ML20046D354
| ML20046D354 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Washington State University |
| Issue date: | 07/28/1993 |
| From: | Tripard G WASHINGTON STATE UNIV., PULLMAN, WA |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR OPERATIONS (EDO) |
| References | |
| FRN-58FR21662 NUDOCS 9308180184 | |
| Download: ML20046D354 (39) | |
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] Washington StateUniversity i E251 m m n u m c- e m o ' nwa N;9 335641 FM f/?lLM433 July 28,1993 Executive Director for Operations U.S. Nuclear Reguk. tory Commission Mail Stop 17G-13 Washington, D.C. 20555 i
Dear Sin In accordance with the provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations section 171.11(b). Washington State University herewith applies for an exemption from the annual license fees recen']y imposed upon University Research Reactors by the Commission. This exemption request ! is based upon the significant extemalized benefits provided to the nation by the operation of the , Washington State University TRIGA Research Reactor as enumerated below as well as the severe i financial hardship that the license fee will place upon the WSU Research Reactor and Washington State University. l t The following points address the question of whether nuclear education and research might " yield exceptionally large externalized benefits"-i.e., exceptional benefits that "cannot be captured in , tuition or other market prices." What follows is a list of general areas to which nuclear education ! and reseamh have contributed. These have been selected because they are of national interest and because society is not stmetured to " capture the benefit in tuition or market prices." Environmental Clean-up, especially DOE waste sites: 1 Trained people knovigeable in nuclear technology and techniques am essential to meet i the Federally mandated progt i to clean up the counay's contaminated sites. The Federal Government through their coauactors have hired and continue to hire people who were trained in radiochemistry at research reactors. One of our students who will receive his PhD this summer 3 doing research using the WSU reactor is being hired by Westinghouse Battelle to work with the 1 large waste tanks and Hanford. He not only canies with him a wealth of knowledge about radioactive isotopes and the associated radiochemistry *vut some of the techniques he will likely want to apply to the characterizatica of the wastes in the tanks would require a reseamh reactor to perform. If our reactor or a similar reactor had not existed people with his er.pertise would simply not be available. One more explicit example of a contribution our reactor is making to the problem of environmental waste clean-up is the work of Dr. Chien M. Wai. Dr. Wai and his students at the Uniwraity of Idaho have been working on the development of supewritical fluid technoiogy for the extraction of substances fmm solid and liquid materials. One of the more important supercritical fluids used in this manner is carbon dioxide at a temperature and pmssure of 32 C and 73 atm., j respectively. For example, decaffeination of coffee is accomplished by the treatment of mmlar coffee beans with supercritical carbon dioxide. The advantage of supercritical fluid extraction is ; that the extraction process leaves no contaminants behind in the treated products. ' (fg \ L g81g184530728 1 EDo --- 009200 l 171 5'3FR21662 PDR y
r, '. Unfonunately, metal ions do not interact with supercritical carbon dioxide effectively. However, Dr. Wai's research group has found that cenain organic molecules called " ionizable . crown ethers" can conven the metal ions into metal compounds making them soluble in a supewritical fluid. These crown ethers can be specially designed so as to be highly selective for the extraction of rare earth elements, such as lanthanum and lutecium, and transuranic elements, such as plutonium and neptunium. Dr. Wai is able to monitor the effectiveness of his designed crown ethers by following the prog ess of the rare canhs and transuranics through the chemical and physical reactions using neutron activation analysis. Dr. Wai's work may lead to the development of safe and efficient new processes for mineral production and for the treatment of , toxic metals and nuclear waste. Dr. Wai and his graduate students publish their work in public i journals. The knowledge they create will be available to everyone and will benefit society in general. Maintain National Energy Self Sufficiency The DOE wants reactors like ours t, survive because they have long recognized that they need to , maintain an infra-structme of knowledgeable and trained people who are capable of working on energy related projects that require nuclear technology. In recent years the DOE has invested large sums of money in upgrading the instrumentation of the existing reactors including ours at Washington State University. According to a recent IAEA Bulletin,1/1993 page 52,21.7% of our nation's electricity comes from nuclear power. Some regions of the country depend almost entirely ; on nuclear power. It is difficult to conceive of the existence of this imponant national energy resouxe without the prior research and development that was done and is continuing to be done at nuclear research reactors. The continuing survival of these power reactors and the development of future generations of safer and more economical reactors is dependent on the availability of talented ' and trained people many of whom will have received initial training at research reactors. Eventually there is going to be a need for more uranium to fuel the world's and US reactors. In order to make nuclear fuel cheap and competitive we need to have the techniques to properly ! characterize the uranium ore deposits before and during extraction. A professor at Washington State University, Dr. Phil Rosenberg, developed the technique of using fission tracks in uranium : sandstone quartz grains to age date the matenal. This technique, which requires a reactor, greatly l enhances the ability of a geologist to characterize an ore body. A cateful geological characterization l of existing ore bodies helps to efficiently extract the ore while minimizing the amount of land that is i disturbed and therefore minimizes the environmental impact of the mining activity. Understanding ; the ore body structures also helps the geologists to better predict where such ore bodies might form i and therefore improves the efficiency of mineral exploration.
. Educate and Train People for Present and Future Technology l I
Washington State University (WSU) is a Land Grant University. We have long recognized the ! need to pmvide the state with trained and knowledgeable individuals who will make contributions i to the state that far exceed the cost of training these people. At present WSU subsidizes l approximately 2/3 of the cost of the average . student's education. This fraction of subsidy is much ! greater for some of the physical and biological sciences which require expensive equipment and laboratory space. Also, any time the training requires laboratory work, the cost of the education of l the individual is much greater than for most other disciplines. Society in general and WSU in .l panicular has recognized this disparity because of the perceived benefits to society and does not in ! most cases charge extra simply because the panicular discipline the student has chosen is more ! expensive. The exceptions are those disciplines where the expense is enormously greater, such as the training of medical doctors, however, society still sees fit to subsidize the education of doctors because of the recognized need for medical care that protects the health of society in general. !
i r, - 1 Society generally recognizes the benent of having a repository of. knowledgeable and talented people who are experts in complicated and expensive disciplines of knowledge. When individuals ; in society, or from govemment, need expert advise or knowledge in nuclear technology and techniques they know that they can call such places as the Nuclear Radiation Cerer at Washington ! State University and talk to someone who has a lifetime of experience working with nelear instmmentation and techniques. In some cases the advice provided is going to save many lives . indirectly because of subsequent research. I was recently contacted by a researcher who wanted to ! know if we could measure the iodine content of animal feed. There was a suspicion of a nutritional de6ciency that might be traceable to iodine deficiency. We were able to immediately refer him to a professor in Chemistry, Dr. Roy Filby, who was interested in the detection of trace amounts of iodine in the environment.
. Promotion of Public Health Through Biological, Medical, and Environmental Research :
l l A great variety of complex physical and biochemical processes are involved in essential I physiological functions such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, metabolism, etc. Radioactive elements or compounds labeled with a radionuclide can be followed through a biological system by a variety of detection and imaging techniques. It was recently pointed out in a Biology and Medicine Division of the American Nuclear Society Newsletter that the work of ten of the last fifteen Nobel Prize winners in Medicine and Physiology could not have been possible ifit were not for the availability of radioisotope labeled compounds. URR's supply short-lived isotopes such as 24Na and 42K to researchers for in vitro study of high blood pretsure, cystic fibrosis, cancers, and other diseases. l Dr. Roy Filby, Dr. Barry Moore and a chemistry student at Washington State University are investigating the use of ponderosa pine tree annual growth rings as long term monitors of changes in heavy metal pollution of the Coeur d'Alene mining area. A 1/2 inch boring toolis used to take a i core sample from a living tree without sacri 6cing the tree. Each tree ring contains material that was incorporated into it from its root system, thus each ring represents a sampling of the tree's local environment for a particular year. Neutron Activation Analysis on tree samples results in a j determination oflocal contaminants such as Zine and Cadmium which are by-products of mining - activity. Promote and Develop High Technology to Remain Economically Competitive One of the goals proclaimed and promoted by both major political parties is tl'e development of small businesses. It is well known that a signi6 cant contribution to newjob creation comes through small businesses. One of the new small businesses started at the Research Park associated with Washington State University is called Intemational Sensor Technology. They have developed a new laser readout technique for reading Thermoluminescent Detectors (TLD's). Their work was supported by government SBIR and Navy grants to develop their techniques which the Navy plans to use to calibrate as many as 100,000 dosimetry badges each year. A significant and critical part of their work is carried out at our facility. It is difficult to imagine how they would have been able l to accomplish their work without being located next to a our radiation center. The entire Nuclear Navy is going to benefit from their work. Their company has also developed new two-dimensional detector arrays which will be a signi6 cant advance in the way medical dosimetry will be done for cancer therapy.
. Promote and Improve Agricultural Researth Dr. C. W. Ilunt and his associates at the University of Idaho " label" feed (such as straw or hay) for steers using rare earth elements (elements with atomic numbers between 57 and 71) as labels.
These labels are sometimes referred to as tracers or markers. Such labeling permits the l
1% experimenter to trace the progress of the anificially tagged nutrient through the digestive system of the animal. Ideally, the marker remains associated with the nutrient which is being investigated so that by detecting the rurker one can monitor the passage of the labeled nutrient through the animal. Only very small quantities of the marker need be detected to keep track of where the nutrient goes. Samples collected from the animal or its feces am analyzed by neutron activation to quantify the rate of absorption of the tagged nutrient. Even small improvements in feed quality or feed utilization discovemd with such methods can have great importance in agricultural economy and human nutritien. Protection of Endangered Species Dr. S. Ristow and Dr. Gary Thorgaani in the Animal Sciences Department are doing research on homozygous clones of trout for biomedical research. They have NIH funding for this project. One of the most important public issues facing the Pacific Nonhwest is the protection of endangered Salmon in the Columbia and Snake Rivers. The resolution of this issue involves many activities including the generation of electrical power, river navigation, irrigation of agricultural land and of course fishing. WSU scientists are involved in various aspects of these problems. So.me of this reseamh requires utilization ofinadiation facilities at the Nuclear Radiation Center. Inform the Public about Nuclear Technology and Nuclear Waste Management Hundreds of public citizens, including Summer School Teachers, teachers bringing their classes, business groups, and scientists from around the world tour the reactor facility each year. Our facility is one of the most popular places to visit when people come to the Washington State University Campus. We discuss with these groups their concerns about nuclear technology. Each visitor receives two bmchures, one of which is enclosed with this letter, namely " University Teaching and Research Reactors" and the other is about Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors. We are continually amazed at the misunderstandings most people have about nuclear technology. These tours are conducted free to the public. I think this activity is especially important because the public gets to directly express their concerns to experts in the field, scientists that they seem to have confidence in are providing them with factualinformation which is not biased towards any particular side of an issue because of conflict ofinterest.
- Support Geological Reseamh which ultimately helps understanding Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Proper Resource Extraction and Management We do a lot of work for the US Geological Survey and our local geology department. The technique of Neutron Activation Analysis enables geologists to easily measure trace elements in small quantities of rock or sediment without any complicating chemical or physical preprocessing.
Such analysis of geological materials helps scientists to understand the fundamental processes that are involved in such phenomena as earthquakes, volcanoes and formation of mineral deposits. This research is published in the public journals and benefits everyone.
- National D-fense As mentioned under the section on high technology, we have research progessing at our facility that directly benefits the US Navy. It is easily arguable that much of the superiority af our US military can be attributed to nuclear technology developed by scientists just doing basic research at small reactors. The US is able to project its power globally because nuclear reactors can run for months without refueling. The manner in which we conducted the operation of Desen Storm would have been unimaginable without the nuclear technology that powers our aircraft carriers.
Whether we like it or not, our Nuclear Navy has provided our country with a formidable shield that - I believe has deterred many of our enemies from even thinking about assaulting us.
t Is. . i
~
f e i i In closing, Washington State University urges the Commission to grant an exemption from heense ; fees on the basis of the benefits provided to society by the continued operation of the facility as documented above. If such exemption is not granted, the severe financial hardship created by the ! imposition of the fees will likely precipitate the closing down of the WSU Research Reactor with ; the attendant loss to society of this invaluable educational and research tool. !i i Sincerely, _ .
~L . ), ' .
i L / % ; a a w [, Gerald E. Tripard ! Director j l 1 enclosures: Summaries of activities, research, degrees, and publications, institutions served by the i , WSU Nuclear Radiation Center. l Brochure on Research Reactors handed out to the Public during reactor tours. ! cc: James Holloway Mail Stop MNBB-C103 : Dr. R.V. Smith, Vice Provost for Research & Dean, Graduate School ! Washington State University
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University Research Reactorst A wide variety of research is conducted at university reactors making unique contributions to science and technology in nuclear engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, geology, environmental sciences, amheology, and forensic studies. University research reactors (URR's) have made and continue to make significant research contributions in the areas of: ! 1 o Neutron activation analysis ; o Medical diagnostics and therapy , 1 o Radioisotope production o Neutron radiography i o Nuclear engineering and reactor physics. ; o Neutron scattering ! This research, in many cases, although seemingly highly technical and remote, is extremely practical and its results have great economic and social value. These res 11ts have applications to industrial processes, quality control, new materials, medical diagnostics and ! therapy, environmental management, and other fields. ;
-l Neutron Activation Analysis !
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\ . l Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a particularly productive technique that is a i vital research tool. It has made possible the rapid and economic accumulation of the large l
amounts of data needed for analyses in many disciplines, and has been essential to many , imponant scientific advances in the last 10 to 15 years. In NA A, a sample is irradiated within the reactor, resulting in activation of its constituent elements. Upon removing the sample, the researcher can analyze the gamma- ; ray spectrum to identify the presence of elements at exceedingly low levels. The multi- - disciplinary setting of a university makes NAA a particularly productive area for researth in many different fields of study. A principal advantage of NAA is its extreme sensitivity to approximately 80% of $ naturally occurring elements. In some cases, trace elements as small as a few picograms (1 x 1042 gram) can be detected. Another advantage of NAA includes the potential for simultaneous determination of numerous elements in a sample. Specific isotopes can be ! measured, allowing for experimentation with altered isotope ratios. Also, NAA can be perfomied as a nondestruc ive analysis technique in which the sample remains intact. ; NAA has made imponant contributions to medicine, nutrition, biology, l archeaology, environmental studies, forensic science, geology, paleontology, and other , fields. Criminal investigations have been assisted by analyzing the residue left from the firing of a handgun. Poisoning from panicular elements can be detected in hair samples from victims. Napoleon's hair was rich in arsenic, which was an ingredient in medicines used in that period. Isaac Newton's hair showed high levels of mercury.2 ; 1 I A recently suggested application of NAA in the medical field is the monitoring of the progress of AIDS patients. A team of epidemiologists at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health have studied blood samples from infected and symptom-free groups of individuals and noticed higher copper and lower zine levels in infected subjects i than in an uninfected control gmup. The relative concentrations of minute quantities of j copper and zine are easily measured using NAA and could be used to determine the course of an infection in planning treatment .3 , i One of the more fascinating discoveries made possible with NAA was the Iridium ! evidence for a catastrophic impact of a meteorite on the canh approximately 65 million ) years ago. It was suggested by Alvarez in 1987 that such an impact may have lead to the ' extinction of many species, including the dinosaurs. l _____I
I Examples of an NA A projects using the WSU reactor: AnimalScience Dr. C. W. Hunt and his associates at the University of Idaho " label" feed (such as : straw or hay) for steers using rare canh elements (elements with atomic numbers between ! 57 and 71) as labels. These labels are sometimes referred to as tracers or markers. Such t labeling pennits the experimenter to trace the progress of the artificially tagged nutrient through the digestive system of the animal. Ideally, the marker remains associated with the ' nutrient which is being investigated so that by detecting the marker one can monitor the i passage of the labeled nutrient through the animal. Only very small quantities of the marker need be detected to keep track of where the nutrient goes. Samples collected from the ; animal or its feces are analyzed by neutron activation to quantify the rate of absorption of ; the tagged nutrient. Even small improvements in feed quality or feed utilization discovered with such methods can have great importance in agricultural economy and human nutrition. Chemistry .; Dr. Chien M. Wai and his students at the University of Idaho have been working on the development of supercritical fluid technology for the extraction of substances from solid and liquid materials. One of the more important supercritical fluids used in this , manner is carbon dioxide at a temperature and pressure of 32 C and 73 atm., respectively. i For example, decaffeination of coffee is accomplished by the treatment of regular coffee beans with supemritical carbon dioxide. The advantage of supercritical fluid extraction is ; that the extraction process leaves no contaminants behind in the treated products. j Unfortunately, metal ions do not interact with supercritical carbon dioxide i effectively. Ilowever, Dr. Wai's research group has found that cenain organic molecules ; called "iomzable crown ethers" can conven the metal ions into metal compounds making i them soluble in a supercritical fluid. These crown ethers can be specially designed so as to { be highly selective for the extraction of rare earth elements, such as lanthanum and i lutecium, and transuranic elements, such as plutonium and neptunium. Dr. Wai is able to monitor the effectiveness of his designed crown ethers by following the progress of the rare earths and transuranics through the chemical and physical reactions using neutron - activation analysis. Dr. Wai's work may lead to the development of safe and efficient new processes for mineral production and for the treatment of toxic metals and nuclear waste. I I J -
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A great variety of complex physical and biochemical processes am involved in essential physiological functions such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, metabolism, etc. Radioactive elements or compounds labeled with a radionuclide can be fcilowed through a biological system by a variety of detection and imaging techniques. URR's supply short-lived isotopes such as 24Na and 42 K to researchers for in vitro study of high blood pmssure, cystic fibrosis, cancers, and other diseases. The following table gives examples of the uses ofisotopes produced with reactors. SELECTED REACTOR-PRODUCED RADIOISOTOPES ISOTOPE FXAMPLE OF USE HALF-LIFE 3H (tritium) Studies of metabolism 12.33 years
'C Studies of metabolism 5730 years 32P Treatment of some blood disorders 14.28 days 42K Chlorides are used in studies of hypertension 12.36 hours 5'Cr Measurement of kidney filtration rate 27.71 days "Fe Studies ofiron metabolism 44.6 days 64Cu Studies of genetic diseases, Wilson's disease 12.71 hours 25Se Studies of protein metabolism, imaging the pancreas 120 days "Y Treatment oflivercancer 64 hours wrc Used in imaging the brain, thyroid, lungs, liver, etc 6.02 hours 8*Pd Treatment of various cancers 4.67 minutes "3In Medicalimaging 1.66 hours ml Used to trace activity in biologically active species 59.7 days
'31 Medice] imaging 8.04 days
'33Xe Used forinhalation studies 2.19 days
One isotope produced with reactors that has a wide range of uses is Cobalt-60. The isotope decays with a half-life of 5.27 years emitting energetic gamma-rays. These gamma-rays are regularly used to sterilize medical products such as bandages, diapers, and even hospital food for patients with weakened immune systems. Food irradiation has the potential to become a highly effective tool for reducing food-related illness. Other benefits include longer shelf life for food, better taste, and possibly lower costs (from lower spoilage). US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) studies have found that gamma-irradiation is useful for killing insect larvae, retarding spoilage, and eliminating the threats of salmonellosis, botulism, and trichinosis.4 In January,1992 a new food irradiation plant opened in Florida. That same month the first irradiated strawberries were sold in the US. Neutron Radiography s ' e,'I',G I'I'I' ,','
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attenuated by varying degrees depending on the constituents of the object. The attenuated , beam is then visualized by having it hit an imaging system that is sensitive to neutrons. A wide variety of applications of neutron radiography is cunently in use. The special advantage that this technique enjoys over other methods of imaging is its capability of detecting light materials inside heavy ones. This permits one to examine, for example, the location of lubricants in metal systems, the distribution of polymeric resins injected into rock fissures, or the moisture content of ceramics.
, One of die recent applications of this technology was made by the 100kW TRIGA reactor at the McClellan Air force Base in California. The reactoris used for the stationary neutron radiographic inspection ofintact F-111 bomber aircraft wings. The Oregon State University reactor has been used to produce a neutron radiographic movie of the burning of ,
rifle propellants inside of a barrel while the rifle was being fired. Nuclear Engineering and Reactor Physics Nuclear engineering schools use University Research Reactors to teach students the principles of reactor operation and design. The reactor and its associated instrumentation and detectors are used for training and experimenting in nuclear technology. Such training and experimentation are essential if America is to be competitive in nuclear technology. The next generation of reactor scientists are gaining their kncwledge and experience on today's URR's.
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A9 s- ' ( ingoli I L Q l L (U Q N i When a silicon ingot is placed in a reactor and irradiated with thennal neutrons, some of the silicon is converted into phosphorous. This method of deliberately introducing the dopant material into semiconductors has the advantage of providing a very uniform ; resistivity and crystalintegrity. These semiconductor materials are then used for electronic components such as diodes, rectifiers and power transistors typically found in television sets and other electrome mstrumentation. i 1 a l
Neutron Scattering Monoenergetic Scattered beam beam . ______g___ _ _ __ Scattering Plane _ _ g_ _ _ g_ _ _ _ _ _of atoms _ _ _ _ _ _ e_ _ _ g_ _ _ _ _ g_ _ _ g_ _ _ g_ _ _ _ _ _ . ______g___g___g_ _g___g___g___g______. The intensity of the scattered beam depends on the distance between the scattering planes and the angle at which the beam scatters. One of the more common methods that scientists use to study crystal structure of materials is x-ray diffraction. The technique involves the scattering of monoenergetic l x-rays from the " cloud" of electrons that surround each atom in the crystal. This pennits ; the measurement of the distances between regularly arranged rows of atoms. However,if lighter atoms are combined with heavier atoms the electronic " cloud" surrounding the lighter element in a crystal can be shifted significantly towards the heavier element. If the scientist wants to know the relative distance between a carbon nucleus and a much lighter hydrogen nucleus rather the distance between their two respective electron distributions, the scattering must involve a force other than the electromagnetic force that exists between 4 x-rays and electrons. Neutrons are relatively insensitive to the electromagnetic fon:e because they have a neutral charge. They do, however, respond to the strong nuclear force and so when neutron diffraction is used a much better measure of where the proton inside the hydrogen atom is relative to the nucleus of the carbon atom is obtained. In contrast, x-rays are relatively insensitive to the very light elements, especially if they are combined with heavy elements because light elements have so few electrons to interact with the x-rays. One other attribute of neutrons that distinguishes them from x-rays is their possession of a spin magnetic moment. This magnetic moment can interact with the magnetic fields of the ions with unpaired electrons in the crystal lattice and thus modify the scattering. Such modifications in neutron scattering are used to investigate what are called magnetically orderedlattices.5 i =+ 'I
Refemnces:
- 1) Much of the material in this brochum is a condensation of a report called " University Research Reactors in the United States - their Role and Value," prepared by the Committee on University Research Reactors Energy Engineering Board Commission on l Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council, NATIONAL ;
ACADEMY PRESS, Washington, D.C.1988.
- 2) " Introductory Nuclear Physics" by Kenneth S. Krane, page 791, John Wiley & Sons. i
- 3) Test, Research and Training Reactors (TRTR) newsletter, Vol. 3, No.1, (1991) 6 .
- 4) Nuclear News, March 1992, Vol. 35, No.3, page 64.
i
- 5) " Physical Chemistry" by P.W. Atkins, W.H. Freeman and Company.
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SUMMARY
OF ACTIVITIES More than twenty-five graduate students were involved in research activities related to the Nuclear Radiation Center. The Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) program has increased over the last year. Several new researchers and projects have used the facility recently. A new two year contract was negotiated with Exxon USA, Benecia Refinery in February,1993 for monthly determination of selenium in crude oils. One example of a promising new project is " Investigation of Heavy Metal Loading, Mobilization, and Transmutation in the Coeur d'Alene/ Spokane River Systems Using Neutron Activation Analysis of Tree Rings." This project, involving the Departments of Chemistry and Natural Resource Sciences of WSU. A large, recently completed project, combining the resources of the Geology Department, Water Resource Center and the Nuclear Radiation Center, involved the analysis of over 100 samples of Lake Roosevelt Sediments for trace elements for the US Geological Survey in Tacoma. The Department of Energy has continued to support work at our facility by researchers from other educational institutions under a program called Reactor Sharing at $22,000/ year. In our last Reactor Sharing proposal to the DOE we included 12 different projects from other Universities and Colleges in the Pacific Northwest. Use of the Cobalt-60 inadiation facility has continued to increase. A Physics graduate student working with Dr. Tripard (NRC) and Dr. Scott Jones (IST) developed a new technique for irradiating large two dimensional arrays of thermal luminescent detectors (TLD's) with a relatively uniform dose of gamma-rays. This new technique is now being used Intemational Sensor Technology to test and calibrate their new arrays and readout systems. IST has recently ordered a new Cesium irradiator to be installed at the Center to calibrate dosimeter badges for the Navy. A joint project with Argonne National Lab has developed at the Center primarily to study the effects of gamma and neutron damage to various kinds of detector material. Argonne has supported a student in the Summer of 93 to help with this project. They have also sent us 3 expensive and specialized shielding material to filter the radiation in order to adjust its character for the studies. The irradiations are being done in one of the pool beam ports (H-1) which had not ; been used for many years. The physicists at Argonne have also provided computer software support that pennits us to calculate the shape of the neutron spectrum from the results of a series of l' foil activation experiments. The project has attracted the interest of high energy detector specialists, dosimetrists both in our experiments and the special new detector systems and capabilities of Intemational Sensor Technology in our Research Park. i i Argonne National Laboratory has provided WSU with new kinds of film detectors that our Cobalt-60 users may find valuable. The detectors are radiochromic films that are quite inexpensive (much i cheaper that TLD's) and can be read on a readout device that costs less than $2000. Argonne is working with us on investigating these detectors. i We have begun a collaborative effon with the University of Utah to create a special laboratory space at WSU that will combine. the capabilities of our two institutions such that we will have capabilities that neither of us could do separately. Part of this effon has involved cleaning up and modifying cenain space at the Center that we will qualify as a Controlled Laboratory Space that ; will pennit us to meet quality control standards for government projects. i We has e continued to work with Komatsu, a Japanese company that is helping us to develop a quality control nethod for the irradiation of silicon ingots to produce high quality semiconductor I material. Komatsu has sent us a large set of test wafers that we are in the process ofirmdiating
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i with predetennined target doses. This is a long process because the turn around time on each .; irradiation is a few months. We have completed several irradiations over the past year and are continuing to make progress. l We received a large grant from the DOE to study the safety consequences of the switch from liigh ; Enriched Uranium (IIEU) to Low Enriched Uranium (LEU). We have been doing calculations f with old two dimensional codes that we run on the IBM mainframe with the WYLBUR operating system and we are developing software to do three dimensional calculations on a new ! VAXworkstation that the DOE bought for us. This study is proceeding nicely and we have one i more year on this contract. i i Through Dr. Dave Woodall, professor of Nuclear Engineering at the University of Idaho, we have - had several guest visitors from the Nuclear Research Centerin Budapest, Hungary. They were - interested in our unique capabilitics, especially pulsing. Several of the visitors expressed interest ; in joint projects. One of the more intriguing prospects was the manufacture of Rhodium detectors for us that would be valuable for monitoring the inadiation of Silicon. They think that they could , produce such detectors for a much cheaper price that would be available in America. j ' t We have been very busy this last year cleaning up hazardous materials and chemicals that had j accumulated over the last 20 years or so. We have also had to develop new programs for safety j and hazardous materials. This has necessitated a diversion of a significant amount of human and i monitory resources to get these programs up to date. . We have continued to work on the development of our operator training program This summer ('93) three individuals will be taking US Nuclear Regulatory Commissions examinations. ; Preparation for these exams requires a lot of practice and study. The exams are both written and j oral and cover a lot of govemment regulations and policies in addition to reactor theory and our ; facility manuals, drawings and operating procedures. l t FUNDED PROJECTS AT NRC i G. Tripard, Reactor Sharing Program, USDOE, $22,000 I G. Tripard, Battelle Northwest, service contract, S15,000 G. Tripard, International Sensor Tech, service contract, $10,000/yT. G. Tripard, University Reactor Instrumentation Program, USDOE, $24,357, plus 58,119 matching funds, Graduate School G. Tripard, Reactor Fuel Conversion Request, USDOE, $106,094 G. Tripard, Reactor and Research Equipment Upgrade. USDOE, $16,631, plus $3,326 matching - funds, Graduate School C. Grimm, Exxon Company, US A, service contract, $6,000 i
RESEARCII PROJECTS (1987-1992) hfutassim Abdelrahman, AnimalSciences. WSU Deposition of selenium, copper, manganese and zine in bovine fetal tissues at different stages of gestations. Effect of cow serum Se on neonatal liver Se and change in calf liver Se from birth to 42 days of age. Pete Apgar and C.ht. Wai, Chemistry, UI Synthesis and characterization of triazole containing crown ethers. EG&G Idaho Inc., 1992-1994. ' Alan Busacca, Crop & SoilSciences, WSU Estimation of long-term soil erosion and deposition rates using Cs-137. Washington State Conservation Commission, Centennial Clean Water Fund Research Grant, 1988-1991. Valerie Chamberlain, Geology, UI Trace element analyses of igneous rocks using NAA. Idaho Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute, 1987-1990. Gary Collins, Physics, WSU Atomic stmeture in metals and alloys studied by hyperfine interactions. (Use in sample characterization. Reactor irradiations to measure concentrations of indium in metal samples in the range 0.01-1.07o.) H.S. Du, Don Wood and C.hi. Wai, Chemistry, U1 Selective extraction of lanthanides and actinides with ionizable crown ethers. Westinghouse (WINCO), 1992-1994. Feng, P., C.W. Hunt, and G. Pritchard, Animal Science, UI Effect of grain source on rumen function and microbial protein production in beef cattle," l993. Roy Filby, Chemistry, WSU \ Pyrolysis of kerogens in organic-rich shales: Investigation of metalloporphyrin generation l and trace metal contents of bitumens. Chevron Corp. 1988-1989. $34,149 Detennination of Nickel porphyrins by mass spectrometry (with A. Joubert). NIH,1985-
- 88. $41,473 Detemiination of metalloporphyrins by LC-MS (with A. Joubert). NIH, 1991-92.
$17.500 j Investigation of heavy metal loading, mobilization and transport in the Coeur d'Alene/ Spokane river systems using NAA of tree rings. USGS,5/92-4/93. 551,326 Detennination of metalloporphyrins by LC-MS (with A. Joubert). NIH, 1992-93.
$ 17.,500 Grant of GC-MS Spectrometer System. Exxon, 1992. $120,000
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4 ! I Investigation of heavy metal loading in the Coeur d'Alene and Columbia river systems, f USGS,1993-94. $46,934 ; 4 t Tim Freson. BiologicalSciences, UI l Cryopreservation of irradiated spenn to produce gynogenetic females. David Gealy, USDA1ARS, WSU Analyzed for potassium content in downy brome roots before and after treatment with a : biological control toxin using neutron activation analysis. l Willard Goff, USDAIARS, WSU Mechanisms of cellular immunity in response to Babesia bovis infection. ! Peter Hooper, Geology, WSU Trace element analyses of rare earth patterns in PN basalt. Detennination of rare canh pattems and anomalies in Oregon basalt. 1984-1991. , Carl Hunt. Animal Science, UI i Effect of grain source on rumen function and microbial protein production in beef cattle. l 1993. Evaluation of methods of ammoniating barley straw.1993. International Sensor Technology, Pullman, WA
- Full scale development of laser headed TLD systemfor personnel dosimetry. U.S. Navy. )
Remote fiber optic laser heated TLD probe for remote dosimetry. National Cancer ! Institute. l l Development of remote, fiber optic laser TLD probe for nuclear waste contamination monitoring. Department of Energy. Feasibility study of two-dimensional laser TLD dose mapping for radioactive contamination localization for decontamination and decommissioning activities. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Ronald Kincaid, Animal Sciences WSU Neutron activation analysis in animal nt::hin. L.B. Kirschner, Zoology, WSU Use of 22Na and 24Na in epithelial transport experiments. T. Kohler and W. Lipe, Anthropology, WSU INAA studies of pottery provenance. 1982-87. Ken Laint:, JJ. Yu and C.ht. Wai, Chemistry, UI Neutron activation analysis of arsenic and antimony species in environmental samples.- P. Larson, Geology, WSU i Trace element analyses of commercially important minerais in basalt. 1984-1991. - I Nancy Afagnuson, hficrobiology, WSU l
, Regulation of pim-1 gene expression in activated T lymphocytes. 7 Translational/ post-translational regulation of pim-1 kinase. ! Differential expression of pim-1 mRNA in T and B lymphocytes. i W.ht. Atok and C.bi. Wai. Chemistry, U1 ; Distribution and mobilization of arsenic and antimony species in the Coeur d'Alene River, ., Idaho. 1990. l Determination of arsenic and antimony in biological materials by solvent extraction and . neutron activation.1988 Arsenic speciation and quality of ground water in a lead-zinc mine in Idaho. 1988. f S. Ristow and G. Thorgaard, Animal Sciences, WSU Homozygous clones of trout for biomedical research." NIH funding. We plan to use irradiated cells for mixed lymphocyte cultures in this project. . Alice Schroeder, Genetics, WSU Radioresistant DNA synthesis: A yeast model system. (Pending) P.L. Siems, Geology, UI ' REE in sedimentary rocks determined by NAA. 1988-1989. N.K. Shah and C.Af. Wai, Chemistry, UI . ] Preconcentration of trace elements in C18-bonded silica gel for neutron activation analysis. l 1989. i i K.F. Sprenke, Geology & Geological Engineering, UI i Use of NAA in determination of trace elements in petroleum source rock bitumens. ; J. Tang and C.hi. Wai, Chemistry, UI Extraction of uranium with crown ether carboxylic acids for neutron activation analysis. 1988. : Preconcentration of lanthanides from natural waters with a lipophilic crown ether carboxylic acid for neutron activation analysis.1989. Gerald Tripard. Nuclear Radiation Center, WSU l Reactor fuel conversion assistance request. $106,094 DOE grant. ; Reactor sharing program. $22,000 DOE grant. Reactor instrumentation program. 516,631 DOE grant. Neutron transmutation doping of silicon to produce high quality semiconductor material. Feasibility study of using fast neutrons to produce color scattering centers in minerals. I Sandy Wagner, EnvironmentalScience and Regional Planning, WSU Pilot project to conelate the soil concentrations or arsenic and antimony in old orchard areas that received lead-arsenate pesticides.
l e j C.M. Wai, Chemistry, UI i Transport of trivalent lanthanides in an H 2 0-CIICi3-H 2O liquid membrane system ! containing a crown ether carboxylic acid. 1983-1987. i Use of NAA to detemnine rare metals in sea water. Determination of trace element patterns in evaporated drinking water. Detemlination of arsenic and antimony in biological materials by solvent extraction and i neutron activation. 1983-1987 Simultaneous extraction of trivalent and pentavalent antimony and arsenic species from natural waters for neutron activation analysis. 1983-1987. Solvent extraction oflanthanides with a crown ether carboxylic acid. 1983-1987. Extraction of arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) from natural waters for neutron activation I analysis. 1983-1987. ! Dithiocarbamate extraction of trace amounts of selenium from biological samples for i neutron activation analysis. 1983-1987. .; Extraction of palladium from natural water and from coal fly ash for neutron activation ! analysis. 1983-1987. Preconcentration with dithiocarbamate extraction for determination of molybdenum in seawater by neutron activation analysis. 1983-1987. l Dithiocarbamate extraction of gallium from natural waters and from biological samples for ! neutron activation analysis. 1983-1987. i i Extraction from molybdenum from biological samples and fmm coal fly ash for neutron - activation analysis. 1983-1987. , Solvent extraction of uranyl dithiocarbamate complexes for neutron activation analysis. _; 1983-1987, i I Shaofen Wang, Chemistry, UI Supercritical fluid extraction of chromium species. t i
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PUBLICATIONS Dunnell, R.C.. and Jackson, M.K.1992. " Technology of late Mississippian polychromes." Paper presented at tne 50th Annual Meeting of the Southeastem Archaeological Conference, Little Rock,21-24 October. , Beede D.K., Sanchez, W.K., and Wang, C.1992. " Macromineral elements." In, Large Herd i Dairy Management. H.H. Van Horn (ed.), Champaign, IL: American Dairy Science Association Press. (In press). l i Day, J.W., and Filby, R.H.1992. "The role of clay mineral acidity in the evolution of copper, nickel and vanadyl peoporphyrins." Preorints. ACS Div. Petrol. Chem. 37:1399. Feng, P., liunt, C.W., Julien W.E., Dickinson, K., and Moen, T.1992. "Effect of enzyme , additives on in situ and in vitro degradation of mature cool-season grass forage." J. Animal ! Science 70(Suppl 1):310. Fitzgerald, S.L., and Filby, R.H.1992. "Effect of minerals on trace element distributions in l hydrous pyrolysates of kerogens from the New Albany shale." Preorints. ACS Div. Fuel Chem. ! 37:1754. Mercer, G.E., Regner, A.J., and Filby, R.H. 1992. " Trace element distributions in kerogen, bitumens and pyrolysates isolated from new Albany shale. Preorints. ACS Div. Fuel Chem. 37:1761. Regner, A.J., and Filby, R.H.1992. "A comparison of metalloporphyrin distributions in ! bitumens from New Albany shale using different extraction solvents. Preprints. ACS Div. Petrol. j fltenL 37:1393. , J Sanchez, W.K.1992. " Benefits of dietary buffers during the drought." Pp. 20-25 in, Manacine j Durine Droucht Conditions. University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Publication. Sanchez, W.K.1992. " Confirming a case of milk fat depression during the drought." Pp.15-17 in, Manacing During Drought Conditions. University ofIdaho Cooperative Extension Publication. ' ! Sanchez, W.K., Beede, D.K., and DeLorenzo, M.A. 1992. "Modeling the effects of macrominerals on lactational performance of dairy cattle." Pp.1-32 in, Prne. Natnl. Feed Ing. Assn. June 1-3, Chicago. West Des Moines,IA: Natal. Feed Ing. Assn. Sanchez, W.K., Beede, D.K., Hirchert, E.M., and Cornell, J.A. 1992. " Influence of dietary potassium by chloride interaction on postprandial responses oflate lactation Holstein cows." L Dairy Sci. (Supplel):297. Sanchez, W.K., Joyce, P.W., and Albro, J.D.1992. " Calf acid-base status as influenced by feeding an anionic diet to the dry cow.'" Idaho D.4irv Uodate (Fall):20. Sanchez, W.K., Joyce P.W., and Albro, J.D.1992. " Influence of anionic salts and forage type during the dry period on calcium metabolism, health, and lactational perfomunce." Idaho Dairy Update (Fall):16.
! Felsburg, P.J., Somberg, R.L., and Perryman, L.E.1992. " Domestic animal models of severe , combined immunodeficiency: Canine x-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency in horses." Immunodeficiency Reviews 3:227-303.
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Friedmann, M., Nissen, M.S., Hoover D.S., Reeves, R., and Magnuson, N.S. 1992.
" Characterization of the proto-oncogene pim-1: Kinase activity and substrate recognition sequence." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 298:594-601. ,
Heussler, V.T., Eichhorn. M., Reeves, R., Magnuson, N.S., Williams, R.O., and Dobbelaere, D.A.E.1992. " Constitutive IL-2 mRNA expression in lymphocytes, infected with the , intracellular parasite Theilcria parva." J. Immunol. 149:562-567. i i Webb, R.L., Langford, S.C., Jensen, L.C. 3 3, and Dickinson, J.T.1992. " Ablation of j single crystal MgO by UV excimer laser radiation." Mat. Res. Soc. Symn. Proc. 236:21. i Wingett, D., Reeves, R., and Magnuson, N.S.1992. " Characterization of the testes-specific pim-1 transcript in rats." Nucleic Acids Res. 20:3183-3189. M. W. McNaughton, K. Koch, I. Supek, N. Tanaka. D. A. Ambrose, P. Coffey, K. Johnston, ' K. H. McNaughton, P. J. Riley, G. Glss, J. C. Hiebert, L. C. Northcliffe, A. J. Simon, D. J. . Mercer, D. L. Adams, H. Spinka. R. H. Jeppesen, G. E. Tripard, H. Woolverton, "2 H (p n)2p spin transfer from 305 to 788 MeV." Phys. Rev. C,4J,2564 (1992) K. H. McNaughton, D. A. Ambrose, P. Coffey, K. Johnston, P. J. Riley, M. W. McNaughton, K. Koch,1. Supek, N. Tanaka, G. Glass, J. C. Hiebert, L. C. Northcliffe, A. J. Simon, D. J. Mercer, D. L. Adams, H. Spinka, R. H. Jeppesen, G. E. Tripard, H. Woolverton, "np clastic spin-transfer measurements at 485 and 635 MeV," Phys. Rev. C,46,47 (1992) W. R. Ditzler, D. Hill, J. Hoftiezer, K. F. Johnson, D. Lopiano, T. Shima, H. Shimizu, H. Spinka, R. Stanek, D. Underwood, R. G. Wagner, A. Yokosawa, G. R. Burleson, J. A. Faucett, C. A. Fontenla, R. W. Garnett, C, Luchini, M. W. Rawool-Sullivan, T. S. Bhatia, G. Glass, J. C. Hieben, R. A. Kenefick, S. Nath, L. C. Northcliffe, R. Damjanovich, J. J. Jarmer, J. Vaninetti, R. H. Jeppesen, G. E. Tripard " Neutron-proton elastic scattering spin-spin correlation parameter measurements between 500 and 800 MeV.1. CSL and CLL at backward c.m. angles," Phys Rev. D, diz, 2792 (1992)
- 1. Supek, M.W. McNaughton, K. Koch, N. Tanaka, R.D. Ransome, D.A. Ambrose, K.H.
McNaughton, P.J. Riley, G. Glass, J. Hiebert, L. Northcliffe, A.J. Simon, D.L. Adams, R. Jeppesen, H. Spinka, G. Tripard, " Quick polarization analyzer (QPAN)," Nucl. Instr. and Meth, in Phys. Res., A32419 (1993) T. Shima, D. Hill, K.F. Johnson, H. Shimizu, H. Spinka, R. Stanek, D. Underwood, A. Yokosawa, G. Glass, J.C. Hiebert, R.A. Kenefick, S. Nath, L.C. Northcliffe, G.R. Burleson, R.W. Garnett, J.A. Faucett, M.W.Rawool-Sullivan, R. Damjanovich, J.J. Jarmer, R.H. Jeppesen, G.E. Tripard, " Neutron-proton elastic scattering spin-spin correlation parameter measurements between 500 and 800 Mev.11. CSS and CLS at forward c.m. angles " Phys Rev. D 4.1,29 (1993) Appar, P.F., Elshani, S., Wood. D.J., and Wai, C.M. 1993. " Extraction of heavy metals with crown ethers containing triazole functional groups." Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference, March 8-12. Atlanta, GA. Reynolds, W.K., Hunt C.W., Moen, T. and Loesche, J.A. 1993. Comparison of corn and barley with and without ruminal buffer in supplements fed wheat straw-based diets to beef steers." J Animal Science in press. 1 l
I Sanchez, W.K., Beede, D.K., and Joyce, P.W.1993. " Feeding strategies to prevent milk fever: The dietary cation-anion difference concept. Proc. NonhWest Dairv Short Course. Everett, WA: Washington State University. (In press). Wang, Shaofen, and Wai, C.M.1993. " Chromium speciation by dithiocarbamate chelation and chromatographic separation." Presented at the Pittsburgh Conference, March 1-12. Atlanta, GA. Dickinson, J.T., Jensen, L.C., Webb, R.L., Dawes, M.L. and Langford S.C. 1993. j
" Mechanisms of excimer laser ablation of wide bandgap materials: The role of defects in single ;
crystal MgO." Submitted to Mat. Res. Soc. Svmn. Proc. [ Symposium I]. , Filby, R.H.1993. "The origin and nature of trace element species in crude oils, bitumens and kerogens: Implications for correlation studies. Proc. Int. Conference GEOFLUIDS 93:404. Jones, S.1993. "A remote fiber-optic laser-TLD system." Radiation Protection Dosimetry. Spring. Jones, S.1993. " Laser TLD 2-dimensional dose mapping." Radiation Protection Dosimetry. Spring. Jones, S.1993. " Development of thin-layer ceramic TLD chips." Radiation Protection Dosimetry. Spring. Schroeder, A.1993. " Radioresistant DNA synthesis in nid and yeast." Presented as a poster at 1 the February 1-5,1993 Gordon Conference on Mammalian DNA Repair, Ventura, California. Beede, D.K., Sanchez, W.K., and Wang, C. In Press. " Macromineral elements." In, large Herd Dairy Manacement. H.H. Van Horn (ed.), Champaign,IL: American Dairy Science Association Press. Beede, D.K., Sanchez, W.K., and Wang, C. In Press. " Macromineral elements." In, Large Herd Dairy Management. H.H. Van Hom (ed.), Champaign, IL: American Dairy Science Association Press. Busacca, A.J., Cook, C.A., and Mulla. D.J. In Press. Landscape-scale estimation of long-term soil erosion in the Palouse using Cs-137, with comparison to USLE estimates. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Filby, R.H. In Press. " Neutron activation analysis in biology and medicine.- Pure and Anol. Chem. Filby, R.H., and Olsen, S.D. In Press. " Determination of trace elements by INAA and ICP-MS: Applications to oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations. J. Radicanal. Nucl Chem. Frankenberger, A., Brooks, R.R., Varela-Alvarez, H., Collen, J.D., Fitzgerald, S.L., and Filby, R.H. In Press. " Classification of New Zealand oils and condensates by means of their trace element contents. Anol. Geochem. Lancaster, C.L., Hunt, C.W., Miller, J.C., Auld, D.L., and Nelson, M.L. In Press. " Effects of rapeseed silage variety and dietary level on digestion and growth performance of beef steers. L Animal Science 68:3812.
..v. - .,
l l 1 Leventini, M.W., Hunt. C.W., Roffler, R.E., and Casebolt, D.G. In Press. " Effects of dietary j level of barley-based supplements and ruminal buffer on digestion and growth of beef cattle. L Animal Science 68:4334. Lin Y., Brauer, R.D., Laintz, K.E., and Wai, C.M. In Press. "Supercritical fluid extraction of lanthanides and actindes from solid materials with a fluorinated beta-diketone." Anal. Chem. 65:in press. Olsen, S.D., and Filby, R.H. In Press. " Trace elements in DST oils by ICP-MS for application in petroleum geochemistry. Proc. Second intem. Conf. on Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Oluwole, A.F., Asubiojo, 0.1., Fitzgerald, S., Grimm. C.A., and Filby, R.H. In Press. " Trace element distributions in Niger Delta crude oils. J. Radioanal. and Nucl. Chem. Rember, W.C. Erdman, T.W., Hoffmann, M.L., Chamberlain, V.E., Sprenke, K.F. In Press.
" Dating of mine waste in lacustrine sediments using cesium-137." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences.
Sanchez, W.K., Joyce, P.W., Albro, J.D., Howell, B.E., and Wagner, E.P. In Press. "A nutritional regime to study sub-clinical hypocalcemia in the dairy cow." Journal of Dairy Science. , Wai, C.M., Lin, Y., Brauer, R., and Wang, S. In Press. "Supercritical fluid extraction of organic and inorganic mercury from solid materials. Talanta Chary, P., Dillon, D., Shroeder, A., and Natvig, D. Submitted. " Superoxide dismutase null mutants of Neurospora crana: Oxidative stress sensitivity, spontaneous mutation rate and response to mutagen. Dawes, M.L., Dickinson, J.T., Jensen, L.C., and I angford, S.C. Submitted. " Structures obtained from resolidification of flame melted single crystal germanium." Nanotechnology. Dickinson, J.T. Jensen, L.C., Webb, R.L., Dawes, M.L., and Langford, S.C.. Submitted.
" Interactions of wide bandgap single crystals with 248 nm excimer laser radiation: III. The role of cleavage-induced defects in MgO." J. Annl. Phys.
Filby, R.H., Curiale, J.A., Hirner, A.V., Odermatt, J., and Mercer, G Submitted.
" Comparative study of determination of trace metals in kerogens. Chem. Geol.
Keil, R. Submitted. " Mineralogic controls on the concentrations and elemental compositions of organic matter in marine sediments: Hydrodynamic separation using SPLITT-fractionation." Geochemica Et. Cosnochimica Acta. Webb, R.L., Jensen, L.C., Langford, S.C., and Dickinson, J.T. Submitted. " Interactions of wide bandgap single crystals with 248 nm excimer laser radiation: I. MgO." J. Apol. Phys. Webb, R.L., Jensen, L.C., Langford, S.C., and Dickinson, J.T. Submitted. " Interactions of wide bandgap single crystals with 248 nm excimer laser radiation: II. Nacl." J. Apol. Phys. Theses: Hoffman, M. " Geochemistry of medicine and Thompson Lake sediments, Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Komenai Conty, Idaho." (MS Thesis, in progress)
.e .
Niaz, J. " Development of a new technique for producing a flat exposure using a Co-60 Source." (MS Thesis, June 1993) Rabbi, F. " Trace element geochemistry of sediments from the lateral lakes of the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Kootenai County, Idaho. (PhD Dissenation,in progress) Sharata, Salem. " Relation of vanadium and nickel in bitumen to the depositional environment of the Meade Peak Member, Phosphoria Formation, Southeastern Idaho." (PhD Dissertation,in progress) Wagner, S.E. " Neutron activation analysis of arsenic and antimony in orchard soils."-(MS Thesis August 1993) e
t 1 i l L NflSSION AND ROLE i The Nuclear Radiation Center is a central research and educational facility which serves as the resource unit for nuclear-related research and instructional activities at WSU. The Center which provides facilities for nuclear science graduate and undergraduate courses and for faculty and student research projects from WSU depanments. Neutron / gamma irradiation services and ; neutron activation analysis services are provided to the campus and to cther educational institutions : in the Northwest. The Center's regional functions are supponed by the U.S. Department of ' Energy under the Reactor Sharing Program. ? IL GOALS AND OBJECTIVES i The major objectives of the Nuclear Radiation Center for the next few years are:
- 1. To continue instructional utilization of the Center through the provision of the major laboratory facilities (and faculty) for undergraduate and graduate specialty courses. This will involve sponsored research by WSU faculty utilizing the Center and increasing the interaction of WSU faculty with the Center through joint research projects, workshops and training sessions.
- 2. To further develop and improve the acutron activation analysis (NAA) program as the major research and teaching function of the Center. This will be fundamental to instruc-tional, internally and extemally sponsored research, and service activities. We expect to continue the regional role of the Center by providing reactor irradiation and neutron activation analysis facilities for research and instruction by other universities in Washington and the Western U.S. through the U.S. Department of Energy supponed Reactor Sharing Program.
- 3. To accomplish the mandated conversion of our highly enriched uranium fuel to low enriched fuel. The DOE recently provided a 51(M,094 grant to complete the safety analysis phase of the conversion which includes reactor flux calculations and document modifications.
- 4. To continue to modernize and upgrade the reactor instrumentation system.
- 5. To upgrade the NAA system haniware by adding IBM-PC based multi-channel analyzer systems and replacing the older detectors with new, state-of-the-art detectors.
- 6. To provide a facility capable of doing transmutation doping of silicon for the production of high quality semi-conductor material. We have constructed an irradiation box to hang on the outside of the reactor grid box and are beginning tests of sample wafers of silicon from Komatsu.
- 7. We are excited about the possibility of doing a study of neutron and gamma-ray radiation damage to scintillators to be used in the Superconducting Supercollider. Staff scientists at Argonne National Lab have approached us about perfonning test irradiations at our facility.
III, USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION CENTER FACILITIES IN EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES, TYPICAL YEAR
SUMMARY
- 1. Courses for which Radiation Center Facilities are the Maior Experimental (or -
Demonstration) Component credit undrg.(grad.) units students ClIEM 421 (521) Radiochemisuy 2.0 cr 2(8)
i l CHEM 422 (522) Radiochemistry Laboratory 1.0 2(8) i CHEM 424 (524) Activation Analysis 2.0 2(8) l C11EM 423 (523) Nuclear Chemistry 3.0 4(16) , l
- 2. WSU Courses Which Use Radiation Center Facilities i Some courses use the Radiation Center for a lecture / demonstration, laboratory project or experiment. credit undrg.(grad.)
ENV S 101 Environment and Human Life 3.0er 50(0) PHYS 380 Physics & Society 3.0 40(0) ' PHYS 465 Introductory Nuclear Physics 3.0 10(2) PHYS 499 Undergraduate Research Variable 2(0) MSE 499 Mechanical Eng Undergrad Research Variable 1(0) l ZOOL 527 Radioactive TracerTechniques 2.0 0(10) l CHEM 350 Dev. & Influence of Chemical Thought 4.0 35(0) l CHEM 426 Instrumental Analysis Laboratory 2.0 10(0) ! CHEM 499 Undergraduate Research Variable 1(0) l 1 Thr e of these courses use the reactor or laboratory facilities for experimental work, either i prepsation of radioactive tracers or laboratory experiments. The Nuclear Physics class, PHYS 465, for the first time in 1992 had the students do reactor start-ups and shutdowns, I giving the students " hands-on" experience with reactor dynamics, systems monitoring, safety controls and interlocks. The students become much more enthusiastic about the course material when they have an opponunity to be directly involved with the technology in this way.
- 3. Educational Use of tb. Eadiation Center Non-WSU Uses
- a. University of Idaho credit undrg.(grad.)
CHEM 416 Methods in Radiochemistry 3.0 cr ?(?) GEOL 587 Instrumental Techniques in Geochemistry 3.0 ?(?) NE 360 Nuclear Reactor Engineering I 3.0 ?(?) NE 460 Nuclear Reactor Engineering 11 3.0 20(0) PHYS 486 Nuclear Physics Laboratory 1.0 ?(?)
- b. Whitworth Collere Physics: Nuclear Physics course. One full-day workshop is conducted for this class each year. This workshop consists of a tour of the reactor and a series of experiments in activation analysis. ~20 undergrad. students
- c. Columbia Basin Collece One to two full-day workshops are provided each year for the Nuclear Technology l Program. This involves reactor stan-ups, checkouts, st utdowns, etc., radiation surveys and activation analysis. This workshop is an essential component of CBC's Nuclear Technology Pmgram. ~15 undergrad. students
- d. University of Washincton (Seattle) l l
i
.,a .-
l t i Chemistry: Nuclear Chemistry Lab. One full-day workshop is conducted for this class each year. This workshop consists of a tour of the reactor and a series of experiments l ir. activation analysis. -14 undergrad. students i Thus the approximate numbers of students involved in courses for credit that utilize the reactor are 228 undergraduate and 52 graduate students. ; i Other Educational Activities Cougar Summer Science Camp (CS 2 C): Each year the CS2C, directed by 1) Dr. G. Crosby, spends an afternoon at the Radiation Center. This involves i a tour and a demonstration of some aspect of reactor operation.
- 2) Informal training of student / faculty users: Periodic individual training in use ?
of the activation analysis equipment is provided to graduate students and faculty by reactor personnel. Twice a year an informal course is taught o , use of the computer / gamma-ray spectroscopy system at the Radiation ; Center. i
- 3) High School, Scout Troop, Public Tours: A major public educational role of i ine Radiation Center is the public tours that are very popular. The one to j two hour tours are particularly popular with high school classes and many high schools regularly attend. An average of 1500 individuals per year ,
participate in these tours. .
- 4) Regional Science Alliance brings regional science teachers and their students :
to the campus on a regular basis to help and encourage science education. ! One of their activities is to visit a few of the more popular facilities on i campus such as the Museum, the Telescope and the Reactor. This becomes a wonderful opportunity to interact with and inform these science teachers and their students about nuclear technology.
- 4. Faculty and Graduate Students Usinc Radiation Center Facility in Research (5 year period j up to 1992) (Reactor Use Only) :
WSU Faculty: 16* WSU Graduate Students: 13 UI Faculty: 6* UI Graduate Students- 7 UW Faculty: 3* UW Graduate Students: 3 , 4 (*Both faculty research and as thesis advisor) l During the past five years,25 faculty (16 WSU,6 Ul,3 UW) have used NRC facihties m l their research projects and annually 20 to 30 Ph.D. and M.S. students work on these projects (15-20 WSU,5-10 UI). Table 1 is a summary of documented degrees granted to individuals who used the center facilities. TAitLE 1.
SUMMARY
OF GRADUATE DEGREES GRANTED USING RADIATION CENTEP FACILITIES: 1987-92 ; r Decrees Yearly Total Year MS Ph.D. MS + Ph.D. j 198/ 1 4 5 1
I
- j. ;
<a ... . :
i 1988 1 - 1 f 199 3 2 5 ! 1990 2 3 5 ; 1991 1 3 4 4 1992 0 3 3 i TOTAL 8 15 23 . i 1 l IV. USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION CENTER FACILITIES FOR !' l RESEARCII i
- 1. Maior research proiects at the Nuclear Radiation Center Research at WSU. UI. and 5 UW durine the past five years l
1 The Nuclear Radiation Center serves as a resource center for research at Washington State ; University and the University ofIdaho. More recently, several departments at the i University of Washington (Serale) have begun to use the reactor in their research. The l neutron radiation facilities of the TRIGA III fueled reactor are used principally for neutron ; activation analysis, although some radiotracers are made in the reactor. The gamma-ray i spectroscopy systems (ND6700, ND6600 and PC-based system) and Ge(Li) detectors are l used for neutron activation analysis and for gamma-ray spectroscopy projects (e.g.137Cs ; dating). Research by faculty and students in academic departments is assisted by staff at j , the Center who tmin them in the use of the gamnia-ray spectroscopy equipment and data. l reduction programs available on the microVAX computer. Graduate students may take the i course on neutron activation analysis offered in the Department of Chemistry (CHEM 524). The reactor staff has made a concerted effort in the last two years to do research on the ! characteristics of the reactor including its flux distribution, neutron energy distribution and l ) flux stability in order to meet the higher demands of researchers and commercial interests.
. m research projects have involved faculty from nine WSU academic depanments and
<- 'I academic departments. Some of the projects that have been carried out over the pa . s p.ars, or are currently in progress, are shown in the attached list (Appendix C).
- 2. Utilintion of the WSU Reactor by Other Universities 1
The WSU reactor is a regional facility supported in pan by the U.S. Depanment of Energy Reactor Sharing Program. TI.e following universities or colleges have been recent (within last 5 years) use s of the WSU reactor: l University of Delaware l University of Washington l University of Idaho I Wht. worth College ! CA cia Basin College
" .'lla College -
Oc , ' w University i l _ Unu. of ife. Nigeria Mass - iiversity Aew Zealand ! l l l l !
9
- , .a .
I Rogalandsforskning Research Institute Stavanger, Norway The Reed College reactor recently had a 'oel leak in their reactor that resulted in an extended shutdown. We were able to help some of their students with their irradiations so that their educational and research projects could be completed without the delays that the shutdown would have otherwise necessitated.
- 3. Utilization of the WSU Reactor by Research Centers or Government /Industrv Boise-Cascade R&D (Chlorine determination in wood pulp)
Battelle Nonhwest Laboratory: The WSU reactor is the only reactor available in Washington for researth purposes -(neutron irradiation of samples) International Sensor Technology, Inc. (Research Park)(gamma and neutron irradiaticas of dosimeters) U.S. Geological Survey - (NAA)- Advanced Silicon Materials, Inc. - (NA A) UCLA Medical School-(NAA) Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Califomia - (NAA) USDA-ARS, Sheep Experiment Station, DuBois, Idaho University of Washington Medical Center (NAA) Washington State University Tree & Fruit Research Center (NAA) Washington State University Water Research Center (NAA) Caldwell R/E Center, Caldwell, Idaho Exxon, Benecia, Califomia Refm~ ery Exxon, Biomedical Sciences, East Millstone, New Jersey i l '.
i
~
INTRODUCTION i He Reactor Sharing Program at Washington State University provides Nonhwest and l Westem U.S. educational institutions with access to the one-megawatt TRIGA reactor and associated research facilities located at the WSU Nuclear Radiation Center for educa-tional ' activities. The activities include sample inadiation for the production of radioiso-topes, neutron ; activation analysis services, gamma-ray spectrum analysis of irradiated samples, reactor laboratory j experiments, and special short courses. ; I nis federally funded program at Washington State University has been very suc-cessful and is used extensively by Pacific Nonhwest and Western educational institutions. The Reactor i Sharing Program at WSU was initiated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Atomic Energy ; Commission in 1970 and has been in contin 2ous operation since its incep-tion. In 1975, the A.E.C. was disbanded and the program cam: under the sponsorship of the U.S. Energy Research - ; and Development Administration. More recently, ERDA has been replaced with the U.S. , Department of Energy which is r.ow responsible for the program. t i Approximately 7,980 hours of remor time have been provided to users of the pro-gram since 1970, of which approximately 70% has been funded by the program. The remaining 30% was not funded by the program but was provided by WSU when the demand for Reactor Sharing ; Program services exceeded the funds provided. WSU suppon has been provided on an availability i basis in order to insure the continuation of ongoing educationally related research projects at other ; institutions. During 1992, 532,681 worth of services was provided to program participants I whereas the funding level was $22,000. The access to the research facilities at the Nuclear Radiation Center provided to the l panicipants in the Reactor Sharing Program enables panicipants to conduct educationally related ! research programs that would be impractical or,in some cases, impossible without support from ! the program. The Reactor Sharing Program at WSU is somewhat unique in that the program not > only provides access to the reactor but also to state-of-the-art nuclear counting equipment for
)
neutron activation analysis purposes. The NAA group at WSU, under the direction of Dr. Roy ; Filby,is known world-wide. With the closing down of the N reactor at Hanford and the , University of Washington reactor in Seattle, the WSU reactor is the only reactor available to I researchers in Washington and Idaho. When Reed College, Ponlaro, Oregon was shut down for I many months because of a fuel leak, the WSU reactor was made avaib.e for their students free of charge so as not to distopt their research. With the closing of the U.C. Berkeley and U of W reactors as well as the closing of the DOE N reactor at Hanford, there are only two operational research activities in the Northwestern U.S. If nuclear education and educationa!!y related research activities in the Northwest (at Washington State University) are to continue, a significant increase in funding by DOE to help ! support the WSU reactor facility is urgently needed. Unfortunately, higher education in the nation as a whole, and the Pacific Northwest in particular, is continuing to experience a severe funding crisis. A recent layoff announcement for the Boeing company in Seattle has significantly cunailed expected State revenues. It has been our exerience over the past 24 yea s that whenever the State legislature has a fiscal crisis one of the first places they look for cuts is higher education. Accordingly, direct state funding for research is frequently one of the first things to be cut. The cost / benefit ratio for the federal funding provided to the Reactor Sharing Program is very high. The program only provides support for the final component needed to conduct a project, plus irradiation and counting related costs. However, without this final component the ; research project could not and would not be done. The participating institutions provide all l l I ,M' , -__ _ - . _ _ _i
. , ,. =. - .. . - -- . . . -
_ t c, . . i m, . l i E I funding for personnel related costs. In general, personnel related costs are always the major cost , ams in a research project. , CURRENT PROGRAM ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTED UTILIZATION l i' The current Reactor Sharing Program utilization is described in the FY 1992 report attached ' to the end of this proposal. The services provided in FY 1992 represent a 17% increase over the previous year. The panicipants in the program were contacted for their projected 1993-94 utilization needs during the month of February,1993. The responses are tabulated on the .. following pages. ! FUNDING REQUEST In order to provide the degree of suppon requested by the participants in the Reactor ! Sharing Program as enumerated in the next section, a total of $39,800 in funding is requested as : follows: '
- 1) 350 hours of reactor time i
- 2) 30 hours of set-up time
- 3) 1,400 hours of counting time, and .;
- 4) Computer time for the analysis of 950 spectra plus $1,000 for supplies ,
c The services needed to suppon the needs of the participants above suppon level will be provided by WSU on a time availability basis. It is to be noted that the cost basis for use of the WSU : TRIGA reactor was analyzed in 1988 by the Controllers Office and the basic irradiation hourly rate ! charge applicable to the Reactor Sharing Program increased from $50 per hour to $62 per hour. ! b i 6 i
,m_. m , - i-- -
- , . e.
't
-i l Projected 1993-94 Reactor Sharing Program Needs L .
i l
- 1. Institution: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA l Investigator: Dr. John Hedges l l Student User: One graduate student l' l Project: 1) Ama.'.on biochemistry l
- 2) Seawater DOM '
- 3) Sedimerit SPLflTS Suppon: Set up time - I hour ;
Reactor time - 10 hours l Sample counting time -150 hours i
- t. Spectra - 20 '
- 2. Institution: Department of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho i Investigator: Dr. Henry Willmes ,
Student User: One graduate student,5-10 undergraduate students Project: 1) Activation of germanium sample for half-life experiment for i Physics 301/401
- 2) Neutron Activation Analysis expenment for 301/401 Suppon: Sample irradiation time- I hour Set up time - I hour :
- 3. Institution: Depanment of Physics, Whitwonh College, Spokane, WA Investigator: Dr. Lois Kieffaber l~
l Student User: Group of 5-10 students Project: Neutron activation analysis for short coune Suppon: Reactor time - I hour , Set up time - 4 hours Counting time - I hour Spectra - 5
- 4. Institorion: Depanment of Animal Sciences, University of Idaho Investigator: Dr. Carl Hunt Student User: One graduate student Project: 1) Effect of grain source . . . in beef cattle
- 2) Evaluation of methods of NH3treatment on barley straw ;
Support: Reactor time- 36 hours Sample irradiation time- 36 hours Sample counting time -500 hours Spectra - 500
- 5. Institution: Depanment of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscoc , Idaho Investigator: Dr. Chien Wai Student User: Two graduate students Project: 1) Selective extraction of lanthanides with ionizable crown ethers
- 2) Extraction of Au and Hg with triazole crown ethers
- 3) Supercritical fluid extraction of metal ions L Support: Reactor time - 120 hours Set-up time - 5 hours i
l l l
. . , . .. i I i
- 6. Institution: !
Columbia 3asin College, Pasco, Washington ! Investigator: l2rry DeWitt i Student User Nuclear Technology class of 15 students ! Projecti j Nuclear Reactor Laboratory for Nuclear Technology class, including reactor checkout, reactor stanup, power level changes, reactivity and temperature i effects, radiation monitoring and neutron activation analysis demonstracon Support: Reactor time - 12 hours Set-up time - 6 hours Counting time - 1 hour ! Spectra 5
- 7. Institution: i Dept. of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho !
Investigator: Dr. Dan Hinman i Student User: One graduate student { Project: Effects of barley treatment on digestion in beef cattle. ! Support: Sample irradiation time - 10 hours Set-up time - I hours Sample counting time - 200 hours Spectra - 125
- 8. Institution: I Dept. of Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Investigator: Dr. Valerie E. Chamberlain Student Uar: One or two students Projecc Trace element analyses of igneous rocks / rare canhs using NAA Suppon: Reactor time- 6 hours ,
Set-up time - 2 hours Counting time - 100 hours l Spectra - 50 i L
- 9. Institution: College of Engineering, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho i Investigaton Dr. David Woodall ;
Student User: Twenty undergraduate students Project: , Reactor operation exp's for a Nuclear Engineering class NE 360 Support: Reactor time - 60 hours
- 10. Institution: i Dept. of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Investigator: Dr. W. H. 7oller i Student User: Two grad students and two undergrad students. l Project: 1) Analysis of Kuwaiti Air Filters.
- 2) Analysis of Hawaiian Air Filters.
- 3) Analysis of Hawaiian / China dust and soil Support: Sample irradiation time - 50 hour t Set-up time - 5 hours ;
Counting time - 50 hours Spectra -200 i
- 11. Institution: i Chemistry and Geology, S. Utah State College, Cedar City, UT Investigator: Robert Eves Project: Distribution of inorganic elements from Coal Creek coal seam Suppon: Reactor time - 9 hours $
Sample irradiation time - 400 hours Counting time - 220 hours i i i
- 12. Institution: Dept. Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Investigator: Dr. Roben C. Dunnell and Dr. Melissa Hagstrum Project: Ceramic Metalurgy Tools, NE Argentina i Suppon: Reactor time - 10 hours l Counting time - 50 hours - l Spectra - 5 i
- 13. New, unanticipated projects: i Sample irradiation time - 25 hours j Set-up time - 5 hours Counting time - 128 hours ,
Spectra - 40 , Totals: Irradiation time - 350 hours Set-up dme - 30 hours l Counting time - 1400 hours i Spectra - 950 l i l l l 1 l l i L. __
., n .
SUMMARY
OF 1992 REACTOR SHARING PROGRAM US AGE AT WASHINGTON STATE , UNIVERSITY l i A quaner by quarter summary of the usage of the Reactor Sharing Program at Washington l State University is tabulated on the this and the following pages. The tabulation is succeeded by a > description of the projects beine, done by the participating universities and associated faculty and students.
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1992 REACTOR SHAklNG PROGRAM USAGE First Ouaner 1992 9 Advisor Student Set-un Time
- Reactor Time
- Countine Time
- Spectra Processed ;
Chui 1.0 1.0 Daes 1.0 5.0 Dewitt 4.0 10.0 liedges 6.13 [ Chambertian Eniman 456 48 Hunt /Sanchez Pritchard 5.0 32.08 696 360 t Wai Wood 4.0 6.0 Zcller 1.0 6.28 Transfer from ; Reed College 264 18 I ist Quaner Totals 16.0 66.99 1440 435 i l l l l j
1 Second Ouarter 1992 Advisor 1 Student Set-un Time
- Reactor Time
- Counting Time
- Spectra Processed flunt !
Pritchard 6.0 50.0 468 384 Dunnell 111 30 Zoller 1.0 10.07 Dewitt 4.0 10.0 Wai Apgar 3.0 5.0 Frazier 3.0 3.0 Wood 8.0 9.37 Orofino Tour 2.0 1.0 Russ 1.0 1.0 2nd Quarter Totals 28.0 89.44 579 414 Third Ouarter 1992 Advisor Student Set-un Time
- Reactor Time
- Countine Time
- Socetra Processed i
liunt Pritchard 4.0 24.02 390 320 Sanchez Albro 3 12.02 l 1 Wai Apgar 6.0 7.5 Frazier 8.0 8.57 Wood 10.03 13.5 l l 3rd Quarter Totals 31.03 65.61 390 320
, .a?. Fourth Ouarter 1992 Advisor Student Set-up Time
- Erac1gr Time
- Countin g Time
- Spectra Processed Hunt Pritchard 1.0 12.0 234 128 Wai Apgar 6.0 8.88 Frazier 2.0 3.0 Lin 2.0 0.33 Wang 5.0 5.47 Wood 15.0 20.75 Sanchez Albro 3.0 12.0 Willmes 1.0 0.02 4th Quarter Totals 35.0 62.45 234 128 Grand Totals 106.03 234.36 1392 807
- Time in hours
1992-93 Reactor Sharing Project Descriptions
- 1. Institution: Depanment of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho investigator: Dr. Chien Wai Student User: Two graduate students Project: 1) Separation of lanthanides by solvent extraction with Ionizable Crown ethers.
- 2) Neutron activation analysis of trace elements in soil and water.
- 3) Neutron activation analysis of Th, U, and lanthanides in natural waters.
- 2. Institution: Columbia Basin College, Pasco, Washington Investigator: Dury DeWitt Student User: Nuclear Technology class af 15 students Project: Nuclear Reactor Laboratory for Nuclear Technology class, including reactor .
checkout. reactor stanup, power level changes, reactivity and temperature effects, radiation monitoring and neutron activation analysis demonstration
- 3. Institution: Dept. of Animal Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Investigator: Dr. Carl Hunt Student User: Two graduate students Project: Forage utilization by domestic ruminant species.
- 4. Institution: Dept. of Animal Science, Ohio State University, Columbus Investigator: Dr. Janice Bowman Student User: One graduate student Project: Characteristic of forage particle size reduction during ruminal digestion in beef cattle.
- 5. Institution: Dept. of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Caldwell, Idaho Investigator: Dr. Dan Hinman Student User: One graduate student Project: Effects of barley treatment on digestion in beef cattle.
- 6. Institution: Mechanical Engineering Dept., University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Investigator: Dr. William Bames Student User: Nuclear Engineering class of 6 students i Project: Nuclear Reactor laboratory experiments, including reactor checkout, i stanup, operation and shutdown, plus a control rod calibration experiment
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- 7. Institution: Dept. of Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho Investigator- Dr. Valerie E. Chamberlain Student User One or two students Project: Trace element analyses of igneous rocks / rare earths using NAA j
- 8. Institution: Dept. of Physics, Whitworth College, Spokane, Washington ,
Investigator: Dr. Lois Kieffaber l Student User: Group of 5-10 students l Project: Neutron Activation Analysis short course !
1 1 l l
- 9. Institution: Dept. of Physics, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho ;
Investigator: Dr. Henry Willmes Student User One graduate student Project: 1) Activation of germanium sample for half-life experiment for Physics 301/401
- 2) Neutron Activation Analysis experiment for 301/401
- 10. Institution: School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Investigator: Dr. John Hedges Student User: One graduate student Project: 1) Marine Dissolved Organic Matter.
- 2) Major Biochemicals.
- 3) Amazon Biochemistry
- 11. Institution: Dept. of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Investigator: Dr. W. H. Zoller Student User: Two grad students and two undergrad students.
Project: 1) Analysis of Kuwaiti Air Filters.
- 2) Analysis of Hawaiian Air Filters.
- 3) Analysis of Hawaiian / China dust and soil
- 12. Institution: Dept. of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA -
Investigator- Dr. Roben C. Dunnell Project: Ceramic Metalurgy Tools, NE Argentina I l _}}