|
|
| Line 19: |
Line 19: |
|
| |
|
| =Text= | | =Text= |
| {{#Wiki_filter:The US NRC's Power Reactor Decommissioning Process Bruce A. Watson, CHPDivision Waste Management and EnvironmentalProtection Environmental Protection Office of Federal and State Material Safety and Environmental Management ProgramsU.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission NRC Regulations*10 CFR Part 20 Subpart E "License Termination Rule was implemented in 1997*10 CFR Part 50 -Operating License*10 CFR Part 72 -Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation License (ISFSI) 2 Reactor Decommissioning Options*DECON: Equipment, structures, etc. removed or decontaminated to a level that permits release*SAFSTOR: Plant placed in a safe, stable condition and maintained in that state until it is subse q uentl y decontaminated to levels that qypermits release | | {{#Wiki_filter:The US NRCs Power Reactor Decommissioning Process Bruce A. Watson, CHP Division Waste Management and Environmental Protection Office of Federal and State Material Safety and Environmental Management Programs U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission |
| *ENTOMB:Plantisencasedinastructurallylong
| |
| -livedsubstanceto ENTOMB: Plant is encased in a structurally long lived substance to allow decay until levels permit unrestricted release (not currently
| |
|
| |
|
| available) 3 US NRC Decommissioning 12 8 10 12 4 6 0 2199819992000200120022003200420052006200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013Power ReactorsRTRsMaterials Sites 4 | | NRC Regulations |
| Power Reactor Decommissioning Decommissioning Process*Licenseenotifies(certifies)NRCwithin30daysofpermanently | | * 10 CFR Part 20 Subpart E License Termination Rule was implemented in 1997 |
| *Licensee notifies (certifies) | | * 10 CFR Part 50 - Operating License |
| NRC within 30 days of permanently ceasing operationsCtifitilidthflhbtl | | * 10 CFR Part 72 - Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation License (ISFSI) 2 |
| *C er tifi ca ti on a l so requ i re d once th e f ue l h as b een permanen tl y removed from the reactor vessel*Licensee submits Post Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report (PSDAR) prior to or within 2 years of cessation of operations 5 | | |
| Power Reactor Decommissioning Decommissioning Process*Licenseeperformssitedecommissioning Licensee performs site decommissioning*NRC continues to conduct on-site inspections*Licensee submits License Termination Plan (LTP) at least 2 years prior to requesting license termination*NRC notices LTP in the Federal Register*NRC holds a Public Meeting to discuss LTP 6 | | Reactor Decommissioning Options |
| License Termination PlanContents Plan Contents*Site characterization information*Identification of remaining dismantlement activities | | * DECON: Equipment, structures, etc. removed or decontaminated to a level that permits release |
| *Plansforsiteremediation Plans for site remediation*Detailed plans for the final radiation survey*Updated site-specific cost estimate*Supplemental environmental report, if any changes 7 | | * SAFSTOR: Plant placed in a safe, stable condition and maintained in that state until it is subsequently q y decontaminated to levels that permits release |
| Power Reactor Decommissioning Decommissioning ProcessNRC review of the LTP*Acceptance review*Technical reviewAdditiliftiif | | * ENTOMB: Plant is encased in a structurally long-lived long lived substance to allow decay until levels permit unrestricted release (not currently available) 3 |
| *Additi ona l i n f orma ti on, if necessary*Public Meetings/Opportunity for Hearing 8 | | |
| Power Reactor Decommissioning Decommissioning Process*NRC a pproves LTP b y amendin g the licenseppyg*Licensee performs remaining decommissioning activities*NRC performs in-process inspections | | US NRC Decommissioning 12 10 8 |
| *Decommissioningmustbecompletedwithin60years Decommissioning must be completed within 60 years 9 Power Reactor Decommissioning Decommissioning Process*LicenseesubmitsFinalStatusSurveyReport(FSSR) | | 6 4 |
| Licensee submits Final Status Survey Report (FSSR)*NRC Reviews/approves FSSR*NRC performs confirmatory surveys, if needed | | 2 0 |
| *NRCterminateslicense
| | 1998199920002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Power Reactors 2012 2013 RTRs Materials Sites 4 |
| *NRC terminates license 10 Power Reactor CurrentStatus Current Status*10 licenses Terminated, 7 under the License Termination Rule*4 Units in active DECON (decommissioning) without an a pproved License Termination Plan pp*8 Units in SAFSTOR, principally at multi-unit operating sites 11 12 Power Reactors in SAFSTOR*Dresden 1*Fermi 1*GEVallecitios*Indian Point 1*Millstone 1 | | |
| *PeachBottom1 GE Vallecitios*NS Savannah
| | Power Reactor Decommissioning Process |
| *Three Mile Island Unit 2* | | * Licensee notifies (certifies) NRC within 30 days of permanently ceasing operations |
| *Peach Bottom 1*San Onofre 1 13 Fermi 1 BackinSAFSTOR2013 Back in SAFSTOR 2013 14 San Onofre 1 -PartialSiteRelease "SAFSTOR"Partial Site Release SAFSTOR 15 Power Reactors Decommissioned2005 | | * Certification C tifi ti also l required i d once the th ffuell h has b been permanently tl removed from the reactor vessel |
| -2010 Decommissioned 2005 2010*Trojan -2005*Maine Yankee -2005*Big Rock Point -2007*Pathfinder -2007 | | * Licensee submits Post Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report (PSDAR) prior to or within 2 years of cessation of operations 5 |
| *Yankee Rowe -2007 | | |
| *ConnecticutYankee 2007*Connecticut Yankee -2007*Rancho Seco -2009 16 Maine Yankee -2005 17 Yankee Rowe -2007 18 Big Rock Point -2007 19 Thank You!Please visit our public website for additional information:
| | Power Reactor Decommissioning Process |
| http://www.nrc.gov/Click on "About NRC"Click on "How We Regulate"Click on "Decommissioning" in the text 20}} | | * Licensee performs site decommissioning |
| | * NRC continues to conduct on-site inspections |
| | * Licensee submits License Termination Plan (LTP) at least 2 years prior to requesting license termination |
| | * NRC notices LTP in the Federal Register |
| | * NRC holds a Public Meeting to discuss LTP 6 |
| | |
| | License Termination Plan Contents |
| | * Site characterization information |
| | * Identification of remaining dismantlement activities |
| | * Plans for site remediation |
| | * Detailed plans for the final radiation survey |
| | * Updated site-specific cost estimate |
| | * Supplemental environmental report, if any changes 7 |
| | |
| | Power Reactor Decommissioning Process NRC review of the LTP |
| | * Acceptance review |
| | * Technical review |
| | * Additi Additional l information, i f ti if necessary |
| | * Public Meetings/Opportunity for Hearing 8 |
| | |
| | Power Reactor Decommissioning Process |
| | * NRC approves pp LTP by y amendingg the license |
| | * Licensee performs remaining decommissioning activities |
| | * NRC performs in-process inspections |
| | * Decommissioning must be completed within 60 years 9 |
| | |
| | Power Reactor Decommissioning Process |
| | * Licensee submits Final Status Survey Report (FSSR) |
| | * NRC Reviews/approves FSSR |
| | * NRC performs confirmatory surveys, if needed |
| | * NRC terminates license 10 |
| | |
| | Power Reactor Current Status |
| | * 10 licenses Terminated, 7 under the License Termination Rule |
| | * 4 Units in active DECON (decommissioning) without an approved pp License Termination Plan |
| | * 8 Units in SAFSTOR, principally at multi-unit operating sites 11 |
| | |
| | 12 Power Reactors in SAFSTOR |
| | * Dresden 1 |
| | * Fermi 1 |
| | * GE Vallecitios |
| | * Indian Point 1 |
| | * NS Savannah |
| | * Millstone 1 |
| | * Three Mile Island Unit 2* |
| | * Peach Bottom 1 |
| | * San Onofre 1 13 |
| | |
| | Fermi 1 Back in SAFSTOR 2013 14 |
| | |
| | San Onofre 1 - |
| | Partial Site Release SAFSTOR SAFSTOR 15 |
| | |
| | Power Reactors Decommissioned 2005-2010 2005 2010 |
| | * Trojan - 2005 |
| | * Maine Yankee - 2005 |
| | * Big Rock Point - 2007 |
| | * Pathfinder - 2007 |
| | * Yankee Rowe - 2007 |
| | * Connecticut Yankee - 2007 |
| | * Rancho Seco - 2009 16 |
| | |
| | Maine Yankee - 2005 17 |
| | |
| | Yankee Rowe - 2007 18 |
| | |
| | Big Rock Point - 2007 19 |
| | |
| | Thank You! |
| | Please visit our public website for additional information: |
| | http://www.nrc.gov/ |
| | Click on About NRC Click on How We Regulate Click on Decommissioning in the text 20}} |
Letter Sequence Other |
|---|
|
|
MONTHYEARML12312A0182012-11-0202 November 2012
Certification of Permanent Cessation of Power Operations
Project stage: Request
ML13063A2482013-02-26026 February 2013
Redacted - Kewaunee Power Station, Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report
Project stage: Other
ML13100A1732013-02-28028 February 2013
TAC MF1045 - Record of Receipt of Kewaunee PSDAR on February 28, 2013, as Per 10 CFR 50.82(a)(4)(ii)
Project stage: Other
ML13079A4882013-03-21021 March 2013
Fr Notice - Notice of Public Meeting on Receipt of Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report (PSDAR) and Availability of the PSDAR for Public Comment
Project stage: Meeting
ML13091A1872013-04-0505 April 2013
MF1045 Kewaunee Decom PSDAR Public Mtg on 24 Apr 13 2013-03-29-1358
Project stage: Other
ML13112A8462013-04-22022 April 2013
PSDAR Meeting Public Participation Ground Rules
Project stage: Meeting
ML13112A8122013-04-22022 April 2013
Oversight Presentation, Reactor Decommissioning Inspection Program
Project stage: Other
ML13112A7682013-04-22022 April 2013
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
Project stage: Other
ML13112A7632013-04-22022 April 2013
Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report
Project stage: Other
ML13112A6812013-04-22022 April 2013
Public Meeting to Discuss the Decommissioning of the Kewaunee Power Station
Project stage: Meeting
ML13168A5582013-04-24024 April 2013
MF1045 - Transcript of April 24, 2013 Public Meeting Decommissioning of Kewaunee Power Station. Pp. 1-79
Project stage: Meeting
ML13191B2632013-04-24024 April 2013
F1045 B. Watson Presentation - Decommissioning Process - PSDAR Mtg
Project stage: Other
ML13170A4022013-04-24024 April 2013
PSDAR Public Meeting List of Attendees, Speakers, Call-in Attendees
Project stage: Meeting
ML13170A5212013-04-24024 April 2013
MF1045 Kewaunee Public Meeting 24 April 2013 Index of Public Comments in Transcript
Project stage: Meeting
ML13171A1522013-06-24024 June 2013
April 24, 2013, Summary of Public Meeting in City of Kewaunee to Make Post-Shutdown Decommissioning of Activities Report (PSDAR) Available for Public Comment
Project stage: Meeting
ML15036A5282015-04-10010 April 2015
Post - Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report
Project stage: Other
2013-04-22
[Table View] |
|
|---|
Category:Meeting Briefing Package/Handouts
MONTHYEARML13204A1382013-06-25025 June 2013
2012 End-of-Cycle Slides
ML13191B2632013-04-24024 April 2013
F1045 B. Watson Presentation - Decommissioning Process - PSDAR Mtg
ML13112A8122013-04-22022 April 2013
Oversight Presentation, Reactor Decommissioning Inspection Program
ML13112A7682013-04-22022 April 2013
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
ML13112A7632013-04-22022 April 2013
Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report
ML13112A6812013-04-22022 April 2013
Public Meeting to Discuss the Decommissioning of the Kewaunee Power Station
ML13112A8462013-04-22022 April 2013
PSDAR Meeting Public Participation Ground Rules
ML13066A3312013-03-0707 March 2013
Regulatory Conference Presentation 3-12-2013
ML1113904092011-05-26026 May 2011
NRC EOC Slide Presentation for Public Meeting
ML1013104192010-05-18018 May 2010
Draft Supplement Environmental Impact Statement Meeting Slides March 24, 2010
ML1011304432010-04-21021 April 2010
NRC Slides for Kewaunee End-Of-Cycle Meeting
ML0926000182009-09-15015 September 2009
Handout 1 - GSI-191 Resolution for Kewaunee Power Station
ML0926003762009-09-15015 September 2009
Handout 2 - Drawings, Analyzed RCS - Not Limiting Break
ML0926006432009-09-15015 September 2009
Handout 3 - Kewaunee Power Station, Agenda Setting Meeting 09/15/09
ML0916904622009-06-17017 June 2009
Powerpoint Presentation for NRC Briefing Graded Exercise June 23, 2009
ML0913301112009-05-12012 May 2009
Technical Specifications Project Meeting Handouts
ML0911904992009-04-28028 April 2009
Meeting Slides, Kewaunee Power Station - Annual Assessment Meeting, Reactor Oversight Program - 2008
ML0901601132009-01-15015 January 2009
Pre-Application Meeting Re. a Future Amendment to Convert the Technical Specifications to ITS Format
ML0901601222009-01-15015 January 2009
Pre-application Meeting Re. a Future Amendment to Convert the Kewaunee Technical Specifications to the ITS Format
ML0830505892008-10-22022 October 2008
License Renewal Public Meeting Presentation Slides
ML0727805042007-10-0404 October 2007
Presentation Slides for Kewaunee Public Meeting
ML0725306142007-09-21021 September 2007
Public Meeting Summary on the Reactor Oversight Process
ML0721904612007-08-0909 August 2007
Appeal of FAQ 69.2 - Emergency Diesel Generator Fuel Oil Line Filling Failure
ML0712902162007-05-0808 May 2007
Public Meeting Presentation Slides, Kewaunee Power Station Cross-Cutting Issues.
ML0634604952006-11-30030 November 2006
Slides, Internal Flooding Risk Reduction Activities, from Kewaunee Regulatory Public Meeting
ML0604003522006-01-31031 January 2006
Enclosure 2 - Slides on Application of Dominion Safety & Core Design Methods to Kewaunee Power Station (KPS)
ML0531903272005-11-0808 November 2005
Regulatory Conference Kewaunee Turbine Building Flooding Issues
ML0527102572005-08-0909 August 2005
EOC 2004 Slides
ML0513202602005-04-20020 April 2005
Presentation to NRC - Enclosure 2 to Acknowledgement of Receipt of Letter and Summary of Public Meeting Conducted to Discuss Commitments for the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant Letter
ML0434900602004-11-30030 November 2004
NMC Slides for 11/30/04 Public Meeting
ML0413803782004-05-0707 May 2004
NMC New Fuel Supplier Development Initiative
ML0331603312003-11-0606 November 2003
,Kewaunee & Hatch Meeting Handout Re Planned License Amendment Requests Using Alternate Source Term
ML0331603242003-11-0606 November 2003
Praire Island Meeting Handout Re Planned License Amendment Requests Using Alternate Source Term
ML0315307202003-04-18018 April 2003
April 18, 2003 - RIC 2003 Presentation - F2 - Chris Bakken - Region III Breakout
ML0223406082002-08-0808 August 2002
Meeting Handouts Knpp/Nrc Meeting Covering: Licensing Submittals for Fuel Transition and Power Uprates (Mur and Stretch)
ML0210100402002-04-0909 April 2002
EOC Meeting Slides
2013-06-25
[Table view]
Category:Slides and Viewgraphs
MONTHYEARML19260E6952019-09-24024 September 2019
Final 9/24/2019 NEIMA Meeting Slides - Kewaunee
ML16190A3462016-06-28028 June 2016
Agenda and Presentation, June 28, 2016, Public Meeting with Dominion, Inc
ML13150A1792013-11-19019 November 2013
Void Testing for KPS SI Void to Anderson Lin
ML13204A1382013-06-25025 June 2013
2012 End-of-Cycle Slides
ML13191B2632013-04-24024 April 2013
F1045 B. Watson Presentation - Decommissioning Process - PSDAR Mtg
ML13112A8122013-04-22022 April 2013
Oversight Presentation, Reactor Decommissioning Inspection Program
ML13112A7682013-04-22022 April 2013
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
ML13112A7632013-04-22022 April 2013
Post-Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report
ML13112A6812013-04-22022 April 2013
Public Meeting to Discuss the Decommissioning of the Kewaunee Power Station
ML13112A8462013-04-22022 April 2013
PSDAR Meeting Public Participation Ground Rules
ML13066A3312013-03-0707 March 2013
Regulatory Conference Presentation 3-12-2013
ML1113904092011-05-26026 May 2011
NRC EOC Slide Presentation for Public Meeting
ML1013104192010-05-18018 May 2010
Draft Supplement Environmental Impact Statement Meeting Slides March 24, 2010
ML1011304432010-04-21021 April 2010
NRC Slides for Kewaunee End-Of-Cycle Meeting
ML0926000182009-09-15015 September 2009
Handout 1 - GSI-191 Resolution for Kewaunee Power Station
ML0926006432009-09-15015 September 2009
Handout 3 - Kewaunee Power Station, Agenda Setting Meeting 09/15/09
ML0921006032009-07-28028 July 2009
LRA Review - Slides Public Meeting July 28, 2009
ML0913301112009-05-12012 May 2009
Technical Specifications Project Meeting Handouts
ML0911904992009-04-28028 April 2009
Meeting Slides, Kewaunee Power Station - Annual Assessment Meeting, Reactor Oversight Program - 2008
ML0901601222009-01-15015 January 2009
Pre-application Meeting Re. a Future Amendment to Convert the Kewaunee Technical Specifications to the ITS Format
ML0830505892008-10-22022 October 2008
License Renewal Public Meeting Presentation Slides
ML0809405302008-04-0101 April 2008
Meeting Slides for the Kewaunee End-of-Cycle Public Meeting, Reactor Oversight Program - 2007
ML0809405542008-04-0101 April 2008
Meeting Slides, 2007 NRC End-of-Cycle Plant Performance Assessment Meeting Kewaunee Power Station.
ML0727805042007-10-0404 October 2007
Presentation Slides for Kewaunee Public Meeting
ML0725306142007-09-21021 September 2007
Public Meeting Summary on the Reactor Oversight Process
ML0721904612007-08-0909 August 2007
Appeal of FAQ 69.2 - Emergency Diesel Generator Fuel Oil Line Filling Failure
ML0712902162007-05-0808 May 2007
Public Meeting Presentation Slides, Kewaunee Power Station Cross-Cutting Issues.
ML0709403952007-03-29029 March 2007
EOC Summary Meeting Slides - 2007, Reactor Oversight Program - Cy 2006
ML0705701032007-02-26026 February 2007
Slides, Summary of January 25, 2007
ML0634604952006-11-30030 November 2006
Slides, Internal Flooding Risk Reduction Activities, from Kewaunee Regulatory Public Meeting
ML0631802732006-10-25025 October 2006
Slides for Kewaunee 10/25/06 Summary Meeting
ML0618405872006-06-22022 June 2006
Public Meeting Kewaunee - Dominion Presentation Slides - to Discuss Improvement Initiatives
ML0615106012006-05-23023 May 2006
EPRI HRA Users Group Review of Draft NUREG-1842
ML0604003522006-01-31031 January 2006
Enclosure 2 - Slides on Application of Dominion Safety & Core Design Methods to Kewaunee Power Station (KPS)
ML0531903402005-11-0808 November 2005
Kewaunee Management Meeting - Dominion Slides
ML0531903272005-11-0808 November 2005
Regulatory Conference Kewaunee Turbine Building Flooding Issues
ML0531903382005-11-0808 November 2005
Notice of Meeting with Dominion, Kewaunee Flooding Regulatory Conference Slides
ML0527102572005-08-0909 August 2005
EOC 2004 Slides
ML0513103532005-05-10010 May 2005
Licensee Slides for Meeting to Discuss AFW Amendment Request and Internal Flooding Design Basis
ML0513202602005-04-20020 April 2005
Presentation to NRC - Enclosure 2 to Acknowledgement of Receipt of Letter and Summary of Public Meeting Conducted to Discuss Commitments for the Kewaunee Nuclear Plant Letter
ML0508805182005-03-17017 March 2005
NRC Meeting Presentation (Attachment 3)
ML0508805102005-03-17017 March 2005
NMC Meeting Presentation (Attachment 2)
ML0434900602004-11-30030 November 2004
NMC Slides for 11/30/04 Public Meeting
ML0416901562004-06-0202 June 2004
Public Meeting Slides, Kewaunee 2003 End-of-cycle Assessment
ML0320305902003-07-18018 July 2003
Submittal of Supplemental Information & Slides from Pre-Decisional Enforcement Conference on 07/16/03
ML0319903322003-07-0303 July 2003
Point Beach/Kewaunee Meeting Summary Slides, Nuclear Management Company'S Reactor Pressure Vessel Head Replacement Project
ML0315307202003-04-18018 April 2003
April 18, 2003 - RIC 2003 Presentation - F2 - Chris Bakken - Region III Breakout
ML0309205232003-04-0202 April 2003
Public Meeting, Kewaunee Re EOC, Slides
ML0210100402002-04-0909 April 2002
EOC Meeting Slides
2019-09-24
[Table view] |
Text
The US NRCs Power Reactor Decommissioning Process Bruce A. Watson, CHP Division Waste Management and Environmental Protection Office of Federal and State Material Safety and Environmental Management Programs U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRC Regulations
- 10 CFR Part 20 Subpart E License Termination Rule was implemented in 1997
Reactor Decommissioning Options
- DECON: Equipment, structures, etc. removed or decontaminated to a level that permits release
- SAFSTOR: Plant placed in a safe, stable condition and maintained in that state until it is subsequently q y decontaminated to levels that permits release
- ENTOMB: Plant is encased in a structurally long-lived long lived substance to allow decay until levels permit unrestricted release (not currently available) 3
US NRC Decommissioning 12 10 8
6 4
2 0
1998199920002001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Power Reactors 2012 2013 RTRs Materials Sites 4
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
- Licensee notifies (certifies) NRC within 30 days of permanently ceasing operations
- Certification C tifi ti also l required i d once the th ffuell h has b been permanently tl removed from the reactor vessel
- Licensee submits Post Shutdown Decommissioning Activities Report (PSDAR) prior to or within 2 years of cessation of operations 5
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
- Licensee performs site decommissioning
- NRC continues to conduct on-site inspections
- Licensee submits License Termination Plan (LTP) at least 2 years prior to requesting license termination
- NRC notices LTP in the Federal Register
- NRC holds a Public Meeting to discuss LTP 6
License Termination Plan Contents
- Site characterization information
- Identification of remaining dismantlement activities
- Plans for site remediation
- Detailed plans for the final radiation survey
- Updated site-specific cost estimate
- Supplemental environmental report, if any changes 7
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process NRC review of the LTP
- Additi Additional l information, i f ti if necessary
- Public Meetings/Opportunity for Hearing 8
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
- NRC approves pp LTP by y amendingg the license
- Licensee performs remaining decommissioning activities
- NRC performs in-process inspections
- Decommissioning must be completed within 60 years 9
Power Reactor Decommissioning Process
- Licensee submits Final Status Survey Report (FSSR)
- NRC Reviews/approves FSSR
- NRC performs confirmatory surveys, if needed
- NRC terminates license 10
Power Reactor Current Status
- 10 licenses Terminated, 7 under the License Termination Rule
- 4 Units in active DECON (decommissioning) without an approved pp License Termination Plan
- 8 Units in SAFSTOR, principally at multi-unit operating sites 11
12 Power Reactors in SAFSTOR
- Three Mile Island Unit 2*
Fermi 1 Back in SAFSTOR 2013 14
San Onofre 1 -
Partial Site Release SAFSTOR SAFSTOR 15
Power Reactors Decommissioned 2005-2010 2005 2010
Maine Yankee - 2005 17
Yankee Rowe - 2007 18
Big Rock Point - 2007 19
Thank You!
Please visit our public website for additional information:
http://www.nrc.gov/
Click on About NRC Click on How We Regulate Click on Decommissioning in the text 20
