Text

Summary of Demineralization & Filtration Svcs.
	ML19343A836
Person / Time
Site:	Farley
Issue date:	05/31/1980
From:	; HITTMAN CORP.
To:	;
Shared Package
ML19343A835	List: ML19343A834; ML19343A836;
References
	NUDOCS 8011210588
	Download: ML19343A836 (22)
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i DEMINERALIZATION AND FILTRATION SERVICES Hittman Nuclear & Development Corporation (HNDC) offers the nuclear power industry a full line of disposable radwaste demineralizers and filters, process systems to adapt these demineralizers and filters to tha given power plant application, and a wide variety of services in. support of portable demineralization and filtration. In particular, our scope of supply in this area can include any combination of the following:

o Demineralizer/ filter vessels whien subsequently serve as radwaste disposal liners o Resins and filter media o Complete portable demineralization and filtration systems o Engineered pumping and level control subsystems for use in the ;1 ant owner's waste processing system o System operators o Techr.1 cal consultation In addition, as a full-service radwaste orgar.ization, HNDC can offer both solidification of the expended demineralizer resins using our in-container cement solidification technique, and transportation services for ultimate disposal of the expended units.

Our disposable demineralizers and filters are designed. to fit the cavities of the various HNDC radwaste shipping casks, thus allowing expended units to be disposed of without rehandling the resins or filter media. Portable demineralization and filtration, utilizing disposable demineralizers and filter units, offers the following advantages to an operating power plant:

o Increased operational flexibility o Savings in plant-installed equipment costs o Time and cost savings t'. rough elimination of resin sluicing to a disposal container os Radiation exposure savings as a result of eliminating sluicing o Capability to solidify resins in the demineralizer/ filter vessel o Reduced waste volumes A description of the demineralization and filtration equipment which we offer is provided below, and Table I sumarizes the design characteristics of the various disposable units.

A. Disposable Demineralizers Depressurized Units Our depressurized disposable demineralizers consist of HNDC shipping cask liners which are equipped with underdrains and filled with the appropriate type of resin. Figure I shows the depressurized unit which we utilize with our HNDC HN-100 shipping cask. The shipping cask itself, which will handle liners with radiation levels up to 12R per hour, is shown in Figure II. We furnish a similar unit for use with our HNDC HN-200 shipping cask, which will handle liners with radiation levels up to 800R per hour.

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TABLE I. DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS - HNDC DISPOSABLE -

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Resin- Activi ty Maximum Specific Type -Type Type Media Per. Shipment Activity.

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HN-100 Low Pressure - Dewatered - Demineralizer 120 59.5 0.425

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HN-100 Low Pressure - Solidified . Demineralizer 100 59.5~ 0.567

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Fil ter 85 36 0.425 llN-100 High Pressure Units Demineralizer 7.at 15 = 105 59.5 0.565 llN-100 High Pressure Units- Filter 7 at 12 = 84 , 47.5 .0.565 ht HN-125 Pressurized - Dewatered Demineralizer 100 3 0.03 HN-125 Pressurized - Dewatered Filter 85 3 0.0354

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. The.depressurized demineralizer units' are operated by pumping the'liqutd to be treated into the top of the container. The liquid is allowed to flow down through the resin, and a suction pump connected to the underdrain removes the treated liquid from the bottom of the liner.

0 pen demineralizer units can be utilized as described above, but there

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are contiol implications which must be considered. Flow thto the unit must match outflow, ar.d since flow through ths resin bed changes over the life l

.of the resin due to retention of fine-grained particles and resultant ,

increased' pressure drops, inflow must be controlled on the basis of container ;

level. W111e shutoff valves, activated by high container -level, are ,

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generally provided, most plants find that constant operator attention is !

warranted in order to ensure against overflow of. the unit. Furthermore. l control is more complex when operating two or more units in series.

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In order to alleviate these complications, HNDC has developed a special fill flange. This unit, shown in Figure III, is designed to fit either the HN-100 or HN-200 disposable liners. The principal features of this fill flange are as follows:

o The fill flange bolts to the liner and fonns a liquid-tight gasketed closure with the flange on the liner' o- An overflow connection is provided to accomod{tte unanticipated overflow conditions o A three element level detector is included to provide signals for controlling flow into the demineralizer unit

'Use of the HNDC fill flange-provides protection against radioactive liquid spills and allows multiple depressurized demineralizer.and filter units to be operated in series.

3 HNDC can supply depressurized disposable demineralizers which are adapted to accomodate in-situ solidification of the depleted resins. The demineralizer is designed with an internal mixing blade which, subsequent to depletion of the unit, is utilized for in-container solidification of

. - the resins using cement as the solidification agent. Figure IV shows an HN-100 disposable demineralizer equipped for in-container solidification;.

similar HN-200 units are available to handle more highly-radioactive resins.

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Pressurized Units HNDC pressurized demineralizers are constructed using dished heads and are designed to withstand the output pressure of-the pump supplying the unit.

Typical design pressures' range from 50-150psig. Figure V shows a unit of a this type designed for use with the HN-100 cask. 4 i

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The pressurized unit operates flooded, and thus no special pumps or valves are required-to control . flow to the unit. It can operate on line with minimal operator attention, and several units can be operated in series, with different types .of. resins, to achieve high degrees of treatment. The.

resin capacity of the pressurized demineralizer is somewhat lower than that of its depressurized counterpart.

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overall height of six- feet. The small diameter of -these vessels, as compared to our pressurized units. discussed 'abov'e," allows them to be designed for higher pressure without unduly increasing the shell and head thickness. As-shown in Figure VI, the units are designed to pennit handling seven at a time, on a single pallet, using the HN-100 cask. Each demineralizer has a resin capacity of 15 cubic feet.

These small units 'can be used for several special purposes.- They can be

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.operated streams. either Variousindividually unit types or-in (anion, series to clean cation,- up a variety)of filter media, etc. can waste be supplied to remove specific contaminants in a given cleanup operation. In addition, they are useful in performing pilot tests in order to select appropriate resins (or filter media) for subsequent larger-scale waste treatment operations.

B. Disposable Filters

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HNDC provides disposabl_e filter units in the same basic configurations as the disposable ~demineralizers previously discussed: depressurized. . pressurized, and high pressure units. .Demineralizers typically operate best with their resin beds packed as a result of downflow through the units. Filters may be

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capacity of the bed to retain suspended solids without excessive pressure drop. Downflow is used wi% uepressurized units using adsorption-type filter media. A pressurized filter unit designed for the HN-100 cask is shown in Figure VII.

C. Shielding

When handling liquids-with high activity levels, the HNDC shipping cask

, which will ultimately be_ used for disposal of the demineralizer or filter-1- unit can. serve as a radiation shield during operation of the unit. Shields

may also be required for demineralizers used to process liquid'with relatively low activity where chemical concentrations are also low. With low concentrations of chemicals, the life of the resin can.be quite long, and thus the- resin-activity buildup quite high. In cases where extended operation of the demineralizer or filter is anticipated, use of temporary shielding is a more cost-effective approach than tying up a shielded shipping cask.

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HNDC can also provide demineralizers and filters with disposable concrete shields. These ~ units, referred to as HN-125's, consist of pressurized HN-100

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liners '(see Figures V and VII) encased in concrete. They are typicallyu 'tilized where long-term operation is_ contemplated in personnel-occupied areas, or.in processing 'large quantities of liquid where cask turnaround time would limit the processing rate.

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The surface radiation levels of the expended disposab'.e demineralizers and filters will be basically a function of the following factors:

o Specific activity of the liquid radwaste being treated o Total flow through the unit o Dec ntamination factor across the unit

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The interrelationship among these factors is shown on Figure VIII.

As indicated, the surface radiation of the expended liner will depend primarily upon the specific activity of the liquid being treated. The decontamination factor is a secondary effect. As shown on Figure VIII, o If the specific activity of the incoming liquid exceeds 10-Imicrocuries per m1, the flow through the units may be limited by tha radiation levels that can be accomodated by the HN-100 cask.

o For liquid wastes with specific activities less than 10-4 microcuries per m1, the expended units can generally be shipped as unshielded shipments. However, there may be

" hot spots" in excess of 200mR per hour that would preclude unshielded shipments.

. D. Pumping and Level Control Subsystems HNDC designs and supplies ptinping and level control modules, such as the one shown in Figure IX, for use either with an overall demineralization /

filtration system supplied by HNDC, or for use by the plant in its own system. These subsystems are tailored to the specific portable demineralization or filtration operation at hand. In addition to accomplishing their primary pumping and level control functions, and providing the instrumentation necessary to monitor these functions, the subsystems can be designed to fulfill auxiliary needs such as sampling and measuring integrated system flow.

E. System Performance Selection of the optimal approach to portable demineralization and filtration services is highly dependent upon the waste type and facility specifics of the individual power plant. We at HNDC work closely with the utility's engineering and operating personnel to arrive at that optimal approach, including selection of the appropriate filter media and/or resin type (s) to be utilized for the given application.

Filter Media Activated carbon filters are frequently utilized upstream of deminer-alizers in instances where the waste stream contains a significant amount of suspended solids, or where it contains organic chemicals (alcohol, ketone, ether, glycerine, etc.) which can be removed by adsorption on the activated

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carbon. .In addition, a carbon filter will protect the resins in the

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downstream domineralizers in the event of oil in the waste, and it can be useful in removing Cobalt 58 and Cobalt 60. In most nuclear. power plant '

waste streams. the Cobalt is in the fonn of. a colloidal-sized suspended solid and must be removed by filtration.

The operating life of a carbon filter unit will be a function of the suspended solids and chemical concentrations in the waste stream. These frequently vary on.an hour-to-hour basis. Operating lives of activated carbon units, as observed at a number of difference power plants, have

! typically ranged from 100,000-150,000 gallons of total flow through the units.

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For some. applications, other filter media has been sdded to replace a portion of the activated carbon. One 'such medium which has been used to remove colloidal iron oxides and associated Cobalt is BIRM.

Demineralizer Resins

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One key consideration.in the choice of demineralizer resin is whether

boron and/or boric acid must be removed, as is often the case at pressurized water plants. -If boron is to be removed, a strongly basic anion resin is generally required to remove the borate and other anions. Since the life

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of the bed will be a function of the amount of boron to be removed, the

resins are frequently blended to contain greater amounts of anion than cation resins. Figure X shows typical performence curves, as a function of influent boron concentration, for units designed to remove boron.

I When boron removal is not required, the life of demineralizer units can generally be increased. In such cases, a demineralizer consisting of

layered beds of various anion, cation, and_ mixed resins is frequently used.

Figure XI shows typical perfonnance curves for units of this type as a function of the conductivity of the incoming liquid waste.

Demineralizers in Series ;

It is frequently desirable to utilize a system in which two duplicate

.demineralizers are operated in series. The advantages offered by this type i.

of operation include the following:

o At most installations, the radionuclide concentrations I of waste streams are subject to wide variations. Temporary -

conditions can be encountered where the decontamination -

factor attainable with a single demineralizer unit would not_ be adequate for producing an effluent suitable for discharge. The second unit, therefore, provides the high reliability required in radwaste processing.

I i

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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES PORTABLE DEMINERALIZERS WITH BORON REMOVAL 0

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TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CURVES PORTABLE DEMINERALIZERS WITHOUT BORON REMOVAL Figure XI 302 :201M_ggg

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.o The second unit is not expended to an appreciable degree in the perfomance of its function, since practically all of the conductivity is removed by ,

the first unit. When the first unit is expended, the second unit is utilized in its place with a new demineralizer unit added in the second position.

o The second unit allows the resins in the first unit to be fully expended before replacement. Up to 30,000 gallons of additional flow can be obtained following occurrence of the initial conductivity break which indicates that the resins are nearly expended, o Use of the second unit complies with the concept af

- Al. ARA, since the radioactivity to be released is being reduced to the maximum possible extent.

Integrated System Figure XII displays the activity removals which can typically be achieved by an integrated system consisting of a filter unit followed by two demineralizers in series. The data presented are for such an integrated

. system used to process a waste stream whose principal radionuclides were Cobalt 58, Cobalt 50 Cesium 134, and Cesium 137.

The counting techniques utilized were sensitive down to 10-7 microcuries per ml; lower concentrations .were not reported. The pertinent infomation to be noted from the figure is sumarized as follows:

o Virtually all of the Cobalt 58 is removed in the filter unit. The instance where Cobalt 58 was removed in the first demineralizer occurred imediately prior to change-out of the filter unit.

o The decontamination factor for Cobalt 60 is consistently in the range of 100 for the filter unit, and in the range of 10-50 in the first demineralizer. Cobalt 60 in concentrations of 1.5 to 3.5 x 10-6 microcuries per m1, is generally the only radionuclide in the effluent..

o Cesium 134 is removed in the first demineralizer with a decontamination factor of up to 10,000.

o Cesium 137 is also removed in the first demineralizer with a comparable decontamination factor. The one instance of a high value of Cesium 137 in the effluent

,

of the first demineralizer occurred imediately prior to change-out of the filter unit.

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Volume Reduction Liquid waste tre'atment utilizing disposable filters and demineralizers can result in a significant reduction in the volume of radioactive waste requiring disposal. Figure XIII displays the overall volume reduction which can be achieved in applications where boron removal is not required. The volume reduction factor is a function of the conductivity of the liquid waste being processed.

The system upon which Figure XIII is based consists of an HN-100 depressurized filter followed by two HN-109 depressurized demineralizers.

The system is operated such that the filter and first demineralizer are replaced, and disposed of, simultaneously upon depletion of the resins in the first demineralizer. ' The second demineralizer will have undergone negligible depletion and is used to replace the first, with a new demineralizer added in series. The volume reduction factor is derived by dividing the total volume of liquid waste processed before changeout by the disposal volume of one demineralizer and one filter (i.e., 340 cubic feet).

As can be seen, significant volume reduction factors are achOved.

This approach to volume eduction is currently being utilized as a highly-attractive alternative to evaporation of liquid waste streams at a number of operating power plants. In these instances, volume reduction benefits are accompanied by the advantage of eliminating evaporator operation.

Furthemore, until such time as solidification of resins and filter media becomes a requirement for transportation and disposal, the plant can choose to forego solidification.

Consider, for example, a plant which annually processes 600,000 gallons of liquid waste having a conductivity of approximately 100 micrombos/cm and a boron content of 1000 ppm (boric acid concentration of 5720 ppm). If the waste is concentrated to 8 percent boric acid (80,000 ppm), the volume would be reduced to 42,900 gallons or 5720 cubic feet. With a solidification packaging efficiency of 70 percent, the waste volume to be shipped would be 8170 cubic feet. By comparison, the 600,000 gallons of waste could be processed utilizing a total of only two filters and two demineralizers resulting in a waste volume to be shipped of 680 cubic feet. Demineralization and filtration reduces the waste volume by a factor of 12 as compared to evaporation and subsequent solidification.

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VR Factor = Waste Processed Prior to Changeout of Filter and First Deminerali er Burial Volume of Filter anc Deminerall:er WASTE VOLUME REDUCTION - PORTABLE DEMINERALIZERS WITHOUT BORON REMOVAL

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