ML20236B916
| ML20236B916 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Diablo Canyon, 05000000 |
| Issue date: | 05/31/1973 |
| From: | US ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC) |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20236A877 | List:
|
| References | |
| FOIA-87-214 ENVS-730531, NUDOCS 8707290286 | |
| Download: ML20236B916 (524) | |
Text
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NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION DlABLO CANYON UNITS 1&2 PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
- DOCKET NOS. 50-275 AND 50-323
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MAY 1973
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SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS 1his Final Environmental Statement was prepared by the U.S. Atomic Energy C==f asion, Directorate of Licensing.
- 1. The action is administrative.
- 2. The proposed action is the continuation of construction
' permits Nos. CPPR-39 and CPPR-69 and issusace of operating license to the Pacific Cas and Electric Company for tha Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2, located on the California coast 12 miles southwest of San Luis Obispo, California (Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323).
Both units will employ pressurized water reactors designed to produce up to 7136 thermal megawatts (3568 left each). This heat will be used to produce steam to drive steam turbines, providing up to a guaranteed output of about 2300 !si of electrical power capacity.
The units will be cooled by once-through flow of water from the Pacific Ocean.
- 3. Summary of environmental impact and adverse effects.
- a. l Construction activity associated with the plant and its transmission facilities will have the following environ- {
mental effects:
s (1) Construction-related activities on the site have dis- i turbed 142 acre of land, resulting in some altera- ;
tion of wildlife habitat. Of this araa, 51 acres are i to be used for plant facilities, parking lots, roads, and switchyards; the remaining 91 acres will be r6- 4 stored by seeding and other plantings. Use of the j rest of the 750-acre exclusion area will be restricted.
(2) Construction of transmission lines has affected 6000 )(
g acres of right-of-way. Service roads and tower bases 4
occupy 1500 acres. There has been scoe Joss of vege- ,
tation near the roads and towers, but most of this j loss will be temporary. Erosion of steep areas along '
pa be c sa ed b this o r e ion.
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(3) Construction of the intake breakwaters and the coffer dans at the intake and discharge has occupied about 14-1/2 acres of ocean bottom that previously provided i habitat for benthic organisas; in addition, a small
' area was affected by the Avila gesch barge landing.
De barge landing and the coffer dans are to be re- ,
moved, permitting reestablishment of the natural ;
populations. The breakwaters will provide new ;
habitat for intartidal and subtidal crganisms.
(4) There will be some shifts in natural' animal popula-tions as a result of increased human activity. - } s l :(.
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l b. Oper, a tion of the ple.nt is expected to result in the fol-lowing impacts: .,.
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(1) At design power, condenser cooling water will be heated to a mariman of 82.S*F (28.1'C) and will be discharged i at a rate of up to 3864 cfs (at a temperature rise of j 19'F above ambient). The heated water will mix with i the cooler water of the Pacific Ocean, where the heat will eventually be dissipated to the atmosphere. As ,
much as 68 acres will be enclosed by the 4'F above I ambient isotherm.
(2) The radioactivity to be released to the environment -
during normal operation will result in an estimated l radiation dose of approximately 3.6 man-reas per year to the population. The impact from this dose is not considered to be significant when cospared to the natural background radiation doses.
(3) A very low risk of accidental radiation exposure to nearby residents will be created.
(4) Some chemicals will be added to the water used for cooling; however, the concentration of these chemi-cals in Diablo Cove is not expected to have adverse effects on aquatic life.
(5) There will be very little, if any decline in the cuocentration of dissolved oxygen in the discharged cooling water.
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(6) The thermal discharge from the plant will cause an ecological shif t in benthic organisms and fish that will result in an incresce in the number of warm-i water-tolerant forms. The higher temperatures in Diablo Cove may caae those parts of the bull help that are near the surface to degenerate earlier in ;
the year than they norme11y do; at most, 2 or 3 acres will be affected. The higher temperatures will also increase the feeding activity of the giant sea urchin, '
which competes with the abalone for the existing food _ '
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' supply (mainly kelp); this may lead to a decline in .
the abalone population unless measures are taken to control the urchin. A total of 110,000 abalone may be lost as a result of the station operation. I (7) No adverse effect on phytoplankton populations is ex- l pected, because of the rapid regeneration times and 1arge stocks available for recruitment from outside {
Diablo Cove. A mortality of as much as 8.5% of the j i zooplankton passing through the cooling system may i occur, but the generation times for California zoo- !j plankton are generally 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> to 8 weeks, and re-i cruitment from the open ocean will be copious; j 6 therefore, the impact on the local ecosystem is i l believed to be insignificant. ; l (8) Some jellyfish will be killed in the intake structures 1 as a result of impingement. The ecological conse-quences of this loss are expected to be small.
(9) No fish losses are expected to occur in Diablo Cove as a result of the thermal discharge. Some small i
fish (less than 3 inches) will be killed as a result l of impingement or entrainment in the cooling system.
(10) There appears to be some potential for increased mortality of avian species from contact with trans- !
mission line facilities.
- 4. Principal alternatives considereds
- a. Sources of energy other than nuclear. !
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- b. The construction of an equivalent plant at some other site.
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- c. The use of cooling towers instead of the proposed once-through cooling.
- d. The discLarge of heated water at some distance from the shore instead of at the shoreline.
- 5. Comments on the Draft Environmental Statement were received from the agencies and organizations listed below and have been con- j sidered in the preparation of the Final Environmental Statement. l-Copies of those comments are included as Appendix 14 and the comments are discussed in Section 14 Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Department of Agriculture
- Department of the Army 6 Corps of Engineers Department of Conumerce Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of Transportation Envirciunental Protection Agency Federn1 Power Commission California Resources Agency (Departments of: Conservation, Water Resources. Parks and Recreation, Fish and Game, Harbors and Watercraft) ,
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Geothermal Energy Institute ,
Kenneth B. Kilbourne, Carpenteria, California l
- 6. This statement was made available to the public, to the Council on Environmental Quality, and to the other speci- '
fied agencies in May 1973.
- 7. On the basis of the analysis and evaluation set forth in this Statement, after weighing the environmental, economic, tech-nical and other benefits against environmental costs and con-sidering available alternatives, it is concluded that the action called for under NEPA and Appendix D to 10 CFR Part 50, is the continuation of construction permits
- for the facilities subject to the following, conditions for the protection of the environment:
- m. The continuation of the ecological and rt.diological base- 3 l
line monitoring program as specified in Section 6. In i
- Staff consideration of issuance of an operating license follows submission of applicant's Final Safety Analysis Report.
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i addition, the applicant shall develop a monitoring proj; ram for operation in accordance with the requirements in
- Section 6.
- b. The applicant shall implement a program, which is acceptable to the staff, to determine and document the concentration of small fish and the concentration of eggs and larvae of marine organisms in the intake cove. This information should be used to determine susceptibility to entrainment and impingement for the organisms present; and to determine the mortality resulting from such impacts (entrainment, or impingement). (Sect. 5.3.2; Sect. 6.2.2).
- c. The applicant shall develop and be prepared to implement a program which will confirm that the total available -l chlorine in the plant discharge does not exceed 0.1' ppm j even during heat treatment for organism removal. The j applicant will be required to conduct additional onsite i chlorine studies to determine the acute and chronic im-pacts on both entrained and receiving water marine life.
These studies shall start prior to operation of the first unit and continue for at least one year after operation of both units. If there are adverse effects in Diablo Cove from chlorine in the station effluent, the applicant shall modify the station or procedures to eliminate the adverse effects. (Sect. 3.5.1; Sect. 3.5.7; Sect. 5.3.2; Sect. 6.3; Sect.12.3.4; and Sect.13.3). ,
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- d. The applicant will be required to operate the defouling !
treatment in such a manner that the thermal alteration ,'
of the ocean is no more than that for the treatment of !
one unit with the other unit in full operation. (Sect. 3.3.3; I and Sect. 5.3.2). l
- e. The applicant shall implement a program, which is accept- '
able to the staff, for redress of the areas affected by transmission line construction. (Sect. 4.2.2; and Sect. 4.4.1).
- f. If harmful effects or evidence of irreversible damage are !
i detected by the monitoring programs, the applicant shall l provide an analysis of the problem and implement a program '
of remedial action to be taken promptly to eliminate or significantly reduce the detrimental effects or damage. '
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. (Sect. 3.5.1; Sect. 3.5.7; Sect. $.3.2; and Sect. 6). ,
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- g. The applicant will be required to initiate additional ocean current studies starting at least one year before operation of the first unit and continuing for one year af ter full-power operation of both units. (Sect. 3.3.3;
- and Sect. 6.1).
- h. The applicant shall develop and implement a program sub- j l ject to staff approval to determine the actual effect of j ocean currents on the thermal plume. As part of the '
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' program the applicant shall messure the extent of the thermal plume in lucrements .of 2'F from 10*F to 2*F above ambient at 50% and 100% pove,r of the first unit. The re-
' suits of these studies must show, that the area of the ,
projected thermal plume for operation with two ,unita does not exceed the predictions in this Statement, or an '
alternative discharge arrangement shall be considered for the second unit. (Sect. 3.3.3; and Sect. 6.3).
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f TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
SUMMARY
AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . ........... i 2
FOREWORD
. . ............. ........... xxff
- 1. INTRODUCTION. . . .. ....... ........... 1-1 1.1 Status of the Project. . .............. 1-1 1.2 Status of Applications and Approvals . . . . . ... 1-1 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3
- 2. THE SITE. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. .. ........ 2-1 2.1 Location of Plant. ..... ............ 2-1 2.2 Regional Demography and Land Use . . ........ 2-6 2.2.1 Population. .
................ 2-6 2.2.2 Lan d Us e . . . . . . . . ......... .. 2-13 2.2.3 Ocean Use . ..... ............ 2-21 2.2.4 Economy . ..... ............. 2-23 2.3 Historic and Natural landmarks . .......... 2-23 2.4 Geology and Seismology . . ............. 2-26 2.4.1 Geology . . . . . . . . . . .........
2.4.2 Seismology. . . . . . . . . .........
2-27 2-28 2.5 Hydrology. . . . .. ... .... .........
2.6 Meteorology. . . . . ... .... ......... 2-29 2.7 Ecology of the Site and Environs . ........ . 2-30 2-32
- 2. 7.1 Terrestrial Environs. . .. ......... 2-32 2.7.2 Aquatic Environs .............. 2-46 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2. . . . . . . . ........ 2-53
- 3. THE PLANT . . .... .. .... ............ 3-1
- 3.1 External Appearance. . . . . . . . ......... 3-1 3.2 Reactor and Steam-Electric System. . ........ 3-1 3.3 Beat Dissipation Systems . . . . .......... 3-5 wit
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i Pape 3.3.1 General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 3-5 3.3.2 Physical Arrangement and Operating Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.3.3 Th e rma l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 3.3.4 Auxiliary Steam Boiler . . . . . . . . . . .
3-26 j 3.4 Radioactive Waste Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-26 3.4.1 Liquid Wastes .... . . . . . . . . . . .
! 3.4.2 Gaseous Waste ....... 3-29 l
3.4.3 Solid Was tes . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. ... .. . 3-37 i
. 3-41 s i
3.5 memical and Biocide Systems, . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43 s
3.5.1 Condenser Cooling System Output. . . . . . .
3.5.2 Demineralized Regeneration solutions ~ 3-43
.... 3-47 3.5.3 Reactor Coolant Ger.icals. . . . . . . . . . 3-48 3.5.4 Steam Generator Feedwater Chemicals. . . . .
3.5.5 Closed 3-48 Cooling S
. 3.5.6 Miscellaneous. .ystems . . . . . . . . . . . 3 49
....... . . . . . . . 3_49 3.5. 7 Chemical Discharge During Heat Treatment . .
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3.6 Sanitary Discharges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-50 3.7 Transmission Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-50 3.7.1 Transmission Routes. . . . . . . . . . . .
3-50 3.7.2 Access Roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- 3-52 3.7.3 Transmission Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53 3.8 Transportation of Nuclear Feel and Solid Ra'lio-
- active Waste. . . . . . . . e e . . . . e . e . . . 3.$3 3.8 1 Transport of New Fuel. . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2 Transport of Irradiated Fuel . . 3-53
. . . . . . 3-53 3.8.3 Transport of Solid Radioactive 5hstes. . . .
3-55 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-56
- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SITE PRD**ATION, STATION CONSTRUCTION, AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSMISSION FACILITIES . ... .......... . . . . . . . . .
41 4.1 Schedules and Manpower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Impact on the Terrestrial Environment . 41 s
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Page 4.2.1 Impacts from Plant and Related Structure Construction . ............. . . 4-1 4.2.2 Impacts from the Construction of Transmission Lines and Access Roads ......... .. 4-7 4.3 Impact on the Aquatic Environment. . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.3.1 Barge Landing Avila Beach . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.3.2 . Breakwater Construction in South Cove . . .. 4-13 4.3 3 Intake and Discharge Structure. . . . . . . . 4-15 4.4 Controls to Limit Impact of Site Preparation . . . . . 4-16 4.4.1 Te rre s t ria l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16 4.4.2 Aquatic Impact (Marine Environment) . . . . . 4-16 L
.1 4.5 Effects on Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 l il 4.5.1 Economic Ef fects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17 :l 4.5.2 Ef fe ct on Tra f fic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19 '
4.5.3 Noise and Dust. ..... .......... 4-21 '
4.5.4 County Facilities . . ... ......... 4-22 i ll REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
- 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STATION OPERATION. . ...... 5-1 5.1 Land Use . . . . . .. ..... ......... . 5-1 5.2 Water and Air Use. . . ............... 5-1 5.2.1 Water Use . . . ....... ........ 5-1 5.2.2 Air Use . . . . .. .. ........... 5-11 (
4 5.3 Biological Impacts . . .... ........... i 5-11 l 5.3.1 Impact on the Terrestrial Environment . ... 5-11 5.3.2 Impact on t' s Aquatic Environment . ..... 5-13 l l
5.4 Radiological Impact. . ...... ......... 5-49 5.4.1 General Considerations. . . . ........ 5-49 5.4.2 Estimates of Radiation Dose to Biota. . . . . 5-51 i 5.4.3 Assessment of Dose to Biota . . . . . . . . . 5-53 4 5.4.4 Staff Estimates of Radiation Dose to Man. . . 5-54 f 5.4.5 Assessment of Radiation Dose to Man . . . . . 5-65
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Page 5.5 Compliance with California Water Quality Criteria and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendmen ts o f 19 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67 t
l 5.6 Effects on Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-69 l t
. REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-70
.l 6. EFFLUENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT AND l POKITORING PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1 Preoperational Surveys . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 f 6.2 Operational Biological Monitoring Program. . ' . . . .
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6.2.1 Studies Planned by California Fish and Came . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6 6.2.2 Studies Planned by PG&E and Consultants . . . '6-6 6.3 Operational Thermal and Chemical Monitorin P rograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g. . . . . 6-7 6.4 Radiological Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 6.4.1 Presentation of Results and Contact with the State. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 REFEREEES FDR SECTION 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15 '
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- 7. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POSTULATED ACCIDENTS. . . . . . . 7-1 7.1 Plant Accidents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 Transportation Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7-1 7-7 s
7.2.1 Principles of Safety in Transport . . . . . . 7-7 7.2.2 Exposures During Normal (No Accident)
Conditione. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 7.2.3 Exposures Resulting from Postulated Accidents . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10 7.2.4 Alternatives to Normal Transportation P rocedure s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-34
- 8. ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED. ...... .......... . . . . . . . 8-1 REFERENCES FVR SECTION 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 k
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- 9. THE RELATIONSHIP BEWEEN IDCAL SHORT-TERM USES OF MAN'S ENVIR0t&fENT AND MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF IAleG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 Enhancement of Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2 Uses Adverse to Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2.1 Land Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.2.,2 Wa t e r Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 l
- 10. IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE CC0fMITNENTS
! 0F RESOURCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.1 Conuritments considered. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2 Mate rial Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10.3 Financial Ce:mmitment. ............... 10-3 i
10.4 Biological Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 i
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
- 11. NEED FDR POWER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1 11.1 Applicant's Service Area System . ......... 11-1 11.2 Load and Capacity Estimates . . . . * , . . . . , . 11-1 11.2.1 Load Fore cas ts . . . . . . . ........ 11-1 11.2.2 Resource Planning . . . . ......... 11-5 11.3 Conclusions . .....'.. *
. . . . . . . ...... 11-7 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-9
- n. Ar.TERNir Iv ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1 12.1 Alternative Sources . . . . . . . . ........ 12-1 12.1.1 Geother1nal Energy . ............ 12-1 12.1.2 Combustion Turbines . . . . . ....... 12-2 12.1.3 Purchased Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12*3 12.1.4 Not to Provide Power. . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3 12.1. 5 ' Conclusions . . . . . . . . ........ 12-5 12.2 Al t e rn a t i ve S i t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 l f
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.Pagt 12.2.1 Sys t e m Ba l an ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-5 12.2.2 Public Acceptance . . . . . ........ 12-9 12.3 Plant Design Alternatives . ............ 12-10 .
12.3.1 Heat Removal Systems. . . . ........ 12-10 12.3.2 Int ake st ructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-15 12.3.3 Alternate Discharge Structures. . . . . . . 12-15 12.3.4 Alternatives for Defouling, Cheadcal, and Biocide Sys tems . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-16 12.3.5 Design Alternatives for 1.iquid Radioactive Wes te System. . . . . . . . . . 12-19 12.3.6 Desism Alternatives for Caseous Mes se Sys tem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19 12.3.7 Transadesion Sys tees. . . . . . . . . . . . 12-19 REFERENCE 3 POR SECTION 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-21
- 13. SENEFIT-COST ANALYS!$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1 13.1 Alternatives Selected for Benefit-Cost Analysis. . 13-1 13.2 Alternative cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-2.
13.2.1 Salt Water Cooling Towers . . . . . . . . . 13-2 13.2.2 Once-Throup Offshore Discha: ge . . . . . . 13-2 13.3 Alternative Cheadcal and Siccide S 13-5 13.4 Alternative Power Sources . . . . ........
ys tems. . . . . . 13-6 13.5 Exis tin g Des ign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7 13.5.1 Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7
' 13.5.2 Cos ts - Econocie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7 13.5.3 Cos ts - Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . 13-7 13.5.4 Co s t s - Soci e t al . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-10 13.6 Conclusions . ................... 13-11 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-12
- 14. DISCUSSION OF COPMENFS RECEIVED ON THE DRAFT ENVIR0lWENTAL STATEMENT . . . . . . ........ I '-1 Appendix 1-1: Applications and Approvals. . . . . . . . . . Al-1-1 Appendix 2-1: Comments by Richard 8. Hastings, California State Park Archaeologist, on the Environmental I Report. . .................. A2-1-1 rit s
Page Appendix 2-2: Meteorology . . ............... A2-2-1 Appendix 2-3: Comments on Meteorology from the AEC Safety Evaluation Report for Diablo Canyon, Unit 2, November 18, 19 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-3-1 Appendix 2-4: Comuments on Diablo Canyon Site Nuclear Unit
- 2. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Fre-liminary Safety Analysis Report, Amendment 6, dated September 25, 1969, prepared by Air Resources Environmental Laboratory.
Environmental Science Services Administration Oc t ob e r 6, 19 69 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2-4-1 ,
Apper. dix 2-5: Inventory of Marine Biota at Diablo Canyon. . A2-5-1 i Appendix 2-6: Life Histories of Important or Endangered Terrestrial and Marine Species Found in the Areas Influenced by the cu atruction g and Operation of Diablo Canyon Nuclear !
Station . . . . ........... .... A2-6-1 Appendix 3-1: 'the Chemistry of Chlorine in Wa',er . .. .. A3-1-1 Appendix 4-1: Reports Submitted by Pacific Cas and Electric as Per Order No. 5, California Public Utilities Comunission, Decision No. 79726, Feb re ery 15, 19 72 . . . . . . . . . A4-1-1 -
Appendix 5-1: Internal Dose to Biota and Calculation of Bioaccumulation Factors for Waterfowl . . . . AS-1-1 Appendix 5-2: Calculation of the Dose Due to Radionuclides Deposited on a Beach from the Water . .. .. AS-2-1 Appendix 12-1: Environmental Co: 21de rations : Alternate !
Effluent Cooling ':vs tems .. . ... . . .. A12-1-1 Appendix 13-1: Economic Analysis Methol. . . . . .. ... . A13-1-1 ,
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Appendix 13-2: Biological Entrainment Losses. . .. ..... A13-2-1 Appendix 14-1: Comments on the Draf t Environmental St atement for Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2. . . A14-1-1 r
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t LIST OF FIGURES Fisture Page 1.1 Status of Diablo Canyon site construction, staff photograph, .iune 1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 2.1 50-mile area arous d the Diablo Canyou site . . . . . 2-2 2.2 10-mile area around the Diablo Canyon site . . . . .
2-3 2.3 Plot plan of the Diablo Canyon plant site . . . . . 2-5
- 2.4 Mountain ranges and principal drainage basins l in San hais Obispo County . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.5 Population distribution (1970 census) within 10 miles of the Diablo Canyon site . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.6 Projected 1980 population distribution within i
10 ' miles of the Diablo Canyon site . . . . . . . . . 2-9 2.7 Population distribution (1970 census) within 50 miles of the Diablo Canyon site . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.8 Projected 1980 population distribution within 50 miles of the Diablo Canyon site . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.9 Diablo Canyon plot plan, showing both the power plant and the desalting plant .. . . . . . . 2-16 2.10 Perspective of the site showing relative locations of the desalting plant and the nuclear power plant. . . 2-17 2.11 Recreation areas within 50 miles of the Diablo Canyon site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20 2.12 Open space plan for San Luis Obispo County . . . . . 2-22 2.13 San Luis Obispo de Tolosa !!ission . . . . . . . . . 2-25 2.14 Generalized cross-sectional representation of ecciogical zones on exposed slope at Diablo Canyon . . . . ..
.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36 XV l
l, .
Figure ,Page
- 2. 15 Generalized cross-sectional representation of ecological zones in the vicinity of Diablo Creek and adjacent slopes . ......... . .. 2-41 2.16 Fish commonly taken in rocky bottom habitats in the Diablo Canyon area. Modified from California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin 130 . . . 2-51 3.1 Diablo Canyon plant site . ............. 3-2 3.2 Schematic flow diagram of heat removal . . . . . . . 3-3 3.3 Physical arrangement of Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant . ... .. ..... ...... .. 3-6 3.4 Intake structure . . . ... .... ..... . .. 3-7 3.5 Depth contours in Diablo Cove ... ........ 3-10 3.6 Discharge structure ... ...... ..... .. 3-11 3.7 Temperature-time curve for cooling water . . . . . . 3-12 3.8 Daily high and low surface water tegeratures '
recorded in Diablo Cove in 1968. . . . . . . . . . . 3-16 3.9 High tide isotherms of thermal pitme in Diablo Cove. . . . . . .. . .... . ..... . . 3-20 r
3.10 Low tide isotherms of thermal plume in Diablo Cove. . . . . . .. . ..... .... . . . 3-21 3.11 High tide isotherms of thermal plume outside Diablo Cove. . .. . . . . ..... . ..... .. 3-22 3.12 Liquid radioactive waste system for Units 1 and 2 .. . . . . . . .. . ... . . . .... . . 3-30 3.13 Caseous effluents from Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2 . .. . . . . . .... ..... .. 3-39 3.14 Transmission lines associated with Diablo l Canyon Station . . . . . . . ..... ..... . . 3-51 i xvi 1,
Figure P_ age, 3.15 Lattice-type transmission tower .......... 3-54 4.1 Manpower required for construction of Diablo Canyon Uni ts 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4.2 Area affected by construction ........... 4-4 4.3 Status of construction in June 1972 ........ 4-6 5.1 Incation of California Department of Fish 4 and Came fishing blocks in the Diablo Canyon a re a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.2 Overlay of high tide isotherus shown in Figure 3.9 on the location of principal plant species observed at Diablo Canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25 5.3 Pathways for radiation exposure of man . . . . . . . 5-55 5.4 location of residences, dairies, and densely populated areas within 12 miles of ,
the Diablo Ceayon site . ............ .. l 5-62 l 6.1 Diablo Canyon study area including locations of permanent intertidal, subtidal, and fish-collecti6n stations of the California Depart-ment of Fish and Came .
.............. 6-3 1 6.2 Locations of biological monitoring ' stations in Diablo Cove and vicinity used by PG&E and y consultants .................... 6-4 I
6.3 Dosimetry and particulate sampling stations i off site . ..................,.. ,
6-10 j 6.4 Dosimetry and particulate sampling stations on site {
6-11 '
11.1 Applicant's service area system
.......... 11-2 l 11.2 Sys tem loads and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-4 l
12.1 Applicant's geographical subareas ......... 12-7 I
xvii
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 San Inis Obispo County population projection, 1970-2000 . ......... .. .... ..... 2-12 2.~ 2 Recreation areas within 40 miles of the Diablo :
Canyon Nuclear Power Plant . . . . .... . .... 2-19 l I
2.3 Statistical profile of San Luis Obispo County, 1966-1970 ................. 2-24 j {
2.4 1-')
Rainfall in the Diablo Canyon area . . . . . , . . . 2-31 I l
t 2.5 Temperature data for the Diablo Canyon area . ... 2-33 2.6 Characteristics of three major plant communities found in the Diablo Canyon area ...... ... . 2-34 2.7 Common and scientific names of some birds in areas of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant Project . . ... 2-37 2.8 Common and scientific names of some mammals in the Diablo Canyon area . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ..
2-39 2.9 Cetacea observed offshore from San Luis Obispo County . ............ . ..... .... 2-44 2.10 Carnivora observed along the California coast . .. 2-45 3.1 Plume areas calculated by the applicant for three units . ........ , . . . .. . . . .. 3-18 3.2 Plume armas calculated by the s taf f. . . . . . . . . 3-23 3.3 Areas (in acros) of isotherms during defouling of one unit . . .......... . . .. .. .. .. 3-25 3.4 Estimated emissions from auxiliary steam boiler . . . . ......... . . ... . .. . . 3-27 3.5 Comparison of Principal Parameters Used In Determining Radioactivity Released In Liquid and Caseous Effluent From Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . 3-28 xviii l
i Table _ Page_ l 3.6 Annual release of radioactive material in liquid effluents from Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, each unit (1 or 2) ........ . 3-34 4
3.7 Annual release of radioactive material in gaseous effluents from Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 and 2 . . . .. ........ 3-42 3.8 Chemicals added to liquid effluent discharge . . .. 3-44 3.9 Partial list of elements known to occur in seawater ac dissolved solids .......... 3-45 1
4.1 - Construction schedule ....... ........ 4-2 '
4.2 Reconnaissance subtidal survey of east and west I brethwater at Diablo Canyon, April 3,1972 . . . . . 4-14 j
4.3 Cons truction payroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18 l-j 4.4 Traffic counts prior to and during construction i of Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20 5.1 Current and projected land use in the trans- -
i mission line corridors . . . . . . . ......,, 5-2 l 5.2 Commercial fish catch for block 615, i 1965-1970 ..................... 5-5
'. E 5.3 The ten most important commercial fish, by .I veight, taken in statistical block 615,
1965-1970 ............ .. ....... 5-6 5.4 Comparison of abalone landings in block 615 with landings for Morro Bay and Avila, and for State of California, 1965-1970 . ......... . 5-7 5.5 Comparison of albacore landings in block 615 with landings for Morro Bay and Avila, and for :
State of California, 1965-1970 . . .. ....... 5-8 l 5.6 The ten most important sport fish caught by party boats in statistical block 615, 1965-1970 ..................... 5-9 ,
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Table Page 5.7 Party boat data for statistical blocks adjacent to Diablo, 19 65-19 70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 5.8 Effects of chlorine on some marine organisms ...... ..... ...... .... 5-15 5.9 Effect of copper on marine organisms . . . . . . . . . 5-17 1
5.30 Effects of nickel on two marine organisms . . . . . . 5-19 5.11 Chromium tolerance in marine organisms . ...... 5-20 5.12 Honthly average, maximum, and minimum tempera-tures recorded at Diablo Cove, 1967-1968 . . . . . . 5-23 I f
5.13 Monthly average, maximum, and minimum tegera- }
l tures recorded at Diablo Cove and South Cove, c 1970-1971 ..... ................ 5-24 l i
5.14 Thermal tolerance limits of various marine !
phytoplankton, algae, and marine plants. . . . . . . 5-26 l
5.15 Temperature data on some phytoplankton and 5 algae ........ ........... .... 5-27 5.16 ?
Thermal tolerance for some marine inverte- ,f brates . . ..... . ........... .... 5-30 <
5.17 Physical data on invertebrates . . . ........ 5-32 5.18 Plant and animal species observed in the vicinity of the Morro Bay discharge canal during survey 3 . .. ..... . . .... .... 5-35 5.19 Critical and optimum temperatures for sow benthic grazers . . ... . . ...... ... 5-40 5.20 Percent occurrence of the ten most connon larval fish taken in Calc 0FI Station lines 73 and 77 during 1950-1960 . . . ... ... . 5-41 5.21 The 40 most important juvenile fish recovered during fish sampling in the Diablo area, 1970-1971 . 5-43 j xx i 1
k
l Table
' Page F.22 Summary of physical data on fish . . . . . ..... 5-44
! 5.23 Summary of bioaccumulation factors for marine biota
.... ....... ....... . .... 5-52 5.24 Summary of the estimated radiation doses to an adult individual per yerr of release at locations of maximum exposure to gaseous and liquid effluents from two reactor units at the Diablo Canyon Station .. ....... . ..... 5-56 5.25 Summary of estimated total body radiation doses per year to the population from all pathways from two reactor units at the Diablo Canyon Station ................,,.....
5-57 5.26 Summary of estimated dose to the permanent l
population from immersion in the gaseous effluent per year of release from two reactor units at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Station . .... 5-59 5.27 Summary of X/Q values for srlected points of interest . ..................... 5-63
.i 6.1 Sumsaary of continuing data collection at Diablo Canyon {
................... 6-5 6.2 Radiological sampling program . , , .... . .... 6-12 7.1 Classification of postulated accidents and occurrences ,
.................. 7-2 7.2 Summary of radiological consequences of pos tulated accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 10.1 Consumption of materials used in the Diablo I
Canyon Power plant .
................ 10-4 11.1 Comparison of reliability index with probable I load loss ..... i
................ 11-8 8 12.1 Pacific Gas and Electric Company estimated area loads and generating capacity for 1974 summer peak (dry year basis) . .... .. .. 12-8 1
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Table Page 12.2 Average climatological conditions in Diablo Canyon vicinity ... ............... 12-12 12.3 Single port offshore discharge . .......... 12-17 12.4 Multiple port offshore discharge . . . . . . . . . . 12-18 7
13.1 Alternative plant design summary . . . . . . . . . . 13-3 '
13.2 Benefits from the preposed facility . . ...... 13-8 13.3 Summary cost analysis ............... 13-9 ,
.A2-2.1 Frequency of wind speed and direction: C stability conditions . ............... A2-2-2 A2-2.2 Frequency of wind speed and direction: D stability cor.ditions . . . ............. A2-2-3 A2-2.3 Frequency of wind speed and direction: F ,
stability conditions . ............... A2-2-4 t A2-5.1 Some common marine organisms (excluding fish) found in Diablo Cove . . . . . . . . . . ...... A2-5-2 4 A2-5.2 Fishes observed and collected in the Diablo Canyon study areas during 1970 and 19 71. . . . . . . A2-5-5 A2-6.1 Red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. . . . . . . . . . . A2-6-4 '
A2-6.2 Number of individuals, frequency, length, i
life stage, and month of occurrence of fishes collected benesth drifting kelp . . ..... A2-6-11 A12-1.1 'foxicity and concentration factors of elements once or presently used in cooling towers . . . . . . A12-1-5 A13-2.1 Entrainment losses for alternative olant designs. . . .... .......'......... A13-2-3 I
xxii ,
4
FOREWORD This final statement on environmental considerations associated with the proposed continuation of the construction permits for Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 was prepared by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commis-sion's Directorate of Licensing (staff) in accordance with the Cee-e.ission's regulation,10 CFR Part 50, Appendix D, implementing the requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA).
The NEPA states, among other things, that it is the continuing responsibility of the Federal Government to use all practicable ,
means, consistent with other essential considerations of national ,
policy, to improve and coordinate Federal plans, functions, pro- ,,
grams, and resources to the and that the Nation may: ' ; M ; YS 7' ,
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.( 7 , s ,-
Fulfill the responsibilities of each generation as trustee 4.C of the environment for succeeding generations. , . gly '
e Assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and '
aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings.
Attain the widest range of beneficial uses of the environ-ment without degradation, risk to health or safety, or other undesirable and unintended consequences.
].
+
Preserve important historic, cultural, and natural aspects i of our national heritage, and maintain, wherever possible, an environment which supports diversity and variety of }q; individual choice. ~j
+
Achieve a balance between population and resource use '
which will permit high standards of living and a wide ;
sharing of life's amenities.'
Enhance the quality of renewable resources and approach !
the maximum attainable recycling of depletable resources. ,
Further, with respect to major Federal actions significantly affect-ing the quality of the hur.an environment, Section 102(2)(c) of the .
NEPA calls for preparation of a detailed statement en*
s (i) The environmental impact of the proposed action, (ii) any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented, xxiii
(iii) alternatives to the proposed action, (iv) the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement of long-term productivity, and (v) any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented.
Pursuant to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50, the ABC Directorate of Licensfag prepares a detailed statement on the foregoing considera-tions with respect to each application for a constructica permit or full-power operating license for a nuclear pocer reactor. '
When application is made for a construction permit or a full-power operating license, the applicant submits an environmental report to the ABC. The staff evaluates this report and any seek further information from the applicant, as well as other sources, in making an independent assessment of the considerations specified in Sec-tion 102(2) (C) of NEPA and Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50. This evaluation leads to the publication of a draft environmental state-ment, prepared by the Directorate of Licensing, which is then cir-culated to Federal, State, and local governmental agencies for comment. Interested persons are also invited to e-t on the draft statement.
After receipt and consideration of comments on the draft statement, the, staff prepares a final environmental statement, which includes a discussion of problems and objections raised by the en==aats and the disposition thereof; a final cost-benefit analysis which con-siders and balances the environmental effects of the facility and the alternatives available for reducing or avoiding adverse envi-ronmental effects, with the environmental, economic, es hnical, and other benefits of the facility; and o conclusion as to whether, after weighing the environmental, economic, technical, and other benefits against environmental costs and considering available alternatives, the action called for is the issuance or denial of the proposed permit or license or its appropriate conditioning to protect environmental values.
In addition, in a proceeding such as this which is subject to Sec-tions B and C of Appendix D of 10 CFR rart 50, the final detail'ec -
statement includes a conclusion as to whether, after weighing the environmental, economic, technical, and other benefits against environmental costs and considering available alternatives, the action called for as regards the previously issued construction xxiv
permit is the continuation, modification, or termination of the permit or its appropriate conditioning to protect environmental values.
Single copies of this statement muy be obtained by writing the Deputy Director for Reactor Projects, Directorate of Licensing, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. 20545.
Dr. Louis 8. Werner is the ABC Environmental Project Manager for this statement (301-973-7455).
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- 1. INTRODUCTION At present Units 1 and 2 are under construction at the Diablo Canyon Site. Each consists of an 1060-W(e) pressurized water reactor and the necessary auxiliary equipment. The impact of the construction and operation of both units is assessed in this report.
The Diablo Canyon Site is on the California coast about midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. It is in San Luis Obispo County about 12 miles southwest of the city of San Luis Obispo.
The applicat.t. the Pacific Cas and Electric Company (PGkE), is requesting continuation of construction permits for Units 1 and 2, docket numbers 50-275 and 50-323. The applicant submitted an Envi-ronmental Report (ER)I and a Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR)2 in conjunction with the constructiaa of Diablo Canyon Unita 1 and 2. The ER, PSAR, and supplemental information obtained by the staff were used in preparation of this environmental statement.
1.1 STATUS OF THE PROJECT Under existing AEC regulations, site work was begun in June of 1968 when the access road was started. The done of the containment building for the Unit I reactor is nearing completion as shown in Fig. 1.1. The cylindrical shell of the containment building for Unit 2 is under construction. On June 1,1972, Unit I was estimated to be abouc 45.6% percent complete and Unit 2 about 12.8% complete.
The grading, excavation, and fill operations are almost complete.
The removal of the coffer dans in the ocean at the intake and dis-charge structures is the major earth moving work remaining. Most of the environmental igact from construction of the transmission lines has already occurred.
1.2 STATUS OF APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS The various necessary Federal, State, and local permit requirements
- and approvals for the Diablo Canyon Nuclear station are given in Appendix 1-1.
The applicant must still obtain a license to operate each unit from the Atomic Energy Commission before operation of that unit.
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l 1-3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1,
- 1. Pactitc Gas and Electric Company, Dwinnmental Report, Unita 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1971; Supplemented No.1, November 1971, No. 2, July 1972, and Ro. 3, August 1972.
- 2. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Preliminary Sqfety Analysis Report, Diablo Canyon Unita 1 and 2, July 1968, and Subsequent Anendents.
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- 2. THE SITE The purpose of this section is to present information on ,the loca-tion of the site; demographic, economic, and historic facts; envi-ronmental features of geology, hydrology, and meteorology; and ecological characteristics of the area that may be used for envi-ronmental impact assessment. Site and environs data used in this statement were obrzi-d on the staff site visit or taken from the applicant's ER and F5AR unless otherwise specified.
2.1 IDCATION OF FImr The Diablo Canyon ==r1*ar power plant is being constructed on a 750-acre site on the Pacific coast of California about halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, in an undeveloped section of the coastline remste from any city or small village. The site is in a mountainous arms with steep rugged and rocky slopes at the edge of the ocean. The only major highways near the site (Figs.
2.1 and 2.2) are U.S. Itighway 101 and California State Highway 1 which run north and seech about 9 miles east of the site. County roads run through Clark Valley 4 wfica north and through See Canyon, five miles east. The Southern Pacific Railroad runs through San Luis Obispo, about 12 adles ENE, running generally north and south.
The Pacific Ocean is the only nearby major body of water. Passing within 2-1/2 miles af the plant, the small Coon Creek flows WNW to the ocean, and Diable Cunyon Creek is innsediately north of the reactor buildings.
The site is in a remste, undeveloped, and relatively uninhabited region of the county, the plant being located on a sloping merine terrace about 1000 ft wide with elevations ranging from 50 to 150 ft above MSL. The enast in this area is rugged with tidal pools and offshore r'ocks, and cliffs rise steeply from the high water line to the marine terraces. The site area slopes upward to the Irish Hills which are a part of the San Luis Mountains. Diablo Canyon passes through the site and runs ENE for about 4 miles cutting into the San Iais Mountain Range.
Most of the area surremeding the site is either denuded from cattle grazing or covered with a low scrub growth. Since the area is somewhat dry (16 in, aserage annual rainfall) vegetation is sparse.
The nearest town is Avila Beach (1970 population of 400) about 7 miles WSW. Other n=--f ties within 12 miles are.
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2-4 Location (relative Community to plant site) 1970 population Baywood Park -
Los osos 8 miles N '
3,487 Horro Bay 11 miles N 7,109 Shell Beach 12 miles ESE N2,000 San Luis Obispo 12 alles ENE 28,036 The distance from the Unit No. I reactor to the nearest site boundary is 1/2 mile. The low populatice-zone radius is 6 miles and the population-center distance is 10 miles. The nearest residence is about 1-1/2 miles from the site.
Access to the site is not easy. The applicant has built a new road to the site from Port San Luis Road at Avila Beach which follows an existing unimproved private dirt road from Avila Beach. The applicant's new road (8 miles long), shown on Fig. 2.2, will have {
L a privately controlled accerc. l.
l An information center has been constructed adjacent to the offramp l~
st Stm Luis Bay Drive interchange on U.S. Highway 101 and was opened to the public on December 13, 1972. Location of this facility is ,
approximately 6-1/2 udies south of San Luis Obispo.
Some of the most significant features of the area within a 50-mile radius of the site and their relative locations are shown on Fig.
2.1 and are listed below:
Montana de Oro State Park 6 miles N Morro Bay State Park 8 miles N Morro Bay Power Plant 10 miles N Los Padres National Forest 25 miles E Vandenberg Air Force Base 36 miles ESE ,
Camp Roberts Military Reservation 40 miles N U.S. Naval Missile Facility - Point Arguello 44 miles SSE Hunter-Liggett Military Reservation 50 miles N Figure 2.3 shows a plot plan of the Diablo Canyon Plant area. The 750-acre site is divided into two parts which are north and south of Diablo Canyon. The 585-scre portion south of the canyon has been leased by the applicant for 99 years with a renewal option for another 99 years. The 165-acre north portion is owned by the appli-caat.
San Luis Obispo County (one of 15 coastal countiec) lies about 1/3 of the way up the 1072-mile California coast from Mexico. The '
total ocean shoreline in the county is 84 miles and the total land I
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2-6 area is 3,316 square miles, about 1/10 being under cultivation and 1/7 covered by the Los Padres National Forest.
Within the county, mountain ranges and valleys are well defined (Fig. 2.4). The majority of these geomorphic regions extend beyond the county's boundaries. The five mountain ranges include the Santa Lucia' Range, which borders the ocean in the northern 2/3 of the county; the Tremblor Range forming the eastern boundary; the Caliente Range; the La Panza Range; and the San Luis Range. These ranges are generally oriented along a NW-SE axis. None is particularly high, although extensive sections are quite rugged and have been
' effective barriers to transportation. The higher peaks, many of which exceed 3000 ft, are located in the Santa Lucia and Caliente Ranges.
The coastal plains and valleys may be divided at Pt. Buchon into a northern and southern section by the interposition of the San Luis '
Range. The north'ern coastal plain consists primarily of a rela-tively narrow bench that backs up to the Santa Luc' Range. It is cut by numerous short stream valleys that empty int.o the Pacific Ocean. The southern sector consists primarily of the Arroyo Grande Valley, an upland area of ancient dunes referred to as the Nipomo Nesa, and a portion of the Santa Maria River Valley. The two valleys are relatively small but do contain some of the beat agri-cultural land in the County. The south coastal area is also char-acterized by an extensive dune area of recent origin along the coast.
2.2 REGIONAL DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND USE 2.2.1 Population San Luis Obispo County had a 1970 population of 105,690 and has a projected population of 131,500 for 1980. Population distributions for 1970 and projected population distributions for 1980 provided by the applicant for areas in 22-1/2' sectors at various distances from the plant site are shown in Figs. 2.5 through 2.8. Population growth in Scn Luis Obispo County has averaged 2% per year in the past few years due to the influx of retired people. Most of these people have settled in the coastal belt 10 to 40 miles northwest of Diablo Canyon. At the present time this area is growing at a rate of 4% per year and growth is expected to accelerate due to development of recreational facilities along the coast. Population projections through the year 2000 as tabulated by San Luis Obispo County l are presented in Table 2.1. These figures for 1980 differ from those presented by the applicant in Fig. 2.8, i.e., San Luis Obispo County's population projections are about 30% lower than the ,
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i Fig. 2.6. Projected 1980 population distribution within' 10 miles of the Diablo Canyon site. l
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2-10 l N 720
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M 450 700 40 'LOMPOg 49150 50 miles i S i l Fig. 2.7. Population distribution (1970 census) within 50 miles of . the Diablo Canyon site. f j l i
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2-12 TsWe 2.1. San Lois OWapo Csemey 7, *- P e 1970-2000 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Neue Coast Dirisine 15,152 17,100 20,300 24,600 29,500 35,000 41,700 turwood-Los Osos 3,487 4,000 4,650 5,550 6.550 7,700 9,050 ossheim 1,716 2,050 2,550 3,150 3,750 4,450 5,200 oyeous j 1,772 1,900 2,100 2,300 ?400 2,900 3,300 - IIssuo Bay 7,109 8,000 9,150 10,900 14,950 15,300 18,050 Anuncadeo Drrision 14,158 15,300 16,700 18,700 20,800 23,000 f 25.100 + Atascaisso frows0 10,290 !!,500 12,800 13,950 14,950 16,200 17,400 Teampistem 743 780 830 900 1,050 960 1,150 ammes Musseries 726 780 850 930 1A30 1.100 1,250 Amore Guan6e Dorision 23,793 26,300 29,500 33,600 38,400 43,600 49,700 AmoyoGesade (Cay) 7,454 8,750 10,150 11,700 13,300 14,900 16,850 CseverQty 5,939 5,500 7.050 7,800 8,500 9,400 10,250 Mysmo 3,642 3,900 4,300 fA00 5,450 6,100 6,850 Osmano 2,564 2,800 3,100 3,400 3,800 4,350 4,850 Pause ReMas Dmsson 12,194 12,000 13,400 14,300 15,400 16,800 1.1.300 Phas RaMas(Oty) 7,168 7,700 8,150 8,700 9,250 10,000 10,800 Sam M4pssi 808 800 805 815 830 850 875 ansImis Bay Deresace 5,711 6,300 6,900 7,000 8,800 9,800 11,000 i Ases Beach 400 420 450 500 550 600 660 rimas seessi 4,043 4,600 5,200 5,850 6,500 7,200 7,900 SanImis Obispo Diviseoas 34,682 39,200 44,700 51,000 58,600 67,300 77,200 santais0bispo fCity) 28,036 32,500 36,900 42,250 48,000 56,850 66,200 Ceesty satsi 105,690 117,000 131,500 150,000 171,500 195,500 223,000 h
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2-13 applicant's. Since dose calculations are made on the applicant's projections, calculations will be on the conservative side. The areas of higher population density are along the cost north of the plant site starting at Morro Bay and running north about 10 miles with scattered population areas further northwest around Harmony, Cambria, and San Simeon. Other areas of higher population density lie along the coast from Avila Beach south and the valley l area between San Luis Obispo and Paso Robles. The mountainous areas, as would be expected, have low population densities and include the coastline from Avila Beach up to the Morro Bay area (a distance about 14 miles with Diablo Canyon approximately in the middle). Areas within 6 miles of the plant are practically unin-habited as shown in Figs. 2.5 and 2.6. The tabulation below indi-cates the location of all individual residences within 6 miles and Fig. 5.4 shows these locations. Residence location Distance from site (miles) NNW 1-2/2 W 1-3/4 . NW 3-1/2 NNW 4-1/2 NNW 5 NW 5-1/4 ENE 5-3/4 ENE 5-3/4 j ENE 5-3/4 j Since the area within 50 miles of the plant offers many recreation l opportunities, there is a large influx of visitors to the parks, i beaches,* and Los Padres National Forest. A tabulation of transient l populations is presented in Table C-4, of the applicant's Supplement :
#2 to his Environmental Report.2 This table shows total year?.y .
visitor-days as follows: State Parks 5,090,000 f County Parks 4,560,000 i Los Padres National Forest 45,000 , 2.2.2 Land Use For many years the lano surrounding the site, for at least five miles, has been idle or used for cattle grazing. Since all these lands are privately owned large land grants, there have been no r residential, industrial, or recreational developments. Much of j the steeper sloped land within 8 miles of the site is wooded. In - 1962 this land was rczoned at the owner request for recreational j i
/
2-14 and commercial development. However, the County Planning Commis-sion has no knowledge of plans to pursue such developments. 3 Since there are no public roads into the area and since the land is so rough, it is unlikely that land use will change in the next decade. Farther away from the site, 20 to 40 miles to the east, the Los Padres National Forest covers the majority of the land. Federal and state governments own 18% of San Luis Obispo County. Agriculture Because of the mountainous terrain, almost 2/3 of the county land han slopes of 30% or more. Land with slopes of less than 10% coa- , prises only about 1/5 of the county. This nearly level land lies y in a few coastal valleys such as Santa Maris and San Luis Valleys j and along the northern border in the Salinas Valley and in the Carrizo Plains. . It is understandable that these are the best agri- l cultural lands. A report" on agricultural products produced in San Luis Obispo County in 1971 indicates the following: Product Monetary value ($) Broccoli, cauliflower, celery, lettuce, romaine, and other vegetables 21,111,000 Hay; beets; wheat, barley, and other grain 11,487,730 Beef cattle, turkeys, and other livestock and poultry 20,819,000 Milk and eggs 3,966,400 Fruit and nuta 2,080,100 Total 59,464,230 In 1940, 1/3 of the work force was engaged in agriculture - in 1970 this force had decreased to less than 10%. An Open Space Plans developed by San Luis Obispo County Planning Department was issued in December 1971, and describes the county agricultural lands, cropr, and problems. In brief, the use of land for agriculture is divided into six classifications: cropland, marginal cropland, orchards and vineyards, dry farmland and grains, range land, and marginal rangeJand. San Luis Obispo County has had very 'imited success with its agricultural zoning program. For more complete information on the Open Space zoning program, see Appendix A of the refereaced report.5 I
2-15 During the site visit. The San Luis Obispo County Agricultural Ex-tension Office provided information on dairy farms (see Fig. 5.4) vithin 12-1/2 miles of the plant as follows: L> cation Dairy Herd (relative to plant site)_ L. F. Domenghini (500 cows) NNE,12.5 miles Roemer and Jones (200 cows) NNE,11 miles Dutch Maid Farm (100 cows) NE, 8 miles Don Warden (200 cows) NE, 8 miles Jim Spreafico (150 cows) E, 9.5 miles Indus t ry The major industrial complex within about SO utiles of the plant is Vandenberg Air Force Base which is located 36 miles to the southeast in Santa Barbara County. It employs about 6,000 people. Other military bases are Hunter Liggett, 50 miles north; Camp Roberts, east of Hunter Liggett; and Camp San Imis Obispo, about 8 miles northeast. About 1/3 of the civilian work force in the ertunty is employed by local, State, and Federal prvernstent, including the operation of State colleges, a State-avned hospital, and two State correction facilities. Other industries include petroleum produc-tion, pria ting, publishing, and food processing. Light miscellaneous industry (auch as manufacturing) employs only about 5% of the work force. Sport fishing and recreational operacions comprise the bal-ance of employment. l A feasibility study on a 30 to 50 millian gallon per day (Mad) { prototype desalting plant was announced on May 4,1970 as a joint project between the United States Department of Interior - Office i of Saline Water (OSW) and the State of California Department of I Water Resources (CDWR). In a reports dated January 1971, it was announced that the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant site was the j preferred location for such a d9salting plant. Sites along the California coast from San Francisco to the Mexican Border were studied 7 and Diablo Canyon was selected because of the land features, remoteness, closeness to a nuclear plant, and the need for fresh, potable water in the San Luis Obispo-Santa Barbar's County areas. Kaiser Engineers performed the feasibility study and recommended that a 40-Mgd multistage flash seawater desalting plant be located NNW of the nuclear plant a distance of about 2000 ft. A plot plan l j showing the power plant and the proposed desalting plant is pre-sented in Fig. 2.9. An artist sketch, Fig. 2.10, shon both plants, l their relative location, and nearness to the ocean. l f I { I
2-16 , Oop y / po.8 E. PROPERTY SOUNDARY h N hr? , NORTM COVE Y N SEAWATER INTAKE
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e 2-18 I l Each of the nuclear plants (Unit I and Unit 2) would supply 600,000 lb/hr of steam (1,200,000 lbs/hr total) to the proposed desalting plant. This steam would-be supplied at 80 psia so that brine tem-peratures would be optimized at 250*F. Since the desalting plant has not been approved, an environmental impact assessment of the combined plants is not included in this
, report. Irstead, the environmental impact assessment of the desalt-l ing plant has been prepared separately. 7 Recreation Recreation activities in San Luis Obispo County are concentrated along the coast line (except for the 12-mile stretch bordering Diablo Canyon), and around the lakes and reservoirs in the county.
Recreational areas, i.e., state parks, state beaches, historic sites, etc., are listed in Table 2.2 and major recreational area . locations are shown on Fig. 2.11. The community of Morro Bay and the area around it has become one l of the west coast's major private fishing-party centers, with many supporting attractions such as good restaurants, a museum, an artist colony, fishing piers, and quaint shops. The county provides areas for numerous recreational pursuits including fishing, boating, swimming, surfing, horseback riding, camping, hiking, and hunting. , It is evident that the area abounds in recreational opportunities- ! however, within a 5-mile radius from the plant site there are no ' designated lands er facilities for recreation. The coast line for about 6 or 8 miles on both sides of the plant is privately owned. The area is mountainous with no public road for access and the
, shore line is rocky. A study,8 " Comprehensive Ocean Area Plan" and " Supplement," by the State of California indicates no plans for this area of shore line. The reports disclose that the area is undeveloped, and that the shore line is too rough for water use.
It is considered to be valuable as a scenic attraction. A study 9 ty the State of California Department of Parks and Recre-ation reviewed recreational habits of Californians, the time they cpend in recreation, their favorite activities, and the time they are willing to spend to reach recreational sites. In their study, they found Diablo Canyon area to be about 4 hours driving time away from most of the state residents except for the Santa Barbara popu-lation who could reach Diablo Canyon in one to two hours. They also found a preference among the majority of state residents to limit driving time to less than 2 hours for all recreational activ-ities except camping. This study indicates that Diablo Canyon area I l k
_ -- ~~ 2-19 Tabir 2.2. Rec estion areas within 40 miles of the Diabeo Canyon Necaear Power Plant location (relative to plant site) Ocean 3 ,, frontage Direction Distance gr ,g) W (miles) San Simeon Bech State Beach NNE 30 13,050 500 Atancadero Beach State Beach N 13 9,950 72 Montana de Oro State Park NW 3 19,200 Morro Bay State Park 4000 N 8 36,600 1477 Morro Strand State Beach N 15 6,8S0 34 Fismo Beach State Beach SE 15 29,652 Arda Beach County Park 959 ESE 7 2,046 4 Oyucos Beach Park N i 16 14 Hearst State Park N 37 7 Morro Rock Park N 11 100 Ouo Flaco take SE IS 30 El Choro Regional Park NE 12 500 lopez Recreational Area E j. 24 4300 1.aguna Lake E 10 Santa Margatita Lake ENE 23 1968 Atasadero take founty Park t ENE 19 19 Nacirniento Renestion AN:s Hearst Castle, a State Historical Monurnent N N 37 37 5400 jl Mission San Miguel NNE 36 ' Fort San Luis ESE 7 Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa E lj 12 i I i i l i l i i '! o ii
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/ 2-21 will not be used for recreation until many other areas have been developed. Another California State studyIO investigated ocean shore-line recreational demands, availability of use facilities, and deficiencies or shortage of use facilities. They found that for the central coast area, the most popular recreational activities, by percent of participation, were beach use 86% walking-hiking 65% svinning 50% picnicking 45% camping 42% photography painting 38% beach combing 32% fishing 30% At Diablo Canyon Area and the 12 miles of adjacent coast line, beach use, swimming, fishing, and beach conbing would not be prac-tical. However, hiking, camping, picnicking, and artistic pursuits could be enjoyed along the coast line if access roads were avail- . able.
; San Luis Obispo County "Open Space Plann5 describes the work being done by the county to acquire lands and to develop recreational properties. This study has designated usage assignments for all lands in the county. Figure 2.12 shows their assignments for the lands within a 10-mile radius of the plant.
{ On the site visit, the staff talked with the State Director of Parks i and ' Recreation. 3 He stated that, of the sites considered for the i plant, his department thought Diablo Canyon was probably the best ! choice from their point of view, { 2.2.3 Ocean Use In the Morro Bay, Port San Luis, Avila Beach, and Pismo Beach areas ! (for locations see Fig. 5.1), the ocean provides opportunity for j water sports and fishing. Sport fishing, including deep-sea fish- i ing, is popular around Morro Bay and Avila Beach. The area off- i shore Diablo Canyon is an in:portant and significant area for pro- , duction of abalone and is heavily fished commerciallyll (transcript of hearing pages 439 and 838). The applicant 2 has submitted fishing i information (ER, Supplement No. 2, Volume I, pages IV-B-2 through IV-B-20) that discusses both comme:cial and sport fishing in detail. Summaries of these data are presented in Section 5.2. I f l k
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2-73 The California Department of Fish and Game 12 states that fish catches for the Morro Bay area and Avila Beach area for 1970 were as follows: ? Pounds Value ($) Morro Bay 6,834,947 1,672,566 Avila Beach 1,925,676 420,770 2,093,336 Another use of the ocean involves transportattoo of petroleun. There are two oil-loading facilities - one at Avila Beach, and one just north of Morro Bay. 2.2.4 Economy 4 The economy of San Luis Obispo County is reasonably stable because of the high employment by the state, county, and local governments (about 1/3 of work force). Trade and service employment makes up another 1/3 of the labor force. Total taxable sales in the county's retail stores was 1.3 billion in 197013 at which time the esti-mated personal income was $330 million. A guide to the economic makeup is shown by Table 2.3.13 ' 2.3 HISTORIC AND NATURAL LANDMARKS The recorded history of San Luis Obispo County begins in 154.? when the first Spaniards were met by friendly Indians who presented gif ts of acorns and fish to the explorers.' The principal Indian , tribe of the county was the Chumash who buried their dead, spoke i a dialect of the Hokan language, wove beautiful basketry, and made the finest plank boats in all of North America. Artifacts of the ; Chumash have been preserved in the San Luis Obispo County Museum i ; and the museum of the San Luis Obispo dd Tolosa Mission. Actual settlement of the land began in 1772 when Father Junipero Serra established California's fifth mission (the county's first mission), named San Luis Obispo de Tolosa, see Fig. 2.13. In 1797, Father Fermin Francisco de Lasuer founded a second mission in the northern part of the County and called it San Miguel Arcangel.
?
There is no recorded history that mentions the Diablo Canyon site area. Whether or not early explorers visited the site is not i known. The earliest known visits to the area tell of white traders l l
2-24 Tabk 2.3. Statistical profite of San Luis Otnspo County,1966-1970 1966 1%7 1968 1%9 1970 f Papahassm(midyear) 99,400 100,500 101,700 103,200 106,700 '
! Taahte salesin atail stores
- 1,250.0 1,252.0 1.253.0 1,287.0 1,307.0 Pesossi ncenne' 236.9 253.1 284.6 309.3 330.08 Consesuman i 8 22.0 25.7 Totst hnikhms vahastion Renkatial valuation 8 13.5 8.3 15.2 8J 17.1 10.5 12.2 19.5
- .j 5.2 6.4 6.6 '9.9 6.2
%:ial valuation" 1,249 f
Mussbar of dweems units included in buildisig pensits 461 547 566 708 > Emplopenne Labor fasce 31,250 31,950 33,300 35,450 37,850
; Toisicipihas employment 29,650 30,400 31,850 33,750 35,850 Uemarbysment 1,600 1,550 1,450 1,700 2,000 Pacost - '_, a nt 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.9 5.3
% e4usted 5.2 4.9 4.4 4.9 5.3 Maumsg 150 100 150 150 150 P- 1,100 950 1,050 1,150 1,550 MW 1,000 1,150 1,200 1,25 0 1,350 Tsamurestatma, communications, and utihties 1,500 1,550 1,500 1,450 1,650 Tsuse 5,450 5,500 6,000 6,500 6,250 {
800 i Fasmor. insurance, and real estate 650 650 700 750 Semon 3,950 4,200 4,450 4,55n 5,000 f Govemmasset 8,450 9,100 9,400 10,300 10,750 ! Other - _ ' ralemployrnent 4,400 4,350 4,550 4,650 4,650 Agnauhase 3,000 2,850 2,850 3,000 3,050 *
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2-26 who visited the Morro Bay area about 1587 and San Luis Bay about 1595. During Mexican rule, the land around Diablo Canyon was a part of one of the land grants made by the Mexican Government to an individual. Since that early grant, the land has had many owners. The south portion of the site has been in the possession of the Luigi Marre family since 1892. In the long period of history before the Spanish explorers, it is thought that the site was inhabited by Indians who lived along the coast fishing and hunting for their food. Consequently, three archaeological sites in the plant area were investigated oy archae-ologists. The report of their findings has not yet been published; however, a manuscript is on file with the Central Archaeological Foundation, Sacramento, California. A letter and map from the State Park Archaeologist for California Department of Parks and Recreation, is included in this report as Appendix 2-1. He states that three areas on the site are of archaeological importance because they
" have not been vandalized and very little is known about habitation patterns and material customs of the Indians. One of these sites '
has been partially covered with stockpiled excess fill, consequently, the State Park Archaeologist has requested that the applicant keep his office advised of construction activities so that he can rec-ommend salvage archaeology as required. The State Archaeologist also states that there are no known historic sites located directly on Pacific Gas and Electric Comp ny property. The nearest item of
- even remote interest is an adobe two or three miles southeast. San Luis Obispo County has several adobes which have been preserved for historical significance.
=
The February 28, 1973, National Register of Historic Places and the supplement of March 6,1973, list four locations in San Luis Obispo County. These are Nipomo, " Dana Adobe," southern end of Oak Glen Ave. San Miguel, "Caledonia Adobe," 0.5 miles south of 10th St. San Miguel, " Mission San Miguel," U.S. Highway 101 Hearst San Simeon State Historic Park, about 3 miles northeast of San Simeon 2.4 GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY The information presented in this section is summarized from the PSAR, Appendices B-E, and other sources.18 -22 1 1 f 6
2-27 2.4.1 Geolo g
'ihe coast in the vicinity of the site is generally straight but rugged with small coves, points of rock, and many big rocks half awash in the water. The seaward edge of the coastal terrace is a near-vertical cliff about 60 ft high which shows clearly a cross section of the geological formations that underlie the site. Bed-rock and overlying surficial deposits are exposed almost continu-ously along the walls of Diablo Canyon and on the main hillslopes in the northeastern part of the area. The prominent points and ranges along the coastline, as well as the offshore rocks and shoals, are essentially bare bedrock. Man-made exposures were at first limited to a few shallow road cuts in and near Diablo Canyon.
However, in the course of the geological studies, a number of large deep trenches were dug, totaling several thousand feet in length, so that ample opportunity was given for study. The entire area is underlain by a complex sequence of stratified marine sedimentary rocks and tuffaceous volcanic rocks, all of Tertiary (Miocene) age. Diabasic intrusive rocks are locally exposed high on the walls of Diablo Canyon at the edge of the area. Both the sedimentary and volcanic rocks have been folded and otherwise disturbed over a con-siderable range of scales. Surficial deposits of Quaternary age are widespread. In a few places they are as thick as 50 ft. Like many other parts of the California coast, the Diablo Canyon area is characterized by several wave-cut benches of Pleistocene age. The oldest bedrock unit exposed in the power plant area is the Obispo Tuff, of Miocene age. The rock varies from dense to highly . porous and from thin layered to nearly massive. The most widespread rock type is a vitric tuff with rare to moderately abundant tabular crystals of sodic plagioclase. The Monterey formation underlies most itself. of the power plant area including the location of the plant The predominant rock types making up the formation are s silty and tuffaceous sandstone, siliceous shale, shaly siltstone and mudstone, and impure vitric tuff and silicified limestone and shale. The site has been investigated by cutting four trenches down to the bedrock.
'Ihis investigation revealed no evidence of a major fault in the area. There is evidence of surface disturbances, some of which are faults, in the plant site. None of the breaks offsets the interface between the bedrock and the terrace deposits and none extends upward into the surficial cover. The age of the breaks at the site has been established to be at least 100,000 l
l
I 2-28 years, indicating that the possibility of fault-induced displacements at the site is sufficiently remote to be disregarded. 2.4.2 Seismology There is a record of only one earthquake within 20 miles of the site which has caused damage, and this one was at San Luis Obispo in 1830. A church was damaged but, as these structures in those days were generally ooorly built, the shock need not have been a heavy one. The Earthquake and Epicenter Fault Map 15 prepared by the Department of Water Resources, State of California, shows several small shocks of magnitude 4 to 4.4 with epicenters distant about 20 miles from the site. On November 4,1927, a fairly large earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 occurred off the coast some 60 miles southwest of the site, presumably on the western extension of the Sants Ynez Fault. The same fault system was responsible for a magnitude 6.3 l shock in 1925 and a magnitude 6.1 shock in 1941. These three off-l shore shocks were too distant to have posed any threat to struc-l tures at the site.
. The nearest major fault system to the site is the Nacimiento Fault some 20 miles distant. In 1952 there was a shock of meanitude 6.0 i on this fault at a distance of 44 miles from the site. This is the l largest recorded earthquake on this fault. However, the fault sys-1 i tem is an important one, and must be assumed to be capable of pro-l ducing a major shock.
The San Andreas fault passes some 48 miles from the site. The maxinr.sm earthquakes which might disturb the site have been I
- taken as follows:
s A. A great earthquake on the San Andreas fault at a distance of
; ? 48 miles and with a magni
- ude of 8-1/2. The ground acceleration at the site would be 0.1 g.
t f B. A large earthquake on the Nacimiento fault at a distance of l 20 miles, and with a magnitude of 7-1/4. The ground acceleration at the site would be 0.12 g. i i l
$ l ! I -
7 2-29 C. A large offshorc. earthquake on the extension of the Santa Ynez fault at a distance of 50 miles and with a magnitude of 7-1/2. The ground acceleration at the site would be 0.05 g. D. An aftershock triggered by earthquake A above, having magnitude 6-3/4 and centered at the site at a depth of 6 miles. The ground acceleration would be 0.20 g. The Diablo Canyon plant has been designed to withstand safely such earthquakes as discussed in the staff's Safety Evaluation Report.23 The possibility of a tsunassi, or an earthquake induced " tidal wave," was considered at length by the applicant. However, experience has shown that the generally straight coastline at the site fails to asplify the tsunami waves from distant sources so that the waves have, at most, an aaplitude of only 5 to 6 ft. Nearby earthquakes are Imrgely the result of horizontal motion of the earth which offers poor coupling with the water and large waves i are not produced. A study of areas where earthquakes of moderate magnitude have been reported to have produced Israe tsunamis has shown either that the reported wave was much exaggerated or that the ahape and profile of the shoreline were u.arkedly different , froe that at Diablo Canyon. The co:sbination of maximum tsunami with mar %m tide and storm waves would produce a runup of only 18 ft above hLLW, while the plant could tolerate a runup of 30 ft. 2.5 RfDROIhGY Diablo Canyon Creek drains into the ocean in the northern part of the site. The Creek has a drainage area of 2500 acres and is in-s capable of producing a flood that would cause any damsge. Groundwater below the site probably lies at levels about that of I the bottom of the lower Diablo Canyon. No significant groundwater resource exists in this area. The hydrology or San Luis Obispo County is described in detail in the San Luis Obispo County Planning Department's "Open Space Plan.n5 hter for the city of San Luis Obispo is obtained principally from Salinas Reservoir about 23 miles gNE of the site. The city also 1 6 4
l l 2-30 obtains smaller enantities of water from Whale Rock Reservoir 17 miles N of the site, from Chorro Reservoir about 13 miles NE of the site, and from a few small uncovered reservoirs 18 miles NE of the site. There is also a proposal to build a reservoir in Lo-l pez Canyon 20 miles E of the site. Smaller towns in the region of the San Inis Obisro depend on wells for domestic water although,
! in general, grounArater is not an important resource in this area.
I ne closest water supply is located 6 miles to the N of the site. The operation of the Diablo Canyon power plant poses no threat to any of these water supplies. i There is little change in the ambient ocean water temperature at the Diablo Canyon Site throughoct the year. Monthly averages rsnge ! from a low of about 50'F, which asy occur during any or. all of the ,! first six months of a given year, to a high of about 63*F, usually J observed in the months of September and October. The lowest ob- l served temperature in the past 5 years is 45'F and the highest isi l' 63.5'F. The maximum diurnal variation observed at Diablo Cove is '
- 6. 0'F.
Additional information on the ocean, particularly ocean currents, is given in Section 3. 2.6 METEOROLOGY > Weather typical of the central California coast best describes the f climate at the site. During May through September the climate is < dry because of the Pacific Anticyclone which prevents Pacific storms from moving in across the site. As the Pacific Anticyclone moves south in the winter, the Pacific storms move in bringing the i wet season (November through March). Wind directions generally follow the coast blaving usually from the northwest. Second most , frequent direction is from the southeast. Temperatures are mild
- l
. with very little variation from summer to winter.
Rainfall avert ges about 16 inches per year at the site but records indicate that rainfall varies from 9 inches in a dry year to 27 inches in a wet year. Precipitation . lata for areas around the site were presented by the applicant in his Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR), Appendix A. Table 2.4 shows portion of this data. i More than 80% of the l 1 6
., 1 i
i W i f
/
2-31 l l TsMs 2A. RainfuS in the DiaMo Cuyos aras Indes drainfall , ! M Pheno Beach Sam tmis OWapo Morro Bay fire semenom
-{ (10 years dreconds) (10 yesus dreconds) (7 years drecesed -
)
Nevesaber IJ2 .> 1.72 2.38 h .245 3.M 1.80
) Amamary 3.79 i 4.72 1.M Pehswery 3h5 4.12 3.43 March 2.10 3.34 L74 Wet sensas smoott# average 248 3.57 2.26 Ages 1.92 140 L42 Mer 0.34 S.51 0.25 June 0.04 8.11 ROS Juty 0.06 n
ADI ROO Aaqsust 041
' 842 0.02 Sayessaber 0.20 8.20 &23 Dry season snoethly average 0.13 0.17 0.11 Ocsober 0.46 E82 0.59 Yandy everses 16.44 21.!! 13.87 4
e
?
I
2-32 annual rainfall occurs during the winter wet season. Cloudiness
- is more prevalent during winter storm periods, and fogging occurs amost frequently during the dry season.
; 'Ibe average annual temperature at the site and surrounding area is
; about 55'F with a high mean of 60*F in August and a low mean of 52*F in January. Extremes range from 100*F to 26'F. Table 2.5 shows averne temperatures for Morro Bay and Pismo Beach. All these temperatures show the strong coastal maritime influence.
Prevailing wind direction is from the NW (12 miles /hr average) occurring predominantly during the dry season. The ser.ond pre-f dominant direction is from the SE (6 mph) during the wat season, y Tables in Appendix 2-2 show direction frequency of all wind oc-
; currences under C, D, and F stability conditions.
In July of 1967, an on-site program of meteorological measurements
! was started and data collection has continued. Data for the period j from July 1967 to July 1969 were summarized to establish baseline conditions of the site. Supplement No. 2 to the Environmental Re-
.j port 2published data 24 collected from July 1967 through October 1969. Data on temperatures, wind speed and direction, and turbu-lence intensities were recorded at 4 stations, and two more stations in Disblo Canyon recorded wind speeds only.
The staff has made detailed studies of the meteorological conditions at the site and presented their findings in the Safety Evaluation Report.23 The summary of their findings, and the comments of the Environmental Science Service Administration are both contained in h Appendices 2-3 and 2-4. 2.7 ECOIAGY OF THE SITE AND ENVIRONS 2.7.1 Terrestrial Environs The coastal zone in the Diablo Canyon area is typical of the cen-l tral California coast. Physiographically the site area varies from open ocean, coastal rocks, rocky headlands, and sandy beaches to f' a coastal stream (Diablo Canyon creek) which drains the slopes of
, the Irish hills and a coastal plain which rises above the ocean, j The majer vegetative communities extending from the ocean inland i are coastal sagebrush, chaparral, grassland, and woodland-savannah.
l General characteristics of these abundant communities are shown in i Table 2.6. Although the above occur in pure stands, mixed stands are also quite common. t i
)
r
2-33 Table 23. Temymatwe does for she im Camyus ans In degrees F Pismo Beach
- Maath Mean Mens
,,, Mene Extresne Extreune
- t.re - .. . . .
November 56 4 58.3 69.4 47.1 91 29 Dece.ber 53A 54 4 65.3 43.9 92 28 January 52.4 51.7 61.3 42A 30 24 February 53.3 53.7 64A 43.4 82 29 March $3.1 54J 65J 44A 88 30 Wet season speruse 534 54 4 65.1 4(I Apr8 54.8 56A 66.1 4LI 90 32 May 54.1 57.3 67.5 47.1 89 36 June 56J 59.8 69A 49.7 96 40 July 58.2 60.5 68.7 52J 104 38 August 59.7 604 68J $2.7 102 43 Septeseber 59.7 62.1 712 52J 99 41 Dry season aversee 57.7 60.1 69.3 58J October 60.9 604 71.3 493 95 32 85eren years ofrecordt '
*From 1951 to 1960.
\
l l l l
2-34 Table 24. Characteristics of thsee supor plant =h ies t found in te Disblo Canyon Ane' i Osparral(Adeseostoms-ArctorsgsAf aefammothus): Very dense weetation of broadleaf ewrgreen sderophyB shrubs l Dominants: Onauer 06demostones fasekulstum), Mamannita (A rctortsphylor l app.),Caldormia he(Casmodus spp.) Other coniponents: ArrtortepaylotgleN A. sisum, A. asenzselta, A. perryans, A. l 4 l pannpens, A. riscida, A. spp.,Cennothus cumartus, C foliosus, C keresaus. C inteserineus, C leucodermk. C soredintus, C spinosus, l' C dyrstflorur, C reanrinus, Cercoarpus besulautes. Fremonthu onlU6rnks, Heteroments etutifolin, Pickanos naontana, Prunus Rfrdoan, @ ecus dumoer Rhemnus celifoniar, R. erocea, Dichostamar Angrtum, Yucer wA4ppiel I' Cons;al sage ersh (Safris-Erfogoman): Moderately dense vasetation of breedisef evergreen shrubs, f rasely more than 1.5 m tau i t Dominants: Cahrornia backwheat (Eriagonumfasckadsesm), White sage (Safrir l i sqpeant), Black ange (Safrk anell/fers) Other components: Artemisdecakfornfar,Enceteestifornles Eriophyllumconfert(/Lsrum, _ _ , , ;--- aquarrosus, H. venetus, Hortehe cuneats, Rhus
,! in8Egr(foint.3*frial'u'OP &Ef r Cahfornia oakwoods (Quercus): Medium seu or low brumnsef evergreen or semideciduous forests with f an admixture of low to medium tad nosedeaf ewsgrees trees
; l' Dominants: Coulter pins (mus coulteri)(mostly in hW elevations). Digger eine vteur ash), Coast Irve oak (Quercus gr(folar), Canyon live oak
(@srcus c&psolepis), Blue ook (Oucreus dangissil), Vaucy Oak (Quercus Jonese),lsesriar live ook (@ercus wistiseni) I
' (
Other coraponents: Araculus co6fornia, Connodus cuneatus Orcis occidentalis. Eriodyction enhfornkum, Rhemnus californian, Ribes quercetorum, l Umbeuuisrir entiforniar, Inqiuns californkx, Quecus engelmannil,
. RAusintesefotis, R. ossse l
*From A W. Kuchler, " Potential Natural Vegetation of the Costermir.ous United States,"
Arn. Geograph. Soc. Spec. PubL 36, Amerman Geographical Society, New York. t i l I l t I i P l s t l O
2-35 The Diablo Canyon Power Plant Site is located on a gently sloping marine terrace at an elevation of 50-150 ft. To the west, directly adjacent to the power plant site, are steep rock cliffs. To the east, the marine terrace rises rapidly, forming peaks and ridges with elevations exceeding 1,000 feet. Vegetation of the cliffs, headlands, and marine terrace is composed of Iw growing perennials and patches of herbaceous annuals (Fig.
- 2. % ) . Dudleya ahmmsii is cosmonly found on the sheer cliff faces.
Ital .an ryegrass and members of the mint and dandelion families generally occur in association with Pudleya on the rocky outcrop-pings.2 The rocky shoreline and bluffs comprise a special ecolog-ical niche for some birds, and several species are resident and nest in this type of habitat. Double-created cormorants and western gulls, along with lesser numbers of pigeon guillemots and black oystercatchers inhabit the rocky shoreline and immediate offshore rocks.25 The tabulation of species in Table 2.7 and those tables following are composites of the species found in all habitats and are not broken down to the particular community level. California sea lions also utilise the offshore rocks. Upland game does not contribute significantly to overall recreational hunting within l this part of the coastal zone. Mammals which probably occur in the vicinity of Diablo Canyon are listed in Table 2.8. Chaparral vegetation is a woody scrub community which character-
\
istically contains Adenostom, Antostaphylos, and Ceanothus. The chaparral of the rolling hills in the coastal area (Fig. 2.15) are mixed stands of these species and various species of Quemus and Rhus.26 The scrub growth varies between 2 and 5 ft in height and 4 is considered unsocial in that each plant stands by itself and has a clear space about it.27 Pockets of grassland vegetation are interdispersed in the chaparral. This vegetation is domf.nated by naturalized grasses: soft chess (Bmmus mZZis), wild barley (Nordeum Zaporinum), foxtail chess (Bmmus rebens), and wild oats (Avena fatus). Also scattered throughout the chaparral and grass-land species age shrubs which form the coastal sagtbrush community. The dominant trpecies of the coastal sage community are typically shallow-roceed subshrubs that rarely exceed 5 ft in height. The most commou and widespread species of the coastal sage is Artemisia 1 4
2-36 ( 2d ) 2011F A313 o l l l t D t t l l l ?
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4 2-37 Table 2.7, Common and scientific masass of esin144 in areas l I of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Flast Project" Common nanw Scientine name Comrnon loon Cerkinsur Arctic loon t Cark ur#3c8 Western grobe Ae:Amaphoms occidmsaar Brown pelian Pelectner occademanar Double <:ressed cormorant pheincrocourauritur Brandt's cormorant Phalmerwomrpenkartast Pelagic coranorant theinucwszpstescur Black brant Amearhemkdr Manant dcus7 3mbnb*d88 ' cad a Amritrear >, * '
, 1 American widpoon Meucw anowicmar , , a ',
Pintaa Amer ac* '
'4 fi Green winged teal Amaresmhesudr Cmasmon taal Amstcfemoptsar '
- Shonder Spssadeeffpesar >
e: 4> Wood amt Air Jponer - l R W 4eiduck Aynye tohtels < j Canvasback Aydye sulminner l l Lesser scaup Aydys e/Jheir ' Bufflehead N ry'dafaanir i Ruddy duck Oryww/smaionsoir 1 White winged scoter MeameirAs)bsor I i Surf scoter Neimuitta c., ' ~ - Red-breasted anerganser Mergus samrtar I Peregrke falcon Teleppeurhees
! Bisek oysteratcher Haemattopes andmemel
{ Black turnstoes Aresesrk _ ' _ ."' i Wandering tattler #eteoscristi- [ WIDet Catoptiophamassme@sinestaar
'l Red phalarope phaismparsfissonsur Northern phalaropa Loa $sesJoestie Western guD Larus occideisser flerring gun Larusmyrmartur fleermann's gnB lsur Acernermai Common murre Urnt me(re Pigeon guillernot . CypAmscoasmas Band-tailed pigeon Colunebe fascinar Mourning dove Emaidmr assemww Turkey #chzeris.guEppsso California suu Laws cultfankar Chff swaDow ferrocAelidos pyrr6anoar Rock wren Salphertes absolnae Anas's hummingbird Calypse enne Bisek phoebe Saporais nipicaer Brown towhee PipRofuscus Bush tit Parimparus minimeur Californis valley quaH Lophortyx confanseur Houeibeh Capodscus mexkume Rufous humrr.ingbird SelaJphorus refur Scrub):} Apheloceme ne1 descent American gold (mch Spinus tristk I. Ik sparrow Chomfestespsamescur ,
I i
.o
_a -__-_.___m ______.____.___.m _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . .
o .. .- f f 6 t 2-38 l l I Table 2.7 (continued) , l Common name Scientific name Red-tailed hawk Butto/amaicenstr Sage spanow AmphhPite i bd:; Savannah sparrow Passerculus undwichemo Turkey vulture Catharter are l
- Table compiled from " Impact on Fish and WihEife of a large Desalting Plant at Diablo Canyon," California Department of Fish and Game, Erevironmental Services Branch Office Report. Erch 1972, 83 pp.; Pacific C as and Enoctric Company, Diablo Canyon Site,$up-piement No. 2 % vironmental Report, Vol. I, July,1972.
i l
}
l i h I a t i i l i 1 i a
l 2-39 l , Table 2.8. Common and scientific names of some mammals in the Diablo Cany-n ases* Scientific narne Common name l Didelphidae Didelphis marmpintis Opossum Soricidae Sores ornatus Ornate shrew Sores aowbridr# Trowbridge's shrew Tabdae
, Sospenus hthne.ars Broad-footed neole Vespertilionidae l Myotislucifsqus Little brown het
. Myotissymenenair ,> Yuma myotis
$' Myotis erotis , Long<ated myotis
, # ports seyamodes Fringed myotis i Myotis podens Long4seged myotis e Myotis esitfomkus Californis myotis /, i Myotts subukrus 8 mall 4aoted myotis *
#$istredius Aespaus Western pipestrelle Eptesicusfinacus Big brown het Lasturus bornelis Redbet lasturuscinmus Hoesy bet Coryno4inus tourarndit Big <ared bet AnnotouspeRidus Fallid bet Molossidae
, Tadercie Areaflienals Brazilian free-tailed bet i
Eumopsperotis Groeter unstaff bat Leparidae Syfederus becament stud rabbit SyMetussudobonif Desert oottonten Lapes4fornkus Black-taandJack rabbit
$duridae Euarmies merrient Merriam's chipmunk
! Cre#us beecAryl Seediey ground squirrel i s Seasrus griscus Western grey equinel Geoneyadae 7kunomys umarimur Southern pocket popher Heteromyidas perornetous kuqrimem&rir IJttle podtet amouse Perarmethus os4fornkus Chitformis podet snouse Dhutomys heerweenstmorromusir Morro Bay kangaroo ret ;
D>odosrryr noendosef Merriam's kaagaroo set l Cricetidae l ReisArodonsomys nassoloth Weneern herween menee recaryscur mi0brnkus Onliformis snouse I frroarparus seenkuktur Deer amouse feromyscwt 60 pelf Brus niouse feromyscus Duvi hoe mouse Neotome bride Desset woodret Neotomafisarver Duskyfooted woodret Mkrotus ceinbenker Cantfornia vois Muridae Retsss8 norreticut Norway ret Mme nousembe m es,snous f
+
e' i 1 2-40 l l TaMr 2.3 (w) Scientific name Comenos name l i C id. GodArmsw Coyote Goryon einmeopennae Grey fon Tiw, - ' Assariscurasrune Rissted harpos Awar 8-Masesudes Musentpensar Imag4aasd weessi resider amn nedser 4dagmirpeer h sponed shank a > Moned aupMsir striped samt Fatrasneeder ha lies 4 s Lymrsups W CervMas h* dames Amundsmur Mais dear
- Tame oosuped froan L R. Med and K. R. Esissa. T&r Msemeser of Nord Amneries, vols. I and E. Roasti Fwas Co., New Yesk.1959; e l
' I G. legies, Menamesir auf er hugIr Jasesr. Stamfood Unhorsky hess.
Stanfood,Califormis 1965. r. 1,
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,. 80808 645 age Of9 9Es Fig . 2.15. Generalized cross-sectional representation of ecological zones in the vicinity of Diabic Creek and adjacent slopes.
1 t 448
~ _ _ _ - 2-42 californica. Lotus scoparius, Eriogonwn fascicuZatum, Viquenz Zaciniata, several species of Eriodictyon, and five species of l Salvia are variously associated with Artemisia.26 California sage-
' brush is generally distributed in this area and may occur in pure stands along the coastal hills. This coeununity varies from lower to higher elevations but black sage, wild buckwheat, scalebroom, and Eriodictyon trichocalyx occur throughout.
Bird species common to these communities included scrub jays (AphsZoooma opemZssoons), Savannah sparrows (PassearuZus sand-viohansis), Isrk sparrows (Chondsstes yw,. acus), and sade sparrows (bphispisa beZZi). Diablo Creek flows through the canyon, emptying into Diablo Cove. ' Vegetation in this area is composed principally of live oaks (Querous aprifblia), California laurel (GmbsZZuZaria califomioa), and big leaf amples (Aose anarophyIZum). A dense mixture of scrub and chaparral species dominates the g; sund surface. The banks l- along the creek consist of shade-tolerant plants such as Miner's I lettuce (Abntia perfoZiata) and ferns (Polystichum dudZsyi). The
! drier terrain above the creek supports smaller woody shrubs in-cluding the toyce (gsteromsZas arbutifolia).2 In the tsumediate vicinity of the creek, black phoebes (Sayornia nigricans), American goldfinches (.5 pinus tristis), and house finches (Ca.podacus mexiosas) were abundant in the scrub vegetation.
Woodlands in the central coastal area consist of scattered trees with some other types of vegetation (grass, chaparral, sagebrush, or mixtures of these) dominating the ground surface between and beneath the trees. In the higher elevations, native vegetation consists primarily of Bishop pine, coastal live oak, and black and white oak mixed with various species of lower growing shrubs (manzanits).28 I Upland game, big game, and nongame wildlife populations generally
! are not dependest exclusively for survival upon the upland habitat which is found in the coastal zone. There are, however, areas in the coastal zone that apparently provide optimum habitat conditions ' and thus support large populations of upland game. High Anaities of quail, cottostall rabbits, and brush rabbits have been found '
in the vegetated sand dunes of the northern and central California { coast. , I During the annual migration period over 1 million birds frequent ! California's coastal wetlands. Sandy beaches bordering the ocean seasonally attract bandreds of thousands of shorebirds. Birds l 1 i h k.
2-43 uormally begin arriving from the north in late July and are present all winter in varying degrees of abundance. Plovers, sandpipers, phalaropes, and other shorebirds move on farther south in winter; other birds remain to winter in California. Some remain as non-breeders and frequent beaches and mudflats during summer months. Lion Rock has been listed as a major rookery for Brandt's cormorant.29 Cetaceans (i.e., whales, dolphins and porpoises) also inhabit the ocean waters around the Diablo Canyon site (Table 2.9). The Cali-fornia gray whale is observed off San Luis Obispo County during annual north-south migrations. A number of marine carnivora (i.e., seals, sea otters and sea lions) which probably occur off the shore in the plant area are shown in Table 2.10. The principal distribu-tion of the sea otter, Enhydra Zutris, off California is from Pa-cific Grove to Cambria, with occasional si both to the north and south of this range.p0,31 tings in recent A herd of 175years animals see Fig. has been reported residing in the Cayucos area (for location 2.11).32 Environmental Features of Areas Traversed by Transmission Lines The two transmission line routes cross the central coastline, the innermost scuntain range, foothill regions, and a portion of the Central Valley. These routes encompass a diverse complement of terrestrial flora and fauna which have been previously described. In higher elevations the dominant native vegetation consists of Bishop pine, coastal live oak black and white oak, and various species of brushes (e.g., manz,anita). In the valleys and plains areas, vegetation utilised for grazing or crop production dominates. Maps of vegetation types traversed by the transmission corridors were prepared by the applicant 2 from information obtained from the Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. , Since California falls within the corridor of the Pacific flyway, one of the four naticavide pathways of migratory waterfowl, a number of waterfowl migrate through the areas occupied by the transmission lines. San Luis Obispo contains little waterfowl habitat, but Morro Bay, approximately 4 miles west of the Cates line, does contain the third most important black brant habitat on the coast. In some years up to 7,000 birds have been recorded on the bay. Soda Lake in the vicinity of the Midway line does provide suitable water ; habitat during the wet spring runoff period. The Nations 1 Audubon Society here conducts yearly bird counts in Morro Bay.2 Two areas containing state- and federal-managed waterfowl habitat within the l
/
2-44 l l TaWe 2.9. Cataces etserved emesse from see Lois Ohigo Coasty8 , f Cggggg g Mm . g. I e - Gsay whals EadWdifursensum l' Minke whos. , ewsamawarasar mn .,es n - [ North padfic whiteside dolphie f ap==a**peduraMireddaw Northers right whale dolphis ' ' - - ' ", _ acrest Shor Jimmed pilot whale 7 ' sislead KEast whals Orcense over Harhet porpoies thoemmarpeseosme DoD porysiss thoconsodderdsE Pysmy gun whats KegdeArv e spr Dwarf spens whale Keg 6raiseur Goossbesked whals Elphew serikosedr
*From C. A. I. Roost Eopir assess and other Cetaceans team Sea Luls06hpoCounty, California,J. Afassa 51(2): 410-437(1970).
f i 1 1 l l
2-45 I Table 2.10. Ornicers cheerved a% ee OmNformis coast' Conunon ansne 3dentific name Guadalupe fut seal '
^philippittouwsend Ae ^+ .
Northern (Alsska) fur seal GsNa#6iumt arminus Steller ses lion EunsesspiarA&sse Californis sea lion 74 top 4mr cud (famisnur IUbbon seal ##triapesarfeedrar Northern elephant seal ##oesaprmapstkortrir Harbor seal phoor edadmr Sea ottet Enhybe heir i
*Tuble compiled frosa A. E. Daugherty. Marine mammals of Califormis. State of California, Resources Apacy, Dept. Fish Game, 196187 pp.
I I i
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i 1
k 2-46 vicinity of the transmission corridors are the Mendota Waterfowl Management Area and the Kern National Wildlife Refuge. These areas, within the Central Valley, are part of the main wintering l grounds for migratory waterfowl. Mendota Waterfowl Management Area lies approximately 34 miles north of the Gates Substation, and Kern
, National Wildlife Refuge is approximately 22 miles north of the Midway Substation. In addition to the above, approximately 16 miles of access roads and right-of-way corridor extend through the los Padres National Forest. The California condor has been seen soaring over the counties traversed by the lines. Peregrine falcons are found near Morro Rock on the coast and both the peregrine falcon.
and golden eagle are found in Los Padres National Forest. Further discussion of the impact of transmission linec .s dfound in Sect. 4.2.2. 2.7.2 Aquatic Environs Diablo Cove is characterized by an irregular ocean bottom where the rock substrate is criss-crossed by narrow channels. Shelves with deep crevices and a few ledges three to four feet high also are prominent. Such topographical features provide for an oceanic turbulence that keeps the cover area of the cove flushed. The shoreline in this area is a series of sheer, wave-eroded cliffs, jutting headlands, and massive offshore rocks and re afs. The tidal zone is narrow and may even terminate where there is no protection from wave shock and where there is little or no sediment deposition, j I The subtidal shoaling area west of the peninsula which bounds the north side of the 32-acre Diablo Cove is vulnerable to rough ocean
! conditions. The tidal zone along the inside of the cove consists of beveling layers of bedrock and large strewn boulders which are I
continuous to 10 to 15 ft depths. These formations provide numerous
! p otective crevices and ledges for marine animals. The subtidal f cove bottom is tr.aversed by rocky reefs that parallel the shoreline.
j Boulders, gravel, and coarse sand gradually grade to the finer ma-l terials at greater depths. l The Diablo Cove area and vicinity are generally composed of six habitat types.28 Sandy Intertidal Beaches. The most prominent species found in this habitat are the surf-perch and invertebrates such as the sand crab. Rocky Intertidal. The most important invertebrates found within the rocky intertidal zone are the abalone, both black and red. This 1 1 I l i
- i. \
2-47 area also serves as habitat and nursery grounds for many important fish including rockfish, greenling, and cabezon. The rocks also serve as attachment for a diversity of algae that feed the multitude of animals found here. Cobble-Boulder Intertidal. Some important sport fish such as mon-keyf ace and rock prickleback rely on this type of habitat. Abalone also are found in this zone, particularly juveniles. Sandy Subtidal Bottoms. 'Ihis area supports populations of juvenile and adult flatfish, surfperch, and a few species of rockfish. i Rocky Subtidal Reefs. Reefs are a vital habitat for several species of rockfish, surfperch, and greenling. 'Ihe lingcod, cabezon, and red abalone also inhabit this area. Attachment surfaces for bull kelp and for smaller species of brown and red algae are provided by the rocky substrate. Cobble-Boulder Subtidal Bottoms. These areas provide protective habitat for small fishes and invertebrates and attachment for algae. Sandy intertidal beaches and subtidal bottoms are not found in Diablo Cove. Rocky shores generally support the most varied and most luxurious algal communities, and the substratum intertidal zone at Diablo Canyon supports numerous species of green, red, and brown algae (Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae, respectively). Most of these species are low growing filamentous and foliose reds and lime encrusting coralline red algae. Intertidal surveys in the Diablo Canyon study area during 1970 and 197128 have documented the presence of at least 65 species of in-vertebrates and 113 species of marine algae and flowering plants (see Appendix 2.5 for a listing of marine organisms found in Diablo Cove). During the summer months the most abundant marine alga in the in-tertidal zone is the foliose red, Iridaea splendens, which covers most rocky rarfaces. In the fall, the green sea lettuce, UZua Zactuca, partially replaces Iridaca in many areas. Surf grass, Phyllospadix scoulcri, was abundant in the shallow zone. In the shallow subtidal in areas protected from rough seas, the cover consists of Gigartina corymbifera, Prionitis, Iridaea, crus-tose and articulated corallines, UZva, PhyZZospadix, #iemoladia and Snrithora. In exposed surf areas, the cover includes Larrinaria, ; i f
f 2-48 Dictyoneureum, Gigartina corymbifem, BotryogZcesum, Prionitis, EnthmphyIZum, #icrocladia, and crustose and articulated corallines. In addition to these species, the short growing #iorocladia horc lis is common in exposed areas, and the annual brown alga, AZaria mar-ginata, was very abundant in exposed areas during the susmer. One hundred seventy-three2 stipes of this alga were counted during the sumuner from a 1/4 m quadrat at a control station south of Diablo Cove.28 Much of the algae present are vital food items for many inverte-brates including black and red abalone, the turban snails, and sea urchins. Several fishes, including the rock prickleback, Xiphister mucosus, the black prickleback, X, atropurpureus, and the monkeyface prickleback, Cabidichthys violaceus, also feed on the algae. The larger subtidal kelps and smaller red and brown algae supply the intertidal herbivores as they break up and drift to shore during the winter months. Those invertebrates found to be in major association with abalone include rock crabs, Cancer antennarius, sun stars, Pycno anthoides, turban snails, Tegula funehmlis, T. brunnea, podia heli-~ and Astmea gibbemsa, and the purple sea urchin, StrongyZooentrobus purpur-abus.20 Black abalone, Kaliotis amcherodii were connon in the tidal zone throughout the Diablo Canyon survey area.28 In the low tidal zone, a transition to red abalone, B. rufescens, occurs; however, black abalone still remain the dominant form. Counts of black abalone from the California Fish and Came tran-sects varied considerably, reflecting mostly the masking effect of a dense algal cover during some seasons.28 Counts were made (three each year) at one station, including two transects, in the north cove area just inside Lion Rock durirg 1970 and 1971. The highest count made at this station during 1970 was 387 black abalone on a 28 x 2 m transect and all counts for both transects for the year averaged 6.3/m2 . Counts of black abalone inside Diablo Cove were lower, ranging from 11 to 274 on 4 transects (normally 30 x 2 m) and averaging 2.4/m2 ,28 The transition from black to red abalone begins in the lower reaches of the intertidal zone and is nearly complete at 2 to 5 ft. The bottom is composed of rocky ledges and large strewn boulders that provide a good habitat for large numbers of red abalone. One sta-tion representing this depth region was monitored inside Diablo Cove. In the summer of 1970, 73 red abalone were counted along a 30 x 2 m transect and 57 in the fall, averaging 1.08 per square meter.
2-49 Much of the bottom deeper than 20 ft is composed of flat bedrock, ' boulders, cobble, and sand in all mixtures and therefore does not provide the necessary abalone habitat. The areas within the cove that are less than 20 ft deep provide extremely important habitat for abalone. An occasional abalone was observed in depths greater than 20 ft and a few small beds were found in areas where the habitat was satisfactory. Plat abalone, N. r>alallensis, and pinto abalone, H. kamtschatkana, were occasionally observed in the central region of the cove but were never numerous.2 8 The massive reef structure in the north cove area provides good
'i habitat for abalone and hard substrate for bull kelp, Nemocystis luetkeana, attachment. Important algae growing on these reefs include Nereocystis, Macrocystis, Pterygophora, Dictyoneurum, Desmerestia, Botryoglossum, Callophyllia, Ptilota, Polyneum, Prionitis, Opuntiella, and crustose and articulated corallines.28 California Department of Fish and Game block (area) landing records indicate that a substantial catch of abalone is made each year be-tween Morro Bay and Diablo Cove; 365,817 lb were registered from this area during 1968 and 288,717 lb during 1969.28 A luxurious fauna is found in cobble rock regions. Various sponges, enidarians, polychaete annelids, ectoprocts, crustaceans, molluses, echinoderns, and ascidians are recorded from the sampling stations. i he red turban, Astraea gibberosa, reached highest densities at 20 to 30-ft depths in the California Fish and Game surveys.28 Other turbans such as Tegula brunnea, T. pulligo, T. monteryi, top snails, Calliostoma ligatwr, C. annulatwr, and C. canaticulata, and red sea urchins, StrongyZocentrotus fmndscanus, were also present. s Red urchins are abundant inside Diablo Cove in 20 to 50-ft depths.
This urchin is known to compete with abalones for both habitat and food and have reached densities at these depths great enough to re-place the abalone.28 At least 50 species of invertebrates and 66 species of marine algae and flowering plants have been documented in the subtidal Diablo Cove area.28 The listing of invertebrates is not complete since only those that are ir: ortant associates of abalone, or because of size or abundance are conspicuous, have been identified. Ihree Diablo Cove fish, collections yielded 4,902 specimens repre-senting 80 species. In north Diablo Cove 5,669 specimens were taken during a collection made in July 1971 and represented 75 species. The most common adult fishes were rockfish, with the blue rockfish, Sebastes mystinis, the most abundant (see Appendix 2-5). o .,
I I , i 2-50
! Schools, estimated up to 1,000 individuals, were observed in the l midwater column and were seen above or along side a reef or in the area: the most common forms include the olive rockfish, S. serra-notdes; the black-and-yellow rockfish, S. chrysomelas; the gopher rockfish, S. carnatus; and the black rockfish, S. melanops. Large j schools of juveniles, estimated between 500 and 2,000, were observed
; during surveys. The presence of numerous juveniles during all sea-sons indicates that the nearshore environment in the vicinity of Diablo Cove may be a major nursery area for rockfish.28 Seven species of ocean surfperch were collected and observed in the area.
The three most abundant species included the pile perch, DamaZi-ohthys vacca, the black perch, Enbiotoca ;facksoni, and the striped perch, E. ZatemZis. Larger fish of the area include the lingcod, Ophidon elongatus, and the cabezon, Scorpaenichthys anzmontus. Lingcod were seen swimming along the bottom in search of food or were found in deep crevices. Adult cabezon were found mostly in shallow water even though they were seen at all depths. The large number of juvenile cabezon taken in January at the shore station and in July at both the shore and 25-ft fish collection stations points to these shallow depths as an important nursery area for the species. 28 The surfperch, the rockfish, the lingcod, and the cab-ezon are important in sport fishing and commerical fisheries of Avila and Morro Bays. The party boat fleet from these ports landed 367,178 lb of rockfish,16,159 lb of lingcod, and 1,874 lb of cab-ezon during 1970.28 A graphic representation of the vertical dis-tribution of fish found in Diablo area is given in Fig. 2.16. In addition to the fishes listed, juvenile rockfish of several species extend from the shallow rock through the shallow reef sone. The list for the deep reef zone should be considered as a general list, because specific information on the presence of these fishes in the Diablo Canyon area is not available. Five new species of fish collected from the Diablo area by the Cal-ifornia Fish and Game survey were: (1) 6 specimens from the 20-ft Diablo Cove station of a prickleback, Kasatkia sp. nov., (2) 7 specimens from Diablo Cove and north cove of a prickleback [up to 1 250 mm total length (TL)], Stichaeopsis sp. nov. , (3) 13 specimens
! from north cove of a small red prickleback, Iwrpenopsis sp. nov. ,
I (4) a small snailfish, Liparis sp. nov. (mature female at 58 nun TL l and 2 years) and (5) 14 fanged ronquil, RathbunsIZa sp. nov. from north cove.28 Range extensions were also established for some species: (1) 3 gobies for northern range records - a zebra goby, l Lythrypnus zebra, from north cove; a bluebanded goby, Lythrypnus i daZZi, observed at Diablo Rock; and 2 blind gobies, fyphlogobius californiansis, from Diablo Cove, (2) 23 gravoidivers, Scytalina oerdals, for a southern range record, were collected at stations 6 l and 17, and (3) 5 rare rockheads, Bothmgonus spanii from north j cove, established new southern records. Eleven species of fish i
2-51
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2-52 collected in north cove but not found in Diablo Cove were rockheads; a sobra goby; shiner perch; Cyanztopostar aggregato; a half-blind goby. Lethops connectans; and new prieklebacks. Fif teen species collected from Diablo Cove were not collected in morth cove; how-ever, this number may be reduced as additional north cove samples are taken.2s i I e
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l 2-53 REFERENCES ft)R SECTION 2
- 1. " San Luis Obispo County Population Projection - 1970-2000" given to the Staff by County Planning Department of San Luis Obispo County, p. 6.
- 2. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Environmental Report, Supple-ment No. 2 Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2, July,1972.
- 3. Report of Diablo Canyon Plant - Site Visit, June 19-23, 1972, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, July 31,1972, and Supplements December 1972.
- 4. San Luis Obispo Coisney Department of Agriculture, " Agricultural Products Produced in San Luis Obispo County During 1971."
- 5. San Luis Obispo County Planning Department, "Open Space Plan,"
San Luis Obispo County, December 1971.
- 6. California Department of Water Resources. " Site Selection for a Large Desalting Plant," January 1971.
- 7. Tne Office of Saline Water, Department of Interior, and the Department of Water Resources, the State of Californf a, " Draft Environmental Statement for Proposed Diablo Canyon Desalting Project," March 1972.
- 8. Department of Navigation & Ocean Deve'.opment, State of Cali-fornia, Department of Parks & Recreation, " Comprehensive Ocean Area Plan" and the " Supplement," 1970.
- 9. Department of Parks and Recreation. State of California,
" Supply-Demand Analysis for California Outdoor Recreation Pacilitiaa," Parks and Recreation Information System, Planning Honograph #2, November 1966.
l
- 10. Department of Parks and Recreation State of California, l
" California Coastline Preservation and Recreation Plan,"
August 1971. i l
- 11. Transcript of Show Cause Hearing USAEC Docket Nos. 50-275 and l 50-323, Pacific Cas & Electric Co., Diablo Canyon Units 1 & 2, San Luis Obispo California, May 17-20, 1972.
- 12. R. R. Bell, "Californie Marine Fish Landings for 1970," Fish Bulletin 154 Departra.:. of Fish and Game, The Resources Agency, State of California,1971.
2-54
- 13. Research Department of Security, Pacific Nations 1 Bank, Los .
Angeles, California, " Monthly Summary of Business condittoms i in Southern California" - Spot 11ghting San Luis Obispo County, Augrst, 1971.
- 14. H.. O. Wood, " Catalog of California Earthquakes," BuZZetin Seis-mZogy Society of Amerloa,1961, Vol. VI, pp.1-180.
I
- 15. Earthquake and Epicenter Fault Map, California Department of Water Resources Bulletin 116-2, Crustal Strain and Fault Mcree-ment Investigations, Sacramento, California, January 1964.
'16. Gutenberg and Richter, Selanrioity of the Earth, Princeton thmi-versity Press, Princetoa, New Jersey,1949.
- 17. J. H. Carr, "Long-period Waves or Surges in Harbors," fmns.
j ASCE 118: Paper No. 2556, po. 588-603 (1953). 1 l 18. C. K. Green, "Saismic Sea Wave of April 1,1946, as Recorded on Tide Cages " Tmns. AGU, 27, No. IV: 490-500 (1946). I i 19. W. H. Munk, "Long Ocean Waves," The Sea, Interscience Pub-lishers, New York,1963, Vol. I, pp. 659-61. i 20. W. C. Van Dorn, " Tsunamis," Advanose in Eydmsofanoes, Acadentic I Press, New York,1965, Vol. 2, pp.1, 48. l 21. R. L. Wiegel, Oceanographical Enginuaring, Prentice Hall, Inc., l, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey,1964.
- 22. R. L. Wiegel, " Laboratory Studies of Gravity Waves Generated by the Movement of a Submerged Body," frans. Amer. Geophys.
Union, 36(5) 759-74, 1955.
- 23. " Safety Evaluation by the Division of Reactor Licensing, USAEC, in the Matter of Pacific Gas & Electric Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant Unit 2," November 18, 1969.
24. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Environmental Report, Supple-ment No. 2, Volume II, Appendix U, Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2, July 1972.
- 25. California Department of Fish and Game, " Fish and Wildlife in
; the Marine and Coastal Zone, Part A. Sunnary Planning Informa-l tion and Recommendations," November 1971,158 pp.
s b f 6 -
~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2-55
- 26. A. T. Harrison, E. Small, and H. A. Mooney " Drought Reistion-ships and Distribution of Two Mediterranean-Climate California Plant communities," Foology 52($): 869-75 (1971).
- 27. Narshburger, Phytogeogegphic Survey of North Amerion, Refeer Publ. Co.,1ew York, New York, 1958, 790 pp.
- 28. California Department of Fish and Game, " Impact on Fish and Wildlife of a Large Desalting Plant at Diablo Caayon," Environ-mental Services Branch, office Report, March 1972, 85 pp.
- 29. T. Osborne and J. C. Reynolds, 1969-70, California Saabird Breeding Ground Survey, Wildlife. California Department of Fish and Case. Management Branch Administrative Report No.
71-3 (January 1971).
- 30. E. E. Ebert, "The Sea Otter in California's Wildlife," Trans-actions,15th Ann. Meeting Wildlife Soc., California-Nevada Section, Sacramento,1968, 5 p.
31. E. E. Ebert, "A Food Habits Study of the Southern Sea otter, 8% hydra lutrie neries," Calif. h*sh Gann 54(1)s 33-42 (1968). 32. i E. O. Emery, The Sea off Southese Califorvria, Wiley, New York, 1960, 366 pp. I ) i i
a 3-1
- 3. THE PLANT
, 3.1 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE l l . Each reactor will be housed in an individual containment structure about 150 f t in diameter and 200 f t high with a hemispherical roof.
; The side walls, 3 ft 6 in thick, and the domed roof, 2 ft 6 in, thick, will both be of reinforced concrete. The center line on which both structures are located runs generally north-nortlatest and south-southeast. He turbine buildings are located along the side of the containment structures closest to the ocean. The two turbine buildings are joined together to give the appearance of one building about 750 ft long,140 ft wide, and 130 ft high. Rose
; latter buildings are designed with vertical depressions to giva a l more attractive appearance. The switchyards are located east of i the plant and more distant from the ocean in Diablo Canyon. hvo l raw water storage ponds are located near the switchyards.
I
; The plant is not visible from any public road or f.on the new access road beyond 3/4 mile from the site because of the rugged i terrain. However, from the ocean the plant is readily visible, i as shown by Fig. 3.1.
f Breakwaters have been built to protect the intake structure along
; the shoreline south of the plant. The discharge structure is lo-l cated along the shore of. Diablo Cove west af the plant, i
I 3.2 REACTOR AND STEAM-ELTETRIC SYSTEM I The two units of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Station will be essen-tially identical. Each will r.onsist of a pressurized water reactor producing steam to drive a turbine-generator. Figure 3.2 is a schematic diagram of one unit. A single reactor unit is described i below.I The uranium fission chain reaction will occur only in the reactor core, a 12-ft-high close-packed array of fuel assemblies inside the reactor vessel. There will be 39,372 fuel rods with 204 rods in each of 193 assemblies. Each fuel rod will consist of cylin-drical pellets of uranium oxide sealed inside zirconium alloy tubes. The reactor will be contained within a thick concrete primsry shield .
. (see Fig. 3.2). The primary coolant circulating pumps and primary il heat exchangers will be outside of the primary shield. The building i structure will form the outer concrete shield, with a sealed steel liner. The steel shell must meet a test requirement of less than 0.1% of the containment free volume leakage over a 24-hr period at a pressure of 47 psig.
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3-4 The rate of the chain reaction will be controlled by neutron-absorbing metal rods that can be moved into or out of the core. Heat produced within the fuel rods will be transferred to water (actually a dilute boric acid solution) which circulates upward through the core. The boron concentration in this primary coolant will be changed as necessary so adjust (" shim") the reactivity of the core. (Boron readily absorbs neutrons.) When the reactor is at design power, heat will be produced at a rate of about 3568 W. primary coolant water will leave the reactor at 602*F and 2250 psi; this pressure is high enough to prevent boiling on the fuel rods. The pressure will be maintained by elec-trically boiling a side stream of water in a vessel called the pressurizer. A small amount of hydrogen will be added to the pres-surizer to aid in the recombination of any water decomposed by radiation in the fuel region. *Ihe hot primary coolent will pass through tubes in a steam generator, where it will transfer heat to water (secondary coolant) on the outside of the tihes. The pressure will be lower in the secondar; system, and the water there will be converted to superheated steam at 600*F and 1005 psi. This steam will pass through a turbine, driving a shaft connected to a gen-erator which will produce electricity. The initial net electric output of unit 1 is 1084 W and unit 2 is 1106 W, but the guar-anteed combined output of the units is about 2300 MW(e). In its passage through the turbine, the steam will expand and cool until it leaves as vapor at 80' to 100*F and at subatmospheric pressure. This water vapor will be very pure and will be condensed and recycled. Condensation will take place on the outside of con-denser tubes cooled by ocean water being pumped through them. For each reactor unit, waste heat will be transferred to the cooling water at a rate of about 2408 W. Radiation emitted directly from the fission process will be ab-sorbed in the reactor vessel, water, and shielding. The radio-active products of uranium fission will be almost entirely confined within the sealed fuel rods; some may appea.r in the primary coolant because of leaks in a very small fraction of the fuel rods. Part of the tritium generated in the fuel will diffuse through the fuel element cladding into the primary coolant, but even more tritium will be produced directly in the coolant by reactions of neutrons with the dissolved boron. The primary coolant will also contain some corrosion products that have become radioactive by exposure to neutrons in the core. The secondary coolant (steam) will not become radioactive unless there is some inleakage of primary coolant to the secondary system in the steam generator. Treatment of the primary coolant to remove corrosion and fission products and hand-ling of leakage are described later in the section on the radio-active waste system. i 1
3-5
- Each unit will be shut down periodically, and the reactor vessel will be opened for replacement of fuel assemblies in which the uranium-235 has been consumed beyond the point of useful operation.
Spent fuel assemblies will be transferred under water to a storage pool in a building adjoining the reactor containment building. (Further handling of fuel elements is described later in this Sta*ement.) The Diablo Canyon units are generally similar to other pressurized water reactors currently under construction or already in operation. The Westinghouse Electric Corporation is responsible for the design, j manufacture, and delivery of the nuclear steam supply systems, the 1 nuclear fuel, and the auxiliary and engineered safeguard systems. Westinghouse is also providing technical direction of the erection ) of this equipment; assistance in operator training; and consultation for initial fuel loading, testing, and initial startup of each of j 1 the units. The Pacific Gas and Electric Company is responsible for all other aspects of construction and startup and is also re- i sponsible for the coordination, scheduling, administrative direction, and operation of the power station after it becomes operational. 3.3 HEAT DISSIPATION SYSTEl6 3.3.1 General Present steam-electric generating plants, nuclear or fossil fueled, discharge to the environment a large fraction of the heat that is produced by burning or fissioning fuel. In the case of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Station, each unit when operating at design power must dissipate at the plant about 2408 of the 3568 MW of heat being produced. (The applicant states that normal operating power will be somewhat waste less - 3338 heat discharged MW (16.4 for Unit I and 3411 Pei for Unit 2.) The x 109 Btu /hr for both units at design power) cannot be avoided, or, for present-day light-water pcwer reactors, significantly reduced. Fossil-fueled steam' power plants operate at higher thermal efficiency than present-day light-water nuclear power reactors. The waste heat at Diablo Canyon will be transferred into the water of the Pacific Ocean. 3.3.2 _ Physical Arrangement and Operating Procedures The physical relationship of the ocean to the condenser cooling water intakes and discharges is shown in Fig. 3.3. The condensers will take water from an intake structure, shown in Fig. 3.4, on the shore just couth of Diablo Cove. Breakwaters have been constructed to protect the structure from the open ocean. This created a small cove called South Cove. The breakwaters will also minindze recir-culation of cooling water to the condenser from the discharge. The e
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3-8 breakwaters form a channel with the narrowest point about 200 f t wide. From drawings supplied by the applicant, the cross section was found to vary from about 4100 2f t at low tide to about 5800 ft2 , at high tide. The resulting velocities at this point at full pump- l ing will range from 0.92 fps at low tide to 0.65 fps at high tide. Each principal opening of the intake structure is 11.25 by 24.75 ft, with three openings per pug and two pumps per unit (each pusy will have a capacity of 433,500 spa at low tide). Just inside the opee-
. ing is a series of bar racks set at an angle. These racks are to i prevent large objects from entering the cooling system. There are l four pump cells, one for each pump. Each cell has four entrances; i the three principal ones are provided with traveling screens re-j cessed about 20 ft from the bar racks. Openings of 5 by 28 f t are located between the cells immediately behind the bar racks to permit I free passage of fish to the fourth opening, from which escape is easier (ER Suppl. No. 2 pass IV-c-1).2 )
l I gach of the travelint Monal screens has a square mesh with 3/8-in. openings and is normally stationary. Se screens will be operated routinely every 4 hr or so and at the same time back sprayed with j high-pressure seawater through nosales to remove collected debris. ' he wash water will be supplied by two pumps having a capacity of 3900 sps at a head of 260 f t. Trash will be collected in a refuse
; sump and then pumped back to the ocean, outside of the breakwaters.
If the differential pressure across the screen reaches a specified
~
level, the screens will be actuated automatically. i
! ne water velocity at the intake structure will vary from 0.8 fps a nhort distance in fmt of the structure to 1.1 fps going throud the bar racks and 1.0 fps in front of the traveling screens. The velocity in the water as it passes through the screen will rise to about 2 fps because of the reduced cross section open to flow in the screen mesh.
. About 10,000 spo per unit of auxiliary service water will also be drawn through the intake structure in addition to the circulating cooling sater and will be discharged direct-ly to the condenser effluent at the head of the discharge structure.
He inlet and outlet conduits that connect the condensers to the intake and outlet structures are square in cross section and 11.75 f t on a side. At a flow of about 966 cfs per pump, this
, will result in a velocity in the conduits of about 7 fps. The inlet conduits are about 1600 f t long, and the outlet conduits are about 540 ft long.
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W ._ __ 3-9 Each unit has a separate condenser, with 58,216 1-in. tubes of nominal 90-10 copper nickel. The tubes are 40.75 ft long. ne condensers are " split"; that is, each is divided so that half of the teac is supplied by one circulating pump. The two streams of coolict water from a condenser are not combined until they enter the discharge structure, his arrangewnt facilit.tes the defoul-ing operation discussed later in this section and permits selective chemical treatment of the condenser sections. The plant is located on a marine terrace with the condesser about 90 ft above mean sea level; t.herefore the circulating water pumps aust pump against a substantial nead to raise water to the con-dens ers . The pressure in the water in passing through the systeam will vary from shout 40 peig at the circulating pump disdiarge to atmospheric, or slightly less, at the condenser out.let. The outlet conduit is vented to the atmosphere a short distance dovastream from the condensers. A simple closed conduit was not used in order to avoid the development of a vacuum in the condenser whida could uuse a vapor lock and attendant loss of cooling capacity. A cas-cade was constructed to r turn the coolin The discharn structure is shwn in Fig. 3.6.g water to the ocean. ne cascade serves to dissipate the energy of the water falling back to sea le=1. The time from pumps to condenser will be about 3.8 min and from the condenser to the ocean about 1.3 min. The time-temperature relationship of cooling water from intake pump to discharge in the ocean it given in Fig. 3.7. Of concern in the movement of cooling water discharged fram the plant are water depths and bottom contours. Numerous soundings have been made in Diablo Cove by the applicant. Thu depths are highly useful. variable, making a contour asp of the cove bottom margically Contours drawn from soundings supplied by the applicant are shown in Fig. 3.5. The bottom of the cove slopes downuard toward the ocean to a depth of about 40 ft at the outlet of the cove. De bottom continues to slope dowrward, and at a distance of about 2000 f t from the outfall, its depth is about 70 ft. Defoulina In the marine environment, organisms will attach to the interior of i ' the cooling water system surfaces. These organisms must be removed or they will eventually grow until the f1w of cooling water is severely reduced. ,
)
Three methods can be used to accocplish this: (1) physical removal by entering the conduits and scraping the organisms loose, (2) con-tinuous cheaical treatment (intermittent treatment is ineffective), L L l
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l 3-13 or (3) thermal shock. The third method was chosen by the applicant. The alternative methods are discussed in Sect.12.3.4. About each four to six weeks the applicant will perform heat treat-ment on the condeneer for each unit using thermal shock. This con-sists of adjusting the gates and valus at the inteke structure and at tne head of the discharge cascade to recirculate part of the j cooling water flow. Only one of the two pumps for this unit will i be in operation during defouling, which will supply 1/2 of the normal flow. In effect, the water flows through one half of the condenser to the discharge structure, where the gates are adjusted so that one-fourth of the normal flow passes out to Diablo Cove. The other one-fourth of the normal flow for that condenser passes throu$ the other half of the condenser in reverse flow, and back to the intake structure, where it passes, in reverse direction, through the idle pump. A gate is closed between the pump and the ) bar racks to prevent the return flow from entering South Cove, and the gate between paired pumps is open to permit the recirculated flow to enter the suction stream of the active pump. The power of the unit is reduced to 85%, and the temperature increases about 50*F in the cooling system to 105'-110*F. While the duration of the heat treatment is about I hr, approximately 3-4 hr are required to build up the necessary 50'F rise in coolant water temperature. 3.3.3 Thermal Tides The tidal cycle at Diablo Cove (35* 12' N; 120' 57' W) is a commonly observed type, having about two full cyclen per day. The mean tidal range is 3.4 ft, the diurnal range is 5.3 ft, and the mean level is 3.1 ft.2 Diablo Cove is too small and open to the ocean to be subje.ct to tidal amplification. The action of the tides on the shore within the site. cove is little different from the action at a coupletely open He tides produce a "flushin8" action in the cove, but the volume change of water in the cove due to tidal action is only about 4% of the flow from the condensers; therefore, each tidal stage may as an approximation be looked upon as a " steady state condition." ' Currents ne ocean currents off the California coast are highly variable, being subject to several natural forces,3 and nct amenable to simple description. , In the offshore area of Diablo Canyon, water 3 i i
+.
7 l r I i 3-14 I i movements are subject to the behavior of the California Current. The Californ.a Current moves in a southerly direction at distances 3 from the coast that depend on the time of year and a variety of f f climatological factors, For a period each year the Davidson Cur-rent appears at the surface, moving in a northerly direction be-
' tween the California Current and the coastline. Between the periods l dominated by these two main currents, a period characterized by '
variable and erratic currents occurs. In general, the main currents nove at about 0.5 to 1.0 knot. Even during periods when a major current would be expected to dominate, the local geography and climatological conditions can create ananalous currents. The applicant has conducted several studies in an effort to identify and characterize the currents offshore of the Diablo Canyon area. The applicant will be required to initiate additional ocean current studies starting at least one year before operation of the first unit and continuing for one year i af ter full-power operation of both units. Salinity f I The applicant has conducted a study of the oceanographic character of the Diablo Canyon area. Only very minor variations in salinity were observed. Considering the proximity of the intake to the dis-i charge and the fact that both are essentially surface, no signifi-cant salinity gradients will be introduced by the action of the l cooling water system. Oxygen l At ambient temperature the ocean water has an oxygen caturation solubility of about 10 to 12 ppe. The saturation solubility is l,
' about 8 ppa at 82.5'F, the marin== temperature during normal oper-ation. The normal concentration of oxygen in the Diablo Canyon area is 8 ppm;4 therefore, the staff expects no effect on oxygen
{ concentration from normal plant operation. There is, however, a partial vacuum at the condenser discharge, but the time at this i condition is only a few seconds. The heat treatment operation could reduce the oxygen solubility to about 6 ppa. This operation occurs only for a 3- to 5-hr period about: once a month for each condenser, which is too shr>rt a period for a steady state plume to develop. Ia any event, after initial dilution within the cove, i the staff expects the oxygen cr=r+ntration will not be, depressed more than 10% below ambient. i f Dye Dispersion j II
' During the course of studying the Diablo Cove site, the app 11 cant conducted several dye diepersion tests (ER Suppl. No. 2. !.ppendix ,
'l R) . 2 The tests consisted of depositing a dye in the ocean or cove i
{ i I l L _ ____________________ __ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ --
3-15 and measuring concentration with time. The results indicated that natural dispersion forces worked rapidly in the aren. The data I were found to fit an expression of the form 1 C = A (time) ~" , where Cmax is the concentration of the center of a dye patch, time is in minutes, by observation. A is the initial concentration, and n is determined Data fitted to the above equation yield a constant of about 2.0 for n. For a continuous releasr 3 s value of 1.0 for n would be more renlistic; therefore, the equation for concentration of a chemical outside of the influence of the discharge plume is Dx ime ' where time is in minutes and D is the dilution factor. The staff made independent dilution calculations for the near field using the more conservative staff's thermal model as a basis. Thermal Dissipation at Full-Power Operation l The app 11 cant has made temperature measurements in Diablo Cove and South Cove.in graphically The measurements Fig. for 1968 from Diablo Cove are shown 3.8. The maximum historical temperature ob-served has been 63.5'F, and the minimum observed has been about 45 *F. With two units operating at design power, the cooling water flow rate will be about 3864 cfs. The temperature rise through the condensor vill be about 19'F, to give a maximum discharge tempera- ' l ture of 82.5'F. This maximum temperature would be experienced only during early fell, when the ambient ocean temperature approaches a maximum of about 63.5'F. (The tear 'ture rise through the con-denser during normal operation is expecced to be 18*F.) The dis-
&arge structure is such that the condenser effluent is delivered i to the surface water in Diablo Cove. The lowest stage of the cas-cade in the discharge structure acts as a short canal that connects I i
the cascade to the ocean. The bottom of the cascade is at 7.5 feet i below mean sea level, and with the fixed width of the structure, j the cross-sectional area of the outfall will vary with the tide phase. This variation will cause a fluctuation in velocity that ; will follow the tidal cycles. The high tide velocity will be about ! 6.4 fps, and the low tide velocity will be about 14.3 fps. The f I 1 1 4 l
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l 3-17 densimetric Froude number the varies from about 6 to 15 from high to low tide. In both extremes the discharge is primarily a momentum jet in which the principal mechanism of heat dissipation is through arixing with the ambient water. As the jet progresses into the cove, the velocity is materially redaced until the Froude number approaches unity, at which point the plume of warm water progresses by spreading, and temperature decline is significantly affected by heat transfer to the atmospher, During the early phase of dilution, time jet will spread laterally and vertically, the plume depth in this case being constrained by the bottom of the cove. When the j Froude number drops enough to dictate a change in flow mechanism, the rate of lateral spread of the plume will increase, and the plume will thin out, spreading primarily through some form of dif-fusion or density flow, until the combination of low temperature and reduced plume depth make the plume indistinguishable from its ) surroundings. The ocean in the region of Diablo Canyon is usually highly turbu-1ent. The degree of turbulence is quite variable. Mixing of the warm water with the ocean will be dependent on the degree of this turbulence, and in addition, plume areas are a function of out-fall geometry, which has been shown to be a variable factor. The area of the plume itself should, thus, also be highly variable. This is demonstrated through examination of plume areas measured at the nearby Morro Bay power plant, which hss an electric power output similar to one unit of the Diablo Canyon plant and a sur-face outfall. The Morro Bay 4*F isotherm varies from less than 3 acres to more than 100 acres. The maximum area should be ob-served on a high tide tander cala conditions. Applicant's Thermal Model. The applicant used a method de-scribed by Jen et al.* and extrapolated measurements made at the Morro Bay plant to a hypothetical three-unit plant located at Diablo Canyon. Plume areas are given in Table 3.1. Jen assumed that the velocity and temperature would follow an exponential decline with distance frte the outfall. Constants for the equations were found experimentally. The results indicated the plume to be a function ; l primarily of outfall cross-sectional dimensions. Staff's Thermal Model. The staff conducted an independent maalysis fem 1 of the thermal effluent effects. Because of the geograph- 1 configuration of Diablo Cove the effluent system does not cor-respond exactly to solutions of jet problems that have been solved and published. Af ter er==fnation of the various mathematical models , extant, one published by Stoltzenbach and Harleman6 was selected by the staff as the one most applicable to the conditions in Diablo l co,e. L L i. i'
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f 3-18 Table 3.1. Pieme asons cateetnand by the applicaat for stume seits Area (acres) Probabaity* IFF isothens 24 030 4.2 0.20 4*F isothens 15 0.80 32 030 82 0.20
*Nme area wie equal or exceed the IMed value according to the asociated probabuity; e.g., the 4' isotherm will enclose 82 or more acess 20% of the f time.
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3-19 At the point of discharge, the bottom of the cove is about the same depth as the bottom of the discharge structure. The bottom then slopes irregularly from about 7 ft below mean sea level to about 40 f t deep at the opening of the cove. A line representing the direction of flow from the discharge struc-ture roughly intersects the midpoint of a line drawn between the southern arm of the cove and an island about 700 ft northwest of the arm. The island is about 1 acre in area at low tide. It is some 500 ft southwest of the northern arm of the cove, as shown in Fig. 3.5. In using the mathematical model, the assumption was made that the jet, while in the cove, entrains water only from the northern side of the plume. For this calculation the staff employed the one-sided adaptation of the above model (ref. 6, p.156). For th'e region outside the cove, the standard form of the model was used, which assumes entrainment from both sides of the plume. The calculations gave isotheras shown in Figs. 3.9 and 3.10 for high and low tides. The isotherms north of the center line of the plume are those calculated by the above model, and the broken lines south of the center line are visual estimates of isotheras resulting from the expected formation of an eddy in ?.he south portion of the cove. The figures show the location where the model results indicate that the plume separates from the bottom. From this location outward.
- ,i.rainment may take place from the bottom as well as the sides of the pitane.
Full isotheras of 10', S', 4', and 2* for high tide are shown in Fig. 3.11. Areas within several isotheras are given in Table 3.2. + These isotheras are considered applicable only for periods of rel-ative calm in the ocean. Normally, the Pacific Ocean in this area ! is highly turbulent, and such turbulence is expected to promote early dilution of the plume and result in less affected area than [ noted above. j W The method adopted for plume analysis predicts the plume velocity I at the south outlet from the cove to be about 1 fps. A plume 30 L ft deep and 600 ft wide (as predicted by the model) would therefore transport about 18,000 cfs out of the cove. This requires about l. i 15,000 cfs of entrained water to enter the cove, primarily between t the offshore island and the northern arm of the cove. The dimen-sions of this latter opening are about 500 ft wide and 15 ft deep. This flow would, therefore, require a velocity of about 2 fps. The
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l t I driving force for such a velocity is readily created by the entrain-ment of water in the discharge jet. , I From studies made by the applicant, currents in the immediate area of Diablo Cove are known to be highly variable. In the event a strong current out of the north exists, the plume, at high tide 3 only, will be bent around and possibly enter South Cove, where the l intake structure is located. However, the plume at this distance is only about 10 ft thick, and since the opening to the intake structure is at least 10 ft below the surface at high tide, no significant recirculation effect is expected. If a strong current out of the south exists, then the plume will j be bent toward the north, and entrainment on the south boundary of ! the plume will be increased, compensating for any reentrainment of f the plume, or restriction of the north entrance to the cove. l l l Conclusions Regarding Thermal Modeling. The staff analysis l indicates that the maximum area enclosed in the 10*F isotherm is l 5 acres and that in the 4*F isotherm is 68 acres. Rese occur at , l high tide. Any wind or ocean currents would tend to reduce these i l areas. Further, the water outside of Diablo Cove is expected to be less than 5'F above ambient. He staff results are in reasonable agreement with those predicted I by the applicant. hermal Alteration during Defouling
! The defouling procedure was discussed in Sect. 3.3.2. If both units ,
l are operating at the time one is being defouled, the plume from j i the unit in full operation will entrain the hot water from the unit l being defouled. The staff estimated the resulting plume for this l case using the mathematical model as indicated in the staff's anal- l ysis above. The results of the calculations are given in Table j 3.3. The area of the 10*F isotherm is less than that for full operation of both units; however, the area of the 4*F isotherm is greater. If one unit is being defouled when the other unit is not in opera-tion, the flow from the discharge structure will be only one-fourth i of the normal flow from one unit. This low flow of water with a i temperature rise of 50*F above ambient will result in a more buoyant , plume which will be governed by buoyant rather than kinetic forces. He warm water will therefore spread throughout the cove before it has entrained sufficient water to reduce the temperature to 10'F above ambient. The spreading action will reduce the thickness of the plume to about 1 ft deep at the mouth of the cove. H e areas
3-25 Tabis 3.3. Anes Os acus) ofisothanas dudas defoemas of one unit Othe unit Other unit Isothenn in fuE nst h (F above oPerstion operation anMant) IEgh M IEgh M tide tide tide tide 10 3 1 >$00 >500 8 7 2 6 19 3 ; 5 51 4 4 128 7 l l I l 1 6 i
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I / 3-26 of the isotherms for this latter case were estimated by the staff i using the model discussed above but with entrainment from both j sides. The areas of the isotherms are given in Table 3.3. These ! latter thermal alterations are considered unacceptable by the staff. j The applicant will be required to operate the defouling treatment j
'j in such a manner that the thermal alteration is no more than that for the treatment of one unit with the other unit in full operation.
- 3. 3.4 Auxiliary Steam Boiler An auxiliary steam boiler wi13 be used at Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 to supply steam for space heating and certain other purposes during periods when neither unit is in operation. The auxiliary steam boiler will not normally be used if either unit is operating.
The auxiliary steam boiler is designed to use No. 2 fuel .,11. Esti-mates of emissions and usage are given in Table 3.4. 3.4 RADI0 ACTIVE WASTE SYSTEliS During the operation of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Unita 1 and 2, radioactive material vill be produced by fission and by neutron activation reactions in metals and other material in the reactor coolant system. Small amounts of gaseous and liquid radioactive wastes will enter the wastes streams, which will be monitored and processed within the plant to reduce the amount of radionuclides ; that will be released to the atmosphere and into Diablo Cove of the i Pacific Ocean. The levels of radioactivity that may be released i in liquid and gaseous effluents during operation of the ' plant will be in accordance with the Commission's regulations, as set forth in 10 CFR
; Part 20 and 10 CFR Part 50.
l The waste handling and treatment systems being installed at the plant are discussed in the Preliminary Safety Analysis Reports for Units 1 and 2, in the Applicant's Environmental Report, dated July 1971 and Supplement 1, dated November 1971. The steam generator blowdown treat-ment system proposed for Units 1 and 2 is described in a supplemental report dated April 1973.7 In these references, the applicant has prepared an analysis of the radwaste treatment systems, and has calculated annual releases of radioactivity in effluents for two basic sets of plant operating conditions referred to as the Design Basic Case and the Anticipated Operational Occurrence Case. The following evaluation is based on the staff's source term model and uses somewhat different operating conditions than those used by the applicant. A comparison of the principal parameters used by the staff and the applicant are given in Table 3.5. The staf f's calculated releases s e
3-27 4 TaWe 3A. Estansted emissions fsom auxiliary steam bosse Startup period for Unit I will sequire an estimated six months of auxiliary steam boiler operation. After startup of Unit I but prior to the startup of Unit 2, expected usage of auxiliary steam boiler h eight weeks per year. After startup of Unit 2, expected usage of auxiliary sicam boiler k two weeks per year Type of Emission factos8 Esthnsted emissions 6 emission (Ib per thousand gallons of fuel) (b/hr) Particulate 15 2.7 Sulfur dioxide 142f I1.5 Sulfur trioxide 2f 0.16 Carbon monoxide 0.2 0.04 Hydrocarbons 3 0.54 Nitrogen oxides (as NO2 ) 80 14.4 Aidehydes (as HCHO) 2 0.36
*From Compaction of Air Pollutant Emission factors (Revisaf), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency OfTice of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (February 1972).
" Based on fuel consumption at rat *d output of 179.5 gal /hr.
'S equals percent by wetht of sulfur in fuel it is estanated ths,a the No. 2 fuel oil to be used will contain a maximum of 0.45% sulfur.
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3-28 Table 1.5 Comparison of Principal Parameters f eed in beteretnina Fadioactivie w Released in Liquid and Caseous Pf fluent From Diable Canvon, fini t e a and 2 Parameter value raeactor 4taf8 App 1 t r a nt Reac t or Power . MW, 156A 156a Plant Capacity Fac tor . AOf W Percent of Fuel teleasina Radioactivity y To Primary Coolant (1) 0.25! 0.209 kumber of Stean Generators 4 4 Weight of Steam in Fach Generator 6.75a10' lbs. 6.75 10 lbs. I Idelght of 1.iquid la tach Generator 8.0x10' lbs. 8.0x10 lbs. Total Steam Flow . 1.4x10 lbs/hr. 1.4n10 lbs/Prr Volume of Primary Coolant 0 1.26 10 cf. 1.2610' ef. Primary Coolant Volumes Degassed 2/vr. 1/vs. 0 6 Volume of the Containment Building 2.6x10 cf. 2.6sl0 cg, Internal Recirculation system (2-12.000 24.000 cfs( ' 24.nnn efa efs) Containment Purges 4/yr. 52/vr. j Primary to Secondary 1Aakage Rate 110 lbs/ day 110 lbs/ day { Containment Dutiding I.sakage Rate 240 lbe/ day 50 lbs/da, I Auxiliary Bu!! ding Imakage Rate 160 lbe/ day 160 lbs/ day Turbine autading Staan leakage 1700 lbe/ day 1940 lbs/ day 1stdown Rate 75 som 75 spe
$his dieed Rate 1 gpa 1 gym Steam Generator Blowdown Rate 8400 lbs/ht 72000 lbs/hr Total Mass of Secondary Coolant Salo abe. 5:105 lbs cas Decay Time 45 days 45 deve Partition Factors For Radiotodine Steam Generator. Internal Partition 0.01 f.01 Steam Generator Blowdown Tank Vent 0.05 01 Primary coolant - Not 0.1 a Primary Coolant - Cold 0.001 a Decontamination Feeters For Radiolodine Charcoal Adsorber !
10 100 Main Condenser / Air Ejector 2000 10.000 t i 1.invid Weste Flow Rates and tioldvo Times Fraction of Averase Primary Coolant Holdup time Source Flow Rate f and) Ac t ivity (deve) Shim Bleed 1.440 0.1 27 F.quipment Drains 240 1.0 4.4 Floor Dralne 97975 0.1 7 Chemical Drains 500 0.002 0.2 Steam Cenerator Slowdown Treated 21.900 - 0.13 Untreated 2.430 - 0 Decontastnation Factore For 1.tould Waste Treatment Systes Decontamination Factor Source 1 Ce no y othere Shis 51eed 10' 10' 10 10' IO S Equipment Drain 10 6 gn$ 10 10 20' Floor Drains 3 0 10 10 10 10 10 Chemical Draina 2 1 1 10 10 1 Steam Generator Blowdown Treated 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 Untreated
- 2 1 1 10 10 1 This value is constant and corresponds to 0.252 of the opetating flaaton product source term.
j (2) Assume system ooerstes 16 hrs prior to purging and a sizing efficioney of 702, !
- s. Information act evallable I
i i 1 4 i
3-29 of radioactive materials in effluents are different from the applicant; however, the model used in the staf f's evaluation results from a review of availabic data froci operating power reactors. In comparing the calculated releases of radioactivity the staff has used the applicant's case referred to as Anticipated Operational Occurrences7. since the operating conditions are more representative of routine plant operations. 3.4.1 Liould Wastes, The liquid radioactive waste treatment system common to Units 1 and 2 will consist of process equipasent and instrumentation necessary to i collect, process, monitor and dispose of potentially radioactive liquid waste from the station. Liquid wastes will be handled on a batch basis as required to permit optimum control in the releases. Prior to release of any liquid waste, samples will be analyzed to determine the type and amount of radioactivity in the batch. Based on the results of the analyses, these vastes will be either released under controlled conditions processing. to Diablo Cove of the Pacific Ocean or retained for further Radiation monitoring will automatically terminate liquid waste discharge the discharge if radiation levels are above a predetermined level in line. The liquid waste treatment system is divided into two main parts. The chemical and volume control system (CVCS), consisting of the boron recycle system, will process liquids from the reactor coolant system which is the principal source of radioactive liquid wastes. The majority of these wastes is processed and retained within the CVCS for reuse in I the reactor. system (LWS). By recycling, the CVCS limits the input to the liquid waste The liquid waste system will consist of the equipment drain subsystem, floor drain subsystem, chemical drain subsystem and laundry and hot shower drain subsystem. subsystems are shown schematically in Figure 3.12.The interrelations of these The boron recycle system is an integral part of the CVCS and will be used to control, the reactivity of the core by changing the boron concen-tration in the reactor. g coolant will be let down from the reactor coolant system to the CVCS a processed through one of two mixed bed demineralizers where ionic impurities will be continuously removed from the primary coolant. ,j When i necessary for control through a single cationofdemineralized. cesium and lithium, this stream will be processed ;! hio deborating demineralizers ; will be provided and used in series with the mixed bed demineralizers to ' remove boron from the primary coolant near the end of core life. ; l l 1 I 1
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l l l l 3-31 l l Approximately 1 gpm (shim bleed) of the CVCS stream will be diverted to the boron recycle system (BRS) holdup tanks to adjust the boric acid concentration in the primary coolant. The BRS will also receive inputs from the reactor coolant drain tank which will accumulate minor quantities of primary grade water wastes from other sources. Five 83,200 gal holdup tanks will be provided, two serving each unit and a fif th shared between the units to provide additional storage capacity. The contents of one tank normally will be processed in the BRS while another is being filled. Flexibility will be provided in processing the holdup tank liquid in the BRS. The processing systems I of each unit can be used interchangeably, the effluent being pumped in turn through the evaporator feed ion exchangers and filter, the gas stripper where dissolved gases will be removed, and the boric acid evaporator. The recovered boric acid will be collected in the concen-trates holding tank, sampled, analyzed and returned to the boric acid storage tank for reuse or transferred to the solid waste system and packaged as solid waste for offsite shipment. The distillate will pass through one of the two condensate demineralizers and filter and will be collected in one of two 24,600 gal monitor tanks. After sampling and analysis, the water will be transferred to the primary water storage tank, recycled through the holdup tanks, or-discharged to the environment. The staff's evaluation considered a daily input into the two boron recycle systems of 2880 gallons of primary coolant activity water. The staff further considered that 90% of this water would be recycled and that 10% would be discharged to the circulation water system. The liquid waste system (IPS) is common to Units 1 and 2, except for wastes collected in containment and turbine sumps and tanks. The IRS will process batchwise, liquids from the following sources; equipment drains and demineralized regenerants, floor drains, chemical laboratory and sampling drains, radioactive laundry and shower drains, and liquid wastes from steam generator blowdown. High purity (Iow conductivity), primary grade waste water, mainly from valve and pump seal leakoff tank overflows and demineralized regenerants from the steam generator blowdown treatment system will be collected in two 15,000 gal equipment drain receiver tanks. The vastes will be processed through a 15 sps waste concentrator. The concentrator bottoms will be solidified for offsite disposal and the distillate collected in two 15,000 gallon waste condensate sample tanks. In its evaluation the staff considered a daily input of 2500 gal / reactor into the equipment drain system and that all of the : wastes af ter processing will be discharged to the environment. The staff calculated that approximately 0.14 Ci/yr/ reactor will be released from this system and the shim bleed system combined. ;- l 1 2U l
l 3-32 j 1 l The LWS will provide flexibility for processing non-primary grade wastes l
; from the floor drain and chemical laboratory subsystems. Liquid wastes l
. from auxiliary, containment and miscellaneous equipment stanps and l sample drains will be collected in two 15,000 gal floor drain receiver tanks. Depending on the activity level, these wastes can be processed through two stages of filtration and released to the circulating water I
, discharge canal or processed through the waate concentrator. The staff's evaluation considered a daily input into the floor drain system of approximately 975 gal / reactor and that 100% of the treated vaste will be released.
Chemical wastes generated from routine sampling and analyses will be collected in a 1000 gal chemical receiver tank. After appropriate sampling and analysis these wastes will be processed through two stages of filtration and released to the circulating water diccharge l canal. The staff calculated that approximately 2.7 Ci/yr/ reactor will be released from the floor drain and chemical waste systems. The staff's evaluation considered that liquid wastes from the laundry l and hot showers will be collected at a rate of 450 gal /d/ reactor l st an activity level of approximately 104 pCi/cc. The liquid wastes { will be collected in two 1000 gal laundry drain tanks held for l approximately 2 days for decay of short lived activity, sampled, I processed through two stages of filtration, and released to the l l discharge canal. The staff calculated that approximately 0.06 Ci/yr/ l reactor will be released from this source. l To maiutain the proper water chemistry in the secondary coolant water, ' it is necessary to blowdown the steam generators. Some or all of , this blowdown water will be released to the environment. The steam generator blowdown treatment system for each reactor is composed of I i two paths. During operation, when the secondary system contains l radioactivity below a predetermined level, blowdown will be routed to the blowdown tank and released to the discharge canal without treatment. During periods when the secondary system contains radioactivity above a predetermined level, the blowdown is diverted to the blowdown treat-ment system consisting of a flash tank, heat exchanger, prefilter and three demineralizers. Following the prefilter, the blowdown will be processed through a cation (60 cf) demineralized to reduce cationic impurities, then through one of two anion (150 cf) demineralizers, to
,f remove ionic impurities (iodines). The third anion (60 cf) l demineralized will remove anionic solids that may have gone through
- the first demineralized. The treated blowdown will be returned to the condensate storage tank for reuse.
Upon exhaustion of the cation and anion demineralizers, the units will be regenerated. Regenerant wastes will be neutralized and pumped to the equipment drain receiver tank for further processing. The applicant i F I~ -
3-33 estimates that these units will require regeneration approximately every 4 days when blowdown is diverted to the blowdown tank. The applicant has estimated that the anion demineralizers will have a process time of 40 days before iodine saturation. After a demineralized has been exhausted, it will be held for 40 days before regeneration to allow most of the lodine to decay. During this time, the second demineralized will be placed in service. Regenerant wastes will be neutralized, sampled and released to the discharge canal. In addition, the applicant has considered the effects of sea water inleakage into the main condenser and has assumed 36 leaks per year of 6 hours each when the blowdown is diverted for further processing. During these periods, blowdown will be processed through the steam generator blowdown tank, since operation of the demineralizers with sea water inleakage is not practicable. The staff believes the applicant's estimates of condenser inleakage and frequency of regeneration of the demineralizers to be reasonable and has considered these values in its source term calculations. The staff's evaluation of the steam generator blowdown systes ! considered a primary to secondary leakage rate of 20 gpd and considered that approximately 10% of the time the blowdown will be released without treatment. The applicant assumed the same leakage i rate but only 5% of the time when the blowdown will not be treated. Based on a blowdown rate of 17 gpm (0.06% steam flow) the staff calculated that approximately 2.2 Ci/yr/ reactor, excluding tritium, will be released from steam generator blowdown and that 0.09 Ci/yr/ reactor will be released in untreated regenerant waste. The applicant, based on a blowdown rate of 150 gpm, calculated a release of 0.07 Ci/yr/ reactor from both sources. In a3dition, there will be some leakage from the secondary system to the turbine building which will be released without treatrent for further removal of radionuclides. The staff calculated tuat approximately 0.048 C1/yr/ reactor will be released from this source. The applicant has calculated that 0.13 Ci/yr/ reactor will be released " from the turbine building. 1 Based on the principal parameters shown in Table 3.5, the annual releases of radioactive materials in liquid waste were calculated to be 5.3 Ci/yr/ reactor, excluding tritium. The principal sources together with the isotopic distribution are shown in Table 3.6. Based - on operating experience at PWR's the staff estimates that approximately 350 C1/yr/ reactor of tritium will be released to the environment. The , i I l5
~ .
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I I I l 1 3-34 l l l Table 3.6. Annual release of radioacthe meterial in liquid emuents from Diablo Cneyon Nuclear Power Plant, each unit (I or 2) In curies per year per unit i I%cr drairu Steam Nuclide Ocan waste and chemical generator Total waste blowdown Corsosion and actkneios products Na-24 e ch02 0h01 a 0h03 l Si-31 a Oh0001 e a 0.00002 P 32 e Oh002 Oh0028 s 0.0005 P 33 Ch0002 0 40075 0h010 s 0.0018 Sc47 e Oh0001 0h0001 a 0.00002 l Q 51 Oh0006 04029 Oh039 Ch0001 0h069 ' Mn-54 040001 040M6 Ch0065 a 0h011 Ma-56 e 0h7 0412 0.00001 0h83 I Fe55 0h0006 Oh025 Oh034 0h0001 0.0059 I Fe59 040003 04016 04021 Oh0001 0h037 l Co 58 0.00056 0424 0h34 0.0001 0459 l
! Cetum e 040003 e a Oh0003 l Co40 0h0007 0h030 0h042 0.00001 DD073 f'
- NHi3 0h0001 0 40024 Oh0034 a Oh0059 l
l Ni45 e 040033 0h0006 a Oh0039 l
,l Zn45 e 0.00001 040002 s Oh0003 i
.j Zn47m e 040002 0 40001 s Oh0003
.i In49 e 040002 0.00001 a 040003 i
! i Zr45 e ch0001 Oh0001 a 0h0002 Nb42 CD0001 040063 0.0008 a 02014 l
Nb45 e 040001 0E0002 a ch0003 Nt46 s 0.00001 0.00001 a th000 l Mo49 e 0400M 0.00305 a CD0009 i Te 99m a 0.00004 0.00005 s CD0009 Sn-l!7m e 04002 0.00026 a 0.(0047
! Sa 121 a 0.00003 0.00002 a 0.00005 i W-185 e CD0012 Ch0016 a 0 00028 i W 187 0h0001 0 D071 0E05 0.00001 0.012 U 237 e 0h0006 0h0007 a Ch0013 Np-238 e 4L00002 Oh0001 a 0.00003
, Np-239 Ch0001 DD016 0h016 a Oh032 Pu-241 e a 0.0000I a 0h0001 i .
Fission products f Br42 Ch0002 0.0006 Ch005 0.fh001 0h012 j Br43 e ch049 0.0003 0.00001 (LD057
- Br44 e Ch0063
' Ch0003 a Oh0066 Rb46 Oh0001 bh0026 0.00037 a 0h0063 i
; Rb48 e 0428 0.00080 a 0429 Rb49 e Oh014 Ch0003 a 02015 ij Sr49 0h0002 Oh010 0.0014 a Oh024 !.
Rb.00 a Oh0005 e a 0.00005 i !
! Sr40 Yes e
e 3h0003 OD0001 0.00004 0.00001 a a Ch0007 lf i 0.00002 i St.91 s Oh013 Oh0055 a 0_0019 : 4 l Y41m e Oh0009 Oh0007 s 0.00016 '. - 'O Y41 0.00017 Oh013 04021 a 0h037 ! i Sr42 a 0 4 0014 0h0003 a 0.00017
.i . !
/,
3-35 , Table 34 (contissed) Floor drains Steam Nucimee Oem waste and chemical generator Th Total waste triowdown Y42 a OA0003 0.00001 a 0.00004 Y43 a OA0003 OA001 e 0.00004 Zs45 s OA0016 0A0023 a 0.0004 Nb45 e OA0016 0A0022 e OA0038 2:47 a OA0009 0A0005 e 0.00014 Nb47m a 0A0000 OA0005 a i OA0013 Hb47 a 0A0009 0A0006 a 0.00015 ; Mo.99 OA0017 0A13 OA16 OA0002 0429 ! Tc49m 0A0017 0Al2 OA15 OA0002 0427 ' Re 103 s 0.00013 OA0017 e OA003 Rh 103sm e ! OA0015 0A0017 e 0.00032 Ru-305 e 0A000$ SA0001 a 0.00007 s
)
, Rh 105sn e 0.00005 OA0091 s
' 0.00007 !
Rh-105 a 0.00007 GA0006 a 0A0013 Re-106 a OA0003 0A0004 a 0.00007 Rh 106 e OA0003 OA0004 a 0.00007 N-109 e OA001 a a 0.00001 As-109m e OA0001 a a 0.00001 To 125m a 0A0006 0A001I a 0.0002 Sb 127 a 0A0001 0A0001 a 0A0002 Tel27m 0A0002 0.00079 OA0ll a 0.0019 Te127 CA0002 0A019 OA016 a 1 0A015 Tel29m 0A0000 0A038 OA051 OJ00002 0A09 Tel19 0.00005 OA028 OA033 OA0001 0.0061 l.130 0.00001 0A050 OA025 j OA0006 OA075 Te-13tm 0A0002 0.006 OA048 OA0001 0411 To-131 a 04013 OA0096 s 0A023
, 1-131 0.13 0.79 0.93 0A27 1.9 Te-132 OAce72 0473 0479 0A0022 0.15 l-132 0.00075 0.14 0.009 0A0069 0.23 Te133m a 0.00082 OA0006 s 0.00008 Tel33 a 0A0015 OA0001 a
, 0.00016 !
1-133 OA009 0.90 0.59 OA16 1.52 s Te 134 s l OA0078 0A0005 s 0.00083 !, l.134 e 0A19 0.0014 a Gl34m e OA020 0.00042 a 0421 OA024 ll
^'
Cel34 0D023 0A76 0.12 0.00031 0.20 1-135 0A0001 0.34 0.11 0.0034 0.46 Cel35m a OA0010 0.00001 a 0A00!! CFI36 OA0076 0436 045 0.00014 OA87
' Cel37 OA015 OA50 0A76 0.00021 0.13 Be-137m 0A014 OA47 0.066 0.00019 0.11 Co138 a 0A20 OA0097 a 0A2 Cs139 e 0.00066 CA0001 a 0.00067
{ De-139 s 0.0058 OA0064 e 0.0064 i . Cs 140 a ; 0.00001 e a 0A0001 l Be-140 0.00002 0A0124 0A016 a 0A029 La-le0 0.00002 OA0049 0401 a 0A0!$ Belel a 0.00003 e a 0A0003 Le141 a 0A0030 0.00007 a 0.00037 Ce 147 a OA0019 0A0025 a 0.00044 l 4 La 142 a 0.00002 m a 0.00002 I 1 I
-h'
f 3-36 l l Table 34 (esatinued) ' 1 i l'ioor drains Steam
' Nacidr Dean waste and chemical generator Th ,
Total wane blowdown Co-343 e 0.00011 0.00009 a 0.0002 Pr-143 a 0.00016 OA0021 s OA0037 Ce-les e 0A0009 0.00013 a OA0023 Pr-144 e OA0010 0.00014 e 0.00024 Pr-les e 040002 0.00001 s CA0003 Nd-le s 0A0007 0A0009 e OA0016 ! Pm-14 a 0A0001 0.00001 a 0.00002 1 l Pawle a OA0002 0.00002 a 0.00004 Pa>IM e 0,00005 0.00005 s 0.00010 l l' Pa>151 a 0A0001 0.00001 e OJ0002 l Saul%3 e OA0003 0.00002 a 0.00005 ! Es-156 e OA0001 0A0002 a 0.00003 ' AIIcamas e OA0010 0.00004 a 0.00014 Toed f.. E.14 2.7 2.2 SD48 5.1 approx 1 s- c- + - -
- l
, Sueduasse treatment system 5.1 j haucumt mastes 0.06
.I humammtmastes
_OA9 5.3 spprox (exceedig edtium) f h 350
- w, r.
l f t a 6 t I 1 - - - -
- 3-37 applicant's principal parameters are also listed in Table 3.5. The applicant has calculated that approximately 2.3 Ci/yr/ reactor, excluding tritium,and 690 Ci/yr/ reactor of tritium will be released from the station. Staff estimates of radiation doce to man resulting from these releases is given in section 5.5.4. Based on its evaluation l the staff concludes that the liquid waste treatuant system meets the requirements of 10 CFR Part 20 and the as low as practicable guidelines.
3.4.2 Caseous Waste During operation of the reactor, radioactive materials released to the atmosphere in gaseous effluents will include low concentrations of fission product noble gases (krypton and xenon), halogens (mostly iodines), tritium contained in water vapor, and particulate material, including both fission products and activated corrosion products. The primary source of gaseous radioactive vastes results from the collection of excess cover gas in the liquid holdup tanks, gases stripped from primary coolant in the boric acid evaporator, degasifi-cation in the volume control tank, and cover gas displaced from the pres;ure relief tank and reactor coolant tank. These gases will be collected by the vent header system, routed to a surge tank and compressed in pressurized storage tanks. De waste gas processing system is common to Units 1 and 2. He gas decay tanks (6-705 cf tanks 0110 psig) are sized to provide a holdup time of 45 days to permit decay of radioactivity prior to relem to the atmosphere through the monitored plant vent. I I Based on the staff's evaluation of the waste gas processing system the l calculated release from the gas decay tanks was 1300 Ci/yr/ reactor of ' noble gases and a negligible release of iodine (less then 10 Ci/yr). j ne applicant calculated a release of 3300 C1/yr/ reactor of noble gases and a negligible release of ioding. He staff's evaluation considered processing 50,000 cf/yr of wastt.' gases through this system, whereas the applicant's calculations are based upon a processing ) g rate of 100,000 cf/yr, which a: counts for ,most of the difference in i the calculated releases of noble gases from this source. Additional sources of radioactive gases, which are not concentrated enough to permit collection and storage, include the auxiliary building exhaust, the fuel handling bo!1 ding exhaust, the turbine building exhaust, the reactor building containment air, the main condenser air ejectors, and the steam generatar blowdown. tank vents. e y e
.b %
r h
-)
l l
- l
. 3-38 l
The various system for the processing of radioactive gaseous waste and ventilation paths are shown schematically in Figure 3.13. - The ventilation systems for the auxiliary building and fuel handling l buildiag will be designed to ensure that air flow is from areas of low potential to areas having a greater potential for the release of airborne radioactivity. The entire air flow of 73,500 cfm from the auxiliary building will normally be vented to the plant vent through high efficiency particulate air filters (HEPA) to remove particulate activity. An alternate route for the Auxiliary Building ventilation exhaust will be through charcoal adsorbers. Ventilation air (30,000 cfm) from the refueling and spent fuel areas will pass through ! HEPA filters and charcoal adsorbers before being released to the I plant vent. The staff's evaluation considered a primary coolant leakage of 160 lbs/ day into the auxiliary building and a partition factor of 0.005 for iodine. Ventilation air from the auxiliary building will be released without treatment for radiciodine to the plant vent. The staff calculated an annual release per reactor of 1200 Ci of noble a gases and 0.074 Ci of fodine-131. The applicant considering the same leakage rate calculated a release of 1100 Ci/yr/ reactor of noble gases l and 0.0006 C1/yr of iodine-131. l The waste concentrator normally will be used to process waste liquids from the equipment and floor drain subsystems, and can be used to j process liquids from the chemical and laundry drain subsystems. The gaseous discharges will pass through the waste concentrator condenser before being released to the atmosphere through the monitored plant vent. The staff's evaluation assumed negligible releases of radio-
, iodine (less than 10-4 Ci/yr/ reactor) from this source.
I Gaseous fission products from steam system leakage which may occur in the turbine and/or ancillary equipment will be released directly to the turbine building atmosphere without treatment. The staff calculated I a negligible release of noble gases (less than 1 C1/yr/ reactor) and l 0.027 Ci/yr/rcactor of iodine-131 from this source. The applicant i calculated negligible releases of noble gas and 0.03 C1/yr/ reactor of j iodine-131 from miscellaneous steam leakage. i
- Radioactive gases may be released inside the reactor containment '
l building when components of the primary system are opened to the ; building atmosphere for operational reasons, or when minor leaks l i f l i i t i e i
3-39 veut I rypomarca I so es A g top f [ses stancess F ' sAs stomaat Tamas F' ComT,emmen,
--ei Consenesson is Ange? --e A g ,,,, ,,,,, g * *p88o ppe wAstr sAS SYSTEM 4,,
moeLa ses Amo sooint Actavatics m _ sfrAm JECTom , , ,. r stram 4(8ERAfoA ggg g
~,Q fi ,
, J. C ;;
! #AE V R .N,
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; - N l
I . lTl 1moomm recatanter systra ' ootg _ SLOW 00WN TREATMENT FILTE Rs ,
' PURSE leL(T CoNTAlselft P meAesALLY g Ctosto . g ,g,g arrenmat NCleCUL ATims & ,
sesTEM t e users esoo seeerAcrom CONTAINME887 PURGING lE(FugLING ARC A I
-I p rs.soo ase l SPENT FugL AntA l - _
la AofoAC7 tyt Anta ' _"," <". f lDepuutise sTAfson] _
,LJ - . - _ g sso, oste _
g RADIOACTIVE WASTE AND POTE8tilALLY CONTAWlNATED AREAS IN AUXILIARY SUILDING P*PREFILitA A*Nf4M (FF#CissCV PARTICULATE FILTER C*CMA4 COAL A9sonste GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FROM DIABLO CANYON NUCLEAR PLANT UNITS 1 AND 2 1 5 ; i Fig. 3.13 - Gaseous Effluents from Diablo j 1 l Canyon Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2 j l e e I o I i l l '
3-40 occur in the primary system. Prior to purging,, the staff assumed that the containment atmosphere will be circulated at a rate of 24,000 cfm for 16 hours through an internal cleanup system consisting of HEPA filters and charcoal adsorbers in series. Before entry, this containment atmosphere will be purged to the unit vent. The staff's ' evaluation considered a primary coolant leakage rate witi-in the containment building of 240 lbs/ day and a need to purge the contain-ment 4 times /yr. The staff calculated a release of 24 C1/yr/ reactor of noble gases and 0.0054 Ci/yr/ reactor of iodine-131. The applicant assumed a primary coolant leakage of 50 lbs/ day and a need to purge the containment 52 times /yr. Based on these operating conditions the applicant calculated an annual release per reactor of 42 Ci of noble gases and 6 x 10-9 Ci of iodine-131. {
~
Offgases from the condenser air ejectors (which remove radioactive gases collected in the condenser as a result of primary to secondary system Icakage) will be released through the plant vent without treatment to remove radiciodine which may be present in the effluent steam. Based on the staff's evaluation,an annual release per reactor was calculated of 1200 Ci of noble gases and 0.11 Ci of iodine-131 from this source. The applicant using similar operating parameters calculated an annual release per reactor of 1100 Ci of noble gases and 0.024 Ci of iodine-131. The staff's evaluation considered an iodine partition factor of 2000 in the condenser, whereas the applicant assumed a partition factor of 10,000, which accounts for the difference in the calculated releases of iodine-131. The steam generator blowdown system is designed to maintain the proper water chemistry in the secondary coolant. During periods when primary to secondary leakage occurs, the blowdown will be routed to the steam generator blowdown traatment system described in Section 3.4, Liquid Wastes. The waste gases generated during treatment will be vented to the main condenser. When sea water leaks occur into the main condenser or the treatment system demineralizers are being regenerated, the blowdown will be diverted to the blowdown tank and the gases vented directly to the atmosphere without treatment. In its evaluation the staff considered that J0% of the operating time the blowdown will be vented to atmosphere end calculated a release of 0.065 C1/yr/ reactor of iodine-131 and a negligible release of noble gases. The applicant epiculated a release of 0.05 Ci/yr/ reactor of iodine and a negligible release of noble gases. Based on the principal parameters shown in Table 3.5, the total annual releases of radioactive materials in gaseous wastes were calculated to be approximately 3700 Ci/yr/ reactor of noble gases
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
V _ _ _ __ _ _/_. _ _ - - - - - - - - t 3-41 l and 0.28 C1/yr/ reactor of iodine-131. The principal sources together with the isotopic distribution are shown in Tabic 3.7. The applicant's principal parameters are also listed in Table 3.5. The applicant has calculated a total annual release of approximately 5500 Ci/ reactor of noble gases and 0.11 C1/ reactor of iodine-131 from the station. Staff estimates of radiation dose to man resulting from these I releases is given in Section 5.4.4. The staff concludes that the gaseous vaste treatment system meets the requirements of 10 CFR Part 20 and the as low as practicabic guidelines. 3.4.3 Solid Wastes Radioactive solid wastes will consist mainly of spent demineralized i resins, bottoms from the waste concentrator, and spent filters. In addition, there will be miscellaneous solid wastes such as paper, rags, and protective clothing. i l The spent resins from the CVCS demineralizers will be flushed to two 8 spent resin storage tanks. Periodically, batches will be transferred , to the drumming station where the material will be slurried into I 55-gallon steel drums or 50-cu f t spent resin transfer tanks, ! dewatered, and provided with shielding as necessary for offsite ! disposal. Bottoms from the waste concentrator also will be sent to the drumming station where the material will be mixed with a suitable l filler and binder for offsite disposal. Miscellaneous materials, such l' as paper and protective clothing, will be compressed and drummed for offsite disposal. ! All solid waste will be packaged and shipped to a licensed burial site in accordance with AEC and DOT regulations. Based on plants presently in operation, it is expected that approximately 250 drums /yr/ reactor of spent resin and evaporator bottoms totaling approximately 5,000 Ci/yr vill be transported offsite. It is also expected that ' 500 drums /yr/ reactor of dry waste containing less than 5 C1/yr will be transported offsite. Based on its evaluation, the staff finds the proposed solid waste system acceptable. . . s i e
+
3
3-42 (sWe 3.7. Amasal rdesse nf radioacts material in gnasons enleents frasa DinMo Canyon Nedser Power Plant, Unita 1 and 2 la curies per year per unit Waste gas Stessa Condenser Nuclide procesang AuW Tm generator air Total system blowdown ejector Kr-83m a e I e a i 2 Kr45m a e 7 e s 7 14 Kr45 950 2 9 s a 9 970 L47 e e 4 a e 4 8 Kr48 a a ll e a Il 22 D49 e a e e a e s Xe-13lm 47 3 7 e a 7 58 Xe133m a I 13 e a 13 27 Xs133 280 18 1100 I a 1100 2500 Xs-135m a e i e e i 2 Xe.135 e a 19 e a 19 38 Xe137 e e I e a 1 2 Xe138 s a 3 e a 3 6 Total 1300 24 1200 I a 1200 3700 1 131 h 0.0054 0.074 0.027 0.065 0.11 0.28 l-133 6 0.0046 0.092 0.017 0.041 0.069 0.22 8 Lea than I Ci/yser of noble psen. hies: than 10"* CVyear ofimhnes. i t i i
,6
3-43 I 3.5 CHEMICAL AND BIOCIDE SYSTEMS 4 Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2, as all power plants do, <ill discharge chemicals to the environment. A sumnary of these is given in Table
- 3. 8. In Table 3.9 are given some of the elements found in seawater o and their range of concentrations. This table may be used as a basis for judging the relative magnitude of the chemical species discharged into Diablo Cove. It should be noted that the effluent concentrations given cre those which will be obtained at the dis-charge structure. Af ter the effluent stream entem the waters of ,'
Diablo Cove, further dilution will occur. The extent of such dilu- j tion is a function of many variables such as wave action, tidal '~ action, and offshore currents. The staff expects the chemical " dilution to follow the same mode as the thermal dilution. However. lf some recirculation of chemicals will occur. This is expected to ~y be less than 10% even during extreme ocean current and weather conditions . It follows, therefore, that a twofold dilution of the ., l effluent contaminants will occur over an area of about 6 acres and - that a fivefold dilution will occur over about an 80-acre area. 3.5.1 _Co_ndenser Coolina System output ' The condensers at Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 will be cooled by a once-through flow of water from the Pacific Ocean. The flow rate for each unit is 867,000 gps. As pointed out in Section 3.3.2, the condensers are " split"; i.e., a separate circulating pump and - conduit supply the coolant water for half the tubes in each con- ! dens er. The coolant streams from Units 1 and 2 are not conbined ' until they reach the discharge structure. Therefore it is possible to chemically treat half a condenser unit at a time. , The applicant states that the condenser cooling system is to be treated periodically with elemental chlorine to control organic s growth on exposed surfaces. The expected chlorine injection rate is 110 lb/ day per unit (220 lb/ day total), with the chlorine being j injected into the circulating water just ahead of the pumps to en- I sure thoroagh mixing. Each pune system (one-half unit) is to be treated for 10 min pe- day in sequence; i.e., not more than one pump syste.n is to be treated at a time. The maximum rate of in-jection will be 5.5 lb of chlorine per minute (1.5 ppm), with the actual rate such that an active chlorine concentration of 0.5 ppm at the condenser inlet will result (see Appendix 3-1). Since the chlorine added to the single pump conduit will be diluted by the other half of the condenser coolant stream, plus the gooling water from the other unit, the " actual residual 'ree chlorine" at the discharge outlet will be less than 0.1 ppa. Staff calculations show this concentration to be approximately correct assuming oper-ation of both units and some consumption of chlorine by organic I
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3-44 TsWe3.8. m dded a toligeid h disdory g Yeast dischnap Commatration in (2 emits) emuest (ppm) Copper 4 x 1#-6 x 10' e 6 x 10 4 p. , .4 8 8 Nistes 6 x 10 -8 x 20 & 9 x 10" ~ c m rime s x s#B Cadoride noe , i " 3.7 x 10-s - u Free avaasbie cidarhuf ' ~ " 1.0 x 10-8 Comidned avanabis stemdes6 2.7 x to-a Seefsse 3.2 x l# B 4.5 x 10-8 Sodham sulfate' 3J x 198 m 5.0 x 10-3 Dissolved solids (salig 4A x 10' & 6.0 2.0 x 10 9 8 Phosphate 1.3 x 10 2 Hydrazine Decompees. . 4 IJehhad 3.6 x 10 t' 8 5 x 10 ,! 8 Soros 7.2 x 10 t' 1 x 10~8 ! Asumosh 1.7 x 108 m' 2.3 x 10" chromiam 4.4 x 10' he 6 x 10" f 3 Detergent (TURCO) 1.5 x 108 m 4 x 10 4 ;
' Free available chlorine (hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite los, and molecular chlorine),
aCombiasd evalishes chienne (sess of chloroamines' and other chloro derivatives).
'Results from use of ESSO. and NaOH es regenerate makeup deslocrainer -
intamittent, occurring every 96 days, dResults from co- of seawater in flash r.raporator.
#Approximate yearty ser calculated from estimated emuent concentration.
3-45 i TaWe 3.9, Partist Est of elements known so occur la seawater as desolved solids Elernent Conantration (pprn) Eiernent Concentration (ppm) Na 103 % S $80 Li 0.17 Dissolved 0 K 6.2-4.1 380 se OA2 Mg ' 1,272 Al Cs 0.001 ' 400 1 0.06 S: 8.5 Pb Br 0.00003 66 14 Q 18,980 0.00003-0.0002 0d 0.0001 j F i Sa ; B 0.0008 44 As : f>i 1-7 041-042 Mo 0.0003-0.016 } P 0.001-0.017 V 0.0002-0.007 Fe 0.001-0.29 0 0.001-0A03 Mn 0.001-0.01 Co i Cu 0.0001-0,0005 0.001-0.09 Ni Zn 0.0001-0.007 0.005-0.014
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3-4 t> matter in the cooling system. In any event, the applicant states 2 ronitoring equipment will be used during chlorination to ensure that the 0.1 ppm concentration of residual free chlorine is not exceeded. The staff agrees that this should be done. Le applicant in the Environmental Report does not indict e that the total available chlorine will be monitored. It is pertinent, therefore, to point out that the effect of the discharge of 0.1 ppm free available chlorine my be enhanced by the combined available chlorine species present. The total maximum discharge from the chlorine addition would be on the order of 55 lb of chloride ion - and 55 lb of active chlorine (molecular chlorine, hypochlorous ! acid. hypoch2orite ion, chloroamines and other chloro derivatives) g per day per unit if no reduction of active chlorine species to a chloride ions were to occur. The staff will require that the ef- '
#1uent be monitored for total available chlorine rather than just ,'
for free available chlorine, since the discharge may contain up !- I-to approximately 0.4 ppa total available chlorine, and that dis-charge of total available chlorine be limited to 0.1 ppa in the discharged cooling water. The steam condenser in the conventional part of the generating system is fabricated with copper-nickel tubes (nominally 90%-10% but actually 87% copper,11% nickel, and 2% other metals). During , operation of the condenser, copper and nickel will be present in j the effluent from the condenser because of tube corrosion. he ; corrosion product concentrations may be calculated from the fol- i lowing data supplied by the applicant:2 j Circulating: 3.87 x 1012 lb/ year f Condenser tubes: 58,214 tubes per condenser Tube length: 40.75 ft Specific gravity of alloy: 556 lb/ft3 Area of inner surface of total tube assembly: 655,200 ft 2 Utilizing a staff-assumed corrosion rate of 1 mil / year, it can be shown that 54.6 ft3 of tubing per year is lost to the circulating water system. This results in 26,411 lb of copper and 3,339 lb of nickel in the effluent over the period of a year. Therefore the average concentration will be 26,411 3.87 x 1012 = 6.8 ppb of copper, 12
= 0.% ppb of nickel .
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3-47 The.Long Island Lighting Company has studied the corrosion of essen-tially the same alloy in the condenser tubes at their Northport Power Plant.8 The results from that study were used to estimate the amount of copper that may be discharged at their Shoreham Nu-clear Power Station. These studies, carried out under conditions approximating those which will result at Diablo Canyon, indicate that a copper concentration of 4-6 ppb could be expected. This is in good agreement "th the 6.8 ppb figure calculated by the staff. During the heat treatment opers. tion, the temperature of the cooling water will be raised 50*F and the flow rate decreased to approxi-mately one-fourth of normal. The corrosion rate during this period may increase by a factor of approximately 4, and therefore the copper and nickel concentrations may increase by a factor of approx-imately 16, This is assuming as a worst case that the corrosion rate is not materially decreased by the decreased flow rate, and that the fourfold increase in corrosion will be contained in one-quarter of normal operating water volume. 3.5,2 Demineralized Regeneration Solutiens
'l The fresh water required for the power plant will be supplied by \
' two seawater evaporators (one per .mit) desinted to produce 9000 gph per unit of distillate having a 0.5-ppm dissolved solids con-centration. The evaporators will operate on a 2:1 cycle; i.e.,
the volume of seawater taken in will be twice the output of fresh water, and therefore half the original intake of seawater will be returned to the effluent stream with a twofold increase in salinity. The staff's calculations indicate an increase of about 6 ppe in the salinity of the effluent. The supply water to each evaporator will be treated with 18 lb/hr of sulfuric acid to control scaling. This will result in a 0.04- ' ppm increase 9 the sn16ste concentration of the effluent. To provide the necessary reactor makeup water, distillate from the i evaporators will be processed by a makeup demineralized. The appli-cant states that each demineralized will run approximately 96 days between regeneration. During regeneration, 338 lb of sulfuric acid and 276 lb of sodium hydroxide will be used, resulting in 490 lb of sodium sulfate per regeneration. These regenerant wastes, contained in about 8650 gal, are to be discharged into the circulating water over a period of 155 to 175 min. At the highest rate of discharge (155 min), this source will contribute an increase of about 0.5 ppm l dissolved solids to the effluent. l
'b
3-48 There are several other demineralizers in the chemical and volume control system. Of these the deborating and evaporator waste con-densate demineralizers can be regenerated. The waste solutions from these will be processed in the radioactive vaste system (see Fig. 3.12). 3.5.3 Reactor Coolant Chemicals The chemicals added to the reactor coolant system will normally be present in the effluent only because of leakage, blowdown, or as a result of processing in the chemical and volume control systea.. The expected releases (expressed as ppm in the effluent) are Fi ven in Table 3.8. Hydrazine (N2 Hg), added t o the reactor coolant, system following shutdown and subsequent startup, will be used fo control the oxygen content. The hydrazine undergoes reaction with oxygen to form nitrogen and water. A small amount of ammonia will also be formed in the decomposition of hydrazine. No significant amount of hydra-zine from this source will enter the effluent stream. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) will be used to control the pH of the reactor coolant system. The concentration will be maintained between 0.2 and 2.2 ppm. The only source of lithium in the cir-culating water system will be that present in the dischargo from the waste disposal system. Boric acid is used as a chemical " shim" and will be added to the reactor coolant system in quantities sufficient to give concentra-tions of from 2050 ppa at refueling to essentially zero concentra-tion at the end of core life. All leakages will be collected and processed (see Fig. 3.12). Part of the distillate from the process may be discharged to the effluent stream, resulting in some small
" boron" concentration estimated to be three orders of magnitude lower than that in the reactor coolant system (Table 3.8).
3.5.4 Steam Generator Feedwater Chemicals Hydrazine will be added to the steam generator water system as a corrosion inhibitor. It is expected that approximately 80 lb/ day for both units will be used. As in the case of the reactor coolant, no hydrazine is expected to be discharged to the environment. Sodium phosphate, used to control pH between 9.0 and 10.0, will be injected into the steam generator feedwater at the rate of 1.8 lb/ day per unit. Some phosphate will be discharged to the environ-ment during steam generator blowdown, which is discharged inter- ; mittently at a rate of approximately 150 gpm. The applicant states '
3-49 that approximately 1.8 lb/ day per unit will be discharged. This will in the result in anduring effluent increase of about 2 ppb phosphate concentration blowdown. 3 Ammonia (NH ) formed by decomposition of hydrazine and that which is added control to the steam generator feedwater for corrosion and pH tion is given will be released in Table 3.8.to the effluent stream. The concentra-3.5.5 _ Closed Cooling Systems .e { The service water system and the component cooling water system : m will be treated with potassium chromate and dichromate sufficient ; to maintain a 200-ppm chromate concentration. Leakage from these sys te-::: } to the effluent stream. collected by the floor drains will eventually be discharged , The applicant estimates that this will ! increase 0.01 ppb. the chromate concentration of the circulating water by i The staff finds that this is a reasonable estimate. -l 3.5.6 Miscellaneous The laundry facility for the plant will diacharge to the environ-ment approximately 3 lo/ week of the laundry detergent Turco. This is a wetting and proprietary combination of complex phospiates, carbonates agents. , The laundry wastes will be collected in the waste disposal denser circulating water system andofafter Unittreatsment
- 1. discharged to the con- i The staff estimates that the 0.05 ppb deterge.nt. average increase in effluent concentration will be approximately All trash and nonradioactive solid waste generated at the plant who uses a sanitary landfill.sd.te are now being disposed of through an authorized method of disposal during plant operation.The applicant plans to continue this Oil spillage that may occur in equipment areas will be processed in an air flotation type separator. The applicant 2 states that the effluent from rhis separator, which will be discharged to the condenser cooling water system, vill contain less than 20 ppm oil.
be ter Af negligible. mixing with the cooling water the concentration of oil will 3.5.7 Chemical Discharge during Heat Treatment The applicant proposes that, in order to remove organisms from the periodic heat treatment of the condenser cooling water system
s s 3-50 carried out as described in Section 3.3.2. It is estimated that the discharge durf ng neat treatment will be decreased to approxi-mately one quarter of the normal operating flow rate (867,000 gpm per unit). Consequently if the chemicals that are normally dis-charged to the effluent stream are still being discharged during the treatment period, they will increase in effluent concentration by a factor of 4 for that unit. This does not hald for the free ( chlorine content, since the applicant 2 has stated that this will be monitored and controlled. The staff will require that, during . this period, no chemicals that can be controlled be added to the effluent stream. 3.6 SANITARY DISCHARGES The sewage treatment facility for the plant will consist of a dual-chambered septic tank with a leach field. The design load of this system is 70 persons at 30 gal / day per person. The applicant 2 states that no chlorine will be used. During the construction period, two separate septic tanks and leach fields are being used. The first serves the plant site, and the second the construction camp. The construction camp site facility will be closed when the plant begins operation. IVo additional sewage treatment systens have been constructed at the switchyard control butidings. These are designed for inter-mittent use by eight to ten persons each.2 The applicant estimates, the load to be 300 gal / day per system. These systems will be used largely during maintenance and inspection.
- 3. 7 TRANSMISSION LINES 3.7.1 Transmission Routes s
A schematic of the switching facilities and line junctures at the site is included in Fig. 2.3. The transmission routes connecting Diablo Canyon to the applicant's existing distribution system are shown in Figs. 3.14 and 11.1 and are described as follows:
- 1. The Diablo-Wdway route consists of two single-circuit 500-kV transmission if ne with a combined right-of-way width of 400 fc extending eloout 84 miles from the site to the existing Midway Substation in Kern County. These lines pass over the San Luis Range, cross Highway 101 about 5 miles sou.h of San Luis Obispo, and proceed easterly, pascing about 4 miles north of the town of Arroyo Grande. They then pass over the Santa Lucia Range, turn somewhat northerly, cross the Panza Range, and drop into the Carrizo Plain, crossing the northern end of Soda Lake. The lines split approximately 19 miles west of Midway and proceed
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3-52 on different rights-of-way separated 3/4 to 3-3/4 miles from the split to Midway Substation. The right-of-way for this route requires 4085 acres.
- 2. The Diablo-Gates route is a single-circuit 500-kV transmission line extending about 79 miles from the site to the existing Gates Substation in Fresno County, paralleling an existing 230-kV line most of the way. This line proceeds northeasterly from the Diablo Canyon Site, traversing the Santa Lucia Range and crossing Highway 101 east of the town of Paso Robles, and across the Estrella River. Beyond the river the line enters the Cholame Hills and crosses the Cholame Valley. The line then crosses the Diablo Range, drops down into the Kettleman ,
Plain northwest of Avenal, crosses the Kettleman Hills (a f producing oil field), and then proceeds about 3 miles in_c Gates Substation. Paralleling the Diablo to Cates '500-kV line is a 10-1/4-mile section of 230-kV feeder line, connecting to an existing Morro Bay to Mesa 230-kV line just south of Highway
- 1. Right-of-way requirements for the Diablo to Gates line are a 280-ft corridor over the 10-1/4-mile section used jointly with the 230-kV Diablo to Morro feeder and a 200-ft corridor for the remaind r of the route (69 miles), involving a total of approximately 1940 acres. Ultimately this line routing will be used for an additional 500-kV line, requiring a 430-ft right-of-way for the initial 10-1/4-mile section and a 350-ft corridor over the re:naining distance, involving some 3388 acres of land area.
I The California Public Utilities Consnission has issued a certificate of public convenience and necessity for the transmission lines. 3.7.2 Access Roads Access roads for the Diablo to Gates and Diablo to Midway lines total 317 miles; however, due to the nature of existing topography, areas occupied by these are not contained entirely within rights-of-way given. Roads outside U.S. Forest Service lands were coninonly outsloped, without the addition of berms on outside road edges. In some areas, insloping and construction of drainage ditches, water checks , and berms were practiced in attempts to minimize erosien. Those roads constructed within the Los Padres National Forest con-formed to Forest Service specifications in that these were insloped, with a 14-ft width of traversable way on straight stretches, for a total width of 18 f t including inside ditch and outside berm. Some turns are as much as twice the width of straight sections, and in most cases, roads on National Forest lands were required to be much less steep than those on other areas.
/
3-53 3.7.3 Transmission Towers Lattice-type steel towers (Fig. 3.15) will be employed on all lines associated with the Diablo Canyon plant. These have an average basal area (including foundations) of approximately 1000 ft2 and are anchored at .each of the four corners by means of a pier-type foundation. Excavation to depths of 10 to 15 ft is required for setting these foundations. In general, tower design for the type of structure shown allows for a 1300-ft ruling span, requiring l approximately four towers per utile. Variations in local topography i of ten result in a requirement for additional towers, so that fre- l quencies of five to six towers per mile may occur over some sec-tions of a given route. There are 325 towers on the Diablo. to Gates line and 346 in the Diablo to Midway section. ] I 3.8 TRANSPORTATION OF NUCLEAR FUEL AND SOLID RADIOACTIVE WAS1E f f The nuclear fuel for the 2 reactors at the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant near Can Luis Obispo, California is slightly enriched l i uranium in the fonn of sintered uranium oxide pellets encapsulated : in zircaloy fuel rods. Each year in normal operation of both re- ; actors, the Staff estimates about 126 fuel elements are replaced. ' 3.8.1 Transport of New Fuel i The applicant has indicated that new fuel will be shipped by truck ' in Type B AEC-DOT approved containers which hold two fuel assemblies per container. About 10 to 14 truckloads will be required each ! year for replacement fuel and about 28 to 40 truckloads for the initial loading. The applicant has indicated the source of the new fuel will be the Westinghouse fuel fabrication facility in South Carolina, a shipping distance of about 3000 miles. 3.8.2 Transport of Irradiated Finel Fuel elements removed from the reactor will be unchanged in appear-ance and will contain some of the original U-235 (which is recover-able). As a result of the irradiation and. fissioning of the uraqium, the fuel element will contain large amounts of fission products and some plutonium. As the radioactivity decays, it produces radiation and " decay heat." The amount of radioactivity remaining in the fuel varies according to the length of time after discharha from the reactor. After discharge from a reactor, the fuel elements are placed under water in a storage pool for cooling prior to being . Ioaded into a cask for transport.
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3-55 The Applicant has indicated the irradiated fuel will be transported by oversized truck to the nearest railroad which is 16 miles from the plant, and then by rail to the reprocessing facility. Seven to 15 fuel assemblies can be handled in one shipment by rail. Based on this plan, a total of 10 to 18 shipments will be made each year. Destination for these shipments has not been decided but for purposes of conservative calculation of transportation dose will l be assumed to be Barnwell, South Carolina, a shipping distance of : about 3,000 miles. I Although the specific design of containers for shipping of spent fuel has not been identified, the applicant states that the irra-disted fuel assemblies will be shipped in approved AEC-licensed and I DUT-approved casks. j l 3.8.3 Transport of Solid Radioactive Wastes ,! t The applicant has indicated that spent ion exchange resins, vaste ' evaporator bottoms, and miscellemeous low level wastes will be . shipped in drums or "large quantity" shipping containers. The applicant has estimated approximately 3 shipments of evaporator . wastes and 2 shipments of miscellaneous wastes will be required to be shipped from the plant each year for the 2 units. Four shipments a year of "Large Quantity" containers will be required to dispose of ion exchange resins. The applicant has not indicated which of i the approved burial sites he will use. The staff has assumed i Hanford, Washington, a shipping distance of about 1,000 miles.
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3-56 REFERDICES FOR SECTION 3
- 1. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, Diablo Canyon [htits 1 and 2, p.1-11.
- 2. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Environmental Report, Supplement No. 2, lhtite 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 28,1972.
- 3. J. B. Jones, General Circulation and Water Osaracteristice in the Southern Cats *lomia Bight, Southern California
- Coastal Water Besearch Project (October 1971).
- 4. California Dept. of Fish and Game, " Impact on Fish and Wildlife of a Large Desalting Plant at Diablo Canyon,"
Environmental Service Branch Office Report, March 1972,
- p. 10.
- 5. T. Jen, R. L. Wiegel, and I. Molearek, " Surface Discharge of Borizontal Warm-Water Jet," .T. Ebver Div., Proc. Amer. Soc.
Civil Eng., April 1966.
- 6. K. D. Stolzenbach, and D.R.F. Harleman, "An Analytical and Experimental Investigation of Heated Water, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, or, The Water Quality Office of EPA, Research Grant No.16130 DJU, February 1971."
- 7. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Supplemental Material Describing Diablo Canyon Bloudoun Tnatment System, April 6,1973.
- 8. kng Island Lighting Company, Environmental Report, Shonham Nuclear Station.
4-1
- 4. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SITE PREPARATION, STATION 4
l CONSTRUCTION, AND CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSMISSION FACILITIES l 4.1 SCHEDULES AND MANPOWER The planned dates for start of consercial operation of Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 are March 1,1975, and March 1,1976, re-spectively. The construction permits were issued by the AEC in April 1968 for Unit 1 and in December 1970 for Unit 2. As of June 1,1972, it was estimated that Unit I was 45.6% complete and Unit 2 was 12.8% complete.I j-Table 4.1 shows the highlights of the construction schedule for J. each unit as revised in May 1972.2 l. The manpower required for construction is shown graphically in Fig. 4.1. A peak work force of about 1530 men is expected to f occur during the last quarter of 1973, at which time the esti- j 3 mated hourly contractor wage rate will be about $9.00 pt.r hour. ' i 4.2 IMPACT ON THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT i 4.2.1 i Impacts from Plant and Related Structure Construction Construction of the Diablo Canyon nuclear station and the two I closely associated switchyards will result in environmental impacts associated with: (1) the preemption of land as wildlife habitat due to the erection of permanent structures and (2) habi-tat alteration due to vegetation removal. Although a total of 142 acres was directly affected by construc-tion, the permanent facilities will occupy only 51 acres. The buildings shown in black in Fig. 4.2 will be removed when con-struction is complete. The breakwaters are discussed in Section 4.3. A photograph of the status of construction in June of 1972 is shown in Fig. 4.3. Not all forms of wildlife will be excluded from the plant site, but the species composition will consist of those that can accom-modata man's interference. In areas that have been altered or
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4-2 Tame 4.!'. Construction schedule Unit 1 Unit 2 Chestruction persmit otetained frase AEC April 23,1968 Dec. 9,1970 Start conuruction of access road June 14,1968 June 14,1968 Chanplete access road Oct. 29,1969 Oct. 29,1969 Start gradirs and earth moving Aug. 22,1968 Aug. 22,1968 Complete gradig and earth awving Dec. 5,1969 Dec. 5,1969 Start concrete foundations for containment Sept.10,1969 May 12,1F71 Deschasse structuse Sept.10,1970 Sept.10,1970 Discharge structuse finished (eamspt cofferdus) Sept.10,1972 Sept.10,1972 Start intake structuse June 2,1971 June 2,1971 Consplete intake staectuse Feb.27,1973 Feb. 27,1973 Start turbine psamser erection . Nov.1,1971 Nov. 8,1FTJ Turbine generatez construction commpleted - June 26,1973 Sept. 26, if74 Start reactor reesd instauntion Dec. 26,1972 Sept. 27,1973 Commplete contahonat structuse Dec. 25,1973 Feb. 20,1975 Conspiete nuclear usess supply systeen installation Mar. 26,1974 June 5,1975 Start hot functional test Feb.26,1974 June 5,1975 Fust loaded May 27,1974 Sept. 8,1975 Initin! criticality Jose 10,1974 Sept. 22,1975 F91:y,wer operation Oct. 28,1974 Feb. 2,1976 C _;ma,e.xial operation Mar.1,1975 Mar.1,1976 f 1 I
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, modified by man's action, e.g. , recreation areas, farms, and urban areas, the most abundant species are those that are capable of thriving in a disrupted ecological system. Species present in these stages have such varied requirements for survival that they
' can readily adapt to the ecolog;ically transitory, unstable con-ditions encountered.
The impact on the terrestrial environment due to loss of vege-tation as a result of construction probably will be short-term and minimum for the laydown areas. These areas will revegetate in the nomal sur.ceasion progression. However, the switchyard areas and the plant site area have permanent structures and are lost as wildlife habitat. D While excessive noise fras construction activities is objection- r ' able, its effectofonvegetation. the alteration wildlife is the same as discussed above. for Both are integrally associated with man's invasio ., and those species capable of tolerating his pres-ence will remain. l Nminanla expected to dominate the community structure include the , l oposstas, raccoon, striped skunk, black-tailed deer, and various species of rodents. Songbirds smach as sparrows and housefinches are activt among the construction buildings on the plant site, and nest $ag of these species in caves of the buildings was re-corded last spring. , Rookeries for pelagic birds and shorebirds and haul-out areas for ! seals and sea lions provide a restrictcd habitat found,in short supply in California. Several rocky islands exist off Diablo Can-yon's shoreline (Lion Rock, Pecho Rock). Lion Rock is about one mile from the site, and Pecho Rocto is about 3 miles from the site. The only impact to birds and aquatic mammals is the disturbance created by plant construction noise. Excessive noise is expected to terminate when construction ceases, although some noise will j . persist from generators and turbismes. 4.2.2 Impacts from construction of Transmission Lines and Access Roads The construction of the trarcaission lines and concomitant rights-of-way necessary for the Dialo Canyon station will not affect agricultural crop production, nor will the forest resources of the , refion be significantly altered as a result of the necessary clear- j; ing. ! The primary uses of these National Forest lands are for
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4-8 grazing. watershed protection, and wildlife production. Right-of-I way for the Diablo to Gates line covers approximately 22.4 acres within the Los Padres National Forest, and that for the Diablo to Midway extension, approximately 311 acres. Impact to the terres-l trial environment from the lines themselves is minimal. Of more l importance are the longer-term effects of access road construction. Access roads for the Diablo to Gates route occupy approximately 12.6 acres, and those for the Diablo to Midway lines, approximately l 63.6 acres within Los Padres boundaries. Thus, about 76.2 acres
; of National Forest land will be converted into service roade by j the project.
i* As mentioned above in connection with National Forest lands, and
! as applied to other lands, except for canyon areas, which both the , Diablo to Gates and the Diablo to Midway lines cross, vegetation removal for tower and right-of-way is minimal. The impact to the s terrestrial environment from these actions is considered as tem-porary for areas such as the tower footings, since these areas will revegetate in time. A more serious probles arises on steep terrain during construction of access roads in that the removal of vegetation and topsoil provides an avenue for erosion.
Surface erosion poses a definite threat in that the nutritional requirements of terrestrial ecosystems depend on internal nutrient cycles which are sustained by surface organic and mineral reserves. Over extended periods, the loss of these nutrients will lead to a decline in total ecosystem productivity. l The construction of the applicant's access roads has been a source of contention for some time in that extensive erosion has occurred ,, ! in some areas. A review of evidence presented in public hearings3'4 ! indicates that PG6E's construction and replanting practices appear to have been inadequate in canyon areas where road grades were steep. Wile such areas constitute approximately 5% of total-access road mileage, the incidence of significant erosion has been sufficient to cause involuntary corrective measures by the appli-cant. PG6E roads on private lands are primarily outsloped, meaning that water drainage from roads located on hillsides is not collected but is allowed to run off and down the sides of fill slopes. In contrast, those built on Forest Service lands are insloped, with a drainage ditch to collect water along the hill side of the road, and have culverts under the road to carry the water off and beyond the fill slopes. Wile the construction of the outsloping roads is not necessarily less desirable than insloped roads, the deposi-tion of water runoff from the road is a major factor in controlling the degree and rate of erosion, d
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I PG&E has placed some fill on steep slopes, and we er running j rapidly over the surfaces has speeded erosion. Culverts, such as j those used on Forest Service lands, carry water from the fill slopes ' onto undamaged soil. On soec private roads built by the applicant, vatu bara spill the runof f 'in the midst of fill slopes, thus accentuating erosion. Testimony by Dr. Wayne T. Williams" indicated that in the vicinity of the road built along Coon Creek Canyon, lasdelides have resulted .j i in "so much degradation occurring along etw slopes that the entire ' ! canyon bottoms are white with the white Monterey formation material l that has moved down tros these roads. It has killed nature Bishop
. pines in this canyon as well as definitely being detrfasntal to ,
many of the rare gishop pine outcroppings along other parts of the road." Rebuttal testimony was offered by the applicant's witness which suggested that Dr. Williams's testimony was exaggerated and < 1 further that the Bishop pine is not cr.rteidered rare within the j areas in question." In this regard it is significant to note that I the tree does not appe.ar in an inventory of rare and endangered plants of California, ~ prepared by the CaHfornia Native Plant Society.5
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In consideration of the potential for environmental impacts asso-cisted with the Diablo Canyon lines, a number of condition were set forth by the California Public Service r==d=sion in its dacision concerning routings for the lines.3 "S. PIEE shall promptly survey all existing access roads of trans-mission lines from the nuclear fuel power plant in Diablo Canyon and shall report in writing on or before ninety days after tse l j effective date hereof what action is now required to reasonably i control erosion and to reasonably restore the areas affected by construction to their natural state. Ihe reports shall identify j areas of required ection by maps, mil'eage reference and photographs and shall include proposed programs and estimated completion dates 3 to implement proposed programs. Thereafter, at 6-month intervals, l PG6E shall make, in writing, progress reports on the said programs, i "6. PG&E shall designate appropriate PG&E personnel with specific i responsibility and authority to assure that the construction, usin- ; tenance and repair of transmission facilities are accomplished in ; a nanner giving reasonable consideration to aesthetic values and ' conservation of natural resources and the environment and shall report in writing on or before ninety days after the effective date j heeof the names title, position and designated responsibilities s and authority of said personnel. i I l 1 I N I oo
1 l 4-10 "9. PC&E shall promptly oolicit or design, consider and test towers made of aluminum or other material suitable for the con-structive of 230- and 500-kv transmission lines by the use of hel-icopters for tower delivery to and erected on the tower sites and shall report on or before January 1,1973 progress of compliance with this ordering paragraph.
"10. PGag shall promptly develop comprehensive written standards r
and policies for the design, construction, meistenance and repair { of access roads, transmission towers and lines, and attendant l facilities which will give reasonable consideration to aesthetic i values and commervattee of the astural resources and the environ-mest of the areas involved. said writtaa standards and policies f shall be filed in this proceeding, with copies to the parties herein, se or before January 1,1973."
! Concerning the first of the above directives Oto. 5) the applicant I
has submitted reports presented in Appendia 4-1. The staff has evaluated infonasties presented la the attached reports, including
, photographic evidence, and has concluded that as of June 1972, germination of hydreseedings has been generally poor la seet areas.
recommendations were made for insloptag of roads and installation of calverts ediere necessary, and reseeding and hand planting in particularly erosion-proos areas. A survey conducted six months later (Report No. 2 December 1972) revesis that insloping and restoration of proper drainage have stabilised erosion potential i is most areas. Germination of hydroceediass has not improved; l however, astural revegetation is progresstag in some areas. Coo-l tin =ad surveillance of these and remainias areas of Diablo Canyon
' lines is requisite, facluding immediate protective measures as out11asd fa the attached reports, in order that further deteriora-tion of the landscape might be mialaised.
An additional svenue of impact associated with construction of
- trana=iasion lines and access roads for the Diablo Canyon plant is the potential for interference with habitats unique to endangered or declining wildlife species. In this respect, the California condor (Creiogyps californians) deserves mention in that it has been designated as an endangered species whose range encompasses areas traversed by the lines.5 Principal nesting areas for the species are located approximately 40 to 75 miles to the south in the Sisquoc Condor Sanctuary of Santa serbara County and the Sespe-Piru condor Sanctuary of Ventura County.' Nesting sites have been reported within the Ri Mountain - Beartrap Canyon area of San Isis obispo County,5 approximately 5 to 10 miles from the Diablo to i
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1 4-11 Midway routing. site, however, and construction impacts associated with DiabloThis Canyon lines would be limited to disturbance effects. In this respect, construction activities have potential for influencing both nesting and foraging specimens in that condors are susceptible to loud and noise and increased disturbances human activity. caused by heavy equipment, blasting,- Other rare, endangered, and Jeclining wildlife species known to inhabit areas involved in construction of the Diablo Canyon plant and transmission include the following: Encanaered, California brown pelican (Faleoanus oceldsntalis californicum) southern held eagle (Haltasstus Isuooosphalus Isuooosphalus) American peregrine falcon (Faloo pargrinus anatwr) Blunt-mossd leopard lizard (Cmtaphytus pislissnit allus) Rare San Joaquin kit fos (Phlpes anaestis mutica) Cient garter snake (Tlamrnophis couohl gigas) Declinf.na Golden eagle (49uila chrysastos) Burrowing owl (Spsotyto cunfoularia)
\ bite pelican (PsZsoanus erythwrynchos)
Information concerning life histories and/or s ther information with respect to these is presented in Appendix 2-6. Realizing that construction of transmission lines is nearly com-plate and that most construction-related impacts have already occurred, pertinent findings of the California Public Service Commission's Show Cause Hearing. Decision No. 79726 8 are offered.
"38.
All transmission lines have an adverse effect on the natural resources environment proposed facilities andlocated. are to be aesthetic values of an area in which the "39. i Mone of the relocations of the transmission lines herein proposed by complaints, except araur.d Hill 2284 and possibly i pr-duce a lesser burden than thor. proposed by PG&E o , the lines will be located. resources, environment end aesthetic values of the aress I
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l 4 42 l l "40. The transmission lines proposed herein by PC&E between Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant and its Cates and Midway Substation l line., will not produce an unreasonable burden oc natural resources, ! environment and aesthetic values of the area in which the proposed
. facilities are to be located, public health and safety, air and water quality in the vicinity, or parks, recreational and seemic areas, or historic sites and buildings or archaeological sites, f "41. Complainants' proposed relocat.lon of portions of Diable-Cates j
500-kv transmission line and the Diablo-Morro Bay-Mesa 2304v transmission line is inferior to the route proposed by FG&E. j "42. Complainants' proposed relocation of portions of the Diable-i i Midway 500-kv trana=f asion line are inferior to the routes psoposed , I by PG&E azeept as herein indicated." f After a review of alternate routes, and considering the above t. l findings and the degree of completion of the lines, the staff con-cludes that the 230-17 line and the Diablo-Cates 500-kT line repre-sent the best route available. Af ter review of the enceptions taken to the adequacy of the Diablo-Midway line and a site visit in June 1972, the staff concludes that no other route effers sig-nificant advantages over the applicant's route, as proposed. i The staff recognises an important factor regarding alternative j routes for these trmission lines. Except for the oil shala
- area, relocation of lines would result in a duplication of com-struction impact because the line and roadway construction has '
already progressed to a point that further work on the existing routes will have little additional effect. Relocation of trans-mission lines would therefore result in greater overall impact than maintaining the existing corridors. 4.3 IMPACT ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT During construction, impacts on the marine environment resulted from construction of the barge landing at Avila Beach, the con-structiod of the breakwater at South Cove, and the building of the intake structure at South Cove and the discharge structure in Diablo Cove. 4.3.1 Barge Landina - Avila Beach A dock har been built at Avila Beach to receive the reactor pres-sure vessels, which were shipped by special seagoing barges. Some disturbance cf the marine environment occurred during con-struction of the dock, which has resulted in some local loss of
4-13 benthic ares whers pflings were driven, has caused some siltation in the vicinity of the pilings, and has resulted in the temporary loss of some benthic habitat. The pilings serve as new habitat, howevsr, and the net adverse impact on benthic organisms from this construction is small and temporary. 4.3.2 Breakwater Constnction in South cove The location of the intake structure on the ocean shore requirac protection from wave action. This protection is provided at the Diablo Canyon site by a breakwater, which has been constructed by theyish of applicant using 8methods approved by the California Department and Cass.8 e Dirt and debris are controlled to prevent
" objectionable foaming, discoloration, and floating solids," but this action can result in some turbidity during construction.
Although siltation has been observed, most of the silt has ap-parently been removed from the intake area by wava action, as evidenced by the small amounts of silt observed during a recon-naissance study on April 3,1972 (Table 4.2). The presence of
" muddy water" has been dom ==ated by Clif ton.10 lesile the loss of habitat resulting from the dumping of rock for the breakwater construction is offset in part by the new habitat created, the displacement of harbcr seals (Phooa Idtutif.no) by construction activity may not be offset by new habitat formation.
Clif ton feels that the harbor seals vill return to the area when construction is completed;10 however, construction of the break-water has been completed for some time, and no significant return of the harbor seals has occurred to date (p. A14-1-60). There is a possibility that the displacement of harbor seals may be permanent. Fairbrotherl ! has examined recolonization and free space recruit-ment of algal and invertebrate life on the tribars of the east breakwater at Diablo Canyon. She has determined that recoloni-sation on the outside of the breakwater was more rapid than on the inside and attributes this to the greater turbulence and wave action. The most prominant algal form was.the green alga Ulva lobata. Colonization Balanus glandula and B. crenatus was slao noted on the outside tribars of the east breakwater. The dif-ference in colonization rate between the inside and outside of the breakwater may be due to siltation in the inlet cove, resulting from erosion occurring during the construction of the road and coffer das for the intake structure. The construction benthic of the breakwater has removed 12.5 acres of areal 2 from l South Cove. Prior to the construction, the
4-14 Tahis 4.2. Ph odeMel servey of east and west beoekweest et DhMe Cearea. Apse 2,1972 Indes edge seat besoinveter S-8 A depth (sRannen smiehes0 1 i l*** 'F-I f N:P- , C88e8'fu88 :P-I theMrasindses l Saddsseeddr 880ests'sp.Jamesses as-4e A darst (To in. set, pedme to a se, deepe g-
.j 8to sempbeams stem; sed entus beness
[ l Cheemst between east sad west beunkwater I Aastspinse mensesyuummie 4 coweenamensen
,f rises,.,ar se., ,
l 7.- , _ *_ Assises6 sider i Jhede mester 8e*Wd'r888Pe8mrW (comunes in steeless as earticas sest geseg l Astesser sportusr (deednaat ihh species sheerved) Inside etsiwest beeskueser
, 6-28 A depth (setedos animissel en treers) l (48e sp-t Aindt aangleser (attensive senade Empfe ammundsedt l Naroorfstdr assr&aser, moetestes aposophytes to 25 A leaupt Edse of west brentweser S-25 A depths (no set es teess)
Uhw sp. Ahrds resgdesar Nersarystdr her&aser, sporophytes 14-15 A length s Id*4ptir mfrarene (se triberg Jeessrer sp., extensive juventes 25-30 ft depth (devos: 4 set) I Rock cobble with berren Aw No conspicuous aisee Cesarrewar sp. ArtHe selaisse StrowdortertroturAwarisemeer From: Pacific Gas and Electric Co.. Environmental Report, supplement 2. Units I and 2 Diablo Canyon Site (July 28,1972). I a f I
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4-15 breakwater area was part of a small cave which included a rock shelf protected on three sides. This area was used as a haul-out area by the harbor seals (Phoaa vituMna). South Cove itself was characterized by organisms similar to those found f a Diablo Cove. It is possible that construction activity may have resulted in a reduction in sporophyte development of bull help (Narsooystia Zustkaaria) in the area adjacent to the breakunter during the spring and summer of 1970,13 4.3.3 1staka and Discharme structure 2Construction acres of beschicofarea,12 the intake structure has resultad in the loss of 1 and the construction of the coffer dan
- b necessary for construction has resulted in temporary loss of ad-ditional benthic area.
The intake cofferdam in south Cove encompassed 4.5 acres of inter-tidal rad subtidal sones, with depths of up to 30 ft. The access road and haul leg to the outer part of the cofferdam were con-Kaiser of nonwashed material, including waste rock from the structed sita.I" quarry and sand and dirt from a borrow area on the plant During the pumping operations to resore unter from behind the cofferdams, into the reservoir. Isaks developed along the haul road, washing mud The resulting siltation, combined with the impact of the suspended material, resulted in extensive damage to abalone, bony fish, and other organisms before it was possible to remove them from the reservoir. Sediment buildup of up to 16 in. was silt.noted in some areas, while the rocky reefs had up to 4 in of this was deposited in South Cove. Suspended material was pumped with the The damage to the benthos was As a result of a subsequent useating with the Departmen cant agreedoftothe the removal rests e the cove to its original candition following cofferdam.I' agreement. The staff concurs with this The cofferdam at the discharge area was built in the intertidal zone and was composed of washed gravel and rock. Unter clarity deposits were observed.1"in the discharge area did not differ from other areas, a The results of these impacts are considered to be temporary , the removal of the coffer dans (except where affected by o tional impacts, discussed in Section 5). Additional silting - I
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l e 4-16 l during the removal of the coffer dams is considered to be unavoid-able and will result in a short-term displacement of species (with
, possibly some alteration of consiunity composition as a result of changes in the benthos).
4.4 CONI 1t0lS TO LIMIT IMPACT OF SITE PREPARATION
, 4.4.1 Terrestrial l
g The locations that will be in need of restoration closely follow-1 ing the clearing and plant constructica are the plant area, the borrow area, and the access roads to the transmission line towers. Both the plant site and the inrrow area have served as test plots to obtain data on: 1
- 1. Methods of soil stabilization.
t 2. Ways to reestablish ndtive vegetation species as quickly as l possible.
- 3. Development of an economical program for supplying revegeta-tion and natural landscaping materialo to be employed during the final stages of the Diablo Canyon project.2 Hethods being used for controlling erosion and promoting
! revegetation in the areas disturbed by the transmission lines l l
f are outlined in reports contain*<! within Appendix 4-1. ' l The staff concludes that rapid revegetation is difficult under the
' climatic conditions at Diablo Canyon. Further, it is the opinion of the staff that careful application of the practices outlined in Appendix 4-1. will reduce erosion potential and speed revegetation and soil stabilization in areas affected by road construction and
, tower placement.
4.4.2 Aquatic Impact (Marine Environment) During construction of the breakwaters, special attention was l paid to reducing dirt and debris discharged to the ocean.8 As noted earlier, some siltation has been observed; however, the 2 small amount of silt observed during a subtidal survey on April 3,
; 1972, suggests that wave action has carried most of the silt out i
I of South Cove and dispersed it in the adjacent ocean area. In addition, abalone were removed from the intake and discharge f areas and transplanted to areas that "would remain undisturbed
! by construction activities." A total of 15
- transplanted as a result of this program.15,129 Mostabalones were of the abalone I l in the shallow water were subsequently taken by public visitors to i i
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4-17 the transplanted area. Overall survival was low.14 The applicant { has stated (Public Cas and Electric Company, Response to Comments Submitted by Department of the Interior and the State of California, May 7,1973) that survival rates were above 80 percent, except for those abalone which were cut during removal (less than 10% of the total transplanted). Many legal-sized abalone were removed by sports fishermen immediately after transplanting. l The intake and discharge structures required cofferdams during l the construction period. The intake cofferdam was built using a series of ' circular cells connected by sheet piling. A connecting l haul leg was also constructed. This haul leg was constructed of unwashed waste rock and dirt fill, and although attempts were made to prevent silting, the leakage that developed along the haul leg resulted in extensive silting and an increase in the suspended material in the water within the cofferdam. This water was pumped and released to South Cove. The resulting damage was discussed in Sect. 4.3.3. The discharge cofferdam was built of washed gravel and rock. No silting was observed as a result of this construction. 4.5 EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY The effects of construction activity at the Diablo Canyon site have not been a significant factor in the surrounding community, based on interviews, reports, and testimony available to the staff.16 This lack of direct effect can be attributed to the remoteness of the site and to the relatively small percentage of the local economy represented by the construction expenditures. The construction activity associated with the transmission lines from the site has caused some concern in the local community, however,3*4 with regard to aesthetics, visibility, and erosion potential. These effects are discussed in more detail in Section 12.2, Alternative Sites. ' 4.5.1 Economic Effects Table 2.3 showsl7 a summary of the economic development in San Luis Obispo County starting in 1966. The payroll et the site during the construction period was calculated by the staff from figures supplied by the applicant 2 and is summarized in Table 4.3. This payroll amounted to only 2% of the total personal income in the county in 1970, but it could equal as much as 15% of the personal income in 1974, assuming that the 1966-1970 personal income growth rate continues. 1
Y 4-18 I f i e
, TsMe 4.3. h peysos
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Year PaymE (S) Peak work force i 1968 670,790 160 1969 2.279,110 430 1970 6,878.900 630 1971 11,198,070 880 1972 21,040,320 1.390 1973 27,966,960 1,530 1974 27,984,330 1,520 1975 14,703,920 1,000 1976 3,370.660 275
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4-19 l The construction wages cannot be considered as a direct contri-bution to San Luis Obispo Counsty, because auch of the work force does not reside in the county (exact figures unavailable), so the actual percentage or the county economic status will be less than that calculated by the staff. At least two areas in San Imis obispo County are r(ported 16 to have felt a relatively importanut impact from construction ac-tivity - the small town of Porst San Luis (populatien less than 500) near the aarvance to the astte and the five cicles in the vicinity of Pismo Beach (total population about 20,000). 1 The major effect of site constranction on' these areas is reported to be a substantial increase is construction of residential { ' l dwellings. This effect is not =eenrately documented, and a defi- j I nite correlation between site enumstruction and residential con- j struction activity would be difficult to establish. The city of ' j San Luis Obispo, for example, hmms also recorded a substantial i increase in residential constrWaa, but there are no claims and ' no data to tie this activity with the c. construction at Diablo Can- } yon. " As can be seen in Table 2.3, the increase in dwelling
- units in San Luis Obispo County,. with,the possible exception of the local effects at Port San Lads and the "Five Cities Area" j mentioned above, is out of propeurcion to the relatively small contribution of construction payroll to the community. Also, a ;
4 171% increase in dwelling unit burilding permits was recorded from ! 1966 to 1970, compared with a 39.3% increase in personal income. 7.3% increase in population, and the less than 2% annual contri- l bution to county personal income fross the plant construction l payroll. ; Table 2.3 also shows that a meassurable drop in unemployment in the county coincided with the start auf construction activity. While , there is no available evidence theat the two events are related, j> this factor is of importance in casesidering the economic effects I resulting froni the end of construmetion activity in 1976. ;I The staff concludes that the ecov==mric effects of construction have had a small economic impact ama San Luis Obispo county, j although some economic growth in ====11 local areas may be related to construction. { l i 4.5.2 Effect on Traffic {s[ The construction activity at the plant site has resulted in traffi.: increases along the road from U.S. 101 to Avila Beach, although it is difficult to establish a correlation between preconstruction ; and construction counts. Table 4.4 shows traf'ic counts supplied , i i t
4-20 i f Tahis 4.& Tsenic emmeen pdor to and dasscommenweise , of DiaMe Onyon Unias I and 2
- 3 Cbeat seede ce Arts Band between Asda Beects and Bay Drive ~
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j s,ie.eer im sm i Adarch 1967 3835 l October 1967 2135 AprH 1968 4475 0.7 40 October 1968 2236 6.7 180 AprB1969 4239 2.9 160 October 1969 3439 SJ 340 Apr01970 4417 9.7 540 s Octob 1970 30M 15.8 640
%rch 1971 3139 17.2 720 ! Septeaser 1971 687! 9.7 800 Apr81972 5497 16.9 ) 12 2 i
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y ~ 4-21 by the San Luis Obispo County Engineering Department,16 together with the applicant's stated construction work force at the time. A one-way traffic count on ti.n site access road in September 1971 showed 672 vehiclea leaving the site for an approximate work force of 880 people. This figure s4 rves as the basis for a rough esti-mate of the peecentage of the two-way traffic count on Avila Road contributed by Diablo Canyon. Eile Table 4.4 shows that this percentage increasal significantly from 1968 to 1972, the con-stru: tion work force obviously was not the only source of the increased traffic on Avila Road, as indic-ted by the variation of traffic counts compared with the steadily increasing work force. Avila Road at the location of the traffic count is the only public road frw U.S.101 to the site entrance. The primary effects of any increased traffic flow would therefore be most pronounced in tha (<= = nity of Avila Beach. The county resurfaced a short Avila Buch to reduce the effects of construction traffic.IstretchThe of road and section of road relocated around Avila Beach was constructed by the applicent with subsequent dedication to the county. The staff concludes that the effects on traffic,'while measurable, are not serious and that other factors apparently are at work which tend to reduce the contribution of Diablo Canyon traffic to the total traffic count near the site. 4.5.3 Noise and Dust The noise and dust frem plant construction activity are not a factor to the hinan environment because of the remoteness of the site. Particulate emissions from the onsite concrete batch plant are controlled through utilization of dust filters. In addition, aggregate is washed prior to delivery at the site in order to remove finely divided rock, etc., which might otherwise constitute a dust problem. There were statements 16 to the staff by the County Engineering j Department that truck traffic off the site but, associated with plant construction resulted in complaints from residents in the Santa Margarita area, about 20 ariles from the site. Similar complaints by residents in See Canyon reportedly resulted in I cessation of truck traffic on See Canyon Road earlier. The staff recommends that an effort be made by the applicant to reduce this nuisance to a practical minimum.
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4-22 4.5.4 County Facilities Inquiries made by the sta.J produced no evidence that construction activity has burdened the public services of San Luis Obispo County. During the site visit, officials of the local government, including those from the School Superintendent's Office and the County Plan-ning e-ission Office, stated they were not avsre of any burden placed upon the county as a result of Diablo Canyon construction.I' I i
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4-23 REFERENCES POR SECTION 4
- 1. Initial Decision, Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, USAEC, In the Matter of Pacific Cas and Electric Company (Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plants, Units 1 and 2), Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, June 5,1972, p. 9.
- 2. Pacific Ces and Electric Comany, Environmental Report, Supple-non No. 2, Unite 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, Vols.1 and 2, July, 1972.
- 3. Cali:fornia Public Utilities commission of the State of California Decision No. 79726, Feb.15,1972.
- 4. Transcript of Show-Cause Hearings, USAEC Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, Pacific Gas and Electric Company Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 San Luis Obispo,, Calif, May 17-20,1972, pp. 958-1008.
- 5. Ibid, p. 975.
" Inventory of Rare, Badangerad, and Possibly Extinct Plants of California," prepared by California Native Plant Society ~information as of June 1971. *
- 6. USDA, Forest Servica, " Habitat Management Plan for the California Condor," available at Forest Service offices in San Francisco, Santa Barbara, and Ojai, California.
- 7. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. Dsvironmental Report, Unite 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1971, p. 56.
- 8. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. Environmental Report, Unite 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Sits, July 1971, p. 57.
- 9. Transcript of Show-Cause Hearing, USAEC Docket Nos. 50-275 -
and 50-323 Pacific Cas and Electric Company Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 San Luis Obispo, California, May 18, 1972,
- p. 5 (Testimony of Richard S. Bain).
- 10. D. Clifton, "The Effect of Construction on the Harbor Seal (Phoca pitulina) in Diablo Cove, San Luis Obispo County, California," California State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obispo,1971; Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Department i of Engineering Research, " Marine Environmental Investigation !
at the Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2 Nuclear Power Plant !,s Site, 1969-1971," Emeryville, California, July 1972. i
!c 1
1 l,
.a
a 4-24
- 11. K. Fairbrother, " Interim ProEress Report - Diablo. Canyon East Breakwater, June-December 1971." in Marine Environmental In-vestigations at the Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2, Nuclear Pcuer Plant Site, 1969-1971, Pacific Cas and Electric Con-pany, Department of Engineering Research, Emeryville, California. July 1972.
! 12. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Environmental Report, Sup-j plament No. 2., Units 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1972,
,! page IV-2-27.
i i 13. R. T. Burge and S. Schultz, "Diablo Canyon Ecological Survey; Annual Report for the Period January 1,1970 to December 3, f- 1970" (submitted May 25, 1971), CDF & G Cooperative Research . Agreement S-1092L, 22 pp.
,I 14. Richard T. Bnge and Steven A. Schultz, "the Marine Environment in
. the Vicinity of Diablo Canyon with Special Refer 2nce to the Abalone, Including Its Food Chain, and to Bony Fish (a Pre-Operational Wars Water Discharge Aret.)," Marine Resources Technical Report, State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Cane,
, Marina Resources Region.
- 15. B. F. Waters, " Abalone Transplants in Marine Environmental i- Investigations at the Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 Nuclear j Power Plant Site, 1969-1971," Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Department of Engineering Research report (July l 1972), pp.101-108. '
- 16. Report of Diablo Canyon Plant-Site Visit, June 19-23, 1972 Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323. July 31,1972, and Supplement, December 1972.
s
- 17. Research Department of Security, Pacific National Bank, Los Angeles, Calif., " Monthly Summary of Business Conditions in Southern California," August 1971.
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i 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF STATION OPERATION 5.1 LAND USE Operation of the station requires the restricted use of approxi-mately 750 acres of land previously used for grazing. The staff considers this an acceptable impact in view of the total area available for grazing in the immediate surroundings. The appli-cant intends ultimately to install six units at the site, but no definite dates have been set, and this statement is concerned only with installation of Units 1 and 2.1 The current and proposed use of the land beneath the transmission lines and included in the rights-of-way has been described by the Facific Cas and Electric Company. The patterns do not reveal any major conflicts enated by the lines (see Table 5.1). In a docu-ment prepared by 1 , a applicant,2 letters from the San Luis Obispo Co sty Planning CceMosion attest to the cooperation between the a?plicant and this commission regarding the consideration of the county's land use intentions. The major impact of the transmission lines results from construction, which was discussed in Section 4.2.2. Operation of the transmission lines will result in contin-uing aesthetic impacts but not additional adverse ingact on land use, provided that erosion abatement procedures are successful. Aesthetic impacts due to transmission lines are difficult to quan-tify but are nonetheless present as a constant visual impact over the lifetime of the facility. Regarding this latter aspect, in determining that the routings for Diablo Canyon lines represent the best choice in view of proposed alternates, aesthetic impacts were considered and deemed acceptable. 5.2 WATER AND AIR USE s 5.2.1 Water Use ' Fresh Water _ Diablo Canyon Creek is the only significant fresh water source near the plant. All fresh water from the creek is and will continue to be reserved operatf on ofby thethe property owners adjacent to the creek during the plant.3 by distillation of seawater during operation. Fresh water for the plant will be supplied Therefore no reduc- ;) tion in the availability of water to property owners will result from operation of the plant. Groundwater and domestic water sup- }! plies in the area should not be affected by the operation of the il plant. lj l 5-1
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5-3 Ocean Water the Central Coastal Regional Water Quality Control Board has noted seven existing beneficial uses for the shoreline in the vicinity of the proposed discharge." These uses are:
- 1. Scenic attraction and aesthetic enjoyment.
- 2. Marine habitat for sustenance and propagation of fish, aquatic life, and wildlife.
- 3. Fishing.
- 4. Industrial water supply.
- 5, Boating, shipping, and navigation.
- 6. Scientific study.
- 7. Potential water contact sports.
The requirements of this water quality board include monitoring and reporting procedures for use in evaluating the impact of operation. These requirements and the program for protection of the beneficial uses noted above are given in Section 6 of this statement. The principal beneficial use of the ocean waters near the plant is for commercial and sport fishing. Block designations of the Cali- ,
' fornia Departmate of Fish and Game for the Diablo Canyon area are given in Fig. 5.1.
The details for statistical block 615 are given in Tables 5.2 to 5.7. As noted in the applicant's Environmental ' Report, the catches of blocks 614 and 615 are combined under block 615.3 Therefore, fish taken from the nearshore area from Point Buchon to Point San Luis are included in the statistics for block 615. Over the years reported, the yield has been quite variable; this may be due to any of a number of reasons. The principal concern from operation of the plant is related to possible impact on the abalone population that could occur if the heated discharge should reduce the abundance of kelp, a primary food of the abalone. (This problem will be discussed in more detail in Section 5.3.2.) !
;l It is not expected that any of the beneficial uses identified by the Central Coastal Regional Water Quality Control Board will be foreclosed as a result of construction or operation of the plant. l Some changes will occur as a result of operation, however, and ;
these are discussed in Section 5.3. , j
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5-5 Talde 5.2. Comunercal fish casch for inock 615,1965-1970 la pounds Conunos aesne 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Average Pacific bonite 55 180 668 151 Albacose 583,899 21,951 33,257 261,352 212,357 9.740 187,093 Pacific anckarel 4,575 763 Jack macksmi 147,925 327,318 79,207 Sardine 2,487 Shark 415 142 32 326 95 118 119 Linsced 1,188 3,176 1,715 539 736 630 1,331 Sole 5 1 Saad solo 285 265 92 Lqslash sole 1,4 95 8,537 12,565 13,630 504 465 6,199 Rex sole 715 3,340 5,830 1,795 295 325 2,050 Petrale sole 4,518 23,967 26,855 28,020 1,332 960 14,275 Dover sie 1,653 225 67 324 Califo:t shelibet 13 186 226 84 Turbot 85 ISO WhitebeSy rockfish 30 18 Rockfash 3 5,808 11,591 7,497 8,495 3,260 5,133 6,964 Black rockfish 130 410 3,505 Bocazio 674 15 4,495 560 102 862 Chilipepper 790 Cabeson 132 220 52 Gopher rockfuh 45 401 1,158
'320 Red rockfish 313 20 82 828 Sahnon 155 29 19 450 King sahoon 83 3,228 2,465 749 308 1,140 1,315 59ver sahmon 1,104 7 398 White see bass 252 2,726 935 1,102 Barred surf pesch 147 818 187 31
- Bee,& perch 35 . ' 'l j Salt weter perch 6 6 58 6 80 Red abalone 25 603,034 389,919 296,614 365,767 284,417 Pink abalone 183,654 ' 353,901 60 50 4,300 Octopus 225 773 95 ',, -
Market crab 16 915 1,993 N !!8 12 Rock crab 506 621 103 Anhnal food 6,085 12,485 15,405 13,8i. 7,965 Total 1,215,693 637,095 740,837 694,793 512,634 201,279 667,055 t
5-6 Tabis 5J. The tee mostimpotest W thh, by weight, enken is ameistical Ed 615,1965-1979 Rank Mesne Pesommt
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1 Red abeleas 353,901 511 2 Ahasese Is7A93 3th 3 Jack machusul 79,207 11.9 4 Petrale sets M ,275 1.1 5 Rockfidi 9,148 1A 6 Eastash sois 6,199 8.9 7 Res solo 2,050 0.3 8 Sahmos 1,648 &2 9 Limped t,331 E2 10 Whies see han $18 0.1 Other 1.8 _12AM Total M 7,055 100A l 1 i I
5-7 TipMe 5.4, Campaison of abatone tsanny in Mock 615 with inadisy for Mono Boy and Av8s, and for State of Cellformin,1965-1970 la pouads 1965 1966 1967 1968 IN9 1970 Avenge Block 615 603.0D4 389,919 296,614 365,817 288,717 183.878 354,474 Mano Bay 1,283,416 1,452,553 1,397,207 663,828 433,475 163,681 899,027 Aven 57,077 116,850 224,616 269.905 184,132 128,105 162,281 Mono and Avils cominned 1,340,493 1,569,403 1,621,823 933,733 617,607 284,786 1,061,308 615 as percent of Mono and Aves 45.05 24.8 % 18.N 39. 3 46.75 64.65 33.45 State ofCaliformin 4,576,084 4,963,556 4,421,581 4,474,842 3,658,078 2.900,813 4,165,826 615 as percent of state 13.25 7.9% 6.M t.25 7.95 6.M 8.5% i I f I 1 l l s i i l 1 1 I 1 4
i t k 5-8 i l l Tams $J. F , of h laanags im Mock 615 with inanap for blono Esy and Aves, and for Senes of 61965-1970 la remads 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Avuuses Blod 615 583A99 21,951 33,257 261,352 212,357 9,740 if.7,093 38ano Bar 3,140,948 1,517,971 2,510,808 1,e? *72 1,115,501 3AalJ71 2,261.161 Aves 0 31428 312,143 529,971 74,917 635449 264.851 l Mono and AvAs consWasd 3.140,948 1,549,599 2J22,951 2,130,M3 1,190,418 4,317.020 2,525,212 Sense ef Catfosais 19,850,865 16.141,399 15,184,473 !! 4 17,055 !!,162,742 25,946,105 16450,440 GIS as pescent dMono and Avde 1845 1.45 1.25 '12.75 17.85 0.235 7.45 615 as resecut ofStaes 2.95 0.15 0.25 2.25 1.95 GA45 1.15 i i i t ; i I I 1 i i i i l l 1 s (a
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5-9 i Table 54. The see amost important sport thh caught by party boats is statistical block 615,1965-1970 Rank Name g Percent 1 Rockfish 61.179 92.79
$ Lingcod 3,098 4.70 3 Flocader 612 0.93 i 4 Cabezon 414 0.63 l 5 Albacore 216 0.33 4 i 6 Sahnan 127 0.19
{ 7 California haubut 55 0.08 > 8 Pacifk bonita 49 0.(Tl '
; 9 Sand dab 46 0.07 '
10 SableGeh 34 0.04 > Other 112 0.17 Total 65,936 100.00 j i f i i I i 1 i l t i 4 J J . Il L } I l t
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l i Tame 5.7. Minent deem for statimelal blocP s agacent to DinMa, IM5-1970 i , IInck Item IMS 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 Average 687 Scot days 289 262 181 296 345 473 314 Catch' 72,702 49,104 22,444 43,766 82,656 111.163 63,439 615 Boet days 417 312 442 372 356 337 373 1 Catch 191,349 59,132 50,186 62,690 63,133 59,226 65,936 6M Boat days 14 14 36 24 13 26 21 Catch 712 675 1A23 1,694 566 1,73'. 1,168 622 Boatdays 16 2 1 Catch 216 248 95 623 Boat days 128 57 19 33 52 68 60 Catch 4,571 2,725 206 334 1,441 729 1,652 f 634 Best days 4 1 5 6 II 5 Catch 55 2 141 139 204 90 625 Boat days 1 15 24 9 8 10 Catch 0 353 993 166 417 322 1
*Nunebers of times.
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5-11 5.2.2 Air Use The use of air at the Diablo Canyon site is primarily for dilution of radioactive gaseous effluent. man and the other biota is given inThe assessment of the doses to Section 5.4. The air space use by the man-made structures is most extensive with respect to the long transmission lines, described in Section 3.7. The aesthetic impacts of these facilities, as well as the possibility for inter-ference with avian species by high-voltage lines, have been eval-usted (Sect. 4.2.2) and are, considered acceptable in terms ,of their respective potential. An additional aspect of air! usage stems from the use of an auxiliary boiler to supply steam for ppace heating and other purposes when the main reactors are not yperating. The boiler is designed to use No. 2 fuel oil. Estimqtes of emissions and usage are tabulated ! in Table 3.4. j r Some increase in local fogding can be expected during periods favoring natural fog formattion, resulting from the mixing of warm , j moisture-laden air rising firom areas of the thermal discharge with , cooler ambient air. Under certain conditions, this increased i fogging has potential for interfering with traffic over adjacent roadways. The Diablo Canyon plant is located at distances of sev- j eral miles from any well-trgeled roads, however. The nearest s public roads are a county road located 4 miles north of the site j and another located 5 miles ce the east. At the closest, U.S. High- i way 101 is almost 9 miles inled to the east and is separated from } the plant by the Irish Hills televations 1000 ft and above). When j the wind flow is from the northepst (the prevailing direction at ; the site) , the nearest highway Is that wind direction is State Route 1, approximately 20 miles dotmwind. Thus, the incremental f 4 addition of fog due to operation of the Diablo Canyon plant with once-through condenser cooling is nor airpected to be a major problem. 5.3 BIOLGGICAL IMPACTS 5.3.1 Impact on the Terrestrial Environment V , Sources of impact on the terrestrial environment include (1) radi-f
, stion effects to all biota resulting from gaseous releases of l radionuclides to the atmosphere or to s ,miaquatic animals (e.g.,
shorebirds) consuning aquatic plants contaminated with radionuclides from liquid releases, (2) potential effects on terrestrial commu-nities resulting from both periodic clearing and herbicide apnlica-tion for brush control on transmission line corridors, and (3) disturbance of native animals by the increased presence of automo-tive vehicles (cars, trucks) and personnel. Y i
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I l I 4 l 5-12 l I i No herbicide treatment to control vegetation growth along the trans-mission corridors is anticipated by the applicants and the staff-concludes that none is requirr . Periodic cutting to remove hazard vegetation will result in the ntinuance of successional connounity types within areas involmd. Regarding operational impacts on wildlife, the Diablo Canyon lines bisect a subflyway having frequent high densities of avian species.2 Thus there exists potential for interference by the lines resulting in possible electrocution or collision. Death by electrocution requires a phase-to-phase or phase-to-ground contact. Minimum phase spacings for the 500-kV lines are 42 to 51 ft,6 with a 15-ft minimum distance between conductors and steel tower elements. Thus, electrocution of even the largest raptor species (the California condor, wingspan about 10 ft) by Diablo Canyon 500-kV lines would appear an unlikely possibility. Confrontations with the Diablo to Morro Bay 230-kV feeder line would be more limited in that this line is located on the fringes of the condor's range. In terms of avian collisions with lines, Arend has reported that l large-diameter power transmission cables operating at voltages higher than 100 kV are seldom, if ever, hazardous to birds, evea. in dense fog.7 Hockbaum has commented that resident birdlife is aware and familiar with all components forming its environment and is not affected by aerial obstructions unless fog reduces its visibility.8 In such a n.ituation, however, birdlife usually remains grounded unless disturbed. Waterfowl are able to perceive objects by moonif ght, but not total darkness, and generally alight by nigh tfall. e Therefore, when taken into consideration with other man-made ob-stacles which confront avian species, such as telegraph wires, television antennas, buildings, etc., the hazard presented by large-diameter transmission lines is probably negligible. An additional operating impact associated with transmission lines is the possible production of ozone (0 3) around high-voltage carrie rs. Contributions of ozone in excess of ambient levels by l l transmission lives and substations have not been documented in the i j literature. Available data do suggest that measurable increases
,t in ozone around 500-kV lines such as those proposed for Diablo l Canyon are generally o. the order of 0.010 to 0.012 ppm above back- i ground, except during stagnant conditions, when increases may approach 0.2 ppm.9 Chronic exposure to at least 0.030 to 0.15 ppm l ozone are required to elicit damage in sensitive species,10,11 I
hence vegetation damage due to ozone drift from 500-kV lines may i I be considered as generally unlikely. This conclusion aay require . l
5-13 modification as more data become available, especially in cases where multiple high-voltage circuits are routed along a single corridor. A further operational impact that merits consideration is the opening of heretofore inaccessible lands to the general public by way of access roads. This feature may be construed as being bene-ficial in most cases, in that it lends itself well to the multiple-use concept of right-of-way management. On the other hand, con-sidering that there exists serious potential for erosion along portions of Diablo Canyon lines and considering that these lines traverse habitats unique to several rare, endangered, or declining wildlife species, (e.g. , California condor), it would appear that some restriction of public usage of these rights-of-way and access roads f a required. Regarding this latter aspect, the staff recog-nizes that PG&E does not own or control the lands upon which the access roads are located. These are under the supervision of the respective landowners and the U.S. Forest Service (in the case of Los Padres areas). The staff nonetheless recommends that the applicant attempt to seek the cooperation of the parties in quer. tion to establish programs of restrictive entrance to t us having serious potential for erosion (as outlined in Appendix 4-1, plus other problem areas as identified), or which extend through areas known to be inhabited by various of those species mentioned in Sect. 4.2.2 declining. and described in Appendix 2-6 as being rare, endangered, or 5.3.2 _lapact on the Aquatic Environment ' Sources of potential biological damage to aquatic biota from oper-ation of the once-through cooling system at the Diablo Canyon l nuclear station are: (1) Chemicals used in the condenser cooling water and perhaps other chemicals released to the cooling water from a variety of plant operations, so;e of shich are toxic to aquatic life. , (2) I Reduction of dissolved oxygen in the water body during periods of ments. warmer water temperatures and increased biological require-(3) Temperature increases from the warm cooling water, causing both disease, direct effects and predation, etc.indirect effects on metabolism, growth, (4) Impingement on intake screens of large organisms, principally fish and jellyfish, drawn into the cooling-water intake. i i(
1 i 5-14 (5) Mechanical entrainment and temperature damage to small orga-nisms passing through the pumps and condenser tubing. (6) Radiation de. . largely from radioactive nuclides taken up internally by aquatic organisms residing in the reactor effluent. (7) Combinations of the above, which may cause effects greater i than the sum of individual effects (synergism). Chemicals As described in Section 3.5, several chemicals will be discharged to Diablo cove via the cooling water effluent. The staff has iden-tified and evaluated the environmental impact of the following j chemicals: chlorine (used intermittently as a biocide in the aur-111ary cooling system and occasionally in the condenser cooling system); copper and nickel from continuous corrosion of the copper-nickel alloy condenser tubing; sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid, which will be mutually neutralizing and yie?d sodium sulfate (when released intermittently from drains of acid and caustic pumps); and chromium (released by leakage from the service water and cooling water system). (1) Chlorine.12 The effects of chlorination on marine organisms at power plants are well documented. Excessive use of chlorine has caused the deaths of striped bass (Norone saxatilis) and blue crabs l (CaIZinectes sapidus), depressed primary productivity and numbers Of bacteria, and caused mortalities in zooplankton. These effects were all noted at a power plant on the Chesapeake, where chlorine l 1evels of 5 ppa have been measured in the discharge. Recently, l Carpenter, Peck, and Anderson 71 have shown that entrained phyto-plankton are very sensitive to chlorine. Continuous addition of
.1 ppm at the intake (<.05 residual at discharge) of a nuclear power station an Long Island Sound resulted in a production decrease of 79%. Periwlic application caused a somewhat lesser decrease in primary productivity.
Chlorine toxicity information on marine organisms is shown in Table 5.8. I I Based on the previously cited chlorine discharga concentrations (Table 5.8) and the expected dilution factors, the 6-acre area i beyond the immediate outfall will periodically contain maximum con- l centrations of approximately 0.1 ppm free available chlorine and j the 80-acre area will periodically have maximum concentrations of ' about 0.05 ppm. The chlorine toxicity data in Table 5.8 indicate l t l i
l 5-15
)
Table SJ. Effects of chloriae on seem marine neganisms i Species *d#" (dura n Reference ofexposure) Actrtis tonse 0.75 305 kand (2 min) Desesel Aotryllut sp. 10.0 KHied Q4 hr) Tamer i (tunicate) j Agudr sp. 2.3 KEisd(48 hr) j Tammer (bryozoam) 10.0 Kaled Q4 hr) Oussaetrar s*3dmier 0.01- 0.05 Pompeg actMty reduced l (oystar) 1.0 Pumping halted McKee ,l Owrew acfullr
-l 10.0 No e5ect Wagh (oysterlarves) ~,
#ptiks eduur 1.0 KElad G5 days) s (mussel) ' - - 2.5 KEled U dayu Tesamt
' %p ; 1 '
. <N 10.0 Kised5 ks) 1' Eheslair neodssas 0.5 Heavy martelity (10 min) t j, (barnacle asupW)
- Wash .
"p 4 (t, . ' I !'
m, I Mo4uir sp. 1.0 KEisd O days) t -J j' - (ascidian) Tummer s H 2.5 KIDod a day) ' j ' 10.0 KElod U day) l Maaocystirpyrifer 1.0 No annet 5 day:) 3
! McKas '
(siant kelp) 3.0-10.0 10-155 photosynthesis } ( I 2 days sedmetion d ' 5.0-10.0 50-705ph. wyntS-sis 5-7 days mouction Mixed phytoplankton <0.5 79% decsumein t'=p==#=e Production j Carpenter, E. J., B. B. Peck, and S. J. Anderson. ' Cooling water chlorination and
]
)' productMty of estaaksed phytoplankton,"Nar. Stol 16:37-40,1972.
Dressel. D. M.,"The e5ects of thermal shods and ciderine on the estuarine copeped [ Acertia sc,,sas."me?er's thesis, University of Virginia,1972. i McKee, J. E., and H. W. Wolf, Mster Quality Oftadt, California State Water QusEty
- Control Board,Puht No. 3-2 (IM3).
! Turner, H. J, D. M. Reynolds, A. C. RedfieM, "Cidarine and sodium pentachts- ' rophentle as fooling preventives in seswater conduits,"Just Eag. CAem., 40(3):450-453, 1948, !
1 Waugh, G. D., 'T) observations on the effects of chlorine em the larvae of oysters t%8er adulir L) and barnacles (EbWahr modestus Darwin)," Anasir, Appf. Adof., 540l: 432-440,1964 k I
5-16 I i that the concentration of chlorine found in the immediate outfall area is not lethal to the organisms listed in the table. However, no information is available on the effect of chlorine on abalone adults or larvae, or on other invertebrates common to the Diablo Canyon area. In addition, chlorine toxicity to marine fish and their larvae has not been extensively studied. Thus, one must be cautious in concluding that there will be no mortality in the out-fall environs. Also, experience with chronic low-level exposures is limited, and exact predictions of sublethal effects cannot be made at this time. Although the impact of chlorine c1 organisms in Diablo Cove is expected to be small, because of the low concentrations, the con-centration in the system at the time of chlorination is judged as sufficiently toxic to kill any organisms in the condenser tubes at the time of chlorination. The planned chlorine application is equivalent to treating the entire flow through the p' int for a period of 10 min, although the practice is to chinrinate only one l part of a condenser at a time and to chlorinate only I hr per day (for a complete explanation see Sect. 3.5.1 of this Str. cement or
- p. III-E-13 of the applicant's Environmental Report). Since all organisms in the system during this time will be killed, the staff has estimated that the yearly losses will include:
Phytoplankton = 59.69 x 109 g/ year x 60 in x 24
- 454 g/lb
= 9.12 x 105 lb Zooplankton = 1.052 x 109 g/ year x 60 x 24
- 454 g/lb f = 16 x 103 lb Fish = 3.8308 x 109 fish / year x 60 in 24
, = 27.9 x 106 fish l
i The calculations are the upper-lir.it values based on operation of
- the station 100% of the time. The actual values will be lower than
! those shown because the impact is a function of the amount of oper-ation, which is less than a use factor of 100% because of time required for refueling or other maintenance.
1 A i
5-17 Table 5.9. Effect of copper on marine orssamms Specse: (dura n of Reference expomre) Acseras claus / 0.5 50% mortality (13 hours) Corner j (copepod) Astenus balanomics 0.06 Not toxic (2 weeks) Clarke (barnacles) 0.42 hthal(2 days) Solasus eburneus 0.06 lethal (22 horn) Clarke j (barnacle nauplii) Selanus eburneus 0.14 Lethal (2-5 days) (adult barnacles) 0.90 Carcinus moenas !-2 No effect (!!-12 days) Raymost (shore crab)
, Fundulus 4: *eroefians 30 Tolerated (4 days) Doudoroff (killifish)
Cymnodm!um breve 0.003 Minimum lethal Marvin (plankton) Gymnodinium breser 0.1 uthat Start l
, (algae. sed tide ossanism)
Heliotisfulsens 0.05 less than 100% moriakty Marks , (moursk) (30 days) J 100% mortality (3 days) i IschnocAlton cospiccus 0.10 less than 100% mortality ~ Erks Marks { (monusk) (60 days) ! 0.15 100% mortality (10 days) Marks j
&crocystispyrifan 0.1 50% photosynthesis ' McKee (giant kelp) inhibition (2-5 days)
Mytilus altfornianur 0.10 less than 100% mortahey Marks (mussel) (60 days) 1 0.15 Less than 1005 mortahty J (30 days) 0.20 100% mortauty (2 days)
, Mytflus edulis 0.02 No mortality (4 days) Clarke 1 0.0a Some meetauty(3 days)
O.C L Kiued (2 days) 0.14 KDied (I day) 0.55 Kined (12 hrs) Sources C2arka, G. L.," Poisoning and sewvery in barnacles and mM " Riol BuK Woods
- Hole,92: 73-91 (1947).
Corner, E. D. S., and B. W. Sparrow, "The rnodes of actica to toxic agents.1. O'xrvations on the poisoning of certain crustaceans by copper and mercury,"J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U K., 35:531-548 (1956). Doudoroff, P., and M. Katz, "Oritical review of literature of industrial wastes and their components to fish.11. The metal as salts "Sewege Industr. k'estes. 25: 802-839 (1953). Marks, G. W., "ne copper content and copper tolerance of sonne species of mouusks of the Southern Californis coast," Ad Auff,75: 224-237 (1938). Ervin. K. T., C. M. lensford and R. S. Whecier, " Effects of coppes ore on the ecology of a lagoon," U.S. r'ine sad Wild Serv. Fid 8 4 , 61: 153-160 (1968). McKee, J. E., and H. W. Wolf, h4rter Quenty Citerie, California State Water Quality Control Board, Publ. No. 3-2 (IM3). Raymont, J. E. G., and J. Shields, " Toxicity of copper and chromicm in the marine environment," pp. 275 -286 in AdF#ntes in h4f ter [od/Ut40s EcsdWPcA, Vol. 3, ed. by E. A. Pearson, Macmillan and Company, N.Y., N.Y.,1964. Starr, T. J., and M. E. Jones, "The effect of copper on the growth of bacteria bolsted [ a from marine environments,"Llanol Ocesacg., 2(1): 33-36 (1957). 4 i I
- f. .
e
5-18 The applicant will be required .to conduct additional onsite chlorine studies to determine the acute and chronic impacts on both entrained and receiving water marine life. These studies shall start prior to operation of the first unit and continue for at least one year af ter operation of both units. (2) Copper. Table 3.9 (Section 3) indicates the copper content e of seawater to range from 1 to 10 ppb. The effects of copper on a number of marine organisms are shown in Table 5.9. At the immediate outfall of the Diablo Canyon Plant,
' the concentration of cupper released from tubing corrosion was estimated in Section 3.5.1 to be approximately 6 ppb. Within a f 6-acre area immediate to the outfall, the concentration of copper y
_ will be reduced to 3.0 ppb, and within an area of 80 acres the con- ' centration will be reduced to 1.2 ppb. In view of the naturally ; occurring concentrations of copper in seawater, the estimates of copper concentrations which result from plant releases, toi the available information on effects of copper on marine organisms, no adverse effects are expected by the staff. However, because of the potential buildup of copper in the food chain, the staff recommends that the applicant conduct copper buildup studies of the marine life in Diablo Cove for the life of the station or until it can be shown that there is no buildup. i (3) Nickel. The estimate of the addition of nickel to Diablo Cove
, is 9 x 10 ppe (Section 3.5). Nickel is concentrated by organisms by factors ranging from 100 to 100,000.13 Marine plants contain up to 3,000 ppb, and plankton concentrations may be higher. Four hundred parts per billion has been found in marine animals.I
Results, of nickel tolerance tests are shown in Table 5.10. Nickel concentrations in seawater are expected to be between 0.1 i and 6 ppb, and 2 to 3 ppb is the most probable range.15 Since the ! amount added by the plant is less than 1 ppb no adverse effects are expected. (4) Chromium. Chromium is expected to be discharged at approxi-mately 6 x 10-5 ppm in the effluent (Section 3.5). Table 5.11 shows the results of a number of investigations on the tolerance of marine organisms to chromium. The amount to be re-leased from the Diablo Canyon Plant, Units 1 and 2, is not expected to have any impact on the marine ecology in the cove. (5) Sod'um Hydroxide. Sulfuric Acid. The toxicity of these com-pounds is related to their ability to alter pH. Because of the t i t'
5-19 I i TsMe 5.30L Esteseedmidad en see esados ogseiens W ( of Redessene espessee) Phssedse Wan less Tulassesd(2 weeke Deeduself Gduesh) 300 3 Tsheeeed (I-2 weekd s L. . - - pyr$se IJs Itsesses IInEse W hsW 13.I SIG phopagediesis 4 days seduseles DesesseX, F, and K Esas, N sosisw of nearetuss of inducesid sesens and abair e seM ikk. ae E Theased es seauv"Enmer Ameer thiess 25: 802-839 (IN3).
- 3. E., sed E W. Esif, Bhasr ghastry Odsr6r, QMfereis State Water Qantly cheeres seesd, PubL m.3-a tam 3). .
l 4 l 4 i 5 I b 1 ! I i i 1 i i
!, s
f 1 5-20 I
.l l
TaWe 5.11. Owendsen schnew h madne esgenimus II'3 Spedes @amh of Itsissvece
-)
Orrness asarmer 40A-404 Nee 4oxic (12 days) Itaymoet (Aces crab) FasadshnAasaccdinrs 200.0 pree Noe40xic (12 days) Dondero# h) Assooryanispptraw 1.O ppen 10-225 :eeection McKee (sient kaip) 5 days l Is phokurathods
#sredts@ war 0.2 pras W e5sct (2 seeks) U.S. Dept.later'a r (polydeses wones) t Deodoroff, F., and M. Katz, *Ditical review oflitsrature of kahestdal wasess and estr j ceasponsats to thh. IL Tns sostd as antes,".tnwur Jedussr. Mastes, 25: 302-839 (1953).
l tscKas, J. E., and II. W. Woer, Matar Ousaby Ofswis, Onliferak Staes Water Quaky ' ! Control Dosed Publ. No. 3-2 (IM3). l ! Rayanant, J. E. c., sad J. akm, ioxicity of cepper and chromisms in the musine i r - - - - 2"pp. 275-2ss in Aamnaces de missr Mhasos Asaswd. sol. 3 ed. by E. A. l l Pantsoa, MacaEas and Owapany, New Yest, N.Y.,1964. g UJ. Dept. laterior Wsest Quality Ohris, Federal Waser Pc5stion Control Adminis. hh Waddestos,234 p.,1968. . s .i .
\
I I 1 I
5-21 buffering capacity'of the dilution water, discharges of these sub-stances are not expected to alter the pH appreciably, as indicated by pH wa==r=wnts made during releasea of these chemicals from the Indian Point Unit 1 on the Hudson River.16 (6) Sodian sulfate. Calcium, and Magnesium. These elements will be discharged gu quantities that are minute compared with concen-trations in astural searater. No impact is anticipated. (7) Sodian b sphate. The toxicity of phosphates has been die-cussed," aus Daphnia auqpkr was found to be the most sensitive reganism =e= mad, being affected by levels above 50 ppa. Most other orem s=== were auch less sensitive. The quantities of sodium phosphate as ne released are well below toxic levels and will be , an insigniferent contribution to autrient enrichment of Diablo Cove. (8) Wrdraatst. Since ao hydrazine will be present in the discharge,
. no further esasideration is given to possible effects on the Diablo Cove ecosynean.
, ly , '.
, -1. ;
(9) Boros. Ekile boric acid and other baron w eunds r can have a ; lethal effort em aquatic life, the concentrations required to elicit ; such respossus are usually parts per thousand.17 Since boron coe- l centrations name been estimated (Section 3.5.3) to be orders of i magnitude betar such concentrations, any effect of boron releases l l is judged to ne completely negligible in comparison with naturally l occurring n====trations in seawater.
]
, Dissolved Gemma Analyses at California pove) stationsI8 have demonstrated that dissolved-ouyama concentrations were not decreased in passing through the cooling aster system. Rather, the water merely became super-saturated with amygen. As the temperature of the effluent dropped in the stixing amoe, saturation values dropped correspondingly, with little loss af dissolved oxygen. The staff concludes in view of the above inf=r== tion and data given in Section 3.3.3 that there is no signiflamat reduction in dissolved oxygen to be expected from.
operation of the Diablo Canyon Plant. Effects of Tusersture Biological effects associated with temperature or temperature pat-terns nasy vary according to age of individuals, life cycle stages, temperature Matary of the individuals tested, and effects of other environmental factors.18 e 3 b
l f l 5-22 l l Generally, marine organisms can tolerate only a' narrow range of
' temperatures (stenothermal) compared with freshwater or estuarine ;
species. Naylor 20 noted that estuarine species were more tolerant I of heated effluents than marine forms and concluded that some cold- { water stenothermal species may be eliminated by heated discharges. while species able to tolerate a wide range of temperatures (eury-i thermal) may be increased. I I I Based on the analyses described in Section 3, the cooling water discharge from Units 1 and 2 at Diablo Canyon can be expected to raise the surface water temperature 10'F (5.6'C) to 19'F (10.6*C) above ambient over an area of 5 acrea. The temperature isotherm of 4*F (2.2'C) above ambient is predicted to enclose e surface area of 68 acres; therefore the 4*F (2.2'C) isotherm is expected to extend outside the cove. Bowever, the 5'F (2.8'C) isotherm is within the cove. Normal monthly average, marimum, and minimum temperatures for Diablo Cove are given in Tables 5.12 and 5.13. It can be noted from Tables { 5.12 and 5.13 that the minf=rm temperature recorded at Diablo Cove was 45'F (7.2*C) and the maximum temperature was 63.5*F (17.5'C). Therefore, the water temperature at the point of discharge may be-come 82.5'F (28.1*C) during normal operation. Another 5 acres may be heated above 73.5'F (23.1*C), ad 25 acres will be elevated above . 68.5'F (20.3'C). The projection of the anticipated plume in rela- , tion to zones of plant growth is shown in Figure 5.2. t { l The impact of the thermal discharge at Diablo Canyon on aquatic j organisms will affect the following -nity types as to r.sectes ! composition and ecological relationships: (1) Phytoplankton and macroalgae (2) Invertebrates (zooplankton and benthic communities) (3) hsh (1) Phytoplankton and Macrealase. (a) Phytoplankton. Experiments have been carried out to determine the effect of temperature on the i composition of plankton populations.21 In addition, tolerance i limits are known for many of the phytoplankton species (see Tables ' l 5.14 and 5.15). Examination of the temperature tolerance limits
! I indicates that for the species listed, the temperature resulting from the operation of Diablo Canyon would not result in losses, i j
assuming that the tolerance limits of the phytoplankton in Diablo j
! Cove are similar to those in Tables 5.14 and 5.15. ;
i I , i 1 J
5-23 l TaNe 5.12. Mamely evwrsge, =arl===, and h esespereenne secoeded at DisNo Cove,196 J-1968 Month Minimum (19 hl=== f F) Average (F) March 1967 49 54 51.22 AprB 1967 48 55 50.45 Iday 1967 48 54 50.29 Jum,1967 47.5 53 -49J9 i July 1967 49 55 52.38 - August 1967 No dets 3
} Septonebar 1967 57 62 59.79 -
l October IM7 No data i Novensber 1967 48 63 61.48 ' I Deoseber 1967 38 61 55.52 j January 1968 51 56 534 I February 1968 51 55.$ 53.1 I Mard 1968 51 56 53.2 l-Apr81968 May 1968 51 56 53.4 i June 1968 51 51 55.5 56
$3J f:
53J 1' July 1968 52 56 54.2 . 3 August 1968 53 61 56.7 ! ! September 1968 57 62 594 October 1968 58 63
'g j 61A L Noveenber 1968 53 63 59.4 Decembn 1968 s2 l0 61 56.2 11 1%9 DetsuneveenWe j
f ,. ' 1, e s t !' i i t l l i r i e 1
.. b 4 L
1 i 5-24 l l l l l Tahis 5.13. Mene@ average,--has, ase =h= esesperstmas M at INebao Case sa4 Soedh Cove,1970-IF11 DinMeCove South One Month h (F) Mah (*F) Average (*F) Minknum (*F) mui=== (*F) Aussage (*F) r l 70 " I. *'- I 2 70 50 53 3-70 50 54 52.38 4-70 47 533 5 70 51 50A5 i' 55 52A0 46 55 4941 " 6 70 51 57 54J1 48 ~I 54 51.28 < y 7 70 52 515 5541 49 56 52As
! 8 70 52 SES 55.74 50J j 57 54A7 F70 53J e 5525 52 9 54.95 10 70 56 de 57A7 53J 59 56.72 11 70 52 59 54J3 j 12-70 54 55.5 54JO
; l 71 52.5 54 53.17
} 2-71 45 54 5042 494 52 i
30.22 3 71 45 53 48A4 49 53 j 50.72 4-71 47J 53 50Al 48 32J 50A4 5 71 48.5 54 5137 l 6 71 49J 47 52 49A8 i 55J 51.06 48 59 9243 7-71 52 54 53A0 $1 58.5 5344
' 8 71
- f. - 9-71 53 35 54A8 52 53 63J 62J 57.70 5723 i
10 71 49 57 54.35 SI 58 55.14
; 11 71 51 35 53.21 51.5 '
12-71 55.5 5386 49 54 3 51.9s j l I s t 4 1 i i
5-25
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Pig. 5.2 Overlay of high tide isotherms shown in Fig. 3.9 i on the location of principal plant species observed j l at Diablo Canyon. ' l l l 1, (
l l l l l 5-26 Table 5.14. Dermal tolarsace f.enits of various marine phytoplankton, ; algae, and marine plants Tolerance Time of Acclimation , Spedes linds exposure temperature ' I (O cir) (Q , Enteromorjdeconqpresse 35.0 12 RAlsoctorthm Aso&af 35.0 the ketuor 30.0 , 35D ! Valonie meaqptyse 31.2 s 0.2 3 days 23 l firskelus aspiame 31A 5 days 23 DictyospAere or,sricar 33.0 -34.0 Skalaad 23 OWsmydomonse sp. 32.0 - 35.0 CWelk sp. 324-35.0 Dunehefk suchiwe 39.0 l
;r :At-O '
40.0
" l farrymones sp. 35A l
M otoc a usap. , na hotococcus ap. , 35D \ Obeetoceror 414 l Detomuk confersucee 16.0 l Melosire sp. , 27A-30.0 Nitsank Asemir 30.0 fibecodsctyhm arsnmassum 29.0-35.0 Inocrysispibene 21D-35.0 MonocArysis beert 29.0-35D Cymnodinhan 32.0 - 34.0 LMetyote dknotonar 27.0 32.0 i DL dmsriorte 32.0 rykielirlittorear 30.0 Ascophylum nodoanns 39.3--41.5 lbcus serretus 39.0-40.7 F. resiculosus 41.6-4 2 41.9 5
/brphyre umbificens 30.0 CsuitAemaion Aooted 30.0 12
/blysiphone ekmeser 27 4 12 R ferrukces 35.0 12 Adapted from General Dynarnics Electric Boet Dtvision," Potential Environ-mental Effects of an Offshore Submerged Nuclear Power Plant," published by the Environmental Protecta Agency, Water Quality Of!ks, June,1971.
t 3_ _ - --
1 5-27 , I I Talde 5.15. Temperature dets on some phytoplankton and agne i R: Rasse of occurrence; L: lethal limit; E: Experimentally determined;0: Optimum l Name Temperature (C) p
' )
flytoplankton Phytopimakton (sea. Inforum.) 10.5-14 (E) Anqphimmium cortesi 18-33 (R) ' Asterlande /spomen <30 (L),20-25 (O) ' Geetocuyos curwisefus 17-18 (E) Osetocuyorgracilis Il-41 (R), 23 -37 (0) Goetocuser Aschsisosus ,17-18 (E) : pl - Amsiless tertiotecar !!-36 (R) -
' 39 (L) l'y
'3 Emesapdrzoodscus ' 17-18(E) + '
M d, isocrysisselbeer
- 4 s Nonochrynfr luderf 8-<30 (R)
' -f
1 14-25(O) , , 20-35 (L) ; RNtzschie esosterium 8-<21 (R) a 18-20 (E) Acroceseurm micrat 5-30 (R) . therodactytum tricornutum 9- 25 (R) 1 Jt&frosolemis set / gem 5-25 (R), ^ f 5-20 (R) , Aedetonener costatum 5-30 (F.), 37-40(L) Arieronemer trqpicum 13-31(E) Insirssioshrnordensbo&ti <2-19(R) ' C-";" (gen. Infann.) 14.2 -39, i
-1.39-12.22 i hiscsoalgae l Amsee '
Ginmydoneones reinkadi 6-28, 18-28(O) Afscrocystir 15-17 (E), Nacocystis Asetteena 16-18 (E) Adapted fsorn Oregon State University, *T) oceanography of Ihe Near Shore Coastal Waters of the Pacific Northwest Reiseing to Fussible PoBution, vol.1 pubushed by the Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quahty Omce, July 1971. 4 3 so
I 5-28 l l I f l While information on phytoplankton has not been collected for Diablo ! Cove, the species of phytoplankton on this portion of the Pacific l l Coast have a wide distribution. Phytoplankton doubling rates have been estimated to be 0.5 to 3 per day off southern California.22 The staff does not expect the doubling rates at Diablo Canyon to be substdhually less than for southern California. The staff has conc.leded that even though some forms of plankton are killed by entrainment in the cooling system or elevated temperature near the discharge, the presence of more tolerant forms, the high rate of reproduction, and the recruitment from phytoplankton outside the affected areas should result in very little change in the abun-dance of phytoplankton. i i (b) Macroalgae. Only a few members of the marine macroalgae have a well-known thermal response. The commercially important Macro-r cystia grifera has been It occurs studied in the Pacificextensively Northwestoff butsouthern Cali-is less abundant, fornia. and Mwrocystis integrifolia tends to replace it. Studies of tem-perature, light requirements, effects of turbidity, nutrients, effects of predation, and in situ growth rates have been attempted. j
, Even though little information has been collected describing the effects of temperature on Nereocystis Zustkeana (see Appendix 2-6),
studies on giant kelp, Nacrocystis pyrifera, indicate that water temperature in . excess of 68'F (20.0*C) may cause a decrease in ex-isting beds. l In southern California, mature Macrocystis pyrifera can exist with-out adverse effects at surface seawater temperatures of up to 62-68'F (16.7-20.0*C).24 A continuous temperature of 68'F can be with-stood for one month, while a surface temperature of 72*F (22.2*C) results in the deterioration of tissues. The intake cove temperatures at Diablo Canyon are expected to reach lows of 45'F (7.2*C) in March and highs of 63.5'F (17.5'C) in the , late summer and fall. The areas of isotherms are given in Tabic 3.2 for operation of both 2 nits. Therefore, when the anbient tem- ; perature is 63.5'F (17.5'C), an area of 25 acres [5'F (2.8'C) iso-thern] can be above 68.5 F (20.3'C) during a few hours of high tide : each day. This will be within Diablo Cove. This temperature will f decrease to 67.5'F (19.7'C) within an additional 43 acres [4'F (2.2*C) isotherm acreage less 5'F isotherm acreage] outside of Diablo Cove. The areas of isotheras will be less at low tide. The thermal plume will be in contact with the ocean floor within 900 ; it of the discharge point during high tide and within 1200 f t during j low tide. Since the mouth of the cove is roughly at 1200 f t from the discharge point and since the ocean depth is increasing, the thermal
5-29 ume will be well above the ocean floor outside of Diablo Cove. rther, the temperature decreases from a maximum on the ocean face to ambient at the bottom of the thermal plume. Therefore, side of the cove, the benthic organisms and portions of the dom-nt a;.ga Nereocystis sporophyte would not be subjected to the perature elevation. Outside the cove, only the tops of the kelp eld be affected, and this could cause a reduction in the canopy thin the 4*F (2.2*C) isotherm (Appendix 2-6). This decline would tse the deterioration of the canopy to occur earlier than normal 1 would provide additional food to the abalone before the onset the winter storms. Because of the turbulence in the open ocean, l 2 staff doce not believe that kelp outside the cove will be
.versely affected, since only the ocean surface temperatures would altered. . Within the cove, however, some kelp may be affected.
is difficult to determine whether the impact of the release of ated water will be adverse. The scouring caused by the plume (if - touches the botton) may enable better attachment by the kelp. Also ! e recently reported increased growth of Nereocystis near the intake 25 y cause many of the zoospores released near the intake to be carried ,
<d dispersed by the cooling water flow. This may cause an increase ', '
t the kelp within the cove. Because of these opposing possibilities, te staff is unable to determine whether the net effects of the cooling tter discharge on kelp are adverse or beneficial,and concludes
' tat any detrimental effects will be limited to the interior of ,,
'le cove. As will be discussed later, bull kelp may decline as a asult of the increased feeding activity of the giant red urchin Strongylocentrotus fVanciscanus).
- 2) Invertebrates. (a) Zooplankton. Different investigators tave studied the effects of passing zoo rater system of thermal power plants.26 plankton 30 throughthe the results cooling l In general, l
iave been similar to Hair's work with the opossum shrimp, Neomysis vacchensis, in that each species has an upper thermal limit, for hort-term exposures, that cannot be exceeded. This upper thermal imit for the opossum shrimp was 87'F (30.6'C) for a 6-min exposure,
'8'F (31.1*C) for a 4-min exposure, 89"F (31.7'C) for a 2-min expo-
' ure, and 90'F (32.2*C) for an instantaneous exposure.26 Values or other species are given in Tables 5.16 and 5.17. Species listed either exist in the vicinity of Diablo Cove or are the nearest re-
'ated species for which data could be found.
itudies conducted at San Onofre Nuclear Power Plant indicated an average mortality of 12.7% (most of which were copepods and nysids).28 , Additional studies have been conducted at the applicant's power plants located at Morro Bay and in Monterey Bay. The techniques ' have been described by Icanberry and Richardson.31 Based on infor-mation gained from these studies, a mortality of as much as 8.5% , i I I
6d : far k
)
i 5-30 hh(II ?Mn f'Q ' Ibhlj gfd h i taa, Tour 1.)L Thamel toirtuwe im snew meiw kmeW~ des
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y Wl p Gau Tek anm Tuse d Acctimata
.~
; 5paus tmt
,T a: eien~ar temperatue She os infe stage R CO aus (*Q M*. OAncoWes OpAnfs.nr Waaum 40.5 9 ann
@ s 37D Ng'fA[; AneMacer Asseranj Aes 2& ens
'.h$j 420 9se
>3. g6 d.jf ;Ah J, 36 2 322 1 mes 43rus jb e '
Edunodes A. Cpu 32D r wrear5 mes 20 ; Artex pwmandun 42D 9 w~n
;Qyd. k, W 38D 41 ,as 37D dh@ "I Echiws maceamarwistas 39.1 29 man 4$fi][
T ' - { Lyser* anus esqpenew 37.7 M.6-25.1 L amennenes k"4 k= M - Strcmqcr 31.5 e aremostasfenciarmens 29.5 I I I perpsuzus 29.5 1
.s S
Ommetognatha Sqinndcas
- 5. An4s: 40.7 )
y 25.5 -27 3 r secsease:5 aan 3 1.- 5 :, Maassomsta Liandssp 4 / coms 46.2 30
.0
*'" i 3 41.0 22 433 g udwostraca A&rtaczresin,wds
%p'[y.
Asmfus er.nstras 343-352 r ecaraamf5 ssie M ; I Csekydwrleemndes 43.5 ib@W 2 T 26.7 - 29.7 r =*e see W Gaca irrweens 32.0 -33.2 4 jd ' k Carners eeress 3 ! 38D 1 i Caor* war solammer {
,: f 36.5 -37.5 r noterM men M Oscueceses aqpans 4{ ' 38.7 45 30 A4am SM@4 jk 36.9 44 22 34.7 . 48 14
%I.[ 33.1 48
.ff ' '-(.i . h 39D 48 6
30 [je 39 2 39I 44 Juv e9-40 mess Jew M40 num 9d . ~,!; 35.3 48 44 22 Jesr40-60eum y'y 14 Jew 45-40 anon ! 33D 48 6 Jew W-60 man I Ossons7tr*4wamms 312-332 M 25-35 Adsk l 28.0 M )
,, 15 Adat !
,;{y^j, Gammwur fxasser 30 2 -32.5 P susee d see 2e 32.2 -34.s 2r )
pw 9 G sisnes 30.1-32.5 j GtW ' 4f: G tonenii 36.0 2e i Ag' G==a* 29D M l
.t Hommens ame . mus 15 We )
<26D Ser;a.md I
kg I 32 22 Ars 27.5 29.5 ! g j 28.2 25 0 j 15 f 3 ; t 22.1 5 y 32.5 j L h 34.2 15 Stage 3 9 ' 34 2 25 Sv4 l# [a 15 Seve4 li 34.9 R E il t $45 l 33 4
. %. fd ( #fais ssenatepw 27 5 -29.5 15 Sw5 '
F as I (7[ Neorsf as ammans: 31.0-33D 24
.. ".o 25.0 M 25 -35 Adse {
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16 M i AAsst 20 M k . 3r
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5-31
.{!', T40r 5.M. (coe6mmee Toteamm Tem af h Oma Species bois evava Accluot ==
senweraswe She or 144 stage (Q 4%d (*Q areomene/4 pingia 273 t* incuest5 muin 20 hgwrus ocedivnes
),o ? prideauxin 29 6 -32 A 20
%8
[A i' M,emoneses ru! gem 424 37 4 een 9 een i i M 52 sum P kitermedsus M3 5 4ars 30 Gravid femuu 31A 2 ame l fiendalus montagui 223-272 r inera,c(5 min 30 ) b[ hacus duorsrum 3!MP-31.9 5 mund 30 Mauplii
~37 A Tant. comed AdaH ikt.semonetes ptqmo 35A-M3 M 25-35 Mah Q <
Anielemenes emerpuur 34 2 5 (ws 30 Adult 37 9 2sm kallitus intempsms %8 $atw4 thsrttia imfucs, 12 3 I f. Raidropaucceus A rnia M e -383 M
! 25-35 Adelt 338 M 15 Adak
{ Tdepus nuttsli 32 i
; Lks puttlator 46A 5 mm l )
p elA l t 38 ses dea 52 man , t, Orti gWda $deths betentNdes 613
}} ( R perforstus 47A
}v Cndsmalusstelkrus 53.7 ;
E3nemus modestus 493 ) Lepas14sicubris 423 I 29 f Oggaen Acerts tons 353 3 f 25 Admit
>383 teint
( C4mut/L marchicus ) MJ-293 r enacsw5 sse 38 t Enytemors s/fksh
) f 38A 12 25 Aduh )
N edrpeda AAms affinir 483 1
} Emycercus Lunefkras MA
$} hhdars: Eurece fuewde 42J 29 4-5 days old j
#feoides deathus >MA 31Ags A4edts
>32A 7 tuvas Tomopteris cathariar J14 7 hace.eM min D i
Op%iereda &sepus rulsarts MA l Fdscrymen Asacrte undase 333 \ Oanostres yksmier r h=w.ars esim 13 l 473 Rapid inc. 3 ( 41A laest k 3 4GL5 l Aduets 118 8 27
.Gr=matemas Fa andlarve 35A-M3 M 25- 35 A&att Ess<#s rusoar brenari mercemmis 32.5 f* w '5ene 15 453 15 Nuwkrs dmors 313 15
# avrv 34 3 15 Armenn senutsulmar 313
#fagus eduhs rinumenes amm 15 en1 Aaset 218 2MW YashMs Aandt Asadore trffineste 333 I* issammed5 asis 15 Placupectes sarse& amias 23 3 sm, Spende solm 31 8 %t wasar 15 h
5-32 i Tater 117. Midad &m en twerteentes A Matt E Fw J 3mmeste R Rrse L taan II Itemmi or % site"
' I E Em OW L Luiksi T Ystsammes lead 2 Name Tesecessues ,
I l ossa. usa ! j I Aestas @ 4LJ-41FC(U
' Arperis sivusses 4.1-II*C m i
Go.kewanes B-W C(Ol m
\
Se a cases & M2-3kfC(U R6 i h4mupwesti 'A ist(IS .
; YY _1_
Feder wrmammi A 6-IRfC m 2-MA7
! lAS-N.I Assess pAypsemedde A 24-19fC m Cepe es Otmas/mandhissa A F-IFC m f Asmadra nooseer a if-t(C m 71,6,s cal (forsicas A ?-EPC(R) 3-M M M-175 (u Doesyst Omrer#Nas4n A 9.7-lifC m 3L9 m -
1 Goar aw#snar A B-W F M 11-M (R) l 3 <M W 1 7f"FRJ Edu i W F F(0p~ 25- M top u-M.FC(u i a RS-87FC son i Ossw suusansamir A 115-IFC(D
' M-WCiu Camar poewuss A and L trCesents D Im aIsumed and brue reasse l llS-lFC m l ErfaJ t i Osgemaisstemsk dsesser A 93-12JCm 335-M.3 m 4
36-32(4 Ougen moeder A 115-13# C e F M'C(u 1 CogansembsAs llA-3 3fC $tt MS-MJ g Onsens W A 115-13A m l t arCeu ! Omgessgeleenhetas 93-il#C e 3LS-M.3 m Beastpgsst ames A Il3-13f C m 4-8 2 3rCtu i
' L 17-arc a sessed Aqsm a ammedt t ased,gr dem A lla-13fCe J
\
nam \ j Andensheadsmi L 13:#fC(summe l
. E S-WF(tsadmap 7A-M.its ']
I us trCW
' Anuamiss suissmuus & ILS-lFC S Mm f
l' l I i _#.. ~ E __ - - - - i
5-33 ' T6fde1.17 (dM Age N8"' ""~ Selkery cimen Quraywrc+esused) Arrf8derwar A II3-IICIO M-3(C 41J p ua,gergesse, 11-85 4" Cit) RS-N 3 GU 138-14f C M 38-32 2 M pw sardepuedar 91-9fC 430 MJ-M 3 M ammuin AsLamspensne A 74-SST teJLawa Acan,gsysem, 4rc Armses psumes 14-33*C m Acause senLe 4f-4fC EJ Adair et6sydneer O museeremense arCair w 90-tTC n OssesearM W 3 F 4B8 h seybuins A le& 3r 86
' LkseriertM ~
gassedes zwedses M-3Lrt N -3 luuss baserges: Ems isA:sder sertans 36-3LS m WB Nymmeabdur 32-BAFF SJ ffFsm N feewm4basimmer A r-yCm IT-4500 am sendist t$-3rCsm $2A35 GJ Wysaw andpunrJsms L >M3 caipne @ 31.7-2lkFC . Oswes asser RFCeasesumb 7hrepuscs amp *.mshes 214-21fCSJ seger tend sales "OFCinr.as ausfummer tempassasse W-@ IFC emusespasste 7tessouster asnuses 392-42fC SJ red,Jbmemar ertair 99-tTCm sesmodersman .) Phaser % B6-tfCm R , i 12-Irc 2rCit) I aseqytmosenjlsselmses f#CIES I O-@ .=mp queens A S-23fCm 44 afCSJ
&f . - parpassen E D-3FC m arceL)
FCmas 3rr no teeisselse Aaspeed ir.e kyse asses usesse. T - _ f er as lams mas comme usens et as swege Nevesrast meneiss *. haear homese," out 1. poemend er es mutasessed haamdhe Atmer. Water f*ss9e Oma,8ser 197L $o
1 m - ]I l 5-x l l-l I l l of the organisas passing through the cooling systen may be expected den temperatures exceed 76'F (24.4*C) (11% of the time).N On f this basis, the staff estimates that w to 91,000 lb of woplankton j miEht be lost per year from operation of the plant, 1 e QJ .I ! Frelialmary studies of delayed cartality to zooplaraton have shown EM j that no significant differences exist between zooplankton samples i from the discharge and froa the intake when both were incabated l l mt !.ntake temperature.25-28 - i The impact on peggigholoplankton vill be insignificant for those ! 1 i species with short generation times. (The geceratice times for l
'E L California zooplankton are generally 24 hr3 to 8 weeks.3") Re-
; cruitneat from the open ocean will occut, and the nortality is ex- j l pected to be low.
)
; The ispact on maroplankton, bewever, is less certmia. The staff l
[ has m1= tad that no ace trate way of predicting the impact now g exists. Since most of the species found in Disblo cure and in South p Cove are not known to migrate, it can be expected that changes ic 4 populations of organisms will be largely confined to the immediate , area star Diablo Cove. I (b) Eenthic Ccamunities. The discharge of heated water from the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant is expected to result la replacement consummes in the area between the 10*F (5.6*C) isotherm and the area of ambient conditions. This concept was Al-=ed by Naylor,20 l who -14d that artificially beated areas were inwaded by warm-water-tolerant organisme, that could live in the thermally altered water. Study of the effects of theamal discharge ce the marine
! envirr==t ban beso carried c=st at the applicant's Morro Bay Power Flant (a 1030-194 natural-gas-fired plet with a AT of 20*F). Mnma 35 has concladad that the aquatic e=Hty had returned to normal within 500 ft of the discharge at the Morro Bay Power Flaat, which is 10 miles north of the Diablo Canyon site. This area between the point of discharge and the poi 2t where no effects cocid be noticed is an arsa of transition characterized by astre warm-water species. At Morro Bay, the area shester response to the thermal discharge was only 1-1/2 acres, although a defisate temperature
; elevation could be observed over a Wacre area. Thus a transition coessmity occurs only within this anall zone at Marro Bay (see Table 5.16). Since the marf === temperature rise at the Morro F4y Power Plant is the same as that at Diablo Canyce (and the absolute tea-peratures are nearly equal), the staff concludes that the impmet om boothiu communities at Diablo Canyon vill be somewhat similar to that at Morro Bay, where an increase is surn-water-tolerant forms was observed in the small transitica area. Althoudt the transition area at Morro Bay was only 1-1/2 acres, it is expected t
en} v ;-g
5-35 neais.sa. rhmundessenday.* ot arwdina wic4r rs meroser Amarnye sad during perusy3 Dbcharge TseemmJ . Nomal Species g ..g Plant species Chavtres - O A s srecAcEl x (Ase p a j W umi us sersee a n L at dess , 8bodaveren A nksres ... x Agednetir er u! to .n W pllc;ta. x Onceme wtw n a x OSepeyerJL W
- a m c* :,~ x Oypesync.wr *%sr a Gs4Asus m6estans x Ecasent x
% seisse x C1 tonssues t x Cpensysterwr hyropeyear ,a DynameerJEnW x mejands, a 1 Anese a a 1 @!eadse a lanescursordesst x-i AlHdeur sw2 amar s k, _. K ped)ke s n humanas centsams :
JIsfpamarArthalmer a Mys$ensie &renaud a JWeeds haceoiser s s F. Essper a
.' . _ aland. des a a 7tdaaremme - x fao@ueness pac $lar s a sdirissedesp6Afsier x-ariansospeyts W smrpt ' s n vsess sameer etph.c ,saias o as se
- p. . met rpuhs 1
Amrmes as# Amens a EkeAarmen'er s x Als5ctserpensenAh a a tM%xfknar x n shsemser Airfuer x Abs 64dynec5,as:ffhsf a a ; 4 L w
5 ' Tdb 5.18(mathare
.. Didngs Tra eload Norsnel
, cand Q>e segies i C- h 4(H gerace)
! Sertware sp. a Tadedrassp. t t
Ccdes.tuame (Avhanea)
! Aat % 4mm mecsecar a a A. < aserschus a a a j
- A.mm&qreressics a a' l W^*& E
'i Ephenk po@lue a 1 Tsues sp. a f "
, Bry0see i
Anguir y a Repopessoon seemsesse a a Amme5de as s. - t Emerf epar.morp4s a th=s==8 veas c=8lforasar a
; M"'f , _ puedpes a
- W th e mosms a
, hICastrupede) g) Aemsse aanmer A *d**
a !
?**'?. E 4g g .i f
A. amban x l Aved dspap e ur s Asuperfrmater s
'l .,
ArcAH4r ansekrpensir s l Diadds mmF M a ; i #muus =& mm ansir s x x l MIMGr sp. s j Ossuera vdioser s j Miesers4sr a !
',; AmstempspwMhw x TaydrAerter j um w o =,pdhoner MynheC s J
{ R. eshar a I tbdakemarsuspaar4imer a s x Arthr @
, Adsst 4 .% a
- 3. & ^--
! x Cancer sp. s OAarastefemar a z N pef earer f a rd Miran=roum$a a 4r -
,Y ' ' !,' A asipsser I thashr 8memipuur a F.sfyssarer a F. & reas a a a t'
4
! i I hk
5-37 i Tak 5.18 (cuatiwa) Duchay Tnesarsime Wrmal naa' seas wgian Chwdata (Tuncate Aarscism ist a AM)Boides & x Didemmune carmdmanus a Enherdmanie dr paumie x Ngeore eseename a Nycfimsas pLamm a a seemrepd*. Srfcia mcurevynnar a Cbwdat. (PNed Unidentired setismid a a E@ocsW x E forcrske u a Geseatracans . m a Nezugrammear d-., ._ a a f*)pneus earpi n Optiolus tinpaar s x-M!vsrdMss'as Goveeued a Amerudosfasaur a Metydinoider sweessmus s FJawi#ser surus s x SNPsaarsmener a Kopeneireyr susrumusmer Totd number af amind vecies 27 23 44 Source: appkam(s [mironnersul R eport.
R h 5-38 av b ng i that the transitica area at Diablo Cue vill be larger, bo*. It Q7Q thould not exceed 10 acres. A ,ood t ?!scussion of these cb y 9 un be found in the applicant's Envirmnent-1 Ecport2 (p ges g IV-E-32 to IV-E-M). Exact cosparison between the two areas is not possible because
${ sany of ti 2 benthic invertebrate species found in Diablo Ccve were
#3.:h r.ot found in Morro Eay. Also, not one species of Sebastes us
$h $
listed in ER Table 5-18 for Morro Bay, while at Dinblo Se2>u fes were the most abundant of the fish (Table 5.21). Of especial
, @W% fs importace, t.everal of the more important brown al tae, serving as i Ed food for abalone, vere not found at Morre Eay.
I k lI k The yrincipal species of concern in the vicinity of Diablo Canyon i I h is the abalone. Because of the close relationship between the abalone and the kelp, concern has been expressed that a reduction 4
}i i
; in the abundance of kelp could affect the abundance of the abalone.
l l The harvesting of red abalone (521iotis rufescene) by divers is th most important annercial fishing activity in the vicinity I ct Diablo Cove. In the cove, both Earth et al.23 and Ebert 36 found
!g the highest densities of red abalone in the deep water (50 to 60 ft) approximately 600 to 700 f t soutl.est from the dischtree struc-
' %g Q ture, daere the t:ajor forrge plant species were low-grwing brown alsse.
.MI4wN Borge and Schultz (applicant's Envirccaental Report, Sy>plenent 2, Vol. II, Appendix T), however, found that the habitat for abalone declin d with depth. They suggested that the nearshore area fr.e j:j 0 to ?O fi. was the most importart area for the red abalone and that
; smaller beds were found in depths of 20 te 50 ft. The density of red abalone at Station 16 of the California Departnent of Fis1. and
;
- Coe (south side of Diablo Cove) avered 1.08 rd abairne per 9
square meter for 1970. The average for four ar .c cas was 1.29 red
,c abairme per square rater.25 Station 16 was representative of the 6 5-to-10-ft zone.
; [j l ; -
l g;X p Black abalone (&'iotis cracherodii) were found to be among the i nost m=nn nnf 2ea1= in the intertidri zone, averaging tw to four l! blar+ abalone /m for 1970 in the two stations in Diablo Core. The i t staff believes that over half of the latertidal zone vill be altered l? / by the affluent plume. If reduction in species diversity occurs as I at Korro Bay Pcuer Flant, the species of algae normally associated with black abalone grazing vill be reduced. This may result in a
;q loss of as auch as 70,000 black abalone, since abalone e.re not
.k. thought to migrate s1Enificantly. The staff does not believe there f hl,54
'kbg - 3
!l i 1
)y
; a e
%i -
L_____________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . - - _ . _ _ _ _ _
5-39 k will be reductice in ble ek abilace outside the ceve resul ting from the dimhrsrge of beated water. Stat ic s outside the cove have I ew Maher Jensities of black abalew than st atinc.- inside the ceve, ; cd thus the staff does not consider tht Impact to be sertom since $3 t're s'tutdwn of the plant vocid allow t.he black abalone to re-estab- l $g 1hh in the cove. ! Teul loss of abalone is estirated at 110,000 aht. lone (usunin; that ; alsac wf 11 be redaced in an are.a equal to onc-half the cove and l
'i t$at this reduction will pr viace a corresponding decrease in aba hne within the cove).
l A more complete disatssion of the relathaship between tenereture, !
/ dalone lif e histnry, and tc*perature ef f ects is given in the appli-east's Enviromtal Report 2 (pages IV-E-52 to 1Y-E-56) and in this i
\ Sta tement (Appesvfix 24).
- h. T.o urchins, the giant red urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscans) ami the purple nrchin (S. payedw), are also important bentbic W a:T,anisms which graze on the kelp. S. purpurafas ha:, been linked '
to the decline et telp forests in southern California and can be g* cxraidered a cony.etitor of the abslone. l f g;,g critical and optimes temperatures for the abalone, kelp crab, and g the urchins are given in Table 5.13. It can be noted that the ' l g@f urchins are less tolerant of high temperatures than the abalme, although the higher tcaperatures from Diablo Caryon induce g; ~ater f kh[i feeding activity in the urchins. Thus, the indirect effect of the !
! sted discharge may be the re' action in abalose as a result of I
%. 1Acreased feeding activity by the giant urchin (S. franciscenus), I VLich is a competitor for the existing food supply.
.j (3) Fish _. (a) Fish Erys and Larvae. Ahlstran37 presented a hh y gfl carrehensive susewy of fish Imrvae in the Point Arguello region, v' Mh includes Dialo Canyon. The percent occurrence of the 10 JJS). wn! ccomon larvd fish taken for the 1950-1960 sampling period
[M is computed from kis Table 11 and presented in Table 5.20. These y$p d.ca are taken frce Cs1C0FI station lines 73 and <, which rim pe -- g - readicular to the cost en either side of Diablo Cove. The nearest i station is located about 8 miles south of the site. The estimated meber of fish larvae from Ahlstron's information is 1.1 per cubic y meter. M pp* This sampling is based on studies rade off the coast in the vicinity QJ of Liablo Cove. Sapling data from vithin the cove have not been Fa '
"*7*'ted- f *** fi$h 18ted *a** are kaova to = Pawn off the ce==t azd to lay pelagic (free floating) eggs. The rockfish is an excep-t.ita; its young are born alive and may be f ound in areas occupied g.
t J W EQ
a N ! tg 5-40 4 v Y , A l! 4- li fi ! 3 ,, 1! y
.$1Ir Tatde 5.19. Csicd and ertinum tempestuas aar aossi beathk yxams
.;h l 7esspratete levels of Upper hema Species I'ading actMty (O egos c, Eniacu Ortema Warh I MII -
Red abakam,105ctf rufaccar 50 624 -65.3 68 9 9L4 Lfp a4, Agr2.ttfs Pmfucia Varintde s 90.5 Giant nd em$r4 Strongytocesmoeafamarsma 43 se-62.6 77 55 p.l Purp6e ords!a.1pwpwerus 34.7 616-63.3 74 3 85
-~
Adaptad ime W. J. North,L A.03dcardog. L G. M.t Lluksi, D L. Leightan,R Meushal, Jr,E y .- C Sargast, sud Ill L. Scottea, As Inmcordon of 4Ac Effmetr ir/DiarAarJef Wres os K4 Califonda Star Aj. Wear %Ny Control Board PuE:stwa 26,Tdde 48.
,a Y
w 0 1 ,
\
Y
*g k' -9 -
$y r IL jft 4 N . I
i 5-41 Table 5.28. hrtsat scsunnese af the ese snoet coassen krval thL tatam in Cm8COPI Sumelos Bass 73 and 77 deslag 1958-1960 Stochu haust
- 1. Sebaster app., rectee 24.8
- 2. Karruaitsnorder.Kn%ers s:Geovy 19.1
- 3. Lanqpenfemar knepp ru, lares flab 17.7
- 4. Lauroglosser A *.* pean ansit 7J l
S. Tarleton&ssneramuseauh, bases Esk L2 l
- 6. Matucdus% %dtic hsbe 4A
- 7. Deesevissrpsweredne,)nctanskeret 3A S. CitAdrkA (s spp.,used dab 2.1
- 9. AstAylmgwr spp,doseaos suust IJ
- 10. IckAthys f. 2 ~ ;_ ibutts.t96 iA Other 124 Total 100A 1
~
l
)
l l
$K '
l 'gl R
% 5-42 $d by the adults. Because of these characteristics, it is believed Of that the concentration of larval fish in Dielo Cove or South Cove n
1(; is well approximated by the f2 gases derived f rom the data of Ahlstrom. Ur If the larval rockfish abundances fluctuate at Diablo Coe similarly di to those af station 77.50, a valid estimate of densities at Diablo g ' would require an ex tensive san:pling effort to estimate the true g,*n mean.2 The data necessary to accurately estimate entrainment is i; not available. y .c However, using the assumptions that:
>f ? ~k a. 'Ihe density of fish larvae at Diablo Canyon is well i j , appretimated by Calc 0FI data (1.1102 fish /m );
3 l M 4 b. Mortality is assured to be 70% between discharge 6$ temperatures of 76*F (24.4'C) and 82.5'F (28.1*C)
$4 (September to November) and 35% at or below 76*F 2y .
(the -amainder of the year).72 Therefore, since
,' 4x10? larval fish are entrained, about 1.81109 would be lost (see Appendix 13-2).
Sh There is no way to accurately estimate the significance of thf s
':h 8j impact. Nevertheless, the staff believes that the effect on pelagic larval fishes drawn in from areas outside of the cove will be small.
y Prediction of the effect.s co larvae of species that spaun in shallow
- g'
( water, wh1ch include nest of the Sebastes of the Diablo Cove region. is acre difficult. Loss of the live-born young of Salcertcs and of young cabezon, which hatch from adhenive eggs, can be expected near the intake, possibly resulting in a reduction of adults in the Diablo Canyon area.
;.g 'J No impact is expected from the discharge plume.
1 4 (b) Juveniles and Adults. The 40 most important juvenile fist. recovered by California Departrent of Fish and Came surveys at Diablo pyg Canyon are shown in Tab 1Le 5.21. Table 5.22 shows teccerature ranges Aw, of fish from Pacific Nordaseat coastal waters as well as lethal
$/h I tc cperatures. Unfortunately, only two of the species -Digraulis medar and Oligocottus egderi - found in Table 5.21 are listed in . Table 5.22. For these species the lethal temperatures or the upper limit of the temperature range will not be exceeded in Diablo Cove.
Also, note that for the species listed in Table 5.22, nost upper lethal temperatures exceed the highest temperatures crpened in Diablo Cmre. Some species say be attracted to the discharge area, while others will be displaced. i i
\
9 - ifE 5-43 M N
\
Tak. 5.21. Yne 40 m<rd impossthe& fM semsmitaka fle swirreg he th Di b e a lo ec g1970-l971 Rank 3 Comtr.oc name \ S&ntfs ranse Number I 7f hus rockfd 2 Seberta rystinas 54wUnd smsdab 1421 13.6 3 Redveed gunnel atAarichthyr sq=cs 1047 4 Xar/of. arum 10.0 Taara%es 9 39
$ Anda*yserburJ8addst 9.0 EM pkt%k 728 7.0 6 Rock pontied XipMsst soTwyttena 558 7
Palated sadng Ifptdrearum 5.3 541 8 Omary rockfd cryde%rpku 5.2 524 54 9 Cbraftir.e udpin Sehrstesp+9 393 10 Ceedx kelpraih Arsed.s e--h 326 3.7 11 GM <ca sert 3.1 Svenoae scatp6n 274 12 OrffewWabisch 2.6 tl C a ran 273 13 scorymew:Myrmesreewar 2.6 Essetrye gdy 230 14 c ryph w aiernedbodd 1.2 Spat vJ cnA est 201 15 OropAthat kyled 1.f Bisd rockfd 185 1.8 Sche:sa swbug 16 i 17 Orne rockfd
$re sterww,4fa 150 1.4
[.'f I8 Skk and yerow rukfuh Bocmaio S<Wiedrymanc3sr 148 1.4 141 19 Red brotula S&stap%ds: 137 1A 20 Apas uphyefs swzensar 1.3 BLedend wutonnet 137 1.3 21 Copener socLad Chirofoyh map:sw 22 135 1.3 Requit Selarurerrr.nar 23 p.a:Wa&dast 133 1.3 24 !aeoechend sc%u 130 1.2 Arta$weL2sdr , 25 Nastara anehn E,yrmer averds 134 1.2 i Scah taieen: pin 115 26 Marthern dWfish ArtefarAarra stemt 88 1.1 27 Cat >-us assarnddier 0.0 Suired kcJprah 88 28 LangGm scisc is CIMva,s anrraf 0.4 79 8.8 29 ffp eackuvak Jordcaansowpr 77 &S 30 Ano$arcLaparyseencess Brows trid load 71 6.7 31 Copper rockfish HerJ4pedomasapemuner 32 ' 69 R7 Seberrert.warinur g Wheelta rockfuh 33 Pampatet gwinct 3abara >cd5srfr " I 34 f.mips:=d s Apodek& f rfi.:sf. tar [ 56 35 Smndra nascemma,4m::e na s5 S.$ 36 Spetted kJp5sh Dryfwbad(T.wnica e3 51 45 37 hdy sculpin Gibborre dysur 38 47 S.S CMamecaturensde Flat?y seidyin 44 39 Cetoceraarsnydet GA Ci w:res pricktted 40 Ir3 40 Reg *yreradartimut SA 5t:yed rere 40 Emidwoor hewAr BA i Tota! 39 ! 4.4 MA ) T k 1 il[4
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5-47 0 1 1 The operatf oo of the plant is not enected to produce an adverse igJ U U effect ou either the sport or cocnercial fishcry outside Diablo Cove. Inside the cove, more warm-vster-tolerant f oms can he [' expected. 4 l Cold Sho g 4 Se Daring the operation of the plant, saae fish r.ay be att racted to fN$6
;fi - the diecharge area. In the event of a rapid shutdown of the plant, these fish would experience a rapid decline in teraporature.
'E I g The staff has examined the range of ambient temperatures for Diablo Cen (Tables 5.12 and 5.13) and tha tewersture rances for fish found in the vicinity of Diablo Cove and has concluded that a rapid shutdom is not a problem outside of Diablo Cove even if both unito are shut down concurrently.
R{ f T}g , Heat Treatment for Defouling the Condaits As discussed in Section 3.3.2, heat treatment will be used to re-7< move system.marine organisms attached to the interior of the cooling water During trestment, the flow of water will be reduced, and the tegerature will be increased to 3DS-110'F (40.6-43.3*C) and held at this temperature for 1 br. Organistas entrained during this period will be subjected to lethal temperatures; however, the re-duction in flow will result in fewer organisms being entrained. During operation, it is necessary to defoul the cooling water system conduits. Once each month, tLe flow thrcagh the plant is reduced to one-fourth of the normal fim, and the temperature is elented to a to about 50*F (28'C) above ambiant. It requires frees 3 br to elevate the tenerature and I kr 2er the heat treatment. All organisms be lost: in the conduit as estiasted below are considered to 1 e
*# I*"*** **" l'N" "d Mortality = %50 hr/ year x 4 3
c f, y = 0.001712 x yearly entrainment ! M {
.x Phytoplankton = 0.001712 x 59.69 x 10' g/ year = 0.1022 x 10 9 g/ year
{
= 225.1 x 103 lb/ year pq I
1" .L 5-a : i i; '
! zooplankton = 0.001712 x 1.052 x 109 g/ year 4, i fj- ; = 0.001801 x 109 g/ year = 3.97 x 103 lb/ year M
A 1.arval fish = 0.001712 x 3.8303 x 103 fish / year l { l
! = 0.006559 x 109 fish /ye.ar = 6.559 x 106 fish / year ,
i Wile mechanical means can be employed for cleaning the condensers, { the need to clean the large-dia:.eter condut ts requires (1) physf cal ' removal b~ entering the conduits, (2) contuaous che=ical treatment, or (3) thermal shock. The scaff believes that thermal shock repre-seats the best alternative for removal of organicas in the conduits. i; the isothers areas for defouling treatment are given in Table 3.3. j The applicant will be required to rodify his operating conditions vhen defouling one unit such that the thermal alteration of the j ocean water does not exceed that uhen the other unit is in full 4 'L " , operation. Even at these Jatter emditions, the 5'F (2.8'C) iso-1 therm will enclose 51 acres and will extend outside of Diabb Cove.
<lui #
Bowever, the 6'F (3.3'C) isotherm will be within the cove anu the i . 10*F (5.6*C) isotherm will enclose only 3 ceres. This condition will exist for about 2 bra each nonth and only at high tide.
}
(At low tide the areas of the isotherms are less.) This short term effect is not expected by the staff to produce any significant incremental effect. l Mechanical Effects j '4 7 (1) Fish. Operation of the p7.mit's cooling ws.ter system has the potential for causing mortalities to aquatic organisms as a result
%y, of impingement on the intake screens or from entrainment in the h cooling water system, where organiar* can be subjected to changes in pressure and temperature and to abrasion. l Serious problems of both entrainnest and impingement have been l observed at the Indian Point plant on the hdson River 38 and were I also observed in the operation of the applicant's Contra Costa l
't j Plant in 1P51.2 The shoreline intaka screen desiga of the type ' being used at Diablo Canyon is one which has taen studied by the California Department of Fish and Ccme at other plants in the ap-
- ,*"k plicant's gaten, and this design has cauced no problems for finfish.2.4 (Details of the intake structure can be found in Sect.
, M 3.3.2.) At the present time, no sadel is an,ailable which accurately
$ " predicts the inpact of the intake structure on the impingement of fish, and therefore the staff camot accurataly predict the magni-
- ttG of impingement impset. How2ver, the staff has evaluated the
- ~np m.%
5-49 l design of the intake structure and cmpared the Diablo Canyon design against otbers in the applicant's system which have ben in use vit but adverse effects on finfish. Because Diablo Canyon has similar anhient water tmperaturer, has an intake design with velocicles and configuration similar to these operating plants, and is not unique because of location, the staff has coocluded i that no adverse effects on finfish populations are likely to occur I from impingment. i
\
(2) Jellyfish. Jellyfish (Scyphomedusae) have been observed to
; be impinEed on the Morro Bay Plant intake structure and mortality j undoubtedly will result from their impingement on the screens of .
the Diablo Canyon Plant intake. f Conclusions Of the impacts expected from the operation of the plant, only the losses due to chlorination are readily reduced. The staff believes that further consideration of alternative condenser cleaning sys-tems should be undertaken by the applicant. The operation of the plant will result fa some losses from entrain-ing organisms in the cooling water system. This loss is unavoid-able. The low temperature rise, when conoined with the low ambient temperature, abould result in an acceptable impact on the popula-
' tions affected. The entraining of larval abalone or zoospores of kelp is hard to evaluate. Both the positive effects of increased dispersion, which could lead to increased mu:nbers, and the exposure to elevated temperatures must be balanced. Insufficient informa-tion exists at preserat to accurately determine whether the net I effect of operation of the plant; at this site will be detrimental or benefiMal, The staff has evaluated the sources of impact and concludes that although there is uncertainty concerning the overall net effect, the staff is cotwinced that any detrimental impacts would be confined to Diablo Cove. .
I 5.4 RADIGIDCICAL IMPACT 5.4.1 General Considerations The radiological impact to biota and man is assassed here for the anticipate $ release of radioactive effluencs from normal operations that are disenseed in Sect. 3.4. Except where otherwise noted, the estimates and figures in Sectice 5.4 are those of the staff. 4 Dispersion of Caseous Effluents Caseoas effluents will be discherged from the station by vents on the rnactor beim=ge. Because these vents are caly slightly above l 1 EA^ L.
7 1 i
- 1 5-50 1 f the station yard elevation and do not physically approximate .an l y elevated stad release, the discharge of gasee-:s ef fluent sa:s treated l
) as a grouai level release. Concentrations of radionuclides can-
[ tained in the air and deposited by impaction on the ground are l
$ i estimated at dists. aces up to 50 miles from tie stat. ion using aa
{ atmospheric transport model"I incorporated in a comput er prqgram.42 j The annual average atmospheric dilution of radioact ive effirents l
; is given in Table 5.27. In this atmospheric transport nodel, the 1 3 reduction of radioactivity concentrations in the air at grc<nd level l by radf onctive decay vai depocition on land are taken into account. j The deposition velocities W in the calculation were 10' cm/sec )
for the noble gases (krypton and xenon),107 cm/see for whyl t iodide (CH3 1),1 cm/sec for aclecular 1o31ne U2), and 1 cahee for ! ( particulate matter (rubiditat and cesium).'l e*3 If a partiemiar l radionuclides has a short half life or a large deposis'au velocity, j [ e the concentration, X, in Ci/m 3 of this radiorac?.ide in air ok.cained ' I by this model vill be less than the average armaal rate of r= lease, Q, in Ci/sec multiplied by the I/Q, in sec/m 3. g l _ Dispersion of Liquid Effluents
- i -
d ' fiquid effluents will be discharged from the plant in the cmdenser
- cooling water which flows into Diablo Cove mod dien into the ocean.
- The average yearly concentration, C , in the erndenser cooli2g water vill be the anticipated annual releEse of the radienuclide is the liquid effinent (Table 3.6) for two units divffed up the amsge condenser cooling water fh of 3864 ft /see3 for the two reactoc units.
In the ocean, the condenser cooling water containing the ligdd effluent will be further diluteA both by imbere currents med tides. From calculations based on the Stoltzenbach model" for ther,1 dispersion (see Section 3.3.3) the staff estimted that the muerage radionuclides concentration at the surface vill En C /10 at a dis-tance of one mile. Naturally, the concentratism wif1 be lower away l- 4 from the center of the dispersing plume or below the ocean mrface. I da At distances greater than one mile from the station, the rad *a- [1( activity concentrations in the center of the pinne can be ertfaated k by the relation C /(10 x D) where D is the distance in miles from I y the station to thE point or location of interest. This % =1stion [v of radioactivity concentration in the center of the plume la based l on a linear model of the dispersing plume recera. ended by the later- , s'lqqik national Atomic Energy Agency.45 l iw l I <r Y A~..,,' l 1
4 j 5-51 1
$ l v t Y?gr l In the area (approrinately 100 square miles) designated as statis-tical block 615 by tha California Department of Fish end Came (fig.
5.1) for recording fish catches, the averate radioactivity concen- )% 4 C Ng tratinn is td en to be C,/100. * ' 1 This estimate has been used here in calculating the radiation expo- K sure of man from consumption of abalone taken h shallow waters ' close to the shore and of fish taken in deeper waters farther from f I the shore. Ecvever, an average radioactivity concentration about j l 10 times smaller, that is, C /3000, would probably be more appro- $ priate in calculating the ra81ological exposure to man from consump- L tion of scafood taken in the shallow waters along the coast several miles from Diablo Cove or in the deeper waters of this area. 3 . i i 5.4.2 Estimates of Radiation Dose to Biota *
\
Annual radiation doses to aquatic and terrestrial biota (in milli- ! rads) were estimated on the assumption that the concentration of v f radionuclides remained constant at the specified location. The ' ' ' radiation dose has two components which must be considered in these 3 I estimates: one due to penetrating radiation frca radionuclides y I outside the body (external exposure) and the other due to radiation ; from radionuclides deposited within the body (internal exposure). The dose to aquatic biota from penetrating radiation during contin- 3 % nous imersion in Diablo Cove was estimated by the staff by an ~ ( external exposure model contained in a computer program % to be 0.023 millirad / year. Doses to terrestrial biota from external ex- n 1 posure will be similar to those received by man, and comparisons indicate that the doses to waterfowl from external exposure are j very small ccespared with the estimates of dose from internal expo- j, j sure. There is also the possibility of a dose to some types of g biota from external exposure to radionuclides accumulated in sedi- y' l ments, but this dose sill be less than the dose resulting from ' internal exposure of the biota. The doses from internal exposure to algae, mollusca or crustaceans, ].- i i fish, and water fowl or shore birds living in or near the cove are - 150, 4.8, 0.5, and 42 millirade/ year, respectively. The equation y for calculating the internal doses is described in Appendix 5-1. An averagt radioactivity concentration of C /2 was used in these - dose estimates. Bioaccumulation factors fr8m the 14.terature"7 for algae, mollusca or crustaceans, and fish used in the dose calcula- ! tions are listed in Table 5.23. Since no bioaccumulation factors " are available for water fowl or shore birds eating aquatic plants
- contaminated with radionuclides, these factors were calenlated with Eq. (5) of Appendix 5-1. Most of the assumptions which are listed for this derivation tend to maximize the bioacenaulation factors, .
I . I ; y s
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5-52 l i- {f Tr% 1,23. Funmary of bicacemandstke factt. : ros amerk l4rda l
'L
}f MM*
Ihacturnviati. . factor O udacca or Water fori or N* ( Mollasa sfiorstut l
?
II.3 1.0 1A 1.0 1.0 j Co31 1,000 I,000 100 19
! Ma.54 10,000 50,000 3,000 810 j Ft 15 6.000 20,000 1 A00 40p10 l l
.[s Fe-59 6/G 20,000 1,000 3,700 l Co48 100 10,000 100 36
'! Ce40 100 10,000 AM 40 I l
'(e Rb86 10 50 30 19 j 5:49 20 IA 1.0 43
! 1r40 20 IA IA 60
! Stel 20 1.0 th 0 25 t tree 300 100 30 0.0008 j Y41 300 100 30 0 25 l Z 45 1,000 100 30 020 Z 47 1,000 100 30 0.010 y Hb43 100 200 100 0.34
[ h D9 100 100 10 21 R3403 1400 100 3 27 Ra406 1,000 100 fj RF185 100 100 3 10 31 O.5%
,( so-125 to 3 3 2.5 y ski 2s 10,000 1A00 Itoo 1,600 i Skl27 10,000 1,000 tp00 150
} Te425mi IS00 100 10 430
,g Te 127m 1/00 100 10 470 pf Te427 1,000 100 10 14 Te429m t h00 100 10 360 To431m 1,000 100 10 di To-132 1,000 100 10 94 H30 10h00 10D 20 720 54 31 10,000 100 20 11,000 5-133 10000 100 20 1,300 1-133 10,000 100 20 400 Cel34 10 50 30 94
? Cel36 10 50 30 16 Cs437 10 50 30 100 Ea440 100 3A 31 7.7 1a440 30 100 30 0.0073
; f Col 41 300 100 30 0.13 Ce443 3'c 100 30 q' C,444 3m tw 30 CAOSB 023 l
i Pr443 1.000 1,000 100 0.20 Pm447 I #00 1 #00 100 3J , 14147 !#00 1,000 100 0.16 l Np229 1 # '10 290 10,000 0A34 l l 4 h h 1'. n
Q 5-53 l 7A ! Wh 4 and in any actual exposure situatico the bioaccumulation factors are expected to be smaller because of dietary dilution by non-contaminated foods or because of consumption of equatic plants y'g with bioaccumulation f actors lower than those which were assumed. h 990 All these calculated doses are believed to represent upper limit M i estimates also because equilibrium was ast.umed to exist between all
$k gf4 organisva and all radionuclides in the water in the vicinity of the Diablo Canyon Station (a nonequilibrium situation vould result in gydf a lower cot. centration of radioactivity in tissues and thus .1 lower 4 intermi dose). While there are many pathways of internal ndiation 8 exposure to animis, one pathway was celected which would tend to
{ naimize the dose received by a waterfowl by assuming that it con-A sumes only algae growing in the ecve near the point of discharge of ,
@7! the liquid radioactive effluents. If the waterfowl consume other 9 food in addition to the algar, or if part of the feeding takes place M l) other than in the cove, then the nuclide concent rations probably "f j will be lower and thus the dose will be decreased. i k- l
' ); 5.4.3 Assessment of Dose to Biota :
}; h bih i A voluminous enount of literature relating to radiation effects on organiums has been published, but very few studies have been con-docted on the effects of chronic low-1cvel radiation (from ingested
}j radioactive material) on natural aquatic or terrestrial
$p@d '
r The most recent and pertinent studies have been reviewedq4 . uiations.
-50 The results of these reviews point out that, while the existence of estremely radiosensitive organisas is p%sible and that increased y radiosensitivity in organitas may result from environmental inter-P. actions, no organisms have yet been discovered that chow a sensi-tivity to radiation levels as low as those anticipated for the area
[{ surrounding the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant. h There is a paucity of literature on the effects of chronic low-level radiation on terrestrial animals.50 French 51 suggested a [?Mp- possible shortening of the life span in the pocket souse induced ft by 330 rads / year of chronic game radiation (administered at the
$ rate of 0.9 rad / day). Ikwever, there is no information available $ to indicate that a detectable radiation effect would be found at i i the maximum predicted dose rate of 42 nillirads/ year for waterfowl.
Exposure to irradiation is known to increase nr2tation rates; how-ever, at dose rates less t.han natural background radiation, an
,@ increased mutation rate above the spontaneous sa2tation rate would 6 be extremely difficult to detect.
4 Ko detectable effect is expected by the staff on the aquatic biota
- or waterfowl as a result of the quantity of radionuclides to be i
A
.g. l id.
5bL
l E W;Q 5-54
#1 k releeed 'in the liquid effluents of Diablo Canyon nuclear power gl PIsot.
k
% 5.4.4 S_taff Estimates of Radiatioe Dose to Man y
" Potential pathways of exposure to man from radioactive effbents
; released by the station that are considered in the dose estimates j are presented schematically in Fig. 5.3. Those shown in the figure are not exhaustive, but they illustrate the principal pathways of gy exposure based on experlence.
hf d " Radiation doses to individuals (in millirem) and to the population l (in man-rem) from these pathways were estimated per year of release of radioactive effluents from normal operation of the station. A ! 4,. k( sca=ary of the estimated radiation doses to adult individuals at l a( l locations of maximum exposure to the gaseous and liquid effluents f where the pathways are likely to be operable ic given in Table 5.24, and a summary of the estinated populatice doses from exposure to { f:ag j the effluents released by the station is given in Table 5.25. { M l Exposures to radionuclides that originata in the effluents released i by the station were converted to estimates of radiation dose to individuals using models and data presented im Publication 2 of the
- " International Commission on Radiological Protection 52 and other i k .
recognized texts incorporating theseon radiationgrotection.53,54 models46 e Caputar programs } i were used to calca1.ata (1) the i nM= don dose frca external exposure to radiennelidee in air, in
@4 vater, or on ths ground and (2) the radiation dose fres. internal exposure to inhaled or ingested radiceuclides. Radioactivity taken
~
j h into the body by inhalation or ingestion will continuously irradiate } j the body until renoved by processes of metabolism and radioactive deesy. f* a The radiation doses to the total body and internal organs from ex - 1 i Ch terani exposures to penetrating radiation are approximately equal, i ! 9w9e but they may vary considerably for internal exposures because some ( l nMetelides concentrate in certain organs of the body. For this yi reasm, esHetes of radiation dose to the total body, thyroid, Imags, bone, litar, kWay, and gastrointestinal tract were consid-ered for cable to pathways an average of adult.52 internal exposure based on parametars appli-
& {
oQ
'~
Radiation doses to the internal orfans of children in the population i will vr.ry from those of an average adult because of differences in metchelism, organ size, and diet. However, differences between the organ doses of a child and those of an awrage adult by more than
. a factor of 3 wuld be unususi for patisays of internal exposure.
9 5 4 L , y l 1
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5-55 "nEEr"s nWasis ir A
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5 58 7 with the exception of the atacaphere-pasture-ca-milk food chain.
<wM For thia food-chaia pathway, the d:rse estinated to the thyroid of a twoforyear-old childadult.56,57 from redinactive iodine in milk is 10 timme l
that an average i i The to azposed papelation dosa estimates are the sens of the total-body deems individuals. ( Total-body doses from gamme-ray axposures approstimate those to ganada aat therefore are used ta the can-rem
' estimates limits.54,59Leesuaa gena &5 have the nost restrictive nuwirical dose 4 4 W at of age,60Since radiation 6 ores to time total body are reistfeely !
deus caleslated for adults.the sur-rea estimates are based en total-key j Bettratas of dosus to individuals of less than 0.01 millirt 'rd to tim. yquistion of less than 0.1 man-ren are given for the @ et coupleeness but are mot considered to be radiologically signifaaet. The transiaat population dose from immersion and groiand contah>
< tico "a estimated sientrepulation to bethe about loss than 0.1 maa-tem, based en the tram-7 =W by the applicant.'{tation for the vacation year 1971-1972 A
# 3ettws/dgagtimJ1ose frtu Exrosure to esseous Efflucqt3
+
The estdaates of radiation M itos ayvac to psas affi.asts ! j oristating givspia Table at the 3.7.station are based on the radionoclide releases { Radioactive iodine releaons from the station q are 1 enlaec, mammed to be molecular iodine with a depositica velocity of Jawesion_ sad Cremd Contaatination Fath.r..
"Aftt stdMian dose from immersion in the gaseous affluent to asThe max I WIssa Ellif of the site) is estiasted toThe bere-0.13 millire k( idivalisas making contributions to this dose are:
Ze-133 (68%), M (152), Xe-135 (5%), Kr-87 (2%), Kr-85 (II), Kr-85m (1%) , Besy of(1%), klEw Za-133m (1%), Ko-135s (1%) and Etr-88 from rarM n!iv Kr-88 (3%).
%rA The total skin dets et this pelat is 0.5 uill-T aperse were to live adjacent to the property imadary at the dibent (0.5 mile northwest), the total body dose aG1hwa, and the skin dose would Le 3.7 millirens, .
TA Population dose for irmererten fu estimated to be 0.43 , man-ran d2As of the site is estimated to beA0.0016 sunsery milliram.a K tla pcgulation doses and the average individual doees as a imetha 125. of radial distances from the statice is given in Tabla J}t u. "A
5-59 I 1 1 Taus 8.3L tammy et actuatc8 em to are pomano8 r*rtWa frum Imaxedan la sta puntas t&:sf pst ym of &m Ibem man austur snits se the ILite (%gno Madow Dados Radel h1qlseted CLsahtlos Ag ke distance INS gegshtism indead W" nom ne:los eumutetw dan ene l I ' - (m%W Pepdation (armeulyear) Omilhemetrear) Oss . . . 0-1 0 9 9 63 4 Smot32 413 l 9-3 6 &$8065 SJB l 0-4 11 SM384 8486 l 0-5 16 Met te i
, 0 -19 f8M Sbe9 (J261 l
> e-2s ts.sia 422 toeos !
9-33 Hi,732 S.32 SX2) i' 0-40 3 3,122 8.41 8R28 6-M 360,M2 843 8214 l 3 : p l h . 1 ;
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5-60
$9 Tor the direct utnA egocure to radfosucifhe depocitsd on the 5
6 i grensd, the tr.dictica dcco to e.n tuJivf 61 at the nearant revidence,
' 1-1/2 miles EW frca the site, is eatinated to be 0.01 ni!!!m, end by; E the tus to the pr;nistien is estiaated to be lus than 0.1 rea-rem.
{ J j $('$1 Tha serta estimatas for incersion and ground contaminatica rath- { unys of external er,pserre to the ges4ous effloants are based ce the lO projected 1980 populatica distribution within a 50-mile radies of 3 j the stattos givea la Tig. 2.8. j j M Inkstation Pathcars. An estimated radistica dose of less than 0.0T sillires to the total body of as i=divideal at 1-1/2 miles NW yh; from tia 4 of 2 x 10 pts is based om g inhalation rate for an everage rtalt liters pr day. For the internal organs of an indi-vidual the correepoeding estin:stt af dose are C.07 milliras for "v the thyroid, 0.01 millires to the gastrointestimel tract, and less sf than 0.01 mintrue to the lunas, kidneys, liver, and bnna. Radio-y f t=eHAas meking impottsat contributions to the dose are: 1-131 J (83% of the thyroid 6ese)s I-133 (17% of the thyroid dose); Rb-88 t from radioactive decry of Kr-83 (961 of the gastrointestinal tract ocea); Cs-138 from radioactive decay of Za-138 (53 of the gastro-intestinal tract dase). y
;L h The estimated dose to the population frcm the inhalation pathway 6~
[ ; is less than 0.1 maa-ram. This s e rsa estients is airo bcsed on the projected populatiam distribution in 1980 within a 50mila [ ; radias of the statica gives in Tig. 2.8. Terrestr_tal yond-Chris Piting,. Ingestion of radionuclides accumlated by food crops is one possible pathway of caposure, and iregestion of radiomeHA-= accus21sted in mest and milk from ==fmals pastured in areas egosed to gaseous effluents from the statise is : another. Both of these pattways of exposure exist ivr direct con-tssination of the vegetation by depositica of radionuclides com- { gyT tained in the air, These pathways also exist for indirect contami- i ui natine of terrenrial ve,getation, i.e., by radionuclides deposited I e ce the soil and c Ace W 1y incorporated in food plants through { 3 their roots. Because d tha very short half-lives of Eb-88 (18 min) and Co-138 (32 mia) cat the shcrt half-life of I-131 (8 days), the {
"E :
dose contribution frcs indirect contcaination of terrestrial food f chaf an by radiocaclides originating in the gaseous effluent released { 4 L by the Diablo Ca::yos 5tation will be negligible. 2 j The most inportant contribution to dose for direct contamination of vegetation by gnseces effluents released by the station is from , I-131 by the atsoegamre-pasture-cow-milk food chain pathusy. Con-l centrations in stilh esed in the dose estimates for this patiuay of i iararmal exposure are hamed en the value of 0,2 pCi of I-131 per l 1 i 1 (
%. .s E.
Vs n 5-61 ! q f \
^
j Ihr fwm the ! p")
! of peature.52 s$terecco of each In addition 1 sci of 1-131 to radieuetive decayper of square ceter the I-131, l
; the contanimatica of tbs pasture is eunmod to decrease by one-half 3
;gj ,
; sysry 14 drys free wethering sad Erazing.63 g)j n
g The doses to an delt drinking prensood riilk from dairies supplied l from daf ry herds pastured about the station were estimated to be l less than 0.07 milliras to the thyroid and less than 0.01 millires
'~
l to the othe:c inte.rcal organs and to the total body. For a two-year- ' old child, the dose to the thyroid as estinated to be less than ; 0.7 millires. Tisse estimates vers besed on milk produced by the j dairy hard whose grazing land was sdbjected to the highest concen- g tration of I-131 daposition (that at 9.5 miles g of the station as ! is shcwn im Fig. 5.4). A conevertime of 1 litar v3out 2.1 pt) per day by both a child and an adult was assumed in the dose' estimates. A popuistica dcas of less than 0.1 man-rse was estimated for this internal crpesure pathvg for the acrprezinately 6.3 million gallons l of milk predneed yearly5 in San Isis Obispo coenty. ! If a cow were Fastured om one of the cicoest nondairy fame to the station (betmaam 5 and 6 miles B2 of the sito) as shcun in Fig. 5.4, the estinated doses te an a5 sit drinking raw milk from the I ccw would be 0.47 millirca to the thyroid and less than 0.01 milli- l
' ran to the total body and to other internal organs. The correspond- '
ing dose estState to the thyroid of a two-year-old child would be s e 4.7 milliramu. i g Selected valzes of 1/Q for pointe of interest are presented in Table 3 g 5.27 (refer to Fig. 5.4). s t* Estimates of 5 w from Fisposure to Licuid Effluents The estimates of dose from exposure to liquid effluents from the station were based on the radionuclides releases given in Table 3.4. All radionuclides released in the liquid effluent were assumed to be in chenfeel forms that are soluble in water. k Submersion end Shore Contamination Pathways. If an individual I is sesu:ned to spead 2 days per week at the beach during the 3 suwser i S souths, the merirma dose due to direct radiation from the water and q L the shores would be less than 0.01 millfrem. The maximum dose would g7 occur for a persoe who spends all ef his time at the closest popular l beach recreation point, Avila Beach. Appruimately 100 f t of sandy j beach rubject to seter cover during high tide is assumed in the ; calculation of the dose due to radionuclides deposited on a beach ) i i I e:; ,
5-62 I M7 b J. W.79 - a ux.
# [' * *+c
, .7 1 4
sy 4 I 3 ' ua wa mm d j t,
; e ;
4. g
*c ,
J y '* 3 e ntsance / -
& Dadv - _avasa i h DEastiv Poputart0 amp i "Y'
s
+
t
.kf *~
l
/
f/3 $ l Fig. 5.4. location of residences, dairies, and densely populated areas within 12 alled of the Diablo Canyon site. I i 1 l I i ..
I i 1 5-63 .i 1
)
l Nee 5.27. Sumssary of X/O values for adseted @ ofintest
-j[-
Distsece X/Q (mees) (uc/m3) 1.W8 OJ 8.8 x 10
- NW !.75 4 1.1 x 10 NNW ' l.5 1.2 x 104' h
N!N 5 1.9 x 10" N 6 7.4 x 10 4 f NNE 6 3.5 x 10 .{ NPE 11 1,7 x 10 NE B 2.9 x 10** ENT. 5.75 4.1 x 10 E 93 3.7 x 10 EE 7- 9.0x10*
*nns is the gian of the highest sets of X/O at the piperty boundary.
i 4
=
c'pb , 4 e 14b
$ 5-64 Y % from the ocean weter as described in Appendix 5-2. A popubtion bf dose for the beach recreatico areas within a 50-m11e radius of the dd C
(, station is estinated to be less than 0.1 r.an-rem. This estimate is based on the nuder of visitor-days spent in the last 3ar at M ('E W I* l the various beaches in the area as supplied by the applicant and j by assuming that the entire time was spent on the beach. Several l D f : special population groups harte been considered, and in cada case the
, annus1 individual dose na estimated to be less than 0.01 nillirem.
9 h cases considered were: (1) a cosmercial abalone diver do might ((%.t 9 g spend a naximum of 500 kr/ year underwater in Diablo Cove Wre the L average radionuclides comeentration is asmed to be C /2; (2) the Q%gj captain of a sports fishicg boat who might spend 1000 hr/ye.r off lfb the shore of Diablo Cove where the avercge radionuclides ccecentra-( tion is assumed to be C /100; and (3) a clam digger who ui t;ht spend i l 500 hr/ year on the bemeI at Morro Bay State Park where t.he Mch J% l waters are assumed to have an average raManuclide concent := Lion of C,/1400. [ . Drinking Water PatImer. Radiation dose from this patbuy is 4L disregarded in this statenent because of the low mixing of the ocean
;' with the fresh water table and since no desalination plant at or near the station produces Ari4 43 water.
Ohp ' M Aquatic Food-Chaia Fathsay~s. Est.imates of radiation ecse to an h pg adult were based on an average consumption of 60 g/ day (ahost i lb/ week) of fish from that partion of the ocean near the statiam. tjf e This coasqtion is about 3 to 4 times the national average fish cons eption 5 and is used because of the location. In addition,
# 1 it was assumed that the isdividual consund 15 g/ day (about 1 lb/
month) of abalore. h dose estinates for consumption of fresh P@ fich are 0.01 millf rem to the thyroid and less than 0.01 millirem I 1 to the total body ard the other internal organs; for contenetion ( l of abalone the dose esef==r*= are 0.01 millirem to the thyroid and less than 0.01 millires to the total body and the other internal l { l N, organs. h concentrations of radionuclides in these seafoods l
- g. j were obtained by multiplying the radionuclides concentrations in l QJ 0 the ocean by the bioaccomistion factors for fish and aba%* (i.e.,
mo11 asea) given in Table 5.23. j h average bioaccumulation of radio-e nuclides in seafood ea>= frca the ocean near the station was based i A'@ j on a r=Mwtivity cos;=-tion in the wxter of C /103 (see Section gp ' 5.4.1). Cesium-134 is the sest important individual radicerclide contributing to the total-body doce (about 50% of the entas for g i fresh fish end about 21% of the total for abalone). Iodine-131 J contributes up to 90% of the thyroid dose for both fresh fish and d 1 i
# "I#""*
r,
, e t.
1 i f , i. [1 4 .
1 l 5-65 meted to be less then 0.1 man-rem.A population s - dos! estimate were that all of the albacore (tuna) were cacEh - cially and were consumed after a 10-week delay to acco - essing and marketing and that the other fish and abalona c commercially as fresh scafood,as well as all of the sports fish catch were consum taken from the California Department of Fish and block Diablo around number 615 -(Fig. 5.1), ehich caers about s100 Core. cal es square m the surrounding blocks was estiaated, but because o dilution (see Sect. 5.4.1), it was much less thesarge - 0.1 man rem j Terrestrial Food-Chain Patlassrs. Radistina doses from these ing of the ocean with the fresh uster table. pathw - 5.4.5 Assessment of Radiation Dose to Man Assessment of the potential radiological impact from estim t dose to men from sneeous and liquid radioactive a es of eff1ments e eased by the Diable Canyon by comparisons with (1) the Wu Esclear Station can be pc ve some gives numerical dose limitsse,se l tion dose to the totel body and internal radiation backgromed l The radio-e noteral organ ; { 115 millires per year.a66the area of Diablo Canyon averages about h releaset of radimective afflaants during normal ons of operati thethestation by will Commissica. be regulated through an operattag 11 esame issued (9erated accordig to written TechniThis licenes will require that th W Commission. Lameical guidelinescal57 Specifications approved by limitations set forth in 10 66 CPE 20 cable" The will be applie ! aimerical dose 14=ita of reco are based upon the reea==a-dad radiation protecties groups. gnised national and international h largest estiaste of radiation does to the total body f rom the gaseous affluent occurs at the residence at 1-1/2 station. miles NNil of the pancy factors or by skialding factors occo-provided s assinst radionuclides Without contained any consideration in the of these air or factors _ deposited ound.41 on the~ gr siding' at 1-1/2 artian W of the n vstation ual re- is abo from natural backgremed and itse than 0.03% . of theof the dose asserical~ does limit, 500 millires.5s,59 rae===anded w
4* 4 4r t O hh IMAGE EVALUATION //j / [ d*g /g
/////
Y,[h TEST TARGET (MT-3)
<g ,jTp g o gy /g, <e
< 6" > 1 l ' ## 'ti[;;['k$ . 4//// .g y. o, a <:y - _ _ _ _ _ - _ .___-_____-____L . - -__ - _ _ - _- _ ___ a1 ch* .y s'., 5 %q%r O xe *;?w". (9 t,. O ';, ' IMAGE EVALUATION gh 'k[, v 'kh/ TEST TARGET (MT-3) / [JF /g , Q gy,*' #4,, // , $#'~ ': l.ll lW l.8 l -_ 'l.25 1.4 1.6 l 4 150mm > 1 4 6" > l l Ak,,,# 4' 0 s,f ; /$ y -), q;,y y p _ _ _ . __________________.__.________________.____._a- do ob %v g .,,p '<>" 8.g# . w, n. O t? v IMAGE EVALUATION ,9 % ////f (,: 'qlp g *h7/ TEST TARGET (MT-3) / /}f/? f'g f ' krj 3p l 1.0 !! 9 m ' ," g, n.= E l M l.25 1.4 1.6 4 150mm > < 6" > w$ , *.o%,/ /+A'b h ef.=ddg 1, v#'~ ,3.; ,,y y l l S-66 I cA i A realistic estinate of the total doce from the gaseous effluent to the thyroid of an individual residing et 1-1/:l miles hW of the station would be to assume consuretion of orceesud milk from tlm . closest dairy herd to the statim. For this situation, the sus of the thyroid dose estinates is abe:t 0.26 milliren for an edult and about 0.8 millires to a two-year-old child. h ae estimates of dose to the thyroid lave not been reduced by the shielding factors provided by hoeses or by the supplemental feeding to cows of stored or ccamercial feeds. In the estimates of dose by terrestrial food-chain pathways, it was assoned that the cow's food was obtained entirely from grazing.62.63 Witixnit any consideration of these possible dose reduction factors, the estimates of dose to the thy-roid of both an adult and a child in this e2tuation are less than II of the dose from natural background. If the atmosphere-pasture-car-milk pathway is operative at the closest nondairy farm for the gaseous efficent released from the station, an adult could receive an estimated dose to the th,vroid of 0.47 milliram and a one-ysar-old child an estimated dose to the t.hyroid of 4.7 millfrees free raw milk consumption. This estin. ate of dose to the thyroid of both an adult or s child is less than 41 of the dose to !he thyroid from natural background. I . The largest estimates of de 4 frca liquid effluents released from 5 the station are for a resident of the Diablo Canyon area who == ken frequent use of the ocean sScre and whosa dietary habits include substantial amounts of fish and abalone. The estimates of the total dose to the thyroid of an individeal are 0.02 millirem and less than 0.01 millires to the tetti body and the other internal organs. These estimates of dose, based on reasonabla dilution ffactors of the liquid eff1 ment for the ocean and on reasonable deposition rates from the water to the hameke, are less than 0.021 of the dose from the natural radiation background and less than 0.041 of the recco- , mended numerical dose limits.58,59 These dose estimates indicata that the release of radioactive efflu- l ents from norma'. operations of the station can be conducted well I within the limits of 10 CFR 20. l The estimated population dose from expecure from all sources asso- ; cisted with the station is &out 3.7 man-rens and is very small ! compared with the 30,003 mee-rens that the population within a 50-mila radius of the station receives each year from natural radiation background cad even with the 900 man-rens that the population within a 10-mile radius receives from natarsi background. Hence, no dis-cernible radiological impact on individuals and the population is expected from noesal operations of the Diablo Canyon Station. P q
- i 5-67 p! '
5.5 COMPLIANCE WITli CALITOMli WATER GIALITY CRITERIA AhyydE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION _C;(JTROL ACT AMECRTS_OFl97,2, on January 29, 1973, the Commission publitted am Interim Policy Statement, affective on that dete, implementing the FWPCA, partic-ularly rection 511 thereof (38 F.R. 2679). On the same date, a Memorandum of Understanding beareen the Envircomental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Consissice for the purpose of implementing NEPA and the FWPCA in a manner consistent with both acts was pub-liehed in the Federal Register (38 T.R. 2713). j In geners.1, the Interim Policy Statement orovides that the Cente-sion will continue to exercise its MEPAsouthority and responsibility in licensing proceedings subject to AppcMix D of 10 CFR Part 50 m as to avoid, to the maximum artent possible, needless duplication of regulatory effort or, convecsely, any Matus in Federal respoo-sibility and authority, respecting envircomental matters embraced l i by both NEPA and FWPCA, in the interia period before various actions are taken under the FWPCA. Section 3 of the Interis Policy Statement indicates one major impoet { of ths FWPCA on the Commission's NEPA authority. It provides that if and to the extent that there are applicable limitations or other requirements imposed pursuant to the FWPCA, the Commission will not (with certain exceptions) impoet different limitations or requira-ments pursusat to NEFA se a condition to any license or permit. Section 4 sets out the limitatiano on AEC consideration of citarca-tives relevant to water quality la particular situations. Geatr-ally, it indicates that che Commission will not considar various j alternatives where such actice sould constitute a review of similar .i consideration of alternatives under the FWPCA and upset a limitatica or requirement imposed as e result thereof or where a particular alternative has been required to be adopted purvaset to the FWPCA. l Section 5 concerns the effect of the FWPCA ce cost-benefit analyses. j It states, in aramary, that the Commission will continue to evaluate and give full consideration to environmental impact provided that, with certain exceptions, such esalaation will be conducted on the ! basis of activities at the level of limitations or requirements Promulgated or imposed pursuant to the FWPC&. In addition, section 5 provides that the Commission will also determine, except in f^ certain situations specified in section 5(c), wLether the facility { will comply with applicable requirements. The impact of the Commission's Interim Policy Statement depends ; on whether and to what extent there are " limitations or other re- ) quirements prossigated or imposed pursuant to the FIFCA," as defined l t l 1 o--_----------------- 1 3-9 s-se ; 6 l - 1 g l in Swtion 2(a) of the Stettwst. In this case tha applicable e themal limitation of the State of California for the area of the k ~a y'! D'_dle Canyon facilitics is coctair44 in the osv " Hater Quality control Plan for Ccatrol of Temerature in the Coastal and Intar-state Waters ard Euclosed Eays and Eatuarias of California," a&tted Ng 18, 1972. This p'ien was tJ by the E=virensental Prote:- tion Agency, August 10,1972.pPureunt 6 to section 303(a)(1) of t the FMPCA, as caended, this Plas reasins in effect, aince the EPA i hy!b[ [ dit not notify the State of Califo cla of a deaired chenic by > Ja m ry 18, 2973.70 i e Ecr the Interim Policy Statemaat, it is ascossary to deterstaa mLetter the Diablo Crayon fee 111 ties will be in compliance with the J thetzal standard edvaiad in the approved Plan for Control of j 3 Te:Terature. W Ph establirbes standards jntar alta for toth " sew" and "aristing discharges" and asts rJuerical limitations for the former. Diablo Cetr/on Units 1 and 2 are specifically identified { in tia Plan and included sa existing discharges. N sta:drd for existing discharges for coastal veters is chat " elevated taperature j e mstes shall comply with limitatient mecassa.ry to assure prots,ction j af the beneficial usea and arecs of special biolegical significance." l Both existing and future dischargers are repired to conduct stmiles 1 em the effect of the discharge cm beneficial was and, for exieting I disdarges, to determine whether desia;n and cpersting changes are ( accasaary to achieve compliance with then Pi m. h applicant is I scesently completing this study, which vill be adraitted to the $ (r p syropriate California regional control board prior to July 1973 as contemplated by the Pisa. Encad on the foregoing, under the t'r==inston's Intaria Policy statt.- not the staff concludes that there is coqpliance with the appli- 1 ( '1 cdela thermal criteria at the preeent time. N ir_ pact of the l tivtral discharge from the facilities upco the spatic envirocrest ! is not expected to undersine the protection of beneficial uses and [.b, araas of special biological sig;xificance. t - L Rtk respect to other ratters cuared by a,ylicable approved Cali-i fornia water quality criteria, it is the jsdgsent of the staff that
- the facilitisa vill be in com91ance 1 with the ratava:nt Stata Stad-arts. Total available chlorine la the plant Af"We will be re-k.
i-qufJH1 not to exceed 0.1 pra. 1 I W 9-49 If ja; 5.6 ke 17 Facts cet coeRailq [s : p2 ,, force of 70 permanant 2employees 56cause of the t'tac k the staff does not expect the effects of pluat operation urable in the San Luis Obispo area. emas-to be , I,gd$ $p SSR ncaic development of the Avila.could tunre a on-time el saaller effect on the "Fiw Cities Area."Cormaity (see Sectico 4.5) with a h4 . serious if it ocexns.of this area en tcn. ries, thais effset abould e Dn- k .h' yo l $p i;AQ No \ i
- q ji p
,yld ,I 15t !g ikk w3 N- 5-70 j l i RubOCES FOR SECT 10!i 5 '. Pacific Ces and Electric Coupany, Dnh* mental P.cport, lhtits 2 and 2, Fablo Car. yon Sits, Docket: Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, July 1971.
- 2. Pacific Ces aM Electric Company, Dwimental Report, Supple-
{ rent No. 2, lbsits I wed 2, Dioblo Canyas Site, Jy1y 1972.
- 3. Ibid. , p. 1V-5-1 and IV-5-2.
~
- 4. Central Coartal Regionni Water Quality Control Board, The Resources Agency of California, Facts Neohape Raquirsents, Poeific Gas and Elsetric Cortpany, Diablo Canyon Ruolear Pwer Pimt, San Luis %ispo, California, October 11, 1969.
< 5. Facific Cas med Electric Capany, Environnestal Report Diablo Canyon Site, Ecqtlement No. 2 July 1972, p. XI-E-3. I
- 6. Facific Cas sud Electric respoase to agency crmments on the Draft Environmental State:aant for Diablo Caaron Units 1 and 2, Docket Nos. 50-275, 50-323, March 23,1973. ,
- 7. F. E. Arend, "Ibe Ecciogical Irpacts of Transmission Lines e
ce the Wildlife of Sa: Francisco Bay," Wildlife Associates, Bovato, California (August 1970).
- 6. E. A. Rockbauen, Tmpels md Traditions of Water Fwl, Chales T.
Branford Company, Forton, Mass.,1960. - .; e s 9. Environmental Sciences Division Annual Progress Report, Period " -) Diding Sept. 30, 2P72, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report OENL-4848, p. 36 (1973) . l u 10. L. S. Dochinger, "The Inset of Air Pollution on Eastern White y Pine: The Chlorotic Dsarf Disense," J. Air Pollut. Contr. Ass, 1 18: 814 (1968). i ! 11. F.1. Miller and J. R. Parmeter, " Effects of Ozone Injury to ? Pooderosa Pine," Phytopathology 57: 822 (1967). t I ? , v, ' li 5 L l 12. g Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Ir:m ?!gations F*tl2ted to a . the Effoot of the Pwposed JknLwino TL mal Pouer Plant on the Kwine Enritoramt, ed. by J. R. Adas, Eneryville, Calif., t.ugust 1971, pp. 362-364. 13. W. Forster and E. Zeittin, A ik.dified Dimethylglyariae Method for35: drin. Ada, t12e 4 termination 42-52, 1966. of Rickel in Sea Water, Anal, 14 l U. S. Drrpt. Interior, Vater Quality Criteria, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Washington, 234 p.,1968 . 15. i shore Coasta: Environmental Protection Agency, Oooanography of the li Pbeeib!s Po!Tutim, Vol.1., Water Quality Off2ce, EP 4 i Water July Pollution , 1971. Control Research Series 16070 EE 07/71, 't - 16. l ; Indian Point No. 2 helear Generating Plant, Dock [ ? 50-247, by U.S. Atcaic Energy Couaission, Directorate of Licensing, April 13, 19 72, p. V-11. f 17. b J. E. McKee and H. W. Wolf, Fater Quality Critaria, California State Water Quality Control Board, Publ. No. 3-2 (1936) {d 18. i J. R. Adams, " Thermal Power, Aquatic Life, and Kilowatts on the Pacific Coast," Kuotear Ke9s (Sept.): 75 (1969) . 19. f John Cairns, Jr., "We're in Bot Water," Soientist md Citisen 10(8): 187-98 (1968). i m 20. 5@ E. Naylor, " Effects of Heated Effluents Upon Marine and Estuarine Organisms," Ado. Mar. Biol. 3: 63-103 (1965). g9 21. yy E. J. Carpenter " Brackish-Water Phytoplankton Response to i # Temperature Elevation," 4. Castal Akzrinc Soicnx (in press) . 22. i R. W. Eppley, M. B. Reid, and J. D. E. Strickland, Estimates of Phytoplankten Crop Site, Crowth Rate, and Primary Produc- } tion, in "The Ecology of the Plankton off La Jolla , California in the Period April through September,1967," ed. by. J.H. D (:e* W .o Sttickland, 33-42, 1970. Butletin Scripps Institution of Oceanography 17: v f. *4k 4 4 -~. h0 ' i I e' gp e 5-72 p l h@g 23. j pgij V. J. North, K. A. Ciccdenning, L. G. Jones, J. B. L=.ckey k D. L. Leighton, M. Eeushal, Jr. , H. C. Se rgent , and H. L. l %gf' Gcotten, An Investigation of the Effecte of Discharged Vaetes % On 281 K8ZP , California State Water Quality Control Board Publ W 50, 124 p. . 24. h, Marine Advisers. Inc., An Evaluation of the Marins Flom in Oy (As Pfeinity Also in: of Diablo (bve, Califomia, La Jolla , California. ! 7J Thena2Z Follution - 1966 Tart 4 nearings before the F /i SenueConsrees: Subcorreittee in Air and Vater Pollution. U.S. Sena hh M1 Eiseti4th 1097-1128. , l 25. Qf g-Richard T. Burge sad Steven A. Schults "The Marine Environnant la ti Dal(**4 Vicinity , of Diablo Cezyon with Special Reference to the $ Includicg Its Food Chain, and to Bony Fish (a Pre-h{Mg, Pgerational Vara Vater Discharge Area)," Marine Resources 't*ciufcal Report, State of California, The Resources Agency l j (L e n Mattant of Fiah and Came, krine Psources Regim. , ' ONU
- 26. W A Rair, " Upper Lethal Temperature and Thernal Shock Tol-ewAs of the Opossum Shrimp, #coqi/ sis aJatschenais, fron ge hopent of Fish and Game17-27, 57(1):'h heremento - Sas Jo WS 1971.
$N y ~27. 'it E Kall.f, " Mortality of Neoq/efs apatschensis Bran? Result- %Q % dma Er.posure to High Temperatures at Pacific Cas and hgg Dcric Company's Pittsburg Power Plant." wLQ mz Bil. lK+ of Fish and Cane, Anadron:ms Fish. Br. Report 71-3:6 California De g[tM4 i $h y g
- 28. 7aa:t?.c Cas and Electric Co cpany, Environmental Report Diablo CCRT* Site, Supplacent No. 2 July 1972, p. IV-E-59 I: 29.
i Sdts 10(3-4):D.% hinle, 4 > 186-209, 1969." Temperature and Zooplankton," Chesap $!; .) g 30. F. L 0. Barnett and B. L. S. Eardy, "The Effects of Tempera-gg tumoa the Benthes near the Hunterston Generating Station kMCand." Cfiascpeake Scianos 10(3-4): 255-56, 1969. TQ.Mo weg emf 31 %:t'te Gas and Electric Company, Environtrental Report, Diablo $3}k CatJu Site, Supplement No. 2, July 1972, p. IV-E-60 . y{ fi k' 32. hbx Icanberry and J. R. Adams, Interim Report, 7,ooplankton ML f% Twhemat Pruer Plants on the Califomia Kmh C:nst:3tnin hg g g B72 -January 1972, Report 7598-19-72, Pacific Ces and Eectdc Company, Department of Engineering Research N nerpille, California (October 1972). , R+{, , l gg } i 5-73 +6 33. !@( [ s J. R. Eeers and C. L. Stewart, Numerical Abwdance and Estimated Biomass of Microplankton in the Ecology of the { } Plukton off La Jolla California in April through Septembe ! %j i r, Onanogmp%y 17:1967, ed. by J. D. R. htrickland, Bull. Sc I {' b y 67-87 (1970). I 34. i M. M. Mullin and E. R. Brooks , " Laboratory Culture, Crtwth i Limot. Ooaan.12: Rate, and Feeding Behavior of a Planktonic b , 1 657-66 (1967). 35. James R. Mam, " Ecological Investir,ations Around Some Chesapeaks Safsnce 145-54, 10(3-4):Therw.a1 1969. Power Stations 3). Canyon Ana, jeg 2-d,1966.E. E. Ebert, An Evaluation .- ablo of bizi \ and Case. HiiO Raf. No. 66-10 (May 11,151966): p. ,1966. California Departm 37. of the Pt. Arguello Area.E1bert B. Ahlstron, A Report on Eva l \ Arguello Arwa. Part 1, Fish Larvae of the Pt. (49-7)-2428 Bureau of Cotmaercial Fisheries, Agreewnt AT (July 1965): for Irivision of Biology and Medicine , USAEC 118 p, 1965.
- 38. ;
John S. LeCregor, " Fecundity, Multiple Spawning and Descr - tion of the Canads in Sebastodas," United Ststes Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scient.ific Report - Fisheries No. 596 (March 1970). , 39. Related to the Proposed Issusace of an Ope the Consolidated Edison Company of New York for an the Indi Point Unit No. 2 Nuclear Generation Plant. Docket No. 50-247. Environmental Protection, AprilU.S. Atomic Energy Com 13, 1972. ( I q 40.
- J. R. Adams, " Thermal Power, Aquatic Life, and Kilowatts on c the Pacific Coast," Nuclear Keus 12(9)
- 75-79, 1969.
41. , t D. H. Slade (ed.), Meteorology and Atcnnic Energy 1968 } is TID-24190 (July 1968). , 42. @[Q f - M. Reeves III, P. C. Fowler, and K. E. Cowrer, A Cor:puter @- Code for Routine Atmospheric Releases of Short-Lived Radio active Nuclides, ORNL-TM-3613. - \ 43. C. C. Polikarpov, Radioecology of Aquatic Organismo Publishing Co., New York, 1967. , Reinhold \ hd g
- h j (?% ' 44.
i K. D. Stehenbach, and D.R.F. Earleman, "An Analytical and ! *;7%* Experimental Investigation of Heated Water, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, j Cambridge, Massachusetts, or, The Water Quality Office of EPA, Research Grant No.16130 DJU, February 1971." 45. ! Internatimal Atomic Energy Agency, Radioactive Faste disposal I Into the Eea, Safety Series Report No. 5, vienna,1961. \ j 46. ' W. Day 1e Turner, The EXREM II Comuter Code for Estimating . %@ External icaea to Populations from Construction of a Sea-Level
- Canal 19.It fuelear E.tplosives, CIC-8 (July 21,1969) .
i ' I ' 47. A. M. Freie, "A Model for the Approximate Calculation of Safe Rates of Rischarge of Radioactive Vastes into Marine Environ-ments," ReaZt.h Phys.15: 743 (1967). ; 48. i S.1. Auerbach, D. J. Nelson, S. V. Kaye, D. E. Reichle, and , C. C. Coutant, " Ecological Considerations in Reactor Power l Plant S!t >ss," Proceedings of a Syr: ![ Aspects of Euclear Pouar Stations,heldpositora on International by the Environm ntal s Atomic Energy Agency in cooperation with the United States ! Atomic Energy Comission in New York,10-14 August 1970, )& pp. 805-20, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna,1971. 1 ll k 49. !( ' W., L. Terrieton, R. E. Nakatani, and E. Held, " Radiation i4 Ef fects im Radioactivity in the Marine Environment," a report ) in preparation by the National Academy of Sciences , Washington, D . C . , 19 70. 50. S . 1. Auerbach , S . V. Kaye, D. J . Nels on , D. E. Rei ch le , i P. B. Deeway, and R. S. Booth, " Understanding the Dynamic Behavior of Radionuclides to the Environment and Implications " , l , presented at the Fourth International Conference on the Peace- ; ful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva Evitzerland, Sept. 6 16, f 1971; to be published in the proceedings. y 'j 51. i ; H. E. French, B. C. Maza, and H. W. Kaoz, " Mortality Rates i in Irradiated Rodent Populations," Proceedings of the Second j National Symposium on Radioecology j ' Evans (eds.), USAE0 CONF-670503,D. p. J. 46Nelson (1969). and F. C. 52.
- ' International Comission on Radiological Protection, Recom-
<- mndations of the International comiecion on Radiological 1 Protection, ICRP Publ. 2, Pergamon Press, Londoc,1969. ! , 53. si G. J. Eine Academic and C. L. Brownell (eds.), Radiation Ibaimctry, Press,1956.
- '4 l -
W )A I i I I t 4 . - _ . - - - _ - - - - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - ] . 4 5-75 54. j K. E. Morgan and J. E. Turner (eds.), Principles of Radiation .PmteeMon, John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,1967. j ; 55. i W. Doyle Turner, S. V. Kaye, and P. S. Rohwer, KIREM and INJEM ~ Conputer Codes for Estimating Radiation Lbses to Population fnm Conetmetion of a Sea-Level Canal with Ruolear Exploeives, l K-1752 (Sept.16,1968). 56. J. K. Soldat, " Environmental Evaluation of an Acute Release of I-131 to the Atmosphere," Realth Phys.11: 1009 (1965). 57. B. Shleien, "An Evaluation of Internal Radiation Exposure ! Rased on Dose Commitments fron Radionuclides in Milk, Food, and Air," Bealth Phys.18: 267 (1970). t 58. International Commission .on Radiological Protection Racco-mendations of the International Ccruitission on nodiological Protection, ICRP Pu611 cation 9. Pergamon Press,1ondon,1966. 59. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Basic Radiation Pmtection Criteria, NCRP Keport Eo. 39, NCRP Publications, Washington, D.C. (1971). 60. Federal Radiation Council. EstiJetztes and Evaluati.on of Fallout in the United States frcn Nuclear Wegpx Testing Conducted 8 throagh 1962, Report No. 4, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., May 1963. 61. Pacific Ces and Electric Company, Supplement Ko. 2, Environmental Report thrits 1 and 2, Table G-4, July 1972. 62. P. M. Bryant, " Derivation of Working Limits for Continuous Release Rates of Iodia:-131 to Atmosphere in a Milk Producing Area," Realth Phys.10: 249 (1964). L 63. J. D. Burton, R. J. Garner, and R. S. Russel, "Possible \ l Relationships between the Deposition of Fission Products and Levels of Dietary Contamination," Ahdioactivity and l Paman Dict, ed. by R. S. Scott, Pergamon Press, Iondon. l 1%6, p. 457, 64. '% County Department of Agriculture Agriculture Pmducts, 2 San Luis Obispo County, California,1971. f 65. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Statistics, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,1969. 1 I 3 i' g. 'l ______ - _ D .I*1h l l 'yj q' [ 25 Q p 5-76 4 1
- d. TLk i
i 'f, ['r1h W 66. W ($ EPA Lists Back. : ound Levels by States, Nuclear NNs, January 1972, p. 47. M3 [$ f[ 1 {$ ;, 67. Title 10, Atomi: Energy, Part 50, " Licensing of Production [ and Utilizatica Facilities," Code of Feder7Z Regulations. %]d< g.t g 68. Title 10, Atomi Energy, Part 20, "Standarde, for Protection MI , v Against Radia t i un," Code 0," idcral Reyalationc. hi di 69 { 1 Lett er from P. De Falco, Jr. , EPA, to Gov. R. Reagan, State of gg { California, Aug. 10, 1972, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323; see j W 99 , , also 40 CFR Se rt. 120.10 as amended, 37 F.R. 20243 (1972). I r4 - ;g. 1 . 'l 70. Letter from F. De Falco, Jr. EPA, to W, W. Adams, California ha d State Water Resources Control Board, Jan. 18, 1973, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323. % y $.Q , F, 71. Carpent er, E. J. , B. B. Peck, and S. J. Anderson, Cooling NL~ Yh ki ..je Water Chlorination and Productivity of Entrained Phytoplankton, Marine Biology, 16: 37-40, l972. lh ? Kj!$! 72. B. C. Macy, " Survival of Young Fish in the Discharge Canal of 9 1 v a Nuclear Power Plant," J. Fish. Rcs. 51. Canada 28: 1057-1060 t (1971). a , \.. . $ NT <d na e; i mg;, 9 Uka 2w 1 < i %@) d{9 i kW #s p '$# i3 n i fy k$ ; w ' g n ., e s. f' , t 'Y i
- r '?. i Q' l
?.! du V i 1 1y 3.n N 1 6. EFFLITENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEAEUEEMENT , AND MONITORING PROGRA]Q . , k.T;- h,. 6.1 P_REOPERATIONAL SURVEYS
- 4 Preoperational background studies for Diablo Canyon have been under way ainee May of 1966 when an intertidal survey and sub-tidal reconnaissance were conducted by staff members of the m California Department of Fish and Game.1 Since that initial
({j ' survey, studies of the Diablo Canyon area have been conducted ) t by staff members of the California Institute of Technology, Pacific Cas and Electric Company, and the California Department of Fish and Came. during the period May 1966 to July 1972. Numerous field trips were made Nh.: I ifg Preoperational surveys were initiated under ' rzs of an agreement between PG&E and the California Resources ; ncy.2 fhk j k Pacific Cas and Electric has conducted studies l that: Y 1. i Mapped plant. the bottom topography within one-quarter mile of the { 2.
- Recorded tide levels to establish a correlation with published data.
3. ,.-' Determined vertical temperature and salinity profiles at various times of the year and evaluated changes in stability. 4. h Continuously measured surface water temperature and correlated the acasurements with long-tern temperature records. 5. Measured currents to establish seasonal and other variatione.
- 6. Studied dye dispersion and dilution rates.
7. Developed qualitative descriptions of the biotic community near the plant site. . 8. Related the ecological surveys to similar surveys made by other agencies in the same area. 9. Made preliminary prediction of the extent et thermal discharge from the power plant under different hydrographic conditions. 1% 10. Predicted the probable effect of the thermal discharge on the principal ecological communities. 6-1 I i 6-2 Preoperaticnal terrestrial ecological studies were conducted by PG6E biologists, a consultant (b'11dlife Associates), and pic fessors and students from California Polytechnic College. Information gathered was used by PG6E as pre-operational baseline data (see the applicant's Environmental Report and Supplement 2). The California Departtaent of Fish and Came has conducted studies that:
- 1. Developed qualitative and quantitative biological descriptions of the biotic community near the plant site to provide back-ground data prior to construction and operation of the dis-charge facilities.
- 2. Evaluated simple indices or parancters that can be used for l continuing surveillance after the plant is operating to de-termine quantitatively the effect of discharges upon bene-i ficial uses of ocean water.
1 + The ecological surveys for PG&E were directed by Dr. W. J. North. locations of all study sites are shown in Figs. 6.1 and 6.2. In addition to the studies noted above, zooplankton survival tests are underway at operating power plants and sampling at the Diablo Canyon intake is scheduled to begin in 1972 for collection of zoe-planktoix data for this site. The staff will require that the applicant conduct some additional preoperational studies. Additional work should be done on the effects of ocean current direction and winds on the predicted plume areas. The biological base-line information is adequate for providing j i the relative abundance of animals. Pontoperational monitoring i will only determine gross effects such as the disappearance of .p species. The more subtle effects, such as changes in food habits, -4 growth, or reproduction, cannot be assessed without additional l base-line information on life history and biology of the species l in the area. The applicant should obtain this base-line infor-mation prior to startup of the first unit. l - 6.2 OPERATIONAL BIOLOGICAL )ONITORING PROGRAM j > i i During operation of the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant, a biological I monitoring program to collect six types of data vill be conducted. i The data co?lection which has been proposed is sununarized in Table , j 6.1. ! i d I # i l a d e i . .n t e e b m t 4 .m, .= s T ua sG ,d # I . r , E E l n aa ( e F s d ,,.. .u, s u s ih t s t ri ~ ,st a c eF t nf 4.g . r io 4 t t nn ee ~ s nm at n 7 - a io o mr ra go t t ep pe gc= o f oai D ge ~ e% 4' ew r,e sn nr . T' , ,x oo if . N Je t ti i al w ca C f, . e oC @ r l e 1., e gh
- e. nt t i
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- k. e oi f E $", lf D b ad in Da f
j h 1 { 6 '. g i ~ F w' ~ ~f . . [ ) M C a E R E T t u 0 n f 3 ( e 4 c T 0 t C 0 6 1 s m5 C t 9 T a M ME eA o. l ? F E T R b t . T
- e. R t
a L E i 0 0 u 0 A T D 1 T C T a O 0 t R T I N L E A w 0h T B L i 0 c NU P S E 4 S I S N t M La O AE R E OT ON d' O W CI O i P t ,lI ,l # %- t _ n R _ E E N. . T aE wG F ( T A i R t v e W E o A
- e. A aH c s E t tC oS o g R O i ot t s
n ce Dao o m E) l l= fN
- a T M U. O c
S 'A P I f'T i g I F TLD AA N o CM O l g ORC L E o H i CTF b E M T Et f a HS i u tTT o T R S s EW(( n o i t a N, c /s o N \\ L / \a i s s 2 sPm Mo ,'we N
- 6 Ss
_ T E g \* A f,( _ = i F i' i , 6-5 i N i ih i T Table 6.1, Summary ,,r hh Sj contir,ving ds s conection at Diablo Canyon i y of da ta Areno romr,sible lhj Fm ncy of far data v/ -etion co: ,1ior; Method of - - - jd - ronection i MS I. Abakene counts Cahfornia Fish and Game Three times each year * } (I) Photot, aphis record of1/4.rr: qu drat:8
- 2. Abahne assocmes (2) Actual counting j Same as 1 q Orduding fm.c organisms) Sarne as l Saene as I fl , f
- 3. Marine alpe abundance w +# Same as !
o estimates Se e as I { Actualenunting of j 4. Fish eurvey kathic stations .[ m Same as 1 Same as 1 NB Arm! counts when [i 4% imitae, estimates $@ 5. Kelp bed distribution oflarge schools lj ! hysiy PG& E (1) October t AcW photographs (2) Februa<y gy 6. Complete luota survey '" ttl *y 3 (plant and animal) of PG & E Orwe
- Actal counts made by l
- 'h fu intertMal anJ subtidal stations (see Fig. 6.1) acaba survey along perrnanent tran*ct where '4 jg - Ma fi k *The ssmpting scheme estathshed by the Caldornia Fist and Game Dep t '3( July to show the early sumrner elgae growth,(3) . Septernber ensities, (2) a surve in June and and Oct I i<! $ more southern migrant fish that frequent this arez daring the fat *Permancet a ey to s.ww the peak Lc!p canopy and the l $ substrate at bisecting the u o 10 or 15e intervals to delineste 30 x y2eneirrope . r transects to the Four}tb i y popensive depths of ;j ) ,,,y 4 cc>rner of the cme (naten 16) rather than siong the centrW eltne ., south of the fir
- f u
!) y activitiet Six addux.ual statsuns were set in beds of bull keip, Nercoc* davoed pror;ted construction I i and three to the south, at about 1/Frnile intervals, to docurnent the sea. r.nka.as. autside the cove,three to the north h"[ 6.1)bse priods were ce pi k d t . J aber.J nm of this important marine alga (Fig. ; o coincide with significant bfc cycle p i.ous 3 2 3 I' ih t y #f I SW ! gyp 119 ..t 7 i L e f 6-6 [: 6.2.1 Studies Planned by California Fish and Cane ; ,'[f - The quant itative studies of the plant and animal populations are being conducted by the California Departrent of Fish and Game as indicated in Table 6.1 un4r a Resource Agency Agreement with PG&E. The biological transect int mation will be used to monitor the numbers of import ant sport d commercial rmrine species and their _ major predn tors, competitors, and prey present on the perc.anent i transects. The study areas Nill cont inue to be both in the pre-dicted thermal plume area and in the actual plume area during plar.t. l operation. California Department of Fish and Gane study areas both ~J northwest and southeast of the site (Fig. 6.1) can be used as { cont rol areas. Sedentary animals and algae of selected species i /* will be counted, but visual estimates will be used to determine fish abundance. Methods indicated in Table 6.1 will be used at j each station. I These studies will provide a relative base line and can be used as indices for gross changes induced by plant operation. Surveys 1 should 1:entify areas of significant ecological inportance, includ-ing nursery areas, kelp beds, and large concentrations of shellfish. Photographs will be used to document the types of communities and presence of major species. Underwater ro tenone '(chem-fish col-lector) operations will be conducted at selected stations to deter-mine fish species present and their relative abundance. l 6.2.2 Studies Planned by PG&E and Consultants l k Both intertidal surveys and subtidal surveys using scuba vill be conducted. 1he principal ecological communities will be surveyad (l qualitatively to identify the thermal impact of the plant on these communities. The permanent transect information can be used to compare the actual impact against the predicted inpact af ter plant operation (Fig. 6.2). ! 1 Spw Kelp is a very sensitive monitor of thermal change and will be mapped during periods of significant life cycle occurrences by means of aerial infrared photographs (see Table 6.1). Studies on the survival of planktonic organisms passing through the cooling water systems of several existing PG&E plants oper-ating in the marine environment have been completed. Preliminary studies have been conducted to deternine the species composition of zooplankton at Diablo Canyon as ccupared with those ; at existing plants. In addition, survival studies are olanned for Diablo Canyon and other proposed sites. i ! M. 4, r ,. ; 4 i ]l ( k 6-7 ) 'Ihe staff concludes that the information which the applicant and %w Cali fornia N partment of Fish and Game propose to collect should I -[] allcu a valia assesscent of the impact of operation resulting fiom . 1i thermal discharge. Further work should be conducted in the intake l cove, however, to determine the concentration of small fish and to ( document the concentration of eggs and larva of aquatic organisms. ,( Additional work to determine the magnitude and significance of '
- losses due to ent rairant is needed.
6.3 OI' ERAT 10NAL THEF. MAL AND CHEMICAL HONI'IT)R1 NG PROGPAMS l o 1 tbnitoring of the effluencs from the plant operation (both thermal I and chemical) and their impact on the receiving waters will be ' carried out by PG6E. Surf ace water temperatures are to be taken l at two-month intervals beginning in February from Point Buchon to l Pecho Rock for a two-year period folluing operational startup. : Isotherms shall be deteru.ined in 2'f intervals. . Measurements of water temperature in the months of February, June, and October will consist of data collected at one meter intervals ' from the surface to the bottom. These sample points are to be prescribed by the Department of Fish and Game inside and adjacent , to Diablo Cove. At the same time pH end dissolved oxygen content will be measured. i The following measurements and tests will also be conheted on the discharge:
- 1. Average volume of waste discharge daily. !'
4 .
- 2. Oil content of discharge from oil removal facilities -
; intermittent discharge to be sampled quarterly. 1
- 3. pH of discharge - continuously when chemical cleaning of ;
equipment is in progress.
- 4. Temperature of cooling water intake and discharge - daily. '
- 5. Bioassay (96 hr TLM, using species indigenous to receiving l water area) of nacharge during prestartup cleaning of equip- '!
ment and piping. Bioassay of discharge once quarterly during ! first two years of plant operation.
- 6. Bacteriological samples shall be collected from the plant !
effluent et the point of final discharge to determine the ' j l . most probab?e number (MPN) of coif form organisms - monthly. j i 5 l i i
- n. ;:
- I i
4 I 6-8 i Analysis ard collection of sampics will be as follows: Teurperature , oil, dissolved oxyvn, coliform, and pH samples shall be grab samples. Chemical and physical analyses of samples and bioassay techniques e shall be in accordnoce with the latest edition of Standard Medads, i pubitshed by the American Public Health Association. The occurrence f , of any incident causine the level of toxic raaterials in concentra-tions detruental to hoe,an, plant, bird, or fishlife shall be re-I. ported within 12 hours after its occurrence, and its cause, effect, and correctivt action shall be described in detail in the next regular report submitted to the California Regional Water Quality .d Board. 46 The staff will require that the applicent submit for approval a 4 ' core extensive moni toring program, which should include the follow-j I ing, in addition t o the above: { ( 14. Additional onsite chlorine studies will be necessary in order i ( l to detennine the acute and chronic impacts on both the en-h trained and receiving water marine life. Chlorine in the discharge shall be monitored continuously durinf its use. 2a. Additional onsite monitoring in the environment for copper and the other heavy metals, such as nickel and chromium, w released by the plant should be included in the monitoring program. The long-term chronic effects of low levels of copper, nickel, and chromium and the potential for buildup in the food chain should be considered. l 3a. The temperature of the thermal plume met be monitored hourly for a period of 24 hr whenever the daily average inlet tempera-ture rises l'F or the station power rises 5% above the level at which a previous measurement was made and at least one time during all defouling operations when the discharge temperature ; is a maximum. At least two points should be measured, about 300 and 1200 ft from the discharge on the center line of the plume. Q 6.4 RADIOLOGICAL FDNITORING The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission has jurisdiction and responsi-t bility for radiation matters concerned with nuclear power plants. Nevertheless, the applicant's preopcrational environmental radia-tion waitoring program was developed in cooperation with the State . of Calif ornia Department of Public Health, Bureau of Radiologf ca? Health and has been reviewed by other interested State agencies. The program was initiated in December 1969 and has two purposet: (a) to obtain information concerning naturally occurring radio-activity in the vicinity of the site before plant operation begins, g3 h 6-9 I and (b) to aid in confirraing the ef f ectiveness of nste disposal (W systms and procedures in protecting the public f rom radioactivity ge. as a result of power plant operation. h{ The prograr consists of gamma dosimetry with thermoluminescent dosime t ers (1LD's) and film packs, continuous air particulate h p@k] . sampling wi th analysis for gross beta activity, and gross beta .ad gamma analyses of various specirans collected periodically M from the site envirans. fQ m Camma dosimetry is performed w!th two dosimeters and a film pack located at each of the 18 stations shown in Figs. 6.3 and 6.4. The TLD's are collected and analyzed on a monthly basis. The airborne particulate sampi ers are located at Stations 1,. 9, 12, and 15*. The filters are collected and analyzed on a weekly j g basis. 4 ' Gross beta activity is determined on low background, thin window, j Bas flow proportional counters at least 72 hours af ter collection i to allow for decay of naturally occurring shortlived radionuclides. ' Mf 'lhe limit of detectability for this proportional counter is about Q(T, 0.5 pCi/gm of a standard containing K-40. Marine and terrest. rial samples are collected and processed on a {;f quarterly basis. The types of samples collected, sampling loca-t ton, and sample size are presented in Table 6.2. l Marine and terrestrial samples are collected and processed quar- '," terly. Except for seawater, samples are freeze-dried prior to , determining gross beta activity. For the seawater, alkali metals i g are separated by adding phosphoric acid and sodium carbonate to df the sample; the beta activity of the dried precipitate is then determinec. The gross beta analysis is performed on the propor- $p$$ bg tional counter described above, and activity per gram is reported on both the original and the dried sample basis. i bN gpg A gamma scan, using a 3" x 3" Nal(T1) detector and multichannel ! ppg pulse height analyzer, is perforced on the milk and bovine thyroid g6 samples as received, on evaporated seawater, and on the freeze-f{d,3 ' dried samples. The limit of detectability attained in the gamma scan is typically 10 pCi/ liter of water solution containing the radionuclides I-131 and 5 pCi/ liter for Co-60. Freeze-dried samples, 1- rand, :dy selected, are sent to a qualified contractor f ar confirmatory (, analysis. A Sampler moved to Station 14 in March 1971. i R l b 3 g$ i 6-10 [ v i e y MORRO BAY l MPO W E R PLANT v TA E Wr.kl. ( # { 5 SUNNY SIDE I I* ' - 'l SCHOOL h O i SCHOOL SN Ul$ 08 TSP 0 1 @ PT. BU CHON I '! ^ CR OW B AR { @ CANYON PLANT 8W S prego e" GEEK SITE @ BEYCH P isAf \ p hh PISMO BEACH gn GROVER { .' *
- CITYq
'S Srtri"lii" Z l@ 1 3C t l \ t \ I LEGEND O oosiucTai station AIR PARTICULATE S AMPLIN G STATf3N { i l %df I f ~ 0 5 10 m _- - - - 15 i { _ scaLt in witt s ?&g^: sf< fk Fig. 6.3. Dosimetry and particulate sampling stations off site. 6-11 i 1 %) / ,/ ,,9% ' \\ / / . \ / ' @ \ ! / / 0 \ g \ POWER y PLANT \ cootin # \ \ o$NIRsr '(g - g cEs \ CooLitt WATER INTAkt BREAKWATER $ P A C l F 1 C 0 C E A N LEGEND Ooasic'arsvarica O *ia raaficut.Tc saucune it. Tion o woo stoo SCALE IN LET lig. 6.4. Dosimetry and particulate sampling stations on site . _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - ' - ~ ~~~' 6-12 a ska ;g*ugf !} Table 6.2. Radiological _Sy pling Program Sa_mples are collected qua r terly except where noted YM Sarple Sample size Collection location, M M,d i" tJarine_samp1e Op _ ggg Bull kelp 1 kg Diablo Cove l Rfgh (.Vereocystia leutkeana) 1 J 's A Red algae, foliose 1 kg Diablo Cove h, (Iridaea ep.) ; k(py Nk Red abalone One 7 to 8 in. Diabic Cove ' t @4 (Haliotic rufescens) ab alone Black abalone Two 4 to 6 in. Diablo Cove l h( s 3 (Haliotis cracherodii) ab alones l ? ,x Coose barnacles 1 kg Diablo Cove ?* ( (Pollicipes polymerus) ) l ifussela 1 kg Diablo Cove { ; , (Mytitua californians) \ Pismo clams 1 kg fr.m Pisco Beach and (Tivela scultorum) each location !!orro Bay l T} \ 'f f Rockfish I kg Diablo Cove { ,bli (two fish) ! 'f}t. . Seavater 1 gal Diablo Cove dgey;hl; Perch 1 kg Diablo Cove Red abalone ' 1 wh 'e In vicinity of (' (Ha!iotis rufescens) abalone in Diablo Canyon (El I shell (if 11orro Abalont possible) Plant , !!orro Bay) Salmon #' 1 kg Comercial landing ,[, a in 11orro Bay Rockfieh 1 kg Commercial landing ,f in 11orro Bay 7 Y 4 l l pgd 6-13 Wkf R)a h g - - Table 6.2 (cor.t ~ inued)- $$g M Sample Snaple nire Colleetion loct.t1on, ! Terrest rial sample i Groundwater 1 gal Dlahlo Creek above H,lw,3 500-kV switchyard M6 Yih Milk 1 gal frca each dairy Cal Poly Dairy; M. Albertoni Dairy, 2 miles vest of Cund-N[: h alupe on Highway 1 I A Leafy vegetables 1/2 kg from Cal Poly Fara; Bill I bI each farm H. Tavaoka, Star f!( Route Box 7-A, 4 Arroyo Grande; M. Albertoni Dairy, 4d{.% gIQ$( Guadalupe gjp Bovine thyroid As available, Trom cattle raised g igy 100 g on local grazing [Fh, minimum lands I ~ I 3 Bottca sample i f. E Sediment 1/2 gal From north and south ! ; Diablo Cove i ig M %:a ; :#3 "Cocmereial saapies.
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.. f@ Sampled quarterly when in season. pud &#p g; j n ., k h t f3 W 6-14 f x gyh 6.4.1 Presentation of Itcsu_I tsy x Contact wi th the $ tete, The results of the environmental radiation monitoring program are g*y . also reported quarterly to the State of California Department of i ):s Public 11calth. ca _ b i {- The State of California, Department of Public Health, Bureau of l h,q[ Radiological Health, participates in a joint program of sampling fM and comparative analysis with K&E once a year. Duplicate samples are taken by both parties and analyses are made. Results are com- ) jh pared as a check on equipraent and technique. j ,mc i l
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l q. j In accordance with its responsibilities, the staff has carefully YA reviewed this radiological tonitoring proEram and considers it to ) be adequate for establishing baseline data prior to the operation 'dd h *: of the station. The staff will continue review of the program ad adjustments will be considered in ra tablishing the stetion's ' ) l . technical specifications and operational monitoring prograni. L i kYh 4 g#b a, k*$k ,$$ f 4m m 4 M, l as M' $w ..Cy , }.j ; , ev !. s ' i w l , ,c - t .u .. . 1 6-15 l REFERENCES FDR SECTION 6_ li 1. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, &.vimnmental Report, supplement No. 2, Unite 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1972. 2. Pacific Cas and Electric (22mpany, Tzv 'ronmental Report, I _. Unitt 1 ar.d 2, Diablo Can;.on Sitc, Appendix F,1971, l l l l l 1 l 1 l l l J i i 4 .! 7-1 i 7. h,W ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAUT OF POSTtILATF.D ACCIDENTS h 7.1 PLANT ACCIDENTS _ FIf{4 4 A high degree of protection against the. occ errence of postulated accidents in the Nuclear Units 1 and 2 - Diablo Canyon Site is pre-vided through correct design, unuf acture, and operation, and the kg% D, % quality assurance program used to establish the necessary high integrity of the reactor sy6 tem, as considert d in the staff's p$p Safety Evaluations dated Jtnuary 23, 1968 and November 18, 1969. lh;7j : Deviations that may occur are hand:ed by protective syst(ms to place and hold the plant in a safe condition. WR this, the conservative postulate is made thtt Notwiths tanding W:M might occur, in spite of the fact serious accidents . fg* that they are extremely unlikely; and engineered safety features are installed to mitigate the con-4 sequences of these postulated events . g The probability of occurtence of accidents and the spectrum of their consequences to be considered from an environmental effects g"g Q'Q standpoint have been analyred using best estimates of probabilities g,y and realistic fission product release and transport assumptions . Tor site evaluation in the staf f's safety reviews, utrenely con- ; i 1 servative assumptions vert ; L . used for the purpose of cceraring calcu- ; 0 lated doses resulting from a hypothetical relcase of f tesion products ' from the fuel against the 10 CFR Pstt 100 sitir.g gui delines . The i l' 'i computed doses that would be received by the population a od en- l 1 vironment from actual accidents would be significantly less than } ,. those presented in the safety evaluations. I, f g The staff issued guidance to applicants on September 1,1971, k y requiring the consideration of a spectrum of accidents with ) assu:aptions as realistic as lFS W ' "r> 'c"" ' '*"> ""* """ th e s *ta"**2"*d t e o f knowledge pe rmi t s . ta th* "S"rn'e=*"' * [, , ?{@ Environmental November 9,1971. Report Units 1 and 2 - Diablo Canyon Site," dated r* t SF j O The applicants' report has been evaluated, using the standard . , Y: accident assu.cptions and guidance issued as a proposed amendment h .7 to Appendix D of 10 CFR Part 50 by the staff on December 1,1971
- Eine classes of postulated accidents and occurrences rcnging in severity from trivial to very sericus were identified by the 3 i staff. ;
; ;jd In general, accidents in the high potential consequence ' .Dj end of the spectrum have a low occurrence rate, and t. hose on the l low potential consequence end have a higher occurrence rate. The m {} examples selected by the applicant are presented in Table 7.1 [ i g t, h' *g i' N. 3 44rpy 4 .d ,3 7 . 4 .p y f ., f : x f . 1 f. s j - $ l* -. kl . j - p ji dx j u ~, I ) @ l y J \y p u l' 1 : n [q 1 y\ ] it. ' BLANK PAGE i.) Fi '; ! .)y n ? ?, , NW!? g } _ .f ' i i 1 -y ? j it l
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j ' and are reasonably homogeneous in terms of probability within e'ach class, although we consider a major release from the waste gas and f vent header system as more appropriately in Class 3 and the steam generator tube rupture as more appropriately in Class 5. Certain I L} assumptions made by the applicant did not exactly agree with those in the proposed Annex to Appendix D, but the use of alternative l I assumptions does not significantly af f ect overall environmental ! pf ri s ks . lpg p y j ? he staff estimates of the dose which might he received by an j i assumed individual standing at the site boundary in the downwind ; - direction, using the assumptions in the proposed Annex to Appendix l D, are presented in Table 7.2. Estimates of the integrated expo-sure that might be delivered to the population within 50 miles of j l the site are also presented in Table 7.2. The man-rem estimate was based on the projected population around the site for the year I i 19 80. (The projected population was based on 1960 census data.) Ij l7 4 To rigorously establish a realistic annual risk, the calculated ;4 doses in Table 7.2 would have to be multiplied by estimated prob- ( l - abilities. The events in Classes 1 and 2 represent occurrences vhich are anticipated during plant operation and their consequences, l l ! which are very smil, are considered within the framework of rou-l l i tine ef fluents fr om the plant. Except for a limited amount of fuel l j failures and some steam generator leakage, the events in Classes c 3 through 5 are not anticipated during plant operation, but events {- of this type could occur sometime during the 40-year plant life-l time. Accidents in Classes 6 and 7 and small accidents in Class 8 1 are of similar or lower probability than accidents in Classes 3 , ! through 5 but are still possible. The probability of occurrence l of large Class 8 accidents is very small. herefore, when the I / consequences indicated in Table 7.2 are weighted by probabilities, ' i the environmental risk is very low. h e postulated occurrences in Class 9 involve sequences of successive failures more severe than flk - $i those required to be considered in the design basis of protection systems and engineered safety features. h eir consequences could be severe. However, the probability of their occurrence is so small that their environmental risk is extremely low. Defense in 4 j-depth (multiple physical barriers); quality assurance for design, manuf acture, and operation; continued surveillance and testing; and conservative design are all applied to provide and maintain the ! y required high degree of assurance that potential accident s in this 6 class are, and will remain, suf ficently small in probability that <d the environmental risk is extremely low. 1 ; > %a m, l i 2 \ (* V. , 7 -5 Table 7.2. Suurnary of radiological cor. sequences of postulated accidents # Eatin.ated dose Clasa Estimated f raction to population Even t of 10 Cf R Part 20 in 50-a11e at site boundaryb radius, man-rams 1.0 Trivial incidenta _ _ . _ . _ e 2.0 e y Email releases outside contairunent e 3.0 e t ., Radioactive vaste systes failures s 3.1 1 f h 3.2 Equipment leakage or malfunction Release of waste gas storate 0.044 0.92 k' tank contents 0.18 3.6 3.3 l Release of liquid vaste storage tank contents 0.005 0.1 i 4.0 ({'y Fission products to primary system . (SWR) H.A. M.A. N 5.0 24 ftselon products to primary and sdary sys tems (PWR) 5.1 * *1 cladding Jetects and steam p , e t er leaks o 4 e 'M 5.2 off-desiga transients snat induce 3 fuel is11ure enve th,e expe ted 0.001 <0.1 1 and steam generator leak 5.3 ) Steam generator tube rupture 0.058 1.2 6.0 Refueling accidents 6.1 \ ' Fuel bundle drop 6.2 0.009 ) Heavy object drop onto fuel in core 0.19 0.16 3.4 7.0 Spent fuel handling accident 7.1 Fuel assembly drep in fuel + storage pool 0.006 0.12 7.2 s Heavy object drop onto fuma rack 7.3 0.024 0.49 ( Fuel cask drop N.A. N.A. 8.0 Accident te design initiation eventa in tsais evaluation considered tia Safety Analysis Report ) 8.1 s g Loss-of-coolant accf dants Small break O.094 Large break 3.6 8.1(a) 0.92 120 Break in instrument line from N.A. primary systes that penetrates the E.A. containment ( 8.2(a) ! Rod ejection accident (PWR) 8.2 N 0.092 12 r Rod drop occident (BWR) N.A. M.A. ? k ~ - e i ' i 7-6 ' Table 7.2 (coctinued) f ' Estinated dose Esticated fraction to population Class of 10 crp I'et 20 Eve: in 50-mile j at site boundary" radius , mar-reas 8.3(a) _ Steamline breaks (PVR's outside containmet) Small treak =D.001 Large t*reak *0.1 50,001 8.3(b) <0.1 Steamline breaks (8VR) N.A. N.A. She dcses calculated as consecoences of the postu .:ed accidents are ba arborne tion oose. transport of radioactive m.itorials resultlag in both a dArect and an inhala-Our evaluation of the accident doses assumes tr.at the appatant's environ-mental monitoring progras and appropriate additional monitcring (which lattiated subsequent e could b ( presence of radioact: 41ty to aninincident detected by in-plant unitoring) would det *ct the environment the i t action to man. could be taken, if necessary, to limit exposure from other potentialin a timely 2a \ \ pathways {. eq41 valent Repre6ents dose to anthe calculated organ. fraction of whole body dose of 500 millareas or the f # These releaves are expected to be la accord with proposed Append! I for Itpid rmitine affluental, ef fluents (i.e., 5 millf rems / year to an individual from either s ous or ga e i btappilcable. 'r i k c i I l t. I T $l' , ) I :$ ,, t e t .i Ia. _______m-------------------- - - b M! 7-7 1% y Table 7.2 indicates that consequences of the postulated accido.ts would resu osures of an assumed individual at the si te boundary to concentrations of radioactive tions (MPC) of Table materials II of 10 Crkwithin Part 20.the Maxinum Permissib that the estimated integrated ex;osure of the populationThe within table also 50magnitude of miles of smaller the plant thanfrom that each postuisted accident would be or from naturally occurring radio-based on a natural background level of 0.1 rem / When con-sidered with the probability of occurrence, the annual potential radiation exposure of the population from all postulated accidents radiatien and, in fact, is well within naturally tions in the natural background. n o It is concluded from the results of the realistic analysis that the environmental risks due to pos - tulated ractological accidents are exceedingly small . .M 7.2 TRANSPORTATION ACCIDENTS 7.2.1 Principles of Safety in Transport _ Department of Transportation and the e Atomic The regulations radiation.provide protection of the public and transport workers from This protection is achieved by a combination of standards and requirements applicable to packaging, limitations n o the contents of packages and radiation levels from pacLag es, and procedures dent conditions.to limit the exposure of persons under normal and acc - Primary reliance for safety in transport placed on the packaging. of radioactive material is M ;g established according to the type and form ofamaterial n-l fo @ The standards provide that the packaging oss or shall dispersal of the radioactive contents, retain shielding effi i assure nuclear criticality safety, and provide adequate cheat ency, di ' by pation under normal conditions of transpurt and under ssi-specified $ acciden* damage test conditions. j des igned to withstand accidents are limited, thereby ng the limitiThe j p3 risk from releases which could occur in anThe accident. j contents t j: of the package also must be limited so that the standards for ; external met. rMiation levels, temperature, pressure, and containment I are i 'f h ! t l ud l J 7-8 [ Procedures applicable to the shipment of packages of radioactive material require that the package be labelled with a unique radio-y active naterials label. In transport the carrier is required to exercis. control evu radioact ive material packages including load-ing and - t urage in a:eas separated fram persons and limitations on aggreg>,tions of packages to limit the exposure of persons under ncrmal conditions. The procedures carriers must follw in case of k accident include segregation of damapd and leaking packages from f people and notification of the shipper and the Departm(nt of Trans- , - j portation. Radiological essistance teams are available through an inter-Governmental program to provide equipment and trained per-sonnel, if necessary, in such emergtocies. a Within the regulatory standards, radioactive materials are required ; to be safely transported in routine commerce using conventional transportation equipment with no special restrictions on speed of i 1 vehicle, routing, or ambient transport conditions. According to i the Npartment of Transportation (DOT), the record of rafety in .i the transport ation of radioactive materials exceeds that for any ' other type of hazardous commodity. DOT estimates approximately - 800,000 packages of radioactive materials are currently being shipped in the United States each year. Thur, far, based on the 4 best available inf ormation, there have been no known d*aths or serious injuries to the public or to transport workers due to radiation from a radioactive material shipment. f Safety in transportation is provided by the package design and limitations does nr lepend en the contents and external radiation levels and on controisiover routing. Although the regula-tions e q ; 2ire all carriers af hazardous materials to avoid con- ! ! geste o cas wherever practS. cal to do so, in general, carriers e # choose tne most direct and f;;stest route. Routing restrictions which require use of seconda>y highways or other than the most direct route may increase th2 overall environmental impact of transportation as a result of- increased accident frequency or severity. Any attempt to specify routing would involve continued analysis of routes in view of the changing local conditions as well as cnanging of sources of material and delivery points. 7.2.2 Exposures During Normal (No Accident) Conditions I New Fuel Since the nuclear radiations and heat emitted by new fuel are small, there will be essentially no effect on the environment l i e l l 1 -n 7-9 s during transport under normal conditions. Exposure of indi-vidual (mrem)transport wor kers is estimated to be less than 1 millirem per shipment. i for each vehicle, For.10 to 14 shipments, with two drivers the total dose would be about 0.02 man-rem per e
- year based on- 70 hours of driving time per shipment and average radiation level in the cab of the truck estimated at 0.01 mren/hr.
vill beradiation The level associated /br at 3 f eetwitn each truckload of cold fuel a less than 0.1 mrem from the truck. A member of the general public who spends 3 minutes at an average distance I per3shipment. of feet from the truck might receive a dose of about 0.005 arem i i would be extremely small.The dose to other persons along the shipping route l Irradiated Fuel k Based ated onelemnts, . fuel actual radiation levels associated with shipments of irradi i I! from the railcar or truck will be about 25 mrem /hr.the staf ' i shipment of irradiated fuel is estimated toWithbe about 0.2 .! m i 2 drivers on each vehicle, the annual cumulative dose for 10 to 18 shipments would be about 0.007 man-rem. e , During transhipment of the spent fuel containers from the truck to ' the railcar exposure of persons will be generally limited to thos e loosening or attaching tie-downs and manipulating lif ting hooks ;k Transfer of containers to railcar will require use of cranes The . staff esticatea that it may require half an hour exposure at an average distance of 3 feet from each cask or about 12 arem exposure for each of 2 persons handling the containers. For the 10 to 18 shipments, the cumulative canual dose would be about 0.4 man-rem or less. 'i I The crane operator and other workers in the area would be unlikely to receive any significant exposure. !l \\ Train brakeman might spend up to 10 minutes in the vicinity of the car for an average exposure of about 0.5 millirem per shipment. With 10 different brakemen involved along the route, , dose less. for 4 to 9 shipments is esticated to be about 0.09 man-rem orthe annual cu ng 4 A member of the general public who spends 3 minutes of as much as 1.3 mrem. s 1 If 10 persons were so exposed per shipment, I 1, I l ! g 7-10 i ~ ) the annual cumulative dose for the 10 to 16 chipments woulc be about 0.2 man-rem. Approximately 500,000 persons who reside along the ' 3000-mile route over which the irradiated fuel is transported might i receive an annual cumulative dose of about 0.6 man-rem. The regulatory radiation Jevel limit of 10 na em/hr at a distance of 6 feet from the vehicle was used to calculate the integrated dose to persons in an area between 100 feet and 1/2 mile on both sides of the shipping route. It was assumed that the chipment would travel 200 miles per day and the population density would average 'x about 300 persons per square mile along the route east of the i Mississippi River and 100 persons per squcre mile west of the Mississippi River. ' The amount of heat released to the air from each cask will be about 70 kw for a rail cask. This might be compared to about 50 kw of ' waste heat which is released from a 100 horsepower truck-engine. Although the temperature of the air which contacts the loaded cask. may be increased a few degrees, because the amount of her* is small and is being released over the entire transportation route, no appreciable thermal effects on the environment will result. Solid Radioactive Wastes Under normal conditions, the average exposure to the individual truck driver during a 1000-mile shipment of solid radioactive vaste is estimated to be about 40 mren. If the same driver were to drive 2 9 truckloads in a year, he could receive an estimated dose of about 1 360 arem during the year. With 2 drivers on each vehicle, the ' l annual cumulative dose for 9 shipments would be about 0.7 man-rem. !; A rember of the general public who spends 3 minutes at an average distance of 3 feet from the truck might receive a dose of as much , as 1.3 arem. If 10 persons were so exposed per shipment, the annual {l ;. { g cumulative dose would be about 0.6 man-rem. Appr uimately 100,000 ;- persons who reside along the 1000-mile route over which the solid radioactive vaste is transported might receive an annual cumulative .: dose of about 0.05 man-rem. These doses were calculated for persons L in an area between 100 feet and 1/2 mile on either side of the ship- ((; ping route, assuming about 100 persons per square mile,10 mrea/hr at 6 feet from the vehicle, and the shipmer.: traveling 200 milu per d ay. 7.2.3 Exposures Resulting f rom Postulated Accidents Based on recent accident statistics,3 a shipment of fuel or waste may be expected to be involved in an accident about once in a total I ] i F ?I W pp * .s 7-11 i]A N h of 750,000 si'i pren ts -al les . )6- 1 in 10 of those accidents which involve Type A packages or 1 inThe 100 of those involving Type E packages might of radioactive material, result in any lenkage g; - in case of an accident, procedures which carriers in accident are required" many en ees.to follow vi}1 reduce the consequences of an The procedures it. :ude segregation of !@(.[ daared and leaking packges from people, cad notification of the shipp r and the Departmem of Transportation. Radiological assis- !g b rn tance teans are available throogh an inter-Governme stal program to [ provide equipped and trained personnel. These teams, dispatched in p' response to calls for sequences of an accf dent. emergency assistat.ce, cati mitigate the con-y{j , Few Fuel i % l . Under accident conditions other than accidental criticality, the l pelletized form of the nuclear fuel, its encapsulation, and the low specific actirity environment of the fuel, to negligible licat the radiological impact on the levels. The packaging is designed to prevent criticality under normal and 9 - severe accident conditions. i i 7 under conditions that coulclead To to release a number accidental of fuel criticality assemblies would i t [j* vhich accident. is unliEely to happen in other than an extremely sev } . j The probabili ty that an accident could occt.r under conditions that ; fj cot,1d result in accioental criticality is extremely remote. li ph criticality were to occur in transport, persons within a radius of about ) % 4 Beyond that distance, no detectable radiation effects wo li6.ely. Persons wit.hin a few mJ fatal or near-f atai erposurt : feet of the accident co ld receive ri al. unless shicided by intervening mate-h in the reaction would probably separate the fuel elemen the reaction would stop. i
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tinue for more than a few seconds and normally would not recurTh . Residualstight elements radiation levels due to inauced radioactivity in the fuel reach a few roentgens per hour at 3 feet. be very little dispersion of radioactive material. There would r _d u .o r 7-12 n *l Irradiated Fuel, [ , f 9 Effects on the environment from accidental releases materials during shipment of irradiated fuel have been . active estimat df e or - thewhere tion situation gases where contaminated and coolant ate relea ed. coolant andisthe released situa-i" [k \ (a) i + closing of the cask Eis 30ssib1' is a result , even of human g though the shipper is required to follow specific proced ures which i q 3 I include shipment. tests and examination of the closed contai ner prior to each life of the plant.Such an accident is highly unlikely during the 40-yea hb { g { . hour is about the smallest amounte ected visual observation of a large container. of rops/ leakage by j I 1 t s$ stall 6 hat the individual exposure would m and not e aly a very few people wonid receive such exposures. Sig 1 (b) i f* rf.bility, Release of gases and coolant is an extre :e 4 ctremely severe accident such that the cask containment is ineached and the cladding of the fuel assemblies penetrated , some ^ af cask. th the coolant and some of the noble gases might be released fr V such an accir*.znt, the amount of radioactive material released wid be limited to the available fraction of the noble gases in 41e void spaces in the fuel pins and some fraction 4 zuntamination in the coolant. of the low level w Persons would not be expected to {* gj maain k ihvolved, near theaaccident including major fire. due to the Severe- condition f umid be expected to rake place in a short period of Only timeIf releases oc : a'Arited area would be affected. . [ highas a few hundred millirem.andwithin 100 as feet or so o I Under average weather conditions, l alv it wouldhundred require square feet might decontamination (that beis contaminated to the extent tha j. Iwels) according to the standards 5 , Range I contamination e tp:ncy, of the Environmental Protection [' j 4 g %l I, } s l i til T'4 k1 p' (, 7-13 i f f; W\ Solid Radioactive Was_tes i ! vill be involved in a seve re accident durin;It is highly g ( the plant. c ve was te If a shipment of low-level waste the 40-year life of Q R involved in a severe accident, sorae release of wast (in drums) becomes but the specific activity of the waste will be esomight low occur at tne th exposure of Other solid radi.personnel would not be expected to ben.significa t j The probability u . re wastes will be shipped in Type E packages L severe acciden', is 5. : ease from a Type B package, in even a very . form of the w n .- ari 'ficiencly smell that, considering the soA id i of such waste e likelihood of .W i L 1- involved in a very severe th e' accident,he ve ,a cant exposure would be extremely small. hj 1 4 In either case, spread of the contanine. tion beyond th Y ' area is unlikely and, although local clean-up might e imediate be r equired, no significant exposure to the general public would to result. ected be exp Severity of Postulated Transportation Accidents More seare accidents than those their cecsequences could be severe. analyzed can b u poss ible. ulated and unufactlere, and use of the packages, cantinued surveillaQuality assuran testing of packages and transport nce and i design of packages ensure that the probability ofconditions, and conservati this islatter potential accidents of low. is sufficiently small th g risk extremely at the environmental have not been included in the analysis.For those reasons, more severe ac 7.2,4
- N Alternatives to Normal Transpor tation Procedures Alternatives, such as special routing of shipments in separate vehicles, adding shielding to the cont , prcuiding c es~ orts ainers, and con-structing a1 fuel recovery and fabrication plant on the site than shippt'ug fuel to and f om the station rather the Staff for the general case. , have been examined by transportation under normal or postulated accidentThe impact on the envir '
not censidered to be sufficient to justify theconditions ,ddition lis required to implement any of the alternatives. a effort 1 1 M J t' Y - 8* )t . k \ 2 l i .2 7-14 64'i. l~ 4 Y REFEREN'JES FOR SE.CTiON 7 Ik e ! T: 1. 10 CFR Part 71; 49 CFR Parts 173 and 178. ( 2. 49 CFR 5 397.l(d). l 3. Feders Highway Administration, "1969 Accidents of La rge Motor fk'$ Ca rriers of Property," December 19 70; Federal Railroad Adminis-PM ^1 tration Accident Bulletin No. 136, " Summary and Analysis of Accidents on Railroads in the U. S. ," 1969; U. S. Coast Guard, " Statistical Summary of Casualties to Commercirl Vessels ," '{ , December 1970. Y ? If '.. 49 CFR li 171.15,174.566,177.861. [ i
- 5. Iederal Radiation Council Peport No. 7, " Background Material Q4 for the Development of Radiation Protection Standards; Pro-jgy tective Action Guides for Strontii- 89, Strontium 90, and p 'j Cesium 137," May 1965.
p 4{ ? k ie N s 4hh $1 jg m .4~ b t J \ $f -7, i 1 i l r. W
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- 8. , ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED The const ruction and operation of he Diablo Canyon Nuc1 car Station will cause 750 acreu of land to removed from use as grazing land aad to oc committed to use for r production for the life of the plant. S*rilarly, 750 acres of approximately 6,000 acres of trans-mission line rights-ofway will be committed to ude as service roads and transmission tower bases fcr the plant.
During construction of the transmission lines, there will be a loss of vegetation near the access roads. The inss will result in visi-ble scarring in areas of steep terrain and may cause increased ero-sion and loss in productivity near the eroded areas. ' The applicant has been directed to ronitor specific sites having a high potential for erosion and further, to take protective measures to alleviate this problem. As reported in Sect. 4.2.2 and in l, Appendix A4-1, initial efforts at stabilf ring erosion have been fairly successful. Continued surve.111ance and implementation of i abaterent procedures.will aid revegetation and minimize potential long-term crosion and loss of productivity. The visibility of trammission towers ar.d access roads satitutes 1 a potential adverse aesthetic impact. . Some benthic area (%14 acres) has been lost as habitat due to the construction of intake and discharge structures and the building u of a breakwater. In addition, losses of benthic organisms have resulted from construction at the Avila Beach barge landing. l; Operation of the plaat will cause an ecological shift in benthic organisms and fish that will result in an increase in the frequency 'f of warm water tolerant forms. It is also expected that the feeding Q activity of the giant urchin (Strongylocentmtus franciscans) will This increase in feeding activity is expected to 1( result in a reduction of the bull kelp (Nersocystis) and cause a '!! decline in the abundance of abalone within Diablo Cove. No notice-able effect is expected outside the cove. il lj* Ibeincreased. Some losses of zooplankton and young fish are expected from en-trainment in the cooling water system as a result of operation of the plant. The impact is unavoidable without use of a totally closed cooling system, but the effect is not considered to be serious. Likewise, some jellyfish eill be killed on the intake structures as a result of impingement. l l i 1 l i l f b I.$C'. 8 -2 .p ,Ya[; , There appears to be some potential for increased inortality of larger avian species from contact with transmission line facilities. ~ l ~. l ? Some addit ional truck and heavy equipment traffic will result ! . from construction and operation acti- it iss. T l Some chemicals will be added to the water used for , ooling; how- ! ever, the concentration of these chemicals in Diabic Cove is not ; expected to have adverse effects on aquatic life. The operation of the plant will result in some small increase in radioactivity and will create a very low risk of accidental radiation exposure to nearby residents. The operation of the plant l will also result in the production of radioactive wastes which must ' be processed and stored. l } l l l i l w 3 f i ' j p 1 $t l GB *4 i I 8 -3 p l REFERENCE FOR SECTION 8 California 1972. Public Utilities Comuission, Decision No. 79726, Feb. 15, i i 4 i z 1 } th t I M} l f?* & 9-1 ; ( 7% i W : N3 9. hg THE RELATIONSHIP BETiEEN LOCAL SW ET-TERM USES OF MAN'S i ENVIROMENT AND MAINTENANCE A@ ENrIANCEMENT OF %g !a LOS> TERM PRODUCTIV:TY b( . In preparing a statement on the relationship between local short- j { h term uses of man's environo nt and the maintenance and enhancement of long-tem mental used productivity, one rust attempt to foresee the environ-i of po*.ential interest to succeeding generations and ! hg consider the extent to which a given use might limit or enhance the i I range of other beneficial tues. { 't j j 9.1 ENHANCEMENT OF PRODUCTIVITY , \ d h The site for the nuclear plant is in a sparsely settled area and y was formerly costly rangeland used for grazing cattle; hence, it i was of relatively low economic productivity. The erertion of the Qif nuc3 car power plant will increase the economic productivity by conversion of grazing land to industrial land. ductivity will correspondingly be decreased. The Biologicalpro-j } fj]g applicant 1 g states that some of the electrical capacity will be used for rapid @g d transit, irrigation, and other uses benefitting man, i .h3 9.2 USES ADVERSE TO PRODUprIVITY [j W 4 The staff has atte pted to consider all of the effects of construc- l Q p tion and operation of a nuclear power plant that vould reduce en- l t h@ vironmental productivity through specific impacts on land, water, and air. Conversien g gy of land use and discharges into the atmos-phere and water are effects cocmon to most power plants. The staff ;' ld concludes that the effects reducing productivity are local and re-versible. $$ These effects are briefly discussed below. , ed$ 9.2.1 Land Use hI hN ps l In converting the site to use for the power plant, some changes in h$ the land are being made through construction of roads, buildings, { y;q ' water intake and discharge structures, and transmission lines. ! ej Seven hundred fif ty acres of land for grazing are taken out of use. pt h f! The historical and recreational facilities in the area are not ex- 't ' 4 pected to be affected. The transmission lines vill extend from h the plant site to two substations and another power plant through f0 EW land that is nearly half grassland, nearly one-sixth agricultural 6 1 [ rj 1arn, and the rest chaparral or brushland not used for connercial purposes.2 Most of the land traversed by the transmission lines , , 4( is aparsely populated. The predominant land use is for grazing. ) , 7. ! Primary recreational uses are for hunting and other activities ,i j &+ lh s. tw I l ' ] c i
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~ ~ 1. - s o 1, , .i ' 1 2 I 4: l l i q4 i j' s J l I; t i ! I t i 1 l BLANK PAGE 1 ; ,1 \ -i 4 . I1 e U'" i i: (i I i i 4 i I i i b s :: . i - ~ p' ' , i n )* yy$ 9-2 kd h$ h such as rock collecting. (; The utilization of lands as cutlined for rights-of-way usage. and access roads is not expected to hinder recreational The major impact of the a: coss rcels, aside from erosion Qg problems, the general is the opening up of some relatively inaccessible areas to public. gd % impacts upon rare and endangered wildlife species.This feature The applicant intends to continue using the site for power genera - $g tion even af ter the 30- to 40-year expected life of the rcactor. h' Upon termination of use of the power station, the plant could be decommissioned. d 3(g This will consist of removing and reclaiming the fuel, decontaminating accessible surf aces of radioact!.vity or other - able equipment, and final sealing of the reactor and l }% Conceivably, much of the facility could be dismantled and the land l testored to near its original condition. as with most abandoned industrial plants, would be contingent on aThe de g balance of health environmental impact.and safety considerations, salvage values, and No specific plan for the decommissioning of the plant has beon de-veloped. This is consistent with the Comission's current rei;u- ;4 lations which contemplate detailed consideration of decccmissionIng a near the end of a reactor's useful life. The licensee initiates such consideration by preparine; submitted to the AEC for review.a proposed decommissioning plan which is The licensee will be required to g of the facility may not ccamence without authorization fro e AEC. h, To date, experience with decommissioning of civilian nuclear power ger reactors is limited to six facilities which have been shut down or dismantled: Hallam Nuclear Power Facility, Carolina Virginia Tube gg Reactor (CVTR), Boiling Nuclear Superheater (BONUS) Power Station xm Pathfinder Reactor, Piqua Reactor and the Elk River Reactor. ,
- W V There are several decommissioning alternatives of :tactors: which can be and have been use Di 1) Remove the fuel (possibly followed
$I by decontamination procedures), seal and cap the pipes, and establish $: an exclusion area around the facility. f' operation was typical of this approach. The Piqua decommissioning
- 2) In addition to the Q, steps outlined in 1), remove the superstructure and encase in con-g, crete all radioactive portions which remain above ground. The y Hallam decocmtissioning operation was of this type.
- 3) Remove the l fuel, all superstructure, the nactor vessel and all contaminated k
sm s. 1%m ^ 9-3 l equipment and facilf ties, and finally fill all cavities with cican 1 rubbic topped with carth to grade icvel. Thir, last procedure is being applied in decommissioning the Elk River Reactor. Alternative decommissioning procedures 1) and 2) would require long-term sur- , veillance of the reactor site. After a final check to assure that j all reactor-produced radioactivity has been removed, alternative
- 3) would not require any subsequent surveillance.
9.2.2 Water Use l The range of ground and surface water uses will not be curtailed significantly in the long term. Ocean water will be used for cooling and for discharge of liquid waste. The applicant will be required to monitor the effects of these. Outside of Diablo Cove, plant operation is not expected to have an adverse effect on either sport or conwercial fishing. Inside Diablo Cove there will be a decrease in abalone and kelp, but these species would presumably reestablish themselves to a level j equal to that before operation after use of the power plant ceases. J Some 14-1/2 acres of benthic area in the sea are lost as a result of construction of breakwaters and intake and discharge atructures. Some area and the associated benthic organisms ordinarily harvested there were temporarily lost because of the constriction of the barge ! landing at Avila Beach. , f 1 I sp. p thJ , $! n$ skd . [h)h ) 3 \ pnk ytti qlff REFERENCES FOR SECTION 9 f(7 2 , j) /"" 1. Pacific Gas and Electric Coet sny, Ehvirorrental Report, Units 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon 3ite, A.E.C. Dockets 50-275 and 50-323, San Francisco, Celifornia, July 1971, p. 67. "gs gW 2. Open Space Plan, San Luis Obispo County, California, i i . Lecember 1971. i l l 'n l JP 'l ; 14 , , g n ,e a i .. f } ?Efh I bQ$k l #4fr,s gg 93$,. - D,2,.fii , k'f }. ;jf'qt N:;% ..f .jd
- h. $ '
f:E , i, 1 3 $N}a 1 10-1 3 : 1 a 10. I IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMI'INENTS_ 0F RESOURCES In this chapter, we discuss the commitments of resources involved in the construction and operation of the Diablo Canyon nuclear power plant. NEPAL requires each Federal agency to prepare a detailed statement on "cny irreversible and irretrievable comitnents of resources which would be involved in the proposed. action should it. be implemented." Irreversibic comitments genera 11y' conce rn changes - set 'in motion by the proposed action which, at some later time, could not be altered so as to restore the present order of environmental resources. For example, if the action the applicant now proposes to take would affect aquatic organisms essential to maintaining a fish population to the extent that the population deteriorates beyond the point of rehabilitation, then operation'would entail - an irreversible commitment of water resources. Irre trievable - coenitments are generally the use or consumption of resources that are neither renewable nor recoverable economically for subsequent utilization. 10.1 COMITMENTS CONSIDERED A wide range of possible resource commitments must generally be considered for nuclear power plants.- Many of these commitments will be similar for all plants of the same size and type. The types of resources of concern in this case can be identified as: (1) material resources; ! { (2) monasterial resources. Resources which would be irreversibly or irretrievably committed by the operation are: (1) construction materials which cannot be recovered and re-cycled with present techrology; (2) materials which are rendered radioactive and cannot be decontaminated ; (3) materials consumed or reduced to unrecoverable forms of waste, including uranima-235 and -238 consumed, (4) the atmosphere and bodies of water used for disposal of heat and certain vaste effluents to the extent that other bene-ficial uses are curtailed; 1 A-M; 1 f' x +s aP, 10-2 wp c* i [ (5) land areas rcndered unfit for other uses: FTg (6) other environmental qualities degraded, f,[ mL - 10.2 MATERIAL RESOURCES mdh Mate r talt of construction are almost entirely if the depletable by category ci resources. Concrete and steel conste ute the bulk of gg thest materials, but there are numerous other r$neral resources incorporated in the physical plant. Consideration needs to be given to the possibility of recycling Ni ouch saterials af ter present use ends. The applicent 2has expressed i plans to continue using the site for power generation even af ter tL k;f(.h Jj!: end of the 30- to 40-year expected life of the nuclear power plant. 1 l l If this is done, some of the structures, and therefore some of the j {gp /g w erials, will continue to be used without recycling. The value gd of scme raterials is such that economics clearly promotes recycling; l N [fg for other materials it does not. Assuming the possible necessity
- TE# of eventually decommissioning the plcut, the applicant 2 also has
$J " made estimates of the quantities of resulting reclaimable and un-J kg reclaimable materials and has listed components presumed to become $W sufficiently radioactive to require AEC license. l 3 3 Tr.e uranium is the most valuable material irretrievably consumed ' in plant operation. Energy resources for this country are estimated to be equivalent to 27 x 1021 joulest for all fossil fuels, 62 x 1021 joules for uranium, and 39 x 102 : joules for thorium.*3-5 The energy y values for uranium and thorium are based upon eventual utilization g in breeder reactor fuel cycles. . The two reactors in the plant will be fueled with uranium enriched ! h@) in the isotope uranium-235. i If the two units of this plant opercte at 80% of capacity, about $?, 1.0,700 metric tons of contsined natural uranium in the form of U 30s (( $dd must be produced to feed the plant for forty years. 1 joule is 1 watt-second.
- k.
- l This considers only reasonably assured reserves and additionti i g potential resources in conventional deposits recoverable at a cost a less than $10 per pound of U 3 0a or Th0 2 . Inclunon of byproduct uranium reserves, and resources recoverable at a cost of $10 to $1$
@P, per pouad of U3 0s increases the energy equivalent by 45 x 1021 joules.5 i l ttm i 6.n M h% 4ly% y \ 10-3 The 10,700 matric tons of mined natural uranium required to feed the fuel cycle for this two-reactor plant coesists of 76 metric tons of uranium-235; with the balance uranium-235. In the power plant itself, 54 metric tons of uranium-235 and 44 metric tons of uranium-238 will be consumed by fission or transmutation. In this l process,12 metric tons of recoverable fissionabic plutonium-239 i will be produced. We have estimated the cdditional irn t rievable ! losses of uranium in other portions of the fuel cycle to amount to 1.4 metric tons of uranium-235 and 100 metric tons of uraniura-238. A net residium of about 10,500 metric tons of uranium depleted to about 0.2% in uranium-235 would remain. In the long term, this stock of depleted uranium will be utilized as feed material in the fast breeder reactor fuel cycle. l l Other materials irretrievably consumed, for practical purposes, are fuel cladding materials, reactor control elements and other components of the reactor core or coolant system that become too radioactive for recycifng. Alsn so consumed are ion exchange - resins and other chemicals used in maintenance and operation and in processes such as water treatment and ion exchanger regener-ation. The materials se consumed and the reclaimable materials are both listed in Table 10.1. In the opinion of the staff the consumption of these quantities of materials is justified in view of the electrical energy to be pro-duced by the plant. 10.3 FINANCIAL COMKITMENT As of June 1,1972, Unit I was 45.6% and Unit 2 was 12.8% complete.6 Exclusive of transmission lines, $314 million was actually spent, and an additional $150 million was committed. Abandonment of *. e plant would result in loss of most of the resources already com-mitted in its construction. In its decision 7 the AELB found that, b had construction ceued in Junc and the plant been abandoned in Janucry 1973, a net capital loss of $293 million would occur, allow-ing $100 rL 11on credit for salvage. If construction continued until January before abandonment, the net loss, allowing the same credit, would be $328 million. 3 10.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES A small amount of benthic area in the sea is lost as a result of the construction. 1 5 1 . 10-4 I \ f.) ' 1 p. #8 ) { Tde 10.1, Consumption of materials ud in the Whlo Canyon Power Plant . k - i , ' -f]6 Katerial Quantity used in plant M Consumed Recoverabk i N l i . Alurninum 47,568 41.732 Antimony 7.2 Asbestos 92,534 1,814 IseryRium I 24 6 36 Boron 60,844 I- Cadarum 324 4.5 Chromium 215.210 s Copper 963.470 2,993,740 , l Cobalt . 0.9 Gold 0.9 Indium 916
- Iron 3,661,738 Jewclbearsgs 0.9 lead 15.340 Manpr.ese 858,399 Mercury 9 18 Molyhdenum 5,847 l Nick et 553,983 i hbmm I,960 4,5 36 j Piatiram 1.8 Silver !
5,172 2.314 Tin 136 i Titanium 302 0.9 l Tungsen 14
- 1kamum Total 97.8 %
g U 235 53,800 U-238 44,000 Zanc 181.4 sv 18,140 Zarconism 182,611 'P.* ctre Gas and Doctric Co.. Enykon. mental Repet, Units I and 2. DuMo Canyon Stie, AEC Dockets 40-275, 50-323. San Francisco, Cnif., Supplement No. 2. July 28, 1972, chap. XIV. Assumes 40-year life of the plant operating et an average of 72.5% of capadty. . .g .s- *' _ _ _ __. ' - - ' '~ _ . - - 10-5 Sorse large percentage of the aquatic species in Di bl will be destroyed.significant percentageaof o Cove thoseand a systementrained in A total of 110,000 abalone may be lost. About A large number of fish eggs andn thelarvae will cooling system. e l i i 4 g. ._ j . M:a 1 i i \ k. .. 10-6 Ml-V:q Ik REFERENCES F0h SECTION 10 kj}
- r. p!
! 1. United States of America. 91st Congress, " National Environ-l mental Policy Act of 1969," Public Law 91-190, S.1075, Sect. i [ 102(2)(C)(v), January 1,1970. l ; Wih 2. Paci fic Gas and Electric Company, Supyicmcnt 2, En.'ironr.cntal & Report, hitt 1 and 2, Dial:o Canyon Site, DoGets 50-275 and 50-323, San Francisco, Cali2 ernia, July 28, 1972.
- 3. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior, /#neral Facts and Problems,1970 ed. , pp.14-19.
1 4. N R. L. Faulkner, " Outlook for Uranium Production to Meet Future Nuclear Fuel Needs in the United States," Fourth United Nations International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atortic Energy, j Geneva, September 6-16, 1971. l { .; 5. bnited States Atomic Energy Commission, Statistical Data of ^ i the Uranium Industry - January 1,1972, Report No. GJ0-100, i l Grand Junction Of fice, Grand Junction, Colorado. 6. Initial Decision, Atomic Satety and Licens)ng Board, USAEC, In { the Matter of Pacific Gas and Electric Congany (Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 and 2), Dockets 50-275 and 50-323, I June 5, 1972, p. 9.
- 7. Ibid., pp. 33-34. i kh i
11-1 s
- 11. NEED FOR POWER 11.1 APPLICANT'S SERVICE AREA SYSTEq The applicant's service area encompasses about 95,000 square alles in northern and central California. The San Francisco Bay arca is the location of major commerical and industrial activities within the service area, but a substantial amount of irrigation for erricultural production occurs in the cen-tral valley region. Figure 11.1 shows a schematic map of trans-mission lines and substations within the western area with the
- approximate heavy line. boundary of the applicant's system indicated by a Alto included within the applicant's area system are agencies which have electrical generating and transmission systems includir.g the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), part of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation's Central Valley Project, part of the California State Water Project, and several irrigation districts. The additions planned by these other agencies are taken into account by the applicant in determining the amount of additional resources that the applicant must add. , The appli-cant also has contractual obligations to exchange power with the NoC twest Powe'r Area to the north and the Southwest Region Sub-areas to the south, 11.2 LOAD AND CAPACITY ESTIMATES The 1?r3 and capacity estimates made by the applicant are bas (d on the total resources and commitments, of the agencies within the system service area and the net power exchanced under intertie agreements. The service area system load is the total electrical demand measured at the generating vaits of all plants within the service crea plus any power sold.1 hIN-In 1971 the energy requirements of the service area were 59,645 millict. kilown t hours with a peak-hour demand of 10,965 MW. The estimated cystem resources available to meet the 1971 peak totaled 13,296 MW.2 The historical growth rate for the peak-hour demand averaged 6.8% per year as computed by the staff from figures supplied by the applicant2 based on a starting date of 1961. 11.2.1 Load Forecasts 1 The applicant statesl that future generating capacity is planned on tbc basis of independent forecasts for each of the load cate-gories of which the service area system is comprised. _ These categories include: (1) sales by class of service such is c ~ -T i! i %s. 11-2
- 1. 1
- i J 4%
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A v5 \l 6 , 9 N ) i
- j( l l
w % *'t t ,4 i j ht %hj.lM ft ! ,/ \ ,Q-- ~~- l gkf n$ 8 0) P - i pj@@g / ---.....,~~------..-..L..--.._ l \ ' j i . / I *~ . . - . . . . . <, \ i ' t pd ( < ,,,~ f , ... l ( ,i Q; 6- -w M~?(! 1 I , ,. D 1 \ y ?, l e l' ' e < k yp;ggc, L i h - d ,,' ' b - , k } ' g t I "'] ~~ ~ 3 i ! . _ . - . . TI.' m. .. /^; lf!M.' E0f!s" j N .aata y / \, , ,,, N i ' raamcoco \., ! \ T '! - % s \. q Q ; N ! ,r \ j ? 5 Y}$]'s - ' \ { ((*: m ; g .I / s N p ,. g N "007 . 1 =tse on.oro ~~ u j 4g 3 7-4{"L %ffRWR._ td ' NNf,Mk)$hik ', 'qj, $f - . - .tos anestes Y N 4Q~ ; ' --~~' R$
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( 1( , - ~ f5 '%s n v vf. , 3 Fig. 11.1 I!&k Applicant's service area system. di i p ? p! v$ d bi l . 1
- r N,N
@fs , it I residential, agricultural, or industrial;- (2) special loads that are considered individually such as the Moffat Field Wind Tu the Stanford Linear Accelerator, State Water Project P nnel, umping, and the Bay Area Rapid Transit; and (3) district s and agencies ) interconnecaJ with and served by the applicant 's facilities . The total energy forecast is the sum of these individual fore - casts adjuswl from a purely statistical estimate to account lation, future economic activity, public projec appliance saturation. As a result of this adjustment, the applicant has forecast a the staff) for the next ten years compared estimate of 6.8%. cal to the s demand resources. compared to the applicant's own estimate of s prior to 1971 results in a peak-hour demand of 19,80 1980; however the applicant's estimate in 1972 modified to mate of only 18,600 MW for the 1980A com- peak-hour dem parison of the applicant'n past forecasts with actual loads shows five that years it. the applicant has predicted the peak-bour demands The staff concludes that the applicant's lower estima u ure power needs reflects refinements in the estimating process not incorporated in methods available to the staff . indicatoregsed by the staff show significantly hig hAlthough er growth the the applicant's values represent valid rate. estimates of a growth The question of whether or not future load growth will follow the historical power. rate le all-important in estimating th e need for The applicant obviously does not expect past growth rates to continue as evidenced by the data presented in Fig . 11.2. If for some reason the estimated future rate of growth sho ld be further reduced, appropriate revisions would beuynecessar in the long-range load planning of the applicant. thing but zero load growth only delays the need for(and pHowever, any- i does not account for obsolescence of existingower capacity) , and the effects of any reduced growth rate will not e be f lt i g4 unless a substantial reduction occurs. 1/2 as great as that estimated by the applicant mmediately wo ldFor example, l u not make a I 1_u 11-4 ,a m W e i :: \ .. g h . I \ E , . - . . ._- e \ \ e- ,. m - ) . -\ \ is - . . - e, i 1 \ wi - \s ._ h. , -, , -.._ p. I I. ~ . .a . e 2 +\.s 4 \ \ \ gE _. g o - m
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\ \ \# t.r - - . s ._ m. e ep 2 8, m- = T. \ \ em . l ""=g !! 1 ! is - -a"e o o 0=8, Kt t;o e 8 - - -s - . = I g,5 ;a,<u s -B - s, - ,.= =g g ! < w .: 1 1 m, g o 6 g3; _ gz s - >. o = g "- g= < 34 = ; W z = A 5 "\ 'i *. g 2 o j $ d I . - E j > a -e y:- 4 [%>I E . -5' w . g u .o $8" k / \ (\ s . a N = 2 _o 0 1 o a u arg_. .._ I = w -t g ! Io i o 4 ' j 5 { w i M M g ;*5 E--- - - J g e c S - 3 lb$ :3 3 5't = = c q i w = ~ ' x - 4 - R C < g g8g8 2 8 8 8* 8 m u - 2.R 0 8 2 ? 2 su avoan E 11-5 difference of 1000 W in astimated peak load f or over 3 years in the applicant's servlee area (12,000 W compounded annually at 3% versua 6%). Therefore, anything but e drastic and immediate change in growth rate would not substantially alter the applicant's load estimates for the years 1975 and 1976. j s 11.2.2 _R_esource Planning 5 Capacity in excess of estimated load is net casary te increau the probability of maintaining unint< rrupted arvice to all firmly committed loads.3 Some uncertainties which must be accounted for are higher-than-predicted loads, dry weether (which decreases hydroelectric capac$ ty and increases irrigatf on pumping loads), ef. i delay in startup of new units, transmission line failures, and forced outages of generating units." ~ k The applicant stateal that he uses two criteria in determining 3 k [ the amount of reserve capacity needed it, his system. One cri-i I terion is a reliability index expressed as the number of years of operation per day of probable load loss. The applicant desires "4{ to maintain a reliability index of 10 which is equivalent to loss of load on une day every 10 prs. (Typical index requirements range from 5 to 20 in other utilities' reserve criteris.) The second criterion it to allow a contingency reserve capacity at least equal to the size of the two largest generating units in the system plus any capacity reductions resulting from scheduled maintenance. In 1975 the two largest units based on existing schedules and exclusive of Diablo Canyon will total 1,565 W. This amount should be considered as a mir.isium value because the applienrt has over 225 generating units in service and it is unlikely that all of them can be scheduled to operste during the peak month even though it is the applicant's intent to do so.3 The 1,657applicant's W.1 stated reserve capacity without Diablo Canyon is Since this is a dry year estimate, it is possible k^M that this reserve will be marginally adequate for contingereies. Without Diablo Canyon in 1976 the reserve capacity as estin_nted by the applicant drops to 929 W, and to 722 W in 1977, while the reserve requirements will remain at 1,565 W. ' Additional generating capacity of about 1000 to 1500 MW would i be required in 1976 to meet the applicant's contingency reserve y criterion, but the 2120 W capacity represented by Diablo Canyon @ Units 1 and 2 probably could not be justified solely on the ) $ { i I ss 23 ; t 11-6 y, 'M' basis of a contingency reserve criterion until 1977 or 1978.3 { 2h,t. There ere other factors to constder, hwever. One is that the ! p applicant wishes to achieve economies of scale associated with j
- f. large nucicar plants. Thus, it would not necemrily be a wise j hhi dectrion to build two plants totaling 1500 sepvat ts simply be-cause,this amount is what will be required for one year. Diablo )'
f Canyon will represent a significant percentage of the appliant's } added capacity for several years to come, and justification for j this capacity must therefore consider that it will be needed in full by Afr77 or 1978 elthough only a portion is required 2 or 3 ' fn.$ years earlier. A se;ond factor to co'1 sider is that the applicant 's systes has about 401 hydroelectric capacity which is deemed by the ' applicant and others 3 to be peaking capacity. Future expansion, , while based oc peak loads, must include substantial amource of best-load capacity in order to meet the added energy requirements in the system. Thus Diablo Canyon is planned for operation at 801 capacity factor from the onset in order to retire older and less y ef ficient units to peaking service as well as to relieve the possi-l N bility of having to run peaking pla.nts as base load plants. ' Finally, the applicant has calculated the reliability index for his system with and without Du.blo Canyon.I In 1975 the index jgd without Diablo Canyon will range frou 1.4 to 4.7 deper. ding upon " the availability of emerpacy support in the form of pe. king ca-g" pacity from neighboring utilities. In 1976 the index will be 0.3 1 without Diablo Canyon but with full emergency support where an j inder of 0.3 is equivalent to a probable load loss at peak ca-i i pacity every 3 or 4 monthe. With Diablo Unit 1 in 1975, this index will be 44 with full support while in 1976 the index with Diablo Units 1 and 2 will be 26. The importence of Units 1 and 2 in 1977 is emphasized by a reliability index of 7.5 in 1977 with both units operating, which is below the criterion of 10 ,, desired by the applicant. , ) The reliability inder was analyzed qualitatively by the staf f. g The index considers such events as the failure to meet schedule of the 735-W httsburg fossil unit and the 6304f.t Ranctio Seco Nr nucleer unit, and it includes the probability of forced outages [" 1 ; of existing units that would eliminate the reserve capacity. , l) {~ .4 Other factors included are the probability of tranceission line loss or other common mode f ailures. The staff has judged these l numbers by observing the relatively low reliability index without 1 Diablo Canyon as compared to a relatively high index with Diablo m t i i hf QBy i 11-7 l Canyou until 1977. l The staff analyzed the reliability index by calculatdog of load the data in Table 11.1 whf ch shws the ene-year loss 1 robability equivalent to a stated reliability index. The staff viewed a difference in loss of load probability of a factor of five as significant. . nificance, an index cf 5 or 26 is notBased on this criterion significantly for sig-different from 10. The index of 7.5 with Diablo Canyon in 1977 would a therefore probably be adequate when judged against the applicant's criterion c f 10. This index would drop to 2.9 without emen;ency i* support, however, which the staff judges to be a marginal level of reliability, if not inadequate. )
11.3 CONCLUSION
S I The staff concludes that the applicant's estimate of peak demand is a reasonable estie. ate that has been adjusted downvard froen the I - historical trend. The system capacity is such that in 1975 and 8 ; 1976 at least part of the generating capacity of Diablo Canyon 3 Unita 1 and 2 will be needed to fulfill reliability commitments; however, the need for base-load capacity by the applictet is ac-knowledged by the staff to be an important justification for the total ecpacity of Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 prior to 1977. The l staff concludes that the total capacity of Diablo Canyon will be l needed by 1977 to fulfill the applicant's reliability criteria.
.9
( - i 1
11-8 2 b 1 l i I ' l i
! Table 11.1. Co,mpedam of relinMiity lades with pobabes load los j
l indes Lo# of load probbility 0.3 9 x 10*8 1.4 2 x 30-3 5 3 x go d 9 3 x 10* 10 d 2.8 x 10 26 1 x 10" M 6 x 10-s I I I
, .ae i
l l f I l t i l ' RW, --
11-9 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 11 1. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Sr4picment No. 2, Vol. I, Environmental 1972. Report, Unita 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon, July 2. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Environmental Report, Unita 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, July 1971. 3. Letter from S. P. Cruc, Deputy Chief Bureau of Pcuer, FPC, to R. S. Boyd, Assistant Director for Boiling Wter Reactors, 1 Division of Reactor Licensing, USAEC, dated Feb. 9,'1972, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323. 4 Testimony of J. K. Newton, Staff Electrical Engineer with FPC as recorded in transcript of Show-Cause Hearing at San Luis Obispo County, May 19, 1972, Docket Nos. 50-275 i and 50-323, p. 511 a l i
o = n 12-1
!4 j
'! k 12. ALTERNATTVFS 12.1 ALTERNATIVIJOURCES Y The need for power in the applicant's service area requires the a
rddition of 1500 to 2000 W of generating capacity by 1977 (see Section 11). In addition, the applicant's economic incentive to 4 add base-load-generating capability in 1975 and 1976 coupled with i f the need for added reserve capacity of 500 to 1000 W in those 3 f years results in an earlier need for the added capacity. Thus, 3 in a period of from 2 to 4 years starting in 1973, the applicant
!l -
will require 1500 to 2000 W of additional capacity that is to be s y supplied by Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2. I
-i This time constraint eliminates many alternative sources of power i frcun consideration. Large fossil plants require 5 to 7 years of
'l ; _, planning and construction while hydroelectric or nuclear power l
plants would require even more time.1 Nevertheless, the 1sek of I -! availability of low-selfur coal and oil fuel and the shortage of l , 2 natural gas seriously affect the viability of the fossil fuel [ alternative at the Diablo site.2 The most obvious way in which
; $ the applicant can add capacity by 1975 to 1977 is by completing
; j the Diablo Canyon Nuclear units. There are alternative sources 1
that could be made available in time, however - (1) combustion 4 (gas) turbines, (2) geothermal energy, and (3) purchased power-but none of these sources is judged by the staff to be a
,, _, reasonable alternative to Diablo Canyon with the possible
- t. exception of gas turbines.
i i 12.1.1 Geothermal Energv m The applicant plans to add a total of 636 W of geothermal ca-pacity to his system by the fall of 1976 if present schedules are d net. This amount is included in system capacity forecasts, and f- , additional geothermal energy would be required to replace Dicbio 3 Canyon Units 1 and 2. Thus a total of over 2000 W of geothermal { capac1ty would have to be constructed by 1976 to replace Diablo a Canyan Units 1 and 2 more than 3 times the amount presently
)-
planned.
.J Both the applicant and the vendor of the geothermal steam state j that more rapid development is not planned at this time, because
? the geothermal resources are depletable,3 and the steam vendor 1 -
considers it unadvisable to speed up development until the effect of the present energy consumption on the geothemal field is i E s e T I y 3
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I 12-2 bi/ I ! i I : assessed. Tm applicant also wishes to be assured of a steam reserve of 30 years prior to capital investment in a generating
; plant for tt 3t steam. The present 30 year proven rcserve of the
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geothermal r.. eld is estimated by the steam vendor to be about 3 750 W,5 with the possible reserve estimated to be between 1000 li and 2000 W. i i j Thus any plans for capacity in excess of present pred!ctions l % would require an extensive alteration in the estimates of the
*. J capacity of the geothermal fields. Estimates have been made that 4
i place the gcothermal field potential as high as 25,000 W.15 Inere is a considerable amount of controversy on this point, how-ilT ever, and the staff recognizes the importance of proven reserves { in the applicant's resource planning. Thus, the proven reserve j of about 750 W is assumed to be reasonable. ti ; ll . The st2ff does not consider geothermal energy to represent an l i1 alternative for more than a small fraction of the capacity of
; Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2. Until there is evidence of esti-mated reserves in excess of the present proven reserves, the applicant could not be expected to consider geothermal energy {
' )] es a firm source of power in 1975 and 1976 for more than the
!g L present estimate of about 750 to 1000 W, 636 W of which is
,5 <
already included in estimates of the applicant's system 1 1i resources in 1976. l i ) j pL ! Another factor in the geothemal development is that an extensive i h speedup in development of geothermal energy represents an unknown l{ environmental impact that must be adequately assessed prior to j' , extensive development. Large scale production of geothermal i energy may cause subsidence of the land surf ace. Large scale steam
,j $ depletion or injection of condensate provides another poteritial g hazard in increased seismic activity which also must be properly ,
i considered prior to large scale geothermal commitments.5 ' p e1 in addition to these f actors, considerations of land use (20 to
;. 30 sq miles per 1000 W), noise abatement, hydrogen sulfide cen-trol, and heat dissipation would probably require more attention l
l; ' for large capacity plants than is presently the situation with relatively small plants.3,5 The staff therefore concludes that j geothermal energy is not a viable alternative to Diablo CanJon. 12.1.2 Combustion Turbines Combustion turbines are not usually considered as an alternative to nuclear or large fossil plants because the turbine is better l \ \
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12-3 suited to peaktug service while the other two are better suited to base load. Peaking plants done are not an economic alternative to base-load plants, since both are required for peak load reli-ability, which is a key factor in the need for power. There are two major reasons for considering the coubustion turbine primarily as peaking service: first is its higher consumption of fuel per kilowatt of gersrated power, and second is its higher forced outage rat e when operated at base 1 cad.1 The primary advantage e of corhustion turbine generation capacity is that a unit can M usually be installed within about 32 moat.hs. However, the appli-cant questions whether or not 30 unit s (to equal the capacity j needed by 1976) could be installed within the 32-month period. The staff concludes, however, t. hat at least a significant portion
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of the added capacity in 1976 could be met with combustion turbines. The staff does no recommend combustion turbine capacity as an { alternative to Diablo Canyon because of the general unsuitability ) of combustion turbines for base load service, but the staff does j recognize the possible use of combust ion turbines at an alterna- ' tive should Diablo Canyon not be available to the applicant. This alternative Analysis will13. in Section be considered further in the Benefit-Cost 12.1.3 Purchased I over
#; The applicant has contractual intertie agreements with utilities to the north and south of his system.2 At the present time there are no major transmission networks across Nevada to the east (Fig.
11.1), and any lines known to be planned across Nevada are to bring pwer into Nevada and will not represent sources to the applicant. The Northwest power pool is presently comitted to supply the applicant with 550 W of peaking capacity in 1975 with existing contracts calling for this amount to decrease to 428 W by 1981.2 Emergency power from southern California will likely be available h in excess of this amornt but will not improve the seserve margin of the applicant's system since it is not guaranteed capacity. This emergency power wculd raise the reliability index in 1975 without Diablo Canyon f rom 1.4 to 4.7, but the reserve margin would remain 12.4%. The reliability index in 1976 would be 0.3 with this support, however, and the applicant has been informed ; recently that additional purchased power from the Northwest is ! not available.'
12-4 The utilf ties to the south are also purchasing peaking capacity f rom the Northurst pcr tr pool and this power is obtained on a tranefer basis f rco the applicant who, in exchange for powr frem . the Northwest power pool, supplies power to the Southern California Utilities. This exchange pcver plus an added amount purchased * ' directly from the applicant amounts to about 1000 W transferred from the applicant to his soothern neighbors,2 and is in fact one of the reasons that a site in the southern part of the applicant's system was seiected for the 2120 W of capacity represented by Diablo Canyon. Those utilities will have a reserve margin of 19.1% with capacity supplied by the applicant.7 The staff there-fore conc ludes that there are no known scarces of purchaFed power available to the applicant. 12.1.4 Not to Provide Pcuer t Another possible alternative, although one that is presently con- J troversial, is to not provide any additional capacity as an al-ternative to Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2. The applicant is pres-ently preparing a contingency plan under directive from the FPC to outline the procedures to be followed in load curtailment and i peak reduction in the event that capacity is insufficient for de- f mand B Until this plan is formally accepted, the staff can only I speculate about the effects of not providing power. It should be pointed out that forecasts of the need for power are based on historical growth patterns and on assumptions regarding { future growth. Any such forecast is subject to error and revision, but the applicant has been somewhat consistent in accurately fore- t casting power needs at least five years in advance. It would therefore be prudent to assume that the forecast need will exist unless seme unexpected event occurs. Barring the occurrence of such an event, the lack of capacity would possibly result in a f sequence of predictable events as specified by expt.rts other than the applicant.1 First, the applicant would probably take steps to forestall load interruption to firm customers by purchasing c:nergency power, shedding customers who have interruption pro-visions in their contract, advertising to 'conserve electrical usage and to relieve peak hours, and finally by voltage reduction (b rownouts) . The next step would likely be load curtailment of firm customers, and if curtailnient is not rapid enough, a black-out would result. Thus, the alternative of not supplying power is a drastic one and is tied very closely to the need for power. For example, the i k t ( i 3 _
y I 12-5 i)gP 2 }
%O I
above events arc almc it certain to happen in sequer.te if the de-h mand continues to gros and if no capacity is added, while any of
} the above events might occur if both demand and capacity were j
stabilized at 1975 levels without power in the amount of Diablo
$ Canyon. The staff does m: consider the alternative of not pro-4 viding power to be open to the applicant vithin the framework of j existing expectations anong the applicant's customers.
3 12.1.5 Conclusions n [ The staff concludes that the only alternative to Diablo Canyon y open to the applicant would be coc.bustion turbines because of , the short length of time in which capacity must be provided.
# Thit alternative is evaluated in Section 13.
II Geothermal energy sources of power are judged by the staff to be in a developmental a stage with uncertain capacity in excess of that presently in- ' cluded in the applicant's resource planning. Purchased power in addition to that already included in resource estimates is not available to the applicant. 4 12.2 ALTERNATIVE SITES 3 f* 12.2.1 System talance 3 ' 2 [ While the need for power is based primarily on system reserve or g fj rel$ ability requirements, the acceptable limits of which are k largely qualitative judgments, a further need stability uust ,3 y be met in the system. '1 ; The two 500-1.V transmission lines of the 3 Pacific Northwest-Pacific Southwest intertie form a significant a part of the applicant's system. The applicant states that faults g s h* f in these lines result in surges that increase in magnitude with { the length of line; thus generating capacity to reduce line j ; lengths is necessary to improve system stability." J i
'/
The location of the plant is therefore closely associated with 3 G the applicant's asseta:::.ent of system balance and stability cri- gg {~ teria, making potential plant siter in the northcrn part of the j applicant's syster of less ialue f or meeting the load demands of the tecs. Bakersfield area in the southern part of the applicant's sys -
- The sites presently being considered for the applicant's Hendocino Plant, for example, are approximately 350 miles from the Midway Substation serving the Bakersfield area, while the , -
sites considered for Diablo Canyon are generally less than 100 , , i miles frma the Midny Subsution. ; j
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4 1 g The app *.f cant estimates that the Bakersfield area (Fig.12.1 and u Table ~ 32.1) in his system will have a peak load of 2780 W in I 1974, but this area will have a generating capacity of only 1181 l W without Diablo Canyon. Thus, adding capacity to the Bakers- - field area not only will improve the system balance which the ap-fg plicant states vill create greater syetec. stability in the event of transmission line faults but will also place added capacity g into a service subarca that is substantially deficient, f Ihe major reason for sites teing located even 100 miles away from I {g the load center is availability of cooling water.2 The applicant ! estimates that at the time the Diablo Canyon site was selected, ; p the available methods of cooling at inland sites would have re- f{ ' 1 q suited in evaporative losses of 50,000 to 60,000 acro-ft of water O per year. If one considers that a substantial amount of the l Bakersfield electrical load is irrigation pumping power, the con- , j sumptive use of fresh water to generate this power at an inland .; y site would be at cross purposes with water nsource development. .! The available sites were therefore limited to areas in which ! ' cooling water was available, such as the Pacific Coast. Recent ; developments in dry cooling towers will alter the cooling water ; g shortage problem at inland sites. But these alternative sites f even with dry cooling towers are not considered by the staff to
, be practicable alternatives to Diablo Canyon. !
i j Of the coastal sites considered, the applicant originally chose one located about 20 miles south of Diablo Canyon at the Niposo Dunes beach area. This site was abandoned by the applicant af ter several interested parties including the Sierra Club and the California State Resources Agency opposed the construction of a plant closer than 4,000 feet to the shoreline. Diablo Canyon was then selected with the assistance of these groups and the County Planning Commission.9 g Other sites considered were at Point Sierra Nevada, Cambria, . Cayucos, Cuesta, Point Buchon, Avila Beach, Point Sal, Surf, and }
.} Jalama. The last three of these sites were rejected becuse they were located within the Vandenberg Air Force Base exclusion area.
5I Each of the other sites except Avila Beach was rejected on the ' basis of unfavorable comrunity acceptance since they were located -
; i near existing or proposed state parks and in some cases in resi- ?i dential areas. The Avila Beach site was rejected on the basis 4 l
that the landowner planned extensive development of the area 4: overlooking the site. ( Thus, of eleven sites considered, the applicant rejected all but ' two on the basis of the Vandenberg exclusion area or potential 1 1 s -
- _ _ _ - - - - - - - - . - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - . ' ~
12-7 l I i 2 HW80 LOT q l L- l ' 3 g UPPER '14CRAMENTO j : NORTH SAY, i l 4 [fAtER SACRAuEATO
's stockTON N
,aAN,, c::,, ;
a 7 8 9 FRESNO i Moss ' V=r A , BAKERSFIELD I te l Fig. 12.1 Applicant's geographical subareas. I r
__ _ - _ _ - - _ _ _ _ = ___ -.
;4s 12-8 k[
.(
'i Tc*de 12.1. Pectic Can and Doctsic Comnay estimated ;
ares lands and peentag ct,pedty far 1974 wuwmes peak ' 64ry yew beas) kf Ares lead
- Arca aanw impes t r i
.) . .
(MDI
,' i flumboldt 121 168 2 Shasta 211 26998 3 Upper Sa.cramento Sl* 1844*
d Lower Sacramente 2098 2064 5 Stockton l141 641 6 North Bey 729 617
$,) 7 En Insy 2240 3461 C. 8 San l'rincn=
1 1040 a00 i 9 Ses Joe E 2120 0 [ 10 Moss Landag - Salmes 3Mi
'd il Famo 1332 2060 497 12 BakersfWe 2365' Illid
'loctudes 550 MV tmpri Imm the Northwest for torthere and centrat e Califorps: and 6}4 Mn of morOwassers pow for dehvery to southern Cauornia.
6lncwdes 346 MW of stam power for delmry to southern Cahforms.
' Includes 927 W$V detaci to outhern Caldorasa. } #
Does not enclude Diateo Canyon, l k 7 w .
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8 , b y ! . l 2 s 1 i h , !' s , r A d i o b l i i!i '
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?y N 12-9 3
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societal ir: pact. The staff is unable to judge the rchtive value
$l cf the other aspects of thcae s.ites but does conclude that the j
$! Diablo Canyon site was a logical chof ce in the framework of siting ,I
~
M! criteria that existed in 1966. At that time a primary considera-1 tion was comunity acceptance, and the Diablo Canyon site appears
] to have of fered the least impact on the comxanity at that time, l
}
beir,g located on private land inaccessibic to the general public l
%,) for a radius of several miles. There is also evidence that c on- 0 .; sideration of environraental impact began at an early stage cf site I l
development on Diahic Canyonas recorded in 1966: 9in the !nteria opinion of the CPUC hearing { i l 4 I
" Applicant with the assistance of the 8 tate Ret ources Agency, County Planning Commission, Sierra Club, and other organir.ations turned in attention to other possible sites along the South l
- : Coastel Region and finally in the Summer of 1966 it appa'ars that 7i agreement was reached on Diablo Canyon as being a satisfactory
< a > alternative to the Nipomo Site." ; I
% "Ap- 11ce nt then conducted an extensive investigation to establish l the suitability of the site from all aspects of safety, and ac-
=
l ;} ' ceptability from the standpoint of minimal effects on the environ- {) ment. ! This investigation included detailed studies and reports from consulting experts in the field of geology, seisology, i \ marine biology, oceanography, at,d structural engineering." l i l
; Thus, while a cost-benefit analyais was not rade by the applicant p of each si.te at the time of selection, consideration of environ-mental impact and community acceptance were app arently sign ficant f actors in the selection of Diablo Canyon. T M staff, lookiag ; back at that decision, concludes that the Diablo Canyon site is i i ; probably as accepcable by today's staadards as any site thct was ,
considered in 1965 or earlier. l g 12.2.2 Public Acccretance
^
There areCar.several yon site.documented instances of public opposition to the 2 l Diablo There appear to be three major issues ad-i vanced by various groups of citizens: 4 (1) destruction of natural coastline and vegetation, (2) interference with abalone fishing, , at.d (3) potential erosion f rom transmission line construction. Several additional arguments are recorded, e.g., the presence of ' endangered species, visibility of plant f rom offshore, and trans-mission line aesthetics. ' in some cases and quantitatively in others.These effects can be judged subjectively j
- I 4 ,
w
9 12-10 e 3 f The impact on the natural coastline of constructing a nuclear power a plant at the Diablo Canyon site is evident as discussed elsewhere in y this e,tatement. However, in the opinion of the staff, site selection 3 did take place throuEh a process of balancing of competing interests 1 i and considerations interest groups.8'b'and 10 with concern for the views of representative
*. The applicant has performed evaluations of the impact on abalone and concluded that the effects of the plant on abalone yield in the area will be masked by natural predat f on and commercial harvesting. The staf f concurs in this opinion (see Section 5).
[- The construction of transmission lines has been accomplish (d with i' considerations given to act,thetic appearance and resource de-7 struction with the end result that,in the opinion of the staff, 1 the construction roads appear to have more impact on the environ-ment than the lines. The roads do not appear to preser.t problems e [. across flat terrain and farm land as witnessed on a staff visit in June 1972; however, the areas of forest and mountainous terrair have a potential f or erosion problems, in addition to a sip,nificant 1 visual impact. The applicant is in the process of prepad ng a
; plan for redress of the transmission line impact for apploval by ,
the CPUC,Il and until such time the staff cannot assess the long Sr range impa ct of the lines. The staf' 's opinion, however, is that i there are some areas in which additional work should be done for ! A, the long tern protection of the land immediately surrounding the ' lines, specifically the routes through steep terrains and the two portions of the routes that cross the Los Padres National Forest. 12.3 PLANT DESIGN ALTDtNATIVES l ,. 12.3.1 Hear Removal Systems [ ' - The staff evaluated several alternative heat removal systems in
*g ; addition to the once-through, shoreline discharge presently under construction at the Diablo Canyon site. The more important fea-tures of each alternative are discussed in the fc1]owing para-graphs.
1 Evaporative cooling using f resh water was not considered l as an alternative since there is little fresh water at the site ; i and in the surrounding region to replace the estimated evaporative losses of 50,000 acre-f t per year. The environmental effect of l these alternatives is discussed in Appendix 12-1. l 4 i
E 3: 12-11
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Cooling Towers - Wet I Wet cooling tow ers dissipate heat water resulting from circulation of air, drawn efrom plant thlargely through eva { surrounditigs, condenser. through cascading warm water discharged from the cycle." That is, the cooling water for the turbine-exhaus - eam condensere. the cooling towers.is returned to these condensers af ter ough passing thr the system. This is known as "blevdown."Only a fraction of the water is flush necessary to replace the blowdown and the amount apora that evAdditional tes. water is There are two basic types of cooling towers mechanism of supplying the cooling air, i.e., natural draf t, distinguished by the mechanical draft. and All wet cooling towers require a supply of replacement function. F water to are for f resh water types.To date, almst all published data on cooling tow At the Diablo Canyon site, there. g 6 simply isn't sufficient fresh water available to maintain towecs for the Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant ng cooli I vater would be and operation required of the towers.and this would complicate the coTherefore, ocean netruction 4 be encountered. For example, salt water drif t would Cooling temperature tower of theoperation area. is theoretically limited by th e wet bulb lin:1ted to about 10 to 15'F above thee wet a ure.bulb temp r tAs a pract l temperature perature. differential is referred to as the " This approach" tem-In Table 12.2 the significant meteorological conditio It is significant that the exit temperatures froc: ns are given. tower, given a 12* approach, is about equivalent tthe cooling temperature from the condensers during the summ o the discharge the ocean temperature is 3 to 19'F cooler than th Also, er months. exit temperature, thus giving a measure of ethe cooling tower penalt the use of cooling towers rather than once thro y imposed by i ugh cooling. The i staff towersestimates are used. a penalty of 100 to 160 MW(e) capacity ooling if c ' t ! l l weg.,
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12-12 s i a V TaNe 12.2. Amage cMmatological cometions la Distoa a vicinity Dry bulb Relative '"' a Month temperature 8 humidsty8 wet bulb tesnpenture Ocean temperature (*gf
* (F*) (%) (F*) temperature 6 teenperatur#
(F*) gg) gy)
' Jan 53 70
~
48 M 60 73 Feb 55 74 '50 53 62 72 War 56 73 51 53 63 Apr 58 72 74 54 May 61 53 % 72 76 56 $3 Jun 68 72 63 78 59 33 71 72 Jul 65 79 61 M 73 13 Au8 65 79 61 15 73 74 Sep M 78 61 48 Oct 73 19 63 74 58 68 70 79 Nov $9 66 52 41 64 to Dec 55 67 49 56 61 75 '
- 8 Reported in San Luis Obispo.
6 Assuming an approach temperaten of 12*F. 4
'Anuming a 27 F teraperature rise across the condenser. 4 i
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i 12-13 I l i Because of the closer " approach" to wet bulb achieved with mechan- . i ical draf t towers, they are generally more efficient but produce ! more fogging and drif t than equivalent natural draft towers. In ; addition, there are power requirements for the fan drives amount- ' ing to an additional 15 MW(e) of lost capacity. e Natural draft towers, in addition to causing larger capacity losses than mechanical draft, are not as readily controlled, and . they present a substantial visual impact. However, the plumes i are discharged at a higher level, and less drif t is experienced than with mechanical towers. The drif t factors vary, depending on many considerations, but
- factors of 0.002% for natural draft and 0.02% for forced dra?t towers are commonly estimated figures. Natural draft towers dis-charge the drif t at a much higher level than that of forced draft towers; therefore, deposits from the water are spread over a inch broader area. l
- f' Nethods based on work done by Hanna12 and Pasquilll3 were used to estimate drift deposition. Results of calculations for natural ;
draf t cooling towers indicate measurable salt deposited within j
- 3 miles and a maximum rate of deposit for each tower of about 0.7 lb per acre per year from 3 to 10 miles. Forced draft towers j would have a much higher drift and deposition would increase to about 100 lb per acre per year at about one mile. These estimates 4 assume a constant wind speed and in only one direction. Natural l!;
drif t from the ocean has been reported to be on the order of 25 to 300 lbs per acre per year.14 j
; There will be 186 cfs of makeup water required for the cooling
! towers (p. X11-D-9 of the applicant's Environmental Report) part ,
of which will be lost to evaporation. All marine organisms en- ' j trained in the makeup water are considered to be lost. f;
$ 186 cfs = 1.661 x 108 m3 / year lj
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Phytoplankton = .661 x 1@ abicar x 17.3 dm 3 454 g/lb f
= 6.33 x 106 lb/ year i
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1 12-14
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8 3 l Zoop3 rmkton = _1.661 x 10 m / year x 0.105 g/m3 1 454 g/lb
= 1.116 x 105 lb/ year
.1 Larval fish = 1.661 x 108 m3 / year x 1.1102/m3 I
; = 184.4 x 106 fish / year l The blowdown from cooling towers would be on the order of 100 to 1 150 cIs of high concentration salt water (5-7%); however, areas affected by a detectable temperature rise would be only a very few I acres. The chemical impact, hcvever, is considerable, not only i
from the increased salinity in the effluent due to blowdown but l from chemicals added to the system to inhibit corrosion and to prevent scale.
?
The marine terrace location of the plant is in an area of high fog l .j incidence. Fogging from cooling towers would have a maximum ef-G k fect under these conditions. 1 .~
, I 1
l Cooling Towers - Dry l A dry coo'ing' tower removes heat in much the same manner as the l radiator on a car. Very few such towers have ever been built because of the very high initial cost, plus the extra penalty in l power loss from a higher cooling water exit temperature. The higher tmperature is the result of the dry bulb temperature being the limit ing temperature for operation. The high cost of con-struction and adverse effect on operation make dry cooling towers l l unattractive as an alternative. In addition, the lack of experi-ence with dry towers of the size required for Diablo Canyon makes economic or environmental cost data speculative. Spray Canals and Cooling Ponds Spray cenals and cooling ponds require substantial acreages for
- operations of this size. The applicant has determined that 1950 l
acres (about 3 square miles) would be required for a cooling pond. This is an optimistic figure, and more area might be required. i l 7 Two or three miles of canal would be required for the spray cansi t'J
'St option. In each case the terrain and land availability make these alternatives unattractive.
Q
i 12-15 Effluent Cooling l ( The possibility of using some means of reducing the condenser cooling water temperature before being released to the ocean was examined. The most commonly used method for this application has been the open-cycle cooling tower. In this method a once through system is appended with cooling towers to reduce the cooling water temperature. However, for ef ficient operation, the local wet bulb temperature must be less than the ambient water temperature. Examination of Table 32.2 reveals that for six months of the year , l the wet bulb temperature exceeds the ocean ambient temperature, ' rendering such a scheme almost useless from April to September during a typical year in the Diablo Canyon area. 12.3.2 Intake Structures - The only viable alternative to the present intake structure would be an of fshore ocean bottom intake. Several large conduits would be required to move the water. Either tunneling or trenching would be needed as a prefabricated conduit placed on the ocean floor probably could not withstand the natural turbulence of the ocean in this area. An increase in pump head requirement would be needed to offset frictional losses in the conduits. Also, reverse flow through the conduit is probably the only reasonable defculing mechanism, ~j l which would, of course, generate a thermal plume., l The offshore intake is not believed to offer advantages that make the expenditure a reasonable choice. 12.3.3 Alternate Discharge Structures Offshore Discharges l The applicant has studied the suggestion of using offshore dis-charges to return condenser effluent to the ocean. The arrange-ment that appears to be the overall best solution is to tunnel from the present shoreline outfall to a point 1700 f t offshore in about 60 ft of water. A sharp dropoff occurs that is attractive for the outlet to the ocean. The behavior of sinEle Port dis-charge and multiport diffusers was reported. The details sum- . marized below were checked and found to be reasonable. I P r
l 12-16 l
" Single Port Dischc rge. The jet velocity from the sinrle point hori-zontal jet would result in a plume with a long t rajectory, rising to the surfact about 350 to 400 f t from the outlet. Velocities drop from 20 f ps at the outlet to about 3.5 fps at the surf ace.
Plume areas and volumes are listed in Table 12.3. A maximum point temperature of 6*F would be expected. Multiport Diffusers. A 900-ft further ext ension of the discharge with 2.5-ft-diameter openings on 50-ft c+ n ters was suggest ed. With this arrangement a smaller surface area would be af fected by warmed water since more dilution would be experienced. The expected areas are listed in Table 12.4. A maximm point temperature for diff user would be about 4*F. In either of these cases, the water would retain at the elevated temperature 1-1/2 to 2 min longer, and the temperature decline af ter reaching the ocean would be more rapid than the shoreline discharge. The effluent chemical concentration vould probably be decreased more rapidly due to the larger volume of water available for dilution. 12.3.4 Alternatives for Defouling, Chemical. and Biocide Systems The plant design of Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 permits the re-lease of a biocide, in this case chlorine in various forms, to the effluent stream. A main source of this release is the daily biocide treatment of the cotdenser cooling system to control or-ganic growth on exposed surf aces. The expected chlorine usage for this purpose is estimated to be 220 lb/ day added at the rate of 5.5 lb/ min to give a 1.5 ppm concentration. For decreasing the usage of a biocide in the condenser system, a system for "on-load" tube cleanir.g could be used. An example of such a system is "Amertap", which utilizes ball recirculation through the condenser tubes. Various other utilities have in-p", stelled this system in power reactors. Among them are Virginia Electric and Power Company at North Anna and Surry, TVA at Bravn's Ferry and Sequoyah, and Duke Power Company 'at Oconee. The usage of such a system would result in a large decrease in the amount of biocide released to the environment. Another "on-load" system for tube cleaning is a cage system such l as that of f ered by the American M. A.N. Corporation. In this s: :.- j tem, plastic bristle brushes are shuttled through the condenser l l l l l 9
12-17 i.
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Tahk 12.3. Single port onshore c . charge
' Temperature Surface arcs M,ung Volume I
[ increne ernkned d<eth encioned ,, (* F) (acres) (ft) (acre ft) } $ 3 5 15 l i 4 7 10 70 y I 3 30 15 450 f! 2 200 20 4000 g ( ' i4 h$
- f. .
N ) g: ' 1I 7} I 1 ) t ll NK , E 5 4% l 'g, I s 4 h r c.
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12-18 i. 4 TtMe 12.4. Multiple port offshore dischtry Temperature Surface anos Mixing Vokme increase encbsed depth cockned (* F) (acres) (ft) (eft) 3 10 15 150 2 200 20 4000
}
12-19 l t i i tubes by reversal of water flow. As in the case of the "Amertap" I i system, the usage of brush system would dr astically decrease the amount ! that theof biocide released to the environment. It is estir.ated cost of this system would be roughly comparable to the '
"Amertap" system.
The applicant will be required to monitor the concentration of 4 chlorine in the dist harge at all times during its ust and shall f not allow the ef fluent concentration to exceed 0.1 ppm of residual free chlorint. In addition, the applicant will be required to monitor the ef f ect of chlorine on both entrained and receiving water marine life. If significant advczse effects occur, the applicant will be required to modify the system to include an alternative acceptable to the staff. l As discussed in Sects. 3.3.2 and 5.3.2, there are alternatives to i the heat treatment or thermal shock used for defouling. One of these is to use a biocide. The staff estimates that much more l i ecological damage would result from the biocide in the effluent than from the heated water. A second alternative is physical l i - removal of organic growths. This latter approach is not considered practical by the staff for this station because of the unacceptably f long shutdown required for physical removal. l' 12.3.5 Design Alternatives for Liquid Radioactive Waste System Ii The liquid radioactive vaste system releases are considered by the staff to be as low as practicable. ! 12.3.6 Design Alternatives for Gaseous Waste System The gaseous radioactive waste system releases are considered by ' the staff co be as low as practicable.
'fl In the event of changes in exposure pathways which would result in annual doses of 5 mrem or more to the whole body or any organ of an individual, the applicant will be required to improve his system '
to reduce the dose to less than 5 mrem. l) j 12.3.7 Transmission Systems Within the present state-of-the-art, there are no alternatives to 1 the overhead transmission lines presently under construction between the Diabin Canyon site and the two substations. Alternatives considered by the staff were therefort. restricted to the route alte rnatives. i g L
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12-20
)
I The staff concluded on the basis of hearing findingsII that the 230-kV line and the Diablo-Gates 500-kV line represent the best route available. Af ter review of the exceptions taken to the adequacy of the Diablo-Midway line and a site visit in June 1972, the staff concluded that no othet route offers significant advantages over the applicant's route, as proposed (see Sect. 4.2.2). The staff recognizes an important f actor regarding alternative ; router for these transmission lines. Except for the oil shale ' area, relocation of lines would result in a duplicat?on of con-straction impact because the line and roadway construction has already progressed to.a point that further work on the existing router will have little additional effec.- Relocation of trans-mission lines would therefore result in greater overall impact i than maintaining the existing corridors. j l I t l 4 a i
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1 12-21 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 12 1. Testimony of George R. Bell, Engineer in Charge of Electrical Resources and Requirements, FPC Regional' Office, San Francisco, as recorded in transcript of Show Cause Hearing May 19, 1972, Dockets 50-275 and 50-323, p. 550. 2. Paciff e Gas and Electric Company, Supplement 2 to Environmental . Report, Unita 2 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1972. . 3. Testimony of Chester A Budd, Union Oil Company as recorded in transcript of Show-Cause Hearing, May 19, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, Dockets 50-275 and 50-323, p. 300.. 4 Draf t Environmental Impact Statement for the Geothermal Leasing Program, U.S. Dept. of Interior, Supplement, May 1972. 5. Draf t Environmental Impact Statement for the Geothemal Leasing Program Appendix C. U. S. Dept. of Interior, Sept.1971. 4 6. Letter Bonneville Power Administrator (B. Goldhamer) to Pacific Gas and Electric Company (E. E. Hall) dated 7-19-72. See f i Response to question 6, part A. of Chapter XIV of Reference 5. {
- 7. l-Sumary of Estimated Loads and Resources, Western Systems Coordinating Council, April 1972. I!
8. Testimony of H. R. Perry, Chief Planning En ,ineer, Pacific Gas !i and Electric Company, as recorded in transc: ipt of Show-Cause {' He aring, May 19, 1972, i St--?'.3, p. 696. in San Luis Obispo, Dockets 50-275 and 9. Pacific Cas and Electric Company,I 'frorAental Report, Units 2 and 2 Diablo Canyon Site, Docke*.s * ,
~5 . x 50-323, Appendix G. .
(Decision State 73278 before the Public utilities Ccmmtission of the of California) ! 10. {; Testimony of Ross W. Woodward recorded in transcript of Show-Cause f 50-323,Ecaring p. 190.in San Luis Obispo, May 1972, Dockets 50-275 and j 3 i I 4 i i
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12-22 i 1 I
- 11. Pacific Cas and Electric Company, Supplement 2 to Environ-rental Report, Units 1 and 2, Diablo Canyon Site, July 1972, Appendix 0, Decision 79276 before the Public Utilities Commission of the State of California, Feb. 15, 1972.
- 12. S. R. Hanna, " Cooling Tower Plume Rise and Condensation,"
Proceedings Air Pollution, Turbulence, and Diffusion Qrposium, Las Cruces, New Mexico, December 7-10, 1971. J
- 13. F. Pasquill, "The Estimation of Dispersion of Windborne Materials," Natecrol. /42g., 90(1063): 33-49, 1961.
- 14. Bierman, F. G. , Kunder, G. A. , Sebald, J. F. , and Vishisky, R. F. , " Characteristics, Classification, and i Incidence of Plumes from Large Natural Draf t Cooling Towers," {
combustion, October 1971.
- 15. Testimony of Dr. Robert Rex, Director of Geothermal Re-sources, Unixersity of California, Riverside, as recorded in transcript of Show-Cause Hearing at San Luis Obispo, May 1972. Dockets 50-275 and 50-323, page 620.
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4 4 13-1
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- 13. FJdETIT _ COST ANALYSIS
% The primary benefits resulting from the construction and operation k of Diablo Canyca Units 1 and 2 derive from the large block of base
% load capacity they will add to the applicant's system. The direct t, 1 benefit s of this pwer accrue to the applicant in the form of im-h proved syste:. c11 ability, system balcoce, and added base load lp3j@ capacity in a syv e .rith a high percentar< of existing peaking hh$ capacity. The conm: unity and general public in the applicant's DT service area will feel the secondary benefits which may take sev-
'* eral forms - increased economic activity, a general rise in the j
quality of life, and reliable electrical service being only a few
.I of the possible benefits. l ID! l (S Further benefits to be derived from Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 arise pi from the improved air quality that results with their operation as compared with the base-load operation of existing peaking plants and retired fossil-fueled plants, ,
k
?g San ;
dj Luis Ob'ispo County will receive benefits from the station in the
~4 f orm of tax revenues and the creation of about 70 permanent jobs.1 A Also, some toorist activity may result from the applicant's informa-
'f tion center located near U.S. Highway 101. The costs of the plant ,
to society, the environment, and the economy are largely subjective
% in nature. Tha y actual impact of the station on the local comunity '
fj is minimal site. because of the remoteness and inaccessibility of the The impact of the station on the environment is measurable, but the u.aff has concluded that this impact is not serious, i j The transmission lines associated with the plant, on the other hand, Q. j af lect the community and the environment to a larger extent than the plant itseli. y! , The primary cost te society is aesthetic in nature, YO - involving visibility and general proximity to residents. g*'y The primary cost to the environment of these lines lies in the po-r i - tential erosion from the construction roads associated with the lines. g The evaluation of this impact cannot be fully assessed until the { applicant's plans for redress are finalized with the State of ! q l California. l 4: l l"s 13.1 ALTERNATIVES MLECTED FOR BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS 3 i
' "~ j
( , The of: alternatives selected for the benefit-cost discussion consist i (A) the plant design as it is presently planned, (B) a plant i l l L ----- - - J
13-2 with an offshore once-through condenser discharte, and (C) a plant with evaporative cooling towers. The environmental impacts of i j these alternatives are summarized in Table 13.1. Cost data were obtained from Table 13.3. Le computation of the b blogical en-trainment losses is given in Appendix 13-2. l j Two alternate biocide systems were evaluated by the staf f as well as alternatives for liquid and gaseous radioactive waste systems.
. The blocide systems are discussed in Section l's.3 and the radioactive !
waste systems in Section 12.3. - Lese systems are not included in Table 13.1 because of the small incremental cost when expressed as a percentage of plant cost. ! 13.2 ALTERNATIVE COOLING SYSTEMS 13.2.1 Salt Water Cooling Towers Both the natural draft and forced (mechanical) draf t cooling towers were found by the staff to offer no net benefit to the marine envi-ronment compared to the once-through shoreline discharge. Although the discharge voltsee is less than the.once-through discharge, the higher salinity of the effluent from the saltwater towers will result , in a higher loss of benthic organisms than the once-through shoreline ; discharge. The loss of entrained fish larvae will be lower for the salt water towers, but the loss of entrained phytoplenkton and zoo-plankton will be higher. We net effect is little or no advantage for the saltw ster towers over the once-through shoreline discharge. ; ) 3 13.2.2 Once-hrough Offshore Discharge I he primary effect of the of fshore discharges would be to carry the heated effluent outside of Diablo Cove prior to releasing it to the Pacific Ocean. The applicant evaluated both a horizontal jet dis-charge and a diffuser, each located about 1700 feet from the shore- ! line discharge point and in about 60 f t of water. Le effects of g this release on abalone and the depletion of kelp beds will be less ,;- than that resulting from the shoreline discharge. { , he staff estimates that the longer entrainment period could result in an increase in mortality of entrained organisms compared to the shoreline discharge. Any increased mortality of primary producers - i , h
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l l w (4 r3 13-5 th A \ l N and consuu.ers (including abalone larvac) from entrainirent in the of fshore ! yg discharge would tend to of fset any reduction in abalone resulting l {g from depletion of vegetatien from the shoreline discharge. { t i ' The otaff cstimate of the cast of an offshore discharge is in sub-stantial grr ement with the applicant's estimate. However, no accur- l ate esticate is possible for this case until the gaology of the route j is established if tunneling is the proposed construction method.
] '
The stafI also concits s that trenching to lay pipes would result 1 in substantial temporart disturbance of the ocean floor and may P-f not be a suitable const ruction method for the irregular topography x of Diablo Cove. The staff estimated cost of tunneling beneath j d Diablo Cove without pressure problems is about $13 million compared 4 ' with the applicant's estimate of $21 million including overhead. j Because of the uncertainty of the estimates, a median figure of
$17 million wu assumed as a rough estimate of offshore discharge ;
construction costs. The possibility of water leaking into the jl
- tunnel would add considerably to this figure - t he appl 3 cant esti-mates an additional $7 mi)) on - but this cost is a factor of the ,
l geology of the area thromt which the tunnel must pass.2 The staff concludes that the offshore discharge as described herein
'M N does not offer net environmental benefits but does result in sub- !
"*' stantial monetary costs. The applicant's existing design of a shore-11ae discharge, once-through cooling system will not be materially improved by the alternatives evaluated.
7 13.3 ALTEldATIVE CHEMICAL AND BIOCIDE SYSTEM _S Item 1.2.2 in Table 13.1 shows a predicted loss of larval fish
' from passage through the condenser system. The staff estimates that about 15% of this loss may result from the chlorine treat-ment of the condenser water. This loss could possibly be reduced is by the use of mechanical treatment such as described in Section 12.3.4. However, the estimated loss is a small percentage of the kl#j total entrainment losses and no losses are expected to result from i q%g the discharge of chlorine into the covc. Further, the potential of h}
Q4 increased copper erosf on exists with the mechanical scrubbers. The
$ staff therefore concludes that there is not sufficient benefit to justify the addition of the approximately $2 million cost of mechan-Y ical cleaning equipment.
i I #4 !d
13-6 The applicant will be required to monitor the effect of chlorine on
, both the entrained and receiving water marine life. If any signifi-t cant adw rse effects occur, the applicant will be required to modify l the system.
13.4 ALTERNATIVE POWER SOURCES The only alternative source of power available to the applicant 4 within the period of tine prior to the need for power is probably combustion turbines (see Section 12.1). Because the combustion 1 turbincal are not suited to base load operation, the applicant states that deficient capacity without Diablo Canyon would be compensated for by operating older, less efficient, fossil plants at base load whereas they would be retired to peaking service with' Diablo Canyon, and by operating some of the added combustion tur-bines at base load when necessary. 1 l The environmental impact of this system mix can only be stated in gross terms because no large new station would be built at any specific site but about 36 combustion turbines would be installed at many sites as yet unspecified. Further, because of high economic costs, the use of combustion turbines would be a temporary alterna-tive to Diablo Canyon requiring added base load capacity to the applicant's system as soon as construction permitted. The applicant ; states that nuclear capacity would be selected as this alternative base load capacity because of fuel shortages 3 and high fuel costs 3 beginning to occur at his fossil fuel plants. The applicant estimates that the system generating mix resulting s from a combustion turbine capacity of 1800 W added as an alter- ) i native to Diablo Canyon would result in increased costs of $32.5 l million in 1975, $70.8 million in 1976, and $83.3 million in 1977 over the applicant's estimated $150 million cost of operating Diablo Canyon.3 The total cost to the applicant until replacement baec
] loed capacity could be added in 1986 would be over $600 million,3 which would include the $314 million cost of abandoning Diablo Can-i yon on January 1, 1973.
?
The staff agrees with the general magnitude of the estimates when l I ccepared to generalized calculations from data available to the staff. The magnitude of the cost of abandoning Diablo Canyon alone I precludes from consideration any alternative generation source on
! an economic basis, and the staff has found no reason to abandon the Diablo Canyon site. The staff therefore concludes that com-y bustion turbines are not a viable alternative to Diablo Canyon.
l i
) .q
13-7 i 1 13.5 EXISTING DESIGN I The staff concludes that the' existing design of Diablo Canyon Units 1 cnd 2 represents the optimum choice of the alternatives available j to the applicant. The benefits and costs of this design are stsa- , earized in Tables 13.2 and 13.3 and in the fo11cwing paragraphs. ) The sources of the values in Table 13.3 are given in Appendix 13-1. ) l
~13.5.1 Beneffts 'i l!
The' direct benefits resulting from the construction and operation l of Diablo Canyon are an annual generating output of 14,857 x 10 6 kwhr of electrical energy, 70 permanent jobs at the site, $28 raillion per year in taxes to state and local governments, and a saving in air pollutants of 40,860 tons / year SO 2, 24,550 tons / year NO , and 2733 tons / year of particulate that would result from the system nix ;l
.of alternative generation methods. l j Other indirect societal benefits might accrue in the form of quality of life and economic activity. ,'
Construction wages paid during the period from 1968 to 1976 will amount .to more than $116 million, but the effect of this payroll i will be spread over a fairly large area.of about 200-mile radius. ! ( 13.5.2 Costs - Economic
!l 1 The major economic costs of the plant are the annualized costs.of construction and operation of about $104 million per year as calculated )
by the staff (see Table 13.3). The possibility of an increase - in unemployment at the cessation of construction in 1976 also axista,
;)
but the effect on the commutity will be small and the staff would 1J not attempt to estimate the quantitative effect of any such change. The dollar value of lost land usage is also small, amounting to about 750 acres of grazing land. The same situation exists with ' transmission lines because the percentage of usabic land diverted fromapplicant. the productivity is small and was either purchased or leased by ; The applicant 'tated" that attempts are made to return purchased and le.?. sed land to use after construction of , transmission lines. ; I ' 13.5.3 Costs - Envin neental ; { j The costs to the environment are a consequence of ecological changes resulting from construction impact on the terrestrial environment !' i I and the thermal discharge into Diablo Cove as a result of plant J a i M i
. ? 13-8 17 21 ff j pga j Table I'.2. BeacSts from fra porned facGty
,h' 888
*7 Espected average encual generstion, kwhr Capacky, kw 14.857 x 10' 2,120 x 10s j i
Proportenal distribution of skctrkal mergy - expected annual ADvery, kwhr i Industrhl 3.227 x 10' f Comnercial 4,303 x 1f j I Re:W otki 4,303 x 10' j Other 1,613 x 10' l )j 1 Distribution losses 3.411 x 10' k :* Expeoed sverage annual Fru (in mcomo of steam sold from the fadlity 0 l d 7 Eapseted sesse sam ~l debwery of othe: hemefkh! products a i i J .:. Indboet bemerlas
,k f '
Taxes (kacal. Stats, Feder D, annual $28 0 x 10" ; Kw. arch 0 Repanal prodsa 0 U Eavuonmen't! enhancerneat Recreation 0 Nvis;athoa 0 l Air quabty (saved ever alternative) 8 50 2, tom / year 40.86 r.10
,' 10,, toenh ear
- 2435 x 102 l Nticulates, sons / year 2.73 x 108 Otters 0 ,
.u h- Emple,rment, annas! $1.4 x 10' ) Educaton 0 ) W{ Constractior, wages notaD Sil6 x 10' ' Other 6 Ml
$ i
# improved system stabilary.
..; mproved electrical radiability, quality of life, and scoremic actMey.
)
@3y
. i i
4 i R i fth$ M m
13-9 TaWe 13.3. Sunneury east an$ sis la adllions of dotars heas Base design Offshore * ' r Seh water towers Plantcost 665 682 Operstbo and amaintenenes 705 Fast 12 12 29 12.4 Annemiopssation cost 29 29 41 41 30 year pesant worth of operation 41.4 4M.7 430,7 Preemet worth of generating cost 437.3 1095.7 1112.7 Annesked generating cost 1142.3 104.2 105.8 108.6 i
13-10 f: operation. Neither of these impacts is considered to be serious by the staff in that no major upsat in the local or regional ecology is expected to occur, and no aquatic impact is expected outside of Diablo Cove with the station mo6i:1ed in accordance with staff requirements. The construction activity at the plant site will alter some 750 acres of habitat to varying degrees. The erosion from transmission line construction activity is expected to result in some permanent loss of plants and some soil avement in the vicinity of the roads and some towers. Plass for improving this situation are in progress and are to form the basis of a program acceptable to the staff for redress of the sffected areas. Construction activity at the site has resulted in the displacement of harbor seals from a resting area adjacent to the cove, but this displacement may not be permanent. Siltation from breakvater construction also had a major impact by destruction of aquatic habitat. During the months of August, September, and October, the operation g of the plant with its re.sultant thermal discharge into Diablo Cove may result in a loss of some 2 to 3 acres of kelp, an estimated 20% to 30% of the total kelp acreage of the cove. The increased temper-atores in the cove may also cause increased feeding by see urchins which could further deplete kelp beds. The net effect of these two factors and the alteration of other algae. communities could eventu-ally leed to a maximum of 50% reduction in abalone population in Diablo Cove. The possibility of increased kelp production could , result frce the station's release of kelp roospores into Diablo Cove, i however, and the staff is unable to conclude whether or not the long-tern effects on kelp will be detrimental. j The only other effect of noticeable consequence of which the staff is aware is the mortality of organisms entrained in the condenser water and the loss of jellyfish impinEed on the intae racks. The quantities lost by entrainment and impingement are shown in Table 13.1. 13.5.6 Costs - Societal The primary costs of plant construction and operation to society are qualitative in nature. The conversion of a short stretch of coastline from its natural state is one such loss. While similar losses to society have resulted inland froa site excavation and transmission line construction, the major portion of the disturbed land was not open to the public prior to plant construction.4 The I I I w
13-11 staf f concludes that the transmission lines, as proposed by the applicant, do not place an unreasonable burden on the aesthetic values of the area. Construction traffic has created a probha about 20 miles from the site in the form of dust and noise. Except for this area the effects - of traffic on- the county in general and in the humediate vicinity of the site have not been significant (Section 4.5.2) . No indica-tions were found by the staff that local communities have been burdened by construction activity either from the standpoint of government services or by the presence of the construction crews. 13.6 CONCW SIONS , l The staff concludes that the benefits to be derived from operation of the plant exceed the impact of the applicant's proposed design on .j the environment and on society. Furthermore, the staff concludes j vith respect to adverse impacts, that conditions relating to con- ' struction and operation of the plant as discussed in this statement should be imposed upon the applicant in order to provide for pro-tection of the environment and amelioration . to the extent practicable of unfavorable impacts on the environment. Extensive capital invest - f ment by. the applicant in the existing plant design and site, eli-minates from consideration the alternative plant designs and energy sources availabh to the applicant. In general, little or no benefit is to be gained eitner economically or environmentally while sub-stantial capital investment would be required tc make the change. M
13-12 i l REFERENCES FOR SECTION 13
\ ,,
1. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Supplement No.2 to Environ-mental Report, Units 1 and 2, Diablo Car: yon Site, July 1972. 2. F. T. Wheby "Creputer Estimates of Tunnel Costs Based on Rock
- Mechanics Data" in Proceedings of 12th Symposium of Mining (4 Engineers, Rolla, Mo., Nov. 16-16, 1970, Society of Mining Engineers, New York,1971.
3. i Testfraony of H. R. Perry, Planning Dept, PG&E, as recorded in transcript of Show-Cause Hearing, May 1972, San Luis Obispo, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, p. 668. 4 Summary of Site Visit and Meetings, Diablo Canyon Nuclear Power Plant, Facific Gas and Electric Company, Docket Nos. 50-275 and 50-323, June 19-23, 1972 and Supplement, December 1972.
?b 1
i 14-1 1 l
- 14. DISCUSSION OF COW!ENTS RECEIVED ON IHE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT l Pursuant to Paragraph A.6 of Appendix D to 10 CFE 50, the Draft Environmental Statement of December 1972 was transmitted, with a request for co ments, to:
Advisory Coueil on Historic Preservation
** Department of Agriculture j
$ Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Department of Ceramrce Department of Health, Education, and Welfare Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior Department of Transportation ,
Environmental Protection Agency Federal Power Connission l i California Resources Agency (Departments of: Conservation, Water Resour ces, Parks and Recreation, Fish and Came, Earbors and Watercraft) . California P411e Utilities Commission California Department of Public Health i j California Office of the Governor County Board of Supervisors, San Luis Obispo Coucty In addition, the AEC requested comments on the Draf t Environmental j Statement from interested persons by a notica published in the i Federal ___ Register on Decerber 12,1972 (37 FR 26459). Comments in respoue to the requests referred to above were received ' from: i Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Department of Agriculture i Department of the Army. Corps of Engineers l Departmant of Corerce , r Department of Health, Education, and Welfare ! Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of the Interior l { Department of Transportation, U. S. Coast Guard
.gg Environwntal Protection Agency j Federal Power Courission i State of California Resources Agency i Geothermal Energy Institute Kenneth b. Rilbourne, Carpinteria, California ;
i Our consideration of comments received and the disposition of the 1 issues involved are reflected in part by revised text in other see-tions of this Final Environmental Statement and in part by the t
~
L i 14-2
- > 2 4
\ ;
l 6 following discussion.
; as Appendix 14-1. The comments are included in this statement ,
u r.c 14.1
- ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION _ (Department of the Interior.
- p. A14-1-21 and 28; Environmental Protection Agency,
- p. A14-1-34) g The appropriate action under consideration for which this Environ-mental Statement has been prepared is continuation of the construc-h{ tion permits for Units 1 and 2.
"{ Considerations concern 1cg ope rating licenses and issuance of construction permits for additional units
? ;i . at Diablo Canyon would be undertaken when and if applications ier i permits are received by t.EC and would include evaluation of environ-j mental impacts.
f . 14,2
;} ,f _HISTOPIC AND NATURAL LANDHARKS (Advisory Council on Historic i Preservation, p. A14-1-3) j t yt, j l@ '
i Three archaeological sites were found on the Diablo Canyon Property
!A and investigated by Mrs. Roberta Greenwood, an archaeologist asso-cisted with the Central Califontia Archaeological Foundation. A I
% detailed report was written and is scheduled for publication in (
l'% i, ' April 1973 by the San Luis Obispo County Archaeolod cal Society. l
\
IP One of the three sites was covered with surplus ff.11 dirt during construction. Before dirt in removed for landscaping and fill i
! y purposes, the State Archaeologist, Mr. Richard B. Hastings, and ] . t
- Mrs. Greenwood will be notified so they can bq present, as required, i
to prevent damage to the unexcavated site SLO-2. p 14.3 GEOLOGY AND SEISMOLOGY (Department of Interior, p. A14-1-22) l g
!i M The material in this section is only briefly noted since the proper j comprehensive presentation is provided in the staff's Safety Evaluation Report for Diablo Canyon.
l$6R 14.4 DERMAL DISSIPATION (Department of the Interior, p. A14-1-22; l { ,; h Environmental Protection Agency, p. A14-1-43; Stete of Cali-
> fornia, Resources Agency, p. A14-1-57; Kilbourne, p. A14-1-76) i ,
; 4 The definition of the diacharge plume in the staff's model is theo-retical but is considered realistic. (Kilbourne) The staff's calculations of the discharge plume do not assume an infinite quan-i
}2 tity of unheated dilution water at the point of discharge, but jid rather entrainment from only one side in Diablo Cove. (EPA)
I h 2 l 6 . 4* iN
!kNI . s.-
1 o#
14-3 As a result of its analysis, the staff feels that adequate turnover of dilution water will occur. s l The intake and discharge temperatures and several Diablo Cove tem- l peratures will be measured during plant operation. The staff l assumed that ambient temperature at a specific time of year was I the historical temperature measured in the area for that time of
- year. By " average conditions," the staff means those of interme- ) i
! diate tide and normal ocean turbulence. (Calif. Resources Agency) !
t j The offshore discharge is evaluated in Sect. 13.2.2. The staff L concluded that the environmental costs, while of different origin, would approximately. equal those of the shoreline discharge. There-d fore the high economic cost makes the offshore discharge unattrac-tive. (Kilbourne) The staff agrees that a physical model would provide some useful f information concerning thermal plume behavior. It is noted that { full-scale confirmation of predicted plume characteristics can be l 3 made upon startup of the first unit, and the applicant will be f required to monitor in order to establish actual thermal plume
! effects. (EPA) 14.5 EFFECTS OF OCEAN _C_U,RRENTS (State of California, Resources Agency, p. A14-1-59) i 4
Although the staff has very little information on currents in the { region of Diablo Cove, analyses were made for what were assumec to be the worst case, primarily calm, current-free conditions. If a )' strong current exists, it is expected to contribute to dilution of the plume and therefore will reduce the area within a given iso-the rm. q In the case of a strong current from the south, the plume may b bent until recirculation within Diablo Cove occurs on the north 4 side of the plunc. Hewever, recirculation is not expected to occur simultaneously both north and south of the jet. ) l Without precise knowledge of current strengths and duration, it is ' not possible to predict the amount of time or degree each portion of the cove would be affected. The best estimate is that a north-erly current (one out of the south) would occur during winter months, when temperatures are low, hence impacts the least, and the duration
;; of such currents is not believed to be long.
I e _= M
-M f s
l 14-4 i i l i i+ - 14.6 L19UID RADI0 ACTIVE WASTE (Depat tment of Health, Education, and Welfare, p. A14-1-18; Environmental Protection Agency,
- p. A14-1-34) i Staff recalculation of liquid waste effluent radioactivity on the
, .2 basis of the applicant's current waste treatment system design indi-
'l cates that releases will be about 5.3 C1/ year for each reactor an d l within "as low as practicable" guidelines.
l 4 1 14.7 _ SOLID WASTES (EPA, p. A14-1-47, 48) The values for radioactivity contained in dry wastes are estimates based on experience with plants in operation. Estimates of dose to the population tend to be conservative since they are based on the maximum allwable radiation levels outside of packages. Greater quantities of radioactivity in the containers would require addi-ditonal shielding but would not result in greater population doses unless additional trips were also required. Further discussion may l be found in the " Environmental Survey of Transportation of Radio-i l' active Materials to and from Nuclear Power Plents," issued by the Directorate of Regulatory Standards, U.S. Ato:nic Energy Commission, Decenber 1972.
.Vi . 8 Ci9gC#J{ (Department of the Interior, p. A14-1-24)
"'he added coc.er 91ons of copper, nickel, and chromium in the receiving body af t.er near-field dilution will be on the order of:
Cu,1 ppb; Ni, 0.2 ppb; and Cr, 0.01 ppb. In view of the concen-
! - trations of these metals naturally occurring in seawater (approx-
! -W imate values are Cu, 45 ppb; Ni, 3 ppb; and Cr, 2 ppb) it is difficult effect. to see hw the small added increment could have any large l (J"h l
' khN 14.9
! _DEMINERAL17ER Agency, p. A14-1-48) REGENERATION SOLUTIONS (Environmental Protection j
In conformance with the Regional Water Quality Control Board re-l j - quirements (Appendix I of the applicant's Environmental Report), l the applicant is required to regulate the pH of the effluent so l that the pH of the receiving waters remains within the range 7.0-- 8.5. Therefore the discharge of sufficient sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide to overcome the natural buffering action of the receiving waters would seen to be implicitly prohibited. i 1 l$$M ?M %
h 14-5 14.10 4 IMPACTS FROM THE CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES AND j ASSOCIATED AC_ CESS ROADS (Department of Agriculture,
- p. A14-1-7)
The transmission lines have been routed to run, where possible, through sparse 3y populated areas, and as such, most of the lands
'M,J crossed are idle land used mostly for cattle grazing. Some areas are used f or farming, and a few areas for oil production. Lines
$p$j g running across private lands cannot reasonably be expected to have an adverse effect on public recreation. In the case of
' @*g) National Forest lands, recreation aspects are more it:portant. The transmission lines run through the Los Padres National Forest for
'? about 8 miles on the Diablo-Midway corridor and for about 3 miles h
4 on the Diablo-Cates corridor. At the present time, the line corridors across Los Padres National Forest are not easily accessible by roads, and preference of the public for these areas as opposed to prepared recreational areas cannot be presumed. The Forest h;y, Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, has commented, stating that
" primary uses of these National Forest lands are for grazing, watershed protection, and wildlife production." The only recre-h4 ational activities for which most of the transmission, line corridors a
are suitable would be for hunting and hiking, and the transmission
$ lines will not significantly affect these activities, except to 3 cake the pursuit of them easier.
14.11 AIR USE (Department of Connerce, p. A14-1-16) There will be some increated fogging in the vicinity of Diablo Canyon as a result of the station operation. This is discussed in f} Sect. 5.2.2.
' p" 14.12 RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSME.NT (Environmental Protection Agency, f.h gag
- p. A14-1-37; Geothermal Energy Institute, p. A14-1-67)
>WJ Using the sttff's revised source term (updated to conform with the h
i < applicant's current waste treatment nystem Besign) the dose to a child's thyroid from the milk pathway at the location of the neareet y dairy cow was calculated to be 4.7 millrems/ year and is considered by the staf t to be within "as low as practicable" guidelines. Moni-( toring to ensure adherence to such guideltnes will be incorporated A within the Technical Specifications for Diablo Canyon. r, i 6
34-t g The staff not only has provided qualit.ative analyn i s of impact of 8 operation of vaste systems and transportation of radioactive mate-h rials but has made quantitative estimates of doses to individuals 4 and the general public.
)
$ 14.13 STAFF ESTIMATES OF RAD?.ATION DOS _E_TO hAN
# 14.13.1 Restricti_ve Numerical Dose (Department of Health, Education, and Welf are, p. A14-3-17)
J The average population dose limit for somatic considerations as j stated in paragraph 250 of NCRP 1;o. 39 was formulated af ter the
, dose limit for genetic considerations was established. To quote 1 paragraph 251: "The two limits Fave been numerically equated here f, by extending the organs of interest from the gonads to the total body."
i. Y 14.13.2 Average Thyroid Dose (Departmc nt of Health, Education, and Welfare, p. A14-1-17) y The model provided by FRC No. 2 for determining the thyroid dose y as a function of intake has been conservatively constructed. The dose to the thyroid of a child f r om a given intake of iodine is, g among other things, a funct.lon of the thyroid mass, the ef fective . 4 half-time of the iodine in the thyroid, and the fractional intake
; of iodine which appears in the thyroid. In spite of evidence to indicate chat several of these parameters may be smaller for the case of children as compared to adults (FRC No. 2), the only factor that is taken to be different from standard man values is the mass of the thyroid; this is taken to be 2 g, the nomal value for a a newborn infant. Since the thyroid mass for the standard man is 20 g, the dose to the child is taken to be ten times that for the h standard man.
?M
- The passage quoted .from FRC No. 4 relates to iodine concentrations measured in milk for dif ferent locations in the continental United g States, Alaska, and Hawaii subsequent to the nuclear testing in l
y 1961 and 1962; it has no direct bearing on the relative dose between , standard man and children. i ' Mt li 14.13.3 Dose from Processed and Raw Silk (Department of Health, I
! Education, and Welf are, p. A]4-1-17) l l Paragraph 3 relates to he total dose to the thyroid of an adult i d; ,( and a child at 1.5 mile- north-northwest; this includes contributions J f l d l 1 9 k
}
14-7 from direct radiation and ground, f rom inhalation of contaminated ; air, and from the terrestrial food chain (consumption of processed ' 3 milk from the nearest dairy). - Paragraph 4 relates to the thyroid dose resulting from raw milk consumption at the closest nondairy farm. h The dose to a two-year-old child is calculated on the assumption ' that the thyroid of a two-year-old child has the same mass as that .,
.j of a : nwborn inf aat, although it is actually slightly larger; theref ore, the dose to the two-year-old thyroid is slightly over-estimated and approximates that to an infant's thyroid. l I
' 14.13.4 Radiatian Dose Period (Department of Health, Education, j and Welf ar5, p. A14-1-17) l
, l
' In Sect. 5.4.4, the first sentence of the second paragraph reads:
i ' 5
" Radiation doses to individuals (in millfrcm) and to the population ,
(in man-rem) f rom these pathways were estimated per year of release ; i , of radioactive effluents from normal operation of the station." ){ For the case of radionuclides taken into the body by inhalation , or ingestion, the dose calculated is the dose commitment for 50 i years rc ulting from one year's accumulation of these radionuclides. 14.13.5 Potential Dose at Site Boundary (Environmental Protection b Agency, p. A14-1-37) l>
;j
'\
, The potential dose at the site boundary was not calculated because i~ i i f the locations of the nearest people were known. The limiting path- ' ' i ; way for a receptor moving closer to the site than the present case would be the pasture-cow-milk pathway; therefore, the operational . s Technical Specifications will include provisions for a semiannual ' cow census, as well as the documentation of changes which may occur ll
,,.; in the dose path: cays and point of maximum offsite dose.
A
~
14.13.6 Thyroid Dose from Milk (Environmental Protection Agency,
- p. A14-1-39) i Please note that the estimation of the thyroid dose resulting from -
;- the ingestion of fresh milk from a cow pastured at 5 uiles north-northwest has been changed from 3 to 16 millirens. However, with the present (modified) gaseous source ters, this number will be ,
{ reduced to 4.7 millirems. The Technical Specifications will be { Written so that the dose rate to the thyroid of an individual will ! o not exceed the standards set by Federal regulation. 3 l t -
!- f w
l
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ - - _ - - - --- - - ~ ~ ' ' ~ 14-8 6 14.13.7 Transient Population Dose _ (Environmental Protection Agency,
- p. A14-1-48)
Contrary to comment 3, the transient population dose is, included in the dose estimates. This problem is considered in Sect. 5.4.4. i The dose to onsite construction workers was not considered, as is pointed out. The Radiological Impact section of an Enviro.unental Statement assesses the radiological impact to the general population
; and does not include the dose to workers while they are on the job.
14.13.8 _ Population _ Doses from._ Crops (Environmental Protection Agency, p. A14-1-48) The population dose from crops is. discussed in the first kragraph 3 under " Terrestrial Food-Chain Pathways" in Sect. 5.4.4; perhaps 3 this was overlooked by the commenting agency. i 14.14 EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY (Department of Housing and Urban Development,.p. A14-1-19) The coment relative to possible stimulation of population growth-appears to be of questionable application to Diablo Canyon, because a significant amount of its capacity will go outside the service area. Furthermore, the population growth rate in the service area is declining, and a large percentage of the need for power is due to increased per capita consumption. 14.15 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOEING (Department of Commerce, p. A14-1-13; Department of the Interior, p. A14-1-27; Environmental Pro- ! tection Agency, p. A14-1-38) Environmental and radiological monitoring programs proposed by the applicant will be reviewed and modified when the Technical Specifi-cations fcr Diablo Canyon are prepared. At that time, tne opera-tional radiological.1 monitoring program will be constrained to meet a' - the guidelines set forth in Regulatory Guide 4.1, and the sugges-tions of the Department of the Ir4terior and EPA will be considered. 14.16 THEFT OF RADIOACTIVE MATEILIALS (Geothermal Energy Institute,
- p. A 14-1-67) ,
The principal concern of the referenced reports is with strategic quantities of refined plutonium and quantities and enrichments of uranium. The radioactive materials used in or produced by a nuclear i i 4 o E o
.g W)
.a 14-9 y .
y ' h 1 4
?.Q power plant do not qualify in that highly sophisticated utilization i P g facilities, fuel reprocessing f acilities, or isotopic enrichment [
i, capabilities would be needed to convert uranium and plutonium in ! k j7 h new and irradiated fuel elements to strategic amounts or enrichments. 1 Id part, the intensity of radioactivity, particularly from irradiated j ?
,M fuel elements provides effective self protection. Additional pro- 7 ts ction also derives from the large size and weight of contniners, k
,i(
3 the radiation warning signs which accapany all shipments of radio-7 , active ma t e rials , and the normal precautions used in handling such j ma t e rials . The staff does not beJieve that thef t poses the prospect ' 3 d , of a significant environmental impact for the Diablo Canyon plant. i Mi i 14.17 PLANT ACCIDENTS 4 j QJ 14.17.1 Accidental Releases to Water (Department of the Interior, p p. A14-1-26) j a
)) A comment was made that releases to water should be considered.
9 The doses calculated as consequences of the postulated accidents are based on airborne transpcrt of radioactive meterials resulting
;h~-
' in both a direct and an inhalation dose. Our evaluation of the accident doses assumes that the applicant's environmental monitoring
% program and appropriate additional monitoring (which could be ini-y tiated subsequent to an incident detected by in-plant monitoring)
.g' would detect the presence of radioactivity in the environment in a y timely manner such that remedial action could be taken if necessary g to limit exposure from other potential pathways to man, !
g y 14.17.2 Evaluation of Risk (Kilbourne , pp. A14-1-77 to 30) I q Comments were made concerning the conclusions of Sect. 7. To rigor-4 dN ously quantify nn environmental risk, the computed radiological consequences would have to be multiplied by numerical values for - probability. However, because of the absence of significant radio- ( p logical accidente, in the nuclear power industry to date and because l' of the extensive precautions taken in the design, construction, and g operation to assure a low probability of accidents in the future, , p definitive estimates of accident occurrence probability are not j (' {- available. Therefore, the consequences of the plant accidents con-sidered in Sect. 7.1 are weighted by probability but tssume each j j accident to occur. As indicated in this section, the environmental ! risk is small even assuming the occurrence of the accidenta listed. f :j [ I E w )p
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l 14-10 a 1 Areas covered by the water reactor safety program plan are cor sid- jf ered in the nfety review by the AEC Licensing Staf f. While the )* g safety research program is directed at obtaining additional infor-f mation in key safety areas, current reactor designs incorporate .L (,, large safety margins (in both design and operating procedures) to ! f *ake into account any uncertainties in existing data. One of the
'[l rincipal features of the safety review process for nuclear power facilitics is that if an accident t:nchanism is identified which -
k.,j could lead to significc:' radiological consequences, measures are f required to be implemented to reduce the probability of a signifi-3 cant release of ractoactivity. These measures can include safety yl 7p features to reduce both the probability of the initiating event and j ( the resulting radiological consequences given the event. Because [ h the measures taken are evaluated in a conservative manner in the ! l safety review, the subsequent environmental risk, when realistically j 4 evcluated , is (.xtr 'nely staall. l (- s . 14.18 IFRADIATED FUEL ShIPpEE (EPA, p. A 14-1-47, 48) L j - The location of the transshipment point for loading ftel containers [ 3{ @ is stated by the applicant to be at its Pismo Beach yard. The yard ? h (, is located in Price Canyon on the outskirts of Pismo Beach approxi-kg 3 .nately a mile from the center of the town. The land area. adj acent l I $ . to the yard is lightly populated. The population of Pismo Beach is i k about 4,000. San Luis Obispo with a population of about 40,000 is i C. approximately 10 mihs away. An estimate of the population dose 7 to residents in the area can be made from information given in a , ft staff publication, " Environmental Survey of Transportation of Radio-l f {f active Materials to and fract Nuclear Power Plants," issued by the t Directorate of Regulatory Standards, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, December, 19 72. Assuming an a 'crage population density around the f PC6E rail yard of 1,000 pcreons per square mile and an average l l 4 - standing ti.ne per shipme..; before rail movement of irradiated fuel I t of two days, the cumulative population dose is about 2.4 x 10-2 ,
'j rian-rem per shipment, or about 0.2 can-ren per year. This represents '
" ]. a sm.all fraction of the estimated population dose (0.6 man-rem) f rom b transportation of irradiated fuel and an even smaller fraction of 1] dose from natural radiation as discussed ;n Section 5.4.5. l 14.19 LOAD FORECASTS (Department of Agriculture, p. A14-1-7) The importance of energy conservation is recognized by the staff; however, the possible impact of public campaigns to decrease energy consumption cannet be discussed by the staff until the results of i 4 , +-- , y i " k I
s
, 14-11 f h
s i u a L such campaigns are measurable. The need for fuel conservation is j, f one reason that fossil-fueled plants were not considered as an j
; alternative. ,
1 b 14,20 GEOTHERMAL ENERQ (Geothermal Energy Institute, p. A14-1-67) 2 In respor.
~
comments on geethemal energy received frem the Geothexet - vg> Institute the staC offers the following discus-i, cion. ma many of the individual commentr are in reference to , the ov. c .parison of geothemal energy to other sources rather l than t . mL Canyon specifically, the staff has treated these as i; i generf. 2
,Kun areas for the purposes of preparing this response. [
j
- 1. Tn recponse to the statement that Union Oil now has three rigs i I operating, the staff has accepted a 50% increase in drilling l k capabil'ty as necessary to meet the already planned expansion : ' ;
i of the geothemal fields at a rate of 106 to 212 W per year. ; The total installed capacity of the Geysers is now only about ; i 300 W, so
- would be expected that additional drilling rigs .
will be required to supply an additional 1060 W of capacity ' ' in the next seven years. .j i
- 2. With regard to proven reserves versus established fields and
- l geothermal potential, the staff only declares that geothemal l energy is not a viable alternative to Diablo Canyon because ;
the amount of capacity required by 1976 would necessitate a l ; tripling of the planned growth. The ctmulative total for all ; ! of California cited by the Institute for 1976 by reference ; to the Cas and Oil Journal article (January 1973) is 1136 W, ' - 820 MW of whf ch is aircady planned for firm capacity by the ; > applicant.
; i The staff conclusion that geothemal energy is not a viable alternative to Diablo Canyon should not be extrapolated to other nuclear reactors starting at a point in time wherein
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! M newly discevered ,cothemal resources may be utilized. 3 j i l 3. With regard to the environmental impact of geothermal energy, ; I the staf f bases its statements directly upon the draft envi- z l ronmental statement on geothermal energy prepared by the I Department of the Interior. The staff suggested that the effects of land subsidence, seismic activity, land use, noise , abatement, hydrogen sulfide control, cad heat dissipation I should not be ignored and probably require more attention for ! . large-scale development than for the present development rate
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$ as acknowledged in that report. The staff does not intend to
- s. imp'y that any of these impacts represent de facto insurmount-able obstacles for long-term development, but the staff does
!( believe that the environmental impact of ger*hermal energy j t should b objectively evaluated in terms of large-scale devel-p opment. l 1 Y 4. With regard to the proven reserve at the Geysers, the staff i is willing to update this figure to any amoant that can bc l documented by credible references or experts. The "about" j i 750 W rroven and 1000 to 1500 W possible reserve referred ' i La by the staff are based on sworn testimony of a Union Oil q Company representative in direct connection with Diablo l? Canyon. (Reference 3, Section 12.) 4 i -
- 5. The data referred to by the Institute (that show a cumulative t total geothermal capacity of 1136 h. in 1976) are estimates
( that reflect "only present development trend, not total state
. potential." Whether this is to be taken as a liberal or con-
= servative estimate of potential geothermal capability rests f 1argely on whether the reserve is required to be " proven" or
~
f "likely." The 1880 W 1 ster capacity stated in those data (- ; obviously exceed the 750 W proven reserve referred to by the k staff, but they are in substantial conforraance with the 1000 { L to 1500 W likely reserve also referred to by the staf f. The i L staff will revise the upper limit of likely reserve in the I L statement.
?_
i 6. Wita ref erence to the " vast geothermal resources" cited by i the Institute, the staff was indeed aware of most, but cer-tainly not all, of the potential resources listed. The staff attempted to evaluate geothermal energy in the context of 9 - 1975 and 1976 potential, which in the staff's opinion precludes F many of the long-range potential energy sources. Furthermore,
+- the degree of resource " vastness" apparently depends to a 5 large ext upon well spacing. The staff's estimates are ,
based on well spacing of 10 to 20 acres per well with about three additional wells per year per 100 W to assure capacity. T Certainly, reducing the well spacing would reduce land use. ,
,I : However, whether or not it would increase resources of a geo-d thermal reservoir is as yet undetermined, in the staff's I opinion.
s The staf f stated that total geothermal potential is a contro-versial subject (and will add here that it is a rapidly moving target because of the recent increase of public interest in e s 5 l p D ' a i
i 14-13 E I- the subject). The need for toven reserve compared to esti-mats.d possible reserve, 4 a to the need to subtract presently - ! planned capacity from thau .eserve, resultad in the staf f ! conclusion that geothermal energy could replace only a "small -i fraction" of Diablo Canyon. A total of 2000 MW of geothermal ' ,y power is needed to replace Diablo Canyon and to meet the
' = applicant's present commitment to geothernal systetus additions i by 1976. The staf f did not see in 1972, nor does the staff !
see in 1973, where this geothermal capacity can be installed . by 1976, based on present estimates of development potential. t 4 The staff did not evaluate geothermal energy as a " viable d-7. energy alternative to nuclear power plants." The staff eval-usted geothermal energy as an alternative to Diablo Canyon j Units 1 and 2. The staff's conclusions should therefore be j eensidered in the context of the uniqueness of Diablo Canyon. J 14.21 NEE 9 FOR POWER ALTERNATIVES (Department of Agriculture, _l ~
- p. A14-1-7)
^
\ l - The comment discusses consideration of the alternative er "no addi-tional capacity" over construction of the two units. i Section 12.1.4, taken in its entirety, indicates that, the alterna- j l tive of not providing power has been considered with particular ! I reference to som, of the measures which the Economic Research Serv- g ice of the Department notes could affect demand projections factored ;
; into the applicant's need for power. To the extent that measures i i such as special metering, changes in rate structure, or promotional j efforts (matters ultimately within the jurisdiction of the California ;
Public Utilities Commission) can be considered to be within the range - y of reasonably available alternative, the staff has nut ruled out such measures. In considering the relevant factors in its analysis ;
; of alternatives, however, the staff has taken note of the ef fect !
of what it views as validly substantiated customer demand upon the i viability of the no power alternative and indeed of the above- l opecified measures. It is questionable, for example, that negative j
" advertising by the applicant will have a demonstrable effect upon the need for power in the short term, and the long-term effect of ,
such measures is speculative. In the view of the steff, such meas- ! j ures ir the present context do not constitute a suf ficient basis l 1 for modifying the staff's conclusions concerning ~ alternatives within the scope of the Commission's available courses of action. [ I - l 1 T !
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j 14-14 l 5 , ri, 14.22 UTILIZATION OF ELECTRIC 11Y (Economic Research Service, T p. A 14-1-7) a. Comments by the Economic Research Semice, USDA, includes one which
; deals with increasing the efficiency of utilization of electricity j by means such as : hanging rate st ructure. The question of rate l j structure is the responsibility of public service commissions in 1 the various states and, to some extent, of the Federal P uer Commis-sion. The Chairman of the AEC in remarks made on October 20, 1971 (AEC Release No. S-21-71), said: " Unquestionably it is the ALC's ") responsibility to take local power supply conditions into account when an application lies before the AEC. Our new regulations spe-cifically recognize this respersibility, but I underscore that in the existing statutory framework our responsibility its not the overs 11 power supply situation, but rather providing technical options and seeing that the technology is appropriately and safely ' ; utilized." !
3 With regard to the question of price clasticity, the following ex-cerpts from page I-1-14 of "The 1970 National Power Survey" of the l l Federal Txer Commission indicate that the demand for electricity ) l is relatively insensitive to price changes: l 6
"Insof ar as residential demand is concerned at present l price levels, most household uses of electricity are con- f sidered to be relatively price-inelastic (i.e. , insensitive to price changes) and, within reasonable limits, rate
) ' increaser would not be expected to have wrked impact on demanc growth. An important exceptic is space 7 heating....
'In general, the same characterization holds true of the commercial demand for electricity and for the same reasons. @ "In the area of industrial use, although the avail-ability of dependable low-cost electricity is a factor l almost always taken into account in the selection of '
new plant sites, there are only a few industries in which the cost of electricity accounts for a substantial part of the cost of manufacture. kith these exceptions, of which primary aluminum production is perhaps the out-standing cxample, the industrial use of electricity tends--a pin with lirits--to be price inelastic. It is expected that increased emphasis on improving labor l l
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1 g 1l product tvity and quality control standards will lead >
- I many industries to broaden, rather than contract, their q uses of electricity and that a similar broadcaing of }
electricity usage will stem (rom steps taken in the g interest of environmental protection." A staf f study on "The Potential for Energy Conservation" issued in October 1972 by the Office of Emergency Preparedness Executive i 4 Office of the President, listed several short-term rcasures for e
$ energy conservation by electric utilities. One was to smooth out f
the daily demand cycle and thus reduce the use of inef ficient peak- , 1 4 ing generation. Ways of doing this would include applying a demand . charge penalizing heavy demand during the peak-load hours or the promotion of interruptible sales. Another conservation measure '
. given was to f acilitate new cr truction and reduce maintenance
.g on new plants and equipment in order to reduce the use of old, in- *
- efficient equipment. Delay in operation of nucleer power plants, resulting in increased requirements for fuel oil, was said to have if "short-term and high impact effects on our energy situation as well as our balance of trade and should ' receive national attention of "
;- the first order." A third conservation measure was to decrease electricity demand selectively, for example, by increased use of M insuletion in homes. However, it was pointed out that, in some f L ] cases, " reducing electric power demand can have adverse environ-3 mental effects by causing increased use of dirty fuele at many small installations where pollution emission control is difficult ;y e and expensive."
M ; Although conservation measures may in time reduce someshat t.he rate j of growth of the demand for electricity, they are not likely to q eliminate the need in the short term for additional large plants f y such as the Diablo Canyon Station.
=
14.23 BENErITS OF EXISTING DESICN (Department of Agriculture,
- p. A14-3 7; Department of the Interior, p. A14-1-27) re 's }
g v 2 Section 13.5.1 states that the air pollutants saved are those that g g would result from the system mix of alternative generation. Since 1, the staff does not claim this as a cost for an alternative and g I .'
- since it is essentially the result of operating peaking plants and
' retired units at bast load until new capacity is added, it is listed 3
as a benefit.
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14.24 BENEFITS _ FROM TRANSMISSION _N LINE CONSTRUCTION (Department of 'l Agriculture, p. A14-1-9) _ The staf f agtces with the Forest Service and has removed the quoted statement from Sect. 13.3.1. 4 I
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1 i; T U i Y
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Al-1-1 .: i u i Appendix 1-1 f i APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS i Agency Licenses , permits , approvals St at us 4 l Federal l Atomic Energy Construction permit for Unit 1 Issued April 1968 Comission af ter public hearing i Construction permit for thit 2 Issued December 1970 af ter public hearing i l Reactor operators ' licenses Scheduled to be l obtained by August ! 1974 l
-l '
Operating license for Unit 1 Scheduled to be : obtained by September ! 1974 l Operating license for Unit 2 Scheduled to be l obtained by September ij 1975 I i
!i
,t Order permitting continued Issued June 1972 i construction pending com- af ter public hearing i pletion of NEPA review l; iJ Corps of Permit to install wave Issued October 1968 .
Enginecre recorder . (U.S. Arry) : Permit to construct breakwater Issued June 1969 i and intake j , {l I l Permit for barge landing Issued April 1970 I Permit for coff erhm, ro se . Issued April 1970 soil removal for discharge ; Permit for discharPe, To be obtained Units 1 and 2 Bureau of Land Right-of-way for breakwater Issued Augat 1969 Mant.gement and filled areas Rights-of-way across Federal Issued April 1968 lands and September 1970 / (amended April 1969) (i 4
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Al-1-2 l i
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Age ncy Licenses , permits , approvals Status Federal Determination of no hazard for Issued Ducker 1966 Aviation Agency esteorological mast
-7 Aacndment to "de t ermination, Approved January 1967 4 l
resulting from height change I of wteorological mast Determination of no hazard for Issued October 1969 f containment structures I l Determination of no hazard Issi ed December 1969 for towe r crane Asendment to " determination," Approved Deceder resulting from removal of 1969 lighting froe meteorological mas t Finding of no hazards to Issued March 1967 air navigation and August 1969 U.S. Fores t Rights-of-way through Los Permits issued Service Padres National Forest March 1970 State of California tapartment of Approval for culvert and fill Approved July 1968 j tish and Came j State Lands Lease of subserged lands for Issued November l ~ Ccenission wave height transducer 1968 af ter public l l hearing Boundary line agreement Issued August 1969 Lease for intake basin Issued August 1969 after public hearing I Extension of lease for wave Issued February height transducer 1970 after public l hearing i Right-of-way for discharge Issued June 1970 channel af ter public bearing Industrial lease right-of- Issued June 1970 way for road and cof ferdam af ter public hearing , N l
--- r Al-1-3 Agency Licenses , pe rmits , approvals Status
~ . . .
Resources Agency, Agreenw nt Issued Decent >er 1966 Departments cf Conservation, Water Resources , T i rt and Recreatie., , Pish and Game, Harbors and Watercraft ' Public Certifieste of public Issued November ,, Utilities convenience and necessity 1967 after public j Comission for Unit I hearings :: Certificate of public Issued March 1969 convenience and necessity after public hearings for Unit 2 , Order permitting construction Issued February 1972 of transmission lines af ter public hearing Centru Coast Waste discharge requirements Issued Kay 1969 after Regional Water ! public hearings I Quality Control i I Board, the Resources ' Agency i State Water Water quality certification, Issued October 1971 Resources Sect. 21(b) of the Federal Control Board, Wate; Pollution Control Act , the Resources j and Title 23, Chap. 3, Sub- i Agency chap.11. of the California
;/
Administrative Code 'I r.2
@ Department of Program of radiological Continuing prograa '
f tblic Eealth monitoring 3 I Division of Miscellaneous reviews of Industrial construction rafety, pre sure Safety vessels, elevator permits, etc. Port San Luis 14ase Issued December 1969; Rarbor District became final with , approval of Department I of Navigatico and Ocean Development,
' July 1970 t 1
Al-1-4 Agency Licenses, permite, approvals Status Local , County of San Excavation and grading permit Issued April 1968 Luis OLispo for access road Excavation and grading permit Issued June 1968 for borrow ares Excavatiam and grading permit Issurd March 1970 for Point Pattoa to elevation 85 ft Excavation and grading permit Issued July 1970 for Point Pattoa, elevation 85 ft to 75 ft Excavation and grading permit Issued April 1971 for Unit 2 a Excavation and grading permit Issued June 1970
'or barge landing Excavation and grading petuit Issued April 1971 for temporary laydown area Conditional use permit for Issued July 1968 trailer h4meing Building perisit for Unit 1 Issued October 1969 below elevation 85 f t Building permit for Unit 1 Issued June 1970 aboie elevation 65 f t :
Building permit for Issued January 1967 meteorological towers Building permit for barge Issued June 1970 landing Building permit for gate house Issued September 1970 Building permit for conference Issued July 1969 I and construction of fice Building permit for warehouse Issued June 1969 s.~ L_ __. -
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F Al-1-5 i i t I i li Agency Licenses, peraf ts, approvals Status Building permit for compressor Issued June 1969 building t I Building permit for quality Issued June 1969 ' acaurance laboratory and of fice Building permit for concrete Issued April 1969 batch plant j l Building permit for 230-kV Issued April 1971 ! switchyard control building l Building permit for 500-kV Issued May 1971 i switchyard control twilding l i i Building permit for Unit 2 Issued July 1971 4 Building permit for Black Issued October 1971 Butte microwave tower j Building permit for Black Issued October 1971 I Butte communications building ' Building permit for Davis Issued October 1971 teak microwave touer 3 i ' Ru11 ding permit for Davis t ! Issued October 1971 ' Peak communications building '
}
j Transmission route approval . (Planning Commission) Granted October 1966 6 County of Fresno Tra.vaission route approval f (Director of Planning) Granted November 1966 ' County of { Kern Transainaion route approval , (Planning Commission) Cranted November 1966 i i County of rings Transmission route approval i (Planning Department) Granted November 1966 l ; County of { Noterey Transmission route approval Granted November 196t, i (Planning Countission)
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l l I l . 0 1 l l 1 . i Appendix 2-1
) 1 COMMENTS BY RICHARD B. HASTINGS, 1 1
CALIFORNIA STATE PARK ARCHAEOLOGIST, ) f ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT - 4 i l l l 1 i e A2-1-1 ' i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __b
y
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-1 esan e, cumn- . -a. r.= upasscv somwe swust e em, DEPARTMNT OF PARKS AND REOtEADON em son see -
. ence.mno esia
, teG8L.UdDtri.
]
" T MAY is 1971 -
M ew I May 12, 1971 j g 1Sm h &_
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ter. E. II. Gestafees - O f' Comediaster of land Management Femitte Gee and Elmetric Campeusy 77 Besla Street San Fr=-i , Calihraia 94106 ) Deer Ibr. Gestafsens This 14 in reply to your letter of der 116, if 71 with respect to the la Cayes l 1 Ant aseireer. . Der records aber vissa prehistoric e too i ar.Ul t Elactric Campeer project boundary, SID-2 $10-41 814-586. SIA2 l had originally been surveyed as tuo seposete sites, but later field servey week revealed the swa estas as being soonected and farming see large midden asse with as s attached onestery. SID-2 lies em the westerm sphill slope of Dishle Ceayon starting approxiastaly at the Wfoot aseteer level above the seaan and summing uphill to the 4 W feet emetour less1. SID41 lies 13 the area proposed for enestruction of tm%1es generatore me. 1 and 2. SIh-584 is situated 3,600 feet upstreme from the aseth of Die le Ceayes and lies es the saethern slope of the e m yan well. Part of 514-2 has i esw been essered with steekpilad oneses fill dich lies directly over the remaisias j porties of the cemetery. These three of ta areas are the saly sees disk hace boom surveyed withia the beendary at this time. The omstaur amp of 31able Conyes womad ta41cete the possibility of findias further peshieterie eitas slang the ridges formed by the dry fs111am seeth of the enestracties ases. He feel that these seems deserve to be serveyed alang with the r==a4=i=f asses withis the benaderise of the Diable Canyes project. IIre. Geesessed has stated the tapartmes of the area arehoolesteelly, and the great
-e of undistuted sites that see serNble alang the esset. These estas are l- deutly important to as in that they may est beve yet been vendaliend med very {
4 11ttia la hasm about the habitatian pettares and estarial omstaus of the people lh abo lived those prior to Berspean esatact. day work sa easjesetian with the cometsmetim of the desaltaties plant, the tashias generator plast er other structures that any be built, even if not is themselves reettag en a midden ette, will probably easse onesadary desage to the archeelegical asees due to empportieg eenstreettas work that is needed en the peeject. us essneetly toquest that our offies be bapt advised of autrent emnetractism peeposala se that se asy inske '
; rea====daria== as to any salvage areheelegy that would be emedad des to the
.P Sapeet of the cometreeties areas.
'. There are me kneau historie estes located directly as the racific ces and Elmetric i
Campeer property, but these is an edebe ese to three miles seetheast of the plant l ofte. It to est theecht at this time to be of motsemal significanes, but it mer
? i have local historical importmee. The =aaa=d es, will ehes the acaber of h I kisterte and preldstorie sites enthis e sear prestaity of the t - " 7 lines of the p. S. & E. rewjest. de of this date, se sites withis or meer this ha*im '
j i l
A2-1-3 1 1 i 1 i Mr. R. M. Costafson}}