Text

Engineering Geology of Keowee-Toxaway Project
	ML19308B277
Person / Time
Site:	Oconee
Issue date:	10/01/1976
From:	Conn W; DUKE POWER CO.
To:	;
References
	NUDOCS 7912180965
	Download: ML19308B277 (75)
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12Cf.C3 - TOT.l.1%Y PP.DJ::CT j l9 EU:C: F7'E2 CGD.tiY .y 1 1 - ~,, 10 aa a n 27. 1974 4 $)?3 i I '. Supplecent t'0 Engineering Geology f of the Kcowce Toxcaay Project Duke Power Co=peny .(. " + _... l s o 1 ( ,'/ ./,/ O .r ,/ y..A ..~ e l +- Atic *-b Ccorcia VIIIL*.:1 V. CE.I D:cc::kr 16,1955 Ecain crin; Ccologist ' ~, j ^ 3 Y;: s.o Rci z e, i s

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W ..t I l s ;, i> 1 k' LC;;Z :::3 C C'.03'.* 9 C: . I*r.C'O - Td !."/.Y rr.0JCCT 1 ' T/r': 07 CO:Tri: TIS ( / i I. T!."In0DUu~rIC'1 - l ~ ' N ,. 1 A. Purpoce end Scope 1 I le II. Crct.C;IC f4cs 07 E021NOS I A. General 3 N '. t D. Drillin; and Io;;in; Techniques 3 a IQ 1. Drillin; .3 2. Significance of Ter=s 4 t 3. Rock Classification 6 s III. Er01Cn?1 CEOLOGY ' A. General 8 ..O J 1. Physiography S' - ^ 1.

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-s f 'S .~ ~ ' 2. Structural Ccolo;y t 3. Jointing 9 ]* I .w,

3. 'seis=icity

'10 i 17 LITTI.T RIVZR DAM f b A. Iocal ccology ~ 15' 9' l 1. ccologic structure and Litholo;y 4 i 2. Crocad Vater 16 j -) p ?

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1 f,.. i. I.1.C n c: C u1* ~y to L'::ica cad Cen::tructica 17 1. D:rvation 17 2. Cutoff Cencid:rcticas 10 3. Centrol of Cecp ;c 19 i 1 v. n r-- ~ r *?! /."n Tc'r tc !.--' ( 1 A. Gencrc* 23 I D. Incc1 Ccolo;y 23 j i f i 1. C:ologic structure and Lithology 23 I 2. C :pericon of Littic River end Ecovce 23

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Ec1ction of Ccolo;y to Design and Construction 24 1 1. Excevation 24 . cN, o 2. Cutoff Considerations and control of Secpege 25 ( 3. Tunnels 27 4. Coch for Construction Purposes 23 VI..TCCAST"r* D?lf #2:D F CEM C"O: f ',, A. General.- 33 .C3 1. Introduction 33 i ~ o i t. Il 2. Previous Studias 30 .~.1~ t ~ C1sssification of Rock 31. '~~-t 3. a-l' D. local Geology 32 '.i ~. f,,. 1. Ccologic struecure 32 .a : 'r 2. Petrogrcphy and Rock Weathering .34 t .. ~.,, -c . 'k F 'i C. E Iction of Ccolo;y to Design and Ccastructics. :- ~ 33 ,4..., s i t , i ^ - 33,(., 'j- - :l 1. Cutoff Considerations and Centrol.cf Secyc;a.. .1'. q , a '.: q .,a 2. Abn:- ent Stripping ,.,41.d,'.,'- i. ~ a ~= 3. C:c vation .:43 ' . 1 y 6 e 2 ~ ,g h.[.7 ' .e 'i 5 ... + v l r-~ f _..__~.=. %. -s t. .-..---..~.- -. _,s

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.i.. t i C...,.. s_. G i . ~..., i..... ,,m...,.,.... T.,.. i ., y, --.....,. r I /.. D--m e-4r-c". i O.ia r:; ort h:2 b:en pr:rared to' c ::::!co' cnd c. :1;r.:a Oc :::alta cf founktica c plor.1tica co.15.: ted c the Orcs 01tco c:ap:hite tha hydro:lectric d:velop ent of th2 Ecouco - Tonusy t 0 o.!:: cf tha r.:hs hver Cc;p:.ny. It outlin:3 the foundatica ch::::tchis-I tics s.hich cea ha c:pected et cc h of the cite, to cGer with cu;;c:ticas I 6 : uao in desi;n ctedico. t.a ca ce;inco:in; scole;y report, racer than a d::criptios of ^ the purcly ;;obsic festeres, ca offort has bean esde to limit theoreti- . cc1 c: ale;ic discussiens to coco necescary to provido a badground for ' w the cc:c:t :y en;ineerica ctedleo, Resic:ci Scology will ba discu::cd ~ F o..._ caly in cufficicat d tcil to provido a background for tho coro intensivs- _"( ctedica cf the i=cdtato arcas of tho de=sitos. Furthar, consid :chlo ~k-ki ctu?y of both.esional end local ccolcay hcs been cap:bly asda by Lcu ~ .y-q - ' E:hin:::Lo; Tectird Co.:pany, and covered in their reports.1 Thio .._ N. ,...g. c:te:Ic1 has be:n 11barally u=ed es background infomation, but vill Y ~ t0 repc:ted caly thcro necessary for continalty of diccus: ion. Sin 11c 1y~ 1.- -p Q the c: ale;1c loss have bc:s limited in dstall to notatics of the ch::cercris ~.,6 ~. ~~ - tice cf the corco which aro pertinent to design t.nd con:tructics', witheat- -.d. #. -- I,I t ' rc;:' d tof nen-c centici descriptions as to a;o, origin, ccthod of fo=2tiost.f. ' T { r ,, _. ~ ' cnd othur' theoretical featurcs of the foundation rock. In brief,.tho " ! [,.,. I 'W W .ans gg W d /. y \\ ~ a s ) l e s ' L ,s 4 6 y g ,--a.-.=%=e-enr- +- 'Y S 0%.. h L..,,......-- p,u

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i.... i f T~ ~ c~.- m. tr. m c3 r.w r n l k ~t _-- m'. '.he c,m.ler tcry ro:h 1 ricco at th2 th co cites pro-. cc::li ;;; c:1 la cS: c:renj.hhh v== b=:d, It Sciod, cnd field less tre; r.::a 17 Dehs M = C g:q in:p:cters. n a cor:s u na c:: fully c =h:0, cr.1 c:oleate ic:axers prop:rel ca ctan2=.1 fo=s. tha for. i cct c::d is a generally ce:ept J mthw of rcccrJi=0 geolc3td infoma. tica for casicacrins perpesos. E: tended diccours:s on cin=clo;1 cal i cc.p:sition, ro:h ctructuro, cad theorics es to origin h..i beca pr:yc:17 i ,cnitted co c:o==1cs11y us.lustified. Ewever, features p=tincat to a 1 tho cuch cakretccJira c! the foun.htica uith rec;,cet to tha c:enen c=d c Ccty of th.) propocr.d. ctructurca havo L:en eghsci:cd. II. M1111n end 1,r-1:rt ".'ctm!was.

1. W illica. In unirc the c:olo;ic logs for dcct;n info:=ation,

'L I tha techniques ussd in drillbs are pertinent to prepar interpretatics. - 9 the caolc0fA proft'lc at all of tha sites is typical of ths regios, coa. - a, .i j! ci: tina cf residual curfca wits g= din: Cr:da211y into w :th2 red rock

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\\ 4 cal finally into cound roch. Gn emptics to this is in the river .t.E v11:ys shcra t!c overturden is allevial, cad is not the v:sth: rig lj l prcduct of the v=3cr11cs rock.) There are all gradstions bot:cca ths..... .1 4 7 ( cerf::a coils e:S rock stich is sufficiently u=nsth: red to be retainoi N ~ ' ' in ths cera barrel na2 a rack coro obtained. h drilli g techniqua. u v:s to use a %rdicran". or o:hcr now-corins type bit to ed7:=ce tha v; " hoto catil rufficient resista=ce to th: bit vus encountered so that a 1 ji.',p'>cedig dic: man.1 bit vsa required. It is this point which is 1:00:4 es, f, ~ ,. - Wep of noch" in th= caola:;te log. l.::::.11, e H.:vthc=2 bit vill p==,[ - 7 3.. A tr:to p=tielly vcath: red rock, so it rust not bz ces=:d'th:2 c11.' N ~ r;. L

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j .;:1 c:z2 y c f ter'." *c: r:.. :re.*.?; c.:e::::a rri". O-r :t 1. l.:t$.11y, t.10:n i'; io'v;11:y L::tra r.11sti:1 n:to:21, it r ::.;;mn l re:S v: Q: red to c;;: 4:Orce. i l C. fy ' ' t ~ 4 c _T-~. W c:=c u:ed in the ccole;!c - le;;tt; s:::: intend:d to de:::1h the rc h fc:turco r.00: 1 ;:: tent to; the cc:!:a ccd cen:tructica en;1ccer, without e..tran:::s r.:.terhl. /. I \\ l de::riptica of the toras u:cd to th:roforo) in ord:.'Tep of T.::*." ia t thct point cbove cich drillin; could be advaneca tr/ a n:n-ccring bit. i It 15 c10n111ccat in thct it to Scacrc11y the point to cich c=ce:tien c3 ..u ~..c:y ba tchca with ccaventicast cq.aip= cut. F.ippero c:y bs req.: ired for h:rd len:cs es ' Top of r.ock" As cpproached, but for ccti=:t23 purpe::: N co ble: ting should be neca::sry above this point. Ec=s c=cvstics with-cut binsting sca occasionctly ba acccuplich:J belov ' Top of cock,# but' ) ...o. i L .it will be'difiicult, cad harder untorial shoald be gichly rccched. l "'Tep of teck" should thorofore 1,s consid: red as the hori::a dero ble: tins smst bc $ n. Cormally, the nsxt partinant zone vould be " Top of sound 'o o ' tock," Were rock weatharina would be confined to isolated joints and, O .stsiains on the snaissic structure. Bovevor, in the ecsa of Joca:sse,[. C '

!l 1 fcit that an totermediate classification was desirchts.. sines *Ecy - D of Sound F.ock" was usually ~at ralstively great dapths, end scos point" '

[ ~,,. - s:ust be touco there the rock, although slightly wasthared could be .perried without co=pletely disintegrating from the shodh of the biaist.?. ?,i h log the point at shich, in.cnyIp! io:h,.

f...: .:1,bavs' thorators indicated on eac
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~ the rock is so siishely der, sed that it could, by carch1.bic tin 3,5.12 R. ,J. m .., w; a b 2

i.. ; produced to sizes which would u c:tisfactory for rockfill d:= co=trucchni,

~.- - -.. ~ b. r, se .,' h. 4.. 4 . I ?.,. O J Ib g g . n. 4.?.. 9 h.k g.u . ' s !'9 T '.,y T ? !, r, M.. 4.p ;i. rm.. ^ =.., l'q.1,9. ( ; .. 1.', 4 _.._~s . 6 . +A.. -, *,.'*?- .-t ' s : t '. s. e A -*{" ...___e.- A I

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. t'.'.c heri: a '?p cf C;: rycL1c r.:.'.." T;: c:tk..th: ; urr ::3 cay rc:h 1.1 u h:ro c:n to u::d for g:rricC - r::' 112, e-4 t ;* clea !>a c:ncid ::d fim en:r;h for be:S of chtte,ent et:2,p>3 th::: :.::S c:ri;pir ; 10 necccery for c=plc:c :nt of a hi:;*1 roch I c:12.?::: t. .I h ;;c cico, for uniformity, indicceed thio hori:en in the i C:Or:0 c 0 Z.ittic l'iver lo;o, cithou,,h tho ter:2,io of Ices irgertence cinco a rc:hfill dea ic rot p1mtned for heco cites. Refer to pago 9. " Foundation P.cport,.R neo Developn:nt" Ly L:V En:;incerin:: Testins Cozpsny. A cealo of roch h:rdneco ib Elven, I t.hich ves uced in their preliminary loggin3 Such a cenlo io ne:caccry, cinco the:: residuct collo, through varyins dc3rces of vestherica, cover. I, c vido cp=tru:2 feca very coft to very hard. In lo;; ins the corco I I ) h:Vo cea::cily follo ted the criteria es established by I.=u for tho c:vsrci cic:cifications of hardness, execpt that I h:ve cot differci.ticted t:tu: n '~ncrd" ced "very hard." Actually, tho do:criptivo certs on the C alo,,1c less arc intended to cid design engincors in interpreting the rc k cherectorictico for construction purpocca, end unduly preciso - t'l, I:::riptions era core confusics than of valuo. In uste:; the scolo31c M- 'less the followins conceruction osas of the rock c..y be costrr.ed: .'l ' ....s

s..Very Soft. Cocpletely diointc3 rated to soil, chcr=terictics. ',(..-.]

t*:uld roll casily into en earth fill, providcd it posscasca the strea:;th' - I J;j.. c:d p:=cability requirc tento. c;f' j 4-pg_ .,.8, -. ( b. Sofc. Less soil propsrties than abcyo - r.ir.: als cot' . 4, s

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' ccpictcly altered to coil charecteristics. Ecaid not repira 11:sti=3., c',. j:l e. 2- ,s.. cnd could to rolled ina a cc:ytet fill, a3ain ass cies tho fill could... ^.J - .3.. 1, 4

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c$ c c1cuf:0, cMuir : cc:: ve:therica. T.ock to c n rc11y. cc:;: tent, 6 t ccn:1d:rdio fin::, es s:011 co cch rent ro:h chco, V uld bp prcdu:cd inb1N: tim.

d. I:Ord, or Cound. 1.ittio to no clouding of feld.Q::c. I'or cca:truction purposes cca be considered herde fresh rock thich cea ~ bo biented with only the finco nom.211y produced in bicating the hard::: rc:s. 4:ceptchlo for con: roto c;;rcanto. - I o ~ i U1 The tem "Quarrychio P.ock" uced throushout the le;s u ually . i n (. fa!!d within the %derately Hard" zonc and is the point shcro I consid:: e .I nicer:1 diointearation h:2 decrucsed to the point that judicious qu:rry o h prc:ticca cen produco dicecaica siso rock. Occasicacity, this hori:co vill occur in the upper part of the z.:odcrately herd rock'scuo, stile ' other hoics incy not bo sufficiently cospetent cotil %rd" roch to u resched. It also varics with the rock at the thrco cites. At Kcevec and IIttle River nincral disintogration is quite totsi or r.ot at cli 7 ,} I ' thus 11ttic of the coderately hard rock can be querried. Tho ' Top of ~ ) l S Qur.rrycblo Eock" and ' Top of Eard (or Sound) Rock" usually' ara the sc:3. ? . At Joe:rces, hownot, i s113ht m:ount of r.ineral clouding occurs to grect"d5pths. The "Undarately Eard" rock cannot be cis:sified asT. rd ,2'1 -: A:- ;>: M ', c mad Sound" with pertial cicuding of faldspars, yet it s: y be sufficicitly., n. 'l 3 ' ^~ ccx:pst,:st to be quarried,'and is so described. 1 b' ' 3. -Rock clautfier. tion. 'The no=cactaturo c:cd for tha rc:b2 '. ~ .I ,.f at aath of the three sites has boca ' simplified frez the d:tciled l+ Q_, 5 6 li a. p . i.-: - sp e '.,, ~ ; -]. -{ ,f. n., ' j,.[ k -.5 t' .i: 1 . +. .e..~ '7'm TGW' _ d a n-%4. T** .g,

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.~3 ...,3 e ga..C....'.. e... ..'.*.e c,,.n c..__' y-- o t'.:ich Lea 1::n c!r.,11Cica to cien gncies cad in limited c:c.r.o biotite- [ h0rLI r.Co'ca:1cs. Tao rc::k c: Little nivar cad Cc:..ca hcs I;::s le;~-c I cs t! :lto ca: Irs, r;;;ald cny coro det 11cd cc pe:itica:1 tc::.o L d :i:Cd they try 13 utcrained frc:2 ctudy of the pctre : -h re, orto. i. 4 6 i same e lo e e M e O 9 + D O A 5 r , s. 9 I .g s 7 EF a y . g

== ~ ~ e.' s t- ."s t ,6 4 4 a i - b i. 7 er e - s. ~ P ' %** % e,-on -**=% c.. h .4h =*n. --w-.e.,w.J a- -e.m. ~ ' '

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l c==:1?y c::;nhed en b:6; 41iih,1 into ci:: c=th:::t-:cgre:oc ers15; L:1tc.2. r=n ceuth::t to c=th=:t th:7 cro the C:;olins chto b:10, i CM:letto t:.it, C6;; nsect in balt, I=== Piel=::t telt. E::v :d b:ltj 'j t i f Ca E:cv::d cui Blue Rid e bolts, ed the w:ter==0:t.:

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cM Eluo nid;2 belt. f I I put cf,ths !=:r Pied =est balt, cre in the Dico nid;o phy:lographic p;cvincey - ~ ! N' thile ths bal=:o of ths cry:tc111:a rochs cro cc :1d::cd in ths Pied =ent i.r.,)' 4 ) ,'...g.., t ydie ::phic r:cvinco. Geolcgically, all thrco cites of the Ecc=c 3 ...q,;,' '; & '. l 10 h ,f 7==07 Propet 'cro in tha Inner Phl=st bolt, eithou;h ths cat =e of $3 g ~~

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i ~..a ,y i .n rc:ks within the b:1t v=y, es do ths rocks at the three cites. - cc -., ~ o _ s. - t 2. ctreetter.1 c-olo~y. the crystallins rc:ks of the scuth { C::alics Pied = :t cro teolo;teslly ec= pics ad until recently, poorly y .}.* 'E s::pp:d. Cs public:tica of ths work by orcratreet ed t:11 has p;cvid:4. c.};. ' "..u 2 the ft :t estiefectcry g:ologic c:p on which to beso an inte:p;ctstion of' '/ j p -1 f. g the ct:cet=e, strati; sphy, and sate =orphirs. The arca re= sins, however. e,' ~ O + *. > ts c:s _s^are sseh more study of strati;rsphic sequences, structural P j interp;ctaticas, cM ore deposit investi;:tions are needc3.. ~ the Pied =sse rocks were formed under many different co=3inachns 7 c .n:u. l. ? . ' cf p====e and te=parature, and represent a co:ples succc:sica of g:ologial,., n~.[ ] o,. _, ' ~. ' , evc:ts. ' Ths for=:rly accepted ccscept that the Ficd=ont c=sists only of-

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3,. s=. the C: p, vo:n-deva rcots of ca:1cnt countains n=:r sac =s a ,l.3 y,;. , olhr th:ory that-the rocks were a=clusively,of ~ 1;=c=s crisia islboing.[$. ~......,.-..--..i.-Pj 2 Y.... c . -.. m. ;,.,. lO.., repic:ed by tha proposition thst they represent hi;hly catc=srphesca sed 1=sts):.I, '/. i ~ .. F.,,

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it c:n b c:Id rith certchty, ~ C.3 c.d::t en tho ec sth::t. L:=v., ' C -t t.h.: ::M rc;:c:=0 c::a c I r.u c= ten % = c: c:th: E7 ::.:.h::ti;3 e=7 n=c ple::a es c;;3. c: ,e th3 enr :;..h (;i :d:s C..0 pre.*:::.1 tM:::' rc:hs. cs c:::::b~, f::s 1,10'J ry - 1 ( 11hn ;:=),ta !.*3 r/ c:;o. Tc7 c:~Jyle, yn.cco c. tgc 7. ..--'2,, - *-- n . ~ -. -. 1 (,...-..... -.) r..7:=3 Co.to c3 old:: th= C:devicha (500 c/) cnd c.)J ::0: th:2 n,:ve:ua (350 w). Da regional coolo;y of Littio niver and E=ouco c:a ha cecepted cs typhet of tha couth = stern Phd::at - c :rew bc1ts of c:tc= :phic rc:ho. with dips generally to the couthcest. Joe::::, by sto', >. ' t t:cnib3 cc:th: ste Ic'::tica et ths costusrd 11=it of the piec=:st, has prsh51y t>cca infh::ced'~ . .ty dtCfe: cat rectenic forces, esa is ctructu: ally 1cco. usiform, eith:,5 ths g= 1 strika is narcheast cad the dip of the foliction cero g::tio, n l s. but ctill to ths southeast. ,. 3:.',,, 3g. Jointin. Althou;h c.ny sites in the Pied =ont cro hich17 r - jointed,.the barin,s.at thase thco locetions huo cheia rel:tively 11tch]*0 l 7.. .s \\ "' m - jointing. res. joints dich h:ve been checnod cro concro117 st:ths joints, 4 u d. ;. tith fc=r dip joints, sai they b:vo not becs found to bo.the cc: trolling l .J., . fetter in roch vaath: ring. no caly i= port nee of ths joints cs ths picc.h3 - ~ q . J.;. y; cf ths structures will be their crientation with respect to deep, scar. _~ i 11o1 to c 4- . O l. avertical.gestry or other execratics nicpes, cere a jo nt para c nic chould cat influenza J7.Q 't.- ,,in heck of a slope fece could tri 3w a slido. i ld be es: side:cJ 1cter ths 4:stikiqQ:g 1 'j.'. .ths p;cscat overall picanics, but shou ...?, ..c. ..,. 9 +3,c g. a. r,c... p1=s for.c=esvatios slopes are asas. - ~. w.o e., m _. 4.s[.(..

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a L. c ::qt'.ca t~. ;" : c. rra 6 6: E::a c0 Q: S :: c' ::::r.'. c. y I n 3 v..u:: O r.,::=:: f::.,h%tk3 hos c::::::*-! C::p *c;".h;- 1 ::::: c:: h.: j Cb C :.t= r;;l L dk:==d i==a 4:t:'.1 tr.2: ti.: rn;'. 2 ~. ca.~.:::r ::. O.,fM --ta'q. 0:=== c' th:2 c :::=o coob:k c;o, t*n reds c ' E =th-c ha 't'E E='.:o - T. :=y cites c: c te:=Iy pechlo cok=olc01c:11y. L:" 0:orO out the v::13, alth:::;h tha c:at.::s, h c:th!.07 cc, ca2 do:s cc: c c:10:o ceknic cetivity cro confin:o to c:cs eni ritts in the c=thog h tha cccccen:o of c:=t tha le ctica cf dich cra v:11 k cus th:out g:q: cat c 3 c::sti=:s dk strous enchquecs d=ias ree::d:4 hhtery, [ y 3 c:s ccnos dero caje:t=,:nt cf the certh's c:c:t is ctill' ed' ins '. 1 Lt) 7.h::o c= ph::, c 3 cre cac lly cc:o:hted with volcani:n ccd yoWt= st ics. Os- ~ scuth=::::a 4p:,:chisns cad Pied =ont cre c:olosic lly ve:y cc icat, c:d It is t cs ths tectcaic forces d.ich forc=d th:m h:va loss cic e cer.:cd. - O i O, ^ tMt cer::a c=thq=hs h.vs c ccr:d in s ppo:edly saccro c c:s 70.r 2 :d:. ch=lestes,1805), hat the possibility c: a ' Wop;=" in a c==!17;.. [ 1011 12; i=:t c=s, dito r.st capble of evaluatica, is cyprc=tly rc=st:i. 1:bef. ! ^ *. - u 4 c:=tal coje:t=nts cra contin =:11y edina place ev=yc=e.cas deis.V. .~o st csces ccet=alsto cufficicatly to causa cove:.nat, a tremor is folc.. h O cc:thq:d=s cecesics:lly experienced in she cou.*.usstern Pied =: sat sni. f. ' Jed histery bevs boca nInce, and h. e,, - w 4 ps h diens duri=s cu trief reco: m cd c: o c=:ite=sst them d:=;;n on a fr:qssacy of cbost ena a decc2o. ( [~ 7 II efcTa:IS [eIO M [ OO ce 3tc W$ En FdMI E fc3 t$e-d,* . ? W ..c....,t '[ N e.h h ..P.. 's 1

8 f

p -*.e h g cha ~ t.., 1; m.,. ~ ::~,..'4,. ~ Sc=s tra re;,tanal, such cs the Blue F.id a Fror.tg tha 3.W. ~ r ( ~ C:rter=111e ranics and the c= tensive system of fcults dich occured -:. - ~a f, c' ~

O.

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.s '..y 2,,(,%f. j ' Q:w:-, : u.- H:?,4 W S) 'y; ;.t.h t = ~ .i f UfQ[ -1. C, N. [^,,,,- ,,, 'l,-' t's Y;ql(.- ~. + a_ };%;g:.}- }' .d ~ ,i. __. m a.w_, _ m - -"*"'O*4 sw.9

o 1 C 2,l : Oa i'::It:.-h, in th IS 0.C=a!u.: 0:h::6 :::La r.::: i D-e., ib.::;:=. ?,7:= b c0 cp::h1 ht::.::c, ni=o it 2 o r.:j:: r.5:: r::: crut*k; tea.C:=ria to 1%:th C:roli: r, cad 2 enly (t:11:a q::s=a, ) c2 the J/=::o cit 8 Ito c:c is re: cheat, cico it cep:::: p the the j .m [:.- } i 4 l ' E13 3.i: c: 2 C.s Rh2:=e,,5 th: nl.2;s roda hvo toca chena to b2 tha j t i , oll:$t cape:ed in C :th C=c1ha, r:c';:*aly chout 1,?00 cy old. s Os l ten 2= s p:::a (Jce ::ca) is 503 to 330 cv old. 'Iha cost recent thld. j vorh 17 teca cca 1.cycatl4 etro 31y sec:::sta that ths latest cover,:sts nic::: the tre.v::a t.ena c::w:ca ence lato Palexicic and b::foro 1cte Teic:cic, I c: cbcut 003 ry c o. ',t 2:a cpp:::s tc to cena evidenes that vech carthqcchs cf reserh5 hicco:y h:va n liccatica just vece of tha Lies E14 0 f cat.4 0 It' j vould bs ree:c= Sic that an7 cajuste.:sts still c:currin La tha couth::n.,'. i . c. i 4ppshdicna vould parolici the Erevard 2o23 i Tha.eczn "fcult" with roepcet to des co:structica verrenes dic. - s cc:31ca Ibra iculto cre in solc=1celly cetivo crecs, such cs C: lifer:1c, 9 t r. .t disp 1= :.

st either vcetically or horizontally la clu2ys a pocsibility, cc.5' ;

f,; c: .::2:t bs cc::ciully co:::1dered la cita scioc:fon. If a scult actually cree::s[ P. t a ',a d::asito, covement could ba serious - the talhin 2111s necervoir, Los A:: sole i failure in 1953 is a recent c:s:::pla.5 (In c:a ceae, coyoto D::, cen Jose,.' California, a.s acrth da:a vss deliberatcly built acro:s a s:cjer active.f ult, ,.'.vith special provision for anticipated sznc= ant)10 2a ths * ~ fm t fcuits. ..w. : N Jis cho soutbeat, hasever, thare has been no raccr3 of recent c:v:= st. .. s-a: Tho.r.:jor Ccrtersvillo fault is parmitet to A11stcoes D :s caly 303 y:rds [. f,...-

g. -

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.n,-. ~.. It v:s c=710:cd by borin n, c:a s::s fc==5 to c3 a.;$.. ge' d v contact.so valt healed that thi mh es ted siks vare fe:21 toceth?., E '

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r::r;;.S d n,.h.:! k.:~.:*::..c:n *' t l 'J.. .,.t Cry:U ~.1'.f. %:;h: c:*. t".'.S 7 0:7 I' 1:::: k 00Oh: c~. ih3 /.;,:r.I.";*..".CJ. f. 1 l ~ Y;.'.M; M.1,C'.3 20: 4.-:.t=: cf th2 cric cf tha hi,h rc:t*'i!1 dt.:2 ct l Ctric, C:::bi:. ih f. ult C3 th=0c;217 d211103, cal C.:i t*n c; O : 'it i vco f 1 that t'n t.ra typas c2 :::h h:1 inte:C10;;;cd c S cc:qbc *y 6:.hd uith no c:w.::: 2: p::MSly M') ry.7 C:.~.st =tica t:111.ctet ~ n:nt y::: try tho C=;.s of C:3 =cro en Uu.t Ear.: D =, ca tha t'::.7 tiv : t caer m= :c, U nh c:rolins. 20 cito is ca the n:.:;in cf ths Durhea 'Tric=k $=1n, c'c1=cie c::: of c=tonsiw fcultirc. 1%r. ::70, na fcults ' c:s ths des cite, cad there to co evidaa:e to inlicats th:t c 7 ccve-c i cc:i has c cc:=d c10:3 the near'sy fculto in ras:nt coologh history, cad - W ocknic co=iderr.ticas cro not kin:; reco=caded in tha d=1:2 cf tho 4::, ' - o A rep =t tr/ the kard c' con:ultica co;1ccers cca c: ologists of Q 7::= tes Vc11cy Authority ca c:rthqu he 1:.nra in quotc3 in the parc s. 6 p::tcinks to.tha couthern Lppcicchianss "Ihio re;1cs is e part of the scathers Appe.19tm.. ,, ~ ~ I' c ich e s ep11fec3, folds 3, faulted c=d cverthru:t in,. ~ o s ) O ec=ple:: fashion la nid-g:ologic ti=s. It us 1 ster.L 3 tr=a d:7.n caa essin uplift:3. -Ths isst epissSo of I cyliit occurred usay tillions of years mao.1 Sin =a. p; then tha recica has been quiescent. %:ra is to cri- )

6.,

.- h de:cc of ctru:tural distufae :o n:r. in pec ess or cf s:7 I th:t Ms cecurred in rseest c: ale ic ti=2._ It is tras. i'l l / i. ~ that a s::1tituk of fcults a:s to be fc=d in this c cap. - l t i?: in feet, cza great cterth9 cst fact: is.to be seca a short ' 3.. ., ( .j. I# C,+l 7 i 12 .- w w. g p,.g., g.. < s <me ..*,~.a-~ j. ,g e % / ,v . r :... sP. p .2 L ' w N1 h '. z .d.' w.:'.,'.Wu7:.;. ". ., ~..-..,

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8 C:::d.n c' eva C' hM:cesa l' cit:. O. :. 1, ~. :: : i .fr;.ts era c::h S:ll vary ::h:t, L v: b:a gh::::t f:: ni!!!c..: c0 y00:3, /:02 c;.:titute to s th.::t cf cei:ru dht.::b::ces. - W C 062 M310:0 i . ch:2 ha itu cajc c.re.nes reitw a cd cil he:=J '~ c2bajcrc=chquh:2 is h iir.':3 to h:Vo diO3D :::3. w Clich: c ::xc t*tst cm occur oce cicually la tha r:31:n c: n::cly nb:: c3Just=:sto cna cro ces pra-12, ', f. maitic s of c:Jor tuve=:ntu." n- _ { FN . E::nc:a ci tha p p;;icity to th ceca of th: .1 1012 un 21!.r14, Miracri M e l cc thqucho, tb Lord rac:r.=: d:4 that provisicas fo; scicule strucsco,thculf i } bs t=23 ca riv : proj::tc wat of Cas:c cville, t.1:ba=2, y 'sh::s cc:2id :: tic:sp,, D c:0 ctill hka c:ca in tha d :Ica of WA cerectwea. "In tyJ.ro c::structica/ ',.

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cie:o l'crid U:: II, w h-Ts coc t&ca cabnic de: g e... s 1;n into ceasid:retica scr.7.'., ct==tc: 310:3c1 ccou of =5 i= 1ulina ULho3 D;2*A ^ I cc: sider that ths chevo di :ussion ca cc :hicchs h:=:ds cro' r definitely p::Cin:= to Lit:12 niver c .y 4 X:ov:c, 6:ro na ep: 41 carthquaha .3-: i 40:1;n b ree:=en!cd. In the caso of Joe.:ssco, the ch:sco of s severe. M .. r.- - 27 p.. cc:thqu:52 is equally rc=ote, cM fur-hr.r, th:ro is evid:sco that a roch ,u .c, . ~. +,, ' .'i 1[d:s'h c=t:::aly stabis t=:dce severs shoch.11 to.m'ar, J::ts:ce is, [,h [ e, c::j::: str=ture, cas its locatics jc:t dcunstrces of a re,,*.cssi, al*.hach l .j:3_(g. s c0k !:0117 inert, fccic sc:a sho.14 S:rrest a s::: rally cor:rvctive .n. n recri::ce with high 4:=s <cring certhy:So shosts'. f.y'.7,' O j 3.. _, c7;;o:ch to desi:2. . ~,

}.l..

g Q h ~ C:lli'c::b, h:vo r.at becs shchen.10 s W 0.1 g thich is us= 11y cadce to} 'y { j .J f ' chs h::1:o:.tst drivian force, ditu t:scJ on the hat haculed:a cy:1 g. - s .%.,r e e- .J. gs -y.- s . ;..!.~ Rim y '. y .g-h*... ~ ~ p e s. A..- 8 et e -f T' D IPe

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.", r=1 fL1tero,1,:va t. raj::, t: r;h cz'=:x c:::.:t cr. Lt3 c:h. ': c::ct7 la c=r.ny, I :am.ph::ino tJtat th Jo:0:sta cito is nat in ce l

c:ca c =!/.c::e?. c:<c de:1.17 mata',10, cai no: cal practico vould c t 1:01 : l cc::h nch.n d::,f:;n. n ra:ver, fe; tho c;.:11 cffert irciolved, th2 cnify Is i s ch:uld in:Ic.io ca*.tcutica rai:3 tho 0.13 valus, en! the caditic a1 cc:t I cc cc=t:c: tin; the den, if en, with thin fc co ircicaca, c:n La c:::id:: c." 10 If ciner, it could bc ecos:cbis to use the mier.ic 42aign. If it vsuid .t i=tolts a nsje cric.:&clen cc corciderchio coat, it is not justified.. Th') D foot d: tensa c;cinst tiu enktow forcea of ocienic cctivity 12 a cese:2117 i 11 ]; cens:::vative &sica, J.th cpecisi netontica to chutzent tec:t=:nt, c:fc I clopes, cza :nercur 11cer cones. c y t. s . a -i ~ 3 3 i- .s e g. x ,. y p.,,. (. w,.; v .~ 4 D

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Y, e. l y... p.,.,... z... g a f*dP %.*, 7,*5*"I m cc:k'y c: de ci.c b, t, c-r x,, r.-.- w-., n i r. m 3 %, Gof:r.hti:2 r:$h f o typ!n10; ths 002t'::::::m % r.= M:!.e,n; 021t. I 1[o col Sm.*ihe!2 caiu7, ct:1hin; coa: rally na:th::n, uld tha 13 bh: 2: :::h la ev::1,617 rc-t4:31 c5the 4 'l i Cr,'theten dippb;; cuc.:cct. di:hahea l di:b vi:/ ccn of1.ty ch;c, ce ca curt:c., cra tiu rod 22:z? f cembted its cycle, to parcia!!y vaadnal roch cul finally to ccu.1 rack t9 633 82 oth': Pich:nt C:reral!y, the coil cr ! :on. r ofile is olnilt: m Ic J, !!::tva11, a.13 che't util. h c: ale:7 of

i in de.r::it:0, cr.th cs cc. ::

d l ths cito is rJ11 tics:117 cotered in tho IA.e reyerra ca Littlo Mvar, vi ~ N did I cosac?. In the Cuo10;,1C 100211.na dese 1MJ ths Litt1s r.ly:r n:h o lO 17 the cer. rc111:ca tera of '11ocito conica" chh is ths cer:a n n:lete:o %c roch b technically r. biotite-plestockco c::hc. c::3 ferl'acwc. cen:htica cf interloc!c,s creino of plcf o:1cso feltn:r cad que.:t, with ~ Th: ch::ac:crutic hafia; is'c:u:rd 17 ccr.ccre O a:Mr ceccocory siir.srals. Locito ca! horni,unda in thz lichter 1.ce'.crocsd.of Icidspar C3 trutic=s of 1: I C :plota dattils of tM uin2:31c3 0 ce".9321:1cm cf the ec;k 1 g:d qc:;r.s, era given la ths patrer., rap *ais ruports es reparc:.tr.tiva seq,>hs dich l g U,; t' s p.rt of this enors. Akca for tha ra:.ks cc tom Littis Liwr c:J. m 5:baral cou: lf ' W::::s is sinitar, cr1 th./ 4:e cancidered to La 4iffner.t fr.chs of thu - - s :,- u emu a m: 4, nunce, e.=t

u=tla r.s r:r re:h t= ~..

p;;... ,=2 o:, 12, '/aib is da ment r:ch., ' r.::s in:v117 eaN vic bio.:Ica cal irr:=',10: .. 1 l 'E i %'L - 0 1 13 ?3-s 6, 's 'in a, ~. >., 1 J5 g. .y 'u ~ d.,-c % w w.*

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1 1 the Lhtite cN. I.:=Lic S cro c::e cycaly dicc: inated thrcu?.eut the g :rts c=d f:10:p:: crc =d:::. Thereforo, the Little tiver rech hc: o Creatc; tenden y to tirc:S clena the foliation, cnd is genercily not es 1 i cc:p:: nt ca that ce necu:a. For unife:::ity in lo;;ics I hevo indicated l c 1:orisen en ths Littic niver 1cco es "Iop of Qantryablo neck," cs I h:vo cleo dena for Jo::c::a cnd Ecoveo. l.ctually, tho bandin3 of thic rock would predeco cicbby, clon;cted partic1co een blacted, uith a 1cr;o l percenteso of finco. It would bo unacceptable for concreto c;3rc3sto, cud barely ccc:pecble for riprep. Since the structuro proposed for i Little River will requiro little or no rock cr.cavetion, the bic: tics cnd crushina chsrecccristics of the rock aro worthy of c:entica, but vill bevo 1 little effect on con truction. As foundstien rock for the propoced c:rth .I l fill d::s, it is entirely edequate. 2. (:re mo Unter. Cubcurfcco water at this site should be typical of the Pied: cat cres.' Tbs top of the r.ono of saturatica, or'wster tobic, chuld generally follow the topo rephy, but is deeper in the epicads end J r.oro cM11cv in v 11cy bottons. In the alluvini flood plain it should cyproxi=sto river level. It stigrates through the pores of the westhered i! 1 . rock, whero the feldspars have disintegrated and left intersticial spaces - j I batve:n the quarts grcins. Additional water is contnised in the deeper l f frcctures end joints below the sound rock line. The water table is not ~ ctctionary, but fluctuates continus1ly as a reficction of smmi precipi- } 1'ater should present no constructica problen in abut =ent stripping l + j but shcro the alluvial catorial suet be rc=oved to provids a cutoff acros's, - fY t tics. u. I ",- c "7 'iho 'ficed plain, well points or pu= ping from su=ps will be regiredf : .;l.,; i:/., .., 7.; m 'y'J ,, ~,. 'k 16 w d s g.. y;

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"'.it'f.c '.5:: b (;: ::: b C- . c '. ' :. ch. ', i 2. 4. : t. J.. : a : a :.g er ds ript c ut=.: C ' ) c.:. ".. l ct.w,.. p,.n. ,.,.,,., p c. g.. g,....... (. ),...,,, a r.. .., a a-a. I ric *...: retS,. th=d ch=.k:1 t.::.:.::23 d::: 7:::a ths ro:M,tr.2:h1~; e .. ~.. j tha h:15 p.~.1 Ida:s to p::: d:p'.6,V.:11a is the valby bott: :: the c:ft l 1 l c::::R1,peh::a ty th e::h dkht:ystion to =c.ated 17 th: ctt:1tha., I-of ctrera c: tion, c=1 c:ena rock is c2::c: tM cches..At ths I,ittio niver cito this.1: c,==:117 trua, c=c:pt th:t tha d:pth to cound reck is the yelby tottes 87 ts 20 feo,t) is ce=..Ast deep = tMs n 21. Cftes i chs catM:iq ped =ts.in tb riv= botte=s of Phda nt d..:31tes b:Vo hta c=phtc17 rc.: :d, tenig fo=d:tica qc:lity rock enpct:3, l.ith: h c$ctment v:sth=1m is 4:ep, tha rc:ultic rc ide:1 ~ ceib = chys, cilt, cai wach::4 ro:ho. cro cc:csturally-cero:, c=3 .j ch=13 pcvids o c.:t.i:f.e..c.t.ory f.o=. h. ties fc the p: ope.:.ca et:th c-S- '~-*. 'b e-E=:::ths cf ths 6:t= ta sh:ula is li=ited to strippig of c:;:qin.cepa i _~ c.o..il. In ths river botte::, he.:::::, the rock cs ths left chut=st is l ~' i cve:his by clierist c:cc Is1. probsbly river depc=1ted intettead=4 c=5s. . r I cn$ chys. A1:buch I h:fo not coca c...ples of this esteric1, it is ~ v c:::117 cbbetiombic for tea res:::3, Fir:t, it is n==211y we:h, c:S t::21512 c: sedis u=Ser the iced of the e*c'. del". sic ~chilyi the ht:1:iE:~ci . c:a verth:1 p:=cA111 tics dif2; vidoly, c:5 its hn::tio cM cster c:ba c;=c11 p: rec:5111ty dete==h: tic:a c.inlec3hs. Dies with ths cost) . 7 ... ~ 4.

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o . ' int =217s c=pic stics tha passibility of contis===s s:s31-* c3 f;c:s .J. .s l ..e F c7tt::::s to de.streen es=ot ba diceousted. It should thref :a ta - . f'.'j h. ^ "., o 1 eg i i = -m 37 b , b, e.. s .*q f. y-u., -,.1 2, '. ** L s . [,*. ~ -['..~* +*. p n,. ; 1 y _ ; >3 ? N

p.

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t. a e.L

$ g [ . ~.. .,/.? .'a., y -, ~( . )- L-

m.

3 - ~ .e w,._ --~..,.y f =h. ,% gV -+.g.,3 ~...- L.~. ,.m k.

L e, j t.

. t ' ~ :-

c.

t.:.;h::.::1~7. t o v:&~=:1 c:11, c: ' *, =...'f *"

i ~ --- ~ ~ ~.. i o c i . : : :. _. :::d r:c. D :n..f. c..e.r.:.n.;:t.h d:t.e.=. 2::!.:n,J 1:: a,.., T,_............._tb h.t..S. :::._c::tka cf th2 c:L:nt=nt withat chcu2:: ra n i 37.r er::: .c : v::.:: C:',1co th::n;h th fc=.htbs, cna c:a.. th:rcCcr.o no..t t.a,, :.~:: . _ N N_.~_....----~...-..... n. c c t.:2 c:=;d th:011 L3 y:w1,C:1. to.pcyact c::pa o c 1 htc C=n :::=. ~...... -.. l t.:D. .;'n c::s c0 the:s c11wn1 co11c in 11alted - th:y c;;:::: to ha

m

.y... _. a - - - ' - - ~. cn?7 ch:, ths sicd phin f c;n L-3 to.I,-5, and th: r reerts1 c:a kehf111 .1J ts no probica. ~ rJ:2 . - - ~.......

2.. cutert c.w. h.-efona. Altho.g*: 1.h: c :11:st of tha th co

- - - ~ 3 cf the l'. cre.c 'sc=cery prof:cc, ths Little niver c::b::'=nt vill La C: d:: t 150 fc:t hith, with chut 135 fcct of hoca et the deep: t point. i C :cf2 c:::idersticas in tha v:sth:::d fou:letica rock cro th::crore j 1 p:::::t. Ideally, a pe:itivo cutoff vould 14 d:sirablo, co:nb111: 3 of i c cutoff c:ca:h to tira rod, cad a c: cut ccesis drilled fec: tha bo:te:s c0 the tecn:h voll isto cocal rech.. tecucco of the depth cf ch::= cat ir ~ h. 1 .J , c::t ::h;; cuch c::st:cetion veuta bo' inc:Jinsec17 c:p:asive, y ether, .V[ ths nat= 1 chy coil cyc:11c0 ths chutxnts, dilo thin, nets na a ~1 ' ' 7 Lic:S t'to p cvost c=::: iva coep :o. If a p;sitiva cutoff is not caso, tho sec}.002 should bo vit*ain toic=blo li=ito, but cust be censideroa in 4:01;;n. C ::iderstion of the natco of the scepage.is igertant, It vill i ~. c::::, c:t throu;h the eve:h: den soils, but threv;;h tha hichly weatherca ? ~ s c:3 dl;icte;; sted rech sens to::ces ths evretaden cicys cad is top of ?P cer:5 rc h. At 1.i:cio River this ecca varies from chout 75 fact thich c: ~ ~ 3.d ..-e-u . g .c: th2 t:p of tha chutznts to the c:d:r of 10 fast is the valky bottoa,

t. ~ l

.r .~. la 1'p::3 i=p:::31cs tha recerisir, fc11 hendu..:cr pr::o=cs vill in ti=2 ba ,. 3, 1. d v'. w. teilt up in tha ec:2 c:=a h::S loss v111 caha pir.co betueen ep:tres==.,,... F. J 'f ~ i . ' *.,e, 10 r c.. ., --. x,, :,l .! v.. v. s.

v..<. -.

jv .. n. - 2 .1? - 8?- I. a .s j}

.s

1

~;*~ .. ~ , f., " ' Q, n.:b j ~ L.N[.$ l j$, ,,, r

- - .,.,.. ; s;,1-s 2 m.m :

. 3. ,e._- ~ .. j ;:.3. y*..- g s , y* 'f..,". '[ ._.g' ) Q go) h e-'Y"'"

4 c" d= :::cca ci un d:n, tut L$ tins p =ibly ccver:1 c:nths c~a: 7 a fillir : - c:turatica of tho :::2 to vcryie; preportieco of th- --=nair e I hud, vill chtnin.' Cli::o tha dwn:tre,:n, c=1.pervicuy1pyp,3pve:1y1:3 ;,, I the enth'erca z:na c':c cin', tha hka..in..thay:sthered-rc:kxill.'brc '..m e ~ throui,h tha c=fini 3 curf co 1. ycr. cad cvidenco it:01f 1:Icu the .....--~ -. . _.n.: ..,.,2.: ...n m, C~.TOtrc:a tco es c: po cnd toils. They c:sy or nay not bs d:n;:rous, i j .~%. dep:ndin; en sfa ther c:y foundation ccterict is bein; rc=oved. In cny ccco, they cre nivsys unsichtly cad undesirablo. In the cess of Littis T.iver the chut= nt is carrow, with ravines dornstroen of both cides. rurther, a tevn is just do notrc::s of tha d:m, and eny soepsco vill ba ~ i=cdist :1y noticco by the residents, with astural cor.ccrn. L'nices a ~ positivo cutoff ' trench end crout curtain era constructed, cens other ...... - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - -. - - i c:scurcs to c.on. trol ccepa;o cunt be used. ~ 3, centro 1_of Se-emo, The westhered and disinto;rsted rock '.; seno throu;h s'aich foundation acepc;e can occur is not ce.ca ble to groutin0 The intersticial spacca tatveen the weathared cineral'grsins vill p ss - t I r:ter, but are sufficiently fine to fittar out canent particles, and s atte= pts to stout this uno have generally beca unsuccessful. Where .c groutin; of dem cutoffs 'in the southeastern Pied::ont has bcsa dans it . /; "!.7: hcs b: n intended to fill the joints in the stichtly weathered to sound .l' l 49 rc:h cederlying the highly vesthered catcrial. Ecwever, jainties h. p 1.ittic Rivsr and Eceves is relatively cinor, and ths joints ars ti:;ht, . Y.; ',S g ro'caly a s:s11 c=ount of the total sceps;s will ce=a throu;h the s ~ i1 ! ^ .p; . 3llf D jointed zons. Chemical grouting has recently been i= proved by ths c:a ~ ' 'i cf c:ciclarators and retardants so that it is now a a:cful tool ',:

.4...: . y 3-M' t

- st bilizin; and to'ucica the p. :.chility of c.st: rials of str.d si:e-1g,, O*# A.l P p' g $ p A E o g. 9 l

Q i

.c s j;. - l- {k_ .1. . _ ~ Y l* *, .u: s.: 3 -~ .+ ~ g. '...~ e- ?.

^

~{ ^ ,..j ,---...,.3-* s.- _-A l _., P,_. _ .aw.- '1-. 1 ._o.m--

l t 3 chr; a 1cr o d:, cutoff v:uld, h =ver, L: (.a lir.ited crc:3. Ia c: rrthibitiv:iy c:g:n:17c. dn:o c::::7:tica of a po:itivo cutoff to roch, end cc ent ~ cad ch::.ie.1.'dcuttna, cro t'oth cith:r 1r rcetient er everly c:p:::1ve, ths third cad caly sce. inia cit.censto is to per=1t the scep:;o, cnd to. i 4 centrol it by proper. drain 33. I re.cc:=_e.nd that en i.nterceptor,dycin, t;.c, con:tructed from.ci.c.ycti.ca 775.to teiluster,,psra11c1 to the too c",,,hs,.m t l 'ihis drain should bo as doop ce cca be con-d,a:n do.m both abuteents. It chould bs as cloco to tho structed by'conventionst heavy ditchen. toa as prcctical,1 caving room for construction - 20 to 30 scot frca ~ ~ A perforated pipo, set in properly creded ' l the too would be resconable. _ -- a - filter c.re.vci, sho.ul.d..bo installed in the.. bottom.of t..he ditch., Tho._ ........ ~ ~... _ l dic:soter.cf the pipo will bc li=ited by the width of the trench ebecic:bic. .... ~. - ~...,.,., i Co,::ver, sa 13-icch pipo should be considered the min s.um sica,* so thet,y d A== -"' ~ ' ~- clloains 6 inches = dan of filtcr gravel on each sido of ths.pipo,*a . 30-inch' trcaih would be rcquired. The pipo should be tiedded in a minic::a .-n.<-~ 'of 12 inches of gravel, with 34 inches of gravel above the pipe, and ~. e the balcace of the trcach bachtilled with relatively 1:porvious soil. y 7 f, ~ m The pipe should discharge above ta11. vater a.t.the foot of each abutment g, ... ~ a ' nto a senhole, so that the flow may be inspected. Th.e.,scaholcs in turn i i I -A -*ahola at the appar and of the pipe ..ehould discharge to tailwater. ---n_ -[ - w woul.d.also be advantas.cous i.f. clea.ni.ng.or flushintof the.= drain s..h -~ .. ~. < ?'.O t ~ -, ~ '2 n*w 3 ..~ 1 ,. p. 77 aver becc:se accessary. i 1

- ?..

The use of wells to suppic=t.at the drains;e trench is a. i p Since the depth of trench Wich eca resa~ Sbly be g. j j ~...;* future possibility. y obtained will probably be 10 to 12 feet, and the depth of westherin C....,: ].. s 'p -6 g, y

- - ~, ug.,

g 4 ., =.. g t k,. b 8$

d g

7 s'r ,s. e + 2.,-

^

s. j 4-1., [ -,,-- - 's s.. y. ..... s s, . e .r ..t- ,3:~.,, ;,, ~ W 6'G.. h v ;;!;;) -. . ~

R. y 'n.

c M :.,.;...f..p. <e

v

,,e y.. -1 ~~g m -A. s A k

l I P. c'.::.. t:11 La rp to 13 fut, Os c :-.:h c y not bs cuificicut t. t : : p *.a : np.; Q ino L: Ire C2 cr. :d cdf :c, c:p::Ic11y t'.w:o the f

c..Ina is di:= ted 17 the a:h d:cta 4: ::trer.a of toth chut=:ato. If i

.:11: t.n=rn=cerry. they ch:uld bo 12-6ch, cr=ci p::hed, with n 4

i 4-in:S c:rd ::re:n.' n:y cc.a bo provided with en c1 Leu ct the cicvatica { l j of the C :in pipe, cad dicchc cs dircetty into the d:cin. R io lo thy ' ~ l the initist'instc110 tion of the g crforated pipe chould provido o cufficiently Inr;;o pipo to take care of cny 1cter drsicsso which becesco no:ce:r.ry. The codarcto additional cost of ths sun.;csted 13-inch pipo 4 In cycr c c=:11cr pipo v111 c1co tio cdded incurones c;;cinst clo;31n3 I'erth:r,'.,, N i s a in:t:110 tion of the drainsco cystca cr.n bo casily cecc:pliched during 2.,c. ~. .f'. l o, censtruction.. ry waiting until sceps eppear after the rescrroir has 'l CV ^ filled the draineso systou cust be constructed under high unter tablo } conditions, rather thcu in the dry. ~ Picsc=cters, or obr.crvatica vc11s, should be insts11cd in .,_u..+......-.--.--~__. .. _. ~. '...the e-'- ' :st ced, d,:e:strces of the..a.b._uta n_ts_to svinitor the secyc;P% .,c ~ psttern durins..and. after reservoir fillin3.-. F.::c ~~.ded locations tro .....~.....e- , ?. ; o Lines at statioss 13/03,15/33,19/33, sod 23/30. Esch lins should coa. o - e cist of a pio:o=otor ac the eshs:ceast croot, at tSe tea, and at the tottos of the davsstress ravins. At the too plc.:ocasters thould be insts11cd both upstress and downstream of the drain:go treach. ' They cheuld be esso after e *%t construction but b: fore ress:voir fillic;. ~., $l [. ns inst:11stion ces be reistivoly si=plo - a 6-in:h hole drilled to fim ' j m.,. tO:k cad b :kfillod to vi. thin 13 feat of ort,inal gro.:nd surfa:e with, 4 ...1 tc filter greval. A 1-inch pipa, slotted or provided with a well point st.'.. j the Ic.r:r and is czbeddsd in the Crcy-1. H e pipe is ext =nded to the ' / y I D ~

s.M, ~.' '

m gn .t.-- ..]

i,.

t' ,{ .f. .i,,, 6. i 1. ~ ~ ~.

.. a 4

=; y;

[

_,} '. a, ; " - yp"*g% _ q.-[_.,, gl e r^ 7 ,,.- =,, * ,,. c.5., g..- e, w w..

j; g g.

-m ._.u.

l l e i i I l c=L:o ca.i ch;: : *, c-3 do 1.olo cbre t.h3 crc'ici b:dC111cd tiQ i:. =- vices city. r=1 ;ic rc:Cir.;;:: cf Oc:o V.11: vill prc'tido en 1:?ic tica l 2 of the j of ca.rit.s in t.hs csturetica lins.in tho feuchtica 4:.vn:trcr.: c:hn*= int', c:.S vi51,p;rait instditctica of'ceditionni drcinn ;oT :111 tics. a 4 f l if u = c:::ry h S rc cc:23 c tsilo c: cur.. t A:::p::o centrol cca t.o. niced.if _ccro lo tchen.tg.. pre:;crvo. t C the scictively 1:p=vious curfsco coil bicchet upstress of the c=L n!:= cst ~ ~dIr'in; constructica. Uhcra disturbed, it chould be bechfilled with co:s- ~ rested icpervious't:sterial. If it in desired to une portiens o.f t.he. f, up;troca crea for borrow, they should not to pcmitted within.503Jcet ~., ~. ..-. -....~..- -...... .. ~ .. of tho M9-t. . ~.. *"~1a cu::: ry, Little tiver een geolo3 cally be concitered a 1 typical Pic6. mat d:=sito, toric; corersg= has bcon rufficient to insure that ne unusual foundstica defects c=ist, and th t any which sisy not .[ have be::n dic losia by the exploration con be tr..sted by conventiocci . ef constructios practics. Kouw. cat vesthering is dsep, and if scepsga is ,. I.e, ... '.t.D sot' treated by a posit.ive cutoff. as adequate system of toa drainces .y should.be used. The alluvial catarial in ths valla.y bottaa s_ho.u.1d.bo .ccd 1;- ., providad with a positive core trench cutoff, end 11 necesas.y for _; g~:: A .-wtet stability, it may be necessary to ru.ove it antirely. It T*.. iq .) 'could be effectively used for coffordan constr:ction. M.,?,.s ..l 4 f:W #Ls,%.-(,b .. [ 5.*p[. '.. ' I i' e ,7 I 'g es - t.- 1 T.,g/( , ' g,, -], s ', c ~- .*..,c. f..i. E.. .q f. ...w ', ^ ~. } '/%., ls, s .,. - e. -.r. .1 . u (,,,. ,,, q,p. }, S 3 . + z,.l ': l ...r _a g*g n ~ e 6 y Q p y g ~ (y. y :

w.,,

,g. s.7 ? m m. = i

' ; y,;

e 'g%s ,48 '6 }., lL..- 4,,. -y.- {:a.*

s =<

~

i. :;. H~3..ty 9n %, ;,,; 6 g

v 1 s- '.. '. * : q ; -(.. ; >. C :- - y*

e. - %. !. w ;

4

^4 ~= ,.. : ; ~ ;.,r, * .,,,5*. .1.3 . Mud _ ~_ A l -.-='s K 'r 1 -. w -?

l r-~ - ~~* : p m r ~ m.,~., 4

4. bd. Es Cc=:s cito io ccolosicc11y cisilce tu cc:t ec:p::to i

to the Littlo niv:e cito, cad (Sno features cro cppliccblo to toth cite =, i i i tho'Cereza C1::u::ha 5: 111 n:roly refer to cpplie:blo Iorticas of the t * .a l c :tica ca Little River. D. J m 1 c;nin~n. I i 1. c 9Nie structure end 7.ithoJpesy.. W Keovea site, like the. Little River cito, is ccologically typical of the southeastora Pied. oat, cnd is cinitor to other deu circady conotructed. h 3:sicaic structure \\ to in cecord titth tho :neral Pied =ont structurn, with the folistion- ! h. ! ctrlhin; cen=sily r.ortheset, and the dip to ths asutheast. 1.hevo 10,.3o4 the rock cs "biotito cuios," dich is tha sa=s cc.uralisod tonen:1stura t cm that cc:a for Little Rivsr. h rock to cimiler in esay ro:psets, s

yct differs cufficiently co that the casincerin; aspsets of tho' tso rocks

'i . }. - '2f.9' . rer.: ires f=th= diceneoten. .J.p

2. Cem -f vML Tattle ntver eMDeq. ~ As describad in tho

.r. p 3, % coctica ca Little River, the rocks at Keeves are biotite-plastoclass " Wl;i _A local concentrations of biotite and hornblondo atac3 the g=01:s:s. .. %: o is J i.- U solistics civa a typically tended epposrence. m rocks at Little River ' ' 9..". ' <s. r.. m. aro hi her in biotito and hornb2cada, eich are refcar min =rals than the. t r .a. '.' dt 9:rts c.4 fold:psr, and thor fore tha Little Rivsr ro:k is senctally j {;{ l q ' ,s4 cc as h=d as that at Koowco, h sors highly handed structura also v111 ' %, &.1 .w,... N ,' c:*:s the Little River rock, if blastedi produce sore slebby breake s than .:e.. t '..J.7.7M .t L ' : rths-1c:s b:4ded rock at Ecowas.- N foliction at Little River also \\ s ,[u$M 2: - w ',, Cipa coro steeply, co.trib$ ting to the undesirable bref.tiac characteristics i An additions 1 effect of the hish:r biotica and hornb1cada scutcut is that-- D- / .. a ...;~.' . (.. y.- '* ~ f _(* ~ 'p,,,,. g' ' ~, - " * ~ a.3; p ', e.' s, j e.-

L

'i

g

- ~ ~

i.

, z,. j.

s",

g.'

h

~s e -**. - r,. j, % r q', ~* .~ j. 'IE ..4 $ p,t /c.4 ' ' g*y.., _ ;,.;$.g', J."?}^%.-,' _. i. r [4,* ' y; ;,., [p,

', ', ' ', * ?

p., .7. y, f.: [ s. .r. 1 ,4 ~ .---m..= g / y' g - =.,, ,w_4 q p pg ."W m aA -M " " ~ -.w,,

I f LSn Cr:n.in t'..::: ric:rato e, :cicret:s th: chemicclly c::ple : V::th:ri- : pro::::::, to ti.: C:::. ;;;itica of the rocho ct Littic niver h:2 I;:en c:re int:r.:s t.here v::therins h a tcha piccc.. Tho effect of thio en i fo=0$tica ventherir:, hh tcen that et Recuco, ence top of co.$5 rc:h ic- ~ i l rea:h:d, the r;;h i: of c:=011tet gality. l.t Little Riv':: c:cc:i:=1 ~ tesicted ve.nthored crc:a cro fcund to creater deptho. E vev::, a ccr pari::n of the top of cor.d rc h lin:s at both cites indicctes ccep= blo' ~. deptho to firot cound rock throughout the abut:: nts. In ths valley c ctica, however, tho~ top of sound rock et Eco.cco cyproWetos the river bed clevstica, cito at Littic River the river cc: tion is undericin by 10 ~to * [ i 23 font of us:thered ro:k. At both cites occcaional jointo occur, pri=srily p=:11c1 ? i l to tho strika, and Icss often perpendicular. 11cucycr, they do not centrol tha vsatharina, and aro toportant only with respect to sechility of d rp c:ccvation f :cs. Cround water characteristics at Keowca should be typical of the Pied =ont, en$l efM n to thoso doscribed for Little River. C. ' Reinties of ccole~7 to Dc-im end countruetten. m

1. E eew.tfen. Tha discussions on excavation of Little ELvar cyply cimilcrly to Eccuco. The area of alluvial soils at Keovec is quite Ifnited, and it will prot. ably be desirablo to rcnova this m:terial n;

entirely, or at 1ccat to prcvida a cutoff trench to rock.. .s . f. '. r.zeevation at Keovea vill be required for t! e intske structure,. S

[,3 -.s;111v:y, goverhouco end tailrace, end connecting cznal. Certral a:ple:n- ~

i,., s. c ^ ~. tica'on interpretatica of ssolo;1c lo s with ralstion to c=ceration hcs .*2' 4 'aireedy been cada. *Tep of rock" should be emed es the point at dich' _ s' q; c. m,...y i 3 m f-. e-c... -3 y. p . a ' ~. y, ~; [K:I Qf .er ~ c _ ;y..:,.~ .-y...:* e. .,, : :. - e 4.,. (T: # .~ p 3-' .o s V _" **~ 'yG~g - - w b

t cyster. t.ic 4:1111r ; cnd tic:tir:: chid ta rc7.sird. ' s i c O =;. * *." rc:h is tho 4QQ r t.'..ich rc h cf g rry 9:11:y cc.n ta. cL:cfr.:.:, c.:3 ts cleo tha pality cf ro:h rct. tired f ths fc=c tica c c lor cc :rct:

m..

2 structurco.

s..

. r.. . E=cvatica cicpo picnnica till bo i=;ortent fer cit or cha j L: i. I !*Ocuco cthueturco. For c: tcrici le;;cd cbovo 'Tep og 3. ed::st.e.l.y,p.n.,:h l ~..,,,,,.. -. -.. -.. - - - _ Y i J.o-k" or '.Tcp of Q.: rg/abic.Icch" cno.ycrtical_to.. c.no.h_eri.ccatet cler3 ~ -m [ .~ proved satict.. tort or both.te:porcryM.p:m,t.cleg f W hf ^ Sono vcathered rock m.3y be encountered above this clo-Fied: at rocks. Ch O vatics, but it is generally not safe for steeper slopes. Eslow this For ~ t. horices' four vertical to one horizontal slopo.s.c.r..e r.e.co:x2:nded..

c.
... a j

~ lJ limited rock sc:cs or in arcas of c=ceptionally sound rock vertical %. ", : ;, [. i..,:..- e ...r"...:..N.e feces ccn bs 'es:d, but the four vertical - one horizontal stops is sesier to scale sad will spall less durins frcosing and theving over , 3, %.... l .c.m. aztended periods of exposure. '..j f . F , vi .The technic;ue of pre-rplitting in' bicsting vertical or alccit :,,:.. s.,.Y r ...m.g.. vertiect rock fcces h:s proved hir,hly.cuccessful s=d economical, and

-e.I c; I'%.

r ~.p.-. a. - shSuldbeutilizedwScrcycrpossible. The rock at Keoves should blast 4 iS.. f g. Q.... f w ....n ws11. 1:overar, shcre rock. faces are para 11a1 to the northeast - trendingw ~ M y;w . A;ff, A H W [sdor '31st systas, tha a=1stcaca of stecy joints parattet to the face ?. 'w .r. 1should be studied to prevcat rock slides. Jointing is not'estsasive st. M..{.v. '.j .1.

m,......;

g c. o 1

this site, but must be considared. A bom is desirable at the bottasa of /a.;.,'.,,.[.'j?,m i

e ~ ...,-..,~. I the cas en ese overtord:n and,wcathered rock slope..to catch locss, materia 1*; g?'% ' ~ ' ~ m.s:.

,X....

.f 4 .if.,= f,.' sad nicar s11das. A 10-foot etaf-== width bem ston; top,of sock a:sy be?...'j; $.1 , ; n.9

..xa desirsble if the,.., 7. 02...

.. 7, M.'Jss, ed, but a wider bem w op to.50 feat - is often u M2.. h.+ 2 . F . O. s.,0;r.: mp.'r '.S. , ' azcavated r.aterial is usaabis sissuhose. ..w t. cp 3 ,4 - e . ; '~ yr',. _,.. *

i-i

s.. o,

n :. .wn . w- ,: * *,,,o.. 25 ..,<::7 a... ;. A:: u - I;Jy. a,....m . e . 4. ~ 1.- 1.s } &, J.;m.e /'"3, . '.&,a.g ew ..w :o # u. g w e q.

f.,. j

,2. t o,, .; ;p...t.. -.4 . g

u... -,

n y a ,p.a. -.*t', =. ;.*;, }. ' - ^ f: ~ &, '* \\ ',, *. * ,r p se. ' E. v, j. p ( ,3.*..j. [ ', .(. ' ' ,4 fy, 'y . '., f 1,8 -.;.. '. (*j * .. _. '.. c,., g,.,, f3.[,., 8'. 3

u. 7 ;

t 4: bi a's,g,.,. W- : ^ .,. ~,. k-e -~**"'%.ew.,_..f. _ f m _. g' 11 ~ ~ ' ' ,e, mm s. w ~

1 o T.-pe-.t'.e"* '. h. 5:1cded fer re:h t olth ; c: th t.:- g'. ) ,. u m ' :::: R n : t':::e cc:l.f. Isit Icn;r.:: ep to M D:t r. y b l [ .. t:ph d far c:hty in ice:1 c.-4 cithoch C:n=rcIly belco D to 1: fe:t \\' 1 .2. 1:b r:11~ ta c*i.::co.. t M,if.3. link.Vh'Q.I::::h.iE.GC7. tit 03-US00 -fer-etf0ty C3..rc$h . e, .,,. :t f::b: cc:h co the:3 cbove tvunct portals to prevens sp:llo frem en k c:a cad equi;n:nt belo.s. i'his feature is reco:: ended as b:in3 vorth"

((!

k the cede'reto cost. eince evca the most meticulo2s scalica of a " fa ]{ d ~]; doco. cot guarcates that sys11s vill not drop shring the deit . a... o ~b thca cycle of tho vinter months.. s ~ 2. Cutoff Considarations end Control of Co*Mto. Althoch'- M i/ d. cy the rock at Ecoces is superior to Little River for construction ' t.,.a /,.. O purpo:cs caco cound rock has been reached, the woathered rock sons - .a. Eh . La the chuteents is as dacy as Liticia River and requires the sano t. eu. .i - con:1 der tiens as to secpaso control. There is not a town dovastrc:a . t,: ; .j ' of th' o c=h:nh.ent at Ecodes, but with the pcworhouse located 'is=nediate >N.> ,. '.c, ' i i ~ p - 1 de:.n trecs of the~ c=bankrent, socps and boils at the d=-'~ -t toe,.. .,is. 3

.,. z y 1

3 Evould b2 undecirable. I ree-i that seepasa control. drains be '. 'E t,. s.- ' nstalled at the toe of both abutac. ate of the naia --^__ *-t. ~, i ~- accordirc to the procedure dascrib.ed to.. paragraph 27-5-2.and 3... The-i .w. ~ ~_ I ecst of such drains is a negligible part of the structure, and would ,,t ' ' a. 7 1 . be vc11 worth the effort. Obsarvation walls should also' be installed '.1 G ateticas as follows: ~ ~ 3*,. " ' ^ j.:.. a ." %y'y l-l,.. 7 station 24 4 0. Caa piascoter at the --S- '~t tos..and - z at + , G v.' c .ry..,. f. ;. ], . ona ta the drav 400 fast downstream. 77./',.' 'q-a'7.. W ld m;.

a.,

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t retten 07/!3. 02: rie:rr:ter et the c h *=r.: c::; cm ('~ i l

.. f ai d.v.::::pa in the d:::!; cnd cao 703 fe:t drt.::: rs in ce t.

I i d::v. f l Ctetica C/03. 'Cr.a pic:02:ter et the enhdh::st crc:it; cno et c:6 cid: of the tes d: Lu; cao %D feet dr.mstrc::s. l C::tioa 51/00. Cns pic:==:ter at the csh: '.=:nt crc:t; cna l c: c:5 cido of tha too drain. I ~ 3. Te : min. na rock at Ecowco chould bla:t well cad generally ? h:7c encollent tunnolin; properties. Water probicae should t. c:,,110iblo. Rs de:p weatherina of the abut =cnts vill require that the portcls, bob N cpctrecs cad downstrec=, ba located sufficiently far into the ebute nt ' cs '_ het a ninte n o.f e..no..t..unnel..d. ic..=c.to..r o_f co.,und. r.o.,ck.e.xista t t n 4_ - -- w ~ ~.

m,,_. _..

C the crch at the portcls. With the tentativa layout as propo: d on Q' Licen s teplicction Exhibit L. Ehest 2, this require =snt will be more th:n c:tisfied. De jointing indicated by the borings Is ninor, and the g . joints era tight, so that this should not be a serious probica. Es ,o cno difficulty in the tunnci construction will be that the strika of the rock foliation appears to be about H XFC, dich is close to the slipnt of the tunna1. Since the dip of the foliation is relatively flat - about 25'33 - this would ordinarily be pertinent caly la that oc:.3 overbrcck et the arch and invert could be expected st'nce the rock. l "l.. ' . would tend to break touard the planes of.the foliation. . At this site, .,'.7

c

.L L ' ' pl ". ^. kr.=ver. the pri=sry joint system parallels the striis (lored on the _. jA.l g,... x. boring logs as "strika joints"). Dus the inter:cetica~of,the:s strihs' ' r' ;*\\ i. . ~ joints at the strika of the feliction can ca.:ss blocky brc:h::s ces s. l \\}.. : .gy a.. ' e h . :.. 3 7 - l, /

G ' y

-..' b

7: .a w..

e. s p. ,,,? / ,,~s. . 1t i =. ' -,. ', f ",p". 'f p. e *, ), V ^ ' s .. g.. ,p ,,y 3 m e

o ? s ] j int is ent: Entered. 01:10 : ths jointo cro 15;ht, ced the folk:Ma of the u:r.cathered rcch ic pito n::siva, no Crcat hables r.h:uld to caticir.ited. ' re etver..11berci c:o of ro:t tolto to icerc::: t'$o.cefetyof y,, thn_tn=d c:cLehould.bs.plc=:d. Eirht-foot bolto cho. tid ccntrc11 y n. :n..;-- 7 to 1o:3 c. v;h, since'ctcbili:in; of only cmall rce4 cs:::s cill bs regired.

4. _hef: for ccetrnetfon Purnom. 1:h::ro cound cad c::.::there?,

the rock at tha K:ovas oito con bs considared c=ollent for cost construct purpoces. the tunnel emek would bs estisfcetory for c=ba &=0st protection as riprep, c.~.ecyt that in nornst tunn211ns operaticas the rcch io bro'.u:n . into c=11 si=es to facilitate handling, and is thus often tco e.:11 for riprcp design sites. It should, however, esNo adequsto riprep bcddica s:sterial. ~ Sound rock from excavation othor~ then tc=. is, whero n binsted to proper s1=o, would to excellcat for e=bm' :nt protectien. t

- If no beddin;::sterint is econcaically available, a fear-foot leyer

'l N (=castced perpendicular to the stepc) of. quarry run. rock hcs been.fc==d. to baptisftte,cory riprap cover without,bcodins ceterici. i. ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - -. ~, This obviates z =- the expc=ss of the two-1ayer operatica of a spoeially graded filter covered by a layer of specification-cised riprep. I k.'

The Keoves rock, when crushed, should provida satisfactory.

concreta ar.vesata. It would, bovaver, tend to brcsk with a rathsr larga ^] percents:e of " flats," or alon3sted p:rticles. It can bs'co=:idered for - N,, '1 F use as a 3rc: ate for planning purposes, but as soon as fresh rock in - (. qu:stity is available from the azecvation, its cruchin; charceteristics y.: hI o ". i' a should be datamined prior to a final dscision as to its uso. . -a.. ; : s.C y g;< ~ ', q e 'e s ' N g-g p. l'k

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g. c. g

%..,,.. t. g... g g,. e.. 4 c W.; th:2 cc:ured f::a the c=c.::Ica for the strc:turce, po:cible' j. cit :n.t:s cau% ts'ce.ter. ::::'ef ths stre:tura e=:'.ction:, cuch cs i ths r;illv:; r;;re..0, ths cc:ne :tro en21, c: the tc11rc:o c a l ,.........s c.c,..,en. \\ 1 I i to .d *... !N ...,..s. t \\

i. eq

. 7. i i t 'o .O i 4. s* 1 O ' o s ll i e ..} . a. . n. ~ .r . ~ i t; s*.. 2.m.. .g w +. .5. -.,, r. eg. 1 . *;. c. } ' ':' W. i 4 .a -g -g O-' 1. s s6 ab, e ' ' ". A. ' ^ g p s.pe.,e.s '4';e- , ' ' < + * * ' l .z* a,s. '~ 4*,., 3 . r k 1,.; } l*y ~ em. s

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A. C:n ral_ 1. Introiu : tion, iho rocha un.1erlyin3 the Jocanoco cito cro dif ferent frc:2 tho:o et Littic L:.v:r, !; v.r.o, cad oth ;r Pied:. oat J:.u to.the couth cnd cact, an1 o difieront geologic envircre. nt c::1 cts. The site io on the c::tren v:atern cdaa of the Pied =ont, end hos been influenced by the proxiutty of two r.ijer geologic featurco - tha Ereverd Zcne, cod the castern cdce of the Elte Ridg: Tront. Further, the rocko have a T different nincral acccublego than the others in the Pied:sont, and thus N different weatherin; producto are fomed. The Joenosco project nunt be expected to provide unusual design cad construction probicas coro difficult o and costly than the other citco, both because of its geology and the Q additional difficultico icherent in the greater height of water to bo inpounded. Dcopite its defecto, tho Jocasoco sito is topographically a "antural" for a high da:2, and the solution of its foundation prob 1ces presents en intereoting challenco in rochfill; da:n design. l O 2. Previous htudies. Previous stud co of the.casincering geology g of the Jocassee sito have been made by 1,39 Enginecrf a; Testing Co pany, and are included in their reporte "Jocassee Developuent, Foundation Ecport," I dated August 13, 1965, and "Joccesco Development,ILaterials and quarry Report," dated August 19, 1965. The field work acco=plished as a basis for these reports has been quito helpful in providing a background for core detailed studies. The geologic conditions ac dcocribed in pages 1 to 14 of the " Foundation Report" are in accord with ey findings based on tho additions 1 borin;;r, ev ilablu t- 'm, cr o I es: ecr with th2 conclusics.1 as to the cite gaolcgy 1:hich cr descri;,ad. Since toch the regions 1 cad a \\ 30 ? j ., W,! q,;. t w e. .4 ,y ue

l j. 4 le::.1 t:ol: / ~.

eately coverel, r j discu: ;aion vill not rep 2ct cny h

of the ruterid c availcble. I will ctrera only tho:e cJJitional features di:eloda 10/ : y cua:aination of. the cit.1 anl the ctudy of the borings, to3cther uith their t n;in' erin ; cisaf fican:o in the design of the proposed ctructure.. 3. el.,cH ficc h:1 of rac1. In lo;.;ina the borings I havc attccpted S \\ to c1ccoify tha rect on itr. physical charn:teristica which arc cost imporcent il to d: sign stedica. Tcr uaifore.ity I hav.: uccJ the sa::: description and bacio for relative hardn:aa na 19 outlin:d on page 9 of Lau's " Foundation in Report " with the caception that I have not attcepted to differentiate N betv2cn " nard" an3 "icry Eard." Uhero py Coologic logs describe the roch no "llard" there io no visible cloudin3 of the foldspars, and the rock l O ch uld be considercZ. atirely cound cad. u:n:cathered c:: cept for such jointe j .O nd etherecfect a= are noted. ^=7 recus in chich the felderara are ~ clounded to a renascopic encaination a,rc included in the "lbderately IIsrd" or " Soft" classification. Sinec the prinsry uso of excavated rock at Jocasecc vill b2 the construction of a hish rockfill dam, I have introduced C en coditional tera " Top of Quarrycbic Ecch," indicating the horicon at which I consider vcathering hs: decrecsed to the degree that the rock can be drilled and biscted without breaking doun into cxcess fines. This I borizoa cay be within the "naderately liard" zone, or in some cases it c:ay not be reached until " Top of thrd (or Sound) nock" is reached. As previously deceribed " Top of Roch" in the point at which systenatic drillina and blastina vill be required, but which vill rarely produce uscable roch, sinco considerabic rock disintej; ration is still present. O 31 I ,g- ,n 7 -w ^ "W

w I l E. Icent C olon O 1. Ceolo:ic Struetm o. Tho local gaologic otructurc has been l previously studied cad descriced by Carda:r. Darin3 our joint cite investit:stica on 20 - 21 l'ovenba e 1955 the cprortur.ity for c>:chau3o of findin3a indicated a rautual.ucced as to ths local tJNiccy. no oito geolccy has b:.n daten.ined to a 1crt;o c:: tent by the rc31onal 3eologic otruci.ure cnd its offcet cn strea:2 pattern. The joint cystca resultin; frca t'a: cacient tectoalc processes which forced the crea have influenced t*. ccccc:a pattera. Ioth field invcotisations and core borin3s shou that tha prir.ary joint pattern 10 cpproxicately 3 k pars 1101 to the re31onal ctriho - genc cIly li 2003. Q cro encountered j. 1 I i in the lerin30 these joints aro Ic3 :ad as "otrike joints." They are f l O! e generally stcaply dippina - u.ually 50'" to 600 frc.a the horizontal. no O

* * "d"'r * ' ' ' '"'" - ""' d 'a' x 2 c = = '=" 5" ="'

" =a "6 "

P a ='*"-

dicular to the strike jointu, and cro leased t.s "dipijoints." The ali a-3 i s:aat of the nitevator, To;;r.cy, and Kccvaa Rivers in this arcs show a definite general trend alen; the::o joints, s.hich is well illustrated by C the Salen, S.C., quadrenale. The Jocascca axis is et the reversal of the j C l river caus:d by a chenac in the centrollin; joint synte:. from Ird (strika joint) to !;'.: (dip joint). The predo:21 nato direction of the rid 3cs in a f* northucst dirc: tion - typical of ths Pied.acnt - also effcces the stres:s pattern. In edattien to control of the strea: pattern, the joints at Jocasoco hava effected thafopn.12 tion to th:_.q;;t;ot.,t*qst they cypasy_to h.ve produced a serio::: fcn.dation daicct. Tho joint cricatation at - --3,,; { the ext 2 has bc:n t*n p tt'.'* - ' ~- f::p ec t'. : In.; hc.: pre ::ssed. For a ler.3 p:riod of its h'.nc, c.u river c;. c.:catly fic,J alcas ths 'i direction of thcas joints, as is cvid:nced by the preacnt ficod plein on 32 i l i i n i m m=s_

3 I the icit side, l' ore recently the river rcander cycle hec noved to otreat + O to the right bank, vhere it 10 actively cuttina, cad deep vectherin; is 1 1 coa pronounced. In cddition :o the rock disintegration caused by tho jointina, deep trenthering ner.: the Icf t bcnh hao op1.arcatly been n;;rovated by the presence of inttrb A d hcrnL1:nlc-biotite natice, which deccys noto ropidly tho.1 th:. ulca (;ne tc which en2'rlico cost of the site. In borin; J-1; cuch of the r ch disintc;rstion is nion; "chect jointc," I which are c::centially harin:atal jointo caused by parting of the rock no overburden prc::ure is unloc'ad by crc:1:n end internal rock stresecs N are relec:cd. 2c horizont-1 entent of thi: deeply u.?athered zone is difficult to predict with irce:nt sat:urfact infcr.ntion. %c cdjacent i bol t the cc:t (J-3) th;v biotitc t,a:Irc cr.d :hect end strike joints, O Q althou;h not quite es d:cply devcicped c3 J-13. We hoics cero:s the l river (J-6 cad J-25) cpper.r to be cut of the vecthered ares, although J-25 contain: a hi;h joint concentra !ca, but littic vecthering. It appe:rs that th2 vect chutr.:nt cca La c.nycted to Frye a core r.ccrly C nors11 Piednont v.eth rin; profile - sc,ut-3 roch (01thou;h jointed) cloca to the curfree et the Las: of the chutr.:nt, stith vaatherin; pro;rco 'in;- more d:cply tccr.rl the top of the abut:.:ent. It is interr:tir; that 'hc pritcry joint patterns found in Boris;: J-18, J-E, J-13 b:va bean ctrike joints, alth: ugh thiriver alisc:.c.at at thi exic ir, : >rc in accor3 with the criento:1on of dip r I joints. 21: can c. sly be cap 1.sical by the fact that the dip joints are I u:ually :ccrly vertI:al, c.C c:uld L:ve been ciesed in tha 11::ited hori-I ~~ n j-Au c:: b: ol:erved at the roc % tent:1 c.ntaat cf the Mri f:. 0 outcre;: bet.::en borin; J-U and th *: rid;-. s. )b-33 ) 1 I 1 s >-t -~

The retarhchly contin::ca align:nat of the Uhittuater River O end the part of the Keouac liiver at the cite cu:4cate that they cerc possibly coatinuouc at en carlier p::ried of ctreca elevatica. If coa-trolled by a nortir.rastuard trendinc, joint systca, it would alinn call uith the venthered conc in the r *ver v:11cy cc Ecrina J-13. Front the cbuve discus ion it is appar:att that the c>: set configuration of the deep t:cathering cannat be deternined without en enhaustive lorina progren alen; the cast b:nh of th2 river. Uithout this c::panditure of cir,2 ca.1 cfIort it can ctill be c:nu;.ud that a deeply vcathered zone exista et the b ::c of tha Icf t ebutr.2nt; that it ic g '8 probably joint controlled; and thac c.e.n.a type,cf cat-off tr.eateen. t. v.il..l N be required to depths up to G3 feet. w 2. Petro pjji _ani nock U20thering. Of equc1 inpbrtance to the y above described dceply vaathared cres at the bar,e of the lef t abutrent, which appccro to L.: ctracter:11y contro11cd, is the tenatally deep i t vaatharing of the rc:', thro:.;hout the sbuttunts and s'urrourding ridges, where the ccologic structurc do:: not control. This in ona of the cur-O prising featurcs of the Joetsrce area. Unlike the Icallier venthering O profile of the interior Picdtent rc:ks, tha feldtpers fornin3 the pricary sticoral constituent of these roch hcvc only partially altered without ' cocpletely disintegrctin; into tha clay cincralo. Althou;;h only partially co=plete, the alteration hsa pro :cesed to surpricin; deptha - up to 2*0 feet - cnd appocrs to L: ncneral throu;hout both abattente end the adjc: cat rica. Cines this f::sture is cf utuost inportan:o to design studics, I Lt.vc inv: ticated.it c:refully c:.d feel that the petrographic dice 1:sion: whic!.

'.1-v r ~ ~

r-

iar, if nce *.h2 coletica to, the d:cp ucatheri.;.

34 i I .t-l s. -]- mv.,m.du L x.],~J b ~

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..2 '.L ; r :h 6 " r c..t h :Iy c =pe::.1 c caI7 c.:s cia:::2 - ~ p=;. c:1 r*::::'.: 1.4 c In cae en:o cppre:Qha cm of tha c.5:::7.

hha cC Oa rr::i=:a.. (~~.;1o c:strasts ch:rply whh the p:tro;r:.h5 c::.

i r: =ts f:: P.n=0 and Litth Piver, th:ro the fold:pera cro chor.: cathcly t ph;h:h:::.) Tha cierecline end ortho:1sso Ic14:pses (Jocessee) cra tha re-::lled p :: h fold: ces" yAE10 ), enJ cro cica to dacc::pe:o c dcr g 33 ths irJit:::o cf v: therica ccents than cro tha acro eccily vesth: red I

c ::-li=:" 2 Idep:::

CI:-cdA1010 ) cc fount at rooxo cna Littla 33 i Lh=. In c%itica to the Icid:pers beir.3 ch: 21cally core etchio, ths i t . re:.hs 'ct Ja:::::a kvo'caly ci~tte crcusta of other nin :als (c= cept for thn cho-:t6b q ::t:). It is the oth:r uinerals nich costributo C':0 c::::: ry ch:=nto, prir.arily irca, thich are n:cocc::y for the cc:pic:: ~~ ch:=hst pronta dich tr:nsform the feldspars into clay nin:rals. (An c= plo of the rob of iron in the brcshina dc:.a of roch nincrals into r i c1:7 is tha biotite-hornb1cado gacias found no ctrinscrs at n11 thrco sites. e It is recccal:cd that cuch rocks, which centein hich-iron minerals, cro t ' ths test deeply V:.sthered in Pied = ant foundatic=n. P.olco J-8 cod J. eratypical.) Contribu:ics further to this ornirore.at, the cicca et J=c:ces cro chost entiroly t::covite, en iron-peor nica. Conversely, X; i ,. -the ciess et Littlo p.iver end Kecexo cro iron-rich blotits cies..Thus tho'. - l ,, o. Wrsi c::c61cco o' ths Jocesecc rochs is in cvory v y not cenduciva to %,.'.[ the for=stica of the deep red cicys co desirabia for e-A "Y-- at ccustre:tica.. 3,- An 42:121o: 31 featura of p:::Ible -infhin:o io that tha cooler, higher 3 . - sr,g 1. .. = .. c v. .c ~ -m. -r y_. ? .c. 35

~

s 4-t .5 .s.,. g 'r. . cfp ~ ~

P.

+ ? e_. .~ e: 'r . n.,.L. ! l.,. >l.,. t ,A e ~, ; w,. 3 fy, ,s Y* ^ *., I 4..', b y. s h 's* .-w a .c. ~

4 ..= 3 CJ '.: t' i /- :': f c r : t r 3 > *.trl.2b f e t 0: fer: :Ica cf Qa d::p, i r h n

k t d c W,: t.'.0 cre h=: in :.:ict earn cr.ironneatn. 2:

{ -t steep t:: ;::;*; r y cks to c.:nhelve to rc=ws117 cro:Ica of t!:: feu t l c1:y prelu:: -tt.:6 da f =. t C.ilh cat chr.i:011y reit ble fer the forcation of healhd. tic c1 3, da Joen:::: re:h: he.c nnerth:le:o di: int.-,rcted by breckin3 de::n ] l cf Ce' falcip::: viG litt.le chemicc1 ch:nco.

1. tere hi;hly dic.:.cepstod the end preocc: in the crey silty cond which covers the chutzents - often '

to depths of ccversi tens of fcet. nic disintegration becc=en procrccoively; O i j ic:s with depth, cad wherc caly pertially cot:plete the icidopara are - cloeded, but h..vc not yet entirely dicintegrated. tihere the roch integrity'* 4 .W is still ec=plete, but ces: cof tenin; has tchen piece because of this ' D cloedic; of the feldsp:re, it. is the usterisi classifica in the borin;s as '. 9 % deretely 1::rd." %ic progreccion froa the gray silty sand throuk,. ~' caderstcly herd roch 'to cound roch is not aluays uniform from the surface I to depth. Of ten in the silty cand there vill be lenses of only partially. 3 ~ disintegrated roch. Conversely, in sc:e of the borings the gray sitty e, 1 ...: s? \\ ') - sand pro;rence.s with depth to uodersecly hard roch, only to be found p.;d.... ' . scain in a sono at greater depth. 4 4 1 he topographic crpression of this vesthoring is of interestk,:.". Cencrally, it is in accord with tha Piedmont profilo elsewhere a deep ' H vesthering in the abutments and shalloa vaathering in the valleys or - . G* ( drcra,. IIoucver, a high, protruding, rock outcrop, which shws promise ,e 4 '~ g .as a quarry site, esy ba quite disappointing when drilled and r.ay contain~ W.: s,. ' ~ l. m vasthoring to great depths. nese " false fronto" are not limited to:thsh.;4gi d Piedmont.

ge

. g. . y a:. h.- Lf testcae valleys, :nh as in the ':'anacssen Valley; often contain;./.. .." +. ". ) F.. 1*f 'N..@. ~M 'r l[..,^ tM.;< 36 2 " i 4. ? a.. / e 4. 4 EIb a =*( .~ v 1_ . h * ~ l*

lf

..'f m w -:.. m :.,,p q> e e [ p._ ':y..J,.<7 ,. r W : Q ?.'.. (. Q '- @ *' y 'e,7,( Q,,' '. ",.._1 3 s .Wgy'3y;".Q.;l;g c C - ' 4 A '~ a. '..,q l !. y; m a .:y ::.,y.; . '; q r h ; y,, ',. 3 ~ - 2

s%,

K .[ c --[ "*'T* Y "' 1 f

r.

v w :we p -..,, "*W m s hs &, ~~-

[ F 4 i g ;. * : b. c'.nt.. : f.: Ct. M::, c:17 to r:cyo e2 L: iinit:: to (*, 3 . r '.. na.t t*. r, '. *.S 6:p trc:C. r*r; in t=h c0 Os fe::. f i Cina C:M'.r:3 r.: Ce c.i:t=::t ctri:,- :;, c:0 th: era c: i tha cilty c=1 is the c S:r.'s:::, vill be of cast i:pe:t:n::, I ett:lted o typte:1 c:q1o (:sil:cted cij:en.: to tarin3 J-33) cader the bic:::In: i l r.iero:::pa c:a tha pole:L=ic; nicroscops in oil 1:.tratos c::dia. Go c=.1 p:: tic 1,es cro the cc=2 natcriots as the parent rock - h:::ts, cicro-l clico.. cad tuscovito (nica). A crodation curve was prepared. (grain ci o I cla:sificatios v:s niity cans) an1 the esterial retniaod on cach ecreen vas nesty:cc. The realto are na follo:rs: j Frcetics F Rotsined on Percent 1 Screen No. _no tnined . Feldspar _ Qttart: 1tica 1 40 29 33 33 34 .CO' 25 39 38 23 1 4 - 100 8 49 32 19 t 200 22 60 25 15 '.3 f 1

c: ;

Pan, 16 62 30 8 Interpretation of the above tabic indicates that the sand v g&, s' t particles in the larger sizes cre equally distributed between quartz, - 7 L. W l m. feldspar, and nica. With ' decreasing grain si::e the percentage of feldspar l ,K.c[; -u increases, the percentage of quart = ren:ains constant, and the percenta;c

}.. j n

3 9 of nica decreases. The distribution confirms that the quartz disintegrates..... .l.. c y

u.n.;. a v.ery little, rensining throughout both sand and sitt sizes, while the

- -;7n s r 3.fcidspars break down into fines - but do not d2 compose into cinys. j ~4g;{ ~ The e cicasi bein; pricarily cuccovite, have decceposed very little. The' J O.,, '_ M.. J s y> : l material, when plotted on c : r.fd-tion cutve classifies as'n silty send, cad ',;;n p ./. is non-plastic, with relative:.; no clay =1 ::s10 .gE 0 L. ., m. . +... i t,= - q.,, ..,3,. lM-n ,..%...-,-..y=. y-O?. '. . g, y... * .c 37 .~ ' * ' ' '

s, i

= ' J.,. ;- * * '. - J. .~ - =, .;i ' .,t, s ** ,,s ( C r..'.g ? = ',~-) -qs r {\\ c ,l-l l %'ig, ( * ~'~;d .l M5 -1.O -.,.;. 3. :., [U D ' '.,# 1 e e.

S,. (.. *
3 - -Q f-yff..';,.j...jA 4,p * '..

~ l ',ay b- ^I c 2

1

---m,- . ~:as. '=.' ve e v 5 N.N ,_.m 1-2 ~. - - - .w.,,,,,...___.

e t. I 1 ,.r-- C. r*-- 1 r. c. ._....,. ' c - - a.<' r-6..3 c m_, A cf c!.lty c::: cr.'..Ir; I O cf t b J.::::::o cLa:= nts to un ce:th n c:7 c2: l h:13 f:r th c=: ::rie:: rr;M, ia d: f;n ctedies. t=3 of Ic= h::fs i h::: 1::n ec::::::Cy teilt cn r:=::'.:lo r::terial, utili:S;==:::cs l ti:ro c::p:*,0 vu: c:ntr:1hl if its c :Oleto clinication c:s not prcetic 1. 1 l Cut the hef;ht c J::::::c, c:1 the h:cd of c:ter - 310 f: t - sfaich c :t bo centro 11ca, p ::s o problem requiring the cost careful study, cad, if i neccc::ry, c pensive ren:di:1 trect=ent. .-{ l Go esture of the caterini ve oro conectned with h c been V

o previcesly decerib:d.. It cast be considered a cilty acad, even though

-36 it contains 1carcs cr layers of c: ore consolidated (or to u o a core cecurato .,.-k e .N ters, 1cco v:cthered) caterial. l.1though I have not coca the perecebility .Q , r . tests, I encu= they vill class the caterial es semi-perneeblo at boot. Ig g Its perc:chility chsrecterictico have been indicated to acco c= tent by the h F record of vster to:s on the c=ploratory borings. Of 30 "J" holos drilled ',. is .} -c['- ~ into. rock, vster ic:s ves recorded for 23; four had no vater loss cotation; _.'2j cnd only 3 chewed no v=ter loss. These three (J-6, J-20, and J-31) cro ca the lower abutoents where vcathering is Icss pronounced. This data ? ~ .c .cennot bo ignored as na indication of pert:enbility as. cven the low heads '5 - icpesed by the column of drill water. "~ In situ pernacbility tests would be an aid in, assigning Ol s;. - per=::bility values to this caterial, and s;ould be core representativo I

i l

.) T '.th:n Inboratory permeability tests, which represent only a ses11 sccpic.. +. - ..A,-

[;' -

N Enowing that the caterial is present, possible rc=edial .i(.] procedures cast be considered. 0: outing has been extensively used on defective' -[? l -d:s foundations, and in cany cc ac has provided a colution. I havo never M s - = a + t

c.'

i' + c I s. + -i .T' . u._

m..

~

_7 L.- m c a c::3 0:re c c:.d v. s ev:cer:fo12; c :re 3 v2*a en:. c citra t'.S c:r* b c c:;rr: 1 f *'.ter reckn f:r t* 2 c: : nt rb.: thles, r:

filt:ra C cut L:kro r:netrc:Ma ces ha c::=2 C::: ed::a cea c:..-

l ti::s bs c::::c3 La c: 6, Lat it is not a caifera r:rc : tion of the c ri i l by ths crcut - it ic la the form of cerirdero or veins cf Crcut dida h:ve foll u:d lin:o of lec:t reototence, often at the bordara of the ced ceno. Cinco the Jo::s:co este:In1 coat: Ins cilt ca voll es c=nd ci:co, I cca 3 sco even Ices possibility of uniform percention of the cc.cd by cc=:at cre=.t. ~ ,t Chemical groutin; r.sterial have been icproved in recent yccra i .. p i co that settic; ti=s een be controlled ' and they have boca quite succcccrut in linited applications. The chc=1cals are expcasivo, sad their nsa on a _ 'p. project. the size of Jocascce would probably be the greatest chc=ical',

-n.,

.~ s [ Croutina job of all times. A curtain of nocessary depth and thickness .~., i j ', ;-s would be prohibitively c pensive. i J ~'.g 4 W 7: Icpervious vall cutoffs, such as a concre*c cutoff wall, or "flIti . poci:ibly a slurry trench,' are not applicable because of the great depth *, ' '[ f. 4L x and' steep slopes...

c. '

4 [' In lieu of positive cutoff consures', 'the next consideration ...' - [f,- f I would be to permit the seepsse, and control it, canended for Little -{ River'and Ecouco. The situstion here, bovever, is different. Firsc, ' the 7is.1 ~ heads are trach higher. Secondly, the other Piedemnt sites _have a-surface' j;5 -d ~ ~.. e. c. 3 '.leyer of rela' tivaly impervious clay, which is missing at Jocessee. - Eot;

.g i

',g{ ' caly does this clay decrease the ingress of water into the foundation 1 n ^: ':. W V j. upstream, but it acts as a restraining 1ayer or cap downstream, and by. .{p, Iinstalling ve11s'or ditches through the cap layer at the toe, and rediicic; ' Y N_ . J' ? '. the head in the underlyin; pervious caterial, the secpage can be contro e 5 yg. w., ~ g d* '.) t .. af ,( t p.,. %+.- 3 3. " -[ 'I n. w y (, U ;. c. >.1; u".. - f. p': A,- 4 ' 4 [ y' ;yy% t.7 p., p.,..,.: [ J. .hk

y., *

}~ } ...:. [g:.y(1;i'/. ;;p :~.3 .v: .j ~ ^ -Ei ._.$.g ~~ - & W, pe. @K, ' " ~ ~ '* * ~ ~ ' - ", -.,, ~ a"~_,_,e ' ~ ~. '..,, m-~<

a : -t.:cm tentreb N; 1:yer, cc:r: ca.1 f.:lle, c:0 r : S 1 t:r: :t C: ( s I* g::::g 6 c:: r ct 0: : :, cin:: the fot:0:tica tre:: rca I. re dircet.c :::: - to C.: en:2::. ih: caly v:y la thich c:llo rould bo of v:1co vould be if j th y. tera c:ntinuou:Iy ptqcd to deptho t;hich vauld hold the c ter: tion ' ~ i ~ lica C::en.to ceceptchin depths. t; hero curfcco cicyo cro crailadic, i in::tc110tfen of cec::, ry cJditions1 relic ccn ba de o if focad neccccery I cItcr the pool C111o. Installation of correctivo vo11s in a saturated send et the toe of a dem under 300 foot of head cannot be considered.~ 1 L 1 do not consider that eny cathod of scepose control by devastrecs drainacci f,; a .can bo con:idered co a reasonable colution to foundation scepsso at Joccasco. q Elt=insting the above diccuened first alternate of sota typo. '>[

n of cutoff curtain end the second alternate of too drainage, the only i

Mh ' J 3 :... rc=sining, cnd caly positive, courso of action la removal of the disintegrated C rock end bechfillics with incrvious clay.; no horir.on to which the positivo 1 u- = ..y ) cutoff should be taken would renconchly be that logged as " Top of 11oderately J _= - - --- ~ -." 1 ...~ tional rock grouting on 5 to 10-foot centers should be ,,d;).7[ .satisicetory to treat jointedDcElyVeli'thered rock zones betw the Ib horizon. Grout takes vould probably be moderate, and for estiosting , urposes the quantitics per foot of hole at Cowans Ford would be reasonable. - I i p . Tha deeply weathered area at the base of the left abutaent indicated by toics J-8 and J-18 vill require separate' consideration. S e problem bere

., I..; O is not sa z: uch the cutoff of the silty sand mantle as it is treatment of a.; 2...

6:r.q s 1, D ionallized jointed and vaathered rock zone. d-f.,' 4 Study of Boring J-18 shows c i i $' :;- v:sthered rock, including the easily decomposed biotite 1 .. S.. M 4 from top of recoverable core at 34.8 to about 52 feet. ,.,yifg Below 52 feetLthe {.v. . y, d rock is highly jointed and brohan, but is not disintegrated, and-could'be ". f ; 7 < ru o. ., i -. d, ': fN, +, v f., n'. y ;j* = '. 4 ,' a,. c '40' l [ w [ O.,.5. W. e.6,' ;. ^ u/ 6 s% . q '..,. _ ]' ', g. r b{,' N ;/.I[y..q,D[f f;' ]. t . F~, .L,e.Q; * ' N:.

?;t

'Nh$i'y *{ $ ',Qw@yn - :..x. c&,.QQ, &g c' .s - 2 '.*v e }-

;, m.,Q'Q,,2.?f, ;';q'r% ;.g H;- :,

a + , ~ ' p

<.

u ",.z_E,';. '* G *. *U 0-M :0 t,

+ k T. ~~'l.[,,S& Yy)4]fM _. ." - w e ~ ~~ ~ - -

f l.. s. (m Otcut:3 for cutef r.arre:::. Os roft cra t::thered tictite rt:Ic: ea u. . ci:ve I.').4 to c gestice:bic t::rir; vclu: for a h!ON rochfill ctru ] ) 4 In t'..is h:le, thea, c:ccvstica to 52 feet culd bs rcquired i with groutic; tein; cett:fc: tory b:Ic.i thet 4:;th. . to:ina J-3 is c1611cr. but weathering is 1cco deep. Tren 7 p or nocha at 24.5 feet it nato probably be sattafcetory to cupport i l the etructure, with groutin; below hero to provido a cutoff i In this local arca where grouting is depended upon to l prevent seepsse through highly jointed rock, and full rescryoir head cust~ be cut off, dependence on a single row of grout holes is questionabl 1 in o. I It is reco= mended that in critical areas such as this two' ro c3 '3; trout. . holco be constructed with the rows 20 feet apart. ~ After grouting of these lines has been acco=plished at low pressures, a median line' '. ' 3 ) of holes between these two rows should be drilled, and trouted at higher pressures. This would provida a zone of grouting in depth which would be core positive than a single line, ~.,. fcd 2. Abuteent serionini. The determination as to whether th ti - disintegrated material should be removed over the entire d=aw . 95 3 ' {f ant foundation, or only sufficiently to provide a conventional cutoff trenc 3 to rock, should be determined by the strength of the material a d i ~ j n _ ts ' relation to the emh==b e t stability requircoonts. It'the embankment'can be designed to be stable on the sitty sand, then only enough need bems e e ...] rc=oved to provide stable slopes for the cutoff trench to rock. ' A ... a.e } I', C/N possible comprop~is.e_might_be re.mo.va_l of _the,s.i.,l.t.y sand to the r i _a ' mek horizon under the, area of the., cutoff, tapering to no rc=ovalc ,, 1... .. atithe y. p.,. i ~ ^ * , ',. n,. '. ' ssbanhaent 'tos and heel. This alternati would insure safe slope's for'thei, M & qa < p e .,,.. x.. I s . g.. a s l** ,5*,. e s ~ . x; \\ 3 v,e - g '$ ,.'",1 g o

m '

.(,_ [ a g ', y c g'" ': -L; e c;y. - }..-, ~, ','....~ g, a[. ~, N. + - + .*e. ,- y,Jq, *72 ~ (. .f y. va. -i,,,. Q..,, \\a * *, _ *p, I ', e 4 - _. _.g. - a. ,_ jQ g-w .a-*Q^_. ,.,,..3**pp h.,# y) L si ,u '~~ + - - -

Y cc:!!t.:: 0 c21c: M rcere e.: C s: e c:d c::t hi;h y c:c c : 4 Irrt::n cf th cilty cc:2, yet e:::c cc ::!h:to to E cc~r - y c....-- i I ID fCO*'.$:t10n C%c:*.*0tiO3, m., 3 ggdig{g7 ggg;*$C3 Cf thQ Ctgggttyg, tc; tt:r with t: re!stivo.ceeno-'y cf th :e citern=teo cIll gover ~ n, In di:cu::li.; c*autr.0:t cerippics it rm:t be rc=r:bered thst the chute::t baric;; cro verticci, chile the chutn:nt ceri l cco crep:3 l steep!y. For c :.cpic, ceventy feet of ventherin in on chut=:nt Loric; would not be seventy feet of vesthering perp:ndicular to the slopo.-\\ On rochfitt demo where abuteents require reco7nt of caterini. .'J ' { ~' .. to caly coderato depths, a decerninntion cust be ecde sa to the rc10tivo gato of stripping the entire chuteents frc:a top do.in before any c hach: ., j ". : v- , place =ent, or stripping chend of the enbankment as the fill is -placed.

j. d ',

The deter =inina criteria is the a=ount of material to be r ..a. e.. I tIhcre minimal stripping and foundation , 1.' '., stcepness of the abuteents. ~~ . trest = cat is required, and the chut= ant' is so steep as to m ke work w

2 cach:ni:cd equip:2:nt difficult, it is usually core econostcal to percic

,.'cQ . initici placceent of the valley acetion of the echank= cat, and then strip ~chced fron the top of tha e=banhaant as le is brou;ht up. NJN i xy When ,} ~~ this is dono enreful inspection is required to insure that no n-specification T., o V* r.sterints stripped from the abutmants are not permitted to co'ntaninate g-, Q,~ ; the fill. Where abuenant --s are gradual, or vbere deep stripping is required ',' ~~hq;, .y... ~- -- ."i.t is core econo =lently necomplished from the t op down prior to any t'. r s ',.;t i e c banh=,ent placemant. in t.he valley. q , g,. y y,. At Jocessee, this would ' undoubtedly., 4 'p +..d .. v. _ . N. y p.4 O.,

be tho logical procedure.

~ l r Distinction should be made botvcen the stripping requirement ,7,'ca.WJ.I-g 'I e for the core trench as co p = er:2 :o th:: for the rock shallo. Contact ~of. .%w~ ) \\ .4 y 7! +. the icpervious ccre with the, abutment is critical, and strippic; t n w%g.:.W, ,g m. w-s o, {~ ~ a ;.y. J b .42 <..,t i.'- ~:f l.

L f_

" g,. sei,.,, 4,,.. = r

s.-

.,,a .W f .,. y - e; n, S. ' ' w: R. .a ,~ ^ ' { ' t *. - e0~, e' . -.., gg.*,. d_ c.,, > e.. t A W M -* J =** - 4 A

a n I 5 . D M: ry c a.1-1 S 1: c : re r eno re-t L a e - ticu'.c :. r r :C. r, :: - i c '. _ t -; c ::. La ch.~ I 17 Ic:::. hic tir; if r.:::::::y, to th:t cc;:2.: ;s t t c v;:ti::1 f:::o'eg:inct thich c::p tic; veuld La difficult, cro held 1 It 1- ~ ~-. [ to e chic 2 .. f

f:f..p: ::ica.la.c!30.ir:;kh fa.the. hi@gi:lity-.

^ - . f:en'-t!:n prcphstica tha chut::nnt cross cpin:t thich tha filter conco Un1 be riseca ra r:1Lcc..tha.c:ro trench _ css. The cerippin; end y - -- p cpr:tica of the chuta nto c sinst which the rock shella ero to be placed can bo 11Lited to that requirca for etability of the high rock i c::c thich it r::st cupport. N E:cavation. 3. o Encavstion procedurco for intcho structure. tunnel portals, and powerhouse should be cinilar to thoce deceribedfor - .Escree. The Crcy oilty ccad nuct be considered as overburden, end the'. y 1-O. o:o on one overburden excavation slopcc should apply above " Top of. >:>ect teli rard noch.- melo this horizon ono hors =ontai to ro=,vortic.1 . slopes may be used, with vertical slopes acceptable in lizzited areas belov " Top of Hard Rock." 5 r A berm of r. ore than nortul width would be advisabia between .I o the overburden and rock slopes. The silty cand overbure n vill be diffi.- cult. to stabilize with respect to erosion, and a vida berm vill facilitata; V cleanup of eroded material until vegstative cwer has been established. .e ~., Pre-splitting techniques are reco..aended for all rock ) t f,,' f > . c=cavation where clean, near-vertical faces ar,e desired. '. 1-t ~~ 4. Tunnels. 4 Th.e tunnols at Jocassee'v111'be constructed.at ih_ .J '.a g;E,'N [ depths which will be below the sound rock line, and the ...w [f.'t. '. - voll. Uhere unweathered it 'in almost entirely qt: arts and feldspar

w. -

w '..c s. .. nd 7 a should have excellent breakicg pro?c: ties with conventional dr 'f}' .,a l f, x.- 'blesting patterns. 3

.~ ' ;...

In this respect. it should be cuperior to Keevac,wh::c;, * '. e.. .m... .. v ,. s.. w w ....e;. . ss m Q % :;.v.l j.G >'.P2: '. ' ' c; . '.. ( c.S,y.,, : wg;. ~t 1- {n+.,;ef k ;7 / .. ~ .i,.. i .f,. 1 1 , t. '",. i.w: p

,y

. ~. : -%. I '.6 'f,-, g)- ..s r. .f " /., }. ( g- . v, f" 5 - '~ %-4[ 'N 'M***' " ' -r. .u

f 1 C-r - .2 L:ex n rn: ::*c ttrn:ter t-ill prc : e e: a en~.:n te.~:21 N, e i.:

g :. T.:f.;:lt!:3 f..:u!! b r quir:0 in le:n1 crees t;nre j *nte, c1C.::A t!Ct, ce;' equire bitira fc ctcLilb tion, but rettern s

l 101:1 0 thea10.;: 1s.re.. W b ~ ,~ -m In p1=.120 the et::: 11cycats, it is c:ph:si=ed that it to l'ath t::rc econor.ie:.1 c:a c fer to c=cavato ca cpen cut tufficiently fer 4 .f L::h into ths ch:t=::t co th:t tecn:lling can be started in co=d roch, l rather than locetin3 the portal in venthered rock, and incurring the ccat I cas d.c=3cr of cherin3 m Unter chculd be co prob 1cm in the Jocessee tunnels, and v111' C3 be limited to cceps nions tight joints. ,-l 5. Poeh for Construction Purposca. When the deeply weathered ^- i g, 3 charceterictics of the Jocacsco rock vero known, the necessity for locatie;~ g a qc:rry thich would provide the regnred large quantitics of at least ~ cederately hard rock becc=c of pri=ary icportance. Exploratory holes ' v:ro drilled.at all pecatsing locations within an econo =ical haul radius'.- ylcid geologic investigations were also cade to insure that no possible. ? ) ' 10:stion was overlooked. All of the rock explored in the surrounding rid;cs is identical with that at the dam abutments. Eeathering is deep - cnd even after coderately hard rock has boon ranched, soco clouding of the feldspsrs exists to undesirable depths. It is reco:=: ended that; p1:nnin,~ proceed on the anst=:p.t..io,n,,t,h.a.Lall__ of the rock in areas close .17 p_ m-cnosch to be considered for a qu..a..rry..w..il.l be found tohave the sano 4 e 5 ~cad circhie characteriatics with respect toycatberi.gg. :In locating a. -r r = quarry site, therefore, the primary consideration should be'its location ' Mlj,[ h c - - - ~ ~ - - - - - - ~ - - m3 ~ 7.y.7 y

,~

. fro a a construction stendpoint. If it ean be conveniently located where +. Q;, -?? .c ,.. m~- ~,. m - .n -p -- ., 9 y. ' em i (, .,,. % g e :.f. :.< b.. ~ n,.

n.

?*. J i (; d' y. + 26m t

* 'f,

^ Y. *~f* ...., [' C ',$ g. s {,* ',,2,'- 1 ~ . y' ' .,_ ~.. Q :,;.. g -* [y e, g ;;..j g?: 7} 3.# ., ~- -f R7 a,. c l =' ' s~ '. ' ',....i)'D '[ - N.- \\ ~ "[ - y -.- p,. y p y. d * '-wM t-v- ^ .r3 s O :..: s h.=J

1 c are.ala f:: e ctre:te:: vill b re ;atred, cer cvedurl:n ct:Opi: cy b tre:0, 2-I { I: ring J-D 1:a ch::a tha rock outcrop 'in the trcpe::d int ': i j c:.d diversica creo to be es desireblo as spy other cres c:plored. It ^ l c:a thereforo be ce=idered ust.atic fcr a quarry, end vill be conv:nient _ j fer cen:truction. Cris roch ep:treau of the cais :ontains =:ro cf the t und:cir:blo biotite-hernbicado Cncico than that de::stre::s. thr.rever, \\ then couca rock in r ched the rock should be cdequate. Ons of the bent poscib111ti,cs fcL#cvelopiccascrry.Jn i i conjun: tion with structuro excavation would bo to construct the pc::erhou:e l I in the de:mstreca drav vhore Dorings J-13, J-36, end J-37 chou sound roch ' C3 .i ac:r tha surface. It la characteristic of Piedcont vcathering'thst sound' l rock is closer to the surface in valloys and ravinos then'on the ridges. .W Q This is reasonable, since headvard erosion by the strea=s rc= oves the products of centhering as they form, while on the hills and ridges the t core secenant ground water environment decays the rock to great depths.- ' Thus any rock secured from a ravine area would have a loirce proportion of1 e,. venthered products to sound rock. By extending the powerhouse arcavation ; $(, o v + headvard into the ravine at this location tunneldenath would be shortened.

and more sound rock per yard of total excavation could be ' secured. The-2 e

further. the powerhouse can be extended up thir, ~ draw, the longer the' tail-race vill be, the excavation for which viL1 be almost entirely in sound ( l rock. Overezcavation of the powerhouse and tailrace might also be con- ' '4 ' - sidered as a source of additional sound rock. 9'% ' t '.T u ,.- i.* , Incating the poucrhouse.in the draw of Borings J-36 and ~J -i~4 is also recocnended bsced en n&r design and constructica considerations.~ D ' ^ 45 l yg i ,, x ..~ -

i.

- ?. ~... 2 . o;_ a.. . a. ~ s e 't. -h . [7, g * ~. < * ~ r] + 9 8-g s 9 l. pm-2- ,w. g. '*"e q-v e *q, ,, f gg. g ,w , = - - - - - s s-Imm

, 7 V i 1 1 I ,. - - t'. r c:::: c::t!::: Cr.-.a throe;,*i the er:tre n rite (. ( :. t,/ J __ I ;. ;- -.. -; 3,.*C, JC, c 2 J-O';) vill ch:v th:t th: r:= :::::: cc::::t!:n, h:1c'*r;; th c::::ter/ cas en cno cido clere=, udl ba cr::h:t!:hci:: to cad trill ci.:;c cade: cut tha c=Scah::nt. tea. Even is ct:'.5: in t'd: :::p::t, thur5 uilt slu:jo be co p:::: feca the den to: [ At the de.ra:trc:a cito the pon:r- $,,[ j ; t . teen :tica hts tb g cc::hc=:o cres. I t.:n : C::s c:t entercut the C:3 cnd during construction vill be a core . ggd 7/M ce= :h:t dictence from the cr.banh:ent placement activitico. Pcactock l I Os pe:tcis in cound roch ces be core cecily cecured, and penatocks can be t -+ lO

ch:rtened by c=:cycting good rock as far as practic ble nortir.::rd into

!s ',C the chut=:st. W As a supple =antuy cource of rock for the downstrces coffer-fo 00* cr the dmtream portion. of the rock cdanbat, considention e.:y I ba C ven to developa:nt of an c= posed rock face on the southeast side of Q i ' tho' river just dounatreca of the wooden bridge. (See Hill 1155, salen Qusd sheet.) I bevo c::plored this site, but since the rock is. the scme 4 - as the rcot of the ' area, and as it is marginal with respect to haul O distanco, I did not reco:rsend any borings. A quarry face could easily O be developed on the steep escarpment, and if the 1ccation fits into the construction plan it could well be considered at least for a test quarry. I there fresh, the Jocassee rock would nake excell nt' concrete nl , aggregate. It should break voll - better than Keouce - and it contains x -. co deleterious minerals. The Top of Quarryable F.ock borizon on the ~ d [ ', ' geologic logs, should not be considered satisfactory for accregate, as c . sono clouding of the feldspara is often apparent. Below Top of Hard or. s t". i Sound Rock, hovaver, the rock is of a;;regato quality.* ~ ~ t Oy ..r.~. _ g. 1 .y+s?, e a, y a: *: q. .w

,.-.n W.-

/ l., .,9 $1 l-b 'g ,,g i. g, L .*.~ c. . g - p., q. * - "'.,O + f _v ~~. ..e., a s. > &,*l. c ~~, . c.. t m, t '- -(-, y, e * 't '.

i

,, A y' ~,,, ,3,; _ e-e,, - ,, ~.., r 1 ~ ~ * .M s -,m~ -n -YM-%>y, , ppy 4

c ....,,.. c.._..

t.,g._._...,. a,., C.,. p.. _ _._.. s. v. e...

n .,.....,...,. t.. a..... ~, L,........., -.t m. . -. - -.s. t.... ,..,I.a.,..,.. r.. ,,a t.,,c,.it. 11 r o.., L..,...a t. .A c.. m. tb L::s -:Ca c:~::n5:ai rc:S f111.' Tha foldspcts cro ofces cle ho, I l ' fc: r cn3 the rc:h r". L:cch c point-typ; int contnet coro cesily th:n cour.d rer*:.- C-",*::,1: chculd p:::::s cosa c stisc qusticles for the c-Sank::nt, cr.3 La entirely c:tief :: cry. t:1c r ' Top of Usrd or Cound noch" the Jo::: hee rock is equal to that found caytshere. 9 b

6. 4 m

E d p ? <} O a s

.- 6

=.*l 'h[ ; e 't g hI '.4.-*. i 3; h 8* s e 9e e e ).

e-' "
a t

r. .-4 .s .I p ~~ e .4 1 .v_,.,'.L- ~ q-I.+",q s g g a .,.,,-w e a .9%-. .s ~3.s n I x..' fs, c. D-t ,. ; ncz y a. 3.y....?.L;' i (F S Q /*..,'Cf, * ;:"

. 4.* / /,.

n- - h,.

g y.'
7;

-t ..,si ? i u..' ',, 3. 3.O,'.Y. C*: :: 'W,.. -. i ..r. -- b %*a. st "e" ( - f,.. .4 3 + to - -+ 4a +.. ls

- =.

~.=:- Pg. - 9 ).o J , Y . - sw v- -,Ay eF g P' ,g 3,M 'w +'.E-O

i'; 7. T ~ *nm c c' c~2 23 de:c c a D=: rill boch uctcr north cero::s the Ircycra cono into. the E1:2 r.!f-: rrevinec. 20 rc:ha in thic cres cro encient e.:terorphic roch3. cad r.0t caj:ct to colutica chanccio or other featurco thich sculd cccco c5::cra c3 to rc::crvoir rio scepcac. .a f' M 17 incctinctions did not incicJe inspection of tho rccervoir for dh po:cibic cineral dcrage c1cins. Ynio feature should be considered in -t cay rcraining reservoir lando to be acquired, and if litigation for cineral richto is enticipated, the cervices of a minins scologict ~ c icciliar with the arca chould be engaged. T 1 D b b. O 9 '"4 P P f g a* S a W9 e 9 y L (- L ~,- f' -1 .e e' , I a 1 ~ } Q

. }. Y,_

e.c.k. '. 4/,'- g a 3 e ~. ,+?, '* ^ .f.- rg,'t. I' Al ', [ ' - r [ ', 4 ' -6 v.

r r

1

=

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_ + ".,,.,

48 n,, *,.

W - w ~ ~ q: 7 4 g e. 2 ',g* 'm b e g 8 o,9-4 4 T-p., , s ...-.1 $r ' + ~.. w f f*~* {,,.,,. .*N*9 m

I s. I ;*.t:::::; to:in;s ct tM th:cs c= cites cf the n ~;:2 - Tc v ; 1re;c:t hva be:n cufficient 'fer a dete=inctics of tha cc,!c;;c 4 c:ru: trio end the p tre,rephy of the rocho cc cach cito. The infor :tica i .tvei!-A!c ca ths cuhtr eco cen?itions is cufficient to indiccto tho f c:n:tructica cr.tcricio cv:11cblo, cad to outline the fcna?:tica probic=3 involved. It is sufficient to permit continuins studies ic: din 3 to finst design and construction. ~ 9 1.ittle niver and Ecovce Sites vill be founded on corn:1 Pied =ont rechs, end a venith of c pericace is available in designing and constructica . l 4

i 4:=s cn sicitar foundations. Abuteent weathering is deep, but proved N

A11uvint procccures for drainage should adequately control scopaso. i ' * * * * ' * * * * ' * * * ' ' " ' ' * * * * = " ' * * " " " ' * * * " ' ' ' * * " ' ' ' ' * * " *

O 1

residual soils.or if necescary for c=bankment stability, it chould be rc:soved entirely. Eo difficulty should be encountered in driving the Keoves tur. net provided open excavation is taken far enou;h into the ~ O abutments so that the portal faces will be in sound rock. O The borin8s have shown that the Jocassee site is underlain by rocks which weather deeply without decomposition of the mineral constituents .into clays. The foundation is further complicated by rock decay siong Il a joint system at the base of the left abutment. Nothing less than_ .I 4 the conventional practice of a positive cutoff to groutcbie rock can bc-

c,

=f _ consider _ed for the safety of this high structure. Jhcre are no probicas i ? that cannot be solved by normal engineering and construction prcctice, but abutment treatment will be extensive and therefore costly. This cost

O

+. d, 4 4 ,,-x W .g. k-t. .r --1 ._...-.,m--- .m g ^ - - - ' g-- w'qQ,y w pa y y . - ~

i d i i ~ c.n L3 citi;:n2 ta c::s (:::ee Fy (::!;*. t*:o d a ca c: to etill: l the str!; ped c:t:: :1 La ca cyprerr! :e r::: of the c:',:ch:::c. Tao h:::::o rxt is cf c::c11c:: g:1!.ty ce d:pth, cad vaero the curface [ v::the:Ic~,'t:s b::a rc::ved it cheuld bs idest for tunnel constructics. I i .t l l , ~ I .t e 3 { I ,S 4 .....s,.-- s ., y ,. ~... 1 ..,,,i~ - v ,.E s...,8 a ..a.. 4 ev s .s .x. .g., O J ..i. . s. - ..,. -. 3 . :? s.... 3-s.. m,, v .o

2...u. t u.a. u.

e. ;e

- e. ...f^;' I 1, - * - '*

.3

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...a..

n. e.,,, * ,p.^*: s. .. ~.. .. :.1 + ~' . ~ m. T,* n' i,. ',, I

u. x.. -

.s s ,L . ::p, 7.~,-.m - w... .c- ,3 . h,:. . -. s.. s

... v... y

- s c- ... y. --T ....s... By .1. - .: ; s._ %.. ? c; o,.; t, . r .. ~,. i

o e

.n... * ..~ . 's *, ,,o; ' * ~ ll: 'E

g. - - l,% ". q ** ' ' 3,. ' s.

s s.. .) s z y.., _ ,<...s~, s-.;; .,,. w?, ',;.i. .o e s ~ *,. m. s . ~- z. In _ m 1. j "%..,9w~ +'*- g, g., a, g ,m.e_ i 98"

t 1 l

e. ~.

/ \\ i 1.

- '. ir:::' c. " rt?; Cs., L:; :ts (c Duho rea:: Cc=p :y ca l-L c,. h:n:.::: In) :1.

l U, IMS,' Os Cgstellins C::ks of Couth C rolins," .'C - " " c-.-1 I:

r.. ( =' r.Mral r rig bl.11';3. -

I

3. r.:. i' t. c0 C =:::c, Cc::t c.S C:odetic Survey D,al.1:a. 41-1 i

l 'M r.. ;.:.h U1 t::y cf the United stctes."

4. t*:.crt*:, C. O.,1755, "A 1;::hed Aligre. cat of Ecrthquche T;:1:= tera in 1;;; tern 1*arth Carolina cad Its 5cctonte I=plications,"

'l J urn:.1, Elichs !*1tchc11 Scicatific Cociety, Vol. 72. .. _~ 5. C :.::r=co, Arthur,1965, "r. ole of ' Calculated Rick' in Ecrthquchs cad reunfation D;incaring," The Ter oabi Lecture, Proc., A:n. Soc.. Civ. D;ra., Vol. 91. Uo. E:L .1 d 6. Conn, U. V.,1949, "Finst Foundation R:: port. Allatoona D::a," Pobile Dictrict, Corps of Ensin: cts.

7. Cee :n cad Ery:n,1952, " Interpretation of Core Lorinas Across the 0:oco Cons: nga Contset ct Carters Da:2 Site," Annunt F.=cting of Ceuthe::tcra sectica, C ological Sociccy of Accrica,1952. Published in Cecrcin liineral Ucvolotter, Ccorgia Coological Survey, Vol. IV,.

[ Tell-itiater, 1952. -t C. Tenne::co Valley Authority.- 1942, "Ihe Chiccmauga Project" TVA .g Technical 7.: port no. 6, p. 343. y..

9. Personal c-mication, Director of Ensincerin3 Decian, Tennesses

2. '

V:11cy Authority, Mov. 12, 1965~. t

10.

Cherard, l.*ood. card Ci:icaski, and Clevenser,1953, " Earth and , E:rth-Iock' D.ms" John Wiley di sons. I 11. Cicufh sad Pirtz, " Earthquake'Rasistance of Rockfill Dams," ~ Trans. Am. Soc. of Civ. Ensrs..'Vol. 123, 1958. [,

10. L:V Engincaring Testing Co. "Dosign !!saorandum, Jocassea Development,"-.

.o i"r . Au;ust 19,1965, p. 9. J 3.- ~ }

13. "Sy=posium on Rockfill Ds:ss," ha. Soc. Civ. Ensrs., Vol.:125/Part II,J K ; / ff.

I 1900. r. "L- ..y [p V : '14. - Eced and Bryant " Evidence for. Strike - Slip Paulting Along the Bravard : T r W.j Zons in North Caroline," Ccolo ical Society of Aaerica Bulletin,

c ".: .,,8 m.L,. jQ.* [.

Vol. 75, Dec., 1964. o 4 m.., i,.,,. {i .,"_.f.

:rG.; '

.y ' w. 'yq;yf,y_9 ;fQ \\ -$1 \\ m f. ;, _wr y if: :lc l f i G

C _4 i,.%,.\\ J f' ~ 4 [ '-M
r'

(; ~ g. e.f '

I;. ". ({J(,3.x,.2 A
[ '

e e ,n y ,, y A..".4j. f ; j

r

. '3,.:.r .........m -h 1 i ,,e ,e . Q., ', \\..., _ '{. '.,'e, K. l_ .y j ,_-,r. ,'*vj { 'grj.-!,7- 'g#p,}[,,k; 3.,4 , " fQ l

7; j n S

- + e ~. .-- wn 5. _.] :~4' h%% _ e ,; : w '.__q L_ __.,&s y 1 3_. - . -, =..

T f. 6 O ^ 9 e e S i i .,t- )9 q

1 5

G 4

. b..** e8.h h I i 5 a O s Q . e i I 6 1 A?PSmI.5 i . 17. TIE MIF.IC TJ o1T3 ~ ? ,... -~ t .f

. -+

REI?.CCW21V2 P.0C* S.*22IZ3 ?, '= #4 ..u k,.- p '-* e I s bE e f. .$4 I L ,a 'd%g g &.e e 6 p b 4 e - g 3% E ,P .e b. G. l4 4 I r S dN g 4e 5 q -z .., ~% '- I - m, >1 a s '. i l s s f. 'ts-, ,.f; 4 e I s W Ia.. a ~ --4

- e.

+ c 9

-ed y,

,,e. s., a j' .v'. a k,: 4 {1> 4 6 .N T. a C $,' ~<* , s 3. .,,s.. -7 f + ye* 5'=.g.,..,. * *

4*,_* +.,/s 4,[ ~ M,.,

m. ). e4s y ;4 % *,. .e =5., ,4.fi'~ J' d'. y ^ h., ' JJ ~M = ,e ,-..s J g)y } 3w s...a .-J w E'- V- ..,,,,y. L,,-.%- .+ --u-, ~m--

o 7.... p....., -. ~...a t. .. v~ -a e.-,. e-a.e. a i Qc::.:.!'.r;;::h::.-::::1t C :izs 4 y r _--- % T*'-_Ir-~~~t~ ~1 l---~'~~ ft-m C M ~ fle;i::10:3 (citite-IS 1.0 . cli:;) Qc:ts 50 1.0 ~.'v i Ctetite 15 0.0 C;;ps l'ir.:rcl 1 0.4 j .t th::.*1to trcco 1.0 ~' Cern32 trcco 3.0 Ni ...e ?o rech consictc of quarts cnd pts;1oclass with 1cpidobicatic .,9-j p biotits cud centtered cccc:cories. ~'t .:d Qc::ts is in cxtre:.cly otrained craino everssinc clout 1 cn (ra:qing to 4 cm). About half of the crains arc clongsted (to 2.5:1) cud chow coed p:r:11c1 clis= cat. Scus chow nah:2 strictiena. plegiecicco is in ..y 7 ig v. polycynthetically twinned crcins cycrecin; etout 1 ca. Tc1cic boundsrics ~ ,.- N cro c soth to correta, tice of a gypn:a plato fails to show cny preferred - -Q ,. g crystalle;rephic orientatico. 6,j) Eed-breen to it;he tan picochroic bloeito is in long, subpara11c1 Jh ' ' 4.- - crcins of 1cths cad in ecsttered subperallol latho. Opaqua minerals (q (= ;n:titic!) cecur cc ctrc:ks cad irregular grains usually ' associated ,. i 1, s e; 2 cith biotics. Largo (3 cm) garnots are idioblastic and dicrupt the blotice ',].( e 'f felistica. thscovite Isths ara cecacionally associated with biotits. t ' ' (:: ';- yy.. h;p.rl. The:s are no recogni::512 cl ns of citorstions due to vesthering.:. 3 . ::,n.i: ,.f. - n;,;.c n. [ ^. [. p. e {. . Y ^a .'.,a f ', ' .~ ,,c-s. c. f I I^ "",7 ... ',;; g n. p,;j. ' b s'

(4

~ ~,, i ~ '^. n- -+ o m ~ e __~._ a- - - -- 6 7 _._ _.. _. "-~~

l = i (.3 7--....._., _.a L,....., s. \\

r..

I i I Q,:::pkgSch::C:tito C :k.i 1- ,. r -- ~ %. r-. : rerne r -i /----,-ci-, n-n - 1 l'!ch:!c:a (cli-) CS. i 1.5 i i q.::rt: 53 i 1.0 ^ tict'.to 3 1.0 f Opeque t'inercl i trcce .s 0.4 the: r!.to 4 2 1.6 6 1 13croclina trcce 6.0 .c cirecs. --- - treca b. 0.003 C:=:t trace 1.0 h tr.rts th in clonssted (to 3:1), frcctured, and exerc=cly strained grains shcrina good parallot alty.. ent. Ple:Locleso is in greins cheving 1 i .a tc=dency to squarencas. The grains are twinned, un cricitized, cud a few cre poikiloblastic. !!icroclina is in largo, czadrille twinned grains. 'i 'i sace s:y=chite is present. IIone of the felsic minerals show preferred _ -e.. 'J

s c ci

'crystalle raphic oricatation with use of a gypsun plato. 3 1lc11 forced red-brown to light tan pleochroic laths of biotite and .1ca; laths of cuccovita are scuers11y aligned subparallel to the quarts ,,3,. G clin =zent. ~ y;> :. Cp que cinerals (cagnatitet) are in rounded and irreg l t-u ar _ scatter d ' ', -$:.^.[;?q

,.,.4 grains..Zireous are pre.sent in biotite and sher picochroic halocs

~.:.

.i y

F.:ra garnets are rounded. , ~

/

i fi) ..m g c. '- ' ~ '.Volds'are very rare and there is no evidence of scatheri

p ng alterations- '

in' thin section. ... - c; 1 g' '.g '

r 4 N.._., y.s k ?,':

%d!';fl ~ '_ [ < s- _. - - f. ' ?. ' ' ~ ~ . ** l, q s s ~ -(;. Ee 3' " 1- '1 '~ ~

=

t*.

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'b

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i g.

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t *e- +u.

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.~......,c'.. 1 i R_:::-C: *::h::cetits Cr.-1:2 l \\ C:-- - ?, Ts. r~- " - n t ~ ~,rtr~m c Q l C:

r:'.::a (dt-)

0 0.5 G D l C. ::: O 1.0 i tiotito 7 2.0 th::cvito 3 1.5 03pa 12:.:::1 trc:o 0.5 l a C.:::: trcco 0.1 T1=es trece Less th:n 0.001 x 4 1 no re:h in cc:po:cd od gaarte (1 na) cnd pla3 ocisco, with Icr o-1 porthreble:to of picciocicso cad with icpidoblastic biotito cad cecc::ories. m Qe.=t: is in ctrained, cli$tly frc:tured grains cvercains atout 1 cs; cith cheat 33-0 porcent of tho grains cico3sted (to 2.$31) cnd showins ~~ b. cut; =c11c1 clic =:st. F1c31oc1scs is in poly:ynthetically twinned C cins everesi=; chout 0.5 crs, cad es Isr3o tuinned porphyrottests everc;ing 1~ .5 cheut 9 c:n. Soa: grains cre poikilobisstic, but fcv show any saricitization. 'I Tc1:ic c cin Loun/brics era c:ooth to corrate. Use of a gypsu:a plat fcils e . to th:.t c=y preferred crystc11c3rephic orientation. '. e.' - 'ned-b:cvn to tan picochroic biotita 1sths end vall formed entscovite ~ lb l 10ths occur in long undulating trails subparallel to tho gaarts ali::c=ent.

c., '

l'- Opeg.tco occur ca irrc;;ulcr grcins usus11y cssociated with biotito. Zirccas 7., j with picochroic heloco cro occa:ionally prc:cnt in biotite. E=s11'carnets ~ ~ cra secttered. ^ 2

r

4. ',,

l .g.. ., t. 4

A,.

e 'n.,, - b ?g,' ' ' 1 y; ',' lj,.'., _ ',

.]: , j. { ' '

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i . i

l. C *. r::: r.0:~2 cC v:!.do cro prc:ent, protably ir. dice:in3 rc==*er.1

^ ,c.". r..... cm' * '.. ' '.'. d.*...*.'. ~, r c c *. '..*.e n. !".a c'.'ic".2 c ^...*.a c' r........~, i o } cro c: n in't'.o rc::.ining ci ::alo. j O a I e t l l e ? l l O 9 e t i O i 9 O N ,4 D m-O Y W p S 4 O f C I@ 9 r T~ ' ~ m 6 b h 5 h f.' "O e y 4 .*A' 8 4 t ,lu - a: i t. ~ i 6 e 4 ed $ W E m 4 ..u= -p.*

' ". ~, '

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e
4 9 ; 2'; 7 2 m;

'4 ( 1e 3,* ....; -e,wr*g _,,,.; ; g ,. A,. g. - ~_23=- ~ ~ - +

1' i e rq .,( )

-c. C-7, 00.3 Cett -

Ektite-DhaticS-;1cio:10:=q.idstoCa:1ca' . IM.-rh E LP;;y. msec. q 3 : r.~.n nt::qq. Ehtit: ' 40 2.5 'C:rnb1:04 35 '2.0 'Epl?sts 10 1.4 Pic:;ioclesa 13 1.0 1 ta:rt: 2 0.6 i t O Tha rock has a lepidshicstic ter.turo. Qu:rts is in c= 11, hi@ly. N strain:d ced fr cturco gratus shovie clongation up to 71, Plaicc10:2 ~ f is in cystly cicanted grains with about half shovig polycynthetic tvinni g. Uso of a cypsa plate fails to show say pref.:rred cryc'tcIlo rc;5ic cricatation of the folcic minerals, but thay ch:u cr ctics: dic:a:Lenal-q- l. c11 0 :st. 0 D:rk bro.m to 11$t t.cn picochroic biotito is in trains of icn3 thin O .1cths p:r:11c1 to the felsic alic::nzat. Ec11-ciceved greca horr.ble=ds .c is in 1cth-shaped graica. A ::ajority (ca W.) era oriented parallet to the C-cT.is. Eleanted grains of epidote minerals are inti=:tcly a micM with the hornblenda. E' ticanted voids are Emirly smerous. The e::cellent solictfon s::y cra:o this ro k to be vcci when any pressure is applied p=r:11c1 to [,5 t,. _ s - 1 f=11stion.(63pic=c). Es c@'- e for weatheris; altersticas t:s seca ) in thin section k O !F - 3 - z 4. W T .L ~ h ~, s. ...s - r 3,. ;, s -- ,- ; f_. ; .= ' ~ q .;t<_o 'n -- I .n.-

- ?

~^l, [ l 4, (. ee t ( s e*eiwv sag .g,-.. w a "a '4^h 4g

g

g i-k i: i y t o e c=== 4O i, 6 t::1 c -10, 43.9 f::: n e II:-it:In::,e::t:-Opidote-niotato Cr.cics Q l I t f ~ nt s r-t. P.-reente-w_ / r-- nm r:im, 0 q Mic:c::lico 2 2.5 1 Plc.;1c:1cco (cadocina) 46 2.0 42 2.0. Q.::ttc tic:L'to 3 1.0, ,[?; N ~ 1.0 . [- i, .rp'idete, clicozoicito, 5 g 6 clienito(t) 04 0.2.. Cp:7.t Einc:al traco N ~ 0.7 . cph:: trace g 0.0 ) Chic:ite t:::o w 1::::ctito 1 0.5 Calcit: 1 0.7 i D.c rcch consists of c ca:. plex cc: sic of q.: rt=, pla,1cciccc, cud s. 1 t:ictite, cith cpidote ninerals cr.d cesttered cecessories. ' p; 3 Qe.rt: is in c:reinsd, cli;;htly f cetured grains with lobeta to ' I-l I c::::te to.='dcrice. P1 cicc1ccc chcva relycynthetic twinnics, is poikilodicatic, cc.d unus117 centsins cucccvita laths. Cc=o grains era ,,..m ,t i j c hiply c:ricitised. Eichly irre,ular grains of padrillo t=i=r.:d =icro-s .clino cro c:cttered thro:ch the ro:k. U s of the gyp ca plate fails to .-Fl ch a c:7 preferred cr/stelic;;rc; hic crientstica of fcicie cinerc1s.

2 Stubby, Ifght sca to licht Erces picochroic biotite 1 ths, irr~;;ul: :

~ ~* v j bichs ci c leite, nr.d sathedral and r_tMaral epidota cinart.'.is are ~ 3. l 1, { c, i ~ . e 7 ~ -r c . c,. 7' 3y p, ;. s ., g = ~

g > : v, l '.. -,

J. -. ~.. or +' - .~3_, ~ + ~ ~ ~ ~ n- -' -- ~ '* ~~ ' :a p: *. ' I - ~3 -7. _ x, w...

f~ o-t s ..._. a 1...

9....

l'....l.-.. ... C,.. 3e .c, 3 c.,,,, 1,,.....L C o ...9 p. 4 C 1..... 3 C 3,...,,,..e...,'.t..,4.,,.. t,e C,....C [*%. 1 C.:..itC7) 3 i 6.- g .r..,.... ...-.... m.,., c.,., ' d e,,' ~ ' n s. c.* c..h - ' 3 cro c-.*.1c.2 3 c... ..*.*.'.e d t.... a c.C a c ,e e e ~O.:ro is r.3 ct!.C:n:a of trencheric; alterationo, no her.,ry c :h':1:::"cn of cena plc.Socices :cy ticshca tho rc:k. .t e e l 6 e . e D 4 t f e _g \\ l j a. i .\\,. 9 I I .b* 's,~ 6. ,,4 e b 4 PL g . 8 - 9 ,Y," I '. 4 O ( a- ^ 9 I

- .A

-e, N rs..m ....*/. .f,- k b" g

s

? 1 '.4 4' n g-r . ; fB. b1 g s.y. k', )- gm

., <P ; a, y -

4 ,8-9 4 J P, b 1 I r,'..- r + e< S [- 2 ..:' t ' .. s' C.1 (. . J .," q,)7.,: '.,,k

. -s 8

k g YS4 j-.g .., a g.Q DJ,#* i 'Ft. .,. ~ - .A.,,.. 4 ...r *

4

.s,, -..., m m es y ? 1 '-' a.(;f. - ! i .'.' Q .s 3;. l:. >~ s .. *....W t.e, d.'i -:..o o 8** . 4*,,,.

-f %.s - m

+ g, g e

- r.* -.

,~ < a r r-.,,. g +.q 3, --.rmg). s~. 4 'g M-p -,.u ( p ~ ~'* ~ --~~--.- d ~ ~,

m., w s,,, /,

<.--..a*

-i ~... C. _,., /% &

J_, .-% _ m.s.

r 9 3 7,..,, } E rina T-23, D.5 hat .'I I'1 ;ic:Ic -q:::::.Q1dete-tictico C::1:3 ) ,f .a - i. l - 1*t~--nin. r. r.~re-w ~3 t y n-.- - n m e n (t m a i F10 ;?o:10:2(nd::in) (<5 1.5 i R/.=ts 50 1.5 Eictito 3 1.0 Epidoto (a c110:1:c1) 2 0.3 ,S.j Op: quo min 2:r:Is (:utilo C traso 0.3 11 :nitc7) Cug= tite?) rircon t=co 0.02 ? t - tit::cvito t=co 0.. S -- 9 4 4y Cphens treco 1.0 7z 7* 1:1croclina trc:a 1.0 .Cha rc h cc::icts of a cocaic of pic3 ock:o cad qu rt: with trailo y,. 3 1 cf lepid.3ble::ic bioti o cad c:cessaries. .m ; a i Q:::t= to hichly f:=tured c a otrain2d in Crsins tendica to bc sic:ce:cd (to 2:1) with cacoth to cerratn bocad=iss. l'1:3tcelass is N,l[ polytyn:h:tically c: tint.c4 in irregul r, well-cic:ved grains with ickte . J_ j ,j to c=:vr:d to::d=1::. C =s f.we kut twin 1=c11se; cecy are poi'411oblectics c::t c e c===1:iti::4. Coco s:yr=hita is prc: ant. L'Iczeclins is in rero, .l Jb'

.c -^111s tv""--5, irrc;uler grat s.

cas of a gypsu: 712:a f 11s to show 4 .:r -..?-( a 'lc:,/ p=ferred cry::alle;=; hic cric=tstion oC falsic sitarnis, but suV ^; ' 5.t..i ~,, -,.,, -,t ' p:r:11:1 c11:==== cf cle:-ated grains is fairly cood. n?ct -Carl brc.:n'to lia.ht tsa plee:hroic biotit.c is in re ;;;ca 10ths s'aich _.:'l:9- ) n y'$ . C i:r 'in trails pr:11c1 to t:a falsic cli mcat. Cuthedral epidcto, t, ~

t.

p ..z 4 '( f,,, ~ .<t .,,g y ..r;. o s ,,s A T***$P %6'O- ...... n m u. ~ ~-. -..-e n. -L p.;_ g; 3-3 t 9" .~

e g *,7 ~ e.., /,*, e 7-.. 7,......3....,,_3g.,,,,.C..._..,, L,.,,,.,.., g g,,.,.,,.,.,..,..,.,.,,., 3. t,o,,,r, g t.e.. *, . c,.. ..a.__...

s., (.. o. i ly 11._...e to. p/e

.,le) e, .s cro ce re: :: ~ :.ith L. cridet.~.'c:d erh:nc. IS,cotico (7) is in c,.,.......s.s.s ~~~~. -- C.a r.... -~- ** 1:/::;75:J' in dra rg 3 3.:::: of Ictho, centcc:cd cad unor!:ated. Tiny :!:::n, cra c::::c::d caa in c.:ny cases occus' as poikiloblasta in ts ~,,s..,. L:s c;p: cat weatherin3 cifcets vece obwc:d. I g + i s 6 I f N (< 6 . ~. 1 e ~ e ' {. l p e e e - - :( '. ~. s L g.. = ~ J = _ ~, ~. ~ ='.. .-s ,',t r t_ s 1

^ n 5 ?.'..

-~, ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~. - e ' ' #p*'f ;_',.I,'_m k a ** W - *-,- '.. a +-- 3 ~ _,,, _, _ _,... - ~ ~

f..m.v - :

k' l a .t::ir.a:-1,4btact i, i t Hiere: lina-qc:t -::Ica C.tcics l r *' t. a r..1 n E. nreente-n : /nor-c.etfn-(g 6 I I'ic:cclina 50 0.5 I R.:crts 45 0.5 f l.'a:covito 2 1 X 0.3 ' tiotito 1 0.4 I 0.1 O ricciocicso treco 0.3 \\a Cern:t traco . 0.3. N t /.petito trece 0.003 i N 1-t'. 0:ctito (1) trcco 0.3 g Q

C1cy, 1

Cub:!cro:cepic The rock con:icts of c ce.::ple:: co::1c cf Sandrills t.ti:ned clero-clino c::d strained gaerts. Crain boumi:rics cro intericchies esa rence ~ frc:2 s::coth to cutured. Quarte ran;ca frca suhiero:cor.ic to cbout o 1 s::s; niercelino frca sahdcro::opic to sScut 4 cm. About 40 percent of o the crains are alca',ated (2:1), c=d chcw cubpers11:1 clig-t. Tc1cic minercis show no preferred crystallosr:; hic cricatstica with ces of a gype.ca piste. So=a sy=picctites are present. i I t*==:cvita leths cr= costly ecsfined to lon3 pars 11c1 trains. I's ;nstit: is usucily to:ociated with these es thin strc ks (1 css th:2 0.1 ca thict:), 'j but cIso occurs as irrotar scattered crsina. .ratic b:cun to 11aht t:a pt:schroic bio:ita is in accttcrcJ tilu Icths ' per:1191 to the suscovite, c.4 in unorier.t-A tere:uler fiches. x.- x: h . x_ 0-9 er 7. ~,' a e { t b ~, _ [ _]- b

- % " v ~ /

. - ^ - (.._. +- L ^ ' -e

( i ..~.........n.>. ( - 3 g r.."j c.~.,'~*. ~. c.' c.^.'..'.'. a c.~. ~. l c. ~..... g.....,.. , c......

9.. 7.'.......-

....,.1... a c -..~. a c,, c. ' 1, p ~. ~..,m..* '.. '..'..*.. - 1 .n..,,-...........,a )..p..... c.a .o. .... ~.. . s.... ~. .. ent.: o re a r.- y pica r.. r ptchesTIIIed with cicy (prohbly. fond . n. t.,r r_- '.. "..*..., c.'. r 'n..' - ' - -). '.. *.. d..itas,e..a.ia..z cY..r tiny... '.t.o c0 chy dr.:= C=0 l'iotite leths che.t incipint nitorctics to cicy C.1CONO.10e. e I t. = g k" -l l i . 6 .S p g I .'s t ) t l - 1 1 e. 4 O. .l t g r r. ....t l 1 I g I 0 g .p 1 .e + +

7...%

"9.4 g

T...'

b ..;I s } h .,s .= / p N, 4.. .s 'a, .t ,y' ',-s. ,s ,./* ~ ~. ') s

6' I

GO *' -s s s - g e g ar-k g 4 g, y w i ..h-. 4 J = . g. 1

..' - _a c

< +,. *. ' ~ ,4 ... 4.,. r 3,tf., *j,.,.".- 4,. e a.

g..

m ' ~. ',*.* C l L *2. ' 1., * #s ~~ ^',\\j*Y ~ *,- *. .s~+ ,2 *, 1 e q ..e_ -~.-n., i i

s.

fi s , m.e,,, f..j a~ m - w w a, 4 ,., w w w A. n,J, __. i 4 - * ~ wT,%..,._ * .b,.*s

j..-

s ._.m _ es.. am -,, w,. ~%.--~,,%,. m_.,m

V e ) w_ a

In 3-D, 03 f':::

i ~ I*h rs12 $-(c.r : C!c d::les [. e Per--.tn-m f.r.--s shM4 ~ s' "--- 4 50 0.6 err:: I 110r::152 30 0,7 & 9 l 0.2 Cp1(Oto 6 clinozoicito trceo Ciotit'o 4 0.4 X 0.1 th::~;;to 1 0.4 % 0.3' D 3 1.0 c,' e C;h::: c cco l it O :g:: e.iner:1 trees 0.2 q (:::.2 r. cc:titet) 3 0.3 C::1 cite treco g ,. Ple::Icelcca 12 0.6 trace 0.005 /.7::Ito traco 0.005 ~ Zircons 3 Chlorito 1 1.0 ~ 3 ';'as rock is cc ;o::d of a co=p ex cosa e of elengetod (to 5:1), l i i . ctrater.4 g::rt=, ge frille tvinced microclico, sad twics=d plcsiccinsa, 'r t:Ith 1cr,a c.:~, a of c.icroclito averey,ing alxrat 9 cm. The gn=rts ar.d Felsic ccay cf the feld:psr gr ins sScw a scod gerallel slic: cent. 7) grains tend to tra irrc alcr with lobsto to outured hm'-ies. Use of De a gypsea picta f=11s to dtow a:r/ preferred crysta11c;raphic oricatation. ,w [,, c;;glectices r.ro fairly ccecos. . Ec k brata to li,ht tea ple-brote laths of bietite c:S gre:2 t chierito laths shw c11:st.tast. Mrsil:1 to the felsic mircrats. 4. -s. 7 ~, a-O e k i ,d q I I. ~, '. ',N +' . f.' F**-=."e+,%..% "#~ , er s%4 soa O 6. b M 9W t O% p, g g d - - a-a w-z-- -. r.

e f...., 7., e....*....,. (. 3 cu... (g.s. c *. u. s jg i.,.., g,y. g,*,. o m. o,._.a. n.. ) g,.......,.. ,, (,.. g. m...,,...) j...c. ,.o. &,.,. u.. 3 c:,... - c......,~..,.. r.,3 t:.t -,....., -.......J L. 1 L o C,.. :i is.r.:s c...,a.. a.. n o,,: c..,......, ...... 2 t... (, y, (.. s.,...L.....). 1 e.,.,.t.c c..c.... f r.,.. .n 1y ca. s.. 4 g.. ~ -.g .g.... c, .. v...,...~, C.*.. L+..- t o... o c~- ~.~.c c d cad t ~ ~ - c a ' ...... ~.. t 'C=s in li't16 ci; a c2 uct.::terire c1tcratica. h I 4 A' q t -t r e y

9

,I . k s g ? y ? l' 5 l 9 g g, ' gash' = n 1 4, I e e ,/ 5 4 - 4 \\ I + i ' e 4 . 6 e asi-

y w

7 4 ? 7 d -ega & ^ e

Y g

9 me f-- $e -*1,~ ( et 1 4 1

r...

.A ~. a, ~ 6 g, t a. . - rU

ji.

4 y,- 85-4 '_al b b g

.ts p-

.~y'.' e 9, y a s. e

e O

,,(.,* b 5

I g,,

9fe uP e n f g .a ..g 'g , y*,. 'I % .5 M .5 & . p't J_ ) y .s ^- s 4' g* g . ~ -... ~. 'L e. ++a a '.2 L,. A a, .,s., .a

p. -

0,,.. .i.-~.. t -g _._.+-2 - + dM.h ~.... ' 1 I g.y@ e ? N' E M 'W ' " - - - - " ~ " ' ' ' " ~ ~ ~~ ,gg

1 I . ~,. - i w-l I 5:*.;J-13,17.irf:ct r l c::::-:'le-icci = :ilereciina n:es onotes f l LL'r';;h [:t. P"remte m b pre,,e ntem c-n C ::::. 45 O.6 Pl:,iedic::(clic.) 23 0.6 ' ]i !!icre:line 20 1.5 e !!.t:ecvito 5 1.0 Dictice trece 0.2 1:n*;nctito 2-2.0 Caract treco 0.5 Oc re:k h o a phecoidal texturo c.nd could be called a Flaser L Cnci::, c: tr/lcaico gneiss. It cen:icts of a grouru'=r.ss of elon,ated (to 7:1) quarts, picciocic:c, c:d tiere: Lins cre.ina all evera;ics about 0.6 an in size, but ren;Las Cres cut ~icroscopid to about 1 : 2 Sc=a of the ple;1oclass sWas

i polycynthetic tvinnin and : nest of the nicrocline is quadrills tvinned.

1:ost grr. ins of quert: cru otrained. The typical fcleic grein is croid in cheps. no grcius of all threo feloie sdnerals show a vc11 developed par:11clica. U:s of c C7Pm:8 Plate icils to show ccy profer:cd cryct:11c;re; hie crica:stica. th:tcvito is in long thin laths (2 I 0.1 s1, generally to.;nded 1-ca cae cida by a this stres*c of ce;;;netite. D e as notite streaks s :a ~ i ticut felcic crates, cad probably represent slip planza alott which cuccovita srsv. na cu :avit:-:es:utito orie..tstions are para 11c1 to the ' f:1:le cli;==::t.

I

, a. ~. m s: * ~ i J O J 4 t * -:O 7 s .= ~. <~ g g, ,.,-f -a4-i*

Mh a W s ' M" Y **

e I^

g .-.,.r.. 6 a N:1 .M, f.3 f. : I'v.'J.:W * ~- -11:.2-?. :::: C.wi s I r L"_..~.'.. .r t. ?_c..,e r n.:.~e,. L.. 3.-~, ri_w It.m m 60 - 0.5 6 3.0 I'1 :::'.in, 39 0.3 R.:-:::: 0.2 traco tio:lta 0.2 trcco Ple;1o:in:o 0.03 treco t.;.tito 0.04 trece Cf. :: 0.04 trees C;1C :e G clico:oicito 0.02 treca i 01:: a 1 Cu'_icrc:cepic l CI:7 Thic ic en cr.treecly vesvaered cpecir.:n in which cuch of tt:0 cef: ceter:c1 t*:n Ic tfa pvcpsrctica, Icevic,,, Ic:::e voido s'aich prctdly cen-cein:d c1cy. l ';to roet con:icts of a ec; pics Crceob1sstic co: Lc of fcleic c?ns::1o vich sccetered, c oriented biotico c 4 cecc : cries. R crtz is in strei=d grcins censic:: fres sute.icrc:ccpic to clout They are cecerally cfold end be.x.dcrics are u:.:c11y c:coth. 1 c:2. c.c.f.:111o t.tiened clercelica is in irrc:ulce crains intericched with b p.::c. C=2 syrpiectites cro present. Ple:ie:1 :a in in rcro, cric=cd, irrey.rict crcica. The fclaic cinercia st ow r.o preferred cryctclic.,rc; hic f, cEicate:ias with us2 of a cypsss pisto. l' Ccrk breva to light b-am -1.: chefe bietita ic fr. re: tered, j' C.*ts: cec 2:cc ric t c re 1 irre;;cler fisico c.d pcosly f::M 1.r.'.s. e c::ttered cad uncriested. c _

1. 2.1,.. (.' - -

j

"-w f

p.. e, ~ ,m sm-s -s -.e.- aces. 'w y o ww.. y g ~. * ,_ns_ . - _ x. ---..._ i A m,..-~. w

1 P" r - e t ,..s* g-......,r.*, e,,A y. s.n..o o-..n. (.. _.. n.. 7..,. .._n ....... s .s. s e,......- 4.,.., . _.,. 3 %.,.. 1. .C. ete,,1 C1,/, 4. .e s l..C ,..3e ....w g I e l t t e e O e 5 r I i I f 5 94 e 9 . V 4 . y g I S b e 4 "F e4 ~ [ d I e i e ~ k j e 4e. + w A I = d 6 ? B e e. re w B e P-w-m.. .n. N .__ a, .,,,.."g =~ - ~~..* f A ~u - - [_ 3. .._ :l '.1 e n -- w " - ~ >}}

ML19308B277

Text

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