ML20214K993
| ML20214K993 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Humboldt Bay |
| Issue date: | 05/26/1987 |
| From: | Grimsley D NRC OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION & RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ARM) |
| To: | Menz J SIMPSON, THATCHER & BARTLETT |
| References | |
| FOIA-87-40 NUDOCS 8705290138 | |
| Download: ML20214K993 (1) | |
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"'% UNITED STATES J 0' 'k NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20555 John R. Menz, Esquire Simpson, Thacher & Bartlett MAY 2 6 gg7 One Battery Park Plaza IN RESP 0 HSE REFER New York, NY 10004 TO F01A-87-40
Dear Mr. Menz:
This is in reply to your letter dated April 6, 1987 concerning Peter Thomas' Freedom of Information Act (F0IA) request designated as F0!A-87-40. With respect to the General Electric Company's (GE) report NEDE-10182, please be advised that Mr. Harold Neems of GE infonned my staff in February that the report could be provided to your law firm in response to the F0IA request but that the report could not be made publicly available because it contains information that GE considers proprietary information. With respect to GE report GEAP-3143, enclosed is a copy of that report which is located in the Humboldt Bay docket file. My staff contacted Mr. Neems, and he has informed us that this report does not contain information which GE considers proprietary information. Therefore, a copy of this report is also being placed in the NRC Public Document Room. The reproduction charge for this document is $7.45. With respect to the accession list for the pre-docketed material for Humboldt Bay, please be advised that the list provided in my letter dated March 20, 1987, was in fact prepared in response to the F0IA request. Sincerely, A,Mm t. Y '? Donnie H. Grimsley, Director Division of Rules and Records Office of Administration and Resources Management
Enclosure:
As stated g52 8 870526
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Pacific Gas and Electric Company sponsored a development program for the pressure suppression system of reactor containment. This program included a condensing test facility to investigate large scale steam injection equipment performance and a small scale transient test facility to obtain pressure response data for a complete system. The results of tests conducted with (cont'd below) o.t. class. nernooucleLE COPY FILED AT No.PAGE. APED Library None conclusioNa The test results were highly successful with respect to verifying and extending the technology of the pressure suppression containment system. The condens-ing tests indicated that the steam injection equipment may be simple and that condensation is effective for a wide range of design conditions. The transient test facility provided data that confirmed the results of the analytical model and assurance that the integrated system functioned properly. Tests with noble gas tracers offer encouraging evidence that the pool is effective for retaining fission products. Abst ra ct-c ont 'd these facilities are presented in this report. By cutting out this rectangle and folding on the center line, the above information can be fitfod into a standard card file. For list of contente-drawings, photos, etc. and for distribution see next page (FM410 2). inronwATian encPAnED Fan Pacific Gas and Electric Co. A. M. Kennedy, R. Edin and operating personnel of P. G. & E. G. B. Bethards, W. L. hiock, E. Janssen, A. G. Steamer, of General Electric. l cou=Tensieuro -
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t m lHEEl Etat I. INTRODUCTION I-1 II. CONCLUSIONS 11-1 III. CONDENSING TESTS
.- Purpose of Tests III-1 Test Program III-1 Description of Test Facility III-3 Test Procedure III-5 Discussion of Results III-5 Conclusions from Test Results IV. TRANSIENT TESTS Purpose of Tests IV-1 Test Program IV-1 Description of Test Facility IV-2 l Test Procedure IV-6 l Discussion of Results IV-9 l Conclusions from Test Results IV-15 V. APPENDIX A. Condensing Test Sample Data and Detailed Program l B. Methods of Analysis C. Transient Test Data D. Methods of Analysis E. Reference Drawings l
ERRATA SHEET Pace No. II-1 Line 1, omit "trans ". III-2 Line 7, change "were" to --was- . III-7 Line 7, after the period insert --Figure VA-10 is a temperature chart for the bottom horizontal injector run in which steam was released into the vapor space. (The temperature scale is labeled as megawatts.)- . III-7 End of fifth paragraph, after the period insert --The temperature chart for the 4 inch multiple injector is shown on Figure VA-ll. This chart is typical for the vertical injectors.- . III-8 Line 1, change " smooth" to --smoothly- . III-8 Fourth paragraph, last line, after the period insert
--Figure VA-12 is a typical temperature chart obtained during the runs for investigating pool vibration.- .
III-9 Line 7, change " wide" to --wise- . III-9 Second paragraph, last line, af ter period insert --The intensity of the vibrations increased with increased steam flow rates under all conditions.- . III-11 After paragraph numbered 4, insert --Refer to Figure VA-13 for a typical temperature record obtained with the compartment tests. It should be noted that only one thermocouple was used to record temperatures of the water in the compartment. It was connected to several recording points.- . IV Line 3, insert --system-- after " suppression". IV-4 Third paragraph, line 6, change "shart" to --sharp- . IV-5 Fourth paragraph, line 1, change 9p9rtion" to --portion- . IV-6 Fifth and sixth paragraphs, lines 4 and 6, respectively, change "tupture" to --rupture- . IV-13 Second paragraph, line 3, should read --of Figures VC-7 and VC-11 with Figures VC-15 and VC-9,- . IV-16 Third paragraph, line 10, change " air" to --aid- . Fioures V-A-1 to V-A-8 Line 4, respectively substitute --2 MILLISECONDS / DIVISION-- for "10 MILLISECONDS INCH".
I. INTRODUCTION The test results obtained from the pressure suppression development program provide conclusive evidence that- the concept is practical for reactor containment. A pressure suppression containment system in its simplest form is shown in Figure I-1. The reactor vessel volume, dry well volume and containment volume are labeled as volume (1), (2), and (3), respectively. The water pool for condensing the released steam is part of the containment volume (3). In operation, ' steam would be released from a rupture in the reactor pressure vessel or the priraary coolant system and flow into the dry well volume; the steam is discharged from the dry well, through vent pipes, into the water pool where it is condensed. The salient features of the system are low containment pressures and the entrainment of released fission products in the water pool. As with most new concepts there are many design considerations that can be resolved only with model or prototype testing. Two major test facilities were constructed to obtain the experimental informa-tion considered necessary for the evaluation of a pressure suppression system. Pacific Gas and Electric Co. sponsored a development program that included a large condensing test facility at the Moss Landing Power plant of Pacific Gas and Electric Co., and a scale _podel, transient fest facility at the San Jose Plant of General Electric Co. This report presents the results of tests performed at these facilities. The condensing test facility consisted of a large tank of water with steam headers that would facilitate discharge of steam into the water pool with full size vent pipes of various arrangements. The steam supply system permitted flow rates up to 100,000 pounds per hour. These tests provided data for design of the steam injection equipment i and for the arrangement of the water pool. The scale model transient test facility was built to represent a 50 Mw prototype power plant reactor enclosure with a volumetric l scale factor of 1000 to 1. The facility consisted of a pressure i vessel, dry well and a containment tank with a water pool. The 1 facility was designed with the flexibility necessary for obtaining l pressure response data with variations c ' the many design parameters. The results of this test were primarily used to confirm the mathe-( matical model for predicting pressure response of the dry well volume and to evaluate effectiveness of fission product entrainment. l l l l I l I-l l
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II. CCNCLUSIONS The results of tests conducted with the condensing test facility and trans-transient test facility were highly successful with respect to verifying and extending the technology of pressure suppression systems for reactor containment. Tests performed with the condensing facility were significant in that, of the hundreds of various tests, steam release could be detected in only three instances. None of these tests w:uld be considered as reasonable for design condition. A simple pipe of suitable diameter may be used as a steam injector to accomplish rapid and effective condensation. The depth of submergence of the discharge end is not critical for complete condensation with vertical injectors. With horizontal injectors it is necessary to have suf ficient depth of submergence (a few feet) to prevent steam release. Under certain test conditions, there were severe pressure fluctuations in the pool. A series of tests were run to determine the magnitude and frequency of these pressure fluctuations. The conclusions from these tests were that for. pool temperatures less than 1200 to 130 F the fluctuations were very small and that under any conditions the magnitude could be reduced by supports fastened to the injector. Tests run with an internal compartment to reduce the effective volume of water were important to determine injector-pool geometry relations. The conclusions from these tests were as follows :
- 1. The two dimensional representation of the pool by using the compartments was valid for determining pool geometry.
- 2. Some of the injector-pool gent.etry combinations were better than others from the consideration of pool surface deflections and also pool mixing.
- 3. The air injected into the pool at the onset of the event will not interfere with condensation. Further, the air that is slowly purged out of the dry well will not materially affect complete condensation of the steam.
The results of the transient test facility have provided conclusive evidence that the pressure suppression system is effective in containing the energy release from a boiling water reactor incident. Furthermore, the pressure behavior of such a system may be calculated with a reasonable degree of accuracy, and the values are conservative when compared to the test values. The test results also indicate that such a system will probably be very ef fective for retaining any fission products that may be released with an accident. II-1
The most important single design consideration is the peak pressure in the dry well. This pressure determines the design conditions for the dry well vessel. In general, the test results agreed very well with analytical model results. There were, of course, deviations between the two due to various causes such as flow conditions at the pressure vessel discharge (orifice), and subcooled conditions in the pressure vessel. In all cases, the analytical model results had higher values for peak pressure and shorter time intervals to reach peak pressure than corresponding test conditions. The peak pressure in the dry well is determined primarily by the b,reak area (pressure vessel discharge conditions), the yent depth of submerger.ce and the dry well volume. The depth of submergence is the easiest to control by design and various schemes may be used to keep water out of these vents. With no water inside of the vents, the peak pressure is reduced substantially. i The vent area (above a certain minimum value for given conditions) has little or no' influence on the peak pressure of the dry well. The vent area does affect the after-peak response of pressure in the dry well. It appears that this area may be reduced from that originally contemplated. Dry well design pressures were noted to have high values of negative pressure at the end of the event. It will be necessary to consider this behavior when designing the dry well. Another design consideration is that of pressure in the containment volume. The air expelled from the dry well enters the containment volume and compresses the gas in the containment volume in what appears to be an adiabatic process. The larger the ratio of containment volume to dry well volume the lower this pressure will be. l A significant feature of the entire system is that all of the respective volumes return to essentially atmospheric pressure within seconds after the event. This is an important consideration in fission product leakage. Tests made with xenon and krypton gas samples indicate the system is effective for retaining fission products in the pool. II-2
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III. C'NDENSING TESTS A. Purpose of Tests The condensing test facility was used to demonstrate and evaluate the condensing effectiveness of steam injection equipment of sufficient size and arrangement that it could be used in multiple units for a full scale pressure suppression system. The specific objectives were as follows :
- 1. Demonstrate, with steady state steam flow, that rapid and effective condensation may be obtained by a simple straight pipe injector immersed in a pool of water.
- 2. Investigate the effect on condensation effectiveness of injector parameters such as; injector diameter, steam flow rate, depth of submergence of the discharge, direction of discharge and multiple jets.
- 3. Evaluate the condensation effectiveness of single and multiple injectors in a restricted volume of water as a function of the geometry of the restricting volume.
B. Test Procram The condensing test facility program followed, in general, that initially proposed. The major effort of the program was directed towards obtaining data to evaluate the design parameters of the combined injector-pool arrangements. The sequence of testing followed a logical order of shake-down tests, injector parameter tests, including a series of tests to determine vibrational characteristics of the injectors, and compart-ment tests to determine the interaction between pool geometries and the injectors. Initial Tests The first tests were run with a 4 inch diameter injector for shake-down and instrument check out. These tests were run with an open tank and visual operation of the jet behavior. Initial instrumentation check out and adjustments were made at this time. Group I The first series of tests were to obtain preliminary data for the facility by observing the behavior of steam injected into subcooled water with different flow rates and depths of submergence of the injector. The single 4 inch and 8 inch vertical injectors were used III-1
4 at depths of submergence ranging from 2.1 inches to 2 feet, with steam flow rates of 15,000 to 80,000 lbs. per hour. These tests were run with both the open tank condition (for visual observation) and the closed tank to obtain evaluation data. Group II Before the full scale parametric test program was begun, a series of tests were run to determine the sensitivity of the test facility for detecting steam release into the vapor space. To do this, h a small orifice directly into the vapor steam space. was metered A plate with athroug/4" 3 diameter orifice was mounted to the 14 inch by 4 inch reducer section. Attached to the orifice plate and separated by spacer bars, another plate served as a deflector te diffuse the steam into the vapor space. Flow rates up to 500 lbsh.r were used. Group III The tests of Group III were perfortred to determine the condensation effectiveness as a function of the injector parameters in a large water pool with steady state steam flow. The parameters include the diameter of the injectors, steam flow rates, depths of submergence, and direction of jet discharge. The nozzles used for these tests
, were the 4, 6, 8 and 14 inch diameter single vertical injectors, 4
a multiple 4 inch diameter injector, a 4 inch diameter top horizon al injector and 4, 6, 8 and 14 inch diameter bottom horizontal injecters. All of the injectors are shown in Figure III-4. During these tests, , the tank was both open (for visual operation) and closed to determine condensation ef fectiveness. Depths of submergence ranged from 6 inches to 6 feet with steam flow rates of 10,000 to 93,000 pounds per hour. Group IV i
- During the tests of Group III it was noted that severe tank i vibrations occurred with some of the test conditions. A series of tests was performed to provide some insight into the magnitude and frequency of the pressure fluctuations that caused the vibration.
i For these tests, the pool temperatures were varied from 50'F to 150'F and the flow rates were varied throughout the maximum range. In addition, the depths of submergence and support of the injector proper were investigated. The tests were made using the 4, 6, 8
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Group V To evaluate the condensing effectiveness of the various injectors in a confined volume of water, comparable to that available to individual injectors in a prototype, a series of tests were run with the injectors discharging into a confined compartment that could be varied in width, length, and depth. It was also possible to have various combinations of the width, depth and length. The 4" and 8" diameter vertical injectors and a multiple 4 inch diameter injector were used for these tests. The multiple injector was mounted in both the tandem and side-by-side positions. The tandem position is shown in Figure III-3. The side-by-side position was 4 with the compartment 18" wide and the line of injectors parallel to the width of the compartment. The 4" and 8" injectors were used with 6" and 12" wide compartments, respectively. C. Descriotion of Test Facility The test facility was located at the Moss Landing Power Station of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Figures III-1 and III-2 show the general arrangement of the facility. l The basic test chamber was a tank 20 feet in diameter and 24 feet high with dished bottom and top. Figure III-3 is a cut-away isometric view of the facility showing the major details to be described. The top was penetrated by the following: 20" diameter manhole, a 3" vent valve, pressure relief valve, rupture diaphragm, 3 thermocouple leads for measuring temperatures inside the tank,
! and 4 glass windows for observing the inside of the tank. The side of the tank contained a 6' diameter hatch for equipment, water level gage connections, two 14" diameter steam inlet headers, two 1-1/2" connections for filling the tank, a 4" drain and 14 glass viewing ports. Attached to the exterior wall were a ladder to the top, and two platforms so personnel could look through elevated windows.
A standpipe was attached near the bottom of the tank to control normal water level and to provide an overflow line for condensate during testing. r Four flood lights of 500 watts each were used to light the interior of the tank. The interior of the tank was painted white for better visibility. Steam was supplied from two existing 8" - 100 psi steam lines. Headers from these lines connected to a single 10 inch line which contained an orifice for measuring steam flow. An 8 inch angle valve located 5 feet from the base of the tank was used for flow control. After i the valve the line branched to enter the tank at elevations of III-3 _ . _ . - _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . . _ . . , _ _ . _ _ . . _ - _ _ _._ _.~._ .. _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
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i l' - 6" and 22' - 6". Both lines were 14" diameter. Special combination ring-blind flanges were used in the tee at the bottom to prevent steam flow to the unused header. The 8" control valve was bypassed by a 2 inch line containing a flow control valve and two drain valves. The bypass valve was used for flows under 1000 pcunds per hour. Instrumentation for the compartment tests consisted of windows for visual observation and static pressure taps on the side of the compartment, and one thermocouple located just below the water surface (supported by a wood float) at the end of the compartment away from the injector. The static taps were used to measure surface deflections. Both still-sequence pictures and movie pictures were used to record the pool and jet behavior within the compartment. Basic instrumentation was that necessary to measure the pressures, temperatures, water level and steam flow. Figure III-3a shows the instrumentation line diagram. Steam flow into the tank was measured in the line before the flow orifice and in the 14 inch line just before it entered the tank. Steam pressure downstream from the control valve was also measured. After testing had begun instrumen-tation was added to measure steam pressure at the discharge end of the steam injector pipes. Vapor space instrumentation was for the purpose of detecting incomplete condensation of steam with a closed tank. A water level gage was used to determine the vapor volume above the water pool, 3 thermo-couples were used to measure the vapor space temperature, and the pressure in the vapor space was measured with a mercury manometer. The group II runs were made to determine the sensitivity of this means of detecting steam release. However, it was subsequently established that small amounts of steam released to the vapor space when the tank was open could be readily detected because of fog formation. Most of the tests were run with the manhole at the top of the tank open for visual observation. Water temperatures within the tank were measured with 3 thermocouples located in the side of the tank. All 6 thermocouple temperatures were recorded by a 16 point per/ minute Speedomax Recorder, with repeating preference given to those considered most important for a particular test. For the tests with a confined pool volume, a compartment was fabricated with over-all dimensions of 12' long,12' deep and 18" wide. The compartment was so arranged that the following variations in dimensions could be obtained: III-4
Width : 6, 12, 18 inches 1.ength : 4, 6, 8,10,12 feet Depth : 6, 8,10,12 feet Any combination of these dimensions could be used. Glass view windows were located on the sides of the compartment to observe the surface of the pool near the injectors and the steam jet at the injector discharge. The compartment was positioned and supported on a frame that could be relocated easily within the tank. Test Procedure The standard practices for operating this type of experiment, such as tank filling, steam warm-up, and instrument checks, were followed in preparing for testing. A minimum of three people were required to run the tests. The operator manipulated the steam control valve, filled and drained the tank and warmed up'the system for testing. In addition, he was occasionally called upon to record data. The recorder transcribed the data from the instruments to a log at specific time intervals and directed the operator's activities. The observer maintained positions on top of the tank, on the ladder, or on the platforms and recorded the reactions within the tank. For the compartment tests, the operator was requested to spin the control valve open quickly and set the required flow for the duration of the run. Some of the runs were as short as 20 seconds. After each run, cold water was pumped into the compartment with a fire hose to prepare for the next run. Most of the runs with the compartment were recorded with movie and still-sequence pictures. The facility was secured in the manner requested by plant officials as would befit any facility of this type. C. Discussion of Results Group I These tests were performed to observe the effect of large flow rates of steam being injected into a pool of subcooled water, and to set the practical operating limits of the facility. The initial test was carried out with the 4 single 4 inch vertical injector. Depths of submergence i . used were 6 inches and 1 foot. Steam mass flow rates to a l maximum of 53,300 lbs/hr were injected. Jet flow through l the injector was observed at 14,200 lbs/hr. There was no ! evidence of release of steam from the pool during the test at either depth of submergence or at any of the mass flow (' ' rates. The preceding operation was repeated with the 8 inch injector at mass flow rates to 90,000 lbs/hr with j the same results. ! m. III-5 1
From the results obtained it was concluded that the facility was adequate and needed no further modification. Some of the highlights of the visual observations provide interesting aspects in further describing the reactions in the pool. During the operation of the single 4 inch vertical injector-in the open tank run, the pool surface was carefully observed. As the mass flow rate increased, the agitation of the pool increased. At 30,000 lbs/hr (recorded) small vortices appeared around the injector for approximately 10 seconds and then disappeared. A few seconds after the small vortices disappeared one large vortex began forming around the injector and as best one could see extended just below the injector. This lasted abcut 10 to 15 seconds followed by a tremendous upheaval around the injector. This , of course, was the release of the air that had been drawn down the vortex. With the 8 inch vertical injector installed and a mass flow rate of 70,000 lbshr only the small vortices around the injector appeared. These collapsed but never formed into one large vortex. Groun II These tests were performed with a 3/4 inch orifice (See Figure III-4) installed on the 14 inch header and a sealed tank. To establish condensing effectiveness it is important ~ to be able to detect and if necessary measure, any significant steam release to the vapor space above the pool. Part of any steam released would be condensed on the tank walls and top, and on the pool surface. Results of the test using the orifice to meter steam directly to the vapor space show that the rate of condensation is negligible (less than 500lbs/hr). Calculations show that any significant amounts steam released to the vapor space will cause rapid and substantial increases in both pressure and temperature. 1000 lbs/hr will cause the pressure to rise about 1/2 psi per minute and the temperature about 13-1/20 F per minute. The temperature chart for this run is shown in Figure V A-9. Group III These tests were performed to determine the relationship between injector geometry and condensing effectiveness. The tank was open during the first tests of each injector and then closed for the remaining tests. The first tests were for visual observations of the reaction at various flow rates and depths of submergence. The remainder of the tests, during which the tank was closed, provided data that con-curred with the visual observations indicating whether or not steam was released. The only indication of steam III-6
release occurred during the tests with the 6 inch and 6 inch' bottom horizontal injectors at 6" depth of submergen:e. This could be visually observed during the tests at the higher mass flow rates when the momentum of the jet leaving the injector was so great that it carried across the tank befcre completely condensing and the splashing against the wall of the tank released some of the uncondensed steam. With the 6 inch single vertical injector vortices first appeared at a mass flow rate of 48,400 lbs/hr. The vortex lasted about 10-15 seconds and then collapsed followed by the upheaval of air through the water. The mass flow rates were held for about one minute but the vortex did not referm. At each 5,000 lbs/hr mass flow rate increase vortices formed and collapsed. The vortices were not self-sustaining at any mass flow rate. At a maximum mass flow rate of 83,300 lbs/hr, agitation of the pool was severe and the direction of flow of the pool surface was from the ihr wall to the injector indicating the type of circulation apparent in the pool. During a run with the 4 inch single vertical injector, closed tank, 6" de rate of 58,000 lbs/pth of submergence hr, the and tank was quiet maximum during mass flo the first 16 minutes of operation. At this point, the pressure in the tank rose to about 6" mercury due to the accumulated condensate and the tank commenced shaking. Two minutes later, the tank began to shuddir and then bang severely. This banging literally sounded 'like rapid fire from a ri fle . After 5 minutes of this the vibration was severe enough to shake open the safety relief valve and the run was secured. It was concluded from this run tha t the pool vibration phenomenon was temperature sensitive and that the frequency and magnitude of the vibration should be investigated. The 14 inch injector was too large for the steam supply
- available. At the low line pressure it was not possible t:
obtain jet flow with this injector and chugging occurred. With the tank closed, shaking and banging occurred but the intensity was less severe than that of the smaller injectcrs with higher velocities . The 4 inch multiple injector provided the smoothest running of all injectors tested. Tge tank bagan to shake as the pool temperature neared 150 F but the intensity was very low. The 8 inch injector reacted essentially the same as the other injectors in causing shaking and banging in the tank. During the second run of this series at a mass flow rate of 77,500 lbs/hr, the water level was dropped, via pumping, to observe at what depth of submergence steam would be released. Steam blow by was observed at 1" depth of submergence. III-7
The 4 inch top horizontal injector ran smooth during the runs at lower pool temperature with 6" depth of submergen:e. At 6' depth of submergence it became somewhat rougher as the water temperature increased. The bottom 4 inch injector operated the same as the previously run top horizontal injector. The operation was smooth at 6" depths of submergence and gradually increased in roughness at 6' depth of submergence as the pool water temperature increased. The operation of the bottom 14" injector proved to be a serious problem since the steam line ran horizontally from the control valve into the tank. With hot steam on one side of the valve and cold water on the other, along with insufficient pressure to produce jet flow, the water hammer was quite severe. The tank shook severely during the run which was made at 6 inch depth of submergence with the tank open. As the steam valve was being closed, at a slow rate, the severity of the water hammer increased to a point where everything in the vicinity of the tank was shaking. Grouo IV The 4, 6, 8 and multiple 4 inch injectors were each retested. This series consisted of tests with each injector rigidly connected to the tank wall at a point midway over the length of the injector and corresponding tests with the rigid connection removed. These tests were run to investigate the ef fects of various parameters on the magnitude and frequency of the pool pressute fluctuations generated by the discharge of steam. An oscilloscope with a camera was used to record the output of a pressure transducer mounted in the tank wall at approximately a 5' elevation in line with the injector. In each case, the runs consisted of going from maximum mass flow rate to zero in increments of 15,000 lbs/hr in a cold pool at 6' depth of submergence. Then at maxin:um mass flow rates, the pool was heated. After maximum pool temperature was reached the mass flow rate was reduced by ( 15,000lbs/hrincrements. The depth of submergence was then lowered to 4 ' . Mass flow rates of 105,000 lbs/hrand75,000 lbs/hrrecordedwereused. The depth of submergence was lowered to 2' and the process repeated. Photographs from the scope were taken at each mass flow rate and at each 100F temperature rise during the heating run. Figures V A-1 throug V A-8 are a complete series of photographs taken during the test of the 8 inch vertical injector anchored and unanchored. III-8
During the operation of the 6" injector anchored to the tank wall and specifically during the run where the mass flow rate was being reduced following the heating of the pool, the facility became so rough that the tank appeared to be bouncing on its foundation. Personnel in the control room of the power station reccrded a mild earthquake which time-wide coincided with this run. Photographs taken during this run show peak pressure fluctuations of 6 psi, while photographs taken when the anchor to the tank wall was removed show peak pressure fluctuations of 10 psi during the same run with less severe reaction of the facility and no bouncing of the tank. In this same unanchored series, at 4' depth of submergence and recorded mass flow rate of 105,000lbs/hr, the peak pressure was 24 psi as compared to 3 psi when anchored. At 2' depth of sub:ergence a peak pressure of 40 psi + as compared to 6 psi when the injector was anchored. It was observed during the entire series of tests in thig group, that as the pool temperature reached 120 F to 130 F the roughness commenced and increased in intensity with the increase in temperature. The operation of the facility was smooth in all cases as long as the pool temperature remained below 120"F. l l' III-9 l-
Compartment Test Results Speaking generally of the compartment tests, the pool surface-i within the confines of the compartment walls was much more i . agitated than had previously been observed with the same injec. tors }' discharging into the large pool. There was no tendency to form vortices, but the surface in the neighborhood of the injector tended to be depressed below the surroundings. A typical example
!' of this behavior is pictured in Figures III-6 and III-7, which are top and side views, respectively, for run No. 54 (the first three 4:
pictures in each figure were taken before the steady state pattern
- was established). The surface typically had a very ' foamy appear-l .
ance, particularly at the injector end of the compartment and at , the end opposite the injector. Water flowed down from the end opposite the injector toward the injector end; there was a small jump just before it reached the injector. l The viewing windows in the sides of the compartment permitted a relatively clear view of the jets which fermed at the injector discharge. For each run these jets underwent a characteristically j- changing pattern. Some of the characteristics are shown in Figure i III-5. Picture 1: No flow. Picture 2: The first puff of steam appears. Pictures 3 and 4: Full flow but the jet is very short 4 (in this case, about 4" to where it " necks down". The calculated
- i. velocity for this picture was 535 ft. per sec.), associated with high subcooling. Pictures 5 and 6: The jet becomes longer and is
] less " necked down" as the pool subcooling decreases. Picture 7: Apparently slightly underexpanded jet, low subcooling (calculated velocity for this picture was 1000 f t, per sec.). The jets some-i times tended to draw together as shown here. Picture 8: Shutting down. Note in the last four pictures the formation of air bubbles in the bulk of the pool to the left of the jets. These appeared I as the water temperature was approaching 150*Fi . They are presumed to be initially dissolved air which had been driven out of solution. i The results of the compartment tests are sununarized in Table I, s l (except for qualitative observations of the effect of air on con-r densation, which will be described later). Columns are arranged to give, for each run, geometry, steam flow rate, and two quantita-tive measures of performance, viz., surface deflection, and mean temperature rise (calculated) versus temperature rise at a point (measured). The following notes are intended to better identify some of the quantities. ' 1. " Injector - Distance From End" is the distance from the end of the compartment to the center of the injector (to the center of the nearest nozzle in the case of the triple injector). j 2. " Rates - Mass" is the Barton Flow Meter reading corrected for steam conditions different than rated. For runs 84 through 91 ) the single 4 inch injector was itself calibrated (the minimum flow which can be measured satisfactority with the Barton Meter ! was too great for these runs) to give mass rate as a function > ofop across the injector and the state of the steam directly upstream. f 111-10 p.
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TABLE III-I COMPARINENT TEST RESULTS Compartment In1ector Rates Deflection Temp. Rise Sub- Diet CALC. Run Length Depth Width merge From Size o. Mass Velocity MOM. MAN. OBS. MEAN.N!AS. No. (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) Ind(ft) :1b/sec) (ft/sec) ' (1b) (ft) (ft) (OF) (OF) Triple 1 12 12 1.5 6 0.7 4" 17.1 1470 775 51 52 2 18.2 1510 840 3.0 39 49 3 20.7 1580 975 64 49 4 23.7 1610 1115 66 40 5 10 12.4 1310 470 21 30 6 14.4 1340 600 53 31 7 16.7 1450 755 76 52 8 10 / U ::0 C/" e- 9 16.7 1530 830 75 59 10 20.2 1560 945 66 56 gg 21.9 1590 1040 > 1.2 76 56 12 4 7.8 785 190+ 0 46 42
}} 10.3 1035 3301 0 52 25 14 12.8 1230 490 46 30 15 16 17 8 11.2 1110 385 0.6 64 58 18 13.3 1265 530 0.8 58 36 19 16.6 1450 745 1.1 64 64 20 18.3 1510 850 1.4 63 65 21 20.4 1570 960 1.7 79 63 22 10 13.3 1265 530 1.8 91 86 23 18.6 1525 895 67 40 24 25 12 9.7 965 290 0.1 29 33 26 13.5 1280 535 0.3 59 54 27 19.5 1550 915 0.3 54 38 28 8 9.4 935 275 0.1 36 48 29 13.4 1275 535 0.2 44 46 30 19.0 1535 885 0.4 59 32 31 8 8 1.5 6 0.7
- 10.3 965 310 0 81 0 32 14.8 1230 565 0.1 150 6 33 20.1 1420 885 0 137 3 34 12 12 0.5 35 5.3 530 87.5 0.5 0.2 44 45 f
Table III-I (Continued) Compartment Iniector Rates Deflection Temp. Rise Sub- Dist CALC Run Length Depth Width merge From Size Mass Velocity MOM. MAN. OBS.MEAN MEAS. No. (ft) (ft) (dt) (ft) End(ft) [1b/sec) (ft/sec) (1b) (ft) (ft) ( F) ( F) Triple 36 12 12 0.5 6 0.7 4" 10.2 1110 355 5.0 1.2 67 42 37 15.0 1425 665 7.3 72 27 38 8 5.3 540 89.5 0.6 0.2 47 34 39 10.3 1155 370 3.0 0 77 39 40 14.6 1435 650 4.2 118 42 41 8 5.3 530 87.0 161 78 42 Triple 43 12 12 1.5 4" 5.3 525 56 .5 0 0.2 13 22 44 side 10.2 1005 320 0.2 25 34 45 by s ide 14.6 1320 600 1.0 1.2 40 25 46 8 5.3 520 85.5 0.1 0.3 22 25 47 10.2 1000 315 1.0 0.5 28 32 48 14.6 1325 600 1.4 2.2 49 12 8 5.3 515 85.0 0.1 0 20 26 50 10.2 995 315 0.3 0.4 31 32 51 14.6 955 435 1.0 0.5 64 44 52 8 5.3 495 81.5 0 0.2 34 44 53 10.2 975 , 3 10 0.7 0.8 35 44 54 Triple 14.4 1295 ! 580 1.6 1.9 100 107 55 12 12 0.5 4" 5.4 535 '50.5 0.6 0 58 43 56 7.8 805 195 1.5 0.3 80 60 57 , 10.2 1000 320 1.6 1.5 74 40 12.5 1210 475 6.1 2.5 58 59 14.4 840 375 4.2 h, 66 65 60 8 5.4 535 90.5 1.0 0 158 76 61 7.8 715 175 1.3 0.4 199 75 62 10.2 950 300 2.3 2.5 63 12.5 1230 480 3.0 2.5 136 72 64 14.7 1260 575 3.7 2.5 236 75 65 5.3 515 85.5 1.8 0 44 67 66 7.9 770 190 2.1 5?8 68 77 67 10.2 835 265 5.2 [35 84 101 68 12.6 1030 400 7.5 2.0 129 97 69 8 I 5.3 545 90.5 1.7 0 69 91 70 7.8 740 180 3.3 5?S tti 101 71 72 10.3 12.6 1065 1045 340 410 1.7 4.0 fb 270 80 260 78 62 73 12 12 3.2 5.3 540 89.5 1.0 g,0 74 10.2 1075 340 2.5 0.5 52 25 14.8 1040 475 3.0 0 133 50 75
Tcble III-I (Continued) Compartment Injector Rates Deflection Temp. Rise i Sub Dist CALC, Run Length Depth Width merge From Size Mass Velocity MOM. MAN. 03S MEAN MEAS. No. (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) End(ft) (1b/see) (ft/sec) (1b) (ft) (ft) (CF) ( F) 76
, 8 8 8 1.0 4 0.7 *SE* 5.3 415 68.5 0.2 0 55 47 79 10.3 705 '225 1.9 37$* 54 58 80 14.8 990 455 3.1 2Vgr 80 68 81 12 12 6 5.3 390 64.5 0.4 0 18 27 82 10.3 740 240 0.6 0 19 22 83 15.2 1030 485 1.9 {;@ 30 16 84 6 6 0.5 3 single 85 1.1 340 11.5 -0.4 0 86 3.3 810 81.5 -0.8 0 87 5.8 1030 190 1.5 0 190 38 88 12 12 6 89 90 3.0 755 70.5 0.4 0.5 11 14 91 5.1 1055 173 O.8 2.0 29 15
< 1 4
4 1 b
" Rates - Velocity" is the calculated velocity at injector exit. " Rates - Momentum" is the product of mass rate and velocity. The bases for these two calculations are given in Appendix B. The method of calculation could not be applied to runs 1 to 30, because no pressure at injector exit was measured. Velocity as a smoothed function of mass rate was determined, based on all the subsequent runs and then applied to runs 1 to 30.
- 3. " Deflection" refers to pool surface deflection in the com-partment. It is the amount that the surface in the region of the injector was depressed below the surface at its highest point. This proved difficult to determine by direct observatica. For run 35 and after, another indication of this surface deflection was obtained by measuring the difference between the static pressure below the surface at the injector end of the compartment and the static pressure below the surface at the end opposite the injector. The measuring instrument was~a manometer, hence, the column head-
, ing assigned to this quantity is " Man." Values determined by direct observation are in the column headed "Obs."
- 4. " Temperature Rise - Calc. Mean" is the calculated temperature 4
rise for the water in the compartment from a consideration of t heat capacity and net rate of energy addition. The basis for I[, I this calculation is given in Appendix B. " Temperature Rise
- Maasured" is' the teciperature rise measured at a point located just below the surface and at the end of the compartment opposite the injector.
Visual means were employed to check for steam release during the compartment test. No release of' injector steam was detected for any of the runs, although so m fog formation was observed near the
- 7
, end of some cf the runs. In these cap s the compartment water temperature was approaching boiling.
~ The duration of the comp artment runs aried frorc about 20 seconds
) (Run #85) to about 100 acconds (Kun #2).. Although a few seconds
/ '
were allowed after the beginning of each cun'for,the instruments to come to equilibrium, tie. data is undoubtedly af fected by the time response characteristics of the instrumen.ts, particularly for the shorter runs. The pressure regulating system on the steam supply itself has a relatively slow time response (of the order of s
/ 15 seconds) which further affected the data. The compartment flow pattern, temperature, and volume occupied by vapor (associated with d' decreasing subcooling), were all in a transition state, further complicating the problem of securing (and interpreting) data. The final effect of the response characteristics of instruments and
, pressure regulation, nadithe transient character of the compartment phenomena was a scattering of data which carried over into the results in Table 3 7 Any cumulative effects are impossible of detection; it,is' believed that they are minor.
t m , III~I5
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s l During some of the runs, a general receding of the surface in the compartment, of as cuch as a fuot at the highest flow rates, was noted. This must have been due to the region of high pressure i directly below the injector discharge plus the presence of holes and cracks through which part of the compartment contents could leak out. This outflow at the bottom of the compartment could alter the flow pattern, and certainly would reduce the compart-ment heat espacity. Both these effects are considered small and have not been taken inco account in reducing the data. They < probably contribute a seall 4anount to the scattering of the results already referred to. The surface deflection as indicated by the manometer reading is , usually not in agreement wi.h (though in general it shows the same trends as) the directly observed surface deflection. The static
. pressure sensed by the instrument and the hydrostatic pressure corresponding to the surface elevation would not be expected to be equal, _because of the presence of a velocity head and because of the rotational, turbulent, highly dissipative character of the flow. It was anticipated that the relationship between sensed static pressure and surface elevation might be very nearly the same at one end of the compartment as at the other (i.e., the velocity, hence, the velocity head, should be of the same magnitude, etc.) If this were so, the manometer readings and the direct obsersations would agree. It appears, therefore, that the relation-ship between sensed static pressure and surface elevation are not the same at the two ends of the compartment. However, some of the lack of agreement can be attributed to the scattering (already mentioned) which all the data was subjected to in greater or lesser degree. The relative agreement tends to be better at greater deflections. At all deflections greater than about 3 feet the manometer deflection exceeds the directly observed deflection, a happy trait from a safeguards point of view. More than this,
- the manometer deflection correlates much better with the mass and
- momentum rates. For the foregoing reasons, the manometer deflection is taken as the measure of surface deflection in the subsequent discussion of results.
It will be noted that for a few of the runs a part or all of the results are missing. This is simply due to the fact that the corresponding data were obviously of doubtful accuracy, or the data were obtained under uncontrolled conditions (e.g., runs 15 . and 16, during which the baffle forming one end of the compartment broke loose). The effect of air on the complete condensation of the steam which
- would follow it, under cenditions which would exist in a complete and functioning pressure suppression system, was investigated j qualitatively. The 14" pipe between the steam valve and the injector
' (see Figure III-3 and description of Condensing Tank Facility) was ; initially filled with air (Runs 76 and 77). The steam valve was .' 111-12 L J
m ~ l l opened as quickly as possible to a set flow, and the manner in which the air escaped from the pool was observed, visually, with still pictures (see Figure III-8), and with movir.g pictures (Reci #4, 64 frames /sec.) These observations demonstrated that all the air, except for some very small bubbles (estimated at less than 1/4 inch diameter) escaped .to the surf ace in of the order of 1/10 second. The time was
, too short for the bulk of the pool water to be set into motion. The air broke the surface directly above the injector exit. ( What was possible to observe of the behavior of the pool in the Transient Test Facility, both visually and with 64 frame-per-second movies, fitted this same general pattern. No circulating motion was observable just prior to air breaking through except for a slight heaving of the surf ace.
The violence of the action upon breaking the surface then caused the view to be obscured, making further observation of air escape impossible). During some tests run earlier and reported in the Phase I Report, stea= containing small amounts of air was discharged into a pool of water. Here the air coalesced at many points to form small bubbles, which then approached the surf ace relatively slowly. Discussion of Compartment Test Results One criterion for the adequacy of any pool-injector combination is the complete condensation of any steam discharged into the pool. The com-partment test was to establish the range of parameters for which this criterion would be met. Relative to the effect of air on the completeness of condensation, it may be stated that any air being driven in large quantities from the dry well and injected into the pool will escape rapidly from the pool, so it cannot affect the mechanism of condensation except for a brief inter-val of time. The Transient Test Facility containment pressure data reveal no evidence of uncondensed steam. On the other hand, air injec ed into the pool in small quantities will become dispersed as small bubbles which will have time to reach thermodynamic equilibrium before breaking the surface. Hence they can carry no more vapor than that carried by saturated air. No more can be said on the basis of these test results concerning the effect of air on condensation. When the iajector is discharging steam into the pool the pool surface is disturbed. If it should be depressed in the region of the injector by an amount approximately equal to the original injector submergence, steam may be released. One necessary condition for meeting this criterion for adequacy, then, is that the pool surface nust never he depressed below the iniector exit. If the subcooling drops to near zero along any possible steam bubble i path to the surface, steam may be released. Let the highest- tempera-
' ture at which complete condensation is assured be Tc. A second con-dition for meeting the criterion of adequacy is: there must be no relatively continuous regions extending from the injector exit tjg the surf ace of the pool, at temperatures above Tc.
111-13
. , - _ . . _ . - ___._y c. ,-e. .
1 The Table I summary of the compartment test results may now be examined in light of the two conditions just stated. First, evidence is desired to show that the flow pattern is a reliable two dimensional representation of a more extensive system. A comparison of the triple 4 injector arranged side by side in an 18" wide compart-ment, with the single 4" injector in a 6" wide compartment provides such evidence. Surface deflection A z is plotted versus mass rate per foot of compartment width for runs 43, 44, and 45 (triple 4" injector,12' x 12' compartment) and for runs 90 and 91 (single 4" injector, 12' x 12' compartment). The plot is shown in Figure III-9. (As a matter of interest the data obtained by direct observation are also plotted). Surface deflection is plotted versus mass rate in Figure 111-10 for the triple 4" injector in the 6" wide compartment. The depth of submergence is 6' in every case. From a consideration of the first condition for adequacy (i.e. , surface depression must be less than injector submergence) the 12' x 12' compartment with injector 3.2 feet from the end is best. An extrapolation would give approximately 50 lbs/see f t. before surf ace
; deflection would equal depth of submergence. The 8'L. x 12'D. is next (42 lbs/sec ft before 6 z . depth of submergence), the 8' x 8' next (40 lbs/sec f t before A z a depth of submergence), the 12' x 12' next (27.5 lbs/dec ft before At = depth of submergence), and the 12'L. x 8'D. last 4
(22 lbs/sec ft before A z = depth of submergence). It should be pointed out that in the condensing test facility, surface defic-tion and surface depression are equal (except for a few cases where the whole surface was depressed as mentioned earlier). In an actual system, however, no water ' could spill over the walls of the compartment so that for every depression of the surface in one region there would be an elevation of the surface in one or more other regions. Surface depression would always be less than surface deflection as defined here. However, for the purpose of comparing compartments, surface deflection is as satisf actory as surf ace - depression would be. It should also be recalled that surface deflection l (as used in the above discussion) is based upon surface deflection as indicated by the difference in static pressures measured at the two ends of the compartment. The agreement between observed surface deflection and surf ace deflection as determined above is usually relatively good at high mass rates. For example, refer to Table III-I, run numbers 58 and ! 59. The " observed" surface deflection was known to be between 2.5 and 5.0 feet (the surf ace was actually below the top window and above the bottom window, hence could not be observed directly), for both runs. [ The indicated surf ace deflection for run number 58 was 6.1 feet, slightly I outside, but on the conservative side of the Ibaits determined by obser-l vation. The indicated surf ace deflection for run number 59 was 4.2 feet, which is nicely bracketed by the limits set by observation. The agree-ment is worse in some cases and better in others, though the general tendency is for the indicated deflection to be greater than the observed deflection, and therefore conservative, at the higher flows.
)
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FIGURE III-10 1
i l l It may be argued that good agreement between calculated mean tempera-ture rise and measured temperature rise at a point is evidence that the ! mixing is good. It is not conclusive evidence, but provides at least l a basis for comparing compartments. Good mixing is insurance that the second condition for adequacy (no relatively continuous regions at temperatures above Tc) can be met. The ratio of measured temperature rise to calculated mean is plotted versus mass rate in' Figure III-11 for the triple 4" injector in the 6" wide compartment. The ratio is positive for the 12'L. x 8'D. compartment for most flow conditions, correspond-ing to a higher measured value than the calculated mean. There must have been some streaming action which caused a high temperature stream to flow past the thermocouple used for temperature rise measurement. This is a situation to be avoided per the second condition for meeting the criterion of adequacy, particularly in view of the thermocoupit!s loca-tion near the surface. The ratio of measured to calculated mean tesp-erature rise for the remainder of the compartment sizes, except for the 8' x 8' compartment at flows less than 15 lb/see per foot, is less than unity. There appears to be little to choose between these remain-ing compartments. At flows of 20 lbs/sec per foot of width the ratio is approximately 0.5. The ratio increases consistently as the flow decreases toward zero, and in the case of the 12' x 12' compartment it actually appears to be approaching unity at zero flow. Speaking generally of Figure III-11, there are a few points which are wild and must be questioned, but for the remainder there is a reassuring consistency which argues that mixing is much better at lower flows. It is to be noted that the time when good mixing is important is when the flow is low. This would be the situation after peak response in an actual pres-sure suppression system, when the steady absorption rate of energy would be causing the pool temperature to increase. Surface deflection is plotted versus mass rate per unit width in Figure 111-12 for the single 4" injector, the single 8" injector, and the triple 4" injector in side by side arrangement. The depth of submerg-ence for the single injectors is just half the compartment depth; for the triple injector the depth of submergence is 6 feet. The results for the single 4" injector' in the 6' x 6' compartment are at variance with the rest of the data and with what shocid Be expected. Neglecting the 6' x 6' compartment data, the remainder of the data is relatively consistant. Although there is not enough data to conclusively establish l which compartment is best (the mass rates were much too low to depress i the surf ace close to the injector depth of submergence), the 12' x 12' l with any one of the three injectors tends to be better than the average, l whereas the 8' x 8' with either the single 8" or the triple 4" injector l tends to be worse than the average. The ratio of measured temperature rise to calculated mean for the in-l jector compartment combinations of the last paragraph are plotted versus l mass rate in Figure III-13. Evidence of the streaming action, observed for the triple 4" injector in the 8" deep compartments, is seen for every injector-compartment combination here except the single 8" in the 8' x 8' compartment. (The single point for the single 4" in the 6' x 6' compartment is inconclusive). It is particularly evident at low flow l l in the compartments of 12 foot length, t III-15
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