ML19308B277
| ML19308B277 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oconee  |
| Issue date: | 10/01/1976 |
| From: | Conn W DUKE POWER CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7912180965 | |
| Download: ML19308B277 (75) | |
Text
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i 10 ' aa a 4 $)?3 n 27. 1974 - I '. Supplecent t'0 ,- Engineering Geology , f of the Kcowce Toxcaay Project Duke Power Co=peny .(. "+ _ .. . l s I o -
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; D:cc::kr 16,1955 Ecain crin; Ccologist
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' N A. Purpoce end Scope 1 ,.1 I . ;
le II. Crct.C;IC f4cs 07 E021NOS , I A. General . 3 N *
'. t D. Drillin; and Io;;in; Techniques 3 a
- 1. .3 Q
I Drillin; .
- 2. Significance of Ter=s 4 .
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- 3. Rock Classification 6 -
s-III. Er01Cn?1 CEOLOGY --
. ' A. General 8
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- 1. Physiography ,! S' -
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- 2. Structural Ccolo;y f t
- 3. Jointing 9
.w, ]* 3. 'seis=icity '10 , _ , , .,
I i . . LITTI.T RIVZR DAM
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f , A. Iocal ccology b ,
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- 1. ccologic structure and Litholo;y 15' i
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- 2. Crocad Vater ,
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- . I.1.C n c: C u1* ~y to L'::ica cad Cen::tructica 17
- 1. D:rvation 17
- 2. Cutoff Cencid:rcticas 10
- 3. Centrol of Cecp ;c 19 i 1
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1 A. Gencrc* 23 I D. Incc1 Ccolo;y 23 , j i f I i
- 1. C:ologic structure and Lithology 23 ;
- 2. C :pericon of Littic River end Ecovce 23
- v '
Ec1ction of Ccolo;y to Design and Construction 24 C. , 24 - 1
- 1. Excevation
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- 2. Cutoff Considerations and control of Secpege 25 o .
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- 3. Tunnels 27 .
- 4. Coch for Construction Purposes 23 VI. .TCCAST"r* D?lf #2:D F CEM C"O: f ' ,,
A. General.- 33 -
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- 1. Introduction 33 i ,
o . . i t. Ilt 30 .~.1~
- 2. Previous Studias ,
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- 3. C1sssification of Rock a- 31. .- -
l' D. local Geology 32 ' -.i,~.. f ,, . 1. Ccologic struecure 32 , .a : 'r ,
% 2. Petrogrcphy and Rock Weathering .34 .
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'i C. E Iction of Ccolo;y to Design and Ccastructics . :- ~ 33 -c . 'k-F s
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- 1. Cutoff Considerations and Centrol.cf Secyc;a. . .1'. -
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- 2. Abn:- ent Stripping .
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O.ia r:; ort h:2 b:en pr:rared to' c ::::!co' ' cnd c. :1;r.:a Oc :::alta cf founktica c plor.1tica co.15.: ted c the Orcs 01tco c:ap:hite tha hydro:lectric d:velop ent of th2 Ecouco - Tonusy . t 0 o.!:: cf tha r.:hs hver Cc;p:.ny. It outlin:3 the foundatica ch::::tchis-I tics s.hich cea ha c:pected et cc h of the cite , to cGer with cu;;c:ticas I 6 : uao in desi;n ctedico. ' t.a ca ce;inco:in; scole;y report, racer than a d::criptios of
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the purcly ;;obsic festeres, ca offort has bean esde to limit theoreti-
. cc1 c: ale;ic discussiens to coco necescary to provido a badground for ' .,
w the cc:c:t :y en;ineerica ctedleo, Resic:ci Scology will ba discu::cd ~ F o .. ._ caly in cufficicat d tcil to provido a background for tho coro intensivs- _"( ctedica cf the i=cdtato arcas of tho de=sitos. Furthar, consid :chlo ~k-ki ctu?y of both .esional end local ccolcay hcs been cap:bly asda by Lcu
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c:te:Ic1 has be:n 11barally u=ed es background infomation, but vill < Y
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t0 repc:ted caly thcro necessary for continalty of diccus: ion. Sin 11c 1y~ 1.- the c: ale;1c loss have bc:s limited in dstall to notatics of the ch::cercris ~.,6 ~ .
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tice cf the corco which aro pertinent to design t.nd con:tructics', witheat- - .d. #. -- I ,I .
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' rc;:' :d tof nen-c centici descriptions as to a;o, origin, ccthod of fo=2tiost.f. ' T {
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' cnd othur' theoretical featurcs of the foundation rock. In brief,.tho
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s c.. . - . .-. .. .- , .c . o.r c. . .. c .. . . i l Os c:terP.1 10 he.*4 ci geole;te infor:: dica c::ur:d f:c., le;;h; or cz .1c :: tea tr:::: 00; field in:y:ticas di tha t*::c; cf.g : 3; j ct.:Cics of pecticualy ce?.=tet.ed reperto; cad reforeacc to cv:11:Nu
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ca;in crin; ccolo;;r literature. %c cita vicito a:d lo;;itg of tha' 1 terings v :o uda during t.he ou:::ter c:.d fall of 1955. 1
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,cnitted co c:o==1cs11y us.lustified. Ewever, features p=tincat to a '
tho cuch cakretccJira c! the foun.htica uith rec;,cet to tha c:enen c=d c Ccty of th.) propocr.d. ctructurca havo L:en eghsci:cd. " II. M1111n end 1,r-1:rt ".'ctm!was. -
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- 1. W illica. In unirc the c:olo;ic logs for dcct;n info:=ation, 'L
- 9 tha techniques ussd in drillbs are pertinent to prepar interpretatics. .
a, the caolc0fA proft'lc at all of tha sites is typical of ths regios, coa. - .i j! !
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ci: tina cf residual curfca wits g= din: Cr:da211y into w :th2 red rock
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cal finally into cound roch. Gn emptics to this is in the river
.t .E v11:ys shcra t!c overturden is allevial, cad is not the v:sth: rig -
lj 4 l prcduct of the v=3cr11cs 7 rock.) There are all gradstions bot:cca ths ..... .1 ( cerf::a coils e:S rock stich is sufficiently u=nsth: red to be retainoi N
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u in ths cera barrel na2 a rack coro obtained. h drilli g techniqua. - v:s to use a %rdicran". or o:hcr now-corins type bit to ed7:=ce tha v; _
" hoto , . . catil rufficient resista=ce to th: bit vus encountered so that a 1 .
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dic: man.1 bit vsa required. It is this point which is 1:00:4 es , f,
, . - Wep of noch" in th= caola:;te log. l.::::.11, 7 e H.:vthc=2 bit vill p== ,[ -
3 .. r; . A tr:to p=tielly vcath: red rock, so it rust not bz ces=:d'th:2 c11.' N ~.
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le;;tt; s:::: intend:d to de:::1h the rc h fc:turco r.00: 1 ;:: tent to; the cc:!:a ccd cen:tructica en;1ccer, without e..tran:::s r.:.terhl. /. I
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l de::riptica of the toras u:cd to th:roforo) in ord:'Tep . of T.::*." ' ia t thct point cbove cich drillin; could be advaneca tr/ a n:n-ccring bit. 1 i It 15 c10n111ccat in thct it to Scacrc11y the point to cich c=ce:tien c3
~..c:y ba tchca with ccaventicast cq.aip= cut. F.ippero c:y bs req.: ired for ,
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- h:rd len:cs es ' Top of r.ock" As cpproached, but for ccti=:t23 purpe::: .
N . co ble: ting should be neca::sry above this point. Ec=s c=cvstics with-
.@ cut binsting sca occasionctly ba acccuplich:J belov ' Top of cock,# but' ,
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...o L . .it will be'difiicult, cad harder untorial shoald be gichly rccched. '
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"'Tep of teck" should thorofore 1,s consid: red as the hori::a dero
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'o o Cormally, the nsxt partinant zone vould be " Top of sound ..
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' tock," Were rock weatharina would be confined to isolated joints and ,
. .stsiains on the snaissic structure. Bovevor, in the ecsa of Joca:sse ,[.
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1 fcit that an totermediate classification was desirchts. . sines *Ecy - D of Sound F.ock" was usually ~at ralstively great dapths, end scos point" ' [ -
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s:ust be touco there the rock, although slightly wasthared could be
.perried without co=pletely disintegrating from the shodh of the biaist.?.. .?,i h log the point at shich, in.cnyIp! io:h , .
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- . thorators indicated on eac . : ,. ... , . .;.; . _. , 9..;
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,J. the rock is so siishely der, m sed that it could, by carch1.bic tin 3,5.12 2 R.
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- i. . ; produced to sizes which would u c:tisfactory for rockfill d:= co=trucchni . . ~ .- - - . .
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- r::' 112, e-4 t ;* clea !>a c:ncid ::d fim en:r;h for be:S of chtte,ent
, et:2,p>3 th::: :.::S c:ri;pir ; 10 necccery for c=plc:c :nt of a hi:;*1 roch I
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.I h ;;c cico, for uniformity, indicceed thio hori:en in the i
C:Or:0 c 0 Z.ittic l'iver lo;o, cithou,,h tho ter:2,io of Ices irgertence cinco a rc:hfill dea ic rot p1mtned for heco cites. ,
, Refer to pago 9. " Foundation P.cport,.R neo Developn:nt" Ly L:V En:;incerin:: Testins Cozpsny. A cealo of roch h:rdneco ib Elven, -
I t.hich ves uced in their preliminary loggin3 Such a cenlo io ne:caccry, , cinco the:: residuct collo, through varyins dc3rces of vestherica, cover.
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c vido cp=tru:2 feca very coft to very hard. In lo;; ins the corco I :- I
) h:Vo cea::cily follo ted the criteria es established by I.=u for tho ;
. c:vsrci cic:cifications of hardness, execpt that I h:ve cot differci.ticted -
I t:tu: n '~ncrd" ced "very hard." Actually, tho do:criptivo certs on the '... ; ;. , - C alo,,1c less arc intended to cid design engincors in interpreting the . , rc k cherectorictico for construction purpocca, end unduly preciso - t'l , ,, I:::riptions era core confusics than of valuo. In uste:; the scolo31c M- ..
, 'less the followins conceruction osas of the rock c..y be costrr.ed: . .'l '
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- s. .Very Soft. Cocpletely diointc3 rated to soil, chcr=terictics. ',(..-.] l t*:uld roll casily into en earth fill, providcd it posscasca the strea:;th' ,
- I
-. ..;. j l J;j . . c:d p:=cability requirc tento. . c;f' l
pg_ 4-
; b. Sofc. Less soil propsrties than abcyo - r.ir.: als cot' . ',> .( , .8, - . . 4, ,
s i.e f.'. o ' ccpictcly altered to coil charecteristics. Ecaid not repira 11:sti=3., c',. j:l
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; cnd could to rolled ina a cc:ytet fill, a3ain ass cies tho fill could ... ,,
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c.:/.; ::..tal:3 ;;'. t a in f'It:r er crc.ncitha cer:3. c, I': :rc::17 n:r 1. t.'euld regiro bic: tic. Icid:ircra
- c$ c c1cuf:0, cMuir : cc:: ve:therica. T.ock to c n rc11y. cc:;: tent, 6 t ccn:1d:rdio fin::, es s:011 co cch rent ro:h chco, V uld bp prcdu:cd
, inb1N: tim.
- d. I:Ord, or Cound. 1.ittio to no clouding of feld.Q::c.
I'or cca:truction purposes cca be considered herde fresh rock thich cea ~ , bo biented with only the finco nom.211y produced in bicating the hard::: o rc:s. 4:ceptchlo for con: roto c;;rcanto.
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* - i U1 n The tem "Quarrychio P.ock" uced throushout the le;s u ually
.i fa!!d within the %derately Hard" zonc and is the point shcro I consid::
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.I nicer:1 diointearation h:2 decrucsed to the point that judicious qu:rry o
h prc:ticca cen produco dicecaica siso rock. Occasicacity, this hori:co
, vill occur in the upper part of the z.:odcrately herd rock'scuo, stile ,
' other hoics incy not bo sufficiently cospetent cotil %rd" roch to . u resched. It also varics with the rock at the thrco cites. At Kcevec ,,
and IIttle River nincral disintogration is quite totsi or r.ot at cli 7 .
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thus 11ttic of the coderately hard rock can be querried. Tho ' Top of
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S Qur.rrycblo Eock" and ' Top of Eard (or Sound) Rock" usually' ara the sc:3. '. .
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. At Joe:rces, hownot, i s113ht m:ount of r.ineral clouding occurs to grect"d5pths. The "Undarately Eard" rock cannot be cis:sified asT. rd ,2'1
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', c mad Sound" with pertial cicuding of faldspars, yet it s: y be sufficicitly. , n. 'l
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ccx:pst,:st to be quarried,'and is so described. .- 1 b' . . .
' 3. -Rock clautfier. tion. 'The no=cactaturo c:cd for tha rc:b2 . '.
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at aath of the three sites has boca ' simplified frez the d:tciled : Q_, . . l+
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'. t'.:ich Lea 1::n c!r.,11Cica to cien gncies cad in limited c:c.r.o biotite-o
[ h0rLI r.Co'ca:1cs. Tao rc::k c: Little nivar cad Cc:..ca hcs I;::s le;~-c I cs t! :lto ca: Irs, r;;;ald cny coro det 11cd cc pe:itica:1 tc::.o L d :i:Cd they try 13 utcrained frc:2 ctudy of the pctre : -h re, orto. i. 4 6 . i same e lo . e
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- 1. p--W--?;. no crystallics rc:hs cf C:3 6 C::o1 6s cro -
l c==:1?y c::;nhed en b:6; 41iih,1 into ci:: c=th:::t-:cgre:oc ers15; ! L:1tc.2. r=n ceuth::t to c=th=:t th:7 cro the C:;olins chto b:10, , i . .. CM:letto t:.it, C6;; nsect in balt, I=== Piel=::t telt. E::v :d b:ltj ..
'j t
i f . i ' I cM Eluo nid;2 belt. Ca E:cv::d cui Blue Rid e bolts, ed the w:ter==0:t .:
- f I I
! put cf ,ths !=:r Pied =est balt, cre in the Dico nid;o phy:lographic p;cvincey - , .
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thile ths bal=:o of ths cry:tc111:a rochs cro cc :1d::cd in ths Pied =ent i.r.,)'
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4 t hydie ::phic r:cvinco. Geolcgically, all thrco cites of the Ecc=c 3
.. .q,;,' '; & '.
l 10 .
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i 7==07 Propet 'cro in tha Inner Phl=st bolt, eithou;h ths cat =e of $3 ;
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i I rc:ks within the b:1t v=y, es do ths rocks at the three cites. - ~ _ s. cc - ., - o ,
-t .
- 2. ctreetter.1 c-olo~y. the crystallins rc:ks of the scuth
{ C::alics Pied = :t cro teolo;teslly ec= pics ad until recently, poorly *
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s::pp:d. Cs public:tica of ths work by orcratreet ed t:11 has p;cvid:4.. .c.};. <
. . - - ' ". .u
" the ft :t estiefectcry g:ologic c:p on which to beso an inte:p;ctstion of' '/ j -
p -1 f. g
- the ct:cet=e, strati; sphy, and sate =orphirs. The arca re= sins, however. e ,' .
+*.>
~ '
O - ts c:s _s^are sseh more study of strati;rsphic sequences, structural > j
. interp;ctaticas, cM ore deposit investi;:tions are needc3..
~
P ' c the Pied =sse rocks were formed under many different co=3inachns 7
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o ,. _ , , cf p====e and te=parature, and represent a co:ples succc:sica of g:ologial,., - n~ :.[
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!$ , . ' , evc:ts. ' Ths for=:rly accepted ccscept that the Ficd=ont c=sists only of- : ..
- 4. '
3 ,. .':. s=. the C: p, vo:n-deva rcots of ca:1cnt countains n=:r sac =s a
,l.3 .. , . . .- . .. , . .-. .
2 y ,; . , olhr th:ory that- the rocks were a=clusively,of ~ 1;=c=s crisia islboing .[$. ~......,.-..--..i.-Pj Y.. . . c . .
. - .. m . ;,.,. .
repic:ed by tha proposition thst they represent hi;hly catc=srphesca sed 1=sts):.I,l
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it c:n b c:Id rith certchty, c : ^ . '. :
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h: = nt: S *.2 c::* d.
L:=v. , ' C -t t.h .: ::M rc;:c:=0 c::a c C.3 c.d::t en tho ec sth::t. I r.u c= ten % = c: c:th: E7 ::.:.h::ti;3 e=7 n=c ple::a es c;;3. c: - ,e ,. . th3 enr :;..h (;i :d:s C..0 pre.*:::.1 tM:::' rc:hs. cs c:::::b~, f::s 1,10'J ry - , n . ,, - *--
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1 . ( 11hn ;:=),ta !.*3 r/ c:;o. Tc7 c:~Jyle, yn .cco c. tgc 7.. . - . 1 (,...- ..... -.) r. .7:=3 Co.to c3 old:: th= C:devicha (500 c/) cnd c.)J ::0: th:2 n,:ve:ua (350 w). .. Da regional coolo;y of Littio niver and E=ouco c:a ha cecepted , cs typhet of tha couth = stern Phd::at - c :rew bc1ts of c:tc= :phic rc:ho . , t:cnib3 cc:th: ste with dips generally to the couthcest. Joe:::: , by sto' ,;. , >. ' t Ic'::tica et ths costusrd 11=it of the piec=:st, has prsh51y t>cca infh::ced'~ .'
.ty dtCfe: cat rectenic forces, esa is ctructu: ally 1cco. usiform, eith:,5 ; .
n ths g= 1 strika is narcheast cad the dip of the foliction cero g::tio,
. s. .; l but ctill to ths southeast. . ,
- r 3g. Jointin. Althou;h c.ny sites in the Pied =ont cro hich17 , . 3:.', , , '
- jointed,.the barin,s .at thase thco locetions huo cheia rel:tively 11tch]*0 .
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- jointing. res. joints dich h:ve been checnod cro concro117 st:ths joints, 4 u d. ;.
l tith fc=r dip joints, sai they b:vo not becs found to bo .the cc: trolling .J. , ~
. fetter in roch vaath: ring. no caly i= port nee of ths joints cs ths picc .h3q - ! . J .; . y; cf ths structures will be their crientation with respect to deep, scar. _~
avertical.gestry or other execratics nicpes, cere a jo int para 11o1 to c 4-c l.
't.-
O nic chould cat influenza J7.Q - i
' - ,,in heck of a slope fece could tri 3w a slido.
.ths p;cscat overall picanics, but shou ld be es: side:cJ 1cter ths 4:stikiqQ:g
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a. r,c.:.;. .. p1=s for .c=esvatios slopes are asas. - ,. . . . .,. 9 +3 ,c g. ;
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't'E E='.:o - T. :=y cites c: c te:=Iy pechlo cok=olc01c:11y.
c:th!.07 cc , ca2 do:s cc: L:" 0:orOh out the v::13, alth:::;h tha c:at.::s , c c:10:o ceknic cetivity cro confin:o to c:cs eni ritts in the c=thog I h tha cccccen:o of , c:=t tha le ctica cf dich cra v:11 k cus th:out [ y g:q: cat c 3 c::sti=:s dk strous enchquecs d=ias ree::d:4 hhtery, , 3 c:s ccnos dero caje:t=,:nt cf the certh's c:c:t is ctill' ed' ins ' . 1 Lt) 7.h::o c= .
~ ph::, c 3 cre cac lly cc:o:hted with volcani:n ccd yoWt= st ics. Os-
' " scuth=::::a 4p: ,:chisns cad Pied =ont cre c:olosic lly ve:y cc icat, c:d . .
- O .
It is t cs ths tectcaic forces d.ich forc=d th:m h:va loss cic e cer.:cd. . , . . i O, ^ I tMt cer::a c=thq=hs h.vs c ccr:d in s ppo:edly saccro c c:s 70.r 2 :d:. 1011 12; ch=lestes,1805), hat the possibility c: a ' Wop;=" in a c==!17; . . [ . .
. I i=:t c=s, dito r.st capble of evaluatica, is cyprc=tly rc=st:i. 1:bef. u! ^ *. - -
4
.~o c:=tal coje:t=nts cra contin =:11y edina place ev=yc=e .cas deis .
.V.
O st csces ccet=alsto cufficicatly to causa cove:.nat, a tremor is folc. ..,h . cc:thq:d=s cecesics:lly experienced in she cou.*.usstern Pied =: sat sni . f. ' Jed histery bevs boca nInce, and h. we , , -
! 4 ps h diens duri=s cu trief reco: (
m cd c: o c=:ite=sst them d:=;;n on a fr:qssacy of cbost ena: a:.decc2o. .;. [~ 7
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C:rter=111e ranics and the c= tensive system of fcults dich occured -: . - ~a f, c' ' '
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)i crut*k; tea.C:=ria to 1%:th C:roli: r, cad 2 enly (t:11:a q::s=a ,
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c2 the J/=::o cit 8 Ito c:c is re: cheat, cico it cep:::: p the the 4 [: .- }
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2 C.s Rh2:=e, ,5 th: nl.2;s roda hvo toca chena to b2 tha j
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, oll:$t cape:ed in C :th C=c1ha, r:c';:*aly chout 1,?00 cy old.
Os ' l ten 2= s p:::a (Jce ::ca) is 503 to 330 cv old. 'Iha cost recent thld . . j vorh 17 teca cca 1.cycatl4 etro 31y sec:::sta that ths latest cover,:sts nic::: , I the tre.v::a t.ena c::w:ca ence lato Palexicic and b::foro 1cte Teic:cic, c: cbcut 003 ry c o. . .
- ,t
. 2:a cpp:::s tc to cena evidenes that vech carthqcchs cf
- reserh5 hicco:y h:va n liccatica just vece of tha Lies E140 0 f cat.4 It'
. i j -
vould bs ree:c= Sic that an7 cajuste.:sts still c:currin La tha couth::n
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i 4ppshdicna vould parolici the Erevard 2o23 . i s
> Tha.eczn "fcult" with roepcet to des co:structica verrenes dic. - ..
cc:31ca t 9
- r. Ibra iculto cre in solc=1celly cetivo crecs, .such cs C: lifer:1c, .t disp 1= :. . . .
- st either vcetically or horizontally la clu2ys a pocsibility, cc.5' ; f,; c:
.::2:t bs cc::ciully co:::1dered la cita scioc:fon. If a scult actually cree::s[
t a P. ( i
' ,a d::asito, covement could ba serious - the talhin 2111s necervoir, Los $'
.. A:: sole failure in 1953 is a recent c:s:::pla.5 (In c:a ceae, coyoto D::, cen Jose, .'
California, a.s acrth da:a vss deliberatcly built acro:s a s:cjer active.f ult, ,
,.' .vith special ,. - --provision for anticipated sznc= ant)10 2a ths * ~ fm t fcuits. .
- N
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Jis cho soutbeat, hasever, thare has been no raccr3 of recent c:v:= st.
. . s- . -
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Tho.r.:jor Ccrtersvillo fault is parmitet to A11stcoes D :s caly 303 y:rds [. f, .. .-
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cp::tre:: of tha a:Is.. _
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v It v:s c=710:cd by borin n, c:a s::s fc==5 to c3 a .;$. . ge'
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contact.so valt healed that thi mh es ted siks vare fe:21 toceth? : ., E ' * .. E, .
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l Y;.'.M; M .1,C'.3 20: 4.-:.t=: cf th2 cric cf tha hi,h rc:t*'i!1 dt.:2 ct l Ctric , C:::bi:. ih f . ult C3 th=0c;217 d211103, cal C.:i t*n c; O : 'it , i , vco f 1 that t'n t.ra typas c2 :::h h:1 inte:C10;;;cd c S cc:qbc *y 6:.hd uith no c:w.::: 2: p::MSly M') ry.7 C:.~.st =tica :t:111.ctet
~
. n:nt y::: try tho C=;.s of C:3 =cro t en Uu.t Ear.: D =, ca tha t'::.7 tiv :
caer m= :c, U nh c:rolins. 20 cito is ca the n:.:;in cf ths Durhea . .
* 'Tric=k $=1n, c'c1=cie c::: of c=tonsiw fcultirc. 1%r. ::70 , na fcults .
i
'cc:s ths des cite, cad there to co evidaa:e to inlicats th:t c 7 ccve-
; cc:i has c cc:=d c10:3 the near'sy fculto in ras:nt coologh history, cad ,
-W ocknic co=iderr.ticas cro not kin:; reco=caded in tha d=1:2 cf tho 4::,
-o A rep =t tr/ the kard c' con:ultica co;1ccers cca c: ologists of Q
- s. .
7::= tes Vc11cy Authority ca c:rthqu he 1:.nra in quotc3 in the parc 6 p::tcinks to.tha couthern Lppcicchianss . . .
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~ '
"Ihio re;1cs is e part of the scathers Appe.19tm . . . .
o ' I'
- c ich e s ep11fec3, folds 3, faulted c=d cverthru:t in,.) ~ s O . .
ec=ple:: fashion la nid-g:ologic ti=s. It us 1 ster .L 3 . tr=a d:7.n caa essin uplift:3. -Ths isst epissSo of . I cyliit occurred usay tillions of years mao.1 Sin =a. p;6. , then tha recica has been quiescent. %:ra is to cri- ., ) . I
- de:cc of ctru:tural distufae :o n:r. in pec ess or cf s:7 .- h i'l l
th:t Ms cecurred in rseest c: ale ic ti=2._ It is tras. ..
/
, i. , . that a s::1tituk of fcults a:s to be fc=d in this c cap. -
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in feet, cza great cterth9 cst fact: is.to be seca a short ' ,
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., C:::d.n c' eva C' hM:cesa l' cit:. O. : . 1, ~. :: :
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.fr; .ts era c::h S:ll; vary ::h:t, L v: b:a gh::::t f:: ni!!!c..: c0 y00:3, /:02 c; .:titute to
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.: . ch:2 ha itu cajc c.re.nes reitw a cd cil he:=J c2bajcrc=chquh:2 is h iir.':3 to h:Vo diO3D :::3. w Clich: c ::xc t*tst cm occur oce cicually la tha r:31:n c: n::cly nb:: c3Just=:sto cna cro ces pra-12 , ' , f.
. .. maitic s of c:Jor tuve=:ntu." . .
n- - FN . _{
. E::nc:a ci tha p p;;icity to th ceca of th: 1012 un 21!.r14, Miracri .
.1 M '
e l _ cc thqucho, tb Lord rac:r.=: d:4 that provisicas fo; scicule strucsco,thculf
} i y bs t=23 ca riv : proj::tc wat of Cas:c cville, t.1:ba=2, .,
- 'sh::s cc:2id :: tic:sp ,,
D ;~ ,. .~ c:0 ctill hka c:ca in tha d :Ica of WA cerectwea. "In tyJ.ro c::structica/ ' , . , s cie:o l'crid U:: II, w h-Ts coc t&ca cabnic de: g e ' . .. 1;n into ceasid:retica scr.7 .' . , -
- ct==tc: 310:3c1 ccou of =5 i= 1ulina ULho3 D;2*A ^ , ,. :
I cc: sider that ths chevo di :ussion ca cc :hicchs h:=:ds cro'
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.y definitely p::Cin:= to Lit:12 niver c _
4 X:ov:c, 6:ro na ep: 41 carthquaha . i 40:1;n b ree:=en!cd. . r.- -
. .3-:
In the caso of Joe.:ssco, the ch:sco of s severe . < 27 p..
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cc:thqu:52 is equally rc=ote, cM fur-hr.r, - th:ro is evid:sco that a roch ,' . ~. + , , '
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.'i 1[d:s'h c=t:::aly stabis t=:dce severs shoch.11 to.m'ar, J::ts:ce is,
[,h [ s e, c::j::: str=ture, cas its locatics jc:t dcunstrces of a re,,*.cssi, al*.hach .
.j:3_(g. l:
c0k !:0117 inert, fccic sc:a sho.14 S:rrest a s::: rally cor:rvctive .
.n . n j 3. . _ , c7;;o:ch to desi:2. f.y'.7,' O recri::ce with high 4:=s <cring certhy:So shosts'. . ~,
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C;u .::.: ::, E:.:' :.", r=1 fL1tero,1,:va t. raj:: , t: r;h cz'=:x c:::.:t cr. Lt3 c:h. ': c::ct7 . la c=r.ny, I :am.ph::ino tJtat th Jo:0:sta cito is nat in ce , l c:ca c =!/.c::e?. c:<c de:1.17 mata',10, cai no: cal practico vould c t 1:01 : l ! cc::hinch.n d::,f:;n. n ra:ver, fe; tho c;.:11 cffert irciolved, th2 cnify Is s ch:uld in:Ic.io ca*.tcutica rai:3 tho 0.13 valus, en! the caditic a1 cc:t ' I cc cc=t:c: tin; the den, if en, with thin fc co ircicaca, c:n La c:::id:: c." 10 If ciner, it could bc ecos:cbis to use the mier.ic 42aign. If it vsuid
.t i=tolts a nsje cric.:&clen cc corciderchio coat, it is not justified.. Th') .
D foot d: tensa c;cinst tiu enktow forcea of ocienic cctivity 12 a cese:2117 ' i 11 cens:::vative &sica, J.th cpecisi netontica to chutzent tec:t=:nt, c:fc ]; y, clopes, cza c:nercur 11cer cones. , I
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n i r. m 3 % , m cc:k'y c: de ci.c . b, t, c-r x ,, r.-.- w-., I r.= M:!.e,n; 021t. Gof:r.hti:2 r:$h f o typ!n10; ths 002t'::::::m % l 1[o col Sm.*ihe!2 caiu7, ct:1hin; coa: rally na:th::n, uld tha
! 13 bh:
2: :::h la ev::1,617 rc-t4:31 c5the 4 i Cr,'theten dippb;; cuc.:cct. 'l di:hahea ,. l. di:b vi:/ ccn f of1.ty ch;c, ce ca curt:c., cra tiu rod 22:z? , cembted its cycle, to parcia!!y vaadnal roch cul finally to ccu.1 rack ' t9 633 82 oth': Pich:nt m C:reral!y, the coil cr ! :on. r ofile is olnilt: in de.r::it:0, cr.th cs cc. :: Ic J, !!::tva11, a.13 che't util. h c: ale:7 of *i d l
~ ths cito is rJ11 tics:117 cotered in tho IA.e reyerra ca Littlo Mvar, vi ,
N did I cosac?. ' o In the Cuo10;,1C 100211.na dese 1MJ ths Litt1s r.ly:r n:h lO n:lete:o . 17 the cer. rc111:ca tera of '11ocito conica" chh is ths cer:a n .
%c roch b technically r. biotite-plestockco c::hc. .
c::3 ferl'acwc.
~ cen:htica cf interloc!c,s creino of plcf o:1cso feltn:r cad que.:t , with , . .
O Th: ch::ac:crutic hafia; is'c:u:rd 17 ccr.ccre . a:Mr ceccocory siir.srals. ' C3 Locito ca! horni,unda in thz lichter 1.ce'.crocsd.of Icidspar trutic=s of 1: I 1 g:d qc:;r.s, C :plota dattils of tM uin2:31c3 0 ce".9321:1cm cf the ec;k . l era given la ths patrer., rap *ais ruports es reparc:.tr.tiva seq,>hs dich g . .- U ,;, t' s p.rt of this enors. ' m 5:baral cou:Akca for tha ra:.ks cc tom Littis Liwr c:J . s :,- . lf ' ._, W::::s is sinitar, cr1 th./ 4:e cancidered to La 4iffner.t fr.chs of thu :- -- -
- u emu a m: 4, nunce, e.=t
- u=tla r.s r:r re:h t= ~ . . . . . .
p;;. . . .
,=2 o:,
12, '/aib is da ment r:ch .,
'E ' r.::s in:v117 leaN vic bio.:Ica cal irr:=',10: -
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1 1 the Lhtite cN. I.:=Lic S cro c::e cycaly dicc: inated thrcu?.eut the g :rts c=d f:10:p:: crc =d::: . Thereforo, the Little tiver rech hc: i o Creatc; tenden y to tirc:S clena the foliation, cnd is genercily not es 1 cc:p:: nt ca that ce necu:a. For unife:::ity in lo;;ics I hevo indicated l c 1:orisen en ths Littic niver 1cco es "Iop of Qantryablo neck," cs I h:vo ! cleo dena for Jo::c::a cnd Ecoveo. l.ctually, tho bandin3 of thic rock would predeco cicbby, clon;cted partic1co een blacted, uith a 1cr;o percenteso lof finco. It would bo unacceptable for concreto c;3rc3sto,
- cud barely ccc:pecble for riprep. Since the structuro proposed for i
Little River will requiro little or no rock cr.cavetion, the bic: tics cnd , crushina chsrecccristics of the rock aro worthy of c:entica, but vill bevo 1 little effect on con truction. As foundstien rock for the propoced c:rth
.I l fill d::s, it is entirely edequate. .
- 2. (:re mo Unter. Cubcurfcco water at this site should be typical '
- of the Pied: cat cres.' Tbs top of the r.ono of saturatica, or'wster tobic, .
chuld generally follow the topo rephy, but is deeper in the epicads end , J r.oro cM11cv in v 11cy bottons. In the alluvini flood plain it should , cyproxi=sto river level. It stigrates through the pores of the westhered i!
. 1
. rock, whero the feldspars have disintegrated and left intersticial spaces - j l
I batve:n the quarts grcins. Additional water is contnised in the deeper f frcctures end joints below the sound rock line. The water table is not ~ ctctionary, but fluctuates continus1ly as a reficction of smmi precipi- _
}
1'ater should present no constructica problen in abut =ent stripping l +j t tics. . but shcro the alluvial catorial suet be rc=oved to provids a cutoff acros's " ,- c
, - fY "7
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'iho 'ficed plain, well points or pu= ping from su=ps will be regiredf : m .., 7.;
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e ric * . ..: retS,. th=d. .ch=.k:1 ~ . . t .::.:.::23 d::: 7:::a ths ro:M,tr.2:h1~; ! j l . tha h:15 p.~.1 , Ida:s to p::: d:p'.6,V.:11a is the valby bott: :: the c:ft
. . . . 1 I
l c::::R1,peh::a ty th e::h dkht:ystion to =c.ated 17 th: ctt:1tha . , , I-of ctrera c: tion, c=1 c:ena rock is c2::c: tM cches. .At ths I,ittio - . ., niver cito this.1: c, ==:117 trua, c=c:pt th:t tha d:pth to cound reck is , the yelby tottes 87 ts 20 feo,t) is ce=..Ast deep = tMs n 21. Cftes i chs catM:iq ped =ts .in tb riv= botte=s of Phda nt d. .:31tes b:Vo ' hta c=phtc17 rc.: :d, tenig fo=d:tica qc:lity rock enpct:3, l.ith: h c$ctment v:sth=1m is 4:ep, tha rc:ultic rc ide:1 ~ _ _ - . ceib = chys, cilt , cai wach::4 ro:ho . cro cc:csturally-cero: , c=3 - *- -
.j ch=13 pcvids _ _ . - .
o c.:t.i:f.e..c.t.ory f.o=. h. ties fc the p: ope.:.ca et:th c-S- '~-*.
'b e-E=:::ths cf ths 6:t= ta sh:ula is li=ited to strippig of c:;:qin.cepa
_~ _-. . . - . - . . i
~'
c.o..il . In ths river botte::, he.:::::, the rock cs ths left chut=st is l i cve:his by clierist c:cc Is1. probsbly river depc=1ted intettead=4 c=5s. .
.r i
.- I cn$ chys. A1:buch I h:fo not coca c...ples of this esteric1, it is -
l
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c:::117 cbbetiombic for tea res:::3, Fir:t, it is n==211y we:h, c:S t::21512 c: sedis u=Ser the iced of the e*c' . del". sic ~chilyi
. . . . . . . .........,; the ht:1:iE:~ci ,
. . c:a verth:1 p:=cA111 tics dif2; vidoly, c:5 its hn::tio cM cster ,
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c:ba c;=c11 p: rec:5111ty dete==h: tic:a c.inlec3hs. Dies with ths cost) .,. 7 .'
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- - 1 o . ' int =217s c=pic stics tha passibility of contis===s s:s31-* c3 f;c:s
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F . c7tt::::s to de.streen es=ot ba diceousted. It should thref :a ta - . eg i
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. : : : . _. :::d r:c. D :n..f. c..e.r.:.n.;:t.h d:t.e.=. 2::!.:n,J 1:: a ,.. ,
l ra n T,_............._tb i 37.r er::: h.t. .S. :::._c::tka cf th2 c:L:nt=nt withat chcu2::
; .cN_.~_....----~...-.....
- v::.:: C:',1co th::n;h th fc=.htbs, cna c:a. . th:rcCcr.o . - -
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- n. ;
c c t.:2 c:=;d th:011 L3 y:w1,C:1. to.pcyact c::pa o c 1 htc C=n :::= . l
~ . . . . . . - . . ..
l t.:D .
, #m .;'n .y.c::s.._ c0. the:s a c11wn1 co11c in 11alted - th:y c;;:::: to ha
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cn? 7 ch:, ths sicd phin f c;n L to . . . . .
.I,-5, and...th: r reerts1 c:a kehf111 rJ:2.1J ts no probica. .
, .. . - - ~ ..... .. ~
I
. 2. . cutert c .w. h .-efona. - - - ~ Altho.g*: 1.h: c :11:st of tha th co ,
C: 3 cf the l'. cre.c
'sc=cery prof:cc, ths Little niver c::b::'=nt vill La '
i . d:: t 150 fc:t hith, with chut 135 fcct of hoca et the deep: t point. '. C :cf2 c:::idersticas in tha v:sth:::d fou:letica rock cro th::crore . j . i 1 p:::::t. Ideally, a pe:itivo cutoff vould 14 d:sirablo, co:nb111: 3 of c cutoff<c:ca:h to tira rod, cad a c: cut ccesis drilled fec: tha bo:te:s
~
,, c0 the tecn:h voll isto cocal rech. . tecucco of the depth cf ch::= cat ir 1
h.
.J 1
. , c::t ::h;; cuch c::st:cetion veuta bo' inc:Jinsec17 c:p:asive, y ether,
. .V[ . ,
ths nat= 1 chy coil cyc:11c0 7 ths chutxnts, dilo thin, nets na a
~1 ' '
Lic:S t'to p cvost c=::: iva coep :o. If a p;sitiva cutoff is not caso, , tho sec}.002 should bo vit*ain toic=blo li=ito, but cust be censideroa in .
, 4:01;;n. C ::iderstion of the natco of the scepage.is igertant, It vill i
~ . c::::, c:t throu;h the eve:h: den soils, but threv;;h tha hichly weatherca
. s -
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c:3 dl;icte;; sted rech sens to::ces ths evretaden cicys cad is top of
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...- ..-e-u cer:5 rc h. At 1.i:cio River this ecca varies from chout 75 fact thich c:
~ ~.- 3.d _
.r
.g
.~ ..c: th2 t:p of tha chutznts to the c:d:r of 10 fast is the valky bottoa,
- t. ~ l la 1'p::3 i=p:::31cs tha recerisir, fc11 hendu..:cr pr::o=cs vill in ti=2 ba v'. - -
, . 3, 1. d w . teilt up in tha ec:2 c:=a h::S loss v111 caha pir.co betueen ep:tres== . ,, . . . i
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4 c" d= :::cca ci un d:n, tut L$ tins p =ibly ccver:1 c:nths c~a: 7
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fillir : - c:turatica of tho :::2 to vcryie; preportieco of th- --=nair e I hud, vill chtnin.' Cli::o tha dwn:tre,:n, - c=1.pervicuy1pyp,3pve:1y1:3 ;,, . I the enth'erca z:na c':c cin', tha hka..in..thay:sthered-rc:kxill.'brc
'..m
. . . . . . ~ e throui,h tha c=fini 3 curf co 1. ycr. cad cvidenco it:01f 1:Icu the
.....--~ - . . _ .n.: . ..,.,2.:. ... ...n m ,
i j C~.TOtrc:a tco es c: po cnd toils. - They c:sy or nay not bs d:n;:rous,
.~%.
; dep:ndin; en sfa ther c:y foundation ccterict is bein; rc=oved. In cny ,
ccco, they cre nivsys unsichtly cad undesirablo. In the cess of Littis .
, T.iver the chut= nt is carrow, with ravines dornstroen of both cides. *
,' . rurther, a tevn is just do notrc::s of tha d:m, and eny soepsco vill ba ~
i=cdist :1y noticco by the residents, with astural cor.ccrn. L'nices a
~
positivo - ---- cutoff
' trench end crout curtain era constructed, cens other :
......---~~----------.--
' i c:scurcs to c.on. trol ccepa;o cunt be used. _
~ .
centro 1_of Se-emo, The westhered and disinto;rsted rock '.; 3, , seno throu;h s'aich foundation acepc;e can occur is not ce.ca ble to groutin0 t The intersticial spacca tatveen the weathared cineral'grsins vill p ss - ; I r:ter, but are sufficiently fine to fittar out canent particles, and . s atte= pts to stout this uno have generally beca unsuccessful. Where .c
. /;
groutin; of dem cutoffs 'in the southeastern Pied::ont has bcsa dans it
"!.7::
hcs b: n intended to fill the joints in the stichtly weathered to sound ' - l' l rc:h cederlying the highly vesthered catcrial. Ecwever, jainties h . ' 49
. Y.;
;_ . p
- 1.ittic Rivsr and Eceves is relatively cinor, and ths joints ars ti:;ht, ' ,S : l g
~ ' . ' s ro'caly a s:s11 c=ount of the total sceps;s will ce=a throu;h the ^
i1 !
.p; .
D ,,
- '. - . jointed zons. Chemical grouting has recently been i= proved by ths c:a ~
. 3llf
' 'i
;.4 . . .: . y
,. cf c:ciclarators and retardants so that it is now a a:cful tool ' ,: 3- M' t .
- st bilizin; and to'ucica the p. :.chility of c.st: rials of str.d si:e- -
1g,,. O*# A.l P p' ' p A E o g.
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l . t 3 chr; a 1cr o d:, cutoff v:uld, h =ver, L: (.a lir.ited crc:3. Ia c: . rrthibitiv:iy c:g:n:17c.
~
dn:o c::::7:tica of a po:itivo cutoff to roch, end cc ent cad ch::.ie .1.'dcuttna, cro t'oth cith:r 1r rcetient er everly c:p:::1ve, , . ths third cad caly sce. inia cit.censto is to per=1t the scep:;o, cnd to . 4 i centrol it by proper. drain 33. I re.cc:=_e.nd that,,en i.nterceptor,dycin, t;.c , .- t l con:tructed from.ci.c.ycti.ca . - . ._. . 775.to
- teiluster,,psra11c1 . . - - -to . -the
- . -too c",,,hs,.m
'ihis drain should bo as doop ce cca be con-d,a:n-__do.m __
both abuteents. --. structed by'conventionst heavy ditchen. It chould bs as cloco to tho
~
toa as prcctical,1 caving room for construction - 20 to 30 scot frca
~
l A perforated pipo, set in properly creded '-- --- a. . - - the too would be resconable. _ _ filter c.re.vci, sho.ul.d..bo
. . . installed
. . . . . . . in the.. .. . .... bottom.of . ~ ~ ... t..he
_ ditch., Tho ._ l i dic:soter.cf the pipo will bc li=ited by the width of the trench ebecic:bic. , . . . . . . ~ . . . ,
, - . . - - ~ . . . , . , . , ,,
d ' Co A ,::ver, == -"' sa 13-icch pipo should be considered the min." . s.um
- sica,* so thet,y
~ ' '
~- -
clloains 6 inches = dan of filtcr gravel on each sido of ths.pipo,*a .
. 30-inch' trcaih would be rcquired. .-n.<-~ The pipo should be tiedded in a minic::a
~.
'of 12 inches of gravel, with 34 inches of gravel above the pipe, and '. .
e
~
,, y 7mf, the balcace of the trcach bachtilled with relatively 1:porvious soil. .
The pipe should discharge above g,
. . . ta11. vater a.t .the foot of each - - - - .abutment
~
_ a i .
' into a senhole, so that the flow may be inspected. Th.e.,scaholcs in turn .
I
......-- -A -*ahola at the appar and of the ---n_ pipe
..ehould discharge to tailwater. w '
-[ -
woul.d .also be advantas.cous i.f. clea.ni.ng.or flushintof the.= .drain . ~ . s..h
-~ . _. ,
~ - , ~ . . . . -
1 3 . <,. '2 *
< ?'.O n*w t 1
i
, .: p. ,'
77 aver becc:se accessary. . .~
- ;- ? . .
. ;, The use of wells to suppic=t.at the drains;e trench is a . - . p g.
j ji future possibility. Since the depth of trench Wich eca resa~ Sbly be - y ~ . ..;* ' C. ...-.,: ].. s obtained will probably be 10 to 12 feet, and the depth of westherin -.
'p
. y 4
g -6;- g ,
- ~ , ug .,
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k ,. b 8$ *d ., g
. , = . .
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- t. P. c' .:: . . t:11 La rp to 13 fut, Os c :-.:h c y not bs cuificicut t : : p *.a : np.; Q ino L: Ire C2 cr . :d cdf :c, c:p::Ic11y t'.w:o the f c. .Ina is di:= ted 17 the a:h d:cta 4: ::trer.a of toth chut=:ato. If i
4
*.:11: t .n=rn=cerry. they ch:uld bo 12-6ch, cr=ci p::hed, with n :
i l 4-in:S c:rd ::re:n.' n:y cc.a bo provided with en c1 Leu ct the cicvatica {
' ~
j of the C :in pipe, cad dicchc cs dircetty into the d:cin. R io lo thy . l the initist'instc110 tion of the g crforated pipe chould provido o cufficiently Inr;;o pipo to take care of cny 1cter drsicsso which becesco no:ce:r.ry. The codarcto additional cost of ths sun.;csted 13-inch pipo 4 In cycr c c=:11cr pipo v111 c1co tio cdded incurones c;;cinst clo;31n3 I'erth:r,'. ,, N i
. sa
'* in:t:110 tion of the drainsco cystca cr.n bo casily cecc:pliched during 2.,c. ~ .
.f'.o, l l censtruction.. ry waiting until sceps eppear after the rescrroir has ^
'l CV .
filled the draineso systou cust be constructed under high unter tablo _
} conditions, rather thcu in the dry. .,
~
Picsc=cters, or obr.crvatica vc11s, should be insts11cd in .'
.,_u..+......-.--.--~__.
' :st ced, d,:e:strces of the..a.b._uta n_ts_to svinitor the secyc;P% '. ;
. .. _~ . ' . . .the e-'-
.,c
~
psttern durins..and. after reservoir fillin3.- . F.::c ~~.ded locations tro , ?. ; o .....~.....e- - Lines at statioss 13/03,15/33,19/33, sod 23/30. Esch lins should coa. - o -e cist of a pio:o=otor ac the eshs:ceast croot, at tSe tea, and at the . l tottos of the davsstress ravins. At the too plc.:ocasters thould be
'. . insts11cd both upstress and downstream of the drain:go treach. ' They cheuld be esso after e *%t construction but b: fore ress:voir fillic;. ~. , $l
[. ns inst:11stion ces be reistivoly si=plo - a 6-in:h hole drilled to fim ' j
. m., .
4 tO:k cad b :kfillod to vi. thin 13 feat of ort ,inal gro.:nd surfa:e with , , , .
...1
., . , . .. .. tc l filter greval. A 1-inch pipa, slotted or provided with a well point st.'.. '
j . . the Ic.r:r and is czbeddsd in the Crcy-1. H e pipe is ext =nded to the ' / y
~
I D > ,
. m gn . , .;. . : s .M, ~ .' '
.t.-- ..]
- i ,. t'
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,{ .- * .
.f.
. 6 . .. i 1. , ,
~ *
~~. , , .- = , ,
- 7 gl e
- r^ ,, ,, , ,
y;
- . . a 4 =; , ;; ; ;[ _,} ' . a , ; " - yp"*g% __
_ q.-[_ .,, ;
; j; . .
w w.. .
, .,,, ,., . , , . c.5., g. .- e, g g. .. -m
._.u. - . . . . - .
l l e i , . . . .. i I l > c=L:o ca.i ch;: : *, c-3 do 1.olo cbre t.h3 crc'ici b:dC111cd tiQ i:. =- l vices city. r=1 ;ic rc:Cir.;;:: cf Oc:o V .11: vill prc'tido en 1:?ic tica 2 of the j of ca.rit.s in t.hs csturetica lins.in tho feuchtica 4:.vn:trcr.: a
! c:hn*= int', c:.S vi51,p;rait instditctica of'ceditionni drcinn ;oT :111 tics . .
f * . . if u = c:::ry h S rc cc:23 c tsilo c: cur. . , 4 t l - t
. A:::p::o C centrol cca t.o. niced.if _ccro lo tchen.tg.. pre:;crvo .
the scictively 1:p=vious curfsco coil bicchet upstress of the c=L n!:= cst ,
~ -.............
,, ~
~dIr'in; constructica. Uhcra disturbed, it chould be bechfilled with co:s-rested icpervious't:sterial. If it in desired to une portiens o.f t.he. ... . . . .
up;troca crea for borrow, they should not to pcmitted within .503Jcet~ . , ~ . . f, .
..- . -... .~..- - .... ..
- ' . . ~ <
. of tho M9- t.
. ~ . .
, *"~1a cu::: ry, Little tiver een geolo3 1cally be concitered a , . " . -. . ' .
' typical Pic6. mat d:=sito, toric; corersg= has bcon rufficient to insure ,
. that ne unusual foundstica defects c=ist, and th t any which sisy not ,
have be::n dic losia by the exploration con be tr..sted by conventiocci . ;
.[
constructios practics. Kouw. cat vesthering is dsep, and if scepsga is
. ef
, . I .e, %
sot' treated by a posit.ive cutoff. as adequate system of toa drainces ... '.t.D -
.y should.be used. The alluvial catarial in ths valla.y bottaa s_ho.u.1d.bo-
.ccd 1;- .
end 11 necesas.y - for _; g~::
., providad with a positive core trench cutoff, .
.-wtet stability, it may be necessary to ru.ove it antirely. It A -
T*.. iq ,
. .)
'could be effectively used for coffordan constr:ction. M. ,?,.s ,..
I i'
. . .l 4 e
f:W #Ls ,%.-(,b . . . [ 5.*p[. ' . . '
., ,7
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. f ..i.. . .wE. .
. } '/%.,
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- u .1
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.- % ., . . .r .
.+
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, 6 y Q
p y
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- w.,, -
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e $- =
'6 lL..- * . & _ .:
* * ' ' ' ,48 }.,
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- s =<
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- . H~3..ty 9n %, ; ,,; .6,
- .
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q ;- -(. . ; > . . y*
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- 4 ^4 .
~= * , >.
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. r-~ - ~~* : p m r ~ m .,~., ,
4
- 4. bd. Es Cc=:s cito io ccolosicc11y cisilce tu cc:t ec:p::to .
i i , i to the Littlo niv:e cito, cad (Sno features cro cppliccblo to toth cite =, i tho'Cereza C1::u::ha 5:111 n:roly refer to cpplie:blo Iorticas of the , . t *
.a l
c :tica ca Little River. - . D. J m 1 c;nin~n. . , I i . 1. c 9Nie structure end 7.ithoJpesy.. W Keovea site, like the. ' Little River cito, is ccologically typical of the southeastora Pied. oat, cnd is cinitor to other deu circady conotructed. ,
. \
. h 3:sicaic structure -
{ to in cecord titth tho :neral Pied =ont structurn, with the folistion- '
! h. !
ctrlhin; cen=sily r.ortheset, and the dip to ths asutheast. 1.hevo 10,.3o4 . the rock cs "biotito cuios," dich is tha sa=s cc.uralisod tonen:1stura t ' . cm that cc:a for Little Rivsr. h rock to cimiler in esay ro:psets, '
. ,' s
;yct differs cufficiently co that the casincerin; aspsets of tho' tso rocks . }. -
'i
. rer.: ires f=th= diceneoten. .
.J.p
'2f.9'
.r. p
- 2. Cem -f vML Tattle ntver eMDeq. ~ As describad in tho 3, % .
_A coctica ca Little River, the rocks at Keeves are biotite-plastoclass " Wl;i . g=01:s:s.
..is%: o local concentrations of biotite and hornblondo atac3 the
<s.J ir.. .- U solistics civa a typically tended epposrence. m rocks at Little River
' 'm.9. .". '
t r
.a. i I
aro hi her in biotito and hornb2cada, eich are refcar min =rals than the .
,s4
.dt .
9:rts c.4 fold:psr, and thor fore tha Little Rivsr ro:k is senctally , q ' j {;{ l
.w,...
.. ; . cc as h=d as that at Koowco, h sors highly handed structura also v111 ,
'.:e%, . . &.1 N - ,' c:*:s the Little River rock, if blastedi produce sore slebby breake s than t l
.t
. ..J.7.7M
*- s . . .;, . . .. \
L ' : rths-1c:s b:4ded rock at Ecowas.- N foliction at Little River also w 2: -
,[u$M <. 1
' ,, Cipa coro steeply, co.trib$ ting to the undesirable bref.tiac characteristics i
.. a l An additions 1 effect of the hish:r biotica and hornb1cada scutcut : is
. . ....;~.' D- that-- , / .,
. (. . y .- ~ .. '* ~ ,, f ,' " ," _(* '
'p,,,,. '
g' '
' ~ , - " *
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g
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g .' *s",
. h
~s e -**. - r, . *** _. *# -*..
, z,.
j.
- j. 'IE , ' ; *: ~* ' .~ j , '
% r q',
; ,. , ,'[p,
_. i . '
; ' , ' , ' ', * ?
y, p., ., . .7. _
..4 $ g*y sp. ,t /c.4 ' '
.., _ ;, .;$.g',r [4f.:J,*."?}^%.-
'.y;
.r. -
[ 1
' , ,4 ,
~
_ g /
.---m..=
' y' g
- = .,,
--. ,w_4 q p pg ."W .*
m aA -M " " ~ '
I f LSn Cr:n.in t'..::: ric:rato e, :cicret:s th: chemicclly c::ple : V::th:ri- :
, pro::::::, to ti .: C:::. ;;;itica of the rocho ct Littic niver h:2 I;:en c:re int:r.:s t.here v::therins h a tcha piccc.. Tho effect of thio en i ~
i fo=0$tica ventherir:, hh tcen that et Recuco, ence top of co.$5 rc:h ic-l rea:h:d, the r;;h i: of c:=011tet gality. l.t Little Riv':: c:cc:i:=1
~
tesicted ve.nthored crc:a cro fcund to creater deptho. E vev::, a ccr pari::n of the top of cor.d rc h lin:s at both cites indicctes ccep= blo' . .
~.
deptho to firot cound rock throughout the abut:: nts. In ths valley c ctica, however, tho~ top of sound rock et Eco.cco cyproWetos the river bed . i . clevstica, cito at Littic River the river cc: tion is undericin by 10 ~to * [ 23 font of us:thered ro:k. At both cites occcaional jointo occur, pri=srily p=:11c1 ? i . .- l to tho strika, and Icss often perpendicular. 11cucycr, they do not , centrol tha vsatharina, and aro toportant only with respect to sechility of d rp c:ccvation f :cs. Cround water characteristics at Keowca should be typical of the Pied =ont, en$l efM n to thoso doscribed for Little River. C. ' Reinties of ccole~7 to Dc-im end countruetten. m
- 1. E eew.tfen. Tha discussions on excavation of Little ELvar -
cyply cimilcrly to Eccuco. The area of alluvial soils at Keovec is quite Ifnited, and it will prot. ably be desirablo to rcnova this m:terial n; entirely, or at 1ccat to prcvida a cutoff trench to rock. . .s
. f. '.
r.zeevation at Keovea vill be required for t! e intske structure,. - S -
* [,3 - .s;111v:y, goverhouco end tailrace, end connecting cznal. Certral a:ple:n- ~
^
i,., s . c .
~. '-
tica'on interpretatica of ssolo;1c lo s with ralstion to c=ceration hcs .*2'
..- 4
'aireedy been cada. *Tep of rock" should be emed es the point at dich' _
s' -
- c. .-
q; i m e-pm, ...y y. c... . . 3 -3
- f- . .
.,.;, ' ~. y , ~;
. a . - . . . . . -
[K:I Qf . .
.er
~
c _ ;y . .:, .~
.-y...:*
- e. ., , : : . - e ,
4 .,. (T: # ,
.~ p 3-' _,, .o - s ,, - ,
V _" **~ 'yG~g - - w b __.
t cyster. t.ic 4:1111r ; cnd tic:tir:: chid ta rc7.sird. ' s i c O =; . * * ." rc:h is tho 4QQ r t.'..ich rc h cf g rry 9:11:y cc.n ta. cL:cfr.:.:, c.:3 .
; ts cleo tha pality cf ro:h rct. tired f ths fc=c tica c c lor cc :rct:
- 2
- m. .
structurco. . . s. .
. r. .* . . ' .
i.
. E=cvatica cicpo picnnica till bo i=;ortent fer cit or cha j
L: I
!*Ocuco cthueturco. For c: tcrici le;;cd cbovo 'Tep og 3. ed::st.e.l.y,p.n.,:h l ~..,,,,,..-.-..-..---_
Y J.o-k" or '.Tcp.~of Q.: rg/abic.Icch" cno.ycrtical_to.. c.no.h_eri.ccatet -m cler3
~ .
i , W proved satict.. tort f or both.te:porcryM.p:m,t.cleg [ Fied: at rocks. Sono vcathered rock m.3y be encountered above this clo-hf ^ Ch '% . vatics, but it is generally not safe for steeper slopes. Eslow this , O . -
.For j ~ t.
. horices' four vertical to one horizontal slopo.s .c.r..e r.e.co:x2:nded. -. .-% ;c . ; . .. a
~ :._..-.. ,
lJ limited rock sc:cs or in arcas of c=ceptionally sound rock vertical % . ", : ;, [ . -- i . . ,: . .- e feces ccn bs 'es:d, but the four vertical - one horizontal stops is ...r"...:.
.; .N.e .
sesier to scale sad will spall less durins frcosing and theving over
' , 3 , %. . .. .
.c.m . l
': . .j f Faztended periods of exposure. , ,
, . , vi .
.The technic;ue of pre-rplitting in' bicsting vertical or alccit : ,,: .....m.g.. s.,.Y r vertiect rock fcces h:s proved hir,hly.cuccessful s=d economical, and ; -e .I. . .c; .-
I'%. : r ~ .p.- . a. - .- shSuldbeutilizedwScrcycrpossible. The rock at Keoves should blast 4 wiS.. f g.fQ... .
, . . . .n ws11. 1:overar, shcre rock. faces are para 11a1 to the northeast - trendingw y;w ~M W [sdor '31st systas, tha a=1stcaca of stecy joints parattet to the face ?. .< A;ff, A H
'w .
, .r.
.1 .
1should be studied to prevcat rock slides. Jointing is not'estsasive st.g M..{.v. '.j
; m,o . .. .... c..;
1
- this site, but must be considared. A bom is desirable at the bottasa of /a.;.,'.,,.[.'j?,m i
e ~ .
,- ..,~. I the cas en ese overtord:n and,wcathered rock slope..to catch locss, materia 1*; g?'%
;,X.... ........:'
-. ' ~ ' ~ m.s:.
. .f 4
.if.,= f, .' sad nicar s11das. A 10-foot etaf-== width bem ston; top,of sock a:sy be? .. ..'j; ,; .,$.1
. ., -. , ; n .9
; ..xa ,_ -
.. 7, M.'Jss, ed, but a wider bem w op to.50 feat - is often desirsble if the ,.u. M2.. ',
, 7. 02. . . .
h .+ 2 . ".
. O..s.F,0;r.: ..w
, ' azcavated r.aterial is usaabis sissuhose. ,. . ..
mp.'r
< t. cp '.S.3
,4 - e
- s. . o , . .
n :. . ; '~ yr', . _,.. .-*
- i- i
.wn . w-
,: * * , ,: ,,,o . . 25 .
I;Jy. .;... a, . ...m
~ .
..,<::7, a .. . ;. A:: u -
1 .- . 4. ,
. 1.s
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.; ;p ...t..
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n
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y a
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f:
=. ; .*;,
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( p se. ' '*, * ~
& , '* \ . ',, *. *- .; . -. .' ... (*j
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,3 .* . .j . [ ',
,4 8' . 3 ' ., f 1,8
- fy , E.
.. _ . ' . . c, . , g , . ,, ,, f3 .[ ,.,
v, j. p
'y
- u. 7 ;
.. .( . ' ' .
t 4: ,,
^
bi a's,g,. , . W- : mm s. w - e
. -, . ~ , .
-~**"'%.ew.,_..f. ,, ,, _
_ f m _. , ', ~~ ,e, , ,- -
- g' 11 k- ' - ' - ~ - - . _ . . , , . , _ . . ,
1 o . T.-pe- ) g'. '
,. u m .-' :::: R n : t':::e cc:l.f.
, .t'.e"* '. h. 5:1cded fer re:h t olth ; c: th t .:-
Isit Icn;r.:: ep to M D:t r. y b [ l
.. t:ph d far c:hty in ice:1 c .-4 cithoch C:n=rcIly belco D to 1: fe:t 1
! .2
. 1:b r:11~ ta c*i t.::co..
\'
. e, . .
M,if.3. link.Vh'Q.I::::h.iE.GC7. tit 03-US00 -fer-etf0ty C3..rc$h
., ,. :t f::b: cc:h co the:3 cbove tvunct portals to prevens sp:llo frem en k
c:a cad equi;n:nt belo.s.
- i'his feature is reco:: ended as b:in3 vorth" k
[[! the cede'reto cost. eince evca the most meticulo2s scalica ]{ dof~]; a " fa doco . cot guarcates that sys11s vill not drop shring the ~b deit
, ..a., . .
o . thca cycle of tho vinter months.. -
- s .
~
, 2. . .
Cutoff Considarations end Control of Co*Mto. Althoch'- cy M i/ d. the rock at Ecoces is superior to Little River for construction ' - t . , .a '
/, . .
O .
. .a. -,
purpo:cs caco cound rock has been reached, the woathered rock sons - Eh .
. La the chuteents is as dacy as Liticia River and requires the sano t.
eu. .
.i
, .j
- con:1 der tiens as to secpaso control. There is not a town dovastrc:a .
. t ,: ;
. ' of th' o c=h:nh.ent at Ecodes, but with the pcworhouse located 'is=nediate ' >N.>
~
, .p'.c, -' i 1i .
3 de:.n trecs of the~ c=bankrent, socps and boils at the
.,is.
-t toe , . .
d=-'~
.. :.,. z y 1 3 ,..-
s .- Evould b2 undecirable.---I ree-i that seepasa control. drains be ' . .
'E t ,. ,
i - . , .
-- ~,
' nstalled at the _ - toe of both abutac. ate of the naia --^__ *-t .-- .- - ... . -_
~-
.w.
accordirc to the procedure dascrib.ed
- to..~paragraph
~_ 27-5-2.and 3. .. The-' "
_ --- _ iI ecst of such drains is a negligible part of the structure, and would ,,t
. be vc11 worth the effort. Obsarvation walls should also' be installed -
' .1a. 7 1j.: . . a G ateticas as follows: . . .
~
~
3*,. " ' ^
. I
." %y'y l- l , .. 7 station 24 4 0. Caa piascoter at the --S-
. ' z at
{
+
, c '~t tos..and - , : G v.'
], . ona ta the drav 400 fast downstream.
., .ry. . ,. f . ;. .
.77./',.'
'q-a'7.. m;. W ld a. ,
4 2 ,..* , " .~ . t . - s
.* , ,, . . . A .,
- i
,'^', *
,L _,. e
.;. c . .. .'l ss r r *
" -$' st;.
et s o*.;*=v.~
, se ..;.* w, b'.. r . 7, ,3 '4 * , .R g, l f; :. ,
. t * ' - .s... .
c,.,- m,. - .1s . V,
*., .; p.
~~
. ..?
* &..~ . l ' yd.
e_ ,, ~ ,5 *
' (* < , - #
- . . . ,vr.
1
- n"u 2
.. . m . c .. ' n ' .'
6 , w?. ..
,. 7 # , 7 y' g
[,'{ s.we]*Qh
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.. 2
;r_
} . .
y.,.s 4 ,' 7, . , ' . ,
'..Q*."-
n 7..* -*J;n. #l..
- ;,, .' _ v u g
~~ s
" . , . ,. _. ?-
-my '
-m - -- -
- .. , , , v... "
M-
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, EE ' ,
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~
" ' " ' ~a~~~'
~
~.' - ._ - - - _ _ - . . . - . _ .
t retten 07/!3. 02: rie:rr:ter et the c h *=r.: c::; cm i l ('~ *
.. f ai d.v.::::pa in the d:::!; cnd cao 703 fe:t drt.::: rs in ce
- t. :
i I d::v. ' ' f . l
. ,, Ctetica C/03. 'Cr.a pic:02:ter et the enhdh::st crc:it; cno et c:6 cid: of the tes d: Lu; cao %D feet dr.mstrc::s.
; l C::tioa 51/00. Cns pic:==:ter at the csh: '.=:nt crc:t; cna !
l I c: c:5 cido of tha too drain.
~
- 3. Te : min. na rock at Ecowco chould bla:t well cad generally
?
h:7c encollent tunnolin; properties. Water probicae should t. c:,,110iblo. N .- Rs de:p weatherina of the abut =cnts vill require that the portcls, bob _ cpctrecs cad downstrec=, ba located sufficiently far into the ebute nt .
- t n -
' cs t
'_ het- a -- ninte n o.f e. .no..t..unnel..d. ic..=c.to..r~ .o_f ;co.,und. m , ,_. _r.o.,ck.e.xista c
, 4_ w ~
C the crch at the portcls. With the tentativa layout as propo: d on ' <. Q' - Licen s teplicction Exhibit L. Ehest 2, this require =snt will be more '
. th:n c:tisfied. .
- De jointing indicated by the borings Is ninor, and the g . joints era tight, so that this should not be a serious probica. Es
,o cno difficulty in the tunnci construction will be that the strika of the rock foliation appears to be about H XFC, dich is close to the slipnt of the tunna1. Since the dip of the foliation is relatively
, , flat - about 25'33 - this would ordinarily be pertinent caly la that oc:.3 overbrcck et the arch and invert could be expected st'nce the rock . -
l ...-
"l . . ' ,
. would tend to break touard the planes of.the foliation. . At this site, '
. ,'.7 L ' ' pl ".
^ .
- c .L g, . . .
kr.=ver. the pri=sry joint system parallels the striis (lored on the _.
- jA.l
- x. .
;. ' r' ;*\
boring logs as "strika joints"). Dus the inter:cetica~of,the:s strihs' . i.
. ~ joints at the strika of the feliction can ca.:ss blocky brc:h::s ces s. - '
\}. . :
l' *
,. .gy , a ..
- e -
h
- l, /
- . . 3 7 ; 7: .a
- e. w.. ,
,- - ..' b p.
.,,,?
,- s ;_ / -
,*:..,.., :G ' y .;, <
,~s..
; . 1t i =.'
, -, . ', f ",p".
s
. . 'fg.p .. e..*,
V ^ ' ..
), ,p ,,y '
3 # m ' e '
o
. ?
. s
] j int is ent: Entered. 01:10 :
ths jointo cro 15;ht, ced the folk:Ma of the u:r.cathered rcch ic pito n::siva, no Crcat hables r.h:uld to
; caticir.ited. y' re , etver..11berci
, c:o of ro:t tolto to icerc::: t'$o.cefetyof thn_tn=d c:cLehould.bs.plc=:d. Eirht-foot bolto cho. tid ccntrc117 to y n. :n . .;--
1o:3 c. v;h, since'ctcbili:in; of only cmall rce4 cs:::s cill bs regired.
' 4. _hef: for ccetrnetfon Purnom. 1:h::ro cound cad c::.::there?,
the rock at tha K:ovas oito con bs considared c=ollent for cost construct purpoces. the tunnel emek would bs estisfcetory for c=ba &=0st protection as riprep, c.~.ecyt that in nornst tunn211ns operaticas the rcch io bro'.u:n .;
. into c=11 si=es to facilitate handling, and is thus often tco e.:11 for riprcp design sites. It should, however, esNo adequsto riprep bcddica
. s:sterial. ~
n Sound rock from excavation othor~ then tc=. is, whero binsted to proper s1=o, would to excellcat for e=bm' :nt protectien. t
* - If no beddin;::sterint is econcaically available, a fear-foot leyer l
(=castced perpendicular to the stepc) of. quarry run. rock hcs been .fc==d. N ! to ba , ptisftte,cory~ ~riprap ~ - - - - - -cover
- - . ~ , without,bcodins ceterici. This obviates i. '
z --, =- , the expc=ss of the two-1ayer operatica of a spoeially graded filter , covered by a layer of specification-cised riprep. Ik
- The Keoves rock, when crushed, should provida satisfactory. "
concreta ar.vesata. It would, bovaver, tend to brcsk with a rathsr larga *
^]
., percents:e of " flats," or alon3sted p:rticles. It can bs'co=:idered for -
- N,, '1 F
use as a 3rc: ate for planning purposes, but as soon as fresh rock in (. .' y .: qu:stity is available from the azecvation, its cruchin; charceteristics o
. . i' should be datamined prior to a final dscision as to its uso.
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c W.; th:2 cc:ured f::a the c=c.::Ica for the strc:turce, po:cible' .
j. . .
i cit :n.t:s cau% ts'ce.ter. ::::'ef ths stre:tura e=:'.ction:, cuch cs ths r;illv:; r;;re..0, ths cc:ne :tro en21, c: the tc11rc:o c a l
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- 51. J'pi';;!:". D.U! r:') P7n:lt:%I::]
A. C:n ral_
- 1. Introiu : tion, iho rocha un.1erlyin3 the Jocanoco cito cro dif ferent frc:2 tho:o et Littic L:.v:r, !; v.r.o, cad oth ;r Pied:. oat J:.u to.the couth cnd cact, an1 o difieront geologic envircre. nt c::1 cts. The site io on the c::tren v:atern cdaa of the Pied =ont, end hos been influenced by the proxiutty of two r.ijer geologic featurco - tha Ereverd Zcne, cod the castern cdce of the Elte Ridg: Tront. Further, the rocko have a T
different nincral acccublego than the others in the Pied:sont, and thus N . different weatherin; producto are fomed. The Joenosco project nunt be expected to provide unusual design cad construction probicas coro difficult o and costly than the other citco, both because of its geology and the Q additional difficultico icherent in the greater height of water to bo inpounded. Dcopite its defecto, tho Jocasoco sito is topographically a "antural" for a high da:2, and the solution of its foundation prob 1ces presents en intereoting challenco in rochfill; da:n design. _ l O '
- 2. Previous htudies. Previous stud co of the .casincering geology g
of the Jocassee sito have been made by 1,39 Enginecrf a; Testing Co pany, and are included in their reporte "Jocassee Developuent, Foundation Ecport," I dated August 13, 1965, and "Joccesco Development,ILaterials and quarry
- Report," dated August 19, 1965. The field work acco=plished as a basis for these reports has been quito helpful in providing a background for core detailed studies. The geologic conditions ac dcocribed in pages 1 to 14 of the " Foundation Report" are in accord with ey findings based on tho -
additions 1 borin;;r, ev ilablu t- 'm, cr o I es: ecr with th2 conclusics.1 1 as to the cite gaolcgy 1:hich cr descri;,ad. Since toch the regions 1 cad a
\ 30 ?
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., W ,!
, q,; . t
, . , -
- w e. ,y ue .4 -" _
l j. 4 le::.1 t:ol: / ~ .
- eately coverel, r j discu
- ;aion vill not rep 2ct cny h of the ruterid c availcble. I will ctrera only tho:e cJJitional .
features di:eloda 10/ : y cua:aination of. the cit.1 anl the ctudy of the borings, to3cther uith their t n;in' erin ; cisaf fican:o in the design of the proposed ctructure..
- 3. el.,cH ficc h:1 of rac1. In lo;.;ina the borings I havc attccpted S .
\
to c1ccoify tha rect on itr. physical charn:teristica which arc cost imporcent il to d: sign stedica. Tcr uaifore.ity I hav.: uccJ the sa::: description and bacio for relative hardn:aa na 19 outlin:d on page 9 of Lau's " Foundation in Report " with the caception that I have not attcepted to differentiate N ; betv2cn " nard" an3 "icry Eard." Uhero py Coologic logs describe the roch no "llard" there io no visible cloudin3 of the foldspars, and the rock l O ch uld be considercZ . atirely cound cad. u:n:cathered c:: cept for such jointe j
.O
~
nd etherecfect a= are noted. ^=7 recus in chich the felderara are clounded to a renascopic encaination a,rc included in the "lbderately IIsrd" or " Soft" classification. Sinec the prinsry uso of excavated rock at Jocasecc vill b2 the construction of a hish rockfill dam, I have introduced C en coditional tera " Top of Quarrycbic Ecch," indicating the horicon at which I consider vcathering hs: decrecsed to the degree that the rock can l be drilled and biscted without breaking doun into cxcess fines. This I borizoa cay be within the "naderately liard" zone, or in some cases it c:ay not be reached until " Top of thrd (or Sound) nock" is reached. As previously deceribed " Top of Roch" in the point at which systenatic drillina and blastina vill be required, but which vill rarely produce uscable roch, sinco considerabic rock disintej; ration is still present. O 31 I
,g- ,n 7 -w "W ,
"" ' - ' * '" # * "' " * * * "- ^
w I l E. Icent C olon O -
- 1. Ceolo:ic Struetm o. Tho local gaologic otructurc has been previously studied cad descriced by Carda:r l
. Darin3 our joint cite investit:stica on 20 - 21 l'ovenba e 1955 the cprortur.ity for c>:chau3o of findin3a indicated a rautual .ucced as to ths local tJNiccy.
no oito geolccy has b: .n daten.ined to a 1crt;o c:: tent by , the rc31onal 3eologic otruci.ure cnd its offcet cn strea: 2 pattern. The joint cystca resultin; frca t'a: cacient tectoalc processes which forced the crea have influenced t*. ccccc:a pattera. Ioth field invcotisations and core borin3s shou that tha prir.ary joint pattern 10 cpproxicately : 3 k 1 pars 1101 to the re31onal ctriho - genc cIly li 2003. Q cro encountered j. i I l O! in the lerin30 these joints aro Ic3 :ad as "otrike joints." They are f e generally stcaply dippina - u.ually 50'" to 600 frc.a the horizontal. no O * * * "d"'r * ' ' ' '"'" - ""' d 'a' x 2 c = = '=" 5" ="' " =a "6 "
- P a ='*"-
dicular to the strike jointu, and cro leased t.s "dipijoints." The ali3a-i s:aat of the nitevator, To;;r.cy, and Kccvaa Rivers in this arcs show a C definite general trend alen; the::o joints, s.hich is well illustrated by the Salen, S.C., quadrenale. The Jocascca axis is et the reversal of the C j l river caus:d by a chenac in the centrollin; joint synte:. from Ird (strika joint) to !;'.: (dip joint). The predo:21 nato direction of the rid 3cs in a f* northucst dirc: tion - typical of ths Pied.acnt - also effcces the stres:s
; pattern.
In edattien to control of the strea: pattern, the joints at Jocasoco hava effected thafopn.12 tion to th:_.q;;t;ot.,t*qst they cypasy_to h .ve produced a serio::: fcn.dation ,daicct. Tho joint cricatation at
- --3,,; . . . . ... -
{ the ext 2 has bc:n t*n p tt' .'* - ' ~- f::p ec t'. : In.; hc.: pre ::ssed. For a ler.3 p:riod of its h'.nc , c.u river c;. c.:catly fic ,J alcas ths
'i direction of thcas joints, as is cvid:nced by the preacnt ficod plein on 32 i' l i .
l i 1 n i m m=s_
3 I
+ the icit side, l' ore recently the river rcander cycle hec noved to otreat O to the right bank, vhere it 10 actively cuttina, cad deep vectherin; is 1
1 coa pronounced. In cddition :o the rock disintegration caused by tho
, jointina, deep trenthering ner.: the Icf t bcnh hao op1.arcatly been n;;rovated by the presence of inttrb A d hcrnL1:nlc-biotite natice, which deccys noto ropidly tho.1 th:. ulca (;ne tc which en2'rlico cost of the site. In
, borin; J-1; cuch of the r ch disintc;rstion is nion; "chect jointc,"
I which are c::centially harin:atal jointo caused by parting of the rock no overburden prc::ure is unloc'ad by crc:1:n end internal rock stresecs N are relec:cd.
', 2c horizont-1 entent of thi: deeply u.?athered zone is difficult to predict with irce:nt sat:urfact infcr.ntion. %c cdjacent i
bol t the cc:t (J-3) th;v biotitc t,a:Irc cr.d :hect end strike joints, O
; Q althou;h not quite es d:cply devcicped c3 J-13. We hoics cero:s the l ,
river (J-6 cad J-25) cpper.r to be cut of the vecthered ares, although J-25 contain: a hi;h joint concentra !ca, but littic vecthering. It
; ; appe:rs that th2 vect chutr.:nt cca La c.nycted to Frye a core r.ccrly C
nors11 Piednont v.eth rin; profile - sc,ut-3 roch (01thou;h jointed) cloca , to the curfree et the Las: of the chutr.:nt, stith vaatherin; pro;rco 'in;- more d:cply tccr.rl the top of the abut:.:ent. It is interr:tir; that 'hc pritcry joint patterns found in
,. Boris;: J-18, J-E, J-13 b:va bean ctrike joints, alth: ugh thiriver ;
' alisc:.c.at at thi exic ir, : >rc in accor3 with the criento:1on of dip r
I joints. 21: can c. sly be cap 1.sical by the fact that the dip joints are I u:ually :ccrly vertI:al, c.C c:uld L:ve been ciesed in tha 11::ited hori-I ~~ tent:1 c.ntaat cf the Mri f:. ; n j-Au c:: b: ol:erved at the roc % s. 0 outcre;: bet.::en borin; J-U and th *: rid;-.
)b- .
33
)
1
;. I 1
s
-~ >-t ,_ ,,
The retarhchly contin::ca align:nat of the Uhittuater River O end the part of the Keouac liiver at the cite cu:4cate that they cerc possibly coatinuouc at en carlier p::ried of ctreca elevatica. If coa-trolled by a nortir.rastuard trendinc, joint systca, it would alinn call uith the venthered conc in the r *ver v:11cy cc Ecrina J-13. Front the cbuve discus ion it is appar:att that the c>: set configuration of the deep t:cathering cannat be deternined without en enhaustive lorina progren alen; the cast b:nh of th2 river. Uithout this c::panditure of cir,2 ca.1 cfIort it can ctill be c:nu;.ud that a deeply g vcathered zone exista et the b ::c of tha Icf t ebutr.2nt; that it ic
'8 N probably joint controlled; and _thac .....c.e.n.a
. type ,cf cat-off tr.eateen. t. v.il..l be required to depths up to G3 feet.
w . - . - - . . . . . . . . . .
- 2. Petro pjji _ani y nock U20thering. Of equc1 inpbrtance to the above described dceply vaathared cres at the bar,e of the lef t abutrent,
, . which appccro to L.: ctracter:11y contro11cd, is the tenatally deep i
t vaatharing of the rc:', thro:.;hout the sbuttunts and s'urrourding ridges, where the ccologic structurc do:: not control. This in ona of the cur-O prising featurcs of the Joetsrce area. Unlike the Icallier venthering O profile of the interior Picdtent rc:ks, tha feldtpers fornin3 the pricary sticoral constituent of these roch hcvc only partially altered without .
' cocpletely disintegrctin; into tha clay cincralo. Althou;;h only partially co=plete, the alteration hsa pro :cesed to surpricin; deptha - up to 2*0 feet - cnd appocrs to L: ncneral throu;hout both abattente end the adjc: cat rica. Cines this f::sture is cf utuost inportan:o to design studics, I Lt.vc inv: ticated .it c:refully c:.d feel that the petrographic dice 1:sion: whic!. :'.1-v r~~ . r- : iar, if nce *.h2 coletica to, the d:cp ucatheri.;.
34 i I %
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C : C :p C 2 5 t;. ::.t h a i; 2 1. . Da C::.utha cf chy r.in=:S ruy I;2'
! c ;. ..2 '.L ; r :h 6 " r c..t h :Iy c =pe::.1 c caI7 c.:s cia:::2 - ~
p=; . c:1 r*::::' .: 1.4 c In cae en:o cppre:Qha cm of tha c.5:::7. - c:: . i
- hha cC Oa rr::i=:a. . (~~.;1o c:strasts ch:rply whh the p:tro;r: .h5
. r: =ts f:: P.n=0 and Litth Piver, th:ro the fold:pera cro chor.: cathcly ,
t ph;h:h:::.) Tha cierecline end ortho:1sso Ic14:pses (Jocessee) cra tha ! g re-::lled p :: h fold: ces" yAE1033), enJ cro cica to dacc::pe:o c dcr I -. ;
- ths irJit:::o cf v: therica ccents than cro tha acro eccily vesth: red !
*c ::-li=:" 2 Idep::: CI:-cdA1010 33) cc fount at rooxo cna Littla i Lh=. In c%itica to the Icid:pers beir.3 ch: 21cally core etchio, ths .
i t
. re:.hs 'ct Ja:::::a kvo'caly ci~tte crcusta of other nin :als (c= cept for thn cho-:t6b q ::t:). It is the oth:r uinerals nich costributo <---
C': 0 c::::: ry ch:=nto, prir.arily irca, thich are n:cocc::y for the cc:pic:: ~~ ch:=hst pronta dich tr:nsform the feldspars into clay nin:rals. r (An c= plo of the rob of iron in the brcshina dc:.a of roch nincrals into ' i e c1:7 is tha biotite-hornb1cado gacias found no ctrinscrs at n11 thrco sites. - It is recccal:cd that cuch rocks, which centein hich-iron minerals, cro
' - t
' ths test deeply V:.sthered in Pied = ant foundatic=n. P.olco J-8 cod J .
eratypical.) Contribu:ics further to this ornirore.at, the cicca et J=c:ces cro chost entiroly t::covite, en iron-peor nica. Conversely, . X; i
, . -the ciess et Littlo p.iver end Kecexo cro iron-rich blotits cies. .Thus tho'. -
l-
. , , o.
Wrsi c::c61cco o' ths Jocesecc rochs is in cvory v y not cenduciva to % ,
.'.[
the for=stica of the deep red cicys co desirabia for e-A "Y-- at ccustre:tica.. 3 ,- * ' An 42:121o:31 featura of p:::Ible -infhin:o io that tha cooler, higher , ' ;. - sr ,g
. , 1., ,';_-: -; 3
. . =
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.c.
a ---
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4
. .= * ,'
3 CJ ' .: t' i /- :': f c r : t r 3 > *.trl.2b f e t 0: fer: :Ica cf Qa d::p, i r h n :k t d c W,: t .'.0 cre h=: in :.:ict earn cr.ironneatn. 2:
, {
-t steep t:: ;::;*; r y cks to c.:nhelve to rc=ws117 cro:Ica of t!:: feu -
t l t c1:y prelu:: -tt.:6 da f =. ,
! C.ilh cat chr.i:011y reit ble fer the forcation of healhd. tic c1 3, da Joen:::: re:h: he.c nnerth:le:o di: int.- ,rcted by breckin3 de::n -
]
cf Ce' falcip::: viG litt.le chemicc1 ch:nco. 1. tere hi;hly dic.:.cepstod l*
, the end preocc: in the crey silty cond which covers the chutzents - often ' -
i O to depths of ccversi tens of fcet. nic disintegration becc=en procrccoively; j ic:s with depth, cad wherc caly pertially cot:plete the icidopara are - '...,. . 4 _ cloeded, but h..vc not yet entirely dicintegrated. tihere the roch integrity'* '
.W ..
is still ec=plete, but ces: cof tenin; has tchen piece because of this ' ' D
, cloedic; of the feldsp:re, it. is the usterisi classifica in the borin;s as '.
9 % deretely 1::rd." %ic progreccion froa the gray silty sand throuk ,.
~'
caderstcly herd roch 'to cound roch is not aluays uniform from the surface ; 1 I to depth. Of ten in the silty cand there vill be lenses of only partially.
*- , 1 3
~ disintegrated roch. Conversely, in sc:e of the borings the gray sitty e, 1
- ...:... s? ;
\
') - sand pro;rence.s with depth to uodersecly hard roch, only to be found p.;d .... '
. scain in a sono at greater depth.
4 4 .. 1 he topographic crpression of this vesthoring is of interestk,: .". ; Cencrally, it is in accord with tha Piedmont profilo elsewhere a deep ' --
, H vesthering in the abutments and shalloa vaathering in the valleys or -
. G*
( ,
, drcra, . IIoucver, a high, protruding, rock outcrop, which shws promise ,e ' : .,, !. . _
4
'~ g,
.as a quarry site, esy ba quite disappointing when drilled and r.ay- ,contain~mW.: s, . ' ~ l.
vasthoring to great depths. nese " false fronto" are not limited to:thsh.;4gi d
. y .
, ., ;ge a:.
..<.g.
Piedmont. Lf testcae valleys, :nh as in the ':'anacssen Valley; often contain;./.. -! h.- .
.., .." + 'r. ". )
F.. . l[..,^ . tM.;< , 2
, 36 " i, 1*f 'N. .@. ~M 4.
e 4. a
.. 4
?
a..
/
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=*( v
.'f m-:. h..* m ~:.,,p l*
- lf q>
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[ 3 s
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.. . e
",.._1 #
, . r W : Q ?.'.. (. Q '- @ *' y 'e,7 ,( Q ,,' '.4
; A '
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p ._ a.
'. . ,q
- ::.,y.;
.:y
.Wgy'3y;".Q.;l;g
!. y; m a c C - ' *;l
. '; q r h ; y ,, ', .
_ 3
~ - 2
- s%, K f
- r. v w :we p - . . ,,
.[ ."
c . . , --[ "*'T* Y "' 1
- : "*W m s hs &,
- . . ~~-
[ F 4 g ; . * : b . c' .nt. . : f.: Ct. M::, c:17 to r:cyo e2 L: iinit:: to (* , i 3 . r '. . na.t t*. r, '. *.S 6:p trc:C. r*r; in t=h c0 Os fe::. f i Cina C:M'.r:3 r.: Ce c.i:t=::t ctri:,- :;, c:0 th: era c: i tha cilty c=1 is the c S:r.'s:::, vill be of cast i:pe:t:n::, I ett:lted o typte:1 c:q1o (:sil:cted cij:en .: to tarin3 J-33) cader the bic:::In: i - l r.iero:::pa c:a tha pole:L=ic; nicroscops in oil 1: .tratos c::dia. Go - c=.1 p:: tic 1,es cro the cc=2 natcriots as the parent rock - h:::ts, cicro-l
. clico.. cad tuscovito (nica). A crodation curve was prepared. (grain ci o I
cla:sificatios v:s niity cans) an1 the esterial retniaod on cach ecreen
, . vas nesty:cc. The realto are na follo:rs: .
j F Rotsined on Frcetics Percent 1 % Screen No. % _no tnined . Feldspar _ Qttart: 1 1tica '
, 40 29 33 33 34
.CO' 25 39 38 23 '
. 1 4 -
100 8 49 t
.- 32 19 200 22 60 1
- 25 15 '.3 f !
;c: ;
Pan , 16 62 30 8
,, - Interpretation of the above tabic indicates that the sand s' v g& ,t 1 particles in the larger sizes cre equally distributed between quartz, - 7 L. W l
,. m. ,
feldspar, and nica. With ' decreasing grain si::e the percentage of feldspar l ,'
,K.c[;
-u n
increases, the percentage of quart = ren:ains constant, and the percenta;c :}. . j 3
.9 !
of nica decreases. The distribution confirms that the quartz disintegrates . . .l. . ... c y
- u.n.; . as v.ery little, rensining throughout both sand and sitt sizes, while the
- -;7n r
3.fcidspars break down into fines - but do not d2 compose into cinys. The j ~4g;{ ~
, .,, e cicasi bein; pricarily cuccovite, have decceposed very little. The' s
. ' - J O. - ...,, '_,;M....J y> : ./.
l
- -, material, when plotted on c : r.fd-tion cutve classifies as'n silty send, cad ' ,;;n p -
L. . , m . is non-plastic, with relative:.; no clay =1 ::s10 .
. .gE 0
. . + . ..
i
- t ,= . . .- ,
- q ., ,
. g , y. . . * ,..%...-,-..y=.
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..,3,. .c . ..-
' !; . y-O?. '. ; s,
- . , -- - n
.~ ' * ' '-"'
-=,
' 37 = *
.~
, . . ' , , J' .,r..'.g
,- = . ;- * * '. - J . .;i '
?
i
. * . .,t, ,,s : '
( C :
-qs '* '* - r
',~-)
s ** {\ , , , . _
,. c D ,(*
' '. ,# 1,l-l e e.l %'ig
. . . - . ,.; . 3. : .,! [U ~'~;d *% .l ..#'
- 3 - -Q f-yff..';, .j. . .jA 4 ,p * ' .l . M5 -1.O
, * ~
- S,. ( . . * "
' ,ay, -' '
l b- ,
^I c
- 2 _
*1 < -
_ __ ---m,- . ~:as. '=.' ve e v 5 N .N
. ~ . - - - ,_.m
.w.,,,,,...___. . - - 1-2
e t. I
. 1 C. ' - -
< r*-- ,.r-- ,- ,, i 1
. - 1
- r. c . ._ .. .. ,. ' c - - a.<' r- --- .
6..3 c m_, A cf c!.lty c::: cr.'..Ir; I O cf t b J.::::::o cLa:= nts to un ce:th n c:7 c2: l h:13 f:r th c=: ::rie:: rr;M , ia d: f;n ctedies. t=3 of Ic= h::fs ; i h::: 1::n ec::::::Cy teilt cn r:=::'.:lo r::terial, utili:S; ==:::cs l l ti:ro c::p:*,0 vu: c:ntr:1hl if its c :Oleto clinication c:s not prcetic 1. ) 1 l l Cut the hef;ht c J::::::c, c:1 the h:cd of c:ter - 310 f: t - sfaich c :t ' bo centro 11ca, p ::s o problem requiring the cost careful study, cad, if i neccc::ry, c pensive ren:di:1 trect=ent. .-{ l
' Go esture of the caterini ve oro conectned with h c been !.. l V
- o previcesly decerib:d. . It cast be considered a cilty acad, even though -36
,.-k.
- it contains 1carcs cr layers of c: ore consolidated (or to u o a core cecurato e
.N ters, 1cco v:cthered) caterial. l.1though I have not coca the perecebility '
.Q
, r
. tests, I encu= they vill class the caterial es semi-perneeblo at boot. I g
- g Its perc:chility chsrecterictico have been indicated to acco c= tent by the h record of vster to:s on the c=ploratory borings. Of 30 "J" holos drilled .
F
' ,. is into. rock, vster ic:s ves recorded for 23; four had no vater loss cotation;
~
-c['- .} l l
_.'2j ' cnd only 3 chewed no v=ter loss. These three (J-6, J-20, and J-31) cro '
~
ca the lower abutoents where vcathering is Icss pronounced. This data ?
.c
.cennot bo ignored as na indication of pert:enbility as. cven the low heads '
'5
- icpesed by the column of drill water. ' "~
In situ pernacbility tests would be an aid in, assigning Ol
,. s;. -
_. $ 1
,, per=::bility values to this caterial, and s;ould be core representativo I
*i l l - . .) ...
T
, '.th:n Inboratory permeability tests, which represent only a ses11 sccpic. . +.-
.A,-
- [;' - N Enowing that the caterial is present, possible rc=edial
.i(.] '
procedures cast be considered. 0: outing has been extensively used on defective' -[? l
-d:s foundations, and in cany cc ac has provided a colution. I havo never '
M
. ' ,.,- ' . _ i' _
+
t s - = a
#c.'
. . +
c - , . I
- s. +
, -i .T' -
l
. u._ m. . -
~
_7 L.- m c a c:: 3 0:re c c:.d v. s ev:cer:fo12; c :re 3 v2*a en: . c citra t'.S c:r* b c c:;rr: 1 f *'.ter reckn f:r t* 2 c: : nt rb.: thles, r:
- filt:ra C cut L:kro r:netrc:Ma ces ha c::=2 C::: ed::a cea c:. .-
l i ti::s bs c::::c3 La c: 6, Lat it is not a caifera r:rc : tion of the c ri ' l by ths crcut - it ic la the form of cerirdero or veins cf Crcut dida h:ve .
- foll u:d lin:o of lec:t reototence, often at the bordara of the ced ceno.
Cinco the Jo::s:co este:In1 coat: Ins cilt ca voll es c=nd ci:co, I cca 3
~
sco even Ices possibility of uniform percention of the cc.cd by cc=:at cre=.t. .
,t i
Chemical groutin; r.sterial have been icproved in recent yccra .. p i co that settic; ti=s een be controlled ' and they have boca quite succcccrut
- in linited applications. The chc=1cals are expcasivo, sad their nsa on a _
'p.
*-n.,
project. the size of Jocascce would probably be the greatest chc=ical' , ' s
.~ !
[
, ;-s .
Croutina job of all times. A curtain of nocessary depth and thickness *
.~ ., i j .
would be prohibitively c pensive. . ': i J ~'. g 4 Icpervious vall cutoffs, such as a concre*c cutoff wall, or W 7:
"flIti x
. poci:ibly a slurry trench,' are not applicable because of the great depth' *'[ ,f. 4L and' steep slopes. .. ' .; , ,
. c. ' 4'
[' - In lieu of positive cutoff consures', 'the next consideration
. ..'f- [f,- I would be to permit the seepsse, and control it, canended for Little '
-{
River'and Ecouco. The situstion here, bovever, is different. Firsc, ' the
~
7is .1
~ . . e.
c. heads are trach higher. Secondly, the other Piedemnt sites _have a-surface'
.. . j;5 -d
~
;.g 3 i
'.leyer of rela' tivaly impervious clay, which is missing at Jocessee. - Eot; ',g{
' caly does this clay decrease the ingress of water into the foundation 1 n ^:
': . W V j. upstream, but it acts as a restraining 1ayer or cap downstream, and by .
.{p, . ..
Iinstalling ve11s'or ditches through the cap layer at the toe, and rediicic; ' Y N_
? ..
. J'
'. the head in the underlyin; pervious caterial, the secpage can be contro
. . ,- ,, :..- e 5
.:yg.
w., ,%.. - -
~
g '* ' d*
'.)
.. af - . ,(
* , . t ;
t p., . , , . %+.- , 3 3. , w
-[
- n. . ,
',;- ' 'I p': A ,- 4 '
'* y ( , U ;. c. >.1; u" . . - '
f. y' ;yy% t.7 p ., p. ,..,.: 4 [ [
. . .:. . ., .hk
.j } y. , *
, J. ..
}~ ;
[g:.y(1;i'/. ;;p :~.3
.v:
_. ^
-Ei ~ .
~~ - & W, pe .
._.$.g ' " ~ ~ '* * ~ ~ -
@K ,
' - " , - . , , ~
"'* a"~_,_,e '~~.'..,, m-~<
.. a : '
s t:r: :t C: ( .
-t.:cm tentreb N; 1:yer, cc:r: ca.1 f.:lle, c:0 r : S 1 I*
g::::g 6 c:: r ct 0: : :, cin:: the fot:0:tica tre:: rca I. re dircet.c :::: -
- to C.: en:2::. ih: caly v:y la thich c:llo rould bo of v:1co vould be if j '
~
i th y. tera c:ntinuou:Iy ptqcd to deptho t;hich vauld hold the c ter: tion '
~
i lica C::en .to ceceptchin depths. t; hero curfcco cicyo cro crailadic, in::tc110tfen of cec::, ry cJditions1 relic ccn ba de o if focad neccccery cItcr the pool C111o. I Installation of correctivo vo11s in a saturated '.. 1 send et the toe of a dem under 300 foot of head cannot be considered.~ L 1
. do not consider that eny cathod of scepose control by devastrecs drainacci
a
.can bo con:idered co a reasonable colution to foundation scepsso at Joccasco.
f,; q
- n Elt=insting the above diccuened first alternate of sota typo . '>[
i of cutoff curtain end the second alternate of too drainage, the only Mh
' J 3 :...
rc=sining, cnd caly positive, courso of action la removal of the disintegrated C 1 u- rock end bechfillics with incrvious clay.; no horir.on to which the positivo
=
_ . . .-- . .y
, ' )
cutoff should be taken would renconchly be that.-logged as " Top of 11oderately
,,, , J '# '
_= - - --- ~ - ." .. 1 .~ tional rock grouting on 5 to 10-foot centers should be
,,d;).7[
.satisicetory to treat jointedDcElyVeli'thered rock zones betw the '
Ib horizon. - Grout takes vould probably be moderate, and for estiosting p .. i
, urposes the quantitics per foot of hole at Cowans Ford would be reasonable. -
- I
. Tha deeply weathered area at the base of the left abutaent indicated by -
toics J-8 and J-18 vill require separate' consideration. S e problem bere O
- 2. ..
I..; is not sa z:uch the cutoff of the silty sand mantle as it is treatment of a. s 6:r .q 1, D - ionallized jointed and vaathered rock zone. Study of Boring J-18 shows d- f.,' 4
, c i i $' :;- 1 v:sthered rock, including_'the easily decomposed.M.biotite-4
' S. . ,
from top of recoverable core at 34.8 to about 52 feet.
,.,yifg Below 52 feetLthe { .v. . y, d
rock is highly jointed and brohan, but is not disintegrated, and-could'be ". f ; 7 < ru
- o. ., i
,' a , . c
. . , , y ;j* = '. -. d, ': fN, +, v f. , 4 n'.
..- . '40'
^
l [ w [ O. ,.5. W. e.6 ,' ;. u/ 6
,. t s%
. F~,
. q '. . , . _]' ', g. r b{,' N ;/.I[y . .q ,D[f f;' ].
; ?;t
.L ,e.Q; * ' N:.
c'
.s -
.,.' . 2
'Nh$i'y *{ $
',Qw@yn
* ;, m.,Q'Q,,2.?f-, :..x. a c&, .QQ, &g e
}-
'.*v : #, +
,~'
- H;- :, ,
+
, ;';q'r%
p ; .g .
, t,
k '
; < . *% u ", .z_E ,'; . '* G *. *U 0-M :0
~~'l.[,,S& Yy)4]fM _ .
." - w e
~
T. _. ~~ ~ - - -
fl ! s. (m Otcut:3 for cutef r.arre:::. ea u. % Os roft cra t::thered tictite rt:Ic: ] 4
. ci:ve I.').4 to c gestice:bic t::rir; vclu: for a h!ON rochfill ) ctru In t'..is h:le, thea, c:ccvstica to 52 feet culd bs rcquired i
, with groutic; tein; cett:fc: tory b:Ic.i thet 4:;th.
- . to:ina J-3 is c1611cr. but weathering is 1cco deep. Tren 7 p or nocha i'
at 24.5 feet it nato probably be sattafcetory to cupport l the etructure, with groutin; below hero to provido a cutoff . i In this local arca where grouting is depended upon to l prevent seepsse through highly jointed rock, and full rescryoir head cust~ 1 in - be cut off, dependence on a single row of grout holes is o. questionabl I c3 It is reco= mended that in critical areas suchtrout. as this two' ~
'3; ro
. holco be constructed with the rows 20 feet apart. .!
After grouting of 3 line' '. ' these lines has been acco=plished at low pressures, a median
) holes between these two rows should be drilled, and of ,"
pressures. trouted at higher , l This would provida a zone of grouting in depth which would i be core positive than a single line, ,
~ . , .
I 2. fcdti l Abuteent serionini. The determination as to whether th
- disintegrated material should be removed over the entire d=aw .
. 95 3 '
ant 3 . {f foundation, or only sufficiently to provide a conventional cutoff trenc
~
j to rock, should be determined by the strength of the material n _ ts ' a d i relation to the emh==b e t stability requircoonts. It'the embankment'can e e be designed to be stable on the sitty sand, then only enough need be ms .
. . .]
rc=oved to provide stable slopes for the cutoff trench to rock. ' }AI', . . . a .e C/N i _a
. possible comprop~is.e_might_be re.mo.va_l of _the ,s.i.,l.t.y sand to the r
.. . ,, 1 . . ..
'i mek horizon under the, area of the., cutoff , tapering to no - rc=ovalc
.. atithe
... y.
p.,.
, . <' .p' ssbanhaent 'tos and heel.
~ ^ * - , ', . nqa e This alternati would insure safe slope's for'thei , M & . , , . . x..
I s
. g. . a
,5*,.
~
* *. * .# ' , s - ' ' *
. x; ' ',_
- e s
. , l**
\
3 v,e -
,.'",1 g '$ g * <
o
.(,_ . , :m '
[ %* a g * ',
- y
.f .- va.
(.
- c g'" ': -L; e c;y. - } . .-, ~ , ' ,' . . . .~ g, a[. ~, N . + -
+
.*e.
,- y ,Jq, *72 y.
~
w
-i,, , . Q.
4 - . , , \a _*. _.g a. _ *p, I ',
,_ jQ g-e
.a-*Q^_. ,.,,..3**pp -
h.,# y) L si ,u - "' _ + - - -
Y cc:!!t.:: 0 c21c: M rcere e.: C s: e c:d c::t hi;h y c:c c : 4 i Irrt::n cf th cilty cc:2, yet e:::c cc ::!h:to to E cc~r - y c....-- --- -- m., I , ID fCO*'.$:t10n C%c:*.*0tiO3, , 3 ggdig{g7 ggg;*$C3 Cf thQ Ctgggttyg, , tc; tt:r with t: re!stivo.ceeno-'y cf th :e citern=teo cIll gover n,
~
In di:cu::li.; c*autr.0:t cerippics it rm:t be rc=r:bered l thst the chute::t baric;; cro verticci, chile the chutn:nt ceri cco crep:3 l steep!y. For c :.cpic, ceventy feet of ventherin in on chut=:nt Loric; would not be seventy feet of vesthering perp:ndicular to the slopo .-\
.'J ' {
On rochfitt demo where abuteents require reco7nt of .caterini ,'
~' . '
.. to caly coderato depths, a decerninntion cust be ecde sa to the rc10tivo gato of stripping the entire chuteents frc:a top do.in before ,any .
j ". v- c hach:
, place - . =ent, or stripping chend of the enbankment as the fill ; is -placed.
- j. d ',
The deter =inina criteria is the a=ount of material to.a.be r I stcepness of the abuteents. e.. , 1 .' ' . , tIhcre minimal stripping and foundation '
~~
. trest = cat is required, and the chut= ant' is so steep as to- m
,,. *2 ke work w cach:ni:cd equip:2:nt difficult, it is usually core econostcal to.percic
,.'cQ
. initici placceent of the valley acetion of the echank= cat, and then NJN i '
strip ~chced fron the top of tha e=banhaant as le is brou;ht When up. , xy ~~ this is dono enreful inspection is required to insure that . no ., ,
,}
n-specification T.,o V*
- g-,
r.sterints stripped from the abutmants are not permitted to co'ntaninate the fill. Where abuenant Q ,~ ;
--s .y. . .
are
~- --
gradual, or vbere_ deep stripping is required ,,
."i.t is core
- - - - - -- econo =lently necomplished from the t
_ - ' ,' ~~hq;,
-..., _ _ _ ,_,,,,,,,,_,,_ ,. _ .__ . op_ _down prior to any r t'. -
i y,. e
- c banh=,ent placemant. in t.he valley.
_ ..". , sg,.' ,.;t q y
. . v. _ At O ., ; be tho logical procedure. y Jocessee, this would ' undoubtedly., 4 .'pN.+..d -
. ~ .
p.4 ; r , ., l Distinction should be made botvcen the stripping
. requirement g
'I e for the core trench as co p .
,7,'ca.WJ.I-
= er:2 :o th:: for the rock shallo. Contact ~of. "'. .%w~ )\
.4 y
+. 7!
,g the icpervious ccre with the, abutment is critical, and strippic; t
- m. w- .
n w%g.:.W , o,
. . . ~
s a ;.y . J {~ . .. b .42 ,
<..,t i.'- -
., . y - e; r * . .
4,, . . = ":.g, . sei,., , -& :L,- f_ ~:f l .
*s.- # .,,a
.W f n, S. ' .' w:
.a
^
,~ R.
' { ' t *. - e0~, e' *
. - . . , gg .* , . d_ c ., , > e..
t A
- W M -* '
J
=** -
, 4 A _ _ _
a n I
;. r
. D M: ry c a .1- 1 S 1:
i 5 c : re r eno re- t L a e - ticu'.c :. r . :C. r, :: - c '. _ t -; c ::. La ch.~ I t - . 17 Ic:::. hic tir; if r.:::::::y, to th:t cc;:2.: ;s t 1 c v;:ti::1 f:::o'eg:inct
., ; thich c::p tic; veuld La difficult, cro held
[ to e chic 2 It 1- ~ ~- .
^ -
. . f
- f:f..p: ::ica.la .c!30.ir:;kh fa.the. hi@gi:lity- . ,
. f:en'-t!:n prcphstica tha chut::nnt cross cpin:t thich tha filter conco Un1 y - -- be riseca ra r:1Lcc..tha.c:ro trench _ css. The cerippin; end p cpr:tica of the chuta nto c sinst which the rock shella ero to be i
. placed can bo 11Lited to that requirca for etability of the high rock c::c thich it r::st cupport. -*
N .
, 3. E:cavation.
o - Encavstion procedurco for intcho structure.
- tunnel portals, and powerhouse should be cinilar to thoce deceribedfor - ,
.Escree.
y The Crcy oilty ccad nuct be considered as overburden, end the' .
, 1-o:o on one overburden excavation slopcc should apply above " Top of.
O.
>:>ect teli rard noch.-
melo this horizon ono hors =ontai to ro=,vortic.1
. slopes may be used, with vertical slopes acceptable in lizzited areas belov
" Top of Hard Rock." 5 r
I o A berm of r. ore than nortul width would be advisabia between the overburden and rock slopes. The silty cand overbure n vill be diffi.- V cult. to stabilize with respect to erosion, and a vida berm vill facilitata;
. . cleanup of eroded .e material until vegstative cwer has been established. ~.,
Pre-splitting techniques are reco..aended for all rock ) t
. c=cavation where~~clean, near-vertical faces ar,e desired. ' . ' .
1- t4 f,,' f >
. 4. ;Tunnels. .
ih_ Th.e tunnols at Jocassee'v111'be constructed.at! g;E ,'N
.J '.a .
[ depths which will be below the sound rock line, and the
..w
[f.'t. 's.. -
- w. - w voll. Uhere unweathered it 'in almost entirely qt: arts and feldspara
' . .c ' '
. . . nd .,a 7 . .
should have excellent breakicg pro?c: ties with conventional
'blesting patterns.
'f}' dr l f, x .- e.. ,
In this respect. it should be cuperior to Keevac,wh::c;, * '. .:
.m... < .
3 . s .. w w :.~ ' ; . . . .
.. .. v
, .. .. ;, . ....e;. .. . .
. ss .
m
...'. ~. ( c .S ,y. , , : wg;.,
~t 1- . .
{n+.,;ef , t. '", . i .w: k ;7 /
', c; .
.i ,. . ','
i
.f.- ,. 1 1
,, ' ' " . < p * ,y Q % :;.v.l j.G g)->'.P2: ' . ' ',,
..s .
. ., . ;.'.. . ~ . : -% . I '.6 'f,-,
" /. ,
r. ( _ ,
}. - ' '
g- ,
. v,
.f f" 5 -
'* '~ %-4[ 'N
" ' -r.
.u 'M***'
f 1 , C- r - .2 L:ex n rn: ::*c ttrn:ter t-ill prc : e e: a en~.:n te.~:21 : N, e i.:
- g :. T.:f.;:lt!:3 f..:u!! b r quir:0 in le:n1 crees t;nre j *nte, * '
s c1C.::A t!Ct, ce;' equire bitira fc ctcLilb tion, but rettern - -
~
l 101:1 0 thea10.;: 1s.re.. W b -
, ,~ -m ,
. In p1=.120 the et::: 11cycats, it is c:ph:si=ed that it to ,
l'ath t::rc econor.ie:.1 c:a c fer to c=cavato ca cpen cut tufficiently fer 4
.f
, L::h into ths ch:t=::t co th:t tecn:lling can be started in co=d roch, l rather than locetin3 the portal in venthered rock, and incurring the ccat I cas d.c=3cr of cherin3 m .
, Unter chculd be co prob 1cm in the Jocessee tunnels, and v111' C3 . '
, be limited to cceps nions tight joints. ,
,-l g, 5. Poeh for Construction Purposca. When the deeply weathered ^- ,
i 3 charceterictics of the Jocacsco rock vero known, the necessity for locatie;~ > g a qc:rry thich would provide the regnred large quantitics of at least ~
, cederately hard rock becc=c of pri=ary icportance. Exploratory holes ., '
' v:ro drilled.at all pecatsing locations within an econo =ical haul radius'.- -
) .
ylcid geologic investigations were also cade to insure that no possible. '
?
, ' 10:stion was overlooked. All of the rock explored in the surrounding .
rid;cs is identical with that at the dam abutments. Eeathering is deep - cnd even after coderately hard rock has boon ranched, soco clouding of the feldspsrs exists to undesirable depths. It is reco:=: ended that; - p1:nnin,~ proceed on the anst=:p.t..io,n,,t,h.a.Lall__ of the rock in areas close
. .17 p_ _
m-cnosch to be considered for a qu..a..rry..w..il.l .
-- . be found - tohave the sano e . . .
4
~
5 cad circhie characteriatics with respect toycatberi.gg. :In locating a . .,.
- . ..,... .. - - -r r =
quarry site, therefore, the primary consideration should be'its location c ' Mljh ,[
- - - ~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - -
y
;,~
. fro a a construction stendpoint. If it ean be conveniently located m3 where
~ 7.y .7
+-??
.n
.c ..
, .. m~- ;; - - - -- ~ ,. m - . ._Q;,
-p -- >
, , ;; , ., 9
. .. y . ' em
. , , . % g e :.f . ;n. : .< b ..
i (, ;- && %
~
n ,. -
, y. , ?*. J i d' (;
+ .
... . . . . . . . 26m
*~f*
t . - ; .. . .
. ! '* % g. ., . * * 'f, ^ Y. s
, { ,* , ',,2,'- ,.
.. .. , [' C ',$ -f
. , ~- 1
.,_ ~ .. Q : ,;.. a, . g c -* [y e , g ;;..j g?: 7} 3.#
l
.. .: - ~
. y' =R7' s~
' . ' ' , . . . .i)'D '[ - ,
N.- \ ~ #
"[
- y -.- p ,. y
^
.- ** p y. , d * '-wM t-v- .r3 s O : ..: s h .=J
- . : 1 c are.ala f:: e ctre:te:: vill b re ;atred, cer cvedurl:n ct:Opi: cy b tre:0, *
. 2- - I
{ i I: ring J-D 1:a ch::a tha rock outcrop 'in the trcpe::d int ': . j c:.d diversica creo to be es desireblo as spy other cres c:plored. ^ It l c:a thereforo be ce=idered ust.atic fcr a quarry, end vill be conv:nient _ j
; fer cen:truction. Cris roch ep:treau of the cais :ontains =:ro cf the '
t
. \
und:cir:blo biotite-hernbicado Cncico than that de::stre::s. thr.rever, then couca rock in r ched the rock should be cdequate. Ons of the bent poscib111ti,cs fcL#cvelopiccascrry.Jn i i conjun: tion with structuro excavation would bo to construct the pc::erhou:e l I in the de:mstreca drav vhore Dorings J-13, J-36, end J-37 chou sound roch '
- C3
.i
- ac:r tha surface. It la characteristic of Piedcont vcathering'thst sound' l
.W rock is closer to the surface in valloys and ravinos then'on the ridges. ..,.-
Q This is reasonable, since headvard erosion by the strea=s rc= oves the " products of centhering as they form, while on the hills and ridges the t . core secenant ground water environment decays the rock to great depths.- ' - ' Thus any rock secured from a ravine area would have a loirce proportion of1 e,. venthered products to sound rock. , o By extending the powerhouse arcavation ; $( , v + headvard into the ravine at this location tunneldenath would be shortened.
- e 2 and more sound rock per yard of total excavation could be ' secured. The- '
further. the powerhouse can be extended up thir, ~ draw, the longer the' tail-race vill be, the excavation for which viL1 be almost entirely in sound ( l rock. Overezcavation of the powerhouse and tailrace might also be con- ' '4 '
'.T ..
- sidered as a source of additional sound rock. '
u 9'% 't
,.- i.*
, Incating the poucrhouse .in the draw of Borings J-36 and ~J -i~4 is also recocnended bsced en n&r design and constructica considerations.~ '
D ' ^ 45 -
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( :. t,/ J __ I ;. ;- - . . -; 3, .*C, JC, c 2 J-O';) vill ch:v th:t th: r:= :::::: cc::::t!:n, h:1c'*r;; th c::::ter/ cas en cno cido clere=, udl ba cr::h:t!:hci:: to cad trill ci .:;c cade: cut tha c=Scah::nt. tea. Even is ct:'.5: in t'd: :::p::t, thur5 uilt slu:jo be co p:::: feca the den to: [
. teen :tica hts tb g cc::hc=:o cres. At the de.ra:trc:a cito the pon:r- $,,[ j ;
t I t.:n : C::s c:t entercut the C:3 cnd during construction vill be a core #
. ggd ce= :h:t dictence from the cr.banh:ent placement activitico. Pcactock .# /M 7
l Os I pe:tcis in cound roch ces be core cecily cecured, and penatocks can be .,
< -+
t lO :ch:rtened by c=:cycting good rock as far as practic ble nortir.::rd into . ',
!s
',C the chut=:st. .
As a supple =antuy cource of rock for the downstrces coffer-W - I 00* cr the dmtream portion. of the rock cdanbat, considention e.:y ,. fo . ba Ci ven to developa:nt of an c= posed rock face on the southeast side of Q (See Hill 1155, salen
, ' tho' river just dounatreca of the wooden bridge.
Qusd sheet.) I bevo c::plored this site, but since the rock is. the scme 4
- as the rcot of the ' area, and as it is marginal with respect to haul ..
O distanco, I did not reco:rsend any borings. A quarry face could easily - O be developed on the steep escarpment, and if the 1ccation fits into the construction plan it could well be considered at least for a test quarry. I , there fresh, the Jocassee rock would nake excell nt' concrete
, aggregate. It should break voll - better than Keouce - and it contains ;.
nl x - . co deleterious minerals. The Top of Quarryable F.ock borizon on the ~ d [ ' , ' geologic logs, should not be considered satisfactory for accregate, as .. . c * -
;. . sono clouding of the feldspara is often apparent. Below Top of Hard or. s t" .
i . t Sound Rock, hovaver, the rock is of a;;regato quality.* -
~ ~
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' fc: tb L::s -:Ca r c:~::n5:ai rc:S f111.' Tha foldspcts cro ofces cle ho, I
l , cn3 the rc:h r". L:cch c point-typ; int contnet coro cesily th:n cour.d rer*:.- C-" ,*::,1: chculd p:::::s cosa c stisc qusticles for the c-Sank::nt, cr.3 La entirely c:tief :: cry. t:1c r ' Top of Usrd or Cound noch" the Jo::: hee rock is equal to that found caytshere. 9 b m 6. 4
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i'; 7. T ~ *nm c c' c~2 ,, 23 de:c c a D=: rill boch uctcr north cero::s the Ircycra cono into . the E1:2 r.!f-: rrevinec. 20 rc:ha in thic cres cro encient e.:terorphic roch3. cad r.0t caj:ct to colutica chanccio or other featurco thich sculd cccco c5::cra c3 to rc::crvoir rio scepcac. . .
.a f'
M 17 incctinctions did not incicJe inspection of tho rccervoir for po:cibic cineral dcrage c1cins. Ynio feature should be considered in dh
-t cay rcraining reservoir lando to be acquired, and if litigation for cineral richto is enticipated, the cervices of a minins scologict
~
c icciliar with the arca chould be engaged. T 1 D b b. O 9
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I ;*.t:::::; to:in;s ct tM th:cs c= cites cf the n ~;:2 - Tc v ; 1re;c:t hva be:n cufficient 'fer a dete=inctics of tha cc,!c;;c 4 c:ru: trio end the p tre,rephy of the rocho cc cach cito. The infor :tica : i .tvei!-A!c ca ths cuhtr feco cen?itions is cufficient to indiccto tho c:n:tructica cr.tcricio cv:11cblo, cad to outline the fcna?:tica probic=3 involved. It is sufficient to permit continuins studies ic: din 3 to finst design and construction. , ,
~
9
- 1.ittle niver and Ecovce Sites vill be founded on corn:1 Pied =ont ,
.l 4 .
rechs, end a venith of c pericace is available in designing and constructica : i 4:=s cn sicitar foundations. Abuteent weathering is deep, but proved ; N ' procccures for drainage should adequately control scopaso. A11uvint i O '****'****'***"****="'**"""'***"**"'**"** 1 residual soils.or if necescary for c=bankment stability, it chould be rc:soved entirely. Eo difficulty should be encountered in driving the
~
Keoves tur. net provided open excavation is taken far enou;h into the O abutments so that the portal faces will be in sound rock. . O The borin8s have shown that the Jocassee site is underlain by rocks . which weather deeply without decomposition of the mineral constituents
.into clays. The foundation is further complicated by rock decay siong , ,,
Il a joint system at the base of the left abutment. Nothing less than_ 4 the conventional practice of a positive cutoff to groutcbie rock can bc-
.I
=f
; c,
_ consider _ed for the safety of this high structure. Jhcre are no probicas _ i
?
I
, I that cannot be solved by normal engineering and construction prcctice, : l but abutment treatment will be extensive and therefore costly. This cost ,
;O .
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~ c .n L3 citi;:n2 ta c::s (:::ee Fy (::!;*. t*:o d a ca c: to etill:
l the str!; ped c:t:: :1 La ca cyprerr! :e r::: of the c:',:ch:::c. Tao h:::::o rxt is cf c::c11c:: g:1!.ty ce d:pth, cad vaero the curface _' [ v::the:Ic~,'t:s b::a rc::ved it cheuld bs idest for tunnel constructics. , I i .t l l
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1 i 1. :- '. ,,ir:::' c. " rt?; Cs., L:; :ts (c Duho rea:: Cc=p :y ca l l- L c , . h:n:.::: In) :1. ' l . . 1
' .'C - " " c-.-1 I: U, IMS,' Os Cgstellins C::ks of Couth C rolins," '
I
- r. . ( ='. r.Mral r rig bl.11';3. - .
I i
- 3. r.:. i' t. c0 C =:::c, Cc::t c.S C:odetic Survey D,al.1:a. 41-1
'M r.. ;.: .h U1 t::y cf the United stctes." l
- 4. t*:.crt*: , C. O.,1755, "A 1;::hed Aligre. cat of Ecrthquche T;:1:= tera in 1;;; tern 1*arth Carolina cad Its 5cctonte I=plications,"
J urn:.1, Elichs !*1tchc11 Scicatific Cociety, Vol. 72.
'l: l I
. . _~
- 5. C :.::r=co, Arthur,1965, "r. ole of ' Calculated Rick' in Ecrthquchs '
cad reunfation D;incaring," The Ter oabi Lecture, Proc., A:n. Soc.. . -; *
, Civ. D;ra., Vol. 91. Uo. E:L .- .
.1
- 6. Conn, U. V.,1949, "Finst Foundation R:: port. Allatoona D::a," Pobile . d Dictrict, Corps of Ensin: cts. ., !
- 7. Cee :n cad Ery:n,1952, " Interpretation of Core Lorinas Across the 0:oco Cons: nga Contset ct Carters Da:2 Site," Annunt F.=cting of -
Ceuthe::tcra sectica, C ological Sociccy of Accrica,1952. Published in Cecrcin liineral Ucvolotter, Ccorgia Coological Survey, Vol. IV, . "" Tell-itiater, 1952. .
-t
[ C. Tenne::co Valley Authority.- 1942, "Ihe Chiccmauga Project" TVA -
.g Technical 7.: port no. 6, p. 343. y ..
- 9. Personal c- mication, Director of Ensincerin3 Decian, Tennesses 2. '
V:11cy Authority, Mov. 12, 1965~. . ,
. t
*10. Cherard, l.*ood. card Ci:icaski, and Clevenser,1953, " Earth and .
, E:rth-Iock' D.ms" John Wiley di sons. .
~
I 11. Cicufh sad Pirtz, " Earthquake'Rasistance of Rockfill Dams," Trans. Am. Soc. of Civ. Ensrs..'Vol. 123, 1958. [,
.o
- 10. L:V Engincaring Testing Co. "Dosign !!saorandum, Jocassea Development,"- . i"r -
. Au;ust 19,1965, p. 9. ,
J
~
,. 3.-
} 13. "Sy=posium on Rockfill Ds:ss," ha. Soc. Civ. Ensrs., Vol.:125/Part II, -%.'I J K ; / ff.
1900. . r. .
"L- .
. ..y [p V : ,
'14. - Eced and Bryant " Evidence for. Strike - Slip Paulting Along the Bravard : T r W .j .
Zons in North Caroline," Ccolo ical Society of Aaerica Bulletin, . ;c ". : .,,8 Vol. 75, Dec., 1964. - o 4 m .L, . jQ.* [ . m .. , .
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i Qc::.:.!'.r;;::h::.-::::1t C :izs - , 4 y r _--- ~% T*'-_Ir-~~~t~ ~1 l---~'~~ ft-m C M . fle;i::10:3 (citite- IS 1.0
. cli:;) '
Qc:ts 50 1.0 ' Ctetite 15 0.0
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.t th:: .*1to ,
trcco 1.0 ,
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Cern32 trcco 3.0 Ni
. ..e
?o rech consictc of quarts cnd pts;1oclass with 1cpidobicatic ,
.,9-j p
biotits cud centtered cccc:cories. ~'t Qc::ts is in cxtre:.cly otrained craino everssinc clout 1 cn (ra:qing
.:d '
to 4 cm) . About half of the crains arc clongsted (to 2.5:1) cud chow coed p:r:11c1 clis= cat. Scus chow nah:2 strictiena. plegiecicco is in 7
..y ig
. v.
,* polycynthetically twinned crcins cycrecin; etout 1 ca. Tc1cic boundsrics -
~
, .- N-cro c soth to correta, tice of a gypn:a plato fails to show cny preferred -
-Q
- ,. g crystalle;rephic orientatico. .
6,j) , , Jh Eed-breen to it;he tan picochroic bloeito is in long, subpara11c1 , crcins of 1cths cad in ecsttered subperallol latho. Opaqua minerals ' ' 4 .- - (q (= ;n:titic!) cecur cc ctrc:ks cad irregular grains usually ' associated s
,. i 1, e; cith biotics. Largo (3 cm) garnots are idioblastic and dicrupt the blotice '
..- 2-
,].(
e felistica. thscovite Isths ara cecacionally associated with biotits. 'f
' , t
, ' ' (:: ';-
The:s are no recogni::512 cl 3ns of citorstions due to vesthering.: . yy . . h;p.rl. .
. ::,n.i:
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I i
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Q,:::pkgSch::C:tito C :k.i
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r- . : rerne r -i /---- ,-ci- , n-n - 1 i
! l'!ch:!c:a (cli-)
CS . 1.5 . i i q.::rt: . 53 i 1.0 ^ i
!. tict'.to .
3 f
.. 1.0 i
Opeque t'inercl . . . .
.s trcce 0.4 the: r!.to 2 4
6 *
- 1.6 , ,
1 13croclina trcce
, 6.0 .,
. cirecs . .
--- - treca
.c ,
b. 0.003 - ,
, C:=:t . -
trace 1.0 h tr.rts th in clonssted (to 3:1), frcctured, and exerc=cly strained - grains shcrina good parallot alty.. ent. Ple:Locleso is in greins cheving ' .. 1 i
.a tc=dency to squarencas. ..
The grains are twinned, un cricitized, cud a ' few cre poikiloblastic. ;
. !!icroclina is in largo, czadrille twinned grains. 'i
'i sace s:y=chite is present. . _ -e..
- s
'J IIone of the felsic minerals show preferred c ci 3 'crystalle raphic oricatation with use of a gypsun plato. , .
1lc11 forced red-brown to light tan pleochroic laths of biotite and
.1ca; laths of cuccovita are scuers11y aligned subparallel to the quarts '
clin =zent. .
~
,,3,. . G t- ,...:..
y;> :. Cp que cinerals (cagnatitet) are in rounded and irreg l u ar _ scatter d ' ' , -$:.^.[;?q _
,. ,.4 grains. .Zireous are pre.sent in biotite and sher picochroic halocs .
.' .- ~.:. .
; .i y ,
. F.:ra garnets are rounded. ' , ~
- /
c . '-
' ~
'.Volds'are very rare and there is no evidence of scathering i fi):p
..m g
alterations- ' 1 in' thin section.
. .. . - c; -
g' . '*
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\ C:-- - ?, Ts. r~- " - n t ~ ~,rtr~m c Q l
C:
- r:'.::a (dt-) 0 0.5 G D l C. ::: O 1.0 i
tiotito 7 2.0 th::cvito 3 1.5
. 03pa 12:.:::1 trc:o 0.5 -
a l C.:::: trcco 0.1 - T1=es trece Less th:n 0.001 x 1 4 no re:h in cc:po:cd od gaarte (1 na) cnd pla31 ocisco, with Icr o- - porthreble:to of picciocicso cad with icpidoblastic biotito cad cecc::ories. .. m
. Qe.=t: is in ctrained, cli$tly frc:tured grains cvercains atout 1 cs; ,
~~
cith cheat 33-0 porcent of tho grains cico3sted (to 2.$31) cnd showins .
! )
cut; =c11c1 clic =:st. F1c31oc1scs is in poly:ynthetically twinned b. . C cins everesi=; chout 0.5 crs, cad es Isr3o tuinned porphyrottests everc;ing 1~ .5 cheut 9 c:n. Soa: grains cre poikilobisstic, but fcv show any saricitization. ,
'I Tc1:ic c cin Loun/brics era c:ooth to corrate. Use of a gypsu:a plat fcils e 1
. to th:.t c=y preferred crystc11c3rephic orientation. ' . e.' -
. 'ned-b:cvn to tan picochroic biotita 1sths end vall formed entscovite ~ lb l l 10ths occur in long undulating trails subparallel to tho gaarts ali::c=ent. c. , ' . ,
..- l'-
Opeg.tco occur ca irrc;;ulcr grcins usus11y cssociated with biotito. Zirccas 7., j l
~ '
with picochroic heloco cro occa:ionally prc:cnt in biotite. E=s11'carnets ,
~
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cra secttered. 2
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'w-.-- .rStumer , . {,. 3p _.t . _ . _ ,'],.,. _ -y
i
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- l. C *. r::: r.0:~2 cC v:!.do cro prc:ent, protably ir. dice:in3 rc==*er.1
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cro c: n in't'.o rc::.ining ci ::alo. j O . a I e t l l e ,
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3 ,* ~ ~ - + - .-
- ~_23=- __
1' i e rq ()
- -c . C-7, 00.3 Cett - -
Ektite-DhaticS-;1cio:10:=q.idstoCa:1ca' . E LP;;y. msec. q
. IM .-rh 3 : r.~.n nt::qq .
Ehtit: ' 40 2.5-
'C:rnb1:04 35 '2.0
'Epl?sts 10 1.4 -
Pic:;ioclesa 13 ' 1.0 1 - ta:rt: 2 0.6 i . - t *
' O Tha rock has a lepidshicstic ter.turo. Qu:rts is in c= 11, hi@ly .
N strain:d ced fr cturco gratus shovie clongation up to 71, Plaicc10:2 ~ f is in cystly cicanted grains with about half shovig polycynthetic tvinni g . Uso of a cypsa plate fails to show say pref.:rred cryc'tcIlo rc;5ic q- - cricatation of the folcic minerals, but thay ch:u cr ctics: dic:a:Lenal-
- l. c110 0 :st.
D:rk bro.m to 11$t t.cn picochroic biotito is in trains of icn3 thin O
.1cths p:r:11c1 to the felsic alic::nzat. Ec11-ciceved greca horr.ble=ds '
.c - l is in 1cth-shaped graica. A ::ajority (ca W.) era oriented parallet to the C-cT.is. Eleanted grains of epidote minerals are inti=:tcly a micM with the hornblenda. '
E' ticanted voids are Emirly smerous. The e::cellent solictfon s::y t, . _ s cra:o this ro k to be vcci when any pressure is applied p=r:11c1 to -* , [,5
' -1 f=11stion.(63pic=c). Es c@'- e for weatheris; altersticas t:s seca ,
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in thin section . - k O "
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e*eiwv sag .g,-.. w a "a '
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4g *g
_ _ _ . i-g k i - - i: y, t o e , c=== 4O , i 6 t::1 c n -10, 43.9 f::: . ,
. e l II:-it:In:: ,e::t:-Opidote-niotato Q Cr.cics ,
I t f ~ nt s r-t. P.-reente- w_ / r-- nm r:im , 0 q - Mic:c::lico 2 2.5 1 Plc.;1c:1cco (cadocina) 46 2.0 . 42 2.0. Q.::ttc tic:L'to 3 . 1.0 ,
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.rp'idete, clicozoicito, 5
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1.0 . [- i, g .- 6 clienito(t) . 04 . 0.2. . Cp:7.t Einc:al traco N . '
. cph::
trace ~ 0.7 g 0.0
)
w Chic:ite t:::o . ,, 1::::ctito 1 0.5 Calcit: 1 0.7 . , i D.c rcch consists of c ca:. plex cc: sic of q.: rt=, pla ,1cciccc, cud
, s.
' p; 1
t:ictite, cith cpidote ninerals cr.d cesttered cecessories. l 3 ' I-Qe.rt: is in c:reinsd, cli;;htly f cetured grains with lobeta to I c::::te to.='dcrice. P1 cicc1ccc chcva relycynthetic twinnics, is
- i poikilodicatic, cc.d unus117 centsins cucccvita laths. Cc=o grains era , , . ,t.m i
j . hiply c:ricitised. Eichly irre,ular grains of padrillo t=i=r.:d =icro- . . -;
; c s
.clino cro c:cttered thro:ch the ro:k. U s of the gyp ca plate fails to .
.-Fl -
;2 ch a c:7 preferred cr/stelic;;rc; hic crientstica of fcicie cinerc1s. ,
v ~ ~* ' Stubby, Ifght sca to licht Erces picochroic biotite 1 ths, irr~;;ul:: < l
~
j bichs ci c leite, nr.d sathedral and r_tMaral epidota cinart.'.is are ,, 3. l , 1, . l i { c,
~
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p , ;. 7' 3y
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~O.:ro is r.3 ct!.C:n:a of trencheric; alterationo, no her.,ry * -
, c :h':1:::"cn of cena plc.Socices :cy ticshca tho rc:k. '
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- i _.,;
- DJ,#* .
'Ft. . .,.~- .A.,,.. * .# 4 . . .r * . .s ,, , . . - .. ., m m *4 es y ? 1 '-' a.(;f . -!i - l:. >~ * .' .' Q .s 3;. , s .,.,' -: . .o t.e, d .'io . . * . . . .W 8** 4*,,,. ' , g e . g, - . ** + ,, , ; -f.,,. %.s **r.* - . ,. < a .. . r r- - m g " +.q ,~ 4 'g --.rmg). M-s~. 3, , ,. . . . , - ;- p , .. ,. _ - , <.--..a* . . . , * -i ~ .. . C. _ , ., /% & - ( p ~-- ~'* ~ --~~-- .- d ~ ~, ,
- m. , w s,,,J_,
/, _ .. -,.u .-% _ m .s. r;- . 9 3 7 , .. ,, . .:. . l } E rina T-23, D.5 hat . 'I ! I'1 ;ic:Ic -q:::::.Q1dete-tictico C::1:3 ) ,f .. . . .a - i. l - 1*t~--nin. r . r.~re-w ~3 t y n-.- - n m e n (t m-_ a i F10 ;?o:10:2(nd::in) (<5 1.5 , . i R/.=ts 50 1.5 , Eictito 3 1.0 - Epidoto (a c110:1:c1) 2 0.3 Op: quo min 2:r:Is (:utilo C traso 0.3 ,S.j 11 :nitc7) Cug= tite?) . rircon t=co 0.02 . ? . :. t - tit::cvito , t=co 0.. S -- 9 4 4y 7z Cphens . treco 1.0 7 1:1croclina trc:a . 1.0 . - .Cha rc h cc::icts of a cocaic of pic31 ock:o cad qu rt: with trailo y,. 3 cf lepid.3ble::ic bioti o cad c:cessaries. .m ; .. ,: a Q:::t= to hichly f:=tured c a otrain2d in Crsins tendica to bc _ i sic:ce:cd (to 2:1) with cacoth to cerratn bocad=iss. l'1:3tcelass is N,l[ j polytyn:h:tically c: tint.c4 in irregul r, well-cic:ved grains with ickte . J_ ,j - to c=:vr:d to::d=1::. C =s f.we kut twin 1=c11se; cecy are poi'411oblectics c::t c e c===1:iti::4. Coco s:yr=hita is prc: ant. L'Iczeclins is in rero, .l , * .c -^111s tv""--5, irrc;uler grat s. cas of a gypsu: 712:a f 11s to show .- 4 Jb' .:r a 'lc:,/ p=ferred cry::alle;=; hic cric=tstion oC falsic sitarnis, but suV - ..?-( ;. - - . ^; ' 5.t ..i ~,, ' p:r:11:1 c11:==== cf cle:-ated grains is fairly cood. - . n?ct . - , . , , -,t -Carl brc.:n'to lia.ht tsa plee:hroic biotit.c is in re ;;;ca 10ths s'aich _.:'l:9- ... .. ) n . C i:r 'in trails pr:11c1 to t:a falsic cli mcat. Cuthedral epidcto, , y'$ - - ~ . t, ;t . . . .- p 4 . , . .z .. . y f,,, '( ~ .<t .,,g ..r;. - o : ,. . . ,, s ,,s A T***$P %6'O- , ... ... n m .u. .~ . . ~- ~- . -..-e - &:- n. ."% , _ , , _ _ -L , , , _ _ , , , _ _ ,__ p.;_ g; 3- 3 t 9" e g *,7 ~ e .. , / ,*, e 7- . . 7 ,. . ....3....,,_3g.,,,,.C..._..,, . . . . . . . .. L, .,, ,.,. ., g g,, .,. .. , ,.,, .,. .,. .,. ,., ,., 3. t,o,, ,r, g t .e..._. . c ,. .. . , ..a .__.. . e,
- s. , (..
,. o. i.sly 11._. ..e. to . p/e . . . . . . . . . . . . ...,le) cro ce re: :: ~ :.ith L . cridet.~.'c:d erh:nc. IS,cotico (7) is in c ., .,.. . r.... .....s.s.s ~~~~. -- C -~-.a ** 1:/::;75:J' in dra rg 3 3.:::: of Ictho, centcc:cd cad unor!:ated. Tiny :!:::n, cra c::::c::d caa in c.:ny cases occus' as poikiloblasta in ts ~,,s..,. L:s c;p: cat weatherin3 cifcets vece obwc:d. I g + i s 6 I f. N (< 6 . .~. 1 e ~ e ' {.p l l e . _ * , e l - e - -.. :( , '. ~. s .
- L
~ g.. = '.'= _ ~ , ~. . - J .-s . ,',t .; r -
- t_
~ s =' ..* , ,, ,, . 1 ;^ n 5 ? .'. . -~,; ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~. - . - - e ' ' #p*'f ;_', k a ** W - *- ,- ' .. . _ , , , _ , _ _ , . . . - ~ ~ .I,'_m 3 ~ a -- +-- - ' ' - '
- f. .m .v - :
- k' ,
a l i, .t::ir.a:-1,4btact i t Hiere: lina-qc:t -::Ica C.tcics l . 6 r *' t. a r. .1 n E . nreente-n : /nor-c.etfn-(g I , I I'ic:cclina 50 0.5 f R.:crts 45 0.5 . l.'a:covito 2 1 X 0.3 ' tiotito 1 0.4 I 0.1 O ricciocicso treco 0.3 \a . Cern:t traco . 0.3 . - N - t /.petito trece i N 0.003 1-g t'. 0:ctito (1)
- trcco 0.3 Q C1cy, 1 Cub:!cro:cepic .
The rock con:icts of c ce.::ple:: co::1c cf Sandrills t.ti:ned clero-clino c::d strained gaerts. Crain boumi:rics cro intericchies esa rence ~ ' , frc:2 s::coth to cutured. Quarte ran;ca frca suhiero:cor.ic to cbout o o 1 s::s; niercelino frca sahdcro::opic to sScut 4 cm. About 40 percent of the crains are alca',ated (2:1), c=d chcw cubpers11:1 clig-t. Tc1cic minercis show no preferred crystallosr:; hic cricatstica with ces of a gype.ca piste. So=a sy=picctites are present. , i I t*==:cvita leths cr= costly ecsfined to lon3 pars 11c1 trains. I's ;nstit: is usucily to:ociated with these es thin strc ks (1 css th:2 0.1 ca thict:), 'j but cIso occurs as irrotar scattered crsina. . . .ratic b:cun to 11aht t:a pt:schroic bio:ita is in accttcrcJ tilu Icths ' ' ' per:1191 to the suscovite, c .4 in unorier.t-A tere:uler fiches. . x.- . . x: h * - , . x_ 0- 9 er , *' 7. t ~,' - a e { b L^' b **% " v ~ / . - ^ - -e ~, _ [ _]- (.._. .- +- _ ( i c . . . ~ . .... , ..~.........n.>. ... - .-. .. . . . . ( - 3 g r.."j c .~.,'~*. ~. c .' c .^.'. .'.'. a c.~. ~. . . . l . , c . . . .. . . . g.....,.. . . ... . . . . , . .. 9. . 7.'.......- .1.. . a c - .. .~. a c ,, c . : . ' 1, p ~. ~. . ,,m. .* '. . '. .'. .*. . - . 1 .. .~.. .n..,,-...........,a )..p.... ~ . .. - . c .a s .... . .... .o. . . . ent.: o re a r.- y pica r.. r ptchesTIIIed with cicy (prohbly. fond . n. t .,r r_- ' . . ". .*. . ., c .'. r .'n . .' - ' - -) . ' . . *. . .d..itas ,e ..a.ia..z cY. .r tiny . .. .. '.t .o , c0 chy dr.:= . C=0 l'iotite leths che.t incipint nitorctics to cicy - C.1CONO.10e . . e I ,
- t. =
g k" l , . -l . i . 6 p .S - g . . . I t . .'s ) . ' t % l
- e. 1 4 1
O. , .. t .l . r r. . . ....t l ,. 1 g
- I g .
I g 0 .p . 1 .e , + +
- 7. . .%
g "9.4
- T...'
* } ..;I sh b N, .,s .= / p , 4.. * .- 'a, .s , , .t , '. ,y' ',-s. , ,s ,./* ~ - . ~. ')
- s
$ ,,, I *6' GO *' -s .
- s s - g ,
, e g 4 g, k w y g ar- . i . ..h-. = . g. 4 J <. ' ~' , 1 '. . ,. c *..' - _a .,, < + , . *. . ,4 . . . 4., . r 3,tf. , *j,.,.".- e a. 4,. - ' . ; .
- g. . m '
." ~ . ' ,*.* C l L *2 . ' 1., * #s * ,2 * , 1 ^',\j*Y ~ * ,- *. ~~ e ..e_ , - . q .. . .s~+ -~.-n., . . . , . , i *;s. fi s i - ~%.--~,,%,. .. - * ~ wT,% ..,._ * .b, .*s 4 , m.e,, , _f .es.j ..a~amm-,, w,. - w w a , 4 ,. , w w w A. n ,J, ,. __ . i I
- j. .- s ._.m
- - -, -,. m_.,m -,_ _ . _ . -. . , . . .,, , , V , e ) w_ a -
- In 3-D, 03 f'::: ,
i ~ I*h rs12 $-(c.r : C!c d::les ',- . s' "--- -.. [. e . Per--.tn- m f.r.--s shM4~ - , 4 0.6 err:: 50 , I 30 0,7 & 9 l 110r::152 , Cp1(Oto 6 clinozoicito trceo 0.2 Ciotit'o 4 0.4 X 0.1 - D th::~;;to 1 0.4 % 0.3' . 3 - c ,' c cco 1.0 e C;h::: it ' l O :g:: e.iner:1 trees 0.2 q . (:::.2 r. cc:titet) - 3 C::1 cite treco 0.3 g 12 0.6 . , . Ple::Icelcca trace 0.005 . /.7::Ito . ~ traco 0.005 - Zircons . , 3 Chlorito 1 1.0 ~ 3 ';'as rock is cc ;o::d of a co=p lex cosai e of elengetod (to 5:1), . i r ; . ctrater.4 g::rt=, ge frille tvinced microclico, sad twics=d plcsiccinsa, ' l t:Ith 1cr,a c.:~, a of c.icroclito averey,ing alxrat 9 cm. The gn=rts ar.d . - ccay cf the feld:psr gr ins sScw a scod gerallel slic: cent. Felsic , 7) grains tend to tra irrc alcr with lobsto to outured hm'-ies. Use of . De ,w a gypsea picta f=11s to dtow a:r/ preferred crysta11c;raphic oricatation. _. c;;glectices r.ro fairly ccecos. , [, , . Ec k brata to li,ht tea ple-brote laths of bietite c:S gre:2 t - 4. chierito laths shw c11:st.tast. Mrsil:1 to the felsic mircrats. I '
- 7 -s. ,
, , . . l 1 ~, l a- . I I. , ,d q i O k e +' ~,'. . f.' ',N . ,-. , "#~ F**-=."e+,%..% O% p, g g d , < , er s%4 soa O 6. b M 9W t - - a- a w- z-- - . r. , ., ; _ _ _ . _ e f . .,.... . ., 7 ., e....*....,. (..3 cu... (g .s. c *.
- u. s jg i ., . . , g,y.
. . . . . . g,*,. o m. ..o ,._.a. n. . ) g,.......,.. .. . . . . (,.. g. m...,,...) .. j...c . ,.o. 3 c:,...- c..,, * .. . .. &, .,. u.. . . . . . ,~. . ,. -. .. r. ,3 t: .t - ,.. . . . , .- .. .. .. ... .. 2.J L. 1 L o . .. .. .. . C,_. . . :i is .r.:s c.... .,a. . a.. n . . o. .,,: . c..,......, t . . .s (., .y, g (. . s~ .-.g , .. . 4 .L.. ..... .) . 1%.. e. ,., ,.t.c . c ..c.... .. f r. .g,. .. . . . .n 1y ca. . c,. .. .. .. , ,. ..~ ,_, C.* . . L+ . .- t o ... o c~- ~.~.c . ; .. v. t c d cad t...... ~ ~ - c~ a..' h I 'C=s in li't16 ci; a c2 uct.::terire c1tcratica. ' 4 t . A' q -t ,. e r y -$ *9 , ,I . k s g , y . - ? ? l' 5 . , l $ . 9 g g, = ' gash'
- n
.. 4, ': 1 I e e . ,/ 5 . 4 -+ 4 \ & e i I 4 . 6 e < asi- *y w - 7 4 , ? 7 d -ega & ^ e
- Y g %,.. '%
me 9 % ., f-- $e -*1,~ ( et 1
- 4 1
- r. .. ~. .
.A %. ~ a, _ 6 g, t *ji. . # 4 a. . - rU , y,- 85- 4 g b '_al b
- .ts '
- e p-
, .~y'.' 9,. .- ,-* # e* y a s. e < . . O ,,(.,* g,, , b 5 *I 9fe uP e
- n
, f . g .a ..g 'g , 'I % .5 .5 & y*,. - M ' . p't . - J_ ) y .s . , , , ^- s .- . . . g* g , % '- 4' *
- e. ++a
. ~ a * - .. . ~ . . 'L a , '.2 . ., . A , . .,s., , , , L,. .a
- p. - 0 ,,. . _
.i.-~.. , t ,gg g .y@ e ? N' E M 'W _._.+-2 - + dM.h ~ . . .. ' 1 I . * ' - - ' __ ' " - - - - " ~ " ' ' ' " ~ ~ ~~ -g - ' 1 I . ~ , . - i w- : :. . l . , 5:*.;J-13,17.irf:ct I - r ! ' l , c::::-:'le-icci = :ilereciina n:es onotes .' f l LL'r';;h [:t. P"remte m b pre,,e ntem c-n
- C ::::. 45 O.6 Pl:,iedic::(clic.) 23 0.6 '
!!icre:line 20 ]i 1.5 # e !!.t:ecvito 5 1.0 . Dictice trece 0.2 , 1:n*;nctito 2- 2.0 Caract treco 0.5 Oc re:k h o a phecoidal texturo c.nd could be called a Flaser L Cnci::, c: tr/lcaico gneiss. < It cen:icts of a grouru'=r.ss of elon,ated (to 7:1) quarts, picciocic:c, c:d tiere: Lins cre.ina all evera;ics about 0.6 an in size, but ren;Las Cres cut ~icroscopid to about 1 : 2 Sc=a of the ple;1oclass sWas i polycynthetic tvinnin and : nest of the nicrocline is quadrills tvinned. 1:ost grr. ins of quert: cru otrained. The typical fcleic grein is croid in cheps. no grcius of all threo feloie sdnerals show a vc11 developed par:11clica. U:s of c C7Pm:8 Plate icils to show ccy profer:cd cryct:11c;re; hie crica:stica. - th:tcvito is in long thin laths (2 I 0.1 s1, generally to.;nded 1-ca cae cida by a this stres*c of ce;;;netite. D e as notite streaks s :a ~ i ; ticut felcic crates, cad probably represent slip planza alott which cuccovita srsv. na cu :avit:-:es:utito orie..tstions are para 11c1 to the ' f:1:le cli;==::t. *I , a. ~ . m s: * ~
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. treca 0.02 i 01:: a 1 Cu'_icrc:cepic l CI:7 Thic ic en cr.treecly vesvaered cpecir.:n in which cuch of tt:0 cef: ceter:c1 t*:n Ic tfa pvcpsrctica, Icevic,,, Ic:::e voido s'aich prctdly cen-cein:d c1cy. _ l l ';to roet con:icts of a ec; pics Crceob1sstic co: Lc of fcleic c?ns::1o vich sccetered, c oriented biotico c 4 cecc : cries. R crtz is in strei=d grcins censic:: fres sute.icrc:ccpic to clout ! l 1 c:2. They are cecerally cfold end be.x.dcrics are u:.:c11y c:coth. I c.c.f.:111o t.tiened clercelica is in irrc:ulce crains intericched with b l p.::c. C=2 syrpiectites cro present. Ple:ie:1 :a in in rcro, cric=cd, f, irrey.rict crcica. The fclaic cinercia st ow r.o preferred cryctclic.,rc; hic , - cEicate:ias with us2 of a cypsss pisto. l Ccrk breva to light b-am -1.: chefe bietita ic fr. re: tered, j' 1 irre;;cler fisico c .d pcosly f::M 1.r.'.s. C.*ts: cec 2:cc ric t c re e c::ttered cad uncriested. c _ - .! j *"-w 1. 2.1,. . (.' - - f "* ' ', e, ,, p.. ~ -s -.e.- aces. 'w y o ww. . ,m s sm- % y g m,..-~. , , _ , . . ,_ns_ ~ . * . - _ x. ---. .._ i A w .- . . . 1 r - P" e <- . - - . , . .s* g-......,r.*, t . . .. . . . s , .s. e,,A y. s . .n . .o o-..n. , n . . , (. .. _. . s , 7..,. .._n e, .... . .- 4.,.., . .. , . 3 % . ,. . 1. .C . ete,,1 C1,/, ....w
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