ML19354C285

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Possible Geologic/Seismicity Relationships in Vicinity of Facility from Available Data & Repts. Oversize Maps Encl
ML19354C285
Person / Time
Site: Oconee  Duke Energy icon.png
Issue date: 02/28/1978
From: Fogle G, Long L, White R
LAW ENGINEERING TESTING CO.
To:
References
NUDOCS 7911280649
Download: ML19354C285 (25)
v • d • e


Text

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m %s A*e 3 [ t ~r -s / LAW ENGINEERING TESTING COMPANY t -- t . e. e., ve,.ec%...w a ed C biructron a ve. es 2749 DE L K HOAD. S.E. / r.1 Ah!LTT A, GEORGI A 30u67 (404i vu2 9303 February 28,1978 1 Mr. R. S. Bhatnagar l Civil Environmental Division Duke Power Company P. O. Box 2173 Charlotte, N. C. 28242

Dear Mr. Bhatnagar:

As you requested in a meeting on January 19 in Columbia, Law Engineering has prepared a summary report entitled Possible Geologic / Seismicity Relationships From Available Data And Reports. t l Very truly yours, LAW ENGINEERING TESTING COMPANY .C Amy Dr. L. T. Long i Consultant i 7Y M $ R. M. White Senior Geological Engineer [ u v G. H. Fogle Chief Geologist 4

r REPORT 1 TO ~ DUKE POWER COMPANY f POSSIBLE GEOLOGIC / SEISMICITY RELATIONSHIPS I IN THE VICINITY OF OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION [ FROM AVAILABLE DATA AND REPORTS -w N I L BY LAW ENGINEERING TESTING COMPANY iL FEBRUARY 1978 m

l.0

SUMMARY

OF THE SOURCES OF GEOLOGIC AND SEISMIC INFORMATION MOST PERTINENT TO THE OCONEE NUCLEAR STATION AREA This section summarizes the sources of the geologic and seismic information most r pertinent to the Oconee Nuclear Station area. 1.1 Key Geologists and Seismologists interviewed for this study: In order to access al! pertinent geologic data for this region, the following individuals were contacted: Norman K-Olson; State Geologist of South Carolina Dr. Villard S. Griffin; Geologist at Clemson University Dr. Robert D. Hatcher; Geologist at Clemson University l Dr. J. Robert Butler; Geologist at the University of North Carolina . f Dr. Lynn Glover; Geologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute Dr. Gilbert A. Bollinger; Seismologist at Virginia Polytechnic Institute Dr. Pradeep Taiwani; Seismologist at the University of South Carolina I USGS personnel, Reston Virginia. 1 This report represents the authors opinions and not necessarily the opinions of the. above individuals interviewed. The following report sections,1.2 and 1.3, discuss the most pertinent information obtained. 1.2 Local Geology and Crustal Geophysics: The most current geologic mapping of the site area is by Villard Griffin and Robert Hatcher. Griffin's mapping of the Old Pickens quadrangle (Grif fin,1973)is the most current mapping available. The South Carolina state gravity map (Talwani, Long, and Bridges,1975) includes the site area but the density of data points in Oconee and Pickens counties limits the value of their survey to this project. An airborne magnetic survey has been flown covering Oconee and Pickens counties as well as other segments of the Piedmont and will be available on open file from the USGS in June 1978. No deep refraction or reflection m oT p , gg p . (TM ". r A. m - +- x e AA'

seismic work has been carried out in the site area. No crustal electrical. surveys in the site area are known. r' i 1.3 Local Seismicity: The seismic history of the site vicinity is available from Law Engineering seismicity files, from the herein reported results of the portable seismic i network of Professor Talwani of the University of South Carolina, and from published f~ { accounts of the teinnic activity in South Carolina by Bollinger and Long. em. ~~ t =am e f es. L. k .s e I-f L. m f Ls ~;.8\\,. A . ron -,.

T 2.0

SUMMARY

OF PIEDMONT EARTHOUAKE MECHANISMS ~ In the eastern part of the United States and in particular the Southern Piedmont Province the historic seismicity is low and earthquakes cannot be related to active plate boundaries. Also, no evidence of tectonic surface ruptures related to historic or Holocene earthquakes has been found. Hence the ultimate cause for tha eastern United States earthquakes has not been established, and all realistic tectonic hypotheses need to be discussed. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to cover all possible tectonic mechanisms. Hopefully the following summary will include pertinent hypotheses which J may be used in a rational assessment of the earthquake activity near Oconee Nuclear Station. s P 2.1 Movement Within Existine Fault Zones: Because of the extensive research on tt 3 i San Andreas fault zone and the California based training of many seismologists, attempts have been made to associate earthquakes in the eastern part of the United States with f ( the well known and extensive shear zones apparent on many geological and geophysical maps. Most of these are Paleozoic in age and show no signs of recent movement. Their origin is often controversial and many exhibit multiple pericds of movement. Full evaluation of their extent has often been hindered by geologic mapping difficulties and t their camouflage m some areas by Coastal Plain sediments. Most recently this concept [ of recurrent movement has been expounded by Professor Taiwani, and his coworkers at m the University of South Carolina (Scheffler and Talwani,1975). However, the seismic i evidence for this is questionable in that many earthquake locations are not of sufficient quality to associate events with any given fault, conclusive focal mechanisms are lacking, and a precise alignment of epicenters along these fe2tures has not been conclusively observed. 2.2 Seismic Zones: Without specifying the causative earthquake mechanism, authors [ (Wollard,1953 and Bollinger, 1973) have described trends in epicentrial distribution. m 3

1l Their work indicates that seismicity is not random, but their work does not allow specification of causative structure. i 2.3 Landward Extensions of Oceanic Structure Zones: Sbar and Sykes (1973) and ~ Fletcher (et al., 1972) considered the possibility that structures related to the ^ development of a major transform fracture of the Atlantic ridge extend inland across 9 South Carolina. They suggested that the seismicity is localized along pre-existing faults or old tectonic trends. While there may exist a common cause in the upper mantle for r seismicity and the location of the transform fault, there exists no definitive geologic evidence that the transform fault or related fractures extend across South Carolina. s 2.4 Uolif t and Isostatic Adjustment: Bollinger (1973) has noted a possible association between earthquakes and regional uplift. He speculates that the earthquakes may result f' from interaction of strain produced by uplift and old Appalachian geologic structures. Ervin and McGinnis (1975) suggested that in the midwest U.S. the current seismicity is caused by continued isostatic adjustme.n in part of a late Precambrian rift that was reactivated in late Mesozoic time. A similar mechanism could possibly explain the existence of tensional stress in the crust of the Piedmont Province which could lead to an [ earthquake. However, the exact location or extent of causative faulting cannot be [ evaluated. I 2.5 Mafic Intrusions and Earthcuakes: A number of authors (Long,1976, and McKeown, 1973, for summaries) have noted the spatial association of earthquakes with mafic intrusions. This is perhaps the only confirmed association of earthquakes with geologic structures in the eastern United States. However, the association with mafic structures does not specify the earthquake mechanism. it is not yet known whether a significant mafic structure exists near Oconee Nuclear i Station, nor whether mafic units are directly related to earthquakes in the Piedmont Province. f

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2.6 Stress Amolification: Local stress concentration and stress amplification occur when an inhomogeneous medium is subjected to stress. These co.itions can explain why earthquakes are concentrated near mafic intrusives. In these concepts a more rigid material affects the stress distribution in and around the rigid material such that 100% increases in stress can occur. The geometry of the structure is important and may be V" I used to interpret where the earthquakes might occur. t 2.7 Movement on Shallow Joints: The possibility of earthquakes originating in the Piedmont Province resulting from movements on shallow joints or multiple joint sets is t given by Long (1976). Near surface joints and fractures are generated or weakened by groundwater penetration or weathering, thus allowing localized releases of stress. Such localized zones of earthquake activity would be susceptible to reservoir induced triggering of earthquakes. i m m 1 en. 5

3.0 IMPLICATIONS OF AVAILABLE GEOLOGIC AND SEISMICITY INFORMATION 3.1 Geologic Information: The Oconee Nuclear Station is located within the Inner Piedmont Eelt of the Piedmont Geologic Province. The Inner Piedmont Belt is separable into several northeast striking zones as shown by Figure 1. Oconee Nuclear Station is within the Walhalla Nappe (Griffin,1973). -.I The rocks of the Walhalla Nappe consist primarily of amphibole gneiss, granitold gneiss, biotite gneiss, and quartzite. Figure 2, a geologic map of northwest South Carolina with a cross section, shows the distribution of rock types and overall geologic structure of the region surrounding the site. Figures 3 and 4, a geologic map and cross ,l sections of The Old Pickens quadrangle, are the most detailed and current geologic l, ~ mapping of the area surrounding the site (Griffin,1973). Recumbent folds occur repeatedly both in large and small scale. Secondary antiforms and synforms of low amplitude are superimposed on the recumbent folds. R l Figure 4, cross section B-B', illustrates the folded nature of the rocks in the area of the site. Figure 5 is a lower hemisphere stereographic plot of foliation poles measured f within Walhalla Nappe. Foliation tends to strike nearly north-south and dip at a low I angle to the east with considerable variation. l Thrust faults border the Walhalla Nappe to the northwest and southeast. These e thrusts are called t :ctonic slides which means they were formed in close connection with ~ folding and do not contain breccia, mylonite, or slickensides. These features developed during the plastic deformation of the region and are currently neither active nor capable. .I i t Normal faults with small displacements (one to several feet) have been noted in the site area by Griffin (1973). These faults show well developed slickensides. Griffin believes that these faults may represent joints along which adjustments were made e during late uplift of the region. Similar small f aults were mapped in the Lake Jocassee area (Fogle, et al.,1976). 6

~ Studies of jointing in the area of the site have idensified four icint se8s (Griffin o i 1973). Figure 6 is a lower hemisphere stereographic plot of the poles of the joints measured. The joint sets inferred are: Set 1 N 45 E 58 NW Set 2 N 36 W 75 SW Set 3 N 35 E Vertical Set 4 N 85 E Vertical. r i ( The mechanism described in Section 2.7 (Movement on Shallow Joints) may explain the recent events near Oconee Nuclear Station. Site specific evidence favoring this explanation exists; namely, a composite fault plane solution performed on the recorded local earthquakes by Professor Talwani (Talwani,' et. al.,1973) corresponds to joint set 3,

1. e_., N.E. strike, vertical dip. The small normal faults noted by Griffin appear to him to be activated joints further favoring the jointing theory.

r ~

3.2 Seismicity

Figure 7 shows the historic distribution of earthquakes in the southeastern United States. It can be seen from the figure that historically the area surrounding the site has been seismically active. Figure 3 shows the locations of historic earthquakes within 60 miles of Lake Jocassee prior to 1973 with intensities equal to or greater than 111 MM. Lake Jocassee is eleven miles north of Oconee Nuclear Station. [ This figure includes the July 13,1971 " Seneca" event which probably occurred near the i Oconee Nuclear Station (Sowers and Fogle,1978). The magnitude of this event was about Mbse = 4. Professor Talwani of the University of South Carolina has compared the location and time of the 1971 earthquake with the filling history of the nearby Keowee reservoir and suggested that the event may have been triggered by the reservoir filling. 4 Since the 1971 " Seneca" earthquake, many small earthquakes have occurred in the area s'arrounding the site. Table 1 is a compilation of known local earthquake activity. it should be noted that the threshold of perception of earthquakes has increased in the site area with time, because a microcarthquake network was installed at Lake Jocassee,

s eleven miles north, then later in the site area itself.

7

Table I shows that there have bxn at least two carthquaka swarms in the sito area, June 22 - July 22,1976, with'eight events over a magnitude of I and an unknown number of events with magnitudes less than 1, and December 29,1977 to present with hundreds of events, mostly of magnitude near 0 with a few magnitudes around 2. The first swarm had no earthquakes large enough to be felt by humans (approximately magnitude 2) and r therefore any number of similar swarms could have occurred prior to November 16,1975 when the Jccassee microearthquake network was installed. Prior to installe+ ion of the University of South Carolina network near High Falls Church, the location of individual events was very approximate. After the network was installed, earthquakes could be accurately located and the swarm of December 29, 1977 t l to present can be described in detail. Figure 9 shows the locations of earthquakes which were large enough to allow locations to be calculated. Figure 10 shows the distribution of these earthquakes with depth. The fact that the largest earthquake measured was also the first suggests the possibility that the remainder of the earthquakes represent a long and intermittent aftershock series, i l

== Conclusion:== The previous chapter outlined possible causes for Piedmont earthquakes f and this chapter has reviewed pertinent geologic and seismic data with regard to the mechanisms of the earthquakes which have occurred in the vicinity of High Falls Church i since 1971. We conclude that geologic evidence favors the hypothesis of movement along existing joint sets with reservoir filling as a possible triggering agent. The temporal pattern of the earthquakes suggests that the recent earthquakes might be related to a delayed aftershock mechanism tectonically associated with the July 13,1971 " Seneca" earthquake. s b y M S

REFERENCES Griffin, V. S., Geology of the Old Pickens Quadrangle South Carolina, South Carolina Division of Geology, MS-IS,1973. [ Taiwani, P., Long, L. T., Bridges, S. R., Simple Bouguer Anomaly Map of South Carolina, South Carolina Division of Geology, MS-21,1975. Scheffler, P., and Talwani, P., Recent Earthquakes in the South Carolina Piedmont (abstract) G.S. A. Southeastern Sec. Vol. 7 #4, Feb.1975. Wollard, G. P., Areas of Tectonic Activity in the United States as Indicated by Earthquake Epicenters: Am. Geophys. Union Trans. V. 39 No. 6,1958. Bollinger, G. A., Seismicity of the Southeastern United States, BSSA Vol. 63,1973. i Sbar, M. L., and Sykes, L. R., Contempory Compressive Stress and Seismicity in Eastern North America: An Example of Intra-Plate Tectonia, GSA Bull. Vol 48,1973. Fletcher, P. J., Sbar, M. L., and Sykes, L. R., Tectonic Implications of P-Travel Time Residuals of the Cannikin Explosion Observed in Northeastern United States GSA i Abstracts with Programs V. 4 No. 3. Ervin, C. P. and McGinnis, L. D., Reelfoot Rift - Reactivated Precursor to the Mississippi Embayment, GSA Bull. Vol. 86,1975. Long, L. T., Maximum " Induced" Earthquake, Clark Hill Reservoir Area, Report prepared for the U. S. army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District,1976. l McKeown, F. A., Hypothesis: Many Earthquakes in the Central and Southeastern United States are Causally Related to Mafic Intrusive Bodies, Jour. Research U. S. Geol. t Survey Vol. 6 No.1,1978. d. Fogle, G. H., White, R. M., Benson, A. F., Long, L. T., and Sowers, G. F., Reservoir Induced Seismicity at Lake Jocassee, Northwestern South Carolina, Law Engineering 1 Testing Company Technical Paper,1976. )

Taiwani, P., Stevenson, D., Amick, D. C. and Duc, C., Report on the Preliminary

~ Investigation of Seismicity Near Lake Keowee, Oconee County, South Carolina, December 30,1977 - January 15,1973, Duke Power Company,1973. Bollinger, G. A., A Catalog of Southeastern United States Earthquakes,1754 through 1974, f Research Bulletin 101, Department of Geological Sciences, VPI,1975. L Sowers, G. F. and Fogle, G. H., Seneca, South Carolina Earthquake, July 13,1971, in publication,1973. w w am 9

1 TABLE 1 ( Seismicity of the Oconee N.S. Area

  • I Number Threshold of Perception Date Time Magnitude of Events in Magnitude

, July 13, 1971 4 1 2 (based on threshold of human perception) [ hr t Nov. 16, 1975 1 (Jocassee Not Ihstalled 11 Miles Away) June 22, 1976 06:36:29 1.64 1 . July 5 23:02:08 1.64 1 July 11 01:17:15 1.18 1 July 14 01:00:00 1.65 1 i 12:15:00 1.74 1 _ July 17 01:49:00 1.06 1 - July 20 23:51:00 1.06 1 July 22 15:00:00 1.32 1 ~Sopt 16 19:55:00 1.44 1 Aor. 4, 1977 10:28:08 1.54 1 '/ 7 15 22:08:47 .01 1 Less than 0 (Keowee J 12 06:21:03 .01 1 Network Installed) Dec. 17 23:37:04 .01 1 Dec. 29 2 Dec. 30 1 Dec. 31 28 l Jan. 1, 1978 16 i Jan. 2 38 Jan. 3 162 i Jan. 4 1.70 (max.) 109 Jan. 5 1.70 94 -Jan. 6 2.00 209 Jan. 7 2.00 179 J'a n. 8 .01 40 _Jan. 9 .10 9 Jan. 10 .20 55 Jan. 11 .60 37 L Jan. 12 12 Jan. 13 13 l Jan. 14 4 L Jan. 15 10 -Jan. 16 45 Jan. 17 1.44 (max.) 50 Jcn. 18 0 11 'iJan. 19 0 5 20 0 1 .t. 21 0 2 ,'c This data is from Law Engineering seismicity files from Talwani et al., 1978, and from Duke Power Company y

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S a-** [* E.RCloytan.L.L. Acker,FO Bryont as.t. wood u D e l':" g3.co-t 4, O "O o. r4 E-D m E g W o lh o ll o nappe Six M il e noppe t 2 t' a [. .t c2 C3 Z ~ ~ N sin c _ O_.s e _,, s s. ..-.>.--c,, s i A -- _ L - -;;.p n'm=:sp'..-*.-.m' 9. v W c..' _,. ~, ~> A-I- o A g, f. $,?fN,b!!f.h'.5', I 5;.<,'. ,' M' '.# .q. %d I s.....s g q.. s. a., 7 /. ~. s s FIGURE 2. Geologic map of a major portion of northwest Sout a Carolina and a geologic cross section. Taken from Griffin # V. S., G.S.A. Bu'.l., Vol. 85, No. 7, 1914

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~ 55' 57'30" I SEISMICITY NEAR l.AK E KEOWEE

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