmeter.Since.groundwaterlevelsintheridgenorthofthereservoirareclearlywellabovethereservoirlevel,thereshouldbenoeffectonthegroundwaterregimenorthofthePondHillCreekdrainagearea.Thelimitedinformationavailableontheground-waterconditionsontheridgesouthofthereservoirindicatethatgroundwaterlevelsarealsoabovetheproposedwaterlevelinthereservoir.Inaddition,theapplicanthasproposedasaddledamandanimperviouscutoffsectionalongthetwolowestsectionsofthatridge.Thestaff,therefore,concludesthatgroundwaterlevelssouthoftheridgeshouldnotbeaffectedbythereservoir.4A.4.5SOCIOECONOHICIMPACTSThefollowingisanassessmentofthepotentialsocioeconomicimpactsoftheconstructionandoperationofthePondHillReservoironlocalcommunitiesinLuzerneCounty.Directandin-directchangestothesocioculturalsystemsoflocalcomnunitiesareexpectedtobearesultoftheconstructionworkforceandrelatedactivitiesandofthepresenceofalakeinapreviouslywooded,ruralarea.A.4.5.1~DemoraaThepeakconstructionworkforcewillcontain125individualswith85%(106)oftheworkersexpectedtobeconmutersand15K(19)in-migra'tingworkers(ResponsetoNRCOuestion26).Theapplicantestimates.thatfewerthanfiveofthe.expectedin-migrantswillbringtheirfamilies;assumingtwochildrenperfamily,anadditionaltenschool-agedchildrenareexpectedasaresultofthisproject(ResponsetoNRCQ.26).Becauseoftheshortduration(twoyears)ofconstructionandconcurrentphasedownofconstruc-tionattheSusquehannaPlant,thestaffbelievesthati'nducedservicepersonnelwillnotresulth A.4-13fromthenineteenadditionalworkersand'theirfamiliesmovingintothelocalarea.Ifthesein-migrantsaredispersedthroughouttheimpactarea,theiradditionalservicedemandsshouldbemetbycurrentstaffandfacilities.A.4.5.2SettlementPatternA.4.5.2.1HousingSpecificinformationonthehousingtypeandlocationpreferredbythein-migrantsisnotavail-able.TheapplicantstatesthatworkersatthePondHillsiteareexpectedtomakearrangementsfortemporaryhousing-motels,boardinghouses-andreturnhomeonweekends(ResponsetoNRCQ.26).Availablehousingincomnunitiesclosetotheprojectarea,suchasPondHill,Hocanaqua,andShickshinny,isvirtuallynonexistent.However,theapplicantbelievesthatsometransienthousingwouldbeavailableinWilkes-Barre,orNanticokeandadditionalhousingisexpectedtobecomeavailableintheBerwick-BloomsburgareaastheSSESworkforceisreduced.However,factorssuchaslocalscenicqualities,recreationalopportunities,gasolineprices,costofliving,etc.,mayattractmorethantheprojectednumberofin-migrants.Theyandtheirfamiliesmightchoosetoseekhousingintheimnediateareaduringsomepartsoftheyearratherthantocomnutefromlargerservicecenters.Insuchanevent,housingcompetitionmayoccur.Operationofthisprojectmayalsoproduceasecondaryeffectonlocalhousingpatternsbecauseoftheland-usechangesbroughtaboutbythereservoir.Someresidentialdevelopmentmaytakeplaceintheareassurroundingthereservoirandbufferarea.Theapplicanthasprovidedesti-matesofthemaximumandminimumnumberofresidentialdevelopmentunitsthatmaybeconstructed,35and140units,respectively.sHowever,futuredevelopmentwilldependonacombinationofsocioculturalfactors,includingtheperceivedattractivenessofthearea,goalsandvaluesoftheindividualswantingtobuild,localplanninggoals,availabilityofprivateland,andattitudesoflocallandowners.A.4.5.2.2TransportationTheconstructionandoperationofthePondHillreservoirwillimpactlocaltransportationsystems.Duringconstruction,Route239and,toalesserextent,LR40120willbeaffected'yincreasedusefortransportofconstruction-relatedequipmentandmaterialsandcorrmutingworkers.<Inordertominimize,trafficimpactsinPondHill,theapplicantwillbuildanewaccessroadtothereservoirsite(ResponsetoNRCQ.8,partb).Inaddition,Route239willbeaffectedbytheconstructionofthepumpstation,whentrafficwilltemporarilybereducedtoonelane.TheapplicanthasstudiedthecumulativeeffectofthePondHillandSSESprojectsandconcludesthatanadditionalpoliceofficerwillbeneededtofacilitatetrafficflowsoastoavoidmajortransportationimpacts.Duringoperation,increasedtrafficvolumesareanticipatedontownshiproadsbecauseoftherecreationalfacilitiesthatwillbeavailableatthereservoir.eAnd,althoughtheconstruc-tionofanewaccessroadtothesitewilllessensomeoftheimpacts,thespecificmagnitudeoftheseincreasesandtheirspecificlocationsarenotknownatthistime.Theapplicantiscomnittedtocooperationwiththelocaltownshipstorepairroadsdamagedduetoreservoirconstructionactivities.A.4.5.2.3RecreationTheapplicanthassumnarizedtheoutdoorrecreationalareasbyownerandacreageforthegeneralregionandConynghamTownship(Reference6,Tables3.2.8-1through3.2.8-3).Forecastsofstaterecreationaldemandsshowaneedformorefacilitiesinalmostalloutdoorrecreationalactivi-ties.ThestaffbelievesthatsomeoftheprojectedrecreationalneedswillbemetbythePondHillReservoirandassociatedfacilitiesdescribedinSection3.3.ThePennsylvaniaFishCom-missionwillbeaskedtostockthelakeforwarmwatersportfishing.Therecreationalpotentialcreatedbythesefacilitiesisestimatedtobefrom7,300to10,000visitor-daysperyear,notincludingvisitationsrelatedtohuntingorwintersports.eTheapplicanthasdefinedfiverecreationaldevelopmentobjectivesinordertomaintaintheecologicalcharacteristicsandremotesettingofthesiteandtominimizeimpactsofoperationonthelocalcomnunitieswhileprovidingfacilitiesthatmeettheirperceivedneeds.Thestaffnotesthattheseobjectiveswereconsideredinthedesignsforrecreationaluseandprojectmaintenanceparticularlytoavoidgreateruseofthesitethanitsintendeddesigncapacity.
A.4-14A.4.5.3Imactsto,theSocialSstemTheapplicantstatesthatshort-andlong-termimpacts'tothecohesionoflocalcomnunitiesnearthereservoirsitearenotexpected(Reference6,Sec.4.2.4.7).Thestaffbelievesthatdirectimpactstosocialinstitutionsorcohesionwillnotbeseverebecauseofthesmallworkforceandprojectednumberofin-migrantsandbecausetheprojectareadoesnotphysicallydivideacomaunityorseparatecoomunities.Potentialeffectsonlifestyle;values;beliefs;andsolidar-ityoflocalgroups,neighborhoods,andcomnunitieswouldbeduetoindirectoperationalimpactsofinduceddevelopment.Suchimpactscouldbeginduringconstruction.Thepotentialfordevelopmentalimpacts.tothelocalsettlementsystemwerediscussedinSection4.6'.1ofReference6~A.4.5.4SocialServicesBecauseofthesmallworkforce,shortdurationoftheproject,andexpectationoffew.in-migrants,impactstomostkindsofsocialservicesarenotexpected.However,impactsasso-ciatedwithincreasedtrafficmayrequiretraffic-controlpersonnelinsomelocalareas.A.4.5.5ImactstothePoliticalSstemDirectimpactstothepoliticalorganizationoflocalcormunitiesarenotexpected.Shouldindirectimpactsoccur,suchasinduceddevelopment,planningdecisions,:increasedpersonnel,financingandzoning,considerationmayberequired.A.4'.6Imactsto.theEconomicSstemAlthoughtheeconomicimpactsoftheconstructionphaseoftheprojectwillbesmall,theyareexpectedtobebeneficialtotheregionandtosomelocalbusinesses.Theapplicantstatesthatconstructioncost(50Kinmaterials)willhaveamultipliereffecton'theregionaleconomy.<Moreover,manyconstructionmaterialsandequipmentmaybepurchasedwithinLuzerneCounty;additionalspendingmayresultastheseindustriesincreasetheirpurchasesfromotherindustriesandhiremorelabor.<A.4.6IMPACTSTOCULTURALRESOURCESArcheologicalinvestigationsatthePondHillReservoirsite,limitedtotheareawithinthehighwatermarkofthereservoirandanearbysectionoftheSusquehannafloodplain,disclosednegligiblearcheologicalmaterials.zReferences1."JohnsonScreensinSurfaceWaterIntakeSystems,"Bulletin1S577.JohnsonDivisionofUnitedOilProducts,Inc.'t.Paul,MN,1977.2.J.B.Canonetal.,"FishProtectionatSteam-ElectricPowerPlants:AlternativeScreeningDevices,"PreparedforUSNRC,DivisionofSiteSafetyandEnvironmentalAnalysis,underInteragencyAgreementDOE.40-544-75andtheUSEPA,RegionII,WaterFacilities,Branch-Energy8ThermalWastesSection,WaterDivision,July1979.3."QualityCriteriafor,Water,"U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,D.C.,1976..4.E.T.Chanlett,EnvironmentalProtection,NewYork:McGraw-Hill,1973.5.H.B.N.Hynes,TheEcoloofRunninWater,Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1972.6.Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratten(Engin'eersandArchitects,"DesignReport:PondHillReservoir,"preparedforPennsylvaniaPower5LightCompany,1979.7.CommonwealthAssociates,"ArcheologicalInvestigationsattheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation:thePondHillReservoirSite,"preparedforPP&L,1981.
A.5.ALTERNATIVES,NEEDFORFACILITY,ANDBENEFIT-COSTANALYSISA.5.1ALTERNATIVESTOCONSTRUCTINGAWATERSTORAGERESERVOIRTheapplicanthasgivenconsiderationtotwoalternativeprocedures,thatwouldnotrequiretheconstructionofanoffstreamwaterstoragereservoirandwouldcomplywiththerequirementsoftheSusquehannaRiverBasinComnission:1.NotoperatetheSusquehannaSteamElectricStationwheneverflowintheSusquehannaRiverfellbelowtheconsecutiveseven-daylowflowexpectedtooccureverytenyears(theg7-10value).2.Purchasemakeupwaterfromexistingreservoirs.Theapplicanthassubmittedthefollowingdocumentsinsupportofanalysisofalternatives:l.AppendixH,Section2totheEnvironmentalReportforSSES,2.3."AssessmentofSitesforanAugmentationReservoirfortheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,"Tippetts-Abbett-HcCarthy-Stratton,August1977.LettersfromN.W.Curtis,PP&L,to,D.E.Sells,NRC,12Octoberand13November,1979.Item3containstheapplicant'sresponsetostaffquestionsonalternatives.A.5.1.1NoActionAlternative--"RiverFollowin"TheapplicantcouldmeetSRBCrequirementsbychoosingnottooperateSSESduringspecificper-iodsoflowriverflow.Thismodeofoperation,called"riverfollowing,"wouldrequirethegenerationofreplacementelectricalpowerfromotherunitswithinthePP&LorPJHpowersystem,orthepurchaseofpowerfromotherutilities.Basedonthecriticalflowvalue,24,1ms/s,theriver-followingmodeofoperationwouldhaverequiredtheshutdownofSSESfor106daysin1964,theyearofrecordlowflowintheriver.Theuseoftheriver-followingoptionwould,insomeyears,requireseveraladditionalshutdownsandstartupsoftheSSESreactors,andalsoofthegeneratingunitsprovidingthereplacementelectricalpower.Thiscyclingofunitswouldaddtomaintenancecostsandeffortsandwouldprobablydecreaseplantandsystemreliability.A.5.1.2UseofExistinReservoirsTheapplicanthasexaminedthepotentialforpurchasingtherequiredvolumeof,replacementwaterfromanexisting(orunder-construction)reservoir.includingthoseownedbythePennsylvaniaGasandWaterCompany{PGW),theU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers(COE),andtheSoilConservationService.ExpansionofPGW'sNesbitt,Reservoirtoholdtherequiredvolumeofwaterwouldentailtheconstructionofanew64-mhighdamandalongrefillingpipelinefromeithertheLackawannaorSusquehannaRiver.EstimatedcostsofexpandingtheNesbittDamwouldbegreaterthanthatofconstructingthePondHillReservoir.Thestaffagreeswiththeapplicantthat,duetohighercostsandpotentialfordelays.theuseofPGW'swaterstoragefacilitiesisnottobepreferredoverthePondHillReservoir.COEhastwddamsunderconstructioninTiogaCounty,Pennsylvania.TheapplicanthassenttoCOEarequesttopurchasecompensationwaterflowfromtheCowanesqueReservoir,scheduledforcompletionin1982(ER-OL,AppendixH).COEhasalsoindicatedthatcongressionalactionmayberequiredtomakewaterstorageanauthorizeduseofthewaterinCowanesqueLake(PP&LresponsetoNRCquestions).NofirmcostvaluescanbeassignedtotheuseofCOE-storedwater.A.5-1 A.5-2A.S!1.3~SuamarThestaffagreeswiththeapplicantthattheriver-followingalternative,whileaviableone,islessdesirablethantheconstructionofPondHillReservoir.Thestaffalsoagreeswith'theapplicantthatthereisthepotentialforlongdelaysinobtainingtherequiredcompensationreleasesfromCowanesqueLake,makingthesecondoptionlessdesirablethantheconstructionofPondHillReservoir.A.5.2ALTERNATIVESITESTheapplicanthasidentifiedtwelvepotentialalternatelocationsforthePondHillReservoir(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section2.4).Thisanalysisisbasedonausablewaterstoragerequirementof11.7x10sms,thevolumeofwaterthatwouldberequiredforacompensationflowof1.42m/sfor96days.IThethirteensites(selectedand12alternates)wereselectedinpartfroma1.970SusquehannaRiverBasinStudyCoordinatingCommitteestudy.In1977,anengineeringconsultingfirmiden-tifiedandinvestigatedthetechnical,economic,andenvironmentalcharacteristicsofeachsite(Reference1andER-OL,AppendixH,Section4.2).TANS'sanalysisofthe12alternatesiteswasbasedprimarilyonreconnaissance-levelinformation.,Theapplicantsubjectivelyratedeachsiteonthebasisofelevenenvironmentalengineeringfactors:numberofresidentialunitswithinthesite;numberofresidentialunitsbelowtheproposeddamsite;amountandtypeofagriculturalactivityaffected;agriculturalcapabilityclassificationofsoilswithinsite;lengthofstreaminundated;qualityoftheaffectedstream'sfishery;waterqualityofthereservoir'swatersource(thiswoulddirectlyaffectthereser-voir'spotentialwaterquality);potentialimpactonpumpingsource(withparticularemphasisonproportionoftotalflowtobepumpedandonfisheryquality);aqualitativejudgmentofthewildlifehabitatwithinthesiterelativetotheothersitesstudied;lengthandtypeofwaterconduit(i.e.,pipelineortunnel)andcharacterofareathatwouldbetraversedbyapipeline;andareaexposedbymaximumdrawdown(directlyrelatedtothesizeandshapeofthereservoir).Factorssuchastopography,hydrology,geology,andestimatedcostofconstructionwerealsoevolved.Constructionimpacts,exceptforthewaterconduitpipeandroute,wereconsideredtobesimilarforallsites.ThisanalysisshowedthatthePondHillsitewouldbethepreferredsite.Thestaffhasreviewedtheapplicant'ssiteselectionproceduresandconcludesthatthemethod-ologyusedbytheapplicantissatisfactoryandthatnoneofthealternatesitesisenviron-mentallyobviouslysuperiortoPondHillCreek.Thestaff'sjudgmentisbasedinpartonvisitstothePondHillareaandtofouralternatesites.A.5.3BENEFIT-COSTANALYSISA.5.3.1NoActionAlternative--"RiverFollowin"Basedonhistoricalriverflow,theriverflowwillbelowerthanthecriticallevelonanaverageof3.3daysperyear(ER-OL,AppendixH,Section1).Undertheriver-followingalternative,theapplicantwouldhavetobuyreplacementenergytomakeupforthelossofgenerationduetotheshutdownofSSES.Theapplicantestimatedtheaverageannualenergyrequirementforfourdaysofshutdown(includingthatforstart-uptime)tobebetween160,000MWhand170,000HWh(responsetoNRCI).33,12October1979).Theenergyrangeisduetothedifferenceinlengthofstart-uptimeassociatedwithcoldorhotreactorshutdownconditions.Ifanequalprobabilityofhotorcoldshutdownconditionisassumed,theaverageannualenergyrequirement,aspertheapplicant's.estimate,wouldbe165,000HWh.Staff'sestimateofenergylossduringthefour-dayperiod,assuming70Kcapacityfactor,is146,000HWh.Theapplicant'sandthestaff'sthirty-yearpresentworthoftheaverageannualreplacementenergycostare117.8and104.2milliondollars,respectively(TableA.5.1).Inordertomakeafairercomparisonforbenefit-costPurposes,itisimportanttosubtractthecostofoperatingSSESfromthereplacementenergycost.Itshouldbenoted,however,thatthereare.someadvantages(suchasimprov'edsystemsreliability)ofoperatingSSESoverandabovethedifferencebetweenreplacementenergycostsandSSESoperatingcost.Theapplicant'sandstaff'sthirty-yearestimateofpresentworthoftheaverageannualreplace-mentenergycostattheincrementalpriceare64.3and56.9milliondollars,respectively(TablesA.5.1andA.5.2).Thestaff'sestimateofpresentvalueofaverageannualreplacementenergycostfallsbetween$41millionforthebest-case(averageannualshutdownofthreedays)-and$192millionfortheworst-case(averageannualshutdownoffourteendays).Theprobabilityofshutdownoflessthanorequalto3daysand14daysare86.1and99.1$,respectively(TableA.5.3).
A'.5-3TableA.5.1.Thirty-yearPresentWorthoftheAverageAnnualReplacementEnergyCostApplicantPondHillReservoirCostStaff"w/otaxw/taxAnnual4-dayenergy'oss(MWh)30-yearpresentworthatincrementalprice(M$)30-yeanpresent'worthatreplacementprice(MS)165,00064.3117.8146,00056.9104.248.749.562.363.1ResponsetoNRCI)uestion33,12October1979.bLetterfromL.E.Schroder,PP8L,toR.Prasad,ANL,19November1979.TableA.5.2.,StaffEstimatesofReplacementEnergyCostattheIncrementalPriceYearReplacementNuclearPricePriceGen.PriceGrowth(mills/kWh)(mills/kWh)(X)IncrementalPrice(mil1s/kWh)}978198019831985199019951995-over35406510015.9018.2029.545.5253513~06.966,910.198.995.019.121.835.554.6TableA.5.3.ShutdownProbabilitiesPresentWorth$millionOays<3<4<7<14<3196ProbabilityofGenerationLoss83.0086.0089.0090,0094.0099.01.0AnnualAverageOayLoss347143196AtReplacementPrfce75.6100.7176.3352.6780.82418.1AtIncrementalPrice41.255,096.2192.4426.11319.8Source:ER-OL,Vol.4,pp.1-4,Table1.3.2-1, A.5-4A.5.3.2UseofExistinReservoirsTheapplicanthasexploredthepotentialforusingwatersupplystorage.inanexistingstoragefacilitytoaugmenttheriverflowduringthelowriverflowperiodtokeepSSESoperating.,Amongtheprojectsconsidered,theapplicant,inconsultationwithCOE,foundtheCowanesqueprojecttobethemostsuitablefromthepointofviewoftimelinessandavailabilityofwatersupplystorage.Butintheir'recentresponsetheyhavepointedoutmanyuncertaintiesregardingtheavailabilityofwaterstorageduetocongressionalapprovalrequirementsandtheSusquehannaRiverBasinCommission'scoranentthat:CowanesqueLakecannotpresentlybeconsideredasatimely.alternativeforsupplyingmakeupwaterforSSES(applicant'sresponsetoNRCI).39,12October1979).Theapplicantestimatestheapproximatecostofthisalternativetobe$12millionovera30-yearperiod.Thestaffdoesnothavesufficientinformationtosubstantiatethecost.A.5.3.3PondHillReservoirThethirdalternativeconsideredwasthebuildingofareservoir;thiswouldassureasourceoflow-flowcompensation.,TheapplicanthasproposedtobuildPondHillReservoirforwatersupplystorage.Theoverallcostoftheprojectisestimatedbytheapplicantas$47million'in1983dollars).TheapplicanthasassumedthattheonlycostassociatedwiththePondHillReservoirwillbetheelectricitycostofpumpingwaterintothereservoir.Theyestimateayearlycapacitycostof$40,300and2417MWh(3357kWhx30daysx24hoursofelectricity)(personalcommunication,L.E.Schroder,PAL,toR.Prasad,ANL,19November1979).Thepresentvaluesofthisalternative,over30years,are$48.7and$49.5million,includingincre-mentalandreplacementpriceofelectricity.Onapurelyeconomicbenefit-costanalysis,.whichtreatsthetaxcostasthetransferpayment,thesewouldbethecostsoftheproject.Ifthepropertytax(inPennsylvaniathepublicutilityrealtytaxis3Ãofvalue)weretreatedasanaddedprojectcost,thestaff'sestimateof$63millionpresentvalueoftheprojectwouldbeveryclosetothereplacementenergycostundertheriver-followingalternative.Onecanalsolookatthepropertytaxof$1.41millionasacompensation(benefit}fortheenvironmentalcost(undetermined)totheconmunity.A.5.3.4DiscussionandConclusionsThecostoftheriver-followingalternativeisverydependentupontheprobabilityoftheoccur-renceofperiodlength(numberofdays)oflowriverflow.Fromtheanalysis,itappearsthat,iflowriverflowweretooccuratanannualaverageoffourdays,thecostofthePondHillReservoiralternativewouldbeveryclosetothereplacementcostofelectricityunderthe'river-followingalternative.But,iftheannualaverageperiodoflowriverflowwere25days(4Xprobability),theenergyreplacementcostcouldbeashighas$344million.Thebesteconomicalternativewouldappeartobetheuse-an-existing-reservoiralternative.Basedontheinformationavailable,Cowanesqueappearstobethemosteconomicamongallalterna-tivereservoirs,giventhatconcernedauthoritiesgranttheuseofwaterforflowcompensation.Theriver-followingalternativetookintoaccountonlythecostofreplacementenergy;itdidnotconsidertheeffectofSSESshutdownonsystemreliability.TheeffectofshutdownonreservemarginisshowninTableA.5.4.PP&L'sprojectedreservemarginwithoutSusquehannaafteryear1985issignificantlylowerthanitshistoricalmarginsince1973'.PJM'sreservemarginwithoutSSESisprojectedtobeapproximately25%,whichisacceptableforthereliableopera-tionoftheinterchange.PPSL,beingawinter-peakingsystem,isabletooperatewithareservemarginof5%.PPSLcouldprovidereliableservicetoitscustomersevenduringashortintervalofshutdownofSSES.,A.5.4EVALUATIONOFUNAVOIDABLEADVERSEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSOFTHEPROPOSEDACTIONA.5'.1LandThe525-hasitewillberemovedfromcurrentusesanddedicatedtoreservoirusesforthelifeoftheproject.ThedevelopmentofthePondHilldamandimpoundmentsiteswillresultinalong-termcommitmentofabout146haoflandarea.About16haofthisareawillbealteredduringconstructionofthedamembankment,thespillway,andtheoverflowchannel;128hawillbeinundatedfollowingconstruction.About2hawillbeusedforthedevelopmentofancillaryimpoundmentstructures,waterpipelines,pumpingplant,servicefacilities,andhighwayaccess.Virtuallyalloftheareastobecomnittedarepresentlyforestedland:
A.5-5TableA.5.4.EffectofShutdownonReserveMarginProjectedPJMPPSLReserveMarin1980198119821983198419851986198719881989WithSusuehannaPJMPP&LWithoutSusuehannaPJMPPSL3433343030313031292729445853484642353330373029252527262725232926231815131042,1Historical1970197119721973197419751976197719781979PJMPPSL13212216.,283942384035161434303927483935ResponsetoNRCguestion35,12October1979.Otherprincipallandareasthatwillbedisruptedorotherwiseadverselyaffectedduringprojectconstructionincludeaconstructionstagingsiteanduplandtractsexcavatedtoacquirecoretmaterialfordamconstruction.Anestimated14haoflandwillbeusedforconstructionstaging.Theareas,affectedbyborrowingactivitieswillbedependentontheamountofcorematerialsavailableatthevarioussites;atotalofabout45haofuplandterrainhasbeendesignatedasprimaryandreservesourceareasforborrowmaterials.Therewillbe,lesslandavailableforhuntingandhiking.A.5.4.2WaterA128-halakewillbecreatedinanareanowforested.About2.3kmofPondHillCreekwillbedestroyedandinundated.Thelower1.3-kmstretchofPondHillCreekwillbeconvertedfromafree-flowingstreamtoaregulatedonewithaminimumflowof5.7L/s.Waterqualityinthelowerreacheswillbedegradedduringconstruction(erosion)andoperationofthereservoir.A.5.4.3AirOncethereservoirhasbeencompleted,therewillbeaveryminorincreaseinthefrequencyofsteamfoginthearea.Airqualityintheconstructionareaswillbedecreasedduringtheconstructionperiodduetofugitivedustandemissionsfromconstructionequipment.A.5.4.4TerrestrialEcoloConstructionAssumingtotalutilizationofalldesignatedborrowareas,about195haofvegetationand,therefore,wildlifehabitatwillbedestroyedordisturbedduringland-clearingandconstructionactivities.Morethan805ofthevegetationtobeaffectedconsistsofforestcomounities.Sitereclamationwillentaillandscapingabout25Kofthedenudedarea,partiallymitigatinglossesofvegetationandwildlifehabitat.Someindividualsofthelessmobilewildlifespecieswillbedestroyedduringconstruction;otherspecieswillvacatethedisturbedareas.Thedisplacedanimalswillcauseincreasedc'ompetitionforhabitatresourcesinadjacentareas;however,theconsequenceswillprobablybeminorinnatureandofshortdurationsincehabitatconditionssimilartothoseonsiteoccurextensivelyinthesurroundingarea.
A.5-6~0eratteaalTheprincipalimpactsresultingfromprojectoperationwilloccurwiththeinitialfillingofthereservoir.Residualvegetationwillbeinundated.Someadditionalwildlifewillperishbydrowningorbedisplacedfromtheimpoundmentsite.Theendeffectofreservoirfillingwillbetheconversionofabout128haofterrestrialhabitatintoanaquaticenvironment.About2.3kmofaquatichabitatalongPondHillCreek,ahealthy,unpolluted,naturalstream,willbeconvertedfromthatofafree-flowingsmallstreamtothatofastagnantreservoir.Thereservoirwillsupportamuchlargerfishpopulationthantheareapresentlysupports.TherewillbesomelossoffishandotheraquaticlifeintheSusquehannaRiverduetoimpingementandentrainmentduringperiodswhenwaterispumpedintothereservoir;theselossesareexpectedtobeminimal.Reference1.Tippetts-Abbett-HcCarthy-Stratton/EngineersandArchitests,"DesignReport:PondHillReservoir,"preparedforPennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany,February1979.
APPENDIX1LetterfromU.S.FishandWildlifeServicerefederallyproposedendangeredandthreatenedspeciesfnPennsylvaniaA,App.1-1 A.App.l-2hI~ttNiletslttiTO:UNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIORFISHANDWILDLIFESERYIGEOneGe:may~+i.SttteT00NEWTONCOANFA,MASSACHUSETTSlQ$5SQilliaaE.Eagan,Jr,Chiefll.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionEnvironmentalProjectsBranch2DivisionofSitaSafetyandEnvironmentalAnalysisWashington,D.C20555
DearMr.Regan'.ThisrespondstoyourMay23,
1979,requestforinformationonthepresenceofFederallylisted.orproposedendangeredorthreatenedspeciesvfthintheimpactareaoftheproposed230acr~reservoirtobeoperatedinconjunctionwiththeSusquehannaSteanElectricStationnearBervick,Pennsylvania.Exceptforoccasionaltransientindividuals,noFederallylistedorproposedspeciesunderourjurisdictionareknowntoexistintheprojectimpactarea.Therefore,noBiologicalhssessmentorfurtherSection7consultationisrequiredMithtbeFishandWildlifeService(FWS)~Shouldprojectplanschange,orifadditionalinformationonlistedorproposedspeciesbecomesavaQable,thisdeterminationmaybereconsidered.Thwresponserelatesonlytoendangeredspeciesunderourjurisdiction.Itdoesnotaddressanyother85concernorconcernsoftheNationalttaraaitshartesharrietOhtrt).isthashorteosestorieoo~tetasserbrevirostrum)isunderNMFSjurisdictionandmayinhabittheprojectimpactarea,contactshouldbemadewithMr.RobertLippson,NationalMarinaFisheriesService,OxfordLaboratory,Railroadhvenue,Oxford,Maryland21654~TelephoneNo.(301)226-5771.ListsofFederallylistedandproposedendangeredandthreatenedspeciesinPennsylvaniaareenclosedforyourinformation.Thankyouforyourinterestinendangeredspecies.Pleasecontactusifvecanbeoffurtherassistance.Sincerelyyours,R~ReiiooalDirectorEnclosure A.App.1-3.ALLYPROFOSiXIBCANCEPD)LoQ~MTBfEDSPECIESZtPKÃNSZLVAHIACo.sonhtameScientiticliameProposedStatusDistributionPisheselloneBeet'es.:lionsBfrdsehoneY~cnals:llonel.e--catt'lllanool-a~sseacz4ccd)Schl)cknei='sZlodcsschvcinitziiNorthampton(BethlehemArea)County"ullrvsh(B'nnamed)~3ciusancfstrochcctv!ELscksl)sm~)Jehigh)Cliaton,BlairCountiesPv.vnfa)smallMaori&lsotrfamcdcoloidcsCreen)Cent)c)Moaroe,MootScsse?y)Philadelphia)BertsChesterCou!Sties"~:sc-ear-"h:-hBCW,(".nnsced)SeeatttIs-esveeeeess.B51115515~IsletChester,lancasterCouaties~::'seDarer).:".<dingrolliusnexusCentre,~e)BucksImvrence)Mon?Oc)lforthamptoa)Xeh5ghCountiesPe@ion5T/li/79 A.App.1-4EtVDANGEREDANDTHREATENEDSPEClESINPE:PISZLYAVIACJcssonNeseScientificNaneStatusDistributionFISHES:Ciscoion+auPike,blueSturgconFsbortoosee~C~LSticostedionvitreun$1t~dtLt1tHHLakeErie-probablyextinccDeepuqterofLakeErieprobablyextinctDelauareRiverandotherAtlanticcbascalriverHH.TL"H:iionvgiRDSEagle,baldFalcon,AnericanperegrineFalcon,Arcticperegr'neHllt~tt1F1~tt*tF1~ttdlEntirestateEntirestate-re-establishncntcolernerbreedingrangeinprogressEntirestatenigracory-nonestingt'A.du~tdLLStgac,IndianaCougarieasternYvotissodalisFallsconcolor~couarEEntirestateEEnrirescace-probablyexcinctHOLI.VHTH:HotPLANTS:None*PrincipalresponsibilityforthisspeciesisvestedvichcheNacienalNarineFisheriesService.
APPENDIX2ARCHEOLOGICALSURVEYPLANFORTHEPONDMILLRESERVOIRSITEPreparedforPENNSYLVANIAPOMER5LIGHTbyCurtisE.Larsen,Archeolog)st,CommonwealthAssociates,Inc.Jackson,Hlchhgan31October1979A.App.2-1 A.App.2-2INTRODUCTIONThePondHillReservoirSiteisaprojectalliedtotheconstructionoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStationnearBerwick,Pennsylvania.Thepurposeofthereservoiristocompensateforwa"erwhichwillbewith-drawnfromtheSusquehannaRiverbythecoolingprocessforthepower'lant'.Becauseofdifferentialcoolingrates,approximatelytwo-thirdsofthevaterwillbelostbyevap-oration.PP&LisrequiredtoaugentwaterlostbytheSusquehannaRiver,especiallyduringlowflowperiods.Theproposedreservoirwillmeettheserequirementsbystoringriverwateri'nthereservoirwhichcanbereleasedtotheriverduringperiodsoflowflow.Thereservoirwillbelocatedonasmalltribu-tarystreamontheeastbankoftheSusquehanna,ThisstreamislocallyreferredtoasCatfishCreek,butisunnamedontheNanticoke7.5minuteUSGSquadrangle.Thesiteisapproximatelysevenmiles'northeastoftheBoroughofBerwickandonemilesouthofthevillageofMocanaqua.ThevalleyofCatfishCreekisorientedeast-west.Thereservoirwillbecreatedbyconstructingadamacrossthemouthofthevalleyaboutonemile'upstreamfromtheconfluenceofCatfishCreekwiththeSusquehanna.Thevalleyisundevelopedandinplacesisheavilywooded.Theentireareatobeincludedwithin,thereservoir.isapproxi-mately150acres,howevertheentreareatobeaffectedbythePP&Lprojectis1300acres.nistotalincludesbothofthevalleysidesandtheuplan"surfacesoftheadjacentridges.Inadditiontothereservoir,someofthese.ad-jacentareaswillprovideborrow=aterialforvariouscon-structionactivitiesotherswillbeusedasstagingareasforheavyequipment.Becausemuchoftheentire1300acreswillbedisturbedinsomeway,itwillbenecessarytotakeaninventoryo'fanyhistoricorarcheologicalresourceswhichmaybeimpactedbytheproposedconstruction.Suchassessmentsaretobemadepursuantto36CFR800,Section106oftheNationalHiStoric'PreservationActof1966asamended(16USC470),hyExecutive.Order11>93,May13,1971"Protec-tionandEnhancementoftheCulturalEnvironment,"andbythePresident'sMemorandumonEnvironmentalQualityandhaterResourcesManagement,July12,'978.Thislegisla-tionoutlinesFederalAgencyresponsibilitieswithregardto"NationalRegisterelibiblepropertiesand"providesfortheprotectionandenhancementofsuchproperties.
A.App.2-3Tomeetthese.directives,itisnecessarytoinventorytheculturalresourcesoftheprojectareapriortoconstruction'.activities'.Thiswillrequireanadequateliteraturesearchtodetermine,pasthistoricusesoftheareaaswellastoascertainthepresenceof.previouslyrecordedarcheologicalsiteswithintheprojectboundaries.Inaddition,anongroundsurveymustbeconductedtoinsurethatarcheologicalresourcesarenotendangeredbytheproposedproject.Tosatisfytheserequirements,a.planforsurvey'ndliteraturesearchmustbedevisedwhichsatisfiesthelicensingrequirementsoftheNuclearRegulatoryCommissionwiththeparticipationoftheStateHistoricPreservationOfficeractingthroughthePennsylvaniaArcheologicalCommission.ThefollowingplanissubmittedtoassistPP&Lwiththeserequirements.CulturalResourceInventorPlanTheculturalresourceinventoryofthePondHillReservoirSitewillconsistoftwoconcurrentinvestigations.Thefirstofthesewillinvolvealiteratuxeandarchivalsearchtodeterminewhetherprevioushistoricorpxehi:storic'iteshavebeenrecordedfortheprojectarea.Thiswillin-volveacanvassoftherecordsoftheStateHistoricPreser-vationOfficeraswellasavisittotheLuzerneCountyCourthouseinWilkes-Barre.Shouldthisresearchidentifyanypreviouslyrecordedsites,eachofthesewillbere-locatedinthefieldforfuturetesting,ifnecessary.Inadditiontorecords'earchesorpublishedreferences,ourstaffwillinvestigatetheoralnistoriesoftheprojectareathroughinterviewsinthecommunitiesofPondHill,Mocanaqua,andMapwallopen.Onthegroundarcheologicalsurveywillconsistofathoroughcanvassoftheprojectarea.Atthepresenttime,atleastseventy-fivepercentofthevalleyofCatfishCreeki.swooded.Areasofexposedsoilsareonlypresentalongclearedroadsinstalledduringtestboringoperations.Onlyafe~~cultivatedfieldsexistwithintheaxea.ThesearelocatedonuplandsurfacesnearthevillageofPondHill.Thesetooareovergrown.Becauseofdi.fficultiesinsuxfacevisibility,itwillbenecessaryto'shoveltesttheentireareatoverifythepresenceorabsenceofarcheologicalevidence.Oursurveyprogramwillcombinethenecessaryshoveltestingwithsurfaceexaminationwhere,possible,alongaseriesofwalkedtransectsacrosstheprojectarea.Thesitewillbecanvassedbywalkingcompass-orientedtransectsat30mintervalsacrossthesite.At30mintervals,alongthetransect,*ashoveltestpitwill A.App.2-4IIbeexcavatedtoexaminethesoilbeneaththesurfacedebrisorvegetation.Eachpitwillbenolargerthan25cmx25cmnordeeperthan25cm."Thesoilsremovedfromeachpitwillbecarefullydisaggregatedandexaminedforartifacts.Shouldanyindicationofanarcheologicalsitebeencountered,theareawillbeflaggedwithsurveytapeandlabeledina'odingsystemwhichwillallowasitetobeidentifiedonlybypersonswithdirectresponsibilitiesforarcheologicalresources.Thiswillpreventunauthorizedpersorsfromdamagingsites.Anysitesdiscoveredwill'henbelocatedonexistingbasemaps.Thesewillsupplytheclientwiththenecessarysiteinformationtoplanfortheprotectionormitigationofculturalresourcesthatmaybethreatenedbytheprojectconstruction.Thepotentialincidenceofrock-sheltersisamajorconcernforarcheologicalinvestigationalongtheSusquehannaRiver.Morespecifically,theseareoverhangingrockledgeswhichmayhaveofferedsheltertopasthumangroups.At-thePondHillSite,thenorthernvalleyslopesdisplaythebedrockconfigurationforrock-shelterformation.Becauseofthispotentialforrock-shelters,thenorthernvalleyslopesmustbegivenspecialattention.Thebestmethodforapproachingthisproblemistolocatetheoutcroppatternsofthepertinentresistantsandstonebedsalongthevalleysides.Then,lineartraverseswillbemadealongthebaseofanysuchoutcrops.Shouldcharacteristicover-hangingledgesbefound,shoveltestpitswillbeexcavatedbelowthemtocheckforarcheologicalevidence.Onceagain,ifevidenceisfound,eachsitewi'.1beflaggedandlocatedonbasemaps.AnalsisandReorthFollowingfieldsurveyandliteraturesearch,anyarcheologicalcollectionswillbeanalyzedanddescribed.Theresultsofoursurveywillthenbepresentedinawrittenreportsettingforthourresearchstrategy,metho-dologyandthe'esultsofourfieldwork.Shouldarcheologicalsitesbeencounteredduringthissurvey,recommendationswillbemaderegardingthetestingoftheses'itestoascertaintheireligibilityforinclusionontheNationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces.TheserecommendationswillconsistofaPhaseIItestingprogramwithman-hourestimatesforinvestigatingthepertinentsitesbyhandexcavation.Adraftreportfortheon-groundsurveyworkpresentedhere,willbesubmittedtoPP&Linthespringof1980.Followingclientcomments,ifany,,CommonwealthwillprepareafinalreportintherequirednumberofcopiesforagencyreviewandPP&Lrecordpurposes.
APPENDIXB.COMMENTSONTHEDRAFTENVRIONMENTALSTATEMENTS(June1979andMarch1980)*5>>~:*CommentsonSupplementNo.2totheDraftEnvironmentalStatementpublishedinMarch1981arecontainedinSection6.1.6ofthisFinalEnvironmentalStatement.
8-2COMHENTSONTHEDRAFTENVIRONHENTALSTATEHENT~PaeDepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService;August14,1979..DepartmentofAgriculture,SoilConservationService;August20,1979DepartmentofComerce;Hay13,1980.............B-4B-4B-5DepartmentofMealth,Education,andWelfare;Hay20,1980......~........B-6DepartmentofMousingandUrbanDevelopment;July31,1979.......~........B-6DepartmentoftheInterior,receivedSeptember10,1979...~........B-7DepartmentoftheInterior;receivedHay29,1980...........~........B-9DepartmentofTransportation;August9,1979DepartmentofTransportation;April28,1980.....T.R.Duck;August29,1979.EconomicDevelopmentCouncilofNortheasternPennsylvania;August27,1979..~.....EconomicDevelopmentCouncilofNortheasternPennsylvania;September26,1979B-10B-11B-11B-138-14EnvironmentalProtectionAgency;receivedAugust17,1979...,.......,,...B-17EnvironmentalProtectionAgency;receivedHay30,1980FederalEnergyRegulatoryComission;receivedJune10,1980T.J.Malligan;August18,1979..........H.L.Mershey;Augustll,1979H.J~Muntington;August19,1979M.C.Jeppsen;August8,1979...........S.LaughlandW.A.Lochstet;August19,1979.LuzerneCountyPlanningConeission;August10,1979H.H.Holesevich;October25,1979B-238-25B-26B-27B-27B-31B-32B-328-38B-39~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~'41L.Hoses;August14,1979D.Oberst;July28,1979...............jB-41,2-424IB-46~~~~~~0~~~PennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany;September4,1979PennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany;September10,1979,.
8-3PacaePennsylvaniaPower8LightCompany;Hay29,1980...............,......8-47PennsylvaniaPower&LightCompany;January7,1980....,...,....,,....8-50PennsylvaniaStateClearinghouse,DepartmentofEnvironmentalAugust20'979~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Resources:8-50PennsylvaniaStateClearinghouse,DepartmentofEnvironmentalResources;Hay20,1980......M.L.Prelesnik;August30,1979SEDA-CouncilofGovernments;September26,1979F.L.Shelly;August18,19798-548-558-568-57,S.Shortz;August20,1979..............,.............,...8-60SierraClub,PennsylvaniaChapter;August15,1979.........SusquehannaAlliance;August17,1979SusquehannaAlliance;June10,1980SusquehannaRiverBasinCoomission;August30,1979SusquehannaRiverBasinCommission;April30,1980.8-618-62~~8-64~~~~~~~~~868~~~~~~869F.Thompson;August20,1979.~~~~00~~8-74L.E.Matson~s~~~~~~~~~~~~B75 LbllvsnSvATssOsrAnv%lsnvorA<<uoa.vuesvonasvsanvla(21)59818721950August14,1979IQOeorHr.ReganlOurHllvaukeeOfficehasforverdedthisStateaenttousforravleeand~asNationalForestlandsaranotInvolvediTheproposeduseof2,4,5-Tasaacedccntrolagentlnrlghts-of-vaylsIllegalfollovingthe<<osrgencyorderbySPAsuspen4-Inguseof2,4,5-Tonforestsrlghtsmf-vay)andpastures(FederalRegisterVol44,page15874,Hatch15v19791~Webellevea4tscusslonofalternativeseed-controlaethodsshouldbeIncludedIntheFinalStets>>eatFotutllatlonsof<<wonlu>>su!fnsata,dlcnnbaorbrcnac(lcoul4beconsidered.Discuss(onatthecoalandaran(lssfuelcyclesshouldIncludetheIndirecteffectofalnlngonthelandscapeThisetfectlsbeccwlngnoresevereasthenoreproductivealterareachaustedslv(acredlgglnglsneededforeverytcnoffuel.71>>nkyoufortheopportunitytoravlevand~onthisStatenentrHr.Will(ns}IRegan;JrEnvlronoentalPro)actsSmnch2OlvlslonofSituSafetyandElivlronsentalAnalysisU.S.HuclearRegulatolyOrnaIastonLWashington,0C20555RefertolDocketHo..50-587,50-588DraftEnvlrctu>>ntslStatenentOperationofSuslplehsnnaSteanElectricStat(on,PAUNITEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFAGRICULTURESO(LCONSERVA77CNSERVICEBox985PedezalSquareStstfon,Esrrmburg,Pounsylv~17108Aufust20,197908SuoleapSultory~stoaWsstnttoniD.C.20555AttenttoivDirectorDivisionofSiteSafetysndDlvtroaontslAnalysfsThisistoconsentontheDraftEZSfortheSustuehsonaSteanElectricStation,Cnits1snd2,Peoasylvsats.ThedocuoonthasbeenrevtevedforfteasvithtutheerpertfseoftheSoilConservationService~Wefeelthattvotressshouldbeaddedcotheststonent.l.Sedtuontsuderosioacontrolforthelsn4disturbedatrheplanesiteendtrsnsatsstonltnalocationshouldbediscussedtnretsr4tothererulscioustuplaentfnsSection102ofthePeonsytv<<L'ACleanStraussActsn4thePennsylvsataDeparaontofEnviroaentslResourcesr<<(ofroaents.2.Thepro)ect'stnpsctsonpriseagriculturallaudsendfsrnlsodsofsratevtdetnporrauteshouldbe4tspleye4111otherits=aofconcerntotheSoilConservsttouServtcehavebeenade(uatalyaddsessed.?.N~CrshatT.HndotttriokStateCocsamsttontstStaffOlrechorEnvlrota>>ntaICueI1tyEvslustIon79082lChq(hqPABoon537WestTover,20480(5copies)QiPq)IOv~79082T0gIOco'HDO&MAdsttnistrstorSCSWsshtuttonDCCletusJ.Cttfssn,Director,ÃTSC,SCS,Brooasll,DirectorOfficeofPoderslActtvties0S~EPJQatarsfde1&1,401WStreetSg,Vsshtuttou,DC~lONO Nay13~f900eekP8oo5"00l/p7UNiTEDSTATESDEPARTQEVTOFCOMMERCETheAssistsntSecretsrvlerProdvctivitv,Techneloey,endInnovationwernnpotOCaotSO~srr+vllte335~r/PP/~Ca0APRIBBOUnilTEDSTATESDEPARTMENTOFCOIVIMEACEtuetionelOcesnicendAtmosphericAdministretionnsc'e4.cashs'nrsrnota~ee.Yc,a4ARRa;-3OR/C52x6lJLRHr.DonaldE.SellsActfngBranchChfef,EnvfronnentalPiojectsBranch2Q.S.NuclearRegulatoryConnfssfonWashington,DC20555
DearHr.SellsThisfslnreferencetoyourdraftenvfro~ntalfnpactstatenententitled,
SusquehannaSteanElectricStation,Units1and2,PennsylvaniaPowerandLfghtConpany,AlleghenyElectrfcCooperative,Inc.'heenclosedconnentfrontheNatfonalOceanicandAtnospherfcAdnfnfstratfonfsforwardedforyourconsfderatfon.Thankyouforgivingusanopportunitytoprovidethfsconnent,whichwehopewillbeof'ssfstancetoyou.tiewouldapprecfatereceivingtencopiesofthefinalstatenent.Sincerely,Q~R.@~@BruceR.BarrettActingDirector,OfficeofEnvironmentalAffairsEnclosureNanofrontRobertB.RollfnsNationalOceanSurveyNCAATOlPP/EC-JoyceN.MoodFRONlOA/C5-RobertB.Rollins
SUBJECT:
OEIS98004.01-SusquehannaSteanElectr1cStat1onUnitsIand2(Supplenent)Thesubjectstatenenthasbeenrev1ewedwith1ntheareasoftheNationalOceanSurvey's(NOS)responsibilityandexpertise.andintelosoftheinpactoftheproposedactiononNOSactiv1t1esandprojects;Geodeticcontrolsurveynonirentsnaybelocatedintheproposedprojectarea.Ifthereisanyplannedact1vitywhichwilldistu*ordestroytheseromtntnts,NOSrequiresnotlessthan90days'otifica-tioninadvanceofsuchact1vity1nordertoplan.fortheirrelocation.NOSrecocnendsthatfundingforthisprojectincludesthecostofanyrelocationrequiredforNOSnoixnents.
i'iygORAibDPItcatscIIEALTsssthLzcttOODMDDECOADSSDI(SZSLATSO.'CToIOirectorDATE:iiay20,1980Oivis1onofSiteSafetyandEnvirolvsentalAnalysisU.S.HuclearRegulatoryCosnissionHashington,O.C.20555~gqeSCIONIhCenoe~W,MetiamfsNII~talos~I~ISSCCFAISTSSK'ICFIICVSINGAIIQLlnSANCCVSLCFLICRT~IeLAosmAAeeeertIcsczletlseuLsIee.MSALeutstesetANLAetLfWA,ISIeovLVJAILISISSchly31.LstgwaseLVeettateIrhossIConsultant(NFL)SureauofRadiologicalHealthgraftSupplenenttoOraftEnviroleentalStatenent,NVREG-0564,Harch1980TheOraftSupplcsenttotheDraftEnvirolvsentalStatenent,HUREG-0564,Harch1980hasbeenrevtesedbytheBureauofRadiologicalHealth,FoodandOrugAdsinistration.'Neprev1ouslyclznsentedonHarch9,1973(copy~ttached)ontheradiolog1calhealthandsafetyaspectsoftheOraftEnvirolvsentallnpactstatenent(ofls)relatedtotheoperations-SusquehaewSteanElectricStat1on,Unitsland2.ThisdraftsupplenenttotheOEISislin1tedtoadescriptionoftheenvirorv-entalispactsofconstruct1onandoperat1onof~waterstoragereservoirlnthePondH1llCreekdrainagebasin.Xehavenoappl1cablecocssents.Thankyoufortheopportunityofrev~iingthisdraftstatenent.I-II+LL-X~CharlesL.HeaverEnclosureCC:Or.K.Taylor(HFY-2)SSz.PealLeechEavtzcszsenchlpzo]eccHeheeezEhtizonoenchlpzojectSzanch.3Divisionof51.zeSafetyendEnvizoonenzalanal~C.S..SSucleezSeuolaenzyCosssissionuhs~rD.C3OSSSDeerHz.Leechs-~Svst)acesDzsfcEhvizonsenzalEspeccszatAsencshsguehasha5zecs~station~chits1and3Mhavecseyletedoozevaluationcd!thesohieccDrestEnvizosssencallhpeccstaceoent,datedJoselstg,andhavenosubstantivecoessencstooffezzelecivetomLsuhleccpzoposeL.hastofcuzhooiedeo,thepzopoeedpzoiecedoesnot.dizecclyefecoenypsosecarpohsssodbythis~cytS3ICSIJseesE.TzeedvelLCf~
79/632UnitedStatesDepartmentof'theInteriorOFFICEOPTHESECRETARYWASHL>GTON>D.O.20240SppL0STS-2HC~tortePreservationOfficer(SHPO)fosPannsylvanta,EdvardWefatraub,ExecutiveDirector,HistoricalNuseuaCouatsston,P.O.Rox1026,Nasrisburg,PA17120>ResultofthesurveyshouldbafacludedCachefinaldocuaent.AlsoincoasultacionvichtheSHPOtheNRCshoulddctexaiaeifanyofthosepropertiesidentifiedCathasurveyaxceligiblefosltstiagCashaNationalRegCscer.Iftheyaxedeteraiaedtobc~ICgCble,theproceduresandproces~of36CFR600>4and5ausebefollowedtocoapletfon.Nr.MtllfaaH.Regan,Jr.Chief,EavCxoaaeatalProjectsSraach2DivCsionofSCtaSafetyandEaviroaaeatalAnalysisNuclearRegul~coryConafsstonNashCagton,D.C.20555
DearNr..RegaalThedraftcnvironaeatal~tateaentforSusquchaaaaSteanElectricStation(SEES)SuitsIaad2hasbeenravtcvedbythisDepartaaaeeadwehareehcfolloviagcoaaeatsThccoaaeatsaseorgaaixedbypagendaberfnthadocuaene.Pa~228andPse433VearaconcernedthatthedraftstateaentdoesnotadequatelyaddressarcheologicalandhistoriccoacernsThereappeasetobeaneedforfurtherCavescigatioaof~igaCffcaaCpropertiesCachcareaaa4i4entC{icatioaoftheirrelationshiptotheyroject.ThisappliescopropcrcCcsalreadyontheNaCLoaalRegisteraadanypotentCalyropertiesintheareabutnotyatevaluatedOapage4-33,
thadrafcstatesthee"giventh>>presentinadequaciesregardtagculturalresourceCavcntoryanddate>chestaffcsnnoCasks~detaraiaaciontotheeffecttheethaplant'operationwCIIhavenoadrersaeffectsoaculturalresourcesthataayba~ICgCbleforCaclusionintheNacLonalRegister.Hovevcx,Ctisualikelythatthaplant'soperatioavilleffeteresourceschat~racorrectlylistedCatheNstioaalRcgi~ter(locatedLnexcessof16kafroatheplantproperty).."ThcdraftisunclearregardfngthcCapactthaplantaadtraasai~~ioncorridorsvCIIhaveoayropertiesclosetotheprojectsiteOfpartCcularconcernasaMcClintockHell,thcDeaisonHouse,andCaclfnHall>VeurgethaNRCtoundertakeacoapletcarcheologicalaadhistoricsurveyoftheerasLaaccordcaccvftbcberequLrcaeatsof36CFR600andExecutiveOrder11593.NenesofpersonsqualifiedtoundertakethissurveyaaybeobtainedbycontactingtheState~3~->SulfuricacLdvillbeusedtoconerolseal~fosastioa.AsnotedCathcstataaencthesysteavCIIbeoperate4ataposi.tivesatura-tioaCadextoainiaCscthsaddCeionofacid.Withoutthiscontxolonacidusage,ehedLscharge.couldcarryoverfourtineschesulfateconcentrationofthexaceCviagvacers.Thiscouldaggravate.analreadystresse4~CtuatioasincethcSusquehanna~xhibttshighaadvariablesulfateconceatratioasIathasaneaana<<rthataltarnacLvelevelsofacidadditioahavebcsa4iscussed,vesuggestthatalternateaecbo4~ofscaleandcorrosioncoatrolshouldbalookedat.Thefiaal~cateaaatshouldpreseaeanenvCroaaentalevaluatioaofsuchaethodsasorganteorhydrochloricacidsoraacbanicalaeans~~>->hSincetheintakescruceurcsforthispleathavebacaconstructed,thefinalscateaeatshoulddiscussvhatsaaplCagyrograaCsproposedeadvheaCtvou14bsLaplsaentsdcodeteraiaelevelsof~acrainaentaadCapfngeaeat,duringallexpecta4flovcondCtCons,ofSusquehaaoaRCverfishandaquacicinvertebrates.Further,thefinalstateaeatshouldincludeadiscussionofthepossibleactionstheltcen~eesvCIIcaketoaodCfythaprojecttoproccccsuchaquattcresourcesinchaeveacsCgaificaatadrersciapactsoccurfroaeneraiaaenc,iapingeaeae,orstrcaaflovdiversioaforcoosuaptireuse(50cfsavercga)>->2~ThestaffcoaoludesthataoadvexseenvCroaacataliapacts>othertheaataosyherfcplanesaa4snovfall,vCIIoccurasaresultoftheoperatConofthe<<ooliagtowersattheSEESTheIfcensaaspproposetoconstructaresesvoCr(PoadRill)CoprovfdeaalcupwaterduringlovflovconditionsCatbeSusquehanaaRiverThefinal~tsCeaentshouldbercrisedeoindicsC~soaeadverseeavfronaeatalCayactvilloccurvit'htheoperationofthecoolingcoversCXIs
-3andrelatedraservoCr,Constructionofthedanandreservoirvilld<<scroyterrestrialvkldlkfehabitatandreservoirfillingopera<<fonsvillCnpactSu<<bin<<hannaRiveraquatCcinvert<<brac<<andfishpopulationsthroughinpingcnent,entraknnsntb'treanflowregulation,and<<onsunptkveuseofsu<<hflovs~bb-6We'agreeviththestaffthattheapplicantshouldnonitorgroundvatsrbothupgradiencanddovngradkentonanonthlybasks.Wenotethdcthspotencfal-CorradL<<nuclidecontaninatLonofgroundvaterisknpliedonpageD-IofAppendfzD~(iten1.6);hovever,fLgure4I(p413)doesnotindicategroun4vaterasansup<<surepathvaytohunans.~b~6-4Th>><<oncluiionchat"theenvironnentalrisks4<<etoradiologicalaccidentsarcezceedkngly<<nellandneednotbeconsideredfurther"ignorestheprobabClityandthaconsebluen<<esof<<<<remeltaccidents(p.6-4,par.I).Asvas-szplafnedknthaenvirons<<ntal~tac<<n<<ntforchePaloVerd~NuclearScatfon(NUREC-0522,1979)~this"realistic<<analysis"isbasedonproceduresCnthsProposed-AnneztoAppendkzD,10CPRPart50,vhichspecifically<<zcludcthe<<valuationofcore~altaccidents.Environnsntaldan<<gasresultingfrona<<ore~altaccidentcanbsdevastatCnglysevereand<<onclu<<Consconcerningenvkronnentalrisksthatignorethesea<<<<ident<<austbe6Cuestfon<<4.Wabeliav<<thatsite-specificevaluationsofthefullrangeofpotentialac<<ident<<shouldbeapartofthesiteselectionprocessfornuclearpoverstations~ThssectiononPostulatedAccfd<<ntsInvolvingRadioactiveMaterials~nuneratesger<<telofthano'rasignifics'ntfkn4kngsoftheI<<visReport(p.6-3).ThethreefkndCngssunnariscdszcludethefinalfin4kngofthatreport:TherehavebeeninstancesLnwhichWASH-IAOOhasbessuk<<usedasavehicletojudgetheacceptabilityofrea<<torrisks.Inothereasesitnayhavebeenusedprenaturalyasanestknaceofthsabsoluteriskofr<<actoraccidentsvkthoutfullreali-sationofthevideban4ofuncertaintiesinvolved.Suchusashouldbediscouraged.(NDREC/CR0400,pz)Afootnotetotable62statesthat"Thesecal<<<<la<<fonsdonottaheinto<<on<<L4<<ratfonchcszperkcncegainidfrontheaccidentactheThreeMileIsland<<CtconMarch28,1979"(p.6-3,fobtnoteA)Row<<ver,thisprovidesnoguLdanceonthepossiblenagnCtudeoreventhedirectionofcheerrorsthatnayeris<<inthera4kologkcalcons<<6luancesthatereshovninthetable.Thelargestactivateddosetopopulationkn~50mfleradiusironanyac<<identshovninthetableis37nan-r<<n.UntLIsuchtineasthetablecanbsrevised,itnkghcbehelpfultonotatheethe<<<<tins<<eddosetothepopulationvithkna50-nileradiusofthaThreeMileIslandsit>>vascalculatedtobe3,300nan-ren(NVREC-05SS)~p2~par.2).Thepopulationsvkthknthatradiusarenotgreatlydiffer<<ntforthstvosites,being2,164F000peopleknthacaseoftheThreeMLI<<Island<<Ctea<<4projectedtobeIF51'23peoplevithkn50nClesofSu<<6CuehannaSteanElecCricStationknth<<year1980(ER,table2Ib)e~h~66Tableg~2(pageR-4)shovechat1,236acresofforestandfarnlandvillberegukredasrights-of~ayforconstructionofansvtran<<uk<<sionlinecyst<<a.Theforest<<dareacouldbenanag<<4~ffectivslyforvkldlkfsifpreferredvsgetatfonand<<overforgracingvC141CC~speciesvereplancedTheirfeedingactivitiesvou14helpcontrolrevegetationofnuisancevoodyvegetationandreducetheneedforclearingandherbicideapplications,Were<<ounsndthatAppsndizRdfscussthepossibilityofusingplantingsreconnendedbythaPennsylvaniaCiusConnLs~Conforallforestedareasclear<<4duringcransnksskonlineconstruction.WehopetheseconnectsvillassistthspreparationofthsfinalneerEMcicrotto6~~As<<I<<cuntSECRETART
- g+'~IER80/UnitedStatesDepartmentoftheInteriorOFFICEOFTHESECRETARYWASHLWGTON~D.C.20240284gAY281%0Nr.DonaldEDSellsAcciaggranchChiefEnvironocacalPro3aetsStanch2DivfsionofSiteSafecyaadEavLroaaeatalAnalysisUPS.NuclearRegulatotyCoaaissionWashington,D~C~205SS
DearNr~Sells:
TheDepartacntoftheZatcriorhasrevicvadchedraft~upplea<<nccotheenvitonacntalLapaetstateacntrelatedcotheoperationofcheSusquahaoaaSteaaEleccrLeScacion,UaitsIaad2~LuteraeCouary,Pcansylvaaia.Wehavethefollovfagcoaaents.Wafindchatchasupplcaeatadequatelydescribesexistingfishandvildlffaresourcesan4Lapaetsonthoseresources.!toeconstructionoftheproposediapoundacnc~ProvidedtheethePenasylvanfaPovaraadLightCoapanyLapleaentsthcaanagcacatpleastobasubaittcdbytheapplicantLaeonsultatfoavLththcPeansylvaaiaFfshandCancCoaaissions(page43o!thedraftsuppleoent)~vehaveaoobjectiontoeoastruetioaoftheproIeetasproposed.TheproposedspillvaycapacityvasfouadbytheNRCstaffcobaInsufficienttoyassaprobableaaxiauafloodsThedaavouldbeovertopyedLnsuchafloodandaighcfail(p.4-11'ten44.23)~Theapplicant'ssyillvaydesignflood,basedonthe6hourprobablaaaxiauapraeiyitatfon,~ppareaclyvasealculacedvithoutcoasideratfoaoftha~ffeecsofpotcorialantecedentscornrunoff.AlchoughthedrainageareaabovethedaaLssoall,thaaoountofvoterWerccoaacadchattheCollovfagbestipulaccdLaaayoperacingI!ceaseissuedbytheNuclearRegulatoryCoaaissfonforthispro)cot."ThatchaLicenseeiapleaeatsthcfishaadvfldlffcaaaageaeatplancobedevelopediaeoasultationviththePennsylvaniaPishCoaafssfon>chePennsylvaniaCaaeCoaafssion)andtheU.S.FLshandWildlifeService."tobastoredasvaliaschedaa'sheightaresigaificantand,a>>Lndicaced,failurecouldleadtolossoflife{p.4-11,yar.8)~ThespillvaydesigafloodshouldbereevaluatedItea3(1)onpagefioftheSuaaaryandConclusionsseccionseatestheecares!aleadsvillbeconvertedcorecreationaluses.NodfscussfoaLsgivea,hovever,tothcpossfble~avirooaeataleffectsofchicproposedactLon.Also,thereLsaoaeatfonofaneedtosurveythislandtoi)entifyandevaluateculcuralresourcestheeaaybefapaccad.AteherequestoftheNRC,theZnceragcneyArchcologiealServiceAtlantaOC(iecpreparedasarveyplanaadcostostinatoforaproposedr<<creacioaalarcsalongtheSusquehannaRiver.ThisvasprovidedtoNRConDeceuber19,1929.Th>>NRCshouldreferencecherequfrcoeactosurveytheproyosedrecreationalareasasvaliastheproposedPon4HillReservoirSite.Thediscus~LoaofZayaccstoCulcuralResources(p.4-14),shouldtecooacadanappropriateaanageaeatprograatobedevelopedonlyforchosesitesthatacctNationalRegisterofHL~corfcPlacescriteria.ZdeutiEfcationandevaluacioostudiesaadaanageacatyrograasausebadevelopedLnaccordancevfth36CFR800,LacludingconsultatioaviththaStateHistoricPresarvacioaOfficer(SHPO).Forpcansylvania,theSHPOfsEdvardWeiatraub,ExeeuciveDirector,HiscoricalNuseuaCoa-aission,F.O.Sox1026,Harrisburg,peaasylvania12120'heArcheologicalSurveyPlanforthePondHillReservoirSLte(Appendix8)doesaotclearlyfadicatevhechcrthcacreagetobesurveyedundertheCoaaoavealthAssocfate,Zne.proposalLscheapproxiaacely150acresvfchiachereservoir,orvouldcovertheapptoxiaately1300acresofeheentirepro3eccarea.Allareastobaaffected,Laelu4ingtraasafssioaliaecorridors,borrovareas,aodrccreacfoafacilities,shouldbesurveyedtoinsurethatallculturalresourcestheeaaybeaffceeedbychaundertakingareLdentLCLedCoaaoavealthAssociatesproposesthatttansectsspace4ar.30aeterintervalsvillbavalked,butdoesnotIuscifyvhy~30aeterfotarvalvaschosen.Thisosybcsufffeieacforuplandsandslopesbutnotsufficicnr.Lnotherareassuchasterraces.Thereisaoiadicationofvhacthaiatervalforshovelcastingvillbealongthetraaseets.Also,restingcoa4epthof25cant!actorsaaybeInadequate depeudiugoathedepthoftheplowRoueorfili'esuggestThatshoveltestsbetateutoadepthapproxiaately20eeutiaetersbelowtheplowRoueorfill,audtosearchbelowculturaldeposits.le~<$4~uS.OCIARTMCNTOsTRANCRORTAUONRMCNALRCPRCCCNTATIYIOSTWICCCCITARVoarwertwuoIINAOllMA,P$04tLYAMAHANOIAugust9~1929Qehopetheseconnectswillbeofassistancetoyou.Sincerely,~CTEHURAWDUXTUCU.S.NuclearRegulatoryConnissionWashington,D.C.20555AttnlDirecror,Division'ofSiteSafetyandEnvironnentalAnalysis
SUBJECT:
DraftEnvironnentailnpactStatenent-SusguehannaSteanElectricStation,Units.102Wehavereviewedthesub)ectdraft.Elgandofferthefollowingcomments.pronatransportationpointofview,thestatenentdtdnotdiscusstheinpactstoexistinghighwaysintheareabyTraffictravelingtoandfrontheplant.Thetransporta-tionofnuclearfuelsandthe.crossingofhighwayswithpowertransnissionlineshasbeennentioned.Whilethereshouldbenosignlficanr.lnpscts,thestatenentcouldanswerthefollowingquestionsll.EavetheaccesspointsbeendesignatedandcoordinatedwiththepennsylvaniaDepartnentofTransportation22.Wouldthetraveltripsbythe400enployeesaffecttheleveloftrafficserviceontheexistinghighways2Weappreciatetheopportunitytoconnentonthisdocunent.SallyH.CooperRegionalRepresentativeoftheSecretary 800507(7><>DEPARTMENTOFTRANSPORTATIONbREGIONAI.REFRESENTATIVEOFTHESECRETARYA%4WAIIIUTSTIICCTFHILAMPHIA,TCHHSYI,YAHIAIIIISApril28,1980Hr.DanielHuller.DirectorDivisionofSiteSaftcyandEnvirormentalAnalysisNuclearRegulatoryCceEIIssionMashington,D.C.20555
DearHr.Huller:
R.O.i1,Box4Xinfie1d.Pa.17889August291979DonaldE.SellsActingBranchChiefEnvironmentalPro)ectsBranch2DivisonofSiteSafety8EnvironmentalAnalysis.U.S.NuclearRegulatoryCommissionNashington,D.C.20555REIDraftSupplementtothcDEISrelatedtotheoperationoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,Units182DocketNos.I50-387-and50-388ThedraftsupplementtotheDEIScoveringtheproposedcon-structionofthePondHillCreekstoragereservoirfortheSus-quehannaSteamElectricStationhasadequatelyaddressedtheprobableimpactstohighwayfacilities.However,thesupplementstilllacksevidenceofcoordinationwiththePennsylvaniaDepartmentofTransportation.SincethepumpstationconstructionwillaffectRoute239(pg.4-12)andanaccessroadwillbeaddedforthereservoirconstruction,werepeatourcommentofAugust9,1979,recommendingcoordinationwithPADOT.SallyH.CooperRegionalRepresentativeoftheSecretaryThankyoufortheopportunitytocorIsentonthe'DraftEnvironmentalStatementrelatedtoOperationofSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,Units1and2Perm-sylvaniaPoserandLightCompany.AlleghenyElectricCooperative.Inc.'ocketsNos,50-387.and50-388,June1979.Sincenosvspensedatewasmentionedinthedocument,itcanbcassumedthatcccmcntsarestillbeingaccepted.Hycxmmcntswillbeverybriefdvetothclimitedamountoftimeavailabletoreviewthedocument.'cspitcbeingpublishedinJune,TmtallofthePIfslicintheareaaffectedbytheplantweremadeawareofthcdocuucnt.Effortsbylocalenvirormcntalgroupstoalertthepublic,suchasmyself,weresuccessful.butthatdidnotoccvrNItilmidAugvst.TheapparenteffortsoftheNRCweretheminIImssthatisrequiredtodoinordertoseekInput.!ThissymbolizesNRC'sattitudeintheentire'publicinput'rocess-dotheminisxsarequired3usttosatisfyasectionoftheIaw.ThepublicbcdamnedfortheconvenienceoftheNRCandutilitics.Hopefullythisattitudewillnotcarryoverintotheoperationandregulationofanuclearpowerplant.Reguardingthcdocumentitself,itisunconscionablethatanenvironmentalinpactstatementonanuclearpowerplantpublishedafteIApril1979,doesnotincludespecificanalysisofthepotentialsimilarproblemsasoccuredattheThreeHileIslandnuclearfacility.Plantdesigndifferencpsaside,therearesmnygenericissuessuchascmergencySprcpardnessthatshouldbefactoredintotheimpactofSESS.Emcrgcn<<yprepardnessforan80kmradiusareacostsalotofmoneyandtime.andsuchcostsshouldbefactoredintoanycost/bcnifitdiscussionofSESS.ThcImpactontheresidentsofthcTNIarea(16km.notJusttheBkmunderstudy)ofradiationexposure.stressanditsrelatedeffects,andotherhealthconse-qucnccsshouldbecarefullyevaluatedbeforeSESSispermittedtocontinueinthelicensingprocedure.generalcosucntsonspecificsectionsofthcdocImcntareasfollows.Onpage4-2,thepossibleeffectsoflowriverfloIandexcessriverfloI(floods)makeoneconcernedabouttheassIEOtionsusedtodrawtheconclusionthattheplang~ovidneedtobeshutdamonlyfourdaysperyear.Anadequatewatersupplyiscrucialtoreactorsaftey,thereforetheassumptionsshouldbemorefullyex-plained.SPIISLa%I~55'S~HNSWO~SASOWA.
Huller,8/29/79Page2Table4.12onpage4-21indicatesthatthcnearestsportfishinglocationts24hr.transitttc>>away.Fishers>>ncanbefoundaCnostpointsalongtheriverfrosO.lhr.awayontoCheChesepeak.Perhapstheprobfeslsdeftnltlonal.ThestateoentslnSection4whichstateChatradfoactlvereleases,bothoc<<vpat-tonallyandenvtronc>>ntally,willhavenosignificantenvtronnentaltcpactare-ntsleadtngwhenoneconsiders:thattheeffectsoflowlevelradtationareunknown.6roupssuchastheNattonalAcadenyofScienceshesitatetoplaceaccept-ablelowdose1iattsonbmochealtheffects.Table6.2shouldberevisedtoreflectthcexperfenccsgafnelfrcaTHI.Class9postvlatedaccfdentsshouldbeconsideredfncalculatingthecostsandbenffitsoftheplanttothepeoplefnthcarea.Theirchancenaybesnaf1intheNRC'sopfnlon.but,theconsequencesarerealandtheprtcecastbepaidffaclass8or9accfdentoccurs.HulIer,8(29/79Page3Section8.6'Occaatsstontng'streatedlightlyconsfderlngthetree>>ndoustnpactanonfunctioningradioactiveplantcanhaveontheenvirons>>nt.Storageforthousandsofyearswfthunproventechnologiesdeservesa>>reconsMcrationinancnvtronncncaltnpactstatcncnt.Alongwithdcconfssfontng,wastestorageanddisposaldeservecoredetailedanalysisasthehaveadirecttcpachtothehealthofthepeopletnthearea.Inconclusion,theneedfortheplantversusthetnpactoftheplantdoesnot=justifythatanyfurtherworkbedoneatSESS.tthcnneedlsdocuncntcd,andChealternativesfornortheastPennsylvaniabcCtcrexanined(conservation.solarprojects,btonass.~llhydroprojects.ctc.)thenabetterandcoreconpleteenvtronnentatfcpactstaten>>ntshouldbeprepared.Atthatpofntfntine,andnotbefore.nuclearpowershouldbeconsideredasanalternattve.Thankyou.Section7'NeedforPlant'allstodocumenttheneedfortheplantotherthantoprovideexcesscapacity.Thereserverargtnfarexceedsrecocc>>ndcdlevels.Theprojectionsprobablyfalltoconsfderrecentshiftstoconservationandselectedsolarhotwaterprojectsduetothehighcostsofelectrtctty.SuchCrends,includingresidentialwfntcrlzation,willcontlnveasthecostsofelectrfcttyincrease.Therefore.buildingaplantCoprovfdefncreastngexcesscapacityescapeslogtc.Theneedfortheplantisnotdocumentedbythfsanalysfs'.Section8.4I'HealthEffects',cocpartngnuclearandcoalfiredplantsfailedtoinclude.aspreviouslya>>nctoncd,theeffectsofaclass9accident.NenowrealizeafterTHI.thatscrtousaccidentsaretnfactapossibilityandshouldbeconsidered.ThetablesinSection8dealingwfththeeffectsofcoalversusnuclearplantsprcsunablyusedcoalinthegeneralsense.TheSESSlslocatedneartheheartoftheanthracitecoalregion.Anthracfte.becauseltisacleanerburningcoal,hasbeenexcnptedfrow>>anyEPAairpollutionregulatfons.SincethfsisthecoalthatshouldbeusedatSESS.it.lsthecoalthatshouldbeusedlnanycocparattvestudies.Section8.4.4mentionsthattherehavebeennoserlovsaccidentslnanuclear..plantwithwhichtostudyno*ibttyandc>>rtality.Asa>>nttoncdprevtously,THIhastakenthefirstpainfulsteptowardsthisexperience.Thatexperfenccshouldbecarefullystudiedbeforethenuclearprocesscontinues.Sectfon8.5fallstotaketntoconsiderattonareportedrecentGAOstudyindfcat-ingthatOOEnaybeoffbyassuchastwentypercentfntheircstfcctesbecause.ofproductfonlossesandthedecliningqualityoftheorcwerenotconsMercd.ThfssectionshouldberevisedlnlightoftheGAOreport;cc:SenatorSchwetkcrSenatorHeinzRepresentativeFloodRepresentativeErtclStnccre1gThooasR.Ouck cigaSetose27,1979FsCJCV3%eDurPealsW.PealStessct,Eaoste-~5~t7L~~aPeoospl~PoserSLIShcCo344SoochPoplarS~cEsslatoo,Pesosplvscfa15201m.Pso1.SteosrcSorest27,1979Pate2shototha100Pes~04plsfoICIFaLooo14.alsobasyyr~ffsechsos17sfshesbeooseto=~3ThaDrsf-Zovf~~rslStstuaotcottasp~coos~~stoafo-theZersfchZosyLWTheP&cyso4Zgacac'va~~beLcvatheeotherbosytulssbooI4beLtrolre4Ltevscca~~oresezSeoc7plotsso4voo14sypreofsteso74e~Pooofthtbaabletosoyy17conte~~plotsIovohhghasp'.Qdt'~~ethos~~SarrAc~WC0CJCJU~~tCCJLtthemscreceacoeetfoSof~PolfopCuoftteeofZDCSP,aroc~~Resos40co4aferso~oothe$1clurZetolstorpCou4ssfoo'~tL-.V~oeotslStsteoeotralste4tooy~oftheSosgoehscosStuoZlec~Sts~~ColtsIac42epablfshe4Jose1979~y~tharacefytofarasyotsetoM~letter.MKxacocva~m.coof~4thfssc~ar.thalottsc23,1979oeadJgels7oohoor,M~PXLSCuo-ueWsaBspeccoostfaableMeralos~the~4'fthaDraft2~~telStstoosot,scLusr.msasec~~tba~eltsooa~etsoc7coroe~so4co~-Hth~eattoM~et4amass,m~Coo=c"'sPo~~=teau4ZxacodvaCooxltmzepxastss445~~bec~cAmlstascstsww-eyerootha0s~elueocs~~ra=acots4<<mthaDrsf2~~telStatue=t:IRCrespecttoeaterofM~oow~Sos~2verorrespectcoaces'aterralsts4pro3eetsochasc~t=m-mofaraservof-,please~~shetsc~~vLGeeuhaotssetaILvates~te4cee4srale~ratotha5~P~Pac'"~a-Zersfsh.~Corot"asAscot'va~~Is@~7cctcs~MCasate~~pcotcatcfsSAoyeu&aofcheSoclasrPoser~~beoo~actha~~aa~~of~al-'7opeoe4.Za~MDraftZtr'~csLStat%etctates~"-o4y~c=WMMt=bubeescakes~~suooctar.loutufaasWW7urPwo4p~wIscotcsste45&weca@PeoorplRLADeya~of~74.~bucots4~~c~o4y~espy~os7uobe~4'ersrsec~AofwgcsrslsuLfk+retswsS~osooePsc~chCoed'elfeyychatsah-utho.s~be'=5a7:e4b7PPSLutter~~~~~actofec7pots=~~5lc~vbtth~7sou~oc~7~4y~stol~s-~~scbsut~74.ThaDraftZor'~alStsteoao-coresu~taQ~atpZ~Zeyor(SQ)Ishtheprocessofb~preyare4,i>Coact'ooI4ILcathespy~~ofoh~~~4o~toheo~laat4oool4alsoappreciate7oorco~~5thasche4oleforeagle~ThaCctc!dlhuocAfeleoeotslf!LchftIooI4IlhetoW~toWettso~ofthaXoclas-ZatolscotpCcosfssMcotta-~ec.~aseatsoftheSos~StaesE!eczScsua,CtftsIei2,bocehs'eaoo=alasoareyraseot~of~~os3orfscursfor~4~~Po~.st4ExacodveC~tteueooI4sppr~tearasyocse.PleasefeelfreetococcsctoeLfPootee4u7~be~utter~tLsretreat.Toorfacserye4ftemZormet4C~tprocess,ltmx14be~MyfoLto~avasowt7yaof~ab7SeytsoberLS~1579.Toom~7IMJ.CrosusovaDtmtorvtvlstsa57wksottlcsDcYfNOwAtoL~CKUTtvlomcMs t)~~~4jctg~CIV)asCJC..((F)Cl-Cnbe0.C0VEC0CP~~E0(0Clp.iiJSeptuber26>1979.DonaldE.Sells,AetiagSranehCbtc!EavtroescstalPro)cetsEraneh2Dfvtsfoao!SiteSafecyandEnvfronscatalAnalystsU.S.NuclearRcgulatotyCcalstssioaVashfnjtoa,D.C.20555
DearNr.SellstIhtslattertsbefngscattoyoutoforsatlynotifyyouchaccheEzecuttvcCooaictee0!theEcoaosLCDcvelopacntCouncilofNortheasternPennsylvania(EDCIP),
atttsregularlysehadula4seatingonSepceabcr20,1979,affLtaattvelyravievedcheNuclearRegulatoryCocscisstoa'sdrafcenviroosaatalstatcnentrelactvetotheoperationo!cheSusquehannaSteasElectroatcStation,OnttsIaad2.AttachedyouvillfindseveralactaehneacsvhfehoutlinetheCouncil'sA-95r<<vicvprocess,ttsaa)oracescenceoathfsdraftcaviroanantafstaceacat,aadocherrelatedcorrespondenceclhfehtheCounciluctltte4taarrivingat'ttsconclusionoathisproposal.Th<<Coucetltrustschaattachedaaccrtalvflf.helpyou!LnsltraadectsioaoachfsaattertIfadditionale4rtfteatfoatsdcstr<<d,plcuecoatee.aaacyourcarlicsceoutcatcaee.Tours'trHovardJ.CrossaaaEzccnctvaDtreecorAttaehsantsCCCRLekHates,A-95ScareClearinghouseInterneColsctyPleasingCoosfsstoaZaekaltaanaCouaC7P14nnfngCoustsstoa5IDA~IPaulStcvar,PFLLFilePHRSFZVZKHOFTHEDRATKHPZEONHZNTAZST~IRZLlTEDTO'BESDSQCEHANNASIEA?fEIZCTRZCSTlTZON,CÃZTSI62STTHEECQ(OHZCDEPKLO~COONCZLOFSORBEASTKRNFESSSTLVATIA(EDCSP)~SackoundOaJane28,1979,theEDCÃPreceivedacopyofthaDraftEnvtrouscntalScatcsaat(KZS)oatheSusquehannaScaasKleet&eStation,CnitsI62froathcU.S.NuclearRajulatoryCosstssfoa.EposreceivingthfsEIS,thaEDCSFnoctfLO4thafollovtagagenciesthattchadcha'teporctheycouldtevfsvchereputeLntcsofficesduringregularuurktnjhours;andtheyha4untilAugusc12,1979,tofotvardCbcLrco~caonchareportcoCheEDCK?LaekavacnaCauseyFlaaafsgCoctafsstoa2.SehaylkillCountyPlanatajCocsatsston3.NoaroeCauseyPleasingCotcatssteaAoSusquehalstaEcccloaicDavalOpscncAuoeiatio'nCouncil0!Covercnaats(S~)ThaKDC(F'sDeputyDirectororallyto14thaEzaeuttvaDirae'toroftheLutatua-LackavanaaKavtrounaatalCouncil(LuLac)theetheEDCSPha4cbareportsndtheetccou14bcravteve4tnouroffice,TheCouncildtdaocaocifythaLuaeraaCountyPleasingCoaatsstoasinceft.vasttsunderstanding,base4uponchacoverletterLtrace'vadfroatheNRC,thattheLataraaCouatyP4aaiagCoostutoatecetvedacopy0!Cherepo'rtLacheaatL."poareeetv~chercport,chaCounetl'sstat!imdtacelybegancorcvtevthetcporc.'AL4chfsrcvtavvascakingplace,thastaffalsorevtevedvariousA-95reportsan4efreularstoueertatahovsuchasKISshouldbaravtcvedaadtupurvtvvsunderchaA-95hocus.Theace!!,also,eoacaccc4cheScaceClearinghouseandchaNational,Assoefacfoa0!RajioaalCoun~et(NARC)coascertaint'ayotherajcaeccshadperforaedsfsflarravievs:aada4o.toalerttheaofoarproposedacetose.Theybothto14asthattheybelievedvavereoaco!chafirstrajfoaalageactas,cochebaseoftheirknovledje,csrevtcvaaeavtrooscatslfspaccscaccacacforaunclearFeverpleatunderthaA-95Syscesan4beltcva4veveragoingabouttttnaraspousiblavay.Theseat.,raaltc'agchicrevtcvvasoaapotesttalcoatroverstslproject~broughtchanatterbeforechaCouncil'PolicyCooatttaeforpoLicyguidance.M'?oitcyComttceatoldtheDaeucfveDirectorthatthastaf!Shou14haa44thepro]eetliaeanyotherfsportantFNRspro)eecjeacracedtschatejfon.suebythescaffyiaadlftrioscorcvtcvtnjthedrafcZIS~alsoru4orbackgroundQdormcfcn,chafollov.'agpubLicatfoastaad4tcioatotheDrafcKZ51clvlavt.cowAaottlccetwHowAao1esocIAIAIctttccvntocatetoctllsotOTIAVOCA.tA1ICClltn:OattCQI (1)~FinalRezcaScudrochEfecLessofProceduresSad~'dnfnfs4iancReardtoZCDProans,date4Sarah1979byPeat,Bszvfck~Hftcbsll4Co.(2)'EffectsotSuclearPovezPIRntsanCazenmft0ravtendResida1b1$.b~l,mL~~,~O.E.Il~4ete4Saveaber15,1978,forCheU.SNuclearRegulatory0mmfssfan.(I)ARevievandStudyottheEnvfzzumentalLwsctaudSocio-ZcaaoniceatOfthePzaaosedPhilsdelhiaElectricCmasnvLfnezfckCeuerscfuStation04LCS1and2bytheWnfversftyCityScienceCenterforthe~~tgo~ryCountyPlanningCcomfssfan,datedv~h14,1974.(A)AreasAroundSueXeerFacilitiesShouldReSetterPreparedforRsdioloicalZnezaciesARepotttoCongressby.theConpcrollerGeneralfdece4torch30>1979,444severalothernsvspapsrarticlesandspeechesonchisandrelatedsub]eats.InSddiciontorevievingthesedecussate,thestaffalsotalkedcoJaneZenney,theExecutiveDirecco'rofch4SouchEssc4111Ã4vEsnpshfraRegio1141Planning0aanfssfononicsinvalvenencLncbesicfng,licensing,Sndnonftorfngofthe"SeabrookNuclearPaverPlane."ThafollouingcomsentsonthisEISarea4ireccoutgravthoftheseravievsandconversaCicus1TheCouncil4st4ff414nocb41LSTOLchsdsufficientcfuenarthabrea4th444levelofezpertfsetorevievan4ccmaaconmayolchecechnicalaspeccsoftheEISandLtsattawents.Eovever,theCouncil'4staffbelievedLths4sufficfencezpettisesndtinetocannencancheolloufngitemvhfchliarsdiscussedvichcheCouncil'4PXRSCoanfttee,LcsPolicyCacnfcree~ftsZzecutfva~creegosr4ofDf~tozs.SmmsrvofZDCTP'4CazneutsceaerslcounentsonziscazvofchePraect(chapcerI)ThisEIS'isan'updateafpreviousreportsfiledufththeZuclesrRegulatoryComsfssfon.ASafecyZvaluatiaaR<<porc(SZR)villbeIssuedaftertharevfevsn4approvalofthisEISan4PPLL'4FinalSafetyAnalysisReporc(PSAR).hezefoze,nanyoftheconcernsvhichtheCouncilac4othercLitengroupsmyhaveonsafetyrelatedissuesassociatedvithchisplane(especia'lyLnlighcofcheThreeKeIsland(~Q)AccLden)villbeevaluatedsndcemteduponscalacerdaceiftheCouncilisinvolvedLnchacSEXrevieu.CenerelCauaeucsontheSi~(ChapterII)TheEDCSPstaffbelieves4considerableanountofdatahssbeenassenbledandadequacelyanalyzedrelscivecochasite,thegeneralenvirons(LuserneCounty),andthevariouspublicfacilitiesaadutilitfasinthearea.Eoveverychere4'zasanerecencreporcs~OTenca~an4'nevinstitutionalrelationshipsvhfchnighcbeevalu4t44priortoth4UnitscaningonlineTheseLnclad41(1)Severalscarehospitals(Ssntfcoke,Eszletan,Pittscon,etc.)nsybe~icherphasedoutornergedunderthaRPWproposal.ItnightbeprudenttofnitiateprogrsnssinilartotheonacurrentlybeingundertakenbecueenFPAEsndthaberufckgospitalvftkotherhospitalsinchaarea(fozexsnple,Ceisi"-gerortheneulyproposedNPWa~laintheWLIkas-Rarreareavhichiscurrentlyunderconstruction).Furtheznore,noredetailedevscuatfonplansshouldprobablybeuarkedautufthchevariousIacalCountyandStateCLTLIDefenseandEaergeacy?fedfcslSezvices(EfS)Agencies.TherecencreportissuedbycheOfficeoftheControllerencitledAReorctoCauress-AreasAroundRucleaz'FacilitiesShouldZeSetter'reaazedforRadialaicalP11erencesxszch1979,should54revfevedtaascertainpotencialrolesan4responsibilitiesofvariouspublicandprivateagenciesLnchessefforts.Fuzthernore,theED0SPbelLeveschazmscrecentSection208CaaprehensfvaWater0ualltyBsnsgenentProgrsn(00WA:9)reportsfortheLoverSusquehannaRiverResinshouldbeevaluace4inLightofsnypatencialinpactcheplaneandirsancillaryfacilitiesufllhaveoncurrentasteran4severagefacflftiasandothervaterSetters.Also,chaCouncilbelievesnoreLnforwtfonoacheplant'4locationzelstivatochafloo4plainshouldbeezplainedinnoredetail.ZcLsdiffim1lctoascertainLfanyofthapropose4fscLILWSazaLnche100yearfloo4plainsndlorLfthe<<onscructionefcheTiogaBazaoa4DensvillaffectthesiteandfscLILCLOSLnquestion(L.e.Chafncskeandsavagetreacnentplane)~ThestaffrealizeschistopicisdiscussedinnozedecaflinChapter4;butbelfeves,thisitcsshouldbathoroughlycoardinace4viththeSusquehannaRivergssfnCamefssfan.(SZS0).Anochezfteavhichneedsattentionfscbaprepar4Cionof~syscsnstfcsuzT47ofhistoric,ethnabiscoric,andprehistoricculcuzalresourcesaccheplantsiteea4alongchaproposedtrsnsafssfoncorridors.ThaCouncilbelievesa)ointState-County-0CLILzyscu4yofChesspocentialresourcesshouldbeundertakenassoonsspossible.Potencialsourcesaffundingnfghtinclada1thePennsylvaniaEfstorfcal8:ameunCosssfssfon,thePennsylvaniaEndaunencfortheArts,theRationalEndavaantoftheArts,cheAppalachianProgran,en4possiblyotherlocalfoundations.Thisprogzanandanyfindingscouldconceivablybeccmeaparr.Ofthepropose4recreationareasndlorpartoftheprogrsnsaflocalcolleges(WLIkes,luer~Co@styCamsanftyCollege,RloonsbuzgSciceCollege,sndSuckn411.*2 Cenersl~eatsonthePlant(ChapterIII)Easeduponche4scapresentedfncheEfg>icappearscheSusquehannaRiverRssLnCocssfssfonvLIIuocpernfcPPLLcovfchdrswthenecessaz7voiuneofvacerftoachsriverduringperiodsoi'owflow.ipparantlyPygmyisconsideringtbaconstructionofareservoirorsaalternatewaterSource.The0ouncLItrustschatthLSreservoirwLIIbecapableofnotonlysupplyingthaeaterneedsecthapeqesedplant,butalsobeofsufffcfentsizetoaugssnctheflowottherivertoinsuresnadequatewateriupplyforchewecsrLncskesontheriverfortheCiciesofDsnvflle>gezwfck>sndRloonsbuzg.TheCouncilwouldappreciatereceivingacopyofchiszeportoatbapzopose4reservoitaeeithertheutilityorRRCIt,also,appearstheetheproposedri~eriatskastructurewillonlybe.3ofsnecer(approninscaly.lfoot)abovetheStandardPro)eccPloo4(SPP).TheplacenantofchLOfscflic7shouldboclose17evaluste4Lnlightofcheregionsexperiencein19724urfngTropicalgtocnLgnessndchesaouncofpzocsction,ifsny,whichtheproposedTfogaEsnnondDanwillhaveonanareathfsfardownstresnfroathaabovenencione4dsa.also,theconstruccfonottheriprapatthissiceshou14becsrefu117avaluace4fnternaofcbepocencialforceofthofloo4waya100yearorgreataflood.0eneralCo>wantsontheEnvfzo<<sental>EffectsofStationzscioo(ChsptozD)ThsCouncilsscsffbelievesnorescu47Lnnecessszyonche+actofthLOfscLILtyonpublfcozpeudfzuzesfotpolice,fire,andotherspecialenezgencyequf~twhichasybeneede4noconlyLnt5eLnne4fateareasbucalsoforbackupsincheeventofaseriousradiologicalaccfdencQso>cheRRCstaffnotestherenightbeadditionalIaafuse+sotssndthat.PMshouldcaketheseLt~incoconsiderationinitssocio-econonfcnonitoringpro~,buccheRRCstaffdoesnocpoincoutwhowillhavet5eresponsibilityto~lenenttheenc'cipecs4pzogrm,which~tbenecessarycoA'gaeacheeffectszelscivetoadverselandusesThe~>encouragesPPLLtoffnsILCOitsrsplsc<<santwaterplansassooaaspossiblesn4coord~tochoseplansw>AhcheInzerMCountyPlanning~sion>tho,EDCRP~chePecnsylvanfaDepeztnsncofEnvfzo~tslResources(DER)sndtheSRRC.TheCouncf1alsostronglyencouragesPPCItoperfozntheappropriatescudiesoncheoperationofthsLntkkeascurrentlystyle4an4designed,sinceLcappearsLtOLIIhavesnadverseeffectonChescquatfclifewithinthevicinicyofwingwallssndriprap,Thesesracrucial~sinceshadns7bereinczoducedLnzheloverreachesofcheSusquehannaRLversndvariousfishLaddersarebeiagcontmlstedonsowofthedens4ownscreenfronthisproposedfacility.Llso>LcappearstherearesonsincousiscenciesLntheevaluacLonsonwhethertheshedwLIIrenafninthensLachannelorusethepoolareasforrsstfng.Ifthe~hsd4scLdeto'zescLnchepoolnearcheincske,thisns7havesignificantnegsciverasulcsast5eynigrsteupan4douutheriver.Inessence,theCouncil'sstat'elLevesthepotentfalshadpzoblenshoul4bestudiedinnoredetailsndsol~tionsfoundsssoonsspossiblecoassistfnthereintroductionofshs4inthegusquehaunsRiver.TheCouncilapplaudsPPLIforLtspzoposed.recrestioacenterssroun4theplants,however>LtwondersifPMalsoplanscopeznftpublicreczescfsnaluseazor4icspropose4louflowsugsentsc&llressvofrTheCouncilagainbelievesLcLs~ztsnttoscresschatthelocal~tiesshouldreceivesufficienttatesozpaysentsLnlie'uofCarestocopewiC5Cheincreasedlevelofservicessndasnpower(police>fLre,etc.)vhichwillberequire4duetotbainpeccofchisfscfifty.TheCouncilbelievestheIuzerneCountyPlanningCoco>LesionorgalenTownshipshouldsubaiz.SnapplicationcoIKDorFR0tonorefu117ascertainthesefiscal~tsandalsocodevelopspp'zopziscaLnpleaentstfonstrategies.also,thaCouncilbelLevesasurveyofculturalresources(IS4Lsnrelics,etc.)incbavicinityofcheplantshouldbensdeassoonaspossibleinordertoquantifycheeztentsndvalueofchessresourcesLncheareaofcheplant.TheCouncilscsf>alsoo>nditLncerescingtheesppronfnsteiyg0percencofopera-tionalworkforcewhichwashire4byKovanbez,197gvereLa~grantsratherthenlocalworkers.TheCouncilbelievesPNIshouldinvestfgatethe4evelopoantofCzsfnfnglenpioyaentprogzm(for~ie,underPICorOJT)wichLocalQAagenciessuchutheIu-ezeCo>szcyEunsnResourcesAgencyinozdercoencouragechebitingofnore"local"people.simurghchecoralcsnbLIIforthezmgusquehaaaunitswillbesbouc$5.5CL>>fcnverylittleofthisvilLbedistributedlocally.(955,000toLuzetneCountysnd910,000toColusbfaC<<>Styduatocuz.encscare4w.>>eCouncil'sscaMbelievessonsnoreequitablefondlesboul4bepursued,evenifLCnssnspossibleanendnentscochePe~ivaufsPublicRealtyTaxIaw.TheCouncilalsobelievescheInterneCountyPlanning~sionshoulds~canapplicationtocheU.S.EnvfronnsntalProtectionAgencyunderue0ufetCcmaCCLOSPzogzsntosecurechenacessatyf~tobuythenoisenonftoz>ingequi~>Candcoacquirethenecessaryezpertisetodevelopshistoryofchenoiselevelgeneratedacsndneartheplant.genera'owsonzbevov'rou-entslwenftoziotthe?IsncSite(Chapter9)heCoecfl'sstaffconcurswithQCfindingsszdreccwndstfonsLnchisChapterendstronglyuzgesPPQ.toezpeditensnyofc5en(i.~.,chenoisenonitor>ingpzogrsnnentione4earlier).
CeoerslCoanantsonCl~EnvtroccmatalIectof?ostulatedAccidents(ChapterVI)TheCouacQcsscsftbalLevasthecurreatEISisdeficienttaChatitdtdaotaotethe2Kaccidaat.ThaCouncilstattbelieveschatsincesaaccidentsuchuTNZtspossible,ttbe1iavesicvouldbaprudenttorP?4LaadlorthaSECCodevelopaplantoraClass9failurestchistacQtty,esyactallysinceanacctdeatotchtsaagottudevaaaocconsideredtachioEZS.Again,thaCouacQ'4scstfrecccmadstheeSECandPP4LravtevtheOfficeottheCoaczoller'sreporaa4theotherpublicationsaotadurlieronthissu)fact.UNITEDSTATESENVIRONMEIITALPROTECTIONAGENCYREGIONIllScvANOWAINUTSTREETSPHIIACELPHCAPENNSYLVANIAlsc04Al!817>79CeoersiComeotsontheSeedforthe?lant(ChapterVZZ)TheO(uncQ'sscafttomdt)tsChapterverytutor~tiveaadgeaarallyconcursc5scCheretsaneedtortheplsnCeventhoughscÃstayQuestionthaaeeltCohavethaylsacsincePP4Lvouldscillhavea24perceacreserveaarontaches~rvtthouctcia1985;sada30?arcanereservenszgfn'atbeviatorvitbouttt~lit)oughc)aaazgtmarasignificantlyshovethe5'percentresezvenargtuusignedcoP?4Lasttsresyoastbilttyin-thaPJEtacarcoanacctoa;ttappearsP?4Lactedtngoodfaithiathelate1960'sanduzly1970'4vheattAethedecfstoacogoahudvtththatactlLty,sinceir.vasusigneda20percentreserveaargtnacthar.Ctup.Qso,'PP4Lan?ectedconsiderablynoregrovthiattsserviceareaandthaiatercoanecttoastthat.Ctm.Fuzz)ernore,tcaovappearsthaStateandthatntercocnectareindeedfortunatetheeP?4Lis~viatorpeakingutilityaadbasthisreserveaargintnlightotthayocaactslclosingdovao!CPD'sThreeHtlaIslandplant,sndalso,thatacraasiagneedforeaergyLatheDottedStatesduetochaOPECoQcrisistn1973-74sa4197879'uzchermre,chaCocsccQ'sscottbelieveschLsresezveaargtatsaplusinthsregion'sstteaptstorevitalizetheacoconyoftharegionvhi<<5co4atahasazpezteacadhighcaenployauctratesan4littleecoaontcgzovthaaddtverstttcatton.Zaessence,chaComcQ,'4staffbaIievescheaddtt~alreserveaargtavhtcht5eSusq>>)samapleatvillprovide(47percentreservemzgtntnvtaterand29percentresezvenargtntnscat>>r)by1985isapluscocheecoaoayo!t5eguteacdourregion.-.CeneralCcxaeuouthaEvslustteao!CHs?reposedAction(C)ayCerVIII)Ant)ratitedt4aoi.ay?eartobecmsLdare4asaaaltansciva.Zcnaybeanore-.vtk)4flleltnthe.tutuntathatittsemnyctront5amstteceac802relIuiramatsyromlgatadbyEPLOther4stsvasverytechnicalan4our.o!theCouncQ'4smtfazperttseoraoc4Lrectlyrelsta4cotheEISstatueat.GeneralComentsoathegel.a!itCoer.Analysts(Chapter0)TheCouacQ4~CsftgeaeraQyconcursvtthC)e"bottoaQaaotthtsChsyterandtheCouncil'4stat!believesthatttvoucctbepossibletooyeratethascsttoavtthoalyatntnsleavtzocnenta14~actstfcheapyltcsac(PP4LaadAlleghenyEISCMCCooperative,Iac.)tollovthroughvie)cheracomandsttoasaote4)ytheSECscat!inAIISaadthcornea4o!thsIDCf?vh'charenotedtachtszavtev.Nr,Voss4.boozeAsstscsacDirectorEavirocmatslPzojactsSuclearEegulstoryCocsctsstoaT-518.Vashtogcoa,DC20555
DearHr.EooracV<<havecon?latedourrevievoftheDrafcEavtroumatstLspactState-teatcaoceraiagtbeSuscy>>haec>>SteanEleccrtcStation,
gaitsIaadI,LuseraaCountycPennsylvania~Oachebasisotourzavievandconcernsvehaveclssstffe4t5edocu-saotsndpropoulEE2.ThismansvehaveeavtroaaentslreservsttoascoacenLagcheyro]actandvedoootbelievethein?actstaceaeuthsssufi'iciencLntolusttoacoassesstullythe<<avtzonmatslin?actoftheaction.VehaveeaoloeedourcocoaaatsTheE?4classificationaadchedateo!ourcomeatsvillbspublishedLathetederalRegisterLaaccordsacavtchournsyoastbtlttytoto-temchapublicotouzrevtevonproposa4acetousuaderSection309o!theCiunAirJccETS4'JettsadsEevievSectioaCOI6-RadialicalTssuesrDrsfcEnrlronaental~setScaceneatSusgusbsnnaSteanElecCricChiCs162LnserneCounty,pennsylvaniaWereCuestCheRROtoexplainthechsaSesvhichellowdafirecose>enfo14increasefnprojeccedSsseousfod(nereleases.(foundbyconperisoaofCheStsteaeatsof1973snd1979)sndcoexplainvhytheincreases4idnocresultinanysubstantialcheese(nthesssociate4dosescoachi14sch7roid(pordecsils>seeCheDrefcScsteaenc>pate616versuspeSe056~and6-1Sversus075,77.)lasupportofthisrequest>icnaybenotedthatour1973ccmnntson~projectedSsseousiodinereleasessndassociateddosesveresharplycritical,sndverecur>>endedtheuseofeaSineere4iodinecontrolsyn-tonesndo>herdisiSauodiffcatfonstoreduceiodinereleasesuchchsctheoffsitedoseto~child'thyroiddidaocexceed5nQlkrenperyear.OurcosauncsarereproducedfncheDrsfcStaten>at,psS<<s0151,152,The1973rsspoasetoChoseco>ssenCs>shoveonpete0123>iten11.13,stipulateduseofdesiSnnodiflcscions,sndreferencedarevisedrsdioloS(cslfnpectas4escribedonpsfe077,section5.4.1.Ewnthcuthsection5.4.1notedtheexistenceofuncertaintiesiathecalculscionslnodal>andchedose(upsethssnovbacarecslculsce4usinSaevsourceterncslculat(oos>perpace61>buccheStaten>ac4oesnotcontainsnyspecific4(scusskonoflesseaed(upsetperunitofiodinerelease.Thisdiscussionoflessene4(apaceperunitofiodinereleaseausebeincorporatedinthepinalEavirosnsntslTnpsctSCate>antReactorAccidentsTheEpkhssexsn(nedCheKRO'sessessnentofsccidencssndtheirpotentialrfshs.Theasses>matswredevelopedbyNRCiathecoarseoficsenS(neerinSerslustkonofructorsafetyfnchedes(EnofnaclearplsntsoSlatetheseissuesareco>anntosllcuclesrplantsofaSirencype,ZPAconcursvithNRC'sSenericapproachtoaccideacriske>slant(on,TheIC(serpects4cocontinuetoensuressfecythrcuthsicinS>planedes(Ensndaccidentasses>ventsincbelicensinSprocessonac~~ssebasisln1972,theAECinitiatedsnefforttoexsaineresccorwfetysn4theresultsncen>(ronwntalcense>(osncessadrishsonenoreqaancits&ebeefs.ThefinalreportofthiseffortvasissuedinOctober1975bycheU.S,SuclesrReSulscoryOosadss(onascheReactorSefscySeedy,WCSE1400(ÃJREO/75/014)~TheEpd'revievofche'eedyincludediahouseaadcontractualefforts>sndourcocnnntsserereleasedfn~reportinJune1976~
InJaly1977theRRCcharteredtheRis'kAss<<sea<<atRevi<<vCrouptoprovideadvicesadLnfora<<ciontotheRZConVASRIA00inre<<possetolettersfaaCougr<<ssasnMallezprsssingaisgiv(ngs<<bouctherap<<reaadinparti<<alaabouttheRr<<curie<<Sun<<stypublishedviththere-port,TbeRLstAsses<<ventRevievCroupLssu<<4itsf(nd(ngsLnS<<pt<<nber1978sn4theRRCaccepa4thefindiagsduringJanuary1979~TheRRCalsovlthdrevsnyezplicitorLaplicicpisa<<odors<<ventoftheZzscutiveSussssrysgengotherspecificactionsZPAagreesvithth>>RZC'positioninthisascterWealsocones@vlththeSRC'scontiresdsupposefortheuseofprob<<bill<<tinr(sbsss<<<<seanceLnregu-latoryd<<<<i<<iona<<kingswithtb<<sdnonisbaentthatsuchdecisionsb<<bss<<4onseveral!secor<<scca<<passingsocial,technicalsndecon<<<<inissuesLnsd4itiontoscold<<acr(shsss<<ssaentsThereactorscold<<ncacCteThreeHLI<<Island-2reactoronKetch28,1979hssfocus<<4art<<ationoathegreetne<<dforathoroughr<<<<zsninstioaofreactorsafetyVeareoonc<<tn<<4aboutth~effectiv<<n<<ssoftheproceduresbywhichreactoropsrsting<<zp<<ri<<nceiscrsaslst<<dintoLaprovedreactord<<signsorop<<rat(on<<Ipractices.W<<believeicLncuab<<ntontheRRCcocarefullytevi<<witscurtestproceduresforLd<<ntffy(ng,ass<<ssingandectingonpotentialscci4<<ncsequencesasoperatingezp<<riant<<withreactorsLucre<<s<<s~Con<<id<<rat(onofoccidentscenariossbou14ofcourseincla4<<Class9ac<<id<<ntssb<<causetheirezist<<nc<<was4<<non<<czar<<detTVITheSSZSststcmntdoesaoccoasidersuchet<<ideateAsSSZSisontheSu<<pahsnnagupstrssnfr<<aThre<<RLI<<L<<landssnd75nil<<a<<waysthe<<cate~aatsho<<14re<<i<<vtbepossibleemulativeeffectsofasecon4Class9accidentLa<<estralp<<nnsylvsniaposulstlonDoseCow<<its<<ncsWeare<<neo<<ragedthattheRRCisnowcalcalsringsnaaslpopulation4osecosssicsntstotheV.Spopulation,wb(chisapartial<<valuationofthetoC<<lpot<<atislenv(roun<<at<<idos~<<sess(tn<<nts(ZDC)ofR-3,~5~CI4<<io4in<<sand$<<rciculstesThisLsabigsteptowardevsL<<stingtheZDC,vhichvahaveurgedforseveralyearsSow<<ver,Lcsho<<14berecogn(sadthatseveralofthesersd(onsciides(particulerlyc-14sndzt-85)villcontribucecoIong<<t<<rapopulationdose(upsetsonaaridly<<basis,ratherchanjustLncheU.STothe,~zc<<acthatchisdrstcstaten<<nt(I)bssLin(tsdtheZDCtocheannualdischargeofthesersdions<<LL4<<s,(2)Lsb<<sedontheusuapcfonof~populationo!coascsacsite,snd(3)us<<seesche4osesduring50yearsonlyfollovingeachrelease,Ltdoesaotfullyprov(dethetoc<<L~arizona<<acslLap<<etAsses<<a<<orofthetotalLnpsccvo<<14(I)incorporstetheprojectedreleaseeovertheI(f<<tisNofchefacility(rath-erthanjuscthe<<annalrelease),.(2)eztendtoseveralgeo<<tati<<asb<<yondtheperio4ofrelease,(3)'onsider,scleucqmlitativelyorg<<ner(cally,thewori&4lein!la<<acsonthetotal<<nv(robot<<Iinpsccorsp<<cifytheIinitatfonsoftheand<<ius<<4.yu<<lC1<<sndIonT<<rsDoseAss<<ssn<<ntsZPAisresponsibleforescsblishinggenerallyspplicabL<<environs<<nt<<IradiationprotectionstandardstoLinitusa<<<<<<ss<<ryradiac(on<<zposuressndradioactiveasteri<<L<<inthegen<<raL<<nvirona<<atresulting!ronnota<<iopsrscionsoffscilici<<stheeareparr.oftheuranianfu<<LcycleiTheZpAhsscoaclud<<4chatenv(roe<<sat<<1rsdf<<cionstandardsfornuclearpov<<rindustryopsrsrioasshouldtateintosccouacchetotalrsdiscLondosecotbepopulationsthensziauaLndfvidu<<Idose,Seriskofhealtheff<<ctsattributabletothesedos<<s(Includingth~futurerisks<<ridingfroatherel<<sseoflongILv<<dts4(onuclldsstotheecv(roc<<nut),sndtheeffectiv<<n<<sssndcostsofeffluentcontroLtechnology.ZFA'sDr<<ninaTuelCycl:standardssreezpr<<sse4internaofdoseliaicstoindividualsa<<nb<<rso!thegeneralpublicandILiitsonWssncitiesofcertainIongLivedradioactiveasterislsreless<<4tothegeneralenviron<<matAdo<<un<<nc<<acicl<<4"ZavirnunentalS.~yoftheCraniunteelCycle"(VASR12lg)vssi<<su<<4byAZCLncocionctionvithar<<gal<<cion(10C)R50,AppendizD)torsppllcatioainco<<pl<<tingthecost-benefitscalys(sforin4(vidualLight-voterre<<teereaviroaantairev(evs(39S.R.14188)~Thisdo<<On<<ncLsusedbyZRCLndrefc<<nvironaentaistate~aacstoassesstheincr<<sacral<<nv(roamntalinp<<ctstbsc<<snbeeccributedtofeelcyclecoupon<<ntswhichsupportnuclearpoverpl<<ats,Re<<encljtheSZCd<<cid<<4toupdatetheWASR-1248surv<<yWeb<<IL<<vethisisaprod<<ntstepsndcoaendtheSRConLnltistingthisupdsceIaprovidingcoanencstochemConthissubject,dst<<4Soveab<<r14,1978,weeacoarsg<<dZRCtoezpressenv(recant<<iLap<<et<<Lnternaofpotenti<<Icon<<ego<<nc<<scohuacab<<<<14,sinceforradioactiveneceri-<<Issa4i<<airingradiationthenoseLsrporrsntinpectsarethoseuiti-nstelyeffsccLnghuacahealthV>>believethar.pres<<at<<cionofen<<iroc<<ant<<ILapserinterraothamnhealthLap<<ct!oscarsabarterunderstand(ngoftheradiationprot<<<<cionafford<<4chepublicAsecondnsjorcoaceraofZyA4<<slswiththe4ischsrgesn4dispersalofloaglivedradio<<<<elide<<tacothegeneralenv(rona<<at.Iatheareas<<4dress<<dLnVASE-IZAS,therearesever<<Icasesinwhichradioectiveass<<rial<<oi'ongpersistencearereleasedintotheenviron nant.Iheresulcing<<one<<>(oaa<<esaayent<<adoveraanygee<<rationsan4cacscitatairreversibleyublichealth<<omkznants.Ibislongterapoteazialknpcctshouldbeconsider<<4iaanyass<<sea<<atoahealthLayactZPAhascoasistentlytoun4Load<<>ysatotheSZC'sastinatesofpopulationdosestorchosepersisceatrsdLoactbenet<<rial<<Zaparticular>theERChasgenerallyliaitedtheiranalysescothepopu-latioavithia50okla<<otafacility,oriatarscases,tocheD.Spopulationandcodoses<<oaakttodfora50y<<arperio4byaaaaaualrelease.ThoseLknktatkonsprodu<<ekn<<<<apl<<toestknatasofaariron-saatalkapactsaa4voder<<szkaazotheLap<<etiasoaecases,suchastzoareleasesottrick>ss>krypton85>carbon14>t<<chaotkM9andiodine-129ThetotaLkapactofthesepersistentradioouclkdasihouldbeus<<so<<d,>psakktykagsuch<<<<tinct<<<<uappropriatetoreflecttheuacertakntku.Zathisregard,veaotetheet5<<Nu<<L<<arEnergyAgencyisadd<<<<<<slagthLsapproachiaa<<bingasses<<nantsaadthatthdSRCisrept<<seat<<4inthiseffort.Anocheraajor<<on<<id<<rationiaupdatingWASR-1248isthohealthkapa<<tfrasradon222tr<<asheuranianaiakagandaillkagindustry.Esci-aaccscadebyZPAsnoagotherskndk<<atethatradon-222contributesthepeat<<stfra<<tkoaofthetotalhealthLnpaccfzoasssckoaryovorgener<<cion~ZnpreparingaaupdatedWASR1248>veb<<LL<<vcERCshou14aIncludetheradoa-222<<ontrkbutkoaCreaboththeuzaaiunnkn-iagcadakkkkngindustries5,Dot<<rainethehealthiayacttoLarg<<rpopulationsthanoaly<<5<<localpopulation.c,Re<<ognkaathepes'sist<<atnatureotthezadoa222pre<<ursozs(~>2$0an4Ra-228)byestkaatkagthehealthknyectforaperiodr<<Clccckagoak<<i~aerationtbas.Ri5~<<1Waste'NsnsanentIhecechak>ps<<aandyzo<<<<dure<<usedtoasaagehighlevelradioactivevast<<avillhaveaaiayactoatheenrico>nant.Toacettaia<<at<<ac,theseknpactscanbedkte<<clyrelatedtotheindkvidusLprof<<<<tsbecauseCS<<reprocessingotspentfueltr>saeachaevfacilityvillcontributetothececalvast<<ThoAEC>oaSept<<aber10>1974>iuuedCoz<<<<>nantadraftst<<tauntentitled"TheNsaag<<nantofCo<<>sar<<i<<1Rkgh1<<velcndTzsasuzaak~tsaknatadRadkoactbe'Waste"(WASR-15$9),Inthisregard,ZPApzoridedcnteasive<<os>seatsoaWASR1559oaEar<<aber21,1974.Oura<<$<<r<<rick<<isavastheethodrafcstate-snntLa<<bad~psogrsaforarrivingacaeacL<<factoryae<<5<<4of"ultisate"highlevelvestadisposal,DOEbaaedadraftELS,San<<ScoutofCow<<r<<kakkyC<<oerstedRadio~ctiveWaste,"daringAprilot1979ZPAks<<onductingacoaprehea-~berevL<<vofchisEZS,aadvillsub>sitcoca<<atetoDOEupon<<onylczionofshercrievEPAbcooperatiagrichbothmCaa4DOEtod<<velopaaenrkronoeatallyacceptableprograaforradioactLvevast<<snnag<<neat.Lat5ksregard>EPAhaspublishedproposed<<arizona<<at<<1radiac(onprotectioacriteriaCorthaaanagcaeatofallradioactivevast<<aadvillestablishaavk-rocaeataLrsdiatioaprot<<ctioastandardsforhighlevelvast<<in1979Wehaveconclud<<4theethecontinued4<<v<<lope<<atottheNation'snuclearpowrindustryisacceycabl~franaaeavirocnantalpointduringtheperio4requiredcosatisfactorilyresolvethevast<<aanageaeat>(<<<<scion.TrsasooztatiooZaitsearlierreek<<vsoft5<<cavkromnt<<Lkupa<<ts<<Ctransportationofradioactbeass<<rial,EPAagz<<<<4vithAEC<<5ataaayaspectsoft5ispzogzsa<<ouldbestbetrutedoaagenericbasks.TheSRChascodk-tiedthisgenericsyproach(40FR,100$)byaddingatabletoktsregulations(10CFRPart51)vhichs>us<<risestheenvkrocaantakLap<<<<toresultiagfrcathetraasporcatioaotradioactiveasterisksco~ndtrnalight~terreactorsTbeknpactraineforroutinetraasporcat(oaoCradioacciveaaterialshube<<asecacal<<v<<Lvhich<<overs90porc<<atotthezeactozscuzrcntlyoperatingorund<<rcon<<auctionThebasistorchcknpa<<t>orrisk,ottracsyortacionac<<id<<ntsksaotasclearlydefined.Acyrescat,EPA>DOEaadSRCareeachact<<optingtonazetuLIyasses<<thersdkologi<<aliapactottraasportatioarksbs.TheEPAvillnakebaconitsrlevsoaanyenvkrocnentalkyuna<<capt<<5k~coaditioasrelacedcocranspsrtatioa.Oathebasbotpro<<oneknfoznatkoa,EPAbelievestheethereLsaouaduerkstottransportationaccidentsasso<<iat<<dvishsheSSES~TbeERChaspublishedaproposedrul<<askingoCDe<<osssksskoakngCri-\>*>l>d>>~>>ll>1978EPA<<omaentsvereseattoSRConJuly5,1978,d<<slingvkth<<5<<d<<c<<essks~konkogisaac<<aIns>snsary>vebelievethatoneofcbonosekayo<<tantissueknthe4<<<<<<sssksskonkagotnuclearfacilitieskst5<<devel<<pa<<acotscaadards torrsdiseloacryo<<oreIfnfcstornctcrials,fs<<fiftiessn4sitescobereleasedforunrestricteduse,Wehc>>iacludcdchedevel<<poco<<of~uchstsadsrdscnoogourylcnnedpsojeccs.Theatrevillretufsecthor<<ughstu4yeoprovidethenc<<em<<cryhfonsathn,in<<lu4ingc<<esc-affectfv<<nessanalysistozvariousLevelsotde<<on<<ash<<Cion.Thcdcvalopocncotccsodcrdsfor4<<<<onsissbningouse~of<<our<<ofLn<<I<<4<<coaslderacionoftheaanyconcurs<<atactivitiesinrsdfocctLvevestasnaegcasatcn4radlologi<<slproc<<<<tbngp4hssd<<<<elopedpropos<<4CriterbforRadios<<cLvewastefosa<<nag<<nantofsllrsdfos<<cisevs<<teevhhhvillprovideguidanceforde<<osaisshnfngstandardsyraethed<<co<<saissioningvievprobablytheoustLap<<resetcriterionisthatlinitiagrelianceoohstftutbnclcoact<<iscoatfnitaperiod.RPJbelievesthattheuseofLasticutioaslcoatroLtoprotectchcp<<bif<<trasretirednuclearfc<<LILCL<<s,untilthey<<cnbedecant<<uf-o<<cadsa44<<co<<aissioned,shooldbeIhftedcccheaostco100yearscn4psefessblylessthan50years~Thisinclu4<<sea<<I<<srreactors~hutdovnsndos<<hall<<4oscut<<abedforaperiodottineunderpro-tecti>>storage4ftsrtheciiovabieLnseitutbnsl<<srcyerio4isov<<r,thesic<<villhavetoacctr<<4iosccfveprotectionlevels<<ac<<b-ibbedforCalcu<<torunrestricteduse.Web<<IL<<vcgyvesproposed<<thesisvouldb<<4isecelycpplf<<able,sscbov<<,co4<<coaabsiooingofsn<<I<<crfs<<ilLcfcscadshouldbegi>>aserious<<onsiderstfonbytheSuc'I<<srRsgulacosyCoon(scion(ÃRC).Thesvellsbilicyotcd<<pc<<tofundsMnthccfaccodeco<<abel<<aarrivesbalsooostLap<<stan<<ILcsbou14beth<<re<<possibilityoftheRRCCoassurethatsuchpro<<i<<Laoscresade.W<<re<<ognbethegeeseco<<pi<<attyotprovidingfundsforsuchc<<tfvftfesatseascheinchefuture,petti<<ulsrlyvh<<reutflief<<acrcLovel>>d4uetothecontrolsLopes<<4byScscccndlocalutLlity<<o<<ate<<fons.Sou<<versifLtcsnbetlzalyest<<bibbedchar.Chetotalcostofdc<<oaxbsfoohghcurrent4ollsrsbeverysacl'Itrs<<thnofhftfilcsphsl<<osu,provisioaot<<s<<zovfundingneynotbcnccuuzy.Therefore,vsurgecheBRCtoconducetheoe<<csurystodiessndca<<<<sac<<atetodetcznheun<<gat-v<<<<siiyAecostsotdecoaeL<<cbeing'sn4to<<asperasechcostscoLofti<<Icspical<<oscsZcLsonlythroughedefhielvecnslysb,cndperhapsthroughrcalbci<<dcsooscrsefon,chatthisbsuc<<cobescsolvedoDisc<<tRadiationpronDier<<n16Thecase<<as<<atotthedire<<r.radiationfzooth<<nitzog<<n16isnoc4b<<assedinsutficiencdetailco<<11<<vaesningfolhccryretccbn(seepays416to4-21).porcasopb,hisstatedchatthecyplicsnc<<slculcteda4hectrs4isciondoseof27vr<<nip<<srpsrunitsc0.55bnsouthofthepl<<acItisalsoseatedtheeWont<<Carlote<<hnfeucs>>reusedco<<clculcrcdfzc<<crsdiccioo<<ndshyshhedoseratesoatheorderof20orealyesrperunityatatypksl~it<<boundarydfsesn<<eof0.6bnttastheturbhcbufldhgItisnocsdthatthedizeccradiaciondoseisnoelistedonTables4.9aul4.10,chatthereareresi-dencesct610ncn4156ntrnathcplane,endtheetheSgsc<<tosvichtberesides<<cct610nalsohesagardenan4acscanhsist644nThesebc<<ore<<ould<<<<evetoosnfnixedoseshthesesectorscndcher<<toresbIdbnorefullydfs~s<<4inchetinilRIS.WealthRfstConversioupe<<tossThehealthrisk<<<<user<<LeofscC<<rslistedoapage42ysypesrIovcndareio<<on<<bc<<acvfththafs<<toreusedhtheCcneri<<RISonUzanf<<aMfllhg(SCRtCr0511).Thesevaluesshouldbeoaf<<<<os<<be<<atvlchthosus<<4hacegm511.Coon<<ategelatintoWsccrslitvPeg<<212,Eigure2.3yfger<<23depictstheWaterUseDiegranforSusquehannaDaft<<Icn42)bove>>r,avatesbalance<<annotbe<<elculstedfornsnyoftheunitpro<<<<secsshoveoaChedbgrasduetolnsufficiencLnfornctfon.yor~ssnpI<<,icbhpossibletodecezninetheask<<upofthevest<<creat-ocnCdischargesincetheflovratesof.thedhhersifzeren4rsvvstcrtrecesantpl<<acdlschsrguareoochdicatcd.porpurposesof<<Icrftyendfutureyesnfttfng,areviseddbgrasshouldbesubnitt<<4vbf<<hclearlyshoveell4bchargepohtssndhclodcsacoaplcccvscerbalance.Thistee<<en<<at<<chas<<<<ouldalsobebccterucilbcdlfLtvereLn<<ludedinSectLon3<<24eneitlcdChcnl<<<<1,Ssnhsry,cndOtherWest<<Treeca<<nt.yet<<graph2.34relatesehsctheSusquehannacethepl<<ncsiteacesvse<<rqualitystan!cedeforcllpara<<<<tersexc<<yciron.In4<<scribingthedb<<berg<<,onpages4.4sndthepagesfoll<<vine,theiapresshnLsgivenchatthedischargevtlldcgr<<4<<eheriverbeyon4vatesqualityIfnftsforseveral<<ontanfnsncs.Table4-3shovecher.thechlorideioobcstrcordhsrflyhLgh.ThequantityofCheLonLsnoc.thensjor<<one<<rabuticsoccur<<b,particularlyebenyouconsiderthestol<<bias<<tryotthcvariousLonetheecseonthelbcoftheState'vsccrqoalftyper<<net<<re,choseachinguytheeffIn<<acofchcplcnccn4choseLonesnd<<<<op<<undenocLn<<iud<<4butnsybeysesencintheliceofvates@<siltyp<<rsn<<ters.tedIpo Pig<<re2-3doesoocclearlyillustraccvhetherthc.savageere<<exeatpleateff>luaacfsdis<<bargedintotheSusquehannaRiwr.Thepleatisaocdes<<ribedinsufffcfcacdetailTbelackoCdesignorop<<reef<<ass>dedocsaocgivetheae<<<<sueysssuraa<<etheeicvilloperateefff<<fenclyat.1/Scape<<ityvlthoucadversefapa<<tsupoacheriver.ManytreatnaacsysecastaLL>d>cntheyareaocoyeratedac<<spacicy.tale2-17,Table2.8TabL<<2.8LisesspecificVatarQualityCriteriaapplf<<ablecote<<alcoliCoas,totaLiron,as<<ganesa,dissolvedoxygen>pR,aadcecal4fisolvedsolidsbur.hasaotincludedeheapplfcablc<<rfteriafortaspsracure.Spc<<fff<<t<<sparse<<recriteriatoraoae03.010>Northgran<<hSus>luchannaRiver>crcufollovs>0Rotarechana5<<priseabovesnbfcaccusp<<rat<<reoranaxfauxot87<
vhf<<haverisLe>elnoctobe<<hangedbyaorsthea2<<Pduringaayoaehoarperiod.ThfsfaforaatfoacaabcfoundinPeansylvania'sVaccrQual.tyCrlecrfa>PsonsylvaafaCode,Titl~25,PartI,EnvfroaxcattlRe>our<<cs>Chapter9S,VstcrQualityCrfterfaAve<<dadSap<<saber16,1976;Effective0<<caberll,1976.3Page3-3,.32.2.2Sc<<cion3.2.2.2dcs<<ribestheiatakestra<<tarevhi<<h,villbccnploye4atChcpleatA<<<<nyarfsoao!thisintakeandiatakedufgnsLLLus-cratcdinZPADo<<uncut660/2-73<16RevicvlngnvfrooaeotalZaoaceStatceeaespowrplantCo<<lanCyst<<usEoinsert<<Ase<<tsshowthe~slgaothepaacsacaxeasgeneralyun>actsa<<tory.>hedo<<u-ncutstateschactravellingscreensvith<<oacfauous-aovesaatarcprafurredeothosevfthfntcrafttcataovcaantZaad4itfoa,ftfsre<<o>a-ccededchatscatioaaryl<<uvcrstorfishbypassor<<oLle<<cfoaaadrcs>ovalta<<ilitfesshouldbeprovid<<4fathe$<<rceavcLL.ThesecvoaodftfcacfoascotheproposediatakcstructureacSSZSshouldbs<<oasidercdfacheffn<<Ldcsfga,esp<<<<iallyinlightofchcSRCstaCC'scon<<erao!adversea!is<<catotheaqsacf<<<<o>csunftyvichfathefs>udfatevf<<laityoftheviagvali'nda>so<<fatedrip-rap.ItshouldalsobenoccdthatSe<<tfoa316(b)oftheCleanVaterAccof1977rs>p>freechelo<<a<<foedesign<<<<astra<<tfoasnd<<ayacfcyof<<oolfagvatsrfatakescruccurcsre!le<<tSescAvailableTe<<ha<<logyforainfnfafagadverseeavfroaaeatalfaye<<ebyJulyI>1984.TableS-Irv>eelstheeChaaveragecasuali<<caketrnathetivcrcr-<<eedstheaaxinunaoachlyintake.Thesefiguresareconf<<cfogaad~houl4beclarified.4.Page38,Section3.2.4,1Tbcfirstparagraphof$<<ctfoa3.2.4.L,ZadustrfalVastas,statesthatsulturf<<a<<f4addedcothc<<freulatfagvacarsysc<<afstheacjoesour<<eotfadustrfaL<<bcafcaLvestaa<<4otyoteatialfaye<<tcothe.a>L<<atf<<cnvfronnsat.Thissectiondoesaotdfi<<ass>4>ateau<<resorerect>>eattheapplf<<aathas<<aployedcoelfain<<Caorafafnfeethis:inya<<tThissectionah<<aidbcexpandedtoaddressthispoint.Thesc<<oadparagraph<<CChicse<<tfoasesCesChatvas'CssfroaravvatarCreen>cuevillbedis<<bargedvfthrooC4rains,et<<.cotheholdupyondfatbeparkingloc.Rofadfcstioaisnade,hovcver,ifaayadditionaltreaeaeacvillCakeplacefaChicpoadIfso>aayproposedtree<<scatshouldbeoutlined.Zfaot,Cheapplf<<snevfILnoselikelyhaveto<<leanouttheyondasaresultoCchebuildayofseep><<dadsolidsZa.thiscase,thedfsyosaLoCthesesolidssboul4bsaddressed5.Page46,Section4.3.4Sc<<cfoa4>3>4>ZFAgffluancCold<<linesaadLfnftacfoasstatesthesta-tionshalla<<hicveefflusnclfaitacf<<nsre>y>frfagtheapplf<<atioaofSPTCAa<<<<ordfagcoP.L92-500'tshouldalsobcaote4chatan<<adsnacstothislsv(CleanVatcrA<<tof1977,P.l95-217)villre>y>frethestationtoa<<hfcveef!LucaeLfnftatfoasvhf<<hra>y>frethefastall-acfoaotgestConventionalTe<<baologyaolaterthanJulyI,19841gcscAvailableTe<<ha<<logytoraoa-<<oavcatfoaaLpollutaatsbyJulyI,1984orthreeyearsafterlinita'Clonearcucabffshcd>vhi<<hevu'rfs1'ar>buc.neverlaterthanJuly1,L987laadgestAvailableTe<<haoLogytorthose129toxf<<pollutantsvhf<<happearedac43PederalRegiscer410SaolatertheaJuly1,1984,uayplf<<able.6Page~Zcfs>y>astfoaableastothepractlcsbLlftyofrcfacroducingsha4eotherive.Duccothe>n>aberotdansbetvceaCoaovingoaadch<<gusca<<hannaSt<<catlc<<ericsita,itdoesaocappearcbccthisaaadroaousfishcouldsur>ive.The<<ost<<CgettiagCheafgratfngfishoverthedanswuldbeexorbftaataa44lfff<<ultcojustify. cUNITEDSTATESENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONAGENCYREGIONllld>>>ANDWALNUTSTREETSPNILAOCLPNIA.PENNSYLVANIA19105MAY30~caDirector,DivisionofSiteSafccy6Eavf~talAaalysisAtcalPw.5~SiaghSalvaOfficeofHuclearReactor'cgulatioaU.S.HuclesrReyalatoryConnissfcnVashington,D.C.20SSS
DearHr.Rajva>ThankyouforgrantingusashortaxteasioaontbedeadliaeEorsub-nirtingc<rzxatsontheDrafcSupplencntrotheDraftEISrelatc4tooperationofSSES,
Dbfts1and2,specificallythePoadHillCreekReservoir.OurcoaocatsareattachedandifaayquestioasariseinrelaciontothenpleasecontaccusonPTS597-2188.Sincerelyyours,RobertS.DavisAttacILeatl<<lovsreco>s>catsonDrafcSupplcacacEISSSESforchepondHillReservoirpunpcdstorageCacility.UcbelieveaaER2ratingisjustifiedrelativetothisdocuncac.Pleasefiedattachedacopyofooray>tenCorconsentingonEIS's,TheERstaodsCorEnvironsentalReservationsandthe2indicateslasufficleatInfornatioa.Infmnatioaregardingfloodsaadfloodiagissparse.Iiaddition,thcnapoapage2-7docsaocadequatelydepictthePoadHillCreekfloodplaiaaortheSasqushaaaaRiverPloodplain.Hodoubtsoaechangesvilltakeplaceintheseareasasaresultoftheprojeccandsuchchangesshouldbcaddressed.Withregardtofloodiag,ourinfornatioadoesaotagreevitheicberthe~pplicsnt'sorthcIIC's.Calcalatioasbasedupoathenaxfn>sastoneofreseatyears,i.~.hurricanesAgaes>iadicatesa686>ssprecipitatioaeveat.Itisourbeliefchatthisfnpouadaeatvouldbecoppediasucha>toraaad,dcpeadiagupondcncoastructioa,nayvashoutsndcoapouadt'edovnstrea>~dsnagcsduetofloodiag.Iaaddition,thoroughiafornatioashouldbepreseatedregardiagother~CCectsofstoresoflesserintensitysothat~coupletecaalysiscaabenade.ThcfloodingInpactpotentialsasvaliastbefloodplaineffectsnayiathenselvcsiadicatethattheInpoundnentshouldaotbebuiltlhovcvcr,oaeotherpointshouldbenorethoroughlypresented.Thisisthefrequency~aalyslsoflovClovechatvopldiaterrupttheoperationofthepoversta-cion.Iathiscontext>theusaofsuchterniooiogyas".~.iasonsyeats,~,an4"...requireseveralshutdovns.~,IstooIaspeciTteforade-quateevaluatioa.Theress~oneoraotusingthcriverfollovalternative,thea,baseduponinfo>nationherc>areinadequate,Aroundthesad4lefrauthe"topoCtheridge"vhereadikeistobeplace4issaochsrsaddle.Thissecondsaddleappearscobevithiathesanecoatourlinesascbe"saddle"tobedikedyctaoneationissadoeitherofitspoteatialasca"accidental"spillvayiatinesOCseverefloodiagorofthenecessityofadikeiathiscrea<Rc.Cig.3.2,p3-3)Purthcrvore>nonentionissadeoftheseverefloodingpoteatialassociatedvitbtheLilyLater~verylovsaddlebetveeathesetvositesiadicstasapossiblespilloverintoPoodRuavs'tetchedduringseverestot!speriods>The4iscussioasonvildliferesourcesisacceptable>butshovesonsdefl-cicnciesvithregardtopcriodiclciesexhibitedbysc>><<iaI>sale.Porexsn-ple>itisstatedvithfarcoonuchassurancethatthecascaracottontailisofvisorfnportance.Hovevcr>thissainaliscurrentlynearoratthelovpointiaitssevenyearcycle.(p2ll),Asthccottoncallisansjorcoa-poaeatoCtheEoodvsbfurtherdecreasesiaitspopulationnaybesignifi-cant~Tbeopcracionalparsnctarsdiscussedoapages3-4and4104llfailtodes-cribeadsquacelythefrequeacyofiatakcsaadreleasesaadchaircffcctsoathereservoiritselfandupontheSusquehannaRiver.Por<<xanple,this zzrIISctIISIIJLJCT105$Iztsats'aztzvIznaazIIQPIIAStzffszATICSlzfR7TALlansISIIIKTIOSotcaeuatscsItzaatJCTIezsreservoirssyhavesultipleusescnongtheabeingtecrestionThevorstpossibleeas~shouldbsdescribedvhcnthclevelisdroppedtosncztrasecheresuchactivitiesatecurtailed.ACSO,duringtheselovlevelschatvilltheeffectsbeuponthagusfuohannastthepointvherereducedflorainthotheraresugacntedbythesaintensneefrosthcressrvoirfDuringlovflovperiods,vhcnthereservoirintakecannotbeused,ondthcriveraustbeaugncntcdbyfloveftosthcCnpoundncntIvillcvaporstCvelossesbssjgnC!CcantjEvaporativelossesduringhotvutherarelarge.TheselossescoupledvithdravdovnsayindicateashorterusefulstoragecapacitythanisindicatedinthedocuscutZasua,thissupplcncntarydocussntdoesnotadequatelydiscasealternstirescssuresotherthaIprovidingflovefrastherireritselforotherreservoCrs,Alternative~Ctestoth<<onepresentedheraaregivenonlycursoryattentioa.UnderthcnevCZQguidelines,suchdocusentsssthisaresupposedtodescribethoCCCCSConsshingprocesssndnotsorelyrepresentthesootfarorableagusentsforchoosingthCSalternstivo.ElrtzoTJOSCSIIrooctoftIoActialIOLackofCbjoctionsSPAhssnoob'joctionstothoptopssodectionssCosct1bodintheCzaftinpoctststenontorsucfostsoalysinorchucosintho'propoudacticuXntnritonaontslReservationsZPAhssreservationsconcetninothoonvtzonaontaleffectsofce~aspectsofthoproposo4action.ZSAbelievesM~t.Sztbetstudyofsucsostedalternativesorsodificstisuisrecujcdondhssaskedthooriflastingyocozsl<<fancytozeusossthosiaspects.su-fnvtzcnsutaDyCautlsfsetozySSAbelievesthatthepzoposo4actioa1$unsstisfsctoxybecauseofitspotcnciallyhsznfuloffsetontheenvtzcu-ssnt.yuzthotnote,theAfoneybelievesthstthopotential~sf<<fssrdsvbichnicheboutilizedssynotsdotestelypro-tecttheenvironaontfroshazardsuisincfrasthisactionTheAconcy'roeosaondsthatalternativestotheactiIuIbeonolyzc4further(inclu41SCtbcpos$1bilityofnoactionatall1oftboInesctStotosoatCatstury1AC<<faataThoCraftispsctststesontaeoeustelysotsforththcenvizonsontaIinpoctofthepzoposo4projectorsctiuassveilualternativesreuensblyavs1lsbletotheprojeccetactioncatosozyIInsufIisiontcnfoznatconzsAbelievesthatthoCraftinpcctststosontdoesnotcontainsufficientiaferastiontoauoufullythourizennentslispsetoftheproposedprojectoriction.Eoveroz,fzastheiaforsotioasubaittod.theAconcyisabletosokeaprslininaryCetetninotionofthoiapsetentheonviroassat.SSAbsszoqeostodthatthooricinstorpzoridotha1nfozsstionthscvasnotlnclc4o4inWCtaftstatossntfpAbelievesthattbo4zoftinpsetstatossatCoosnotsdoqcotelyossossthoonvironnontaliapoetofthepro-posedprojectoroerion.orthatthsststoaoetInseoeeotolyualyzestossoasblyavsiloblooltornstivos..heAceneyhssz<<pIostedsoreInfoznstionsaianalysiseoncerni<<Ithepotentialenvirouontslhszudsan4hussko4thatsubrstsntislrevisionbesadetothedraftststossntIfadraftinpoctststesentisusicsod~cstosozyS,~jnarDynotstincvillbsnodeoftheprojectotaction~~inesabasisdocsnotfourallyexistonvnichtoaskssackaCotozsinstionrleuteII~no'siricstlonOfSPA'sClsssificstlaiofCosaeata~sfefofI FEDERALENEROYRECUCATORYCOMMlsslawWAxw<<<ave<<.O.C.Ca<ReInReplyReferTo:DEPRESSCooperativeStudiesOraf.SupplanttaDEISSusquehannaStean-EfcctrfcStationUnitsIand2OarrclG.Dscnhut,DirectorDarrelG.Ktsenhut,OfrectarOfvfstanofLicensfngHuclearRegulatoryCarr<tssionHashtngcan,O.C.20555
DearHr.Etscnhut:
Thislstnresponsetoycurrecentrequestforcarrentsonthedraftsupplcaenttothedraftenvfro<ncntaff-pactstate.-antfortheSusquehannaSteaa-Klcctrfcstation(ssEs)UnitsIand2,Pennsylvania.ThedraftsupplantaddrcsscsthcsubjectoflowflowaugaentattonrequiredtosupplywatertotheSusquehannaRtvertoreplacewatercansmpcfvelyusedbytheSSKSduringperiodsofverylowstreanflcw.Thcaveragecons<~tiveuseattheSSKSwouldbeabout1.4cubicnetcrSPersecondorapproxiaately6percentofthcsevenconsecutiveday,10-yearfrequencylawflowoi'2.7cubfcnccerspetsecondattheHtlkes-Barregage.1'henthedischargeatthegageisbelcwthislevel,Pennsylvanialawprahtbtcswaterwfchdrawalsfrc<athcriver.ThtswouldresultlnSSESbeingshutdownfarthedurationofthcstrcanflcwdeffcfency.Theapplicants,Pennsylvania?owerandLightCaxpanyandthcAlleghenyOectrfcCcopcratlve,Inc.,havestudiedtwoalternatfvesforprovidinglcwflc>>auycntacfcn-cne,anewsfngIc-purposerescrvofrandanother,whfchwouldutilizestoragefrcaanexistingrcscrvolr.Anotheroptionwouldbetoriverfallow'racceptandaccccradacethecccastcnalshutdownsnecessaryduringlcwstrcanflaw.Theapplicantshaverecccrendedconstructlanofthe?andHilllowflowau~ntattanreservoir.Theprcposedsingle-pumsereservoirwouldbC1CCatedOnaheadwatertributarytatheSuSCuehannaRtVer,WithlnSuffiCfentnaturalStreanflaWfarttSfntendCdPurvOSe;CanSequently,P<Pingenergyccountingtoabout2,417~awatt-hourspcryearwouldberequiredtaoatntafnltSrequiredfnflaw.Thisfsequivalenttotheacauntafelectricitythatcauldbegeneratedfranusingchan4,000barrelsofofl.T<herepor.'ccagntzesthatthecaseccan<xxtcalternativetoaugaantlcwflcwswouldbetheaadtffedoperationofancx!stfngupstreaareservoir.However<>>ebelievethatthedraftsupplantdidnatadequatelyexplorethatcppar.untty,whfchappearstauscobeCLcestpractfcataltcrnatlve.TheprfoaryproJec.ccnstderedtsthcU.S.ArmyCorpsofEngineers'awanesqucproject,presentlyunderconstructionandscheduledforcoaptationtnJunc1981.ThcreportstatesthattheCorpsofEngtneerspointedoutuncertalnt1esregardingtheavaf)abtlttyofstorageduetotheneedforCongressionalapprovalforreallo-cationofstaragecapactty,andaccordingtatheSusquehannaRiverBasinCoa-<etsstan,theCawanesqueprojectcannotbeconsideredasatfnclyalternattve.TherepartfnpltesthatChePondHillprojectcouldbedcsfgned,constructed,andplacedtnopcrattonfnlessttaeChanthcCongresscauldeffcc.changestntheCcwanesqueprojcc.cperattons.VequcsCtonChfstopffcatton.AccordfngtotheCorpsofEngineers,thepreconstructionplanningoftheCowancsqueprojectincludedapproxtatcly31,000acre-feet'fstoragefarwatersupplybutftwasnotincludedasaprojectpurposeduetolackoflocalsupportatthettoe.However,>>ehavebeentnfo~dbytheCorpsthatadctafledS600,000plusstudylscurrentlyunderwayCodeterxfncheavailabilityofstoragelntheCowanesqueprojcc.forsupplynake-upwaterfartheSusquehannaStean-ElectrfcStation.Th1sextensivestudy,initiatedfnHarch1979,fsscheduledfarcaopletfontncarly1552.BasedonourreviewofthedrafsuppIcaentreortandcansultattonwtththeCorpsofKngfncers,ftappearsthattheuseoftheCawanesqueproJect,nawundercanstruc.ton,insteadofthcproposedPandHillprojectwould:saveanequivalentof4,00Dbarrelsofoilannually,avotdthecnvfror,centalcffccCsnor=allyassociatedwithdaRCOnttruC:lon,eltatnatcpossibleobjectionsfrc<cIccalresidentsorproper.'yowners,increasebcnefftstorecreationandfishandwildliferesourcesduringlowflowccndftfans,andperhapsprovidehclcwflowregulatfonsoonerthanPondHill.Therefore,ltappearstobetnboththeratepayers'ndtaxpayers'ntereststofrcludestorage<ncheCorpsafKnglneers'roject(underccnstructlan)ratherthanbuildancwreservoir.Sincerely,OfficeofElectricPowerPeguiattan TbonasB.ZalliganFO+Box5Soranton.Pa.18501August18,1979DirectorDivSitesafet?4EnvirocnentalAnal?sisU.S:BuclearRegulator?CcnnissiohVashington,D,C.20555
DearD2rector:
Reference-DraftBnvircnnentalStatenentBUBm-0564,A'une,1979Relate4totbeoperationoftheBer>>ickAtonioPo>>erPlant(SusquehannaUnitsI42)BRCDocketBos.50-587/588Thefolio>>ingcoaentsaresubnittedonbehalfoftheCit'secsAcainstBuclearDangers,Ber>>ick,Penna?lvauia,intervenersbeforetbeBRCAtonicSafet?andidcensingBoardintheaboveproceedings.TheAyplicants,>>hoareresponsiblefortbepreparationoftheDraftRnrironnentalStatenent(DAS),havefailedtosatisfycertainrequirenentsoftheRationaluvirounentaiPolio?Act(~)an4thereb?p2scein)eoyard?thevaI242tFoftbeDBSinitspresentfern.heAyplicantsereattenytingtocirawentBBPAbeyiecenealingtheirassessnentoftheBer>>ickatonicplant'soverallinyactonthebc=anenvircnnent.TheAyylicsntsarepreparingaseparateDBSfortbeso-calledPondHillFlo>>AugneutationPeservoir,>>hichisatransparentattenyttocircunventB&A.ThesubnissionofaseparateHbFAlleghen?BlectriconsectionsofheWtrsnsnissicnlinesfronBer>>ickisanotherexsnyleofyieceneaiing.TheApplicants>>211kno>>doubt,atsaneIatterda~,prepareotherIL5's,yiecensal'ngsuchintegralprospectsastbeursniunfuelc?cle,am-a:~t:,a<<m'.XSaattlta.-1t.=a*or(?P'(U'7908o30/pPRecentdecisionsoftheFederalCourtshaveheldthattbeyiecenealingofanalorpro)ec4suchasBer>>icgforpurposesofenvironnentalassessnent,isnotyernissibleunderBBPA.Youareadvise4thattheDES(BURDS-0564)cannotbeconsidere4~conyrehensiveassessnentofBer>>ickunlessau4until'ttakesintoaccountthe~ulativeeffectsofallrelate4actions.Znor4ertobeacceytable,BURBS-0564nustaddresstheinyactsoftheyreZesed?Io>>AugsentationReservoirandallotherpro)acts2nextricablFlinkedtothe3er>>ickatonioyo>>erplant,but>>bichhavenotbeeninclude4intbeAyylicsnts~to4ateThesepiecenealedyro)actana?seenindividuall?Iinited,buttheyarecunulativeIFsignificant.ecenealingofa~isillegal.'ailureonthepartofthsBRCtorectifFthisfmdanentaLdefectintheDBSna?invitesIa>>suitinFederalDistriotCourttohalttheyrocessofenvironnentalrev2e>>bFtbeBRCunt21theApplicantsccnyiF>>itbBBPAasitreIatestoyiecenealingviolations.~7Corresyon4t0 PfzootorcDftfsfoeefSftaSafetyas4SoifrocccoetalfsalgsfspoofoorRogalatorpCceafssfoeWahfsstoapaZOmJetettc1gp424LpfssSt~Osoosoorcpa1W3PearDfrootorc5soaf4lfkotooooecotoathe4~oorf~statoeoeaooeootsfsrthesaoloosSoscfce4acaStooaXfoetrfsStotfoa,LascarCasatp,poosog1voofaShoboohfstgeaseatae~vetgfspsosofso,SooocerftsssotosDparaefohloi1foolthatseharefa?oosoplvaafaal~bocatoosergseoloorpoemploeti,eoatafhcctfsCaorsaetmaoraffoootfr~tothoafraeLtheSoscpcohosearfrorthroathccoceafepozaLfooe1stoleoooeLLesa~lfhsft'ebocasaf4thatasy4ooeo!ndLattmfsaeovozocoe,se1~'tsoohoethfsceepfacctoff'oemScatoaspthfsgtocerhealthcs4safctrborefaPoaaoplvaafaJgsoooeofforfsgthoSootthat~~XCasoCcseehasaeffaalylaaeforseato4fspoealI4oa'tfoalthatthecseofteaooceefatfoeotthosesastoesfflbebcaeffofaltothsrooffoatsoCmrstate~Istroogpg4faayytooethefsoooeoeoCoogIfooaceto~te~Ssetechooshyfastaotflpaahavoc~sarto4fspooethevesteesafopp~opmatothaplashsfthoato44fagsereloeZooolro4foootfsf~te~oeof~~begg>>throaah~opoo4satsteffoethattheoffsetsetloefocalsa4fatfoeoeftto4freethopfostocmthe~to40Searlffeepact~flanseabacoctbepablfeR<'.R;~QuW~~Hullo~c-"<+c~4~<wc))P-8-7QS;p),~c,a~ai~gCS(M5gccpcc~Cr('<c~4~~~p.~qv+o~+~9r~VPf.,~a~~~fhC4.c.W:c.S~+~a.4QcL~~L.~pqMclgAVCkQ,acY-47l%+<'iQPlaul<4~~4~MOlumcnacc.c'c4Srea,p~+4,~%9COol&t~gOj+t~'~et~~~oLV4-+4MqL+a,gas<~W,~~~gg~$00~Q.2C.g5<vl5clc'iQQglLL,'~L.PtVltkm55JQM4.M~GQ'Of()i~/o(+~o~aAa4:1pc9tlicc7~+Ccy+14L~~Lac.~P;chX'at~~~PlIl+'4Xw~+NSQQSLMQc.cc4PpL
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,'r4s~C4~ii~g4->4m.pe.c~ri~eLV.S4'ipNo.s,cwmc.+Lama,y>II+wu.c<vm~ch'Lo~-+~cv,~)~g~~~<ac'+~~~n,Ogg,Qfe~fan)~;W~a~mQe~~<>.z/..%~a.o~t~q'l~~y~~ci~pg~+,~i<4.cOur:~plco>~niQa~4-~+ll~<~~g~@<'t~b.~~~~~~~Cg~~svied>.a~IIQ+P~N<<s~Sbc4+h'sq4.~gC~ljIg~~~+(cAsoi~u~kiJ,~N-oz4~gk(~~(Ci.<K0PC.~WsdLR.C'a4'~+l~wct5O.V~EP~1>lie'g~g(~<gmsa.w~W5m++~f('eye+ala.~+-S'/gal.Qg~.LL;5,SIau+,"s!<.v+.T4e.ssea+<ve>>~l<yass~sscJ,<~~+H~s:~~:<'~-~cr-~~4-i;~q<u<~vsw~~mr~~~~qy~g;~.i:~ce.la.S'~~a~(g~pQ'L+S~+~~5S~Cig(~voPc~~~Mt~K~~~+.Q.~o%4a.w~pepe:~$CCp~tS+4~$44l($4~L$+ECLATuW&<~a%gO,~J,~g/~l+~~40c~p4~i~'P~C.rW'P~~~iui~~mk.G.c.~~M44W~1~~R.A,.c.m<W(cg4l.ACI.44.$0C45+Q~~Qz.C.W~~~~gefke4~~'Qi'~qSW<P~pLC~+a.Cwi>a4ey~~mWm~c.F~~eW<4s~</<8~QQSklN~~~~Q~~ila'~)g[,"~<M')<<~~Su.c~L~ilail~.~CL<W;,s+,4;<+4lrUo-e<R~ll~$~4skQg~ggg($'Gf~~i~o~
Q.cguW444os~~o.qCLC~pWLo~'QQ.Mofhg.r.gra~pof(~2~)CA.~~+<viW.+l.<'5-t-co7<~a+LS~opqJC.ok~~a/o.NKr~~4~<-o.~+4a.tr;~paPQlhCJs~~g~+~g,5g$mLsc.9Ca~~~bcw,@i'a.sg,<+c.>io++e~MQR<rl~orfossil~.t~~~V;t.5tea.4OCaa.'L4mgS.S..Z.S.u)<~i'~~~"~~'Ca,ma~l.SVC.SKqV~roc(Oy~pa:~Hv4<g~4'qtlgoklec+~,wh"chpro4bQShej]~~u~0~Co)>/~~;gO.rct-La.C.n.a.sO'6u'as@owJl~Swch.&ceC.o~~.~~~~+~)+qCa,'L4.dVQM0SD0<<<PP~+l.-l~&to.'llcn-(ylSeS)ul.tgre.S)mS4,'AymS+lmSu4'a~~lt~ilra.g'c~g~sovvu9Lr.t'~pre.Cl.<C4CSCna.e.k.~~'2-P~l-~~~CI0AS)~.w+o.5~g5+~uyg~e.uJ.SO,+Qlq@5f~MollMili~qg,(Gd~rnau+re.@4'ioW>>q~V~~'h~:Qo.4<~g;~r~q~e-o~K~fcqui."cgh.Q~ir4.'AVCcl4[Hcgwwls+$~~55QQWL'lit~CAll'l&QS~lqQ;)july+~<C~~.WSo~&4i'TPtCillf-~~pi~4iMsh~~J.Oq~r+col'-Suhs'd<+~qm4c~~c,~c+o~t~%~l~;~~Pry~W~~C,t.Co~~R.l5eg~e.c~~~t%4%.i~AC.Sau+C.gC.ihMn~4Q+4o$lu~
803ForthStreet'geatherly<PA18255August8,1979~~~P4l4:R.<.W<<dZ<~(:<<o~.~e~~em.e<V<;<,S~y,Sc,4.+,a.~~4.WC4sa4Ny4.SC~~SAQ~LA.Qliwui>$ii~~Mf1<.MCL.POc~(S~~~~Peas,H~~~~~~~~~ht-~~k.pJ'CSdCWp4c<.+Q<sw4gj.~<sb.4L.~~W-~~A+<.cpqoc.S~A<~,.~su.<<K<Lt-'4@4".'//D<mector<Div'sionorSiteSafetyandEnvt~entalAnalysisHuclearRegulatoryC~<ssicnWashington<D.C.ZO555
Dears'ac'AwantostrcnglypretestyourM>>B'av'~entaLStatistrec~en~<gthatPennsylvaniaPower2<1'ghtCobe~e4anoneratL".glicensefcrtheBerwick,
?A.ruclea=plant.LnSection6)onviortotalUpsetof?Osculated.Accidents<+yous~atethattheenv'~entaLriskWnaCLass9acc'CentneednotbeccrsidereC,becauseheprocabil'tyoa~<oracc'Centisfa"toolow.thelowprobabUity<asyouareawareCidnotPreventtheaccidentf=.nha"p~<ga.=hreePMe~sIandcn~Pmch28inBa~sburg.<nataccifen<:broughtouttheootentiaLfcrh~andnechan'caler.orinanynuclear'?Lant<nometerhowcarefullybuilt,ardwefeelthatnooneshculdhaveoLivewith<<hefearofanotheracciCent.Meadvocatei.-.creaseduseofouroNnah+CantPennsylvaniacoal,anC-heCevelop-nentofsyntheticandsolarsourcesofenergytocc=-atourenergycr'sis.'Cehavebeenactive<ahewsletonB=anchoftheSuscuetmaA<<'ancein-otesti-gtheLicens<agof"heBe.~ch=Lan~VewiLLccnfluetovoiceou-.cones~.Znspec'cy"gboot!iers,we"'tha'-heajcri<:yo.theceo?isfnc<-a."eaa=eags'-stheopera-'onoftheplanb<ud.ess~~isconverted<'oanchersourceofeargy./ye/tulyycus<~~~~<~P..a.".4<"s.F~cldC.JeppsencoI
~~po~~PPli.4~m)~~-iQ)ca~~PP',~~opea.~.R.iL~o~~P~c~Q~~~aQPauacn)a4~,gc,~odaL~~~c~~~~l~~~cLo~~aa~w@Le~stopno~t~~c4cLuJslabsa$~rv~4'4O~~~~@we~~a~~p4veal.104DareyLaboratoryPenn.StateUniversityUniversityParkPa1680219August1979Director,DivisionofSiteSafetyandEarironnentalAnalysisU.S.NuclearRegulatoryCenaissionWashington,D.C20555Centlenen:gnclosedarenyconnentsontheDraftEnrironnentalStateaentfortheSuscuebannaSteanElebtricStationUn'ts1and2,.HUR3'564(DocketNos.50-3S7and50-38S)~PleasenotethattheinformtionpresentedishyoenandnotnecessarilythepositionofThePennsylvaniaStateUnirersity,whichaffiliationisgivenforidentificationpurposesonly.Ãyconnentsconsistofonepageofnaintext(beyondthispage)andtenpagesofappendix,~chI~dliketehaveconsideredinentiretySincerely,4n.L~Lochstet TheLongTermHealthConsequencesofSusquehannaSteamElectricStationby'lliamJLLochstetThePennsylvaniaStateUniversityeingest1979TheHuclearRegulatoryCcmmissionhasattemptedtoevaluatethehealthconsequencesofoperationoftheSusquehannaSteamElectricStation,Units1and2initsdraftenvirecmentalstatczentRKK-05@Thehealthconsequencesofra4on-222re)easesfromtheuraniumfuelchicleareestimatedforthefirst1000yearsinsectiong.5.5.Xnevaluatingtheradon-222omissionsfrcmthecoalfuelcycleinsection.8eoLoL~(itemSz7onpage8-10)>thestaffrecognisesthattheemissionscontinueforemillionsofyears"eHeithezaPProachiscorrect.Pootnote12ofHRDCv.USHRC,5t7F.2d633(1976)requiresthatthewastesbeconsideredfortheira~tiretoxiclife.Thus,theonlyproperevaluationiswithnetemporalcutoff.Suchanevaluationisattachedasanappendixtothisstatement("CommentsonHUREG-0332")ThisevaluationshowsthattheStaffhasunderestimate4thehealthconsequencesefboththecoalanduraniumfuelcycles.TheHRCapparentlyJustifiesitsallowingofhealthconsequencesbycomparisonwithbackground(P.4-'27to428)~ThisistotallyirrblevantandcontrarytoHEPTA,HEPLrequizasanevaluationofthebenefitsandallofthecostsofthePederalactionunderconsideration(Susquehanna142)~Badcgroundra4iationisnota)ustifiedfederalaction.Thetermcausedbybacbgroundcannot,'uscifyotherhara.Thisimprepercomparison'f.coststobadc~undiscontrarytethedecisioninCalvertCliffsCoo~tingCommitteev.USiv",449P.241109,%15(1971)~Theopinionsandcalculationspresentedherearemyown,andnotnecessarQythoseofThePennsylvan'aStateUniversity.ÃyaffQiationisgivenhereferidentificationpurposesonlyC~entsonHUH&-0332Dr.Hilliami.LochstetThePennsylvaniaStateUnivezsityNovember1977JInthedocumentNM-0332(Draft),theHRCestimatestheexcess-deathsper0.8gigawatt-yearelectric(GVy(e))tobmabout0.5foranallnucleareconomyandabout15to120fortheuseofcoal(Ref.1)~TheseestMesaremuchtooemailbecausethey'gnorethehealtheffectsduetotheslowreleaseofradon-222resulting.fromthedecayofradioactivecomponentsofthecoal,uraniummilltailings,andofthetailingsfromtheuraniuenrid='entprocessIf'hehealtheffectsareest~tedby'heprocedureusedbytheERG'hentheexcessdeathsareabout600,000inthenuclearcaseand.twentythousandforcoalTheestimatespresentedhereareallbasedontheproductionof0,8GHy(e)~RadonProducedbtheUraniumFuelCleTheprod~ctionof0.8GWyof'lectricitybyaDHRwQ1requireabout29metrictonsofenricheduraniumforfuseVithuraniumenrichmentplantsooeratingwitha0,24tailsassay,146metrictonsofnaturaluraniumw~berequired.IntheabsenceoftheQ~zR,117metrictonsofdepletedursuswouldbeleft,over,ViithauraniummiQwhichextracts96/of theuraniumfrontheore(Ref.2),atotalof90,0COzzetrictonsoforeisnined,containing152netMctonsofuraniun,Theuraniunzd11tailingswillcontain2.6kiho~ofthoriun230and6metrictonsofuraniun.AsPohlhaspointedoun(Ref3)thethoriuzz-'230'decaystoradiun-226,whichinturndecaystoradon<<222'hisprocessresultsinthegenerationof39x10cariesofradon-222vwithchettuescaledeternined8bythe,8x10yearhalflifeofthoriun-230'the6zzetrictonsofuraniuncontainedinthenil1tailingsdecayby'everalstepstoradon-222thruchorion-230,Thisorocessoccuzsonatimescalegovernedbythe4.5x109yearhalflifeofuraniun-238zthena5orisotopepresent(99.3g.Thetotalanountofradon-222whichvillresultfronthisdecayisS.6x10curies..The117zzetrictonsofdepleateduraniunEZuntheenrichnentprocessisalsouainlyuraniuzz-238whichalsodecays.Thedecayoftheseenrichnenttailingstesultsinatotalof1,7xlOcariesofradon<<222ThisislistedinTable1,alongwiththeotherradonyields1Ztisinstructivetocozzparethesequantitiesofactivitytotheactivityofthefissionoroductswhichresultfron-theuseofthefuelwhichtheyareassociatedwithThetotalfissionproductinventoryz'esultingfronO.SGby(e)withhalfLivesof25yearsornoreisabout10curies,Thisisnuch7lessthananyofthenumbersinTable1,Veshouldbenozecarefulwiththesetailings,Radon?roducedbytheCoalFuelCycleZten2iofAppendixAofRURBG-0332(Ref1)assunesa75)(capacityfactor,whichfoza1000Kfeplantwouldproduceonvy075GWy(e)~AcapacityfactorofSZyfwillbe.usedhere,Theproductionof0.8G'iy(e)byacoalplantoperatingat40)(efficiency,using12,000BTUpezpoundcoalwouldrequire2,5nillionshorttonsofcoal.Thisisclosetothevalueof3nilliontonssuggestedonpage9ofHUREG-0332(Ref1)Thereisgreatvariabilityintheanountofuraniuncontainedincoal.AnanalysisofcoalsanplesatoneT'FAplantreportedbytheBPA(Ref.4)indicatesarangeofaixostafactorofteninuraniuzzcontentEXsenbudandPetrow(Ref.5)reportavalueofabout1partpernillion.ArecentsurveybytheUSGSbasedonseveralhundred'san?lessuggeststhatintheUnitedStatescoalcontainsanaverageof1.Spartpernillionofuranizuz(Ref6)~Bothvaluesof1.0and1,8p?czwQZbeusedhereThus25ullliontonsofcoalwillcontainthousandbetween23and4,lgkilogzausofuraniunUsingtheassunptionofHURBG-0332(Ref,1)thatthereis99)(zarticulatercoovalErozzplanteaissions,1Cofthisuraniuzzwillbe:dispersedintotheairandtherenaindercartedawayasashesforlandburialTable1indicatesthatwith10ppucoaltheuraniunintheresultingashwilldecaytoatotalof32x10curiae ofradon-222,whilethestackcmfsslonswillleadto3.2x109curiae+yor1.8pyncoalthevaluesare5igxlO~curfesfromashand5.8x10curiaefromenfasians9EvaluationoftheHealthEffectsItisnecessarytoevaluatethenumberofdeathswhichresultfromthereleaseofonecurieofradon-222.Foz,theouryoseofthisevaluationthepopulationandpopulationdistributionsaraassumedtoremainatthepresentvalues,ThisshouldprovideagoodfirstestimateiNUR15-0332(Ref.1)suggeststhatareleaseof4i800curiosofradon-222fro".thsnines(page114wouldresultin0.023excessdeaths(Tuolela,page18).Thisorovidesaratioof4,8x10deathspe:curie,DatafromchapterIvofogsNO(Ref,7)suggestsavalueof17xlOdeathspcrnateasalowerXfnftThsvalueof48x10deathspercuriewillbeusedhereastheNRCestfmataiItisunderstoodthatthisisveryayproxlnate.'TheEPAhase'bluntedthehealtheffectsofamodeluraniummilltailingspileTheyestimateatotalof2COhealtheffects(Ref.8,page73)fozayflewhichemitsatmost.20,CCOcurfesofradon-222for100years.Theresultfngestimateis1.0x10deathspcrcurieandwillbeusedhereastheEPAestfmateoEvaluationofHealthEffects-NuclearAtpresent,somerecenturaniummilltailingspileshave2feetofdirtcovering.XnthiscasetheEPAestimate(Ref.8)isthatabout1/20oftheradonproducedescapesintotheair.Thisfactorof20islfstedinTable1andisuse'dtoffndtheeffectivereleases.Thusthe3.9x10curfcsofradonwhichresults8fromthoriuminthenilltailingsresultsinareleaseof1.9xl07curiaeintotheatmosphere,whichwiththsNRCestimateof4.8xl0deathsparcurieresultsin90deaths.WiththeEPAestimate1900deathsresultAsimilartreatmentaopliedto86xlOcuriaeofradonfromtheuraniuminthemilltailingsresultsin200,000deadfortheNRCestimateand4.3millionfortheEPAestimate.Itishere'ssumedthatnofuturegenerationwillscafittotakeanybettercareofthenilltailingsthanispresentlypracticed.Theuraniumenrichmenttailingsarepresentlylocatedintheeasternoartofthecountry.Itisassumedthattheseaz'eburiedneartheirpresentlocations.Radonwillnotescapesoeasilythroughwetsoil.Preductionfactorof100isusedtoestimatethiseffect.Theaccuracyofthisestimatedependsontheparticularsofthsburialwhich<<anonlybepro5ectcd.An"additionalfactorof2isusedtoreducetheeffectduetoths.factthatmuch~ofthisradonwoulddecayovertheoceanratherthanpopulated laadareas.HocoaoensationistakenforthegreaterpopulationdensitynearchepoiatofreleaseascoaparedtocheuranfuuailltailfagspQ.esofthewesternstatesHfththiscotalreductfonfactorof200theHRCestfaateis400,000deadwhiletheEPAvalueis8afllfonEvaluationofHealthEffects-CoalItisassuaedthattheashesfroathecoalplantswillbeburiediaananaersiailartothetailingsfroutheuranian~arichnentprocess,Thusareductionfactorof200isusedfachiscasealso.Lgafathehigherpopulationdensityisignored.Theparticulatewhichisreleasediatotheairbytbspcoalpleatistakencocontain1$ofthecontaineduranfuaSiaceaostsuchplantsareintheeasterapartofthecountryitis~stfaatedthathalfwillfallintocheoceanratherchanoato?andAsecondfactorof2isusedtoreducetheeffectoftheresultingradonduecothefactthatsoaeofthisradonwilldecayoveroceanaswiththeradonfrontheuranianiache~nrLchaenttailings.Lgafanocoapensatioaistakenforthegreaterpopulationdeas'cynearthepointofreleaseThisgivesthetotalreductionfactorof4showaLntablel.Piththesereductionfactorsappliedtocheradoareleasedbytheashesandeafssfons,inthetwocasesof1.0ppaaad1.8ppauraniccoateatcoal,thehealtheffacesarecalculated.Theseareshowaintable1,aadrangefros7,700deadfroaashesand3~800additioaaldeadfroaairboraeafssfoasfor1.0puscoalintheHRCestimateto290,000deadfronashesaad140,000deadfroaairborareleasesinthecaseof1.8ppacoaliatheEpfest~te.IKcllSiItisobviouslyverydifficultcoestatewithaayorecisioahovaaaybeseecheffectsresultfrcachereleaseofagfveacurieofradon-222fransoaespecificsiteinthewestTheest~teepresentedheredifferbyafactorof20.ThisaigatbestbeusedasarangeofexpecteddeathsThereductionfactorsusedhereare~eestfaatesinsoaecases,aadcouldbeiaprovedupoa.Changesiapublicpolfcycouldalsoc)~gecheaaanerinwhichthisaaterialisdisposed,thusgreatlychaagingthesefactors.Inparticulardeepburialcouldpracticallyelfafaacetheescapeofradontotheataosphere(Ref.8)~ItisLaportantcocoapareTable1herewithTable1ofHUM-0332tRefl)ewhichshows0.47deadfortbenuclearcaseshdataost120deadforcoals'heselastnuaberstotallyignorethe~fectsoflongteraradoneaissioas,whfohresultinacleast100cfaeshigheraorcalftyTheselongcsraeffectsareaotoalysigafg.canc,butdoaiaatetheeffect,ItisfuportaattouseTable1tocoupuretherelati,veriskoftheauclearaadcoalootfoaintheirpresentfocusInthkscasedeathsduetoallcausesconsiderediaHUREG-0332caabeignor<<iasinsignificant,sincetheyaresosaaU.~.Theabsoluteau=barofdeathspercuriereleasedisir"elevantsinceitentersinbothcases.Therelatfvsriskisdeterainedsolelybytheqsatfciesofradon-222generatedardthereductfonfactors.Unlesstherefsacleardecisiontotreatscoalashesdffferealyfroauraniuaearichaeattailings,thehealtheffectstheathetailiagswillbe50tinesgreatersincetherefs 50tinesroreuraniunthere.Thenuclearoptionrenainsnorehatardousthancoalunlessthereleasesfronallofthetailingspilescanbtreducedbelowthereleasesfrontheairbornparticulatesofth<<oalolant.ThisisnotthepresentpolicyTable1EnergySourceExcessHortalityperO.SGNy(~)duetoRadon-222enissionsAdditionalCogentThereisatypographicalerroronpage25ofNUREG-0332~Peferencep33islistedthereasbeinginvoluneASofScinnce,whereasitappearsinvolune144.AcknowledgnentTheaboveco=antswereinspiredbythe5July1977testinonyofDrChaunceyR.KepfordinthenatteroftheThreeFileIslandUnit2(DocketNo50-320)operatinglicenseentitled:"YealtheffectsConparisonforCoalandNuclearPower"~OriginofRadonUraniuninEnrichneutTailsCoal10ppsUAshesParticulateRadonGeneratedCuriae3.9xlOSS.F1117xlO3+2xlO3o2x109ReductionDeathsPactorNRC20.90200,0007>7003,SCO1900I.3xlO1,6xl05Coal1SppnUAshes5,Sx10ILL1A,,OOOL2e9xlOAirea95,Sx10Particulate6,SCO1,4x10 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