ML18100A792
| ML18100A792 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Salem  |
| Issue date: | 12/23/1993 |
| From: | Thomson F Public Service Enterprise Group |
| To: | Coogan C MASSACHUSETTS, COMMONWEALTH OF |
| References | |
| NLR-E93268, NUDOCS 9401050321 | |
| Download: ML18100A792 (33) | |
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Public Service Electric and Gas Company P.O. Box 236 Hancocks Bridge, New Jersey 08038 Nuclear Department CERTIFIED MAIL RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED ARTICLE NUMBER: P 884 152 209 DEC 2 3 1993 NLR-E93268 Ms. Colleen Coogan Nation Marine Fisheries Service Habitat Conservation Branch One Blackburn Drive Gloucester, MA 01930-2298
Dear Ms. Coogan:
SECTION 7 BIOLOGICAL CONSULTATION, BIOLOGICAL OPINION REPORT ADDRESSING CONSERVATION RECOMllEHDATIONS SALEM GENERATING STATION, UNIT NOS. 1 AND 2 On January 2, 1991, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) issued a Biological Opinion in accordance with Section 7 (b) (4) of the Endangered Species Act. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) transmitted this Biological Opinion to PSE&G on April 11, 1991. Included in the Biological Opinion is an Incidental Take Statement and Conservation Recommendations. The conservation recommendations are items suggested by the NMFS to potentially reduce the incidental take of sea turtles at the Salem and Hope Creek Generating Stations.
In October of 1991, PSE&G Environmental Licensing personnel met with NMFS to discuss the conservation recommendations. At that time, PSE&G agreed to provide a response to the conservation recommendations. PSE&G's Environmental Licensing Engineers have collected and reviewed literature for the creation of an informati~l database, interviewed researchers, attended pertinent ~tings and conferences, and evaluated extensive options antlKgatems. Attached please find PSE&G's comments addressinq.>>,the' conservation recommendations.
300047 The Energy People
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DEC 2 3 1993
- c. Coogan 2 NLR-E93268 If you hav~y questions concerning this report, please feel free to c~t Jennifer Griffin at (609) 339-1034 or Robert Boot at (609) 339~1169.
sfr~I F. x. Thomson, Jr.
Manager -
Licensing and Regulation Attachment (1)
. " DEC 2 3 1993
- c. Coogan 3 NLR-E93268 c United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Document Control Desk Washington, DC 20555 Mr. J. c. Stone Licensing Project Manager Mr. T. Johnson Senior Resident Inspector Mr. T. Martin, Administrator Region I
-*, *t RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH "BIOLOGICAL OPINION" ISSUED BY NMFS ON JANUARY 2, 1991 OCTOBER 1993 PREPARED BY PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY LICENSING AND REGULATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION 2.1 DELAWARE ESTUARY SYSTEM 2.2 SALEM STATION 2.2 SEA TURTLES SPECIES IMPACTED 3.0 RESPONSE TO QUESTIONS RAISED BY CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CWS INTAKE _WHICH COULD ATTRACT SEA TURTLES 3.1.1 DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF CRAB POPULATIONS 3.1.2 PERMANENT INTAKE STRUCTURE LIGHTING 3.1.3 CONFIGURATION OF CWS INTAKE STRUCTURE
~.1.4 DREDGED INTAKE APPROACH CHANNEL 3.2 SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING FOR NIGHT INSPECTIONS 3.3 POTENTIAL TRASH RACK/ RAKE ALTERNATIVES WHICH COULD REDUCE INCIDENTAL CAPTURE OF SEA TURTLES 3.4 POTENTIAL USE OF BARRIERS TO DIVERT SEA TURTLES FROM CWS INTAKE 3.5 ANNUAL MEETING
4.0 CONCLUSION
5.0 SPECIFIC REFERENCES APPENDIX A - GENERAL REFERENCES FIGURE 2.1 - DELAWARE ESTUARY ZONES FIGURE 2.2 - VERTICAL TRAVELING .WATER SCREEN FIGURE 3.1 - BLUE CRAB DISTRIBUTION
SECTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report is being submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) by Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSE&G) to address several of the questions included in the January 2, 1991, Section 7 "Biological opinion" - Conservation Recommendations. The purpose of this report is to discuss the technical aspects of certain conservation recommendations suggested by the NMFS. The conservation recommendations are one result of PSE&G's Section 7 Consultation under the Endangered Species Act of 1979 and include the following: 1) Examine the possible attraction factors of the Salem circulating water intake structure to sea turtles, including information pertaining to prey distribution in the area; 2) Examine the necessity for supplemental lighting options available to assist in spotting impinged sea turtles; 3) Examine the feasibility of modifying the current bar rack cleaning mechanism to reduce the trauma of removal to impinged sea turtles; 4) Examine the necessity of installing a barrier to retain debris and sea turtles; and 5)
Annual meetings between PSE&G and NMFS. These recommendations focus on potential aspects of turtle behavior relative to the intake which may reduce the number of sea turtles incidentally taken at the Salem and Hope Creek Generating stations.
This report summarizes the results of an extensive literature search conducted by PSE&G to address the conservation recommendations. The literature search included published scientific. research, PSE&G files, PSE&G environmental consultant files, and personal contacts. Section 2 of this review provides general background information on the Delaware Bay and the Salem Generating Station. Section 3 is formatted to address each recommendation separately. Included as Appendix A is a general list of literature reviewed for this submittal.
SECTION
2.0 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION 2.1 DELAWARE ESTUARY SYSTEM The Delaware Estuary system can be divided into three zones based on salinity, turbidity, and biological productivity (Figure 2.1).
The first zone, the tidal river zone which is freshwater and tidal, extends from the head of the tide at Trenton, New Jersey to Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania. The second zone is the transition zone, a section of brackish water which extends from Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania to Artificial Island. The third zone is a saltwater zone, the Delaware Bay, which extends southeast from Artificial Island to the Atlantic Ocean.
- Total water volume of the Delaware Bay is approximately three trillion gallons. At Artificial Island, the avera~e tidal flow is approximately 11,320 cubic meters per second (m /sel). The average downstream freshwater flow at Trenton is 339 m /sec. The maximum withdrawal rate of Salem's service and circulating water systems is one percent of the tidal flow.
Three factors that effect the presence and distribution of organisms within the Delaware aquatic ecosystem are salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen content. In the area around Artificial Island, salinity varies from o to 22 parts per thousand (ppt), depending on the volume of freshwater flow from the river and the diurnal tidal fluctuations. Water temperature in the vicinity of Artificial Island varies from 0° Celsius to 30° Celsius. The waters of the Delaware system are generally well-oxygenated, with higher dissolved oxygen levels in the winter than in the summer. In the vicinity of Artificial Island, dissolved oxygen levels range from 2.6 to 13.7 milligrams per liter (mg/liter).
2.2 SALEM STATION PSE&G's Salem Generating Station is located on Artificial Island, a man-made peninsula on the eastern shore of the Delaware Estuary, 80 kilometers northwest of the entrance to the Bay.
The Salem Generating.Station consists of two pressurized water nuclear reactors with an electrical capacity of approximately 1,100 megawatts (MWe) per unit. The station has two water intake structures, the circulating water system (CWS) and the serv°ice water system (SWS). The CWS intake withdraws 2.1 million gallo~s per minute (gpm) to condense steam in the main condensers of eaL-~
unit. The SWS intake withdraws approximately 40,000 gpm as cooling water for the remaining equipment in each unit. *Both intakes utilize bar racks and vertical Ristroph traveling screer~
to remove river debris from the incoming water (Figure 2.2).
2.3 SEA TURTLE SPECIES IMPACTED Sea turtles are summer migrants along the Atlantic coast and are common in the Delaware Bay. Small numbers typically occur in the lower Delaware River near Artificial Island from June through September. Incidental sea turtle takes have occurred only at the Salem circulating water system (CWS). Species which have been recovered are loggerhead (Caretta caretta), Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempi), and green (Chelonia mydas) .*
SECTION 3.0 RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS RAISED BY CONSERVATION RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE CWS INTAKE WHICH COULD ATTRACT SEA TURTLES This section responds to Conservation Recommendation Number 1, which states: Examine the possible attraction factors of the Salem circulating water intake structure to sea turtles, including information pertaining to prey distribution in the area.
Several aspects of the Salem Generating Station intake structure and. surrounding area were examined for any possible indication that they could attract sea turtles. Potential attractants examined included: species diversity, distribution, and catch density of the crab populations in the Delaware Bay; lighting that exists on the intake structure; configuration of the intake structure; and, bathymetric features of the approach channel to the intake structure. Each potential attractant is discussed separately in the following subsections.
3.1.1 DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF CRAB POPULATIONS Predator/prey relationships between sea turtles and crab species around Artificial Island are not well understood. Based on limited information from stomach content analysis and fecal samples examined by the Marine Mammal Stranding Center and PSE&G, the primary food for loggerheads in this area appears to be blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus),
lady crab (Ovalipes ocellatus), and branching hydroids (probably Garveia spp. and/or Sertularia spp.) also appear to be less frequent food sources. Kemp's ridley stomach and fecal samples contained primarily blue crab.
Blue crab occur year round in the lower Bay and move into the upper Bay during spring (Dittel and Epifano, 1982; Ettinger and Byle, 1981). Horseshoe crabs migrate from the Atlantic Ocean into the lower Bay in the spring to lay their eggs. The migratory movement of both of these prey species coincides with the movements of sea turtles along the Atlantic coast. Lady crabs occur at the mouth of the Bay but have not been-recorded around Artificial Island.
A closer examination of the blue crab population around Artificial Island was performed based on catch data from the late 1980's.
- Figure 3.l*shows the distribution of blue crab caught during these trawl surveys. _ The surveys show significantly higher densities south of Artificial Island. These findings were supported by Mr. Larry Niles, Chief, of New Jersey's Endangered and Non-Game Species Program. He indicated that crab landings were much greater south of Artificial Island and wondered why sea turtles *would want to forage in this area.
PSE&G blue crab sampling data and sea turtle fecal samples indicate that crab densities around Artificial Island, although not the most abundant in the Bay, appear to provide an adequate food supply for sea turtles.
3.1.2 PERMANENT INTAKE STRUCTURE LIGHTING Permanent lighting of the CWS intake structure is provided by twelve high pressure sodium Holophane Wallpackette WP2 series lights rated at 150 watts each. They transmit approximately twenty foot candles of light up to a distance of ten feet. They are mounted approximately fifteen feet above mean water level on the face of the intake structure and are spaced approximately twenty-five feet apart.
While some studies have looked at the effects of artificial lighting on nesting females, the majority of work has been performed with hatchlings (Ehrenfeld, 1968; Ehrenfeld and Carr, 1967; Ehrenfeld and Koch, 1967; Witherington, 1991; Witherington and Bjourndal, 1991; Witherington, Bjourndal, and McCabe, 1990; Witherington and Salmon, 1992). Turtles taken at PSE&G are of the juvenile size class. PSE&G is unaware of any published or current studies dealing with the effect of lights on juvenile sea turtles. The lack of information regarding the effect of structural lighting on juvenile sea turtles does not allow conclusions to be drawn at this time.
3.1.3 CONFIGURATION OF CWS INTAKE STRUCTURE The CWS intake structure is common to both Unit Nos. 1 and 2.
The face of the intake is a reinforced concrete structure approximately 300 feet by 53 feet. It consists of twelve separate, intake cells, six per unit. The end cells are approximately 35 feet wide and the interior cells are 20 feet wide. Approximately 74 percent of the structure is below the mean low water line.
Velocity measurements at the face of the cws intake are greatest near the surface and gradually decrease with depth. Velocities at mid-depths and near the bottom are at or near zero feet per second (fps). Velocities within the water column average 1.1 fps, with mean maximum and minimum velocities of 1.5 fps and o.
fps (Weston, 1982).
This designed velocity is significantly lower than the velocity of curre.nts within the estuary which reach speeds of 3. 3 -
4.3 fps. Sea turtles in Long Island Sound have been observed swimming against and with, currents stronger than these (Steve Morreale, personal communication). Sea turtles in the Delaware Bay have also been observed following the tidal currents (PSE&c:
personnel observations). Passive drifting with the currents r.,.
result in a susceptibility to impingement.
PSE&G's monitoring program includes inspections of the intake's trash bars every two hours from June 1 through September 30.
Turtles seen at the surface are immediately recovered to prohibit the turtle from drowning. The implementation of this monitoring program attempts to reduce the susceptibility to impingement.
3.1.4 DREDGED INTAKE APPROACH CHANNEL The morphology and bathymetric features of the Delaware river in the vicinity of Artificial Island affect circulation patterns near the generating station. The bend in the river off Artificial Island produces a persistent flow of near surface water toward the outside of the bend (Delaware shore), with a compensating deep flat toward the inside of the bend (Artificial Island). Such flows generally work to keep stream channels on the outside of bends, since sediment is carried with the bottom current toward the shore at the inside, and is deposited by the slower inside forces.
Loggerhead turtles have been found to inhabit deeper parts of a bay such as channels or river mouths, while Kemp's Ridley's forage in shallow waters, like seagrass beds (Keinath, et. al.
1987). Bathymetric surveys in the vicinity of the CWS intake were conducted in December of 1992. The contours clearly distinguish an intake approach channel flanked by two shoal formations (Weston, 1992). These bathymetric features may suggest reasons for higher loggerhead numbers taken at the Salem Generating Station. The deep intake channel (relative to this section of river) with a muddy bottom having little or no vegetation may be a more appropriate foraging area for loggerheads. PSE&G is aware of research being conducted by the USACOE to determine sea turtle habitat usage of dredged channels along the southwest Atlantic coast. However, this information is unavailable at this time.
The relationship, if any, between the channel and the occurrence of sea turtles is unclear at this time. PSE&G will stay abreast of any research being conducted to determine sea turtles usage ct dredged channels.
3.2 SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING FOR NIGHT INSPECTIONS This section- responds to Conservation Recommendation Number 2, which states: Examine the necessity for supplemental lighting options available to assist in spotting impinged sea turtles.
To assist plant operators in spotting turtles during night inspections, additional lighting equipment was acquired. A rechargeable lantern light capable of transmitting a high intensity spot light of over 25,000 candlepower, is currently used for the night inspections.
3.3 POTENTIAL TRASH RACK / RAKE ALTERNATIVES WHICH COULD REDUCE INCIDENTAL CAPTURE OF SEA TURTLES This section responds to Conservation Recommendation Number 3, which states: Examine the feasibility of modifying the current bar rack cleaning mechanism to reduce the trauma of removal to impinged sea turtles.
Twelve sets of trash bars protect each of the twelve intake cells from large debris, mats of detritus, and other large materials commonly found in the river. Constructed of 0.5 inch wide steel bars, 51 feet long on 3.5 inch centers, the trash bar racks have a slot size of 3 inches.
One heavy-duty, traversing type, mechanical trash rake unit manufactured by EnvirRex Chainbelt, Incorporated, services the trash bar racks of the intake screenwell. The rake is mounted on rails which span the width of the intake and is controlled by a single operator from a manual pushbutton control panel mounted on the frame assembly. The rake unit consists of an integral frame assembly which houses the traversing drive, hoisting machinery, hopper and hydraulic control assemblies. The hoisting machinery includes a cable-operated raking device which is designed to remove large floating or submerged objects that may accumulate on the trash bar racks. Wide-flanged wheels guide the rake along the 50 feet of vertical travel.
The rake is designed to descend with teeth in the open position, close or turn inward towards the bar rack at the lower limit of travel, dollect accumulated debris while ascending along the inclined bars, and deposit refuse matter into the self contained trash hopper at the end of its vertical travel. The motion of the rake can be reversed at any elevation, therefore it is not mandatory to descend the full intake depth. This control flexibility is extremely beneficial during removal of sea turtles from the trash rack. The operator is able to lower the rake below the turtle and carefully remove it from the bars.
During the summer of 1991, fifteen sea turtles were recovered using the trash rake. No apparent injuries occurred other than minor scuffing of some marginal scutes.
P.SE&G also uses a stokes Basket to aid in the recovery of sea turtles. The basket is lowered and lifted manually. Depending on the size of the turtle, it can be maneuvered by two to four people.
- J Alternative bar rack cleaning mechanisms are currently being evaluated. Most of the systems reviewed use a vertical traveling rake structure. One system is designed with teeth that protrude out from the trash bar and continuously move up to the surface.
This system was ruled out as having the potential to do more harm than good. The "Weed Screen" trash rake cleaning system, developed by Brackett Green Limited of England, is similar to the one currently in use at Salem. This system enhances the removal of trash, however, the potential for adverse impact on sea turtles is being examined.
3.4 POTENTIAL USE OF BARRIERS TO DIVERT SEA TURTLES FROM CWS INTAKE This section responds to Conservation Recommendation Number 4, which states: Examine the necessity of installing a barrier to retain debris and sea turtles.
During the Salem Generating Station 316(b) studies, pre-intake barrier netting was experimented with as a fish exclusion method (PSE&G, Salem 316(b) Demonstration, 1984). The netting was intended to form both a physical and behavioral barrier for fish.
Although the* results were inconclusive in terms of fish deterrence, some observations can be made and extrapolated in terms of net barriers for sea turtles.
The major concern with a barrier net is debris accumulation associated with the tidal flow of the Delaware Bay. Besides general maintenance concerns, accumulation of debris may attract a variety of species feeding on the debris, including crabs. Sea turtles may be attracted to the crabs and other potential prey items foraging around the barrier and become entangled.
Entanglement could quickly lead to death for the turtles.
Additionally, maintenance of the nets, hazards to navigation and potential hazards to operation of the intake, are all factors to be considered and resolved when reviewing the potential of a barrier net as a sea turtle deterrent.
- Because of these factors, PSE&G feels that the installation of the barrier nets would not decrease the impingement of sea turtles, but may increase the chances of mortality.
3.5 ANNUAL,MEETING This section responds to Conservation Recommendation Number 5, which states: Annual meetings between PSE&G and NMFS.
PSE&G will meet with the NMFS on an annual basis to discuss the incidental take of sea turtles.
- ./
SECTION
4.0 CONCLUSION
PSE&G has evaluated the questions associated with the conservation recommendations issued by NMFS on January 2, 1991.
The major concern or item of interest, for both NMFS and PSE&G, expressed by these recommendations is the possibility that the Salem intake structure may be attracting sea turtles, resulting in their incidental capture *. The information was obtained through a literature review and discussions with people experienced in the various fields.
The Delaware estuary system is an important habitat that supports a rich diversity of fish, wildlife, and plant species. Although the interspecies relationships within this habitat are not always clear we feel, based on the information discussed above, some assumptions may be made regarding the role of sea turtles.
Although loggerhead and Kemp's ridley sea turtles appear to feed primarily on crab.(Morreale and standora, 1991) they are opportunistic and consume a variety of other species. As far as their crab foraging habits, they appear to prey on the most abundant and/or easier to catch crab species within a particular habitat. In the vicinity of Artificial Island the most abundant crab species is blue crab.
It is our feeling that the Salem intake structure does not, in itself, pose as an attraction factor to sea turtles. Rather, their foraging behavior in this area may lead them to a chance encounter with the intake structure. With this in mind, PSE&G, in conjunction with NMFS, has agreed to perform a study. The study includes examining fecal samples for dietary components and observing habitat utilization by use of telemetry.
Of the additional conservation recommendations, it was agreed to provide supplemental lighting to aid in nighttime inspections and meet with NMFS on an annual basis. our evaluation of the remaining conservation recommendations led us to conclude that;
- 1) the trash rake cleaning mechanism currently used provides a less traumatic method of recovery than other mechanisms available; 2) installation of a barrier in front of the intake would be more difficult to monitor for and retrieve any entangled sea turtle*, and therefore, should not be installed.
SECTION 5.0 SPECIFIC REFERENCES
- Arndt, R.G. 1974. The biology and economics of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Delaware River near Artificial Island, 1971. Pages 604-677 in An ecological studies of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island, Progress report for the period January through December 1971. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Barnes, R. 1968. Invertebrate Zoology. 2nd Edition. W.B.
Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 743 pp.
-*Botton, M.L., and H.H. Haskin. 1984. Distribution and feeding of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus on the continental shelf off New Jersey. Fish. Bull. U.S. 83:383-389.
- Dittel R., Anna I. and Charles E. Epifanio. (1982) Seasonal Abundance and Vertical Distribution of Crab Larvae in Delaware Bay. Estuaries Vol. 5, No. 3, p. 197-202. September 1982.
- Ehrenfeld, D.W. 1968. The Role of Vision in the Sea Finding Orientation of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas): 2.
Orientation Mechanism and Range of Spectrum Sensitivity.
Animal Behavior, 16(2,3): 281-287.
- Ehrenfeld, D.W. and A. Carr. 1967. The Role of Vision in the Sea-Finding orientation of the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Animal Behavior. 15:25-36.
Ehrenfeld, D.W. and A.L. Koch. 1967. Visual Accommodation in the Green Turtle. Science, 155 (3764); 827-828.
Epifania, C.E., A.K. Masse, and R.W. Garvine. 1989. Transport of blue crab larvae by surface currents off Delaware Bay, USA. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Vol. 54:35-41.
- Epifanio, C.E., c.c. Valenti, and A.E. Pembroke. 1982. Seasonal Occurrence of the Larvae of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun in Delaware Bay. Abstracts, 1982 Annual Meeting, National Shellfisheries Association, June 14-17, pg 89-90.
- Ettinger, w.s. and Robert w. Byle Jr. (1981) Occurrence of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus in the tidal freshwater reaches of the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers in 1976.
Journal of Crustacean Biology, 1(2) :177-182.
- Finn, J.J., C.N. Shuster, Jr., and B.L. Swan. 1990. Limulus
- spawning activity on Delaware Bay Shores. Pamphlet distributed by Finn-Tech Industries, Cape May Court House, NJ.
- Goshner, Kenneth L. A Field Guide to the Atlantic seashore from the Bay of Fundy to Cape Hatteras. The Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 1978.
- Keinath, J.A., J.A. Musick, and R.A. Byles. Aspects of the Biology of Virginia's Sea Turtles: 1979-1986. Virginia Journal of Science, Vol. 38, No. 4. Winter 1987.
- Luckenbach, M.W. and R.J. Orth. 1992. swimming Velocities and Behavior of Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus Rathbun)
Megalopae in Still and Flowing Water. Estuaries Vol, No. 2,
- p. 186-192 June 1992.
- Lutcavage, N.E. 1981. The Status of Marine Turtles in Chesapeake Bay and Virginia Coastal Waters. Unpublished. MS Thesis, College of William and Mary.
- Meadows, R.E. 1976. The biology and economics of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Delaware River near Artificial Island, 1974. Pages 367-408 in An ecological studies of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island, progress report for the period January through December 1974 .. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Meadows, R.E. 1977. The biology and economics of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Pages 508-544 in An ecological studies of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island, progress report for the period January through December 1976. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Meadows, R.E. 1977. The biology and economics of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Pages 511-551 in An ecological studies of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island, progress report for the period January through December 1975. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Meadows, R.E. 1978. The biology and economics of the blue cr~c Pages 237-276 in Ecological studies of the Delaware River near Artificial Island, a progress report for the period January through December 1977. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Meadows, R.E., and R.G. Arndt. 1974. The biology and economics of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in the Delaware River near Artificial Island, 1974. Pages 628-686 in An ecological studies of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island, Progress report for the period January through December 1972. Ichthyological Associates, Inc., Middletown, DE.
- Millikin, M.R., and A.B Williams. 1984. Synopsis of Biological Data on the Blue Crab, callinectes sapidus Rathbun. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 1. March 1984. 39 pp.
- Morreale, Stephen J. and Edward A. Standora. Habitat Use and Feeding Activity of Juvenile Kemp's Ridleys in Inshore Waters of the Northeastern U.S. 11th Annual Workshop on Sea Turtle Conservation and Biology, February 1991.
- Nelson, D.A. 1988. Life History and Environmental Requirements of Loggerhead Turtles. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Biol. Rep.
88(23). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers TR EL-86-2(Rev.) 34 pp.
- O'Hara, James, and H.J. Kania. 1981. Avoidance Responses by Sea Turtles Exposed to Electrical Fields. Prepared for Florida Power and Light by Environmental and Chemical Sciences, Inc.
November, 1981.
- O'Hara, James, and J. Ross Wilcox. Seismic Expl*oration Air Guns as a Tool for Sea Turtle Deterrence. Prepared for Florida Power and Light Company by Environmental and Chemical Sciences, Inc.
- Pankratz, Tom M. Screening Equipment Handbook for industrial and municipal water and wastewater treatment. Technomic Publishing Company, Inc. 1988.
- Pritchard, Peter C.H. and Rene' Marquez M. Kemp's Ridley Turtle or Atlantic Ridley. Printed by Unwin Brothers Limited The Gresham Press Old Woking Surrey, England, 1973.
- Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Salem Generating Station 316(b) Demonstration. Appendix XIII, Intake Technologies and Practices. May 1984.
- Raesly, R.L., J.R. Stauffer, Jr., C.H. Hocutt, D.R. Sager.
Behavioral Responses of Loggerhead Sea Turtles to Light.
Prepared for Florida Power and Light by the Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland.
January 1984.
- Sandifer, P.A. 1975. The role of pelagic larvae in recruitment to populations of adult decapod crustaceans in the York River Estuary and adjacent Chesapeake Bay, Virginia.
Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci. 3:269-279.
- Sharp, Jonathan H. ed. The Delaware Estuary: Research as Background for Estuarine Management and Development - A Report to the Delaware River and Bay Authority: University of Delaware, Sea Grant College Program. April 1984.
- Shuster, C.N. 1979. Distribution of the Horseshoe "Crab" Limulus polyphemus (L.) IN: Biomedical Applications of the Horseshoe Crab (Limulidae). Progress in clinical and biological research. 29:3-26.
- State of the Delaware Estuary. Individual Papers from the October 19, 1989 Workshop. Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee - Delaware Estuary Program.
- Sullivan, J: Kevin, T. Holderman, and M. Southerland. 1991.
Habitat Status and Trends in the Delaware Estuary. A Report Prepared for the Delaware Estuary Program by Dynamac Corporation. September 1991.
- Targatz, M.E., and A.B. Hall. 1971. Annotated Bibliography on the Fishing Industry and Biology of the Blue.Crab, Callinectes sapidus. NOAA Technical Report NMFS SSRF-640.
Aug. 1971. 94 pp.
- Turtle Entrainment Deterrent Study. Prepared for Florida Power and Light Company by Applied Biology; Inc. August 1980.
- Weston, Roy F. Inc. 1982. Near-field and Far-field current Velocity and Circulation Studies in the Vicinity of the Salem Nuclear Generating Station, Delaware River Estuary.
Final Report: December 1982.
- Weston, Roy F. Inc. 1991. Bathymetric survey: Salem and Hope creek Generating Stations, Delaware River Estuary. Survey 71: May 1991.
- Winget, Redner R., non Maurer, and Howard Seymour. (1974)
Occurrence, size composition and sex of the rock crab, cancer irroratus Say and the spider crab, Libinia emarginata Leach in Delaware Bay. J. Nat. Hist., 1974, 8:199-205.
- Witherington, B.E. Orientation of hatchling loggerhead turtles at sea off artificially lighted and dark beaches. J. Exp.
Mar. Biol. Ecol., 149 (1991) 1-11.
- Witherington, B.E., K.A. Bjourndal~ Influences of Artificial Lighting on the Seaward orientation of Hatchling Loggerhead Turtles Caretta caretta. Biological Conservation 55(1991) 139-141.
- Witherington, B.E., K.A. Bjourndal and C.M. McCabe. Temporal Pattern of Nocturnal Emergence of Loggerhead Turtle
- Hatchlings from Natural Nests. Copeia 1990(4) pp. 1165-1168.
- Witherington, B.E., M. Salmon. 1992. Predation on Loggerhead Turtle Hatchlings After Entering the Sea. Journal of Herpetology. Vol. 26:2. pp. 226-228.
APPENDIX A GENERAL REFERENCES
- Arianoutsou, Margarita. Assessing the Impacts of Human Activities on Nesting of Loggerhead Sea-turtles (Caretta caretta L.) on Zakynthos Island, Western Greece.
Environmental Conservation.,Vol. 15, No. 4, Winter 1988 pg.
327-334.
- Bacon, Peter R. Annotated Bibliography of Sea Turtle Research in the Western Central Atlantic. 1983. '
- Bellmund, Sarah, Michael T. Masnir, and Germain Haroche.
Assessment of the Impacts of the St. Lucie Nuclear Plant on Threatened or Endangered Species. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Docket No.
50-398. March 1982.
- Bjorndal, Karen A. (Editor) 1981. Biology and Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington D.C.
583 p.
- Bleakney, J. Sherman, Reports of Marine Turtles from New England and Eastern Canada. The Canadian Field Naturalist.
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. .. , .\ ....
Current DRBC Monitoring Stations NEW JERSEY DELAWARE BAY
.DELAWARE ATLANTIC OCEAN FIGURE 2.1 - DELAWARE ESTUARY ZONES
Fish Bucket Trash Sluice "e
"a High* Pressure Wash Low-Pressure Fish Wash t
FIGURE 2.2 - VERTICAL TRAVELING WATER SCREEN
-*-~
e
~EAN CATCH PER TOW OF BLUE CRAB FOR THE PERIOD OF JUNE-SEPTE~BER RM 50 FOR THE YEARS 1988-1991.
REGION 2 3 4 x SE x SE x SE x SE 1988 . 19.1 6.3 19.9 3.7 16.1 3.2 5.3 i.8 I 1989 52.1 13.8 23.1 5.1 10.2 2.9 8.4 2.5 I 1990 14.8 4.4 1o.7 4.4 5.1 2.0 5.8 2.5 1991 27.2 16.8 11. 1 8.2 1.6 0.5 2.3 1.5
-x 28.3 16.2 8.3 5.5 Artificial Island
-.~ . ~B:': ~~. : .
FIGURE 3.1 - BLUE CRAB DISTRIBUTION