ML20094D170
| ML20094D170 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Catawba  |
| Issue date: | 06/30/1984 |
| From: | Jansen R, Tuley C WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, DIV OF CBS CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19273A428 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8408080284 | |
| Download: ML20094D170 (71) | |
Text
.
(WESTINGHOUS 6 CLASS 3)
WESTINGHOUSE SETPOINT METHODOLOGY FOR PROTECTION SYSTEMS CATAWBA STATION June, 1984 R. L. Jansen C. R. Tuley The attached document can be released to the public. It does not contain any proprietary information per Mr. Bruce Lorenz from Westinghot se Electric, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
This document contains information proprietary to Westinghouse Electric Corporation; it is submitted in confidence and is to be used solely for the purpoce for which it is furnished and returned upon request. This document and such information is not to be reproduced, transmitted, disclosed or used otherwise in whole or in part without authorization of Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Nuclear Energy Systems.
WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC Nuclear Energy Systems P. O. Box 355 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 Copyright by Westinghouse Electric 1984, O All Rights Reserved 8408080284 840730 PDR ADOCK 05000413 E PDR evvrraaser.vv.rm
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPMETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE OF CONTENTS S.ec t l_qn, T_i t11 Pg,qe,
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1 -1 2.0 COMBINATION OF ERROR COMPONENTS 2-1 2.1 Methodology 2-1 2.2 Sensor Allowances 2-3 2.3 Rack Allowances 2-4 2.4 Process Allowances 2-6 3.0 PROTECTION SYSTEMS.SETPOINT METHODOLOGY 3-1 3.1 Margin Calculation 3-1 3.2 Definitions for Protection System 3-1 Setpoint Tolerances 3.3 Statistical Methodology conclusfon 3-6 4.0 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION USAGE 4-1 4.1 Current Use 4-1 4.2 Westinghouse Statistical Setpoint 4-2 Methodology for STS Setpoints 4.2.1 Rack Allowance 4-2 4.2.2 Inclusion of "As Measured" 4-3 Sensor Allowance 4.2.3 Implementation of the 4-4 Westinghouse Setpoint Methodology 4.3 Conclusion 4-8 Appendix A SAMPLE CATAW8A SETPOINT TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS A-1 1
1
. 11 l
\
66490:10/060884 J
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
LIST OF TABLES l
TgjL.3 Title Page 3-1 Power Range, Neutron Flux-High and Low Setpoints 3-7 3-2 Power Range, Neutron Flux-High Positive Rate and 3-8 High Negative Rate 3-3 Intermediate Range, Neutron Flux 3-9 3-4 Source Range, Neutron Flux 3-10 3-5 Overtemperature AT 3-11 3-6 Overpower AT 3-13 3-7 Pressurizer Pressure - Low and High, Reactor Trips 3-15 3-8 Pressurizer Water Level - High 3-16 3-9 Loss of Flow 3-17 3-10 Steam Generator Water Level - Low-Low 3-18 3-11 Containment Pressure - High, High-High, 3-19 3-12 T, g - Low, Feedwater Isolation 3-20 l
3-13 Pressurizer Pressure - Low, Safety Injection 3-21 3-14 Steamline Pressure - Low 3-22 3-15 Negative Steamline Pressure Rate - High 3-23 3-16 Steam Generator Water Level - High-High 3-24 3-17 Overtemperatu.e AT Gain Calculations 3-25 3-18 Overpo:cr AT Gain Calculations 3-27 3-19 Steam Generator Level Density Variations 3-29 3-20 AP Measurements Expressed in Flow Units 3-30 4-1 Examples of Current STS Setpoints Philosophy 4-9 4-2 Examples of Westinghouse STS Rack Allowance 4-9 4-3 Westinghouse Protection System STS Setpoint Inputs 4-12 Ill 66490: 10/060884 , _ , __ _ _ _ _ _ ___, ,___ _ _ _ _ _
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fiaure Tith P,a_gg, 4 NUREG-0452 Rev. 4 Setpoint Error 4-10 Breakdown 2 Westinghouse STS Setpoint Error 4-11 Breakdown i
I IV l
r
!- 66490:10/060884 . _ . . _ _ . _ _ - - . _ . . . _ . _ - - - _ _ _ . _ _ _ __.. _ _ __..- ____-.. __ ._._._ .._ . ._._. - _ . , _ . _ .
p .
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In March of 1977, the NRC requested several utilities with Westinghouse
' Nuclear Steam Supply Systems to reply to a series of questions concerning the methodology for determining instrument setpoints. A statistical methodology was developed in response to those questions with a corresponding defense of the technique used in determining the overall allowance for each setpoint.
The basic underlying assumption used is that several of the error components and their parameter assumptions act independently, e.g., [
]***C . This allows the use of a statistical summation of the various breakdown components instead of a strictly arithmetic summation. A direct benefit of the use of this technique is increased margin in the total allowance. For those parameter assumptions known to be interactive, the technique uses the normal, conservative approach, arithmetic summation, to form independent quantities, e.g., [
]****. An explanation of the overa11 approach is provided in Section 2.0.
Section 3.0 provides a description, or definition, of each of the various components in the setpoint parameter breakdown, thus insuring a clear understanding of the breakdown. Also provided is a detailed example of each setpoint margin calculation demonstrating the technique and noting how each parameter value is derived. In nearly all cases, significant margin exists between the statistical shamation and the total allowance.
Section 4.0 notes what the current (read NRC) Technical Specifications use for setpoints and an explanation of the impact of the statistical approach on them. Detailed examples of how to determine the Technical Specification setpoint values are also provided. An Appendix is provided noting a recommended set of Technical Specifications using the plant specific data in the statistical approach.
6649Q:10/060884 1-1
r; ., ,
-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY. CLASS 3) 10 COMBINATION OF ERROR COMPONENTS 2.1 METH000 LOGY The methodology used to combine the error components for a channel is basically the appropriate statistical combination of those groups of components which are statistically independent, i.e., not interactive. Those -
errors which are not independent.are placed arithmetically into groups. The groups themselves are independent offects which can then be systematically combined.
The methodology used for this combination is not new. Basically it is the
[ ]+"'C which has been utilized in other Westinghouse reports. This technique, or other statistical approaches of a similar nature, have been used i'n WCAP-9180U) and WCAP-8567I I. It should be noted that WCAP-8567 has been approved by the NRC Staff thus noting the acceptability of statistical techniques for the application requested. It should also be recognized that ANSI, the American Nuclear Society, and the Instrument Society of America approve of the use of probabilistic techniques in determining safety-related setpoints(3)(4) Thus it can be seen that the use of statistical approaches in analysis techniques is becoming more and more widespread.
The relationship between the error components and the total statistical error allowance for a channel is,
+a,c
. (Eq. 2.1) .
(1) Little, C.C. , Kopelic, S. O. , and Chelemer, H. , " Consideration of Uncertainties in the Specification of Core Hot Channel Factor Limits."
WCAP-9180 (Proprietary), WCAP-9181 (Non-Proprietary), September,1977.
(2) Chelemer, H., Boman, L. H. , and Sharp, D. R., " Improved Thermal Oesign Procedure," WCAP-8567 (Proprietary), WCAP-8568 (Non-Proprietary), July,1975.
(3) ANSI /ANS Standard 58.4-1979, " Criteria for Technical Specifications for Nuclear Power Stations."
(4) ISA Standard S67.04, Oraft F, May 22, 1979, "Setpoints for Nuclear Safety-Related Instrumentation used in Nuclear Power Plants."
(; ~~ '
i l
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) l where:
CSA = Channel Statistical Allowance PMA = Process Measurement Accuracy PEA = Primary Element Accuracy ,
SCA = Sensor Calibration Accuracy 50 = Sensor Drift STE = Sens.or Temperature Effects SPE = Sensor Pressure Effects .
RCA = Rack Calibration Accuracy RCSA = Rack Comparator Setting Accuracy R0 = Rack Orift RTE = Rack Temperature Effects EA = Environmental Allowance As can be seen in Equation 2.1, [ ]****
allowances are interactive and thus not independent. The [
]**'" is not necessarily considered interacdive with all other
' parameters, but as an additional degree of conservatism is added to the statistical sum. It should be noted that for this document it was assumed that the accuracy effect on a channel due to cable degradation in an accident environment will be less than 0.1 percent of span. This impact has been considered negligible and is not factored into the analysis. An error due to this cause found to be in excess of 0.1 percent of span must be directly added as an environmental error.
J The Westinghouse setpoint methodology results in a value with a 95 percent probability with a high confidence level. With the exception of Process Measurement Accuracy, Rack Orift, and Sensor Orift, all uncertainities assumed are the extremes of the ranges of the various parameters, i.e., are better than 2a values. Rack Orif t and Sensor Orif t are assumed, based on a survey of reported plant LERs, and with Process Measurement Accuracy are considered as conservative values. !
l 1
6649Q:10/060884 2-2
r;
~
i-(WESTINGHOUSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3) 2.2 SENSOR ALLOWANCES Four parameters are considered to be sensor allowances, SCA, 50, STE, dnd SPE (see Table 3-16). Of these four parameters, two are considered to be statistically independent, ( l+ * , and two are considered interactive [ ]
. [ ]* ' are considered to be independent due to the manner in which the instrumentation is checked, i.e.,
the instrumentation is
+a,c l
l
[ ]*" are considered to be interactive for the same reason that
[ ]**'" are considered independent, i.e., due to the manner in which the instrumentation is checked. (
]+a,c .
Based on this reasoning,
[ ]**'# have been added to form an independent group which is then factored into Equation 2.1. An example of the impact of this treatment is; for Pressurizer Water Level-High (sensor parameters only):
p 9
66490i10/060884 2-3
, ~
7: , . . -
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) e
.+ a,b,c
~
using Equation 2.1 as written gives a total of;
. fa,c
= 1.66 percent Assuming no interactive effects for any of the parameters gives the following results:
. . + a,c (Eq. 2.2)
= 1.32 percent
~
Thus it can be seen that the approach represented by Equation 2.1 which accounts for interactive parameters results in a more conservative summation of the allowances.
2.3 RACK ALLOWANCES Four parameters, as noted by Table 3-16, are considered to be rack allowances, RCA, RCSA, RTE, and RD. Three of these parameters are considered to be interactive (for much the same reason outlined for sensors in 2.2), [
)+a.c , g ia,c
, y
_..e_.
F . .
(WESTINCHOUSE FROPRIETARY C1. ASS.3)
C
]+a,c . Based on this logic, these-three factors have been added to form an independent group.
-This group is then factored into Equation 2.1. The impact of this approach (formation of an independent group based on interactive components) is significant. For the same channel using the same approach outlined in Equations 2.1 and 2.2 the following results are reached:
+a,b,c using Equation 2.1 the result is;
+a,c
= 1,82 percent l Assuming no interactive effects for any of the parameters yields the following less conservative results;
- ' ~
+a,c (Eq. 2.3)
= 1.25 percent 6649Q:10/061384 2-5
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
Thus, the impact of the use of Equation 2.1 is even greater in the area of rack ef fects than for the sensor. Therefore, accounting for interactive effects in the statistical treatment of these allowances insures a conservative result.
2.4 PROCESS ALLOWANCES Finally, the PMA and PEA parameters are considered to be independent of both sensor and rack parameters. PMA provides allowances for the noninstrument
. related ef fects, e.g. , neutron flux, calorimetric power error assumptions, fluid density changes, and temperature stratification assumptions. PMA may consist of more than one independent error allowance. PEA accounts for errors due to metering devices, such as elbows and venturis. Thus, these parameters have been statistically factored into Equation 2.1.
i i
1 66490:10/060884 2-6
r -
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) 10 PROTECTION SYSTEM SETPOINT METHODOLOGY 3.1 MARGIN CALCULATION As noted in Section One, Westinghouse utilizes a statistical summation of the various components of the channel breakdown. This approach is valid where no dependency is present. . An arithmetic summation is required where an interaction between two' parameters exists, Section Two provides a more detailed explanation of this approach. The equation used to determine the margin, and thus the acceptability of the parameter values used, is:
_+ a ,c (Eq. 3.1) where:
r i
TA = Total Allowance, and all other parameters are as defined for Equation 2.1.
Tables 3-1 through 3-15 provide individual channel breakdown and channel statistical allowance calculations for all protection functions utilizing 7300 process rack equipment. Table 3-16 provides a summary of the previous 15 tables and includes analysis and technical specification values, total allowance and margin.
i 3.2 DEFINITIONS FOR PROTECTION SYSTEM SETPOINT TOLERANCES ,
To insure a clear understanding of the channel breakdown used in this report, the following definitions are noted:
- 1. Trio Accuracy l
The tolerance band containing the highest expected value of the difference between (a) the desired trip point value of a process variable and 66490: 10/060884 3-1
r ,
" ~
(WESTINGHOUSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3)
(b) the actual value at which a comparator trips (and thus ' actuates some desired result). This is the tolerance band, in percent of span, within which the complete channel must perform its intended trip function. It includes comparator setting accuracy, channel accuracy (including the sensor) for cach input, and environmental effects on the rack-mounted electronics. It comprises all instrumentation errors; however,-it does not include process measurement accuracy.
- 2. Process Measurement Accuracy-includes plant variable measurement errors up to but not ini:1uding the sensor. Examples are the effect of fluid stratification on temperature measurements and the offact of changing fluid density on level measurments.
- 3. htu ti.on Accuracy Synonymous with trip accuracy, but used where the word ' trip" does not apply.
- 4. Indication Accuracy The tolerance band containing the highest expected value of the difference between (a) the value of a process variable read on an indicator or recorder and (b) the actual value of that process variable. An indication must fall within this tolerance band. It includes channel accuracy, accuracy of readout devices, and rack environmental effects, but not l
j process measurement accuracy such as fluid stratification. It also assumes a controlled environment for the readout device.
l 5. Qannel Accuracy i
i The accuracy of an analog channel which includes the accuracy of the primary element and/or transmitter and modules in the chain where 1
l
~
66490:10/060884 _____ __ ____3 - 2, ___ _ . , _ _ __ ,_
p . .
< -y l (WESTINGH0bSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3) calibration of modules intermediate in a chain is allowed to compensate -'
for errors in other modules of the chain. Rack environmental ef fects are not included here to avoid duplication due to dual inputs, however, normal environasntal ef f ects on field mounted hardware is included.
- 6. Sensor Allowable Deviation The accuracy that can be expected in the field. It includes drif t, temperature effects, field calibration and for the case of d/p transmitters, an allowance for the effect of static pressure variations.
The tolerances are as follows:
'a. Reference (calibration) accuracy - ( ]+abc percent unless other data' indicates more inaccuracy. This accuracy is the SAMA reference accuracy as defined in SAMA standard PMC-20-1-1973III.
/
- b. Temperature effect - [ ]**
- percent based on a nominal temperature coef ficient of ( ]+abc percent /100*F and a maximum assumed change of 50*F.
c .\ Pressure effect - usually calibrated out because pressure is constant. If not constant, nominal ( ]+abc percent is used.
Present data indicates a static pressure effect of approximately
( ]**
- percent /1000 psi,
- d. Orif t - change in input-output relationship over a period of time at reference conditions (e.g., [ ]***'
4 -( ]+abc of span).
(1) Scientific Apparatus Manufacturers Association, Standard PMC-201-1973,
" Process Measurement and Control Terminology.'
k..
-(
66490:10/060884 3-3
[
W .c '
1 i
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
- 7. Rack Allowable Deviation o
The tolerances are as follows:
- a. Rack Calibration Accuracy .
The accuracy that can be expected during a calibration at reference conditions. This accuracy is the SAMA reference accuracy as defined in SAIM standard PMC-20-1-1973 . This includes all modules in a rack and is a total of ( )** " percent of span assuming the chain of modules is tuned to this accuracy. For simple loops where a power supply (not used as a converter) is the only rack module, this accuracy may be ignored. All rack modules individually must have a reference accuracy within [ ]+abc percent.
- b. Rack Environmental Effects 1
Includes offects of temperature, humidity, voltage and frequency changes of which temperature is the most significant. An accuracy of
( ]**
- percent is used which considers a nominal ambient temperature of 70*F with extremes to 40*F and 120*F for short periods of time,
- c. Rack Orif t (instrument channel drif t) - change in input-output relationship over a period of time at reference conditions (e.g.,
(
)"'") - 11 percent of span.
- d. Comoarator Settino Accuracy Assuming an exact electronic input, (note that the " channel accuracy" takes care of deviations from this ideal), the tolerance on the precision with which a comparator trip value l
I I
(1) Scientific Apparatus Manufactureres Association, Standard PMC-20-1-1973,
" Process Heasurement and Control Technology".
66490: 10/060884 3-4
_ _ . ___.___ . _ __ _ _. . _ _ . - . _, .-_J
r ~
~ . . ,w 1 tl' '
,, s (WESTINGHOUSEPROPRTsCT5RYCLASS3)! '
!] ,
d h 4 4'
.+
y <
'W can be set, witb3n"'such practical constraijits as tire and ef fort -'
ex' pended in making the setting, s ,
The' tolerances are as follows: '
. /; .
]** ' perce t
'(a) Fjxed setpoint with a s, ingle input - [ 7 ac, curacy. This assumes that comparator nonlinearities are- .
j
"~
. compensated by the setpoint.
l EI, ;
(b') Qual, Input-a'naddhIonal[
~
]+"DC percent must be added for
,' comparator nonlinearitiiss between two inputs. Total [ ]+abc
' percent accuracy. - ;
2 Note: The following four definitio : are currently used in,the' Standardized ,
Technical Specifications (STS). -
7
- 8. Nominal Safety System Setting The deti' red setpoint for the variable. Initial calibration and subsequent recalibra$ ions should be made at the nominal safety system setting (" Trip Setpoint" in STS). ,
f
- 9. Limitina Safety System Settina .;
A setting chosen to prevent exceeding a Safety Analysis Limit (' Allowable Values" in STS). Violation of this sett ngi represents an STS violation. <-
. 10. Allowance for Indtrument Channel Orif t The difference between (8) and (9) taken in the conservative direction..
- 11. Safety Analysis limit The setpoint value assumed in safety analyses. i
,'l- l l ,
6_649Q: 1D/060824 _
3-5 , _ _
)
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
- 12. Total Allowable SetDoint Deviation Same definition as 9, but the difference between 8 and 12 encompasses (
),+a,c 3.3 STATISTICAL METH000 LOGY CONCLUSION The Westinghouse setpoint methodology results in a value with a 95 percent probability with a high confidence level. With the exception of Process Measurement Accuracy, Rack Drif t and Sensor Orif t, all uncertainties assumed are the extremes of the ranges of the various parameters, i.e., are better than 2a values. Rack Drif t and Sensor Orif t are assumed, based on a survey of reported plant LERs, and with Process Measurement Accuracy are considered as conservative values.
'i
\
l l
- i. 6649Q:10/060884 ,
3-6
I (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-1 ...
POWER RANGE, NEUTRON FLUX - HIGH AND LOW SETPOINTS Parameter Allowance
- Process Measurement Accuracy _+ a ,c - - Fa , c Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration +a,c
[ ]
Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects +a,c
( l Sensor Drif t +a,c
[ ]
Environmental Allowance c, Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Orif t _
- In percent span (120 percent rtated Thermal Power)
Channel Statistical Allowance =
+a,c 6649Q:10/061384 3-1 )
r-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-2 POWER RANGE, NEUTRON FLUX - HIGH POSITIVE RATE AND HIGH NEGATIVE RATE Parameter Qlowance*
Pro. cess Measurement Accuracy .+a,c
- - +a,c Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration .+a,c
~
Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Ef fects .+a,c 4
Sensor Drif t .+a,c h
Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift
- In percent span (120 percent Rated Thermal Power)
Channel Statistical Allowance =
+a,c l
l l
6649Q:10/061384 3-8
s -
j~
.(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) 1 TABLE 3-3 INTERMEDIATE RANGE, NEUTRON FLUX Parameter Allowance
- Process Measurement Accuracy .+a,c
- - +a , c
^
Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration +a,c
( )
Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Ef fects +a,c
[ ]
Sensor Grift +a,c
[ ]
1 Environmental Allowance t Rack Calibration Aack Accuracy Comparator !
One input Rack Temperature Effects i
Rack Orif t 5 percent of Rated Thernal Power
- In percent span (conservatively assumed to be 120 percent Rated Thermal Power)
Channel Statistical Allowance =
+a,c
~
6649Q:10/061384 3-9
r- . .
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-4 SOURCE RANGE, NEUTRON FLUX Parameter Allowance
- Process Measurement Accuracy .,+a , c yac, Primary Element Accuracy Tensor Calibration +a,c
[ ]
Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects +a,c
[ ]
Sensor Orift +a,c
[ ]
Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift 3 x 104 cps - -
- In percent span (1 x 106 counts per second)
Channel Statistical Allowance =
_+ a ,c i 66490:10/061384 3-10
p-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
~*
TABLE 3-5 OVERTEMPERATURE AT A,,].l owa n c e
- Parameter Process Measurement Accuracy ti,c _
+a,c Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration
+aq c Sensor Pressure Effects e Sensor Temperature Effects +a,c
[ .*a,c 1 Sensor Drift +a,c, Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration +a , c Rack Accuracy AT channel Tavg channel Pressure channel AI channel Total a channel '
Tavg channel j Pressure channel AI channel . .
l 66490: 10/061384 3-11
p .
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-5 (Continued)
OVERTEMPERATURE AT Parameter Allowance
- Comparator _ _
+a,c Two inputs Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drif t AT channel Tavg channel , ,
- In percent span (T av Rated Thermal Power,g AT --100*F, 100*F,AIpressure - 800 61;
- t 60 percent psi, power - 150 percent 100*F span = 170 percent power)
- See Table 3-17 for gain calculations
_ Channel Statistical Allowance = _ ,,,
1 l
6649Q:10/060884 3-12
n-- -
(WESTINGHOUSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3) ,
I TABLE 3-6 OVERPOWER ST Parameter Allowance *
.+a,c - +a , c Process Measurement Accuracy -
~
Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration ,
,,,e Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Drift '
[ ]+a,c :
Environmental Allowance Ra;k Calibration .+a,c Rack Accuracy a', channel T avg channel Total a channel Tavg channel Comparator Two inputs Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift AT channel T avg channel 66490:10/060884 3-13
r- --
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) I i
TABLE 3-6 (Continued)
OVERPOMER AT In percent span (T v
~ Rated Thermal aPower,g - 100*F, AT - 100*F, pressure 100*F span = 170- 800 psi, power percent power) - 150 percent
- See Table 3-18 for gair calculations Channel Statistical Allowance =
. .+ a,c 66490:10/060884 3-14
r (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-7 PRESSURIZER PRESSURE - LOW AND HIGH, REACTOR TRIPS Parameter Allowance
- _a,c +
Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects
[
3+a,c
..nsor Drift (Low Pressurizer Pressure Trip Only)
Environmental Allowance, C
J+a,c -
Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift
- In percent span (800 psi)
Channel Statistical Allowance (Low Pressurizer Pressure Trip) =
, . +a,c Channel Statistical Allowance (High Pressurizer Pressure Trip) =
_ +a,c l
l l
l 1
6649Q:10/061384 3-15 l
- . - - . - . - - __. - --- - - - - . - .l
7 (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS-3)
TABLE 3-8 PRESSURIZER WATER LEVEL - HIGH Parameter A_llowance*
Va,c Process Measurement Accuracy
[ 3+a.c Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Drif t Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy r
Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Orift
- In percent span (100 percent span)
Channel Statistical Allowance = _ +a,c 6649Q:10/060884 3-16 i
- - - . .-. . _ - . . _ ._- .\
7 -
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-9 .'
LOSS OF FLOW Parameter Allowance *
- +a,c Process Measurement Accuracy (
)+a.C Primary Element Accuracy
( ]+a.c Sensor Calibration
[ ]+a.c Sensor Pressure Effects
[ j+a,c Sensor Temperature Effects
( la,c Sensor Orift [ ]+a,c Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy [ ]+a,c Comparator One input [ ]+a,c Rack Temperature effects [ ]+a c Rack Drift 1.0 percent AP span
- In percent flow span (120 percent Thermal Design Flow) ap span converted to % flow span via Eq. 3-30.8 Channel Statistical Allowance = , +a,c 66490:10/061384 3-17
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-10 STEAM GENERATOR WATER LEVEL - LOW-LOW Parameter Allowance *
- - +a,c Process Measurement Accuracy Density variations with load due to changes in recirculation **
Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Ef fects Sensor Drift Environmental Allowance (allowance made for Reference leg heatup)
Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift
- In percent span (100 percent span)
- See Table 3-22 for explanation
- To be provided later upon notification of the environmental compensation Channel Statistical Allowance =
- _ +a,c 1
l 66490:10/060884 3-18
7- ,
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-11 'l CONTAINMENT PRESSURE - HIGH, HIGH-HIGH Parameter Allowance
- q +a,c Process Measurement Accuracy -
I Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Drift Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator /
One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Orif t (psig) _ _
- -In percent span (10 psig)
Channel Statistical Allowance = +a,c 66494:10/060884 3-19 i
r- . . _
~
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-12 TAVG-LOW, FEEDWATER ISOLATION Parameter A.llowance*
_ _+a,C Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Ef fects Sensor Drif t Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator ,.
One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift
- In percent span (100 percent span)
Channel Statistical Allowance = .
. . +a,c 4
66490: 10/061384 3-20
F-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-13 '-
PRESSURIZER PRESSURE LOW, SAFETY INJECTION Parameter Allowance *
- _+a,c Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Orift Environmental Allowance 1+a,c
.[
Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift _ _
- In percent span (800 psi)
Channel Statistical Allowance = +a,c
\ .
-6649Q:10/061184 3-21
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-14 STEAMLINE PRESSURE - LOW .'
Parameter Allowance *
-- -- +a , c Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects .
Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Drif t Environmental Allowance (Not Subject to Post Accident Environmental Conditions)
Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input :
Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift d
- In percent span (1300 psig)
Channel Statistical Allowance =
+a , c I
l 66490:10/061384 3-22
7-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-15 ..
NEGATIVE STEAMLINE PRESSURE RATE - HIGH Parameter Allowance
- _ _+a,c Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration +a,c J
Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Ef fects .+ a,c Sensor Drift . + a,c Environmental Allowance :
Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift - _
- In percent span (1300 psig)
Channel Statistical Allowance = _ +a ,c
~
66490:10/061184 3-23
' (WESTINGHOUSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3) l I
TABLE ' 3-16 ,
STEAM GENERATOR WATER LEVEL.- HIGH-HIGP Parameter Allowance
- 1 Process Measurement Accuracy . _ _+a,c density variations with. load due to changes in recirculation **
Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Calibration Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Orift Environmental Allowance Rack Calibration Rack Accuracy :
Comparator One input Rack Temperature Effects Rack Drift
- ~ In percent span (100 percent span)
- See Table 3-19 for explanation Channel Statistical Allowance =
- - +a,c 6649Q:10/060884 3-24
~. - .- . _ _ _ _ , . . - . . _ - _ _ . . . - . -
~;.
. DOCUMENT ~
PAC,E .
PULLED ANO. rewa?,
NO. OF PAGES ,
REASON O PAGE ILLEGS2.
- ot4R D DETTER COP (REQUESTED ON - 1 1 b^31100 LARGE toit.u er=>cm uDm. ,oR ,
0 1 4 R ge ,
D 8LVIDON APER 1gRE CARD e [h((h l
1
" . _ e t- -, ... - _ _ _ _ , _ . . , _ . . . - . _ _ _ _ .
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-17 OVERILMPERATURE AT GAIN CALCULATIONS The equation for Overtemperature AT is:
[1 + t)S) [ j h Overtemperature AT l I I 3
1 1 3
N) , ,2 ) N) , ,3 )
I+T l S4 [ ) )
AT g K),- K2 1+T 3 3 3 )~b 5/ + '6 ) ,
y As an example to show calculational methodology and conservatism for Catawba
= 1.39 TS trip setpoint K) (nominal)
K) (max) [ ]'A'C K = 0.02401 K' = 0.004189 core AT = 58.4*F (Unit 1 AT is used. Unit 2 AT of 58.2*F is bounded by Unit 1 AT) positive f(AI) penalty function gain = 1.641 percent FPaI/ percent AI and all other parameters as definea in Note 1 of Table 2.2-1 of Appendix A.
i-a ,c i
l t
l 6649Q:10/060884 3-25
e -
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
J
+a,c 1
i
- Conservative assumption for temperature stratification error in the hot leg (2*F TH + 0*F TC )/2 1.7 is AT. instrument span, equivalent to 170 percent Rated Thermal Power, - 100*F/58.4*F.
3-26
'66490:10/061184
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-18 s OVERPOWER AT GAIN CALCULATIONS Tiie equation for Overpower AT is:
!1+t)S
! )
+
OverpowerAT() ,t 3/ \I '3 /
'73 1 T-K Tj 1 -T" -f (AI) 0 o14 - 5 (1 + 17j (1+T6)S 3 kl+'6/
b For Catawba Units:
= 1.0704 TS trip setpoint K4 (nominal)
[ 1+* C K4 (max) ,
K *
- 5 K = . 01707 6
core AT = 58.4*F (Unit 1 AT is used. Unit 2 AT of 58.2*F is bounded by Unit 1 AT)
+a,c I
I 66490:10/061184 3-27
}
~~ * '
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
- ., ' +a , c 4
i ,
- Conservative assumption for temperature stratification error in the hot leg (2*F 1H* C} ' ' /
e 6649Q: 10/060884 3-28
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3 *l l
STEAM GENERATOR LEVEL DENSITY VARIATIONS 1 1
8ecause of density variations with load due to' changes in recirculation, it is impossible without some form of compensation to have'the same accuracy under all: load conditions. In the past,the recommended calibration has been at 50 percent power conditions. Approximate errors at 0 percent and 100 percent water level readings and also for nominal trip points of 10 percent and 70 percent level are listed below for a typical 50 percent power condition calibration. .This is a general case and will change somewhat from plant to plant. These errors are only from density changes and do not reflect channel
-accuracies, trip accuracies or indicated accuracies which has been defined as a AP measurement only.( }
INDICATED LEVEL (50 Percent Power Cilibration) 0 10 70 100 percent percent percent percent
- +a,c (1) Miller, R. B., " Accuracy Analysis for Protection / Safeguards and Selected Control Channels", WCAP-8108 (Proprietary), March 1973.
6649Q:10/061384 3-29
. 4 i
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
TABLE 3-20 AP MEASUREMENTS EXPRESSED IN FLOW UNITS The AP ' accuracy expressed as percent of span of the transmitter applies throughout the measured span, i.e., t 1.5 percent cf 100 inches AP = t 1.5 inches anywhere in the span. Because F = f(AP) the same cannot be said for flow accuracies. When it is more convenient to express the accuracy of a transmitter in flow terms, the following method is used:
+a,c r
b i_
ym n
).
6549Q: 10/060884 3-30
(WESTINGHOUSE. PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
Error in flow units. is: ,i
+a,.c Equation 3-30.8 is used to express errors in percent full span in this document.
l l
66490:10/061184 3-31 1
c e.,
, *!"".lf. -f l
.(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) m ..
,i'; ,
f', .
. 'Y , .\
t' 4.0 TEC'HNICAY SPECIFICATION USAGE f
->,t
- a. .i.
. I g 7 i , l
~
The Standardii d Technical Speciiications (STS) as used for Westinghouse type is ..,
plant designs. (see NUREG-0452, Revision 4) utilizes a two column format for ,,,
This format recognizes that the setpoint channel breakdown, as presi[nted in Figure >4-l', allows for a certain amount of rack 5' r ^< ,
y d,rif t. ' The intent of this format .. ,,
is toe-reduce the number of Licensee Event Reports (LERs) in the 7area of instrumentation setpoint drif t. It appears that
. i this approach has been successful in achieving its goal. However, the
, y <
. approachutiljzed,isfairlysimplistic.,E' '
, .sa , ~ , :-
\~ .
.5
)7 )
-g c, (
s ,
-[f ,' .-
g v #
.q
.!. /
t i
r
?, .
, .e l 4 v 5
, / .
?.. a , C / ).
3 ,
~ ,
The use of the statistical summation technique described in Section 2 of this report allows for a natural extension of the two column,approben. [. I 4
s s - ,/
., } s , ,- ,
]+a,c and allcws for a more flexible approach in reporting LERs. Also of, significant', benefit to the plant is the sincorporation of sensor drif t
' ,1 a parameters on fan -18' month basis (or more of ten 'if necessar'j)1
\ .
., r l
/
A 6649Q: 10/060884 4-1
--.-._t -
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY Cl. ASS 3) 4.2 ~W E NGHOUSE STAT 75TICAL SETPOINT METH000 LOGY FOR STS SETPOINTS -l 1
~
Recognizing that besides rack drif t the plant also experiences sensor drif t, a dif ferent ap'proach to technical specification setpoints, that is somewhat more sophisticated, is used today. This methodology accoun+s for two additional factors seen in the plant during_ periodic surveillance,1) interactive' ef fects for both sensors and ;ack and, 2) sensor drift ef fects.
4.2.1 RACK ALLOWANCE The first i*em that will be covered is the iitteractive ef fects. When an instrument technician Icoks for [ ]*" he is seeing more than that. This interaction has been.nated several times and is handled in Equations 2.1 and 3.1 (
]+a,c . To provide a conservative " trigger value", the dif ference between 'the STS trip setpoint and the STS allowable value is determined by two methods. The first is simply the values used in the [ ].+a,c The second [
]+a,c 33 pg)),,3; i
( ]* (Eq. 4.1) where:
+a;c
-)
A =
S =
EA, TA and all other parameters are as defined for Equations 2.1 and 3.1.
NWYibMMirMFrn 0-P2
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)-
The smaller of the trigger values should be used for comparison with the "as measured" [ ]***" value. As long as the "as measured" value
-is smaller, the channel is well within the accuracy allowance. If the "as measured" value exceeds the " trigger value", the actual numbers should be used
. in the calculation described in Section 4.2.3. .
This means that all the instrument technician has to do during the 31 day periodic surveillance is determine the value of the bistable trip setpoint, verify that it is less than the STS Allowable Value, and does not have to account for any additional effects. The same approach is-used for the sensor, ,
i.e., the "as measured" value is used when required. Tables 4-1 and 4-2 show the current STS setpoint philosophy (NUREG-0452, Revision 4) and the Westinghouse rack allowance (for use on 31 day surveillance only). A comparison of the two dif ferent Allowable Values will show the net gain of the Westinghouse version.
4.2.2 INCLUSION OF "AS MEASURED" SENSOR ALLOWANCE t
If the approach used by Westinghouse was a straight arithmetic sum, sensor allowances for drift would also be straight f orward, i.e., a three column setpoint methodology. However, the use of the statistical summation requires a somewhat more complicated approach. This methodology; as demonstrated in Section 4.2.3, implementation, can be used quite readily by any operator whose plant's setpoints are based on statistical sunnation. The methodology is based on the use of the following equation.
[ ]***" (Eq. 4.2) where:
1 1
R = the "as measured rack value" [ ]+a,c S = the "as measured sensor value" [ ]a,c i
and all other parameters are as defined in Equation 4.1.
66490:30/060am4 4-3
m -
i
. ~
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
Equation 4.2 can be reduced further, for use in the STS to:
Z + R + S 1 TA (Eq. 4.3) where:
(. )
Equation 4.3 would be used in two instances, 1) when the "as measured" rack setpoint value exceeds the rack " trigger value" as ' defined by the STS Allowable Value, and, 2) when determining that the "as measured" sensor value is within acceptable values as utilized in the various Safety Analyses and verified every 18 months.
' 4.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WESTINGHOUSE SETPOINT METH000 LOGY Implementation of this methodology is reasonable str[ight forward, Appendix A ,
provides a text and tables for use in the Catawba TS. An example of how the
- . specification woul d be used for the Pressurized Water Level - High reactor trip is as follows.
Every 31 dyas, as required by ' Table 4.3-1 of NUREG-0452, Revision 4, a functional test would be performed on the channels of this trip function.
During this test the bistable trip setpoint would be determined for each channel. If the "as measured" bistable trip setpoint error was found to be less than or equal to that required by the Allowable Value, no action would be necessary by the plant staf f. The, Allowable Value is determined by Eq.4ation 4.1 as follows:
. +a,c
~
\
l
( ,
'WmameMm M___-__.____ __. _ . _ . _ ___. _ _
~
F .. . . . .
-(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) j
~
However, since only [
],*"'" that value will . be used as the " trigger value". The lowest of two values is used for the " trigger value"; [ #
),+a,c ,
Now assume that one bistable has "drif ted" more than that allowed by the STS for 31 days surveillance. According to ACTION statement "A", the plant staff must verify thr: Equation 2.2-1 is met. Going to Table 2.2-1, the following values are noted: Z = 2.18 and the Total Allowance (TA) = 5.0. Assume that the "as measured" sensor value is 1.5 percent. Equation 2.2-1 looks like:
Z & R + S $ TA 2.18 + 2.25 + 1.5 5 5.0 5.9$5.0 As can be seen, 5.9 percent is not less than 5.0 percent thus, the plant staf f must follow ACTION statement "B" (declare channel inoperable and place in the i
" tripped ccndition). It snould be noted that if the plant staff had not !
measured the sensor drift, but instead used the value of S in Table 2.2-1, 66490:10/060884 4- 5
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) then the sum of I + R + S would also be greater than 5.0 percent. In fact, almost anytime the "as measured" value for rack drift is greater than T (the trigger value"), use of S in Table 2.2-1 will result in the sum of I + R + S being greater than TA and requiring the reporting of the case of the NRC.
If the sum of R + 5 was about one percent less, e.g. , R = 2.0 percent, S = 0.75 percent thus, R + S = 2.75 percent, then the sum of 2 + R + S would be less than 5 percent. Under this condition, the plant staff would recalibrate the instrumentation, as good engineering practice suggests, but the incident is not reportable, even thouah the " trigger value" is exceeded, because Equation 2.2-1 was satisfied.
In the determination of T for a function with multiple channel inputs there is a slight disagreement between Westinghouse proposed methodology and NRC approved methodology. Westinghouse believes that T should be either:
- +a,c (Eq. 4.4)
(Eq. 4.5) where the subscript 1 and 2 denote channels 1 and 2, and the value of T used is whichever is smaller.
The NRC in turn has approved a method of determining T for a multiple channel input fune. tion as follows, either:
1
+a,c (Eq. 4.6) 66490:10/060884 4-6
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
Again the value of T used is whichever is small.er. This method is described ..
in appropriately -circumspect terms in NUREG-0717 Supplement 4, dated August 1982.
An example demonst nting all of the above noted equations for Overpower AT is provided below:
_ _ +a,c 2
c.
66490: 10/061184 4-7
s
- (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
+a,c The-value of T used is from Equation 4.5. In this document Equations 4.5 pd 4.6, whichever results in the smaller value is used for multiple channel input functions to remain consistent with current NRC approved methodologies.
Table 4-3 notes the values of TA, S, T, and Z for.all protection functions and is utilized in the determination of the Allowable Values noted in Appendix A.
Table 4.3-1 also requires that a calibration be performed .every refueling (approximately 18 months). To satisfy this requirement, the plant staff would determine the bistable trip setpoint (thus, determining the "as measured" rack value at that time) and the sensor "as measured" valu.e. Taking these two "as measured" values and using Equation 2.2-1 again the plant staf f can determine that the tested channel is in fact within the Safety Analysis allowance.
4.3 CONCLUSION
Using the above methodology, the plant gains added operational flexibility and yet remains within the allowances accounted for in the various accident analyses. In addition, the methodology allows for a sensor drif t f actor and an increased rack drif t f actor. These two gains should significantly reduce the problems associated with channel drift and thus, decrease the number of LERs while allowing plant operation in a safe manner.
l 1
l i
i
r . .
I-(WESTINGHOUSEPROPRIETARYCLASS3)-
TABLE 4-1 EXAMPLES OF CURRENT STS SETPOINT PHILOSOPHY Power Range Pressurizer Neutron Flux - High Pressure - High Safety Analysis Limit 118 percent 2445 psig STS Allowable Value 110 percent 2395 psig STS Trip Setpoint 109 percent 2385 psig
.g TABLE 4-2 EXAMPLES OF WESTINGHOUSE STS RACK ALLOWANCE Power Range Pressurizer i
Ngy, tron Flux - High Pressure - High
- Safety Analysis Limit 118 per..ent 2445 psig STS Allowable Value 111.2 percent 2399 psig (Trigger Value)
STS 1 rip Setpoint 109 percent 2385 psig
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
-Safety Analysis- Limit ~
Process Measurement Accuracy Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Calibration Accuracy Senso'r Orift Environmental Allowance Rack Temperature Effects fRackComparatorSettingAccuracy fRack Calibration Accuracy STS Allowable Value Rack Orift STS Trip Setpoint i Actual Calibration Setpoint Figure 4-1 NUREG-0452 Rev. 4 Setpoint Error Breakdown 6649Q:10/060884 4-10
7-L (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3).
Safety Analysis Limit
)ProcessMeasurementAccuracy b
Primary Element Accuracy Sensor Temperature Effects Sensor Pressure Effects Sensor Calibration Accuracy Sensor Orift ,
Environmental Allowance
> Rack Temperature Effects b
STS Allowable Value Rack Comparator Setting Accuracy
> Rack Calibration Accuracy Rack Orift STS Trip Setpoint _
1 l
Figure 4-2 Westinghouse STS Setpoint Error Breakdown l 1
m 66490:10/060884 4-11 -_
1
. DOCUMENT ~
PAGE .
PU _ LED .
ANO.1@wa NO OF PAGES ,
l' atAsoN O PAS!ILLEGS1 D ma copy erro A1. von er 1
014R D ETTER COP (REQUESTED ON - 3 1 hA3!100 LARGE10,ILM
- skecce<suom. von Ce,> .
@4R - -
O FLVID ON APimgRI CARD e
((f[ ,
\ ~
. - . ~ . - . - - .
'(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) i APPENDIX A
-CATAW8A TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION SETPOINTS SAF.E.TY LIMITS AND LIMITING SAFETY SYSTEM SETTINGS 2.2 LIMITING SAFETY SYSTEM SETTINGS REACTOR TRIP SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION SETPOINTS 2.2.1 The Reactor Trip System Instrumentation and Interlocks Setpoints shall be set consistent with the Trip Setpoint values shown in Table 2.2-1.
APPLICA8ILITY: As shown for each channel in Table 3.3-1.
ACTION:
- a. With a Reactor Trip System Instrumentation or Interlock Setpoint less conservative than the value shown in the Trip Setpoint column of Table 2.2-1, adjust the Setpoint consistent with the Trip Setpoint value. '
- b. With the Reactor Trip System Instrumentation "or Interlock Setpoint less conservative than the value shown in the Allowable Values column of Table 2.2-1, either:
- 1. Adjust the Setpoint consistent with the Trip Setpoint value of Table 2.2-1 and determine within 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> that Equation 2.2-1 was satisfied for the affected channel, or
- 2. Declare the channel inoperable and apply the applicable ACTION statement requirement of Specification 3.3.1 until the channel is restored to OPERABLE status with its Setpoint adjusted consistent with the Trip Setpoint value.
Equation 2.2-1 Z + R + S 1 TA .
Where:
I = The value for column I of Table 2.2-1 for the affected channel, R = The "as measured" value (in percent span) of rack error for the affected channel, S = Either the "as measured" value (in percent. span) of the sensor error, or the value is column S of Table 2.2-1 for tne affected channel, and TA = The value for Column TA (Total Allowance) of Table 2.2-1 for the affected channel 6649Q:10/060884 A-1
1AULL 2.4-1 REACTOR TRIP SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS SENSOR TOTAL ERROR FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 (S) TRIP SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VAIUE
- 1. Manual Reactor Trip N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- 2. Power Range, Neutron Flux
- a. High Setpoint 7.5 4.56 0 5 109% of RTP* $ 111.1% of RTPa -
l
- b. Low Setpoint 8.3 4.56 0 5 25% of RTP* $ 27.1% of RTP*
- n
- 3. Power Range, Neutron Flux, 1.6 0.5 0 5 5% of RTP* with 5 6.3% of RTP* with M .
High Positive Rate a time constant a time consta'nt M h 2 seconds 1 2 seconds y -
5
- 4. Power Range, Neutron Flux, 1.6 0.5 0 $ 5% of RTP* with 5 6.3% of RTP* with g High Negative Rate a time constant a time constant. m t 2 seconds 2 2 seconds y o
. 5. Intermediate Range, 17.0 8.4 0 5 25% of RTP* 5 31% of RTP* $ -
1 Neutron Flux q N
- 6. Source Range, Neutron Flux 17.0 10 0 $ 105 cps 5 1.4 x 105 cps .<
P
- 1. Overtemperature AT 7.22 4.46 2.0 .See Note 1 See Note 2 R 1
m
- 8. Overpower AT 4.3 1.3
1.2 See Note 3 See Note 4 28,
- 9. Pressurizer Pressure-Low 4.0 2.21 1.5 1 1945 psig 1 1938 psig
- 10. Pressurizer Pressure-High 7.5 4.96 0.5 5 2385 psig 5 2399 psig
- 11. Pressurizer Water Level-High 5.0 ?.18 1.5 5 92% of instru- 5 93.8% of instru-span span l
- RTP = RATED THERHAL POWER
- Loop design flow = 96,g00 gpm
=
TABLE 2.2-1 (Continu-d)
REACTOR TRIP SYSTEM INSTRt.lENTATION TRIP'SETPOINTS SENSOR ,
TOTAL ERROR FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE ITA) 1 (S) TRIP SETPOINT ALLOWA8LE VALUE
- 12. R: actor Coolant flow-Low 2.5 1.77 0.6 1 90% of loop t 89.2% of loop design flow ** design flow **
- 13. Steam Generator Water 17 14.2 1.5 1 17% of span from 2 15.3% of span from level Low-Lou 0% to 30% RTP* 0% to 30% RTP* .
increasing linearly increasing lin'early ,,
to 1 54.9% of span to 1 53.2% of span M from 30% to 100% from 30% to 100% y
! RTP* RIP
- E!
cn l 14. Undervoltage - Reactor 5.0 (1.28) t 4692 volts t (4760) volts k i
Coolant Pumps $
,2
- 15. Underfrequency - Reactor 1.3 (0) ^{G.1) 2 57.2 Hz 2 (57.1) Hz E!
Coolant Pumps f5 ,
Q
- 16. Turbine Trip 3;
- c. Low Control Valve EH N.A. N.A. N.A. t 550 psig 1 500 psig n Pressure [;
en
- b. Turbine Stop Valve N.A. N.A. .
N.A. 1 1% open 2 1% open 13 4 Closure 4 17. Safety Injection Input N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
from ESF i
eRTP = RATED THERNAL POWER 1
lABLE 2.2-4 (Continued)
REACTOR TRIP SYSTEN INSTRUNENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS SENSOR TOIAL ERROR FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) ,2_ (S) TRIP SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VALUE 4 ' 18. R actor Trip System Interlocks l
- a. Intermediate Range H.A. N.A. N.A. 1 1 :: 10-10 amps 16 x 1011 amps
- Neutron Flux, P-6 i
- b. Low Power Reactor Trips
- p Block, P-7 O
- 1) P-10 input N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 10% of RTP* 5 12.1% of RTP* d 1
- M
] 2) P-13 input N.A. N.A. N.A. $ 10% RTP* Turbine 5 12.1% of RTP* g
- Impulse Pressure Turbine Impulse v, Equivalent Pressure Equivalent "
E
! c. Power Range Neutron .N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 48% of RTP* 5 50.1% of RTP* %
- Flux, P-8 5 l
G
- d. Power Range Neutron N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 69% of RTP* s'71.1% of RTP* $
Flux, P-9 ]
C I
- e. Power Range Neutron N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 10% of RTP* 1 7.8% of RTP* g
- Flux, P-10 ,,
- f. Turbine Impulse Chamber N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 10% RTP* Turbine $ 12.1% RTP* Turbine
- Pressure, P-13 Impulse Pressure Impulse Pressure Equivalent Equivalent i
I
- 19. Reactor Trip Breakers N.A. N.A. N.A.- N.A. N.A.
< 20. Automatic Trip and Interlock N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. .
Logic l *RTP = RATED THERNAL POWER I
TABLE 2.2-1 (Continued)
TABLE NOTATIONS 1
NOTE 1: DVERTEMPERATURE AT 3
- 'l ) ( 1 ) (I + '4 ) ( 1 )
3 N~ I - lI MI ATg () * '2SI I * '35 o 1 2 (1 + v 5SI I * '6S i
I Where: AT = Measured AT by RTD Manifold Instrumentation; u
1+t yS g ,
- Lead-lag compensator on measured AT; g j , 3 ;!
2 M
x il. 32
= Time constants utilized in lead-lag compensator for TT, Tj, =8s, @
' 12 = 3 s; M E
1 = Lag compensator on measured AT; fg j, 3 $
3 Q
2 i .
= Time constants utilized in the lag compensator for AT. 33 = 2 s; 5 13
- Indicated AT at RATED THERMAL POWER; G ATo
=
g w
= 1.39; K)
= 0.02401/*F; K2 1+iS he function generated by the lead-lag compensator for T,yg dynamic compensation; 1t 1 53 i
i i
.i .' ,
J-TABLE 2.2-1 (Continuod)
REACTOR TRIP SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS' NOTATION (Continued)
NOTE 1: (Continued) 14, 15 =
Time constants utilized in lead-lag compensator for Tavg,14 = 28 s, 15 "'4 Si T = Average temperature,'*F; 8 " "
1+1 6S **I -
N 16 - Time constant utilized in the measured Tavg lag compensator,.56.- 2 s; y -
T' =
5 590.8*F (Nominal Tavg at RATED THERMAL POWER);
K3
= 0.001189; $
P = Pressurizer pressure, psig; so P' = 2235 psig (Nominal RCS operating pressure); @
N S = Laplace transform operator, s-l -< -
Ow m
and fj(AI) is a function of the indicated difference between top and bottom detectors of the power-range neutron ton chambers; with gains to be selected based on measured instrument response during plant STARIUP tests S .
such that:
(1) for qt - 4b between -43% and -6.5%, f j( AI) = 0, where qt and qb are percent RATED THERMAL POWER in the top and bottom halves of the core respectively, and qt + 4b is total THERMAL POWER in percent of RATED THERMAL POWER; (11) For each percent that the magnitude of qt - 4b exceeds -43%, the AT Trip Setpoint shall be automatically reduced by 2% of its value at RATED THERMAL POWER; and (iii) for each percent that the magnitude of qt - Ab exceeds -6.5%, the AT Trip Setpoint shall .
be automatically reduced by 1.641% of its value at RATED THERMAL. POWER.
NOTE 2: The channel's maximum Trip Setpoint shall not exceed its computed Trip Setpoint by more than 2.48%.
TABLE 2.2-1 (Continu-d)
TABLE NOTATIONS (Continued) "
NOTE 3: OVERPOWER AT a 5 )I l+T
- *1 ) ( 1 ) -K ('1 1 1 )
I 1
AT (g) ,T p) 3 ) *'3 S I I 4 5 1+T 7 5
6 6 0 (1 + T 6 S 2 4 -
Where: AT = As defined in Note 1, 1+T Sy ,
As defined in Note 1, 1+T 23
- As defined in Note 1,
-k i 11, T2 "a
~
1
= As defined in Note 1, R
x 1+iS3 8
= As defined in Note 1,
'3 o R
ATo
= As defined in Note 1, 5
- 1.0704; }
l K4 s
- 0.02/*F for increasing average temperature and 0 for decreasing average temperature, [
- K5 c
m 4
i+1 IS "
j , 3
- The function generated by' the rate-lag controller for T,yg dynamic compensation,
- 7
- ij
- Time constant utilized in rate-lag controller for Tavg, 17 - 10 s, i
i 1 As defined in Note 1, 1+1 6s
= As defined in Note 1, 16 f -
TABLE 2.2-1 (Centinu*d)
TABLE NOTATIONS (Continued)
, NOTE 3: (Continued)
, K6 =
0.001701/*F for T > 590.8*F and K6 = 0 for T $ 590.8*F, T = As defined in Note 1, T* =
Indicated Tavg at RATED THERMAL POWER (Calibration temperature for AT instrumentation, 5 590.8*F),
I S = As defined in Note 1, and $
M f 2(AI) = 0 for all Al G c2 5
c .
NOTE 4: The channel's maximum Trip Setpoint shall not exceed its computed Trip Setpoint by more than N 2.54%. o
, w f
5
! Cl B
1 C) i i E g
i j
i i
i i
l i
- I
^
(WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3)
INSTRUMEN?,aTION ,,,
3/4.3.2 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION LIMITING CONDITION FOR OPERATION 3.3.2 The Engineered Safety Features Actuation System (ESFAS) instrumentation
> channels and interlocks shown in Table 3.3-3 shall be OPERABLE with their Trip -
Setpoints set consistent with the values shown in the Trip Setpoint colunm of Table 3.3-4 and with RESPONSE TIMES as shown in Table.3.3-5.
APPLICABILITY: As shown Table 3.3-3.
ACTION:
- a. With an ESFAS Instrumentation or Interlock Trip Setpoint trip less conservative than the value shown in the Trip Setpoint column of Table 3.3-4, adjust the Setpoint consistent with the Trip Setpoint value.
- b. With an ESFAS Instrumentation or Interlock Setpoint less conservative than the value shown in the Allowable Values Column of Table 3.3-4,
! either:
- 1. Adjust the Setpoint consistent with the Trip Setpoint value of Table 3.3-4 and determine within 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> that Equation 2.2-1 was satisfied for the affected channel, or
- 2. Declare the channel inoperable and apply the applicable ACTION statement requirements of Table 3.3-3 until the channel is restored to OPERABLE status with its Setpoint adjusted consistent with the Trip Setpoint value.
Equation 2.2-1 Z + R + S 1 TA Where:
I = The value fo'r Column Z of Table 3.3-4 for the affected channel, R = The "as measured" value (in percent span) of rack error for the affected channel, S = Either the "as measured" value (in percent span) of the sensor error, or the value is Column S of Table 3.3-4 for the affected channel, and TA = The value for Column TA (Total Allowance) of Table 3.3-4 for the affected channel l
l 6645Q:10/060884 A-9
l (WESTINGHOUSE PROPRIETARY CLASS 3) :
.l INSTRUMENTATION ,,
SURVEILLANCE REOUIREMENTS 4.3.2.1 Each ESFAS instrumentation channel and interlock and the automatic actuation logic and relays shall be demonstrated OPERABLE by performance of the Engineered Safety Features Actuation System Instrumentation Surveillance Requirements specified in Table 4.3-2.
4.3.2.2 The ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES RESPONSE TIME of each ESFAS function shall be demonstrated to be within the limit at least one per 18 months. Each ,
test shall include at least one train such that both trains are tested at least once per 36 months and one channel per function such that all channels are tested at least once per N times 18 months where N is the total number of redundant channels in a specific ESTAS function as shown in the " Total No. of Channels" Column of Table 3.3-3.
i e
1 l
66490: 10/060884 A-10 u
i TABLE 3.3-4 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 (S) SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VALUE
- 1. Safety Injection, (Reactor Trip, Phase "A" Isolation, Feedwater Isolation, Auxiliary Feedwater-Motor-Driven Pump, Purge &
Exhause Isolation, Annulus Vrt,tilation Operation. Auxiliary Building Ventilation Isolation, _
Emergency Diesel Generator g Operation, Component Cooling y Water Turbine Trip, and Nuclear g S2rvice Water Operation) m b
- c. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. M
- b. Automatic Acutation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Logic and Actuation 3 Relays
]
2-
- c. Containment Pressure-High 8.2 0.71 1.5 5 1.2 psig 5 1.4 psig Q
- d. Pressurizer Pressure-Low 16.1 14.4 1.5 1 1845 psig 1 1839 psig ,
- e. Steam Line Pressure-Low 4.6 0.71 . 1. 5 1 725 psig 1 687 psig u
- 2. Containment Spray (Nuclear Service Water Operation) .
- a. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Acutation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
and Actuation Relays
- c. Containment Pressure- 12.7 0.71 1.5 5 3 psig 5 3.2 psig High-High
TABLE 3.3-4 (Continued)
ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP ALLOWANCE (TA) (S) SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VALUE' FUNCTIONAL UNIT 1
- 3. Containment Isolation
- a. Phase "A" Isolation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- 1) Manual Initiation
^
N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. r
- 2) Automatic Actuation N.A. C Logic and Actuation d Relays E x
- 3) Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values. @
- b. Phase "B" Isolation ,
8 -'
(Nuclear Service 2 Water Operation)
N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. h
- 1) Manual Initiation N.A.
Automatic Actuation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. n
- 2) E Logic and Actuation Relays M Containment Pressure- 12.7 0.71 1.5 $ 3 psig 5 3.2 psig 3)
High-High
- c. Purge and Exhaust Isolation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- 1) Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- 2) Automatic Actuation
! Logic and Actuation l Relays i 3) Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values. -
TABLE 3.3-4 (Centinued)
ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 (S) SETPOINT ALLOWA8LE VALUE
- 4. Steam Line Isolation
] 0. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic H.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
and Actuation Relays
- c. Containment Pressure- 12.7 0.71 1.5 5 3 psig 5 3.2 psig lk, '
High-High v
- 1 .
m
- d. Steam Line Pressure-Low 4.6 0.71 1.5 1 125 psig 1 687 psig g 8
i e. Steam Line Pressure- 8.0 0.5 0 5 -100 psi /s 5 -122.8 psi /s** N1 Negative Rate - High ,,
E
- 5. Faedwater Isolation ja
- a. Automatic Actuation Logic H.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. h!
' and Actuation Relays Q n
- b. Steam Generator Water 5.4 2.18 1.5 5 82.4% of < 84.2% of 5~
l Level--High-High (P-14? narrow range narrow range v?
s instrument instrument ya span span
- c. Tavg-Low 4.0 1.12 1.2 1 564*F 1 562*F ,
- d. Doghouse Water Level-High ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
- e. Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values.
i l
l
TABLE 3.3-4 (Centinu*d) '
ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYST[N INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 (S) SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VALUE'
- a. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
and Actuation Relays
- c. Steam Generator Water 5.4 2.18 1.5 5 82.4% of 5 84.2% of narrow 2-Level-High-High (P-14) narrow range range instrument G ;
instrument span y -;
ci
- d. Trip of All Main N.A. h.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. g Feedwater Pumps en m
- e. Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values.
- 7. Ccntanment Pressure Control 3 System
}:=
- a. Start Permissive N.A. N.A. N.A. 5 0.25 psig 5 0.25 psig [
Termination C
- b. N.A. N.A. NsA. 5 0.25 psig 5 0.25 psig g
- 8. Auxiliary feedwater t'.
- 4. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. ,
and Actuation Relays
- c. Steam Generator Water 17 14.2 1.5 2 17% of span 1 15.3% of span
{ Level - Low-tow from 0% to 30% from 0% to 30%
i RTP increasing RTP increasing .
l linearly to linearly to 1 54.9% of span 1 53.2% of span
, from 30% to from 30% to 100% -
L- ___.._
/
^ - '
TABLE 3.3-4 (Continued) .
1 ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEN INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS-TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) Z, (S) SETPOINT ALLOWA8LE VALUE
- d. Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values.
- e. Loss-of-Offsite Power N.A. N;A. N.A. 2 (4800) V 2 (4692) V
- f. Trip of All Main feed- N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. -
water Pumps Ei
- g. Auxiliary Feedwater M
N.A. N.A. N.A. 2 2 psig 1 1 psig E Pressure-Low E E
- 9. Containment Sump Recirculation N o
'a . Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. E and Actuation Relays E
- b. Refueling Water Storage N.A. N.A. N.A. 1 120 inches 2 114 inches Tank Level-Low Coincident With Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values. n C
- 10. Loss of Power $
4 kV Bus Undervoltage- N.A. N.A. N.A. 3500 t 175 1 3200 volts ,
Grid Degraded Voltage volts with a '
8.5 1 0.5 second time delay
- 11. Control Room Area Ventilation Isolation
- a. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. ,
N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic
~
N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- and Actuation Relays', .
- c. Loss-of-Offsite Power N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
s w - - - - - -- - - _ _ - _ - _ - _ - _ - -
TABLE 3.3-4 (Continued)
ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEM INSTRUMENTATION' TRIP SETP0lNTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 _
(S) SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VAluE l' 12. Containment Air Return and Hydrogen Sklamer Operation
- o. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
i b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. - -
and Actuation Relays ri :
M
- c. Containment Pressure- 12.7 0.71 1.5 <_ 3 psig < 3.2 psig j. -
i High-High
- 13. Annulus Ventilation Operation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
j A. Manual Initiation -
Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Q b.
and Actuation Relays g
y
- c. Safety injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values. {
<n in
- 14. Nuclear Service Water Operation g N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- a. Manual Initiation Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
b.
I and Actuation Relays i
- c. Containment Spray See Item 2. above for all Containment Spray Setpoints and Allowable Values.
l i
- d. Phase "B" Isolation See Item 3.b above for all Phase "B" Isolation Setpoints and Allowable Values.
^
- e. Safety injection See Item 1. above for all Safety injection Setpoints and Allowable Values.
i
TABLE 3.3-4 (Centinued)
ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEN INSTRUMENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS .
TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP' FUNCTIONAL UNIT ALLOWANCE (TA) 7 ,
(S) SETPOINT ALLOWABLE VAluE
- 15. Emergency Diesel Generator operation (Diesel Building ventilation Isolation)
- a. Manual Initiation L.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. -
and Actuation Relays s M
- y
- c. Loss-of-Offsite Power N.A. N.A. N.A. 2 (4800)V t (4692)V y
- d. Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values. -
- 16. /.uxiliary Building Ventilation g Isolation
- o s
- a. Nanual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. ]
N
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
n and Actuation Relays 5
N.A. N.A. U.
- c. Loss-of-Offsite Power N.A. t (4800)V- 2 (4592)V
~w u
- d. Safety Injection See Item 1. above for all Safety Injection Setpoints and Allowable Values.
x
- 11. Diesel Building vantilation - ,
4 Isointion . ..
- a. Manual Initiation N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
- b. Automatic Actuation Logic N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
and fctuation Relays
- c. Emergency Diesel Generator See Item 15. above for all Emergency Diesel Generator Operation Setpoints 4 Operation and Allowable Values. ,
t i ',
TABLE 3.3-4 (Crntinu.d)
[. ENGINEERED SAFETY FEATURES ACTUATION SYSTEN INSTRUNENTATION TRIP SETPOINTS TOTAL SENSOR ERROR TRIP-FUNCTIONAL UNIT (S)
. ALLOWANCE (TA) 1 SETPOINT- ALLOWA8LE VALUE
- 18. Engineered Safety features A Actuation System Interlocks
- a. Pressurizer Pressure, P-11 N.A. N.A. N.A. $ 1955 psig 5 1941 psig
- b. Reactor Trip, P-4 .N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. _ ,
N 4
, G e
m ...
E 5 ,
Q E
4 O
- E 3
i l
l