ML20079E479
| ML20079E479 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Hope Creek  |
| Issue date: | 09/16/1980 |
| From: | Londres E NEW JERSEY, STATE OF |
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| Shared Package | |
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| References | |
| NUDOCS 8401170327 | |
| Download: ML20079E479 (21) | |
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State of Nem 3 Jersey DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY JOHN FITCH PLAZA. CN 027. TRENTON. N. J. 08625 ,
September 16, 1980 W
FINAL REPORT
- ON SALT DEPOSITION FROM THE HOPE CREEK COOLING TOWERS -'
AND THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF THE SALT ON CROPS AND LIVESTOCK Respectfully Submitted,
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~ Edward J. /Ldridres Assistant / Director gD401170327 840103 ~-
Division of Environmental Quality A ADOCK 05000354 q PDR s
Nere Jersey 1, .in Ejuul Oputourtunity Eruployer
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INTRODUCTION
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In December 1978, Public Service Electric and Gas Company (PSEGG) applied to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP), Bureau of Air Pollution Control for a permit to construct two hyperbolic natural-draft salt water cooling towers for use at the Hope Creek Generating Station in Lower Alloways Creek Township, Salem County. After a preliminary review, NJDEP conducted a public meeting on April 23, 1979 to provide '
information concerning the review process and to receive public comments concerning the permit application. In August 1979, PSEGG submitted revisions to the application which were reviewed by NJDEP. The preliminary determination was that the permit application is approvable with respect to state and federal require-ments. The NJDEP then conducted a public meeting on' June 17, 1980 to give notice to the general public of its preliminary determination on the application. At the June 17 meeting, the question of the potential effect of salt from the cooling towers on crops and livestock grown locally was raised and NJDEP agreed to investigate the problem further. The' findings of this investigation are reported here.
SUMMARY
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The NJDEP investigation of salt deposition from the Hope i
Creek cooling towers and the potential effect of the salt on crops f
'and livestock grown locally involved three phases. The first was to. translate salt deposition predicted by the air quality model into practical-terms. For example,-the amount of additional salt that is expected to fall each year on the farm nearest the two l cooling towers is 0.2 lb/ acre. This work was.done by Joann Held and Laura Hofman, both from NJDEP. The second phase was to gain familiarity with local crops and farming practices. ;s accomplish this, David Lee, the Salem County agriculture agent, was contacted to get an inventory of agriculture in the area surrounding Hope
-Creek. In addition, three members of the NJDEP staff--Tony McMahon, Laura Hofman and Tom Micai--visited several farms in Lower Alloways Creek and Elsinboro Townships. For comparison, farms in Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May counties which already have high levels of natural sea salt deposition were also visited to determine if farmers in that area have experienced any problems attributable to salt deposition. The final phase was a reexamination of the scientific literature on salt toxicity (Laura Hofman carried out the literature review) and consultation with experts on the topic 67'get their assessment of the potential effects of the cooling tower salt on local crops and livestock. The experts consulted included John Van Zandt of New Jersey Department of Agriculture, Dr. Roy Flannery of the Rutgers Cooperative Extension Service, and Dr. Charles Mulchi of the University of Maryland. All of these activities, which were coordinated by Michael Marotta of NJDEP, are described in detail in the body of this report.
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' Salt Deposition-t The amount of salt deposited in the vicinity of a cooling tower-is a' function of the cooling tower design and operating conditions, the rate at which salt is e,mitted.from the tower and 1the-local meteorology. .This information was gathered for the two
. proposed Hope-Creek cooling _ towers and used by PSEGG in a cooling tower plume model which was developed by S.M. Laskowski (1975) . '
Laskowski's model is widely accepted among air quality experts and
.PSE4G's use of the'model has been reviewed by NJDEP and found to be acceptable.
.The important cooling tower dimensions and operating conditions which were used in the model are summarized in Table'1. These values are for a single cooling tower. The PSEGG application calls;forstwo identical cooling towers which will operate simul-taneously. However, each tower requires a separate permit and, therefore, separate modeling.
The-rate at which salt will be' emitted from each of the Hope Creek cooling towers is a function of.the salinity of the Delaware River from which-the cooling water is taken. This salinity will vary'over'the year as a result of tides, summertime droughts, spring-snow melts, etc. For example, the Delaware River salinity observed by PSE6G near Hope Creek in 1977-varied from a high of 12.469 parts per thousand (ppt) in February to a low of 0.803 ppt
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in December. This monthly variation in river salinity is shown in
.-_m Table 2.-_The ~ salt emission-rates -that would be expected, given~
the . monthly river salinity in 1977, are also shown in Table 2 for one tower and for two towers.- (Two towers will emit exactly 'twice as much as.one tower.)- Although the projected emission rate from a single tower reaches 28.5 lb/hr in September, the average salt emission rate would be 14.5,1b/hr, about half of'the maximum.
Based on PSEGG~ river data from 1968-1978, the. maximum salt emission rate'for a single month is expected.to.be 29.5 lb/hr per cooling tower.
Local wind, humidity and rainfall patterns influence the way in which salt from a cooling tower is distributed over the sur-rounding area.- As the wind shifts, it carries the cooling tower plume in different directions and mixes the plume through a large volume of air; . The variation of wind direction in the vicinity of
-. Hope Creek is shown in~ Figure 1. Rain and high humidity will
.causeLan increase in deposition near the plant on damp or rainy days' compared to drier days.
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~Using the Laskowski model and the information about the
~ cooling tower, river salinity, and meteorology described above, 1the. salt deposition pattern around the cooling towers can be predicted. The model results show that salt deposition will be
greatest near the coolin~g towers and will decrease rapidly with
- distance from the plant. At the farm nearest to Hope Creek, 3.5 miles cast of the cooling towers, an annual average salt deposi-tion of about 0.2 lb. of salt per acre from the two cooling towers is expected. There will be some seasonal variation in the salt deposition rats so that the 0.2 lb of salt / acre will fall at an uneven rate throughout the year (see Table 3A); however, the total salt deposited from the towers at that nearest farm should not ,
exceed 0.2 lb/ acre when summed over the entire year. All other -
farms in Salem County, being located farther from the cooling towers, will experience a smaller rate of salt deposition.
To put the deposition of 0.2 lb of salt / acre / year in perspec-tive, it can be compared to the amount of salt added .to a field in the form of fertilizer (see Table 3B) . Based on discussions with Salem County f armers on fertilizer 12se and information provided by the Fertilizer Division of Agway Company on the salt content of fertilizer, it is estimated that the annual rate of salt deposi-tion due to fertilization .is about 4.0 lb/ acre on the average.
This is about 20 times the amount of salt expected to be deposited at the nearest farm as a result of the two Hope Creek cooling towers. !
The salt deposition resulting from the cooling towers can also be compared to the amount of natural seasalt deposited in the area each year (see Table 3B). This natural salt deposition is estimated to be 14 lb/ acre /yr (USAEC, 1974), a-rate 70 times larger than the deposition from the cooling towers. In areas
~~~ nearer'~the ocean, much higher'scasalt deposition rates are ex-peri'enced. A field study performed by Shofner, et al. (1973) shows.that seasalt deposition on the New Jersey ocean coast is, approximately 375 lb/ acre /yr, decreasing to about 32 lb/ acre /yr at 10 miles inland. It has been shown that the same field crops and livestock raised in Salem County can be raised successfully within 10 miles of the ocean where the seasalt deposition rates are twice as high as that experienced in Lower A110 ways Creek. This is discussed more thoroughly in the next section.
Local Crops and Farming practices Salem County Agriculture Agent David Lee was contacted for information on the types of crops grown and livestock raised in Lower Alloways Creek and Elsinboro Townships. An inventory of the agriculture of the area can be found sommarized in Table 4. Soy-beans, hay, and grain corn are the major crops grown in the area.
Laying chickens, swine and dairy cows are the major livestock being raised in Lower Alloways Creek.and Elsinboro Townships.
Agriculture agents from O'cean and Cape May Counties were also contacted to determine the character of agriculture in these coastal areas. Inventories of county crops and livestock showed
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that the major crops and livestock being raised in Salem County 4
(i.e. soybeans, hay, grain corn, chickens, swine and dairy cows) are also being grown successfully within ten miles of- the ocean coast. The high salt deposition Tates along the coast do not appear to be a detriment to agriculture.in Ocean and Cape May Counties. Ocean County Agent Shelley Dubnik told NJDEP that he was unaware of any agricultural problems due to the high level of natural salt deposition in Ocean County within ten miles of the ,
coast. County Agent for Cape May, John MacLeod, said in a phone conversation with NJDEP that he knew of only one circumstance when salt deposition is a major problem to farmers in Cape May County:
after major storms deposit large quantities of salt on the crops in a short period of time. Irrigation with brackish water must also be monitored, especially during droughts, to prevent high levels of salt deposition and accumulation.
A trip was made to the Lower Alloways Creek-Elsinboro area to talk to farmers and collect information on the types of crops and livestock raised near the proposed cooling towers and to become aware of any special problems they might be having. Information on the types and an.ounts of fertilizers used, herbicide usage, and harvest schedule was also obtained.
A similar trip was made to the coastal farms of Ocean, Atlantic and Cape May Counties. (See Figure 2) These areas have i much higher natural background salt deposition rates than Salem County. Information on crops and livestock raised and farming practices were obtained. Farmers were ques tioned "specifica'lly on
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the' effects natural salt deposition has had on their crops and livestock. Consistently, NJDEP was told by the farmers that they were unaware of any detrimental effects that the natural salt had on the crops and livestock being raised in these areas.
Literature Review and Outside Opinions A study of experimental results and literature concerned with the effects of salt on crops and livestock was conducted. Of the many reports available, those which are most closely related to the Hope Creek case are discussed below. Other references are available in "A Review of Potential Biological Impacts of Cooling Tower Salt Drift" by James J. Talbot of the National Research Council (Talbot, 1978).
. Bruno C. Moser, formerly of the Department of Horticulture 4nd Forestry at Rutgers University (now at Purdue), compared salt deposition from cooling towers to natural salt deposition. He utilized two techniques to measure airborne seasalt as a function of distance from the shore, and various methods for determination of salt effects on bean plants and other vegetation. He concluded that the accumulation of salt attributable to cooling tower depo-(
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-sition on plants is similar to the manner in which salt, due to
- natural seasalt-particulates in the air, accumulates on plants (Moser, 1975).
.Many. researchers have examined the~ effects of salt deposition
. _on other species. A~ study of.the effects of salt on soybeans _and
- ~ corn was conducted by Charles-L. Mulchi and Jeaes A. Armbruster of
- the Department of Agronomy at the University of Maryland (Mulchi and Armbruster, 1975). D. C. McCune of the'Boyce Thompson Insti- -
. tute for Plant-Research looked-at the effects of salt' spray on
- various species of woody plants (McCune, - 1977) . Experimental results on the effects of excess salt in the diets of baby chicks
~(Doll',1946) as well as pigs (Todd,-1964) have also been reported.
All the literature reviewed reported that the first signs of damage- to vegetation and livestock-occurred at salt deposition rctestmuch higher than those expected near the Hope Creek site.
For example,-when.the equivalent of 169 lb of salt / acre /yr was applied to plots of, soybeans in the Mulchi and Armbruster study, no effect on the foliage or the yield was observed. Other studies are. described in the Bibliography of this report.
Several agricultural experts with specialties in soils, crops, and livestock were; consulted in.the course of NJDEP's -
investigation. This research_ culminated in a meeting with John 1V an Zandt-of the New Jersey Department _of. Agriculture, Dr.,Roy Flannery of the Soils and Crops Division of the Rutgers Cooper- -
ative Extension Service, Dr. Charles Mulchi of the University of Maryland, and PSE6G representatives. The possible effects of salt depo'sition from the Hope Creek cooling towers on soils, vegetation,
, 'and livestock were discussed.- Each specialist at the meeting
- expre'ssed the view that he could not foresee any detrimental l effect.on the agriculture of Salem-County from the expected low l . levels of salt deposition' . .
i An ongoing ~ project, led by Dr. Mulchi and sponsored by'the State of. Maryland, to study the effects of-salt deposition on .
! vegetation in the area of the Chalk-Point Power Plant site (Mulchi, 1979) was1 discussed extensively at this meeting. Based on the~
understanding that expected emissions'from Hope Creek's cooling
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. towers and the emissions from Chalk Point's tower and scrubber stack are similar in both their nature and emission rate, salt deposition rates on surrounding farmland at-Hope Creek are ex-pected to'be equal to'or.less than-those at Chalk Point. No discernible damage to livestock or agriculture (including soybeans and corn) has been observed within six miles of the Chalk Point
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site, in the area where the salt deposition is the greatest.
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r REFERENCES i
DeVine , J.C. (1974) The Forked River program: A case study in salt water cooling. Technical report. GPU Service Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey.
Doll, E.R., Hull, F.E., Insko, W.M., Jr. (1946) Toxicity of sodium chloride solution for baby chicks. Veterinary Medicine, 41, pp 361-363.
Laskowski, S.M. (1975) Mathematical transport model for salt distribution from a saltwater natural-draft cooling tower.
Cooling Tower Environment. (Edited by Hanna, S.R. and Pell, J.) ERDA Symp. Ser. CONF-740302. pp 598-613.
McCune, D. C., Silberman, D.H., Mandl, R.H., Weinstein,' L.H.,
Freudenthal, P.C., and Giardina, P.A. (1977) Studies on the effects of saline 'a erosols of cooling tower origin on plants.
J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 27(4), pp 319-324.
Moser, B.C. (1975) Airborne seasalt: Techniques for experimen-tation and effects on vegetation. Cooling Tower Environment.
(Edited by Hanna, S.R. and Pell, J.) ERDA Symp. Ser. CONF-740302. pp 353-369.
Mulchi, C.L. and Armbruster, J.A. (1975) Effects of salt sprays on the yield and nutrient balance . of corn and. soybean.
Cooling Tower Envirrnment. (Edited by Hanna, S.R. and Pell, J.) ERDA Symp. Ser. CONF-740302. pp 379-392 Mulchi, C.L., Wolf, D.C. and Armbruster, J.A. (1979) Cooling tower effects on crops and soils. Chalk Point Cooling Tower Project Post-Operational Report No. 4, WRRC Special Report No.
12, PPSP-CPCTP-29. July, 1979. Univ. Maryland.
Public Service Electric and Gas (1979) Topical report on ground level air salt concentrations and deposition rates resulting from operation of a single saltwater natural draft cooling tower at the Hope Creek Generating Station. Technical report. PSE6G, Newark, New Jersey. June 1979.
Shofner, F., Warmack, J.D., and Welher, K.R. (1973). Ambient seasalt measurements in the Forked River, New Jersey environs, July 1972-August 1973. Draft report, Environmental Systems Corporation, Knoxville, Tennessee.
Talbot, J.J. (1978) A review of potential biological impacts of cooling tower salt drift. Atmospheric Environment, ~~13, pp 395-405. .
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Todd, J.R., Laws'en, G.H.K.'$ andiDow, C. (1964) ~ .An experimental
- .( study of' salt.poisoningsin the pig. J. Comp. Path., 74, pp 331-337. 'N ' ' .- r 3
U.S.. Atomic Endrgy Commission, Directorate of Licensing (1974)
Final environmental statement re Creek Generating Station Units 1,latedito and 2. the Public proposed Service Hope Electric and-Gas. Docket Nos. 50-354 and 50-355.
February-1974.
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- 9-BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Dr. Roy L. Flannery Specialist in Soils College of Agriculture and Environmental Science Rutgers - The State Univerzity of New Jersey Dr. Flannery is a native of Kentucky, and received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Agriculture, majoring in Agronomy,.
from the University of Kentucky in 1949 and 1951, respectively.
He was Extension Soils Specialist 'at the University of Kentuck~y
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from 1950-1952. .
From 1952-1957, he was a graduate student at Rutgers Uni-versity, re'ceiving his Ph.D. degree in 1957. While pursuing work'toward his doctorate degree, he conducted a Soil-Test Servicing Program for vegetable, fruit and dairy farmers in Southern New-Jersey.
Since 1957, he has been a Soils Specialist at Rutgers Uni-versity. During this time, he has been in charge of the Soil
'l Testing and Plant Analysis Program, conducted soil test and
._ plant _ analysis correlation studies _with_ vegetable, fruit.and fie.1d crops and served as Extension Specialist in Soils and b Plant Nutrition.
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Dr. Charles Lee Mulchi Associate Professor, Agronomy j University of Maryland i
Dr. Mulchi wasiborn in North Carclina and received his B.S. in crop and soil science from North Carolina State University in 1964.
As a graduate student at North Carolina State University he
! conducted research on nutrient requirceents for tobacco production and in 1967 earned his M.S. in soll fertility. While pursuing his Ph.D. in plant physiology, which he received from N.C.S.U.
in 1970, he worked as an instructor i'n the use of mass spectrometry and stabic isotopes in biological research.
From 1970 ,to the'present, he has been a member of the University of Maryland facolty, first as an assistant then associate professor. His teaching responsibilities include Tobacco Production, Air Pollution Biology, Special Problems in Agronomy, and Factors Affecting Crop Yield. Dr. Mulchi has authored over sixty articles and research reports. His areas of research include the effects of air pollution on plants with special
. emphasis.given to studies of the effects of saline aerosols.and heavy metal emissions from power plants on crops and soil.
In addition to his position as teacher and researcher, his many responsibilites include that of consultant to the Maryland Department of Natural Resources for the Power Plant Siting Program, i 10-6
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
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. John P. Van Zandt .
Coordinator of Rural Resource Services Division of Rural Resources New Jersey Department:of Agriculture John.P. Van Zandt, who is a lifetime resident of Montgomery Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, received his B.S. in Agricultural Economics from Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. His background includes 21 years in the agricultural implement and supply business and a term as President of the New Jersey' Farm Equipment Dealers Association.
For the past 10 years, as Coordinator of Rural Resource Services, Nr. Van Zandt has served in the Department of Agriculture and has implemented programs to assess and preserve farmland, and to mediate rural / urban conflicts.
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Biblicgraphy of Salt Ef fects Research
( Doll, E.R., Hull, F.E., Insko, W.M., Jr. (1916) Yoxicity of sodium chloride solution for baby chicks. Veterinary Medicine, 41, pp 361-363.
The investigation consisted of three experiments in which salt water solutions were used as the only source of water for day old chicks. Estimations of feed and water consumption were made daily and the chicks were weighed at weekly intervals. In the first experiment, groups of chicks received 0.25, 0.50, 0.90 and 2.0% Nacl in the water. The second trial was a repetition of experiment I, except for omission of the group receiving 2.0% NaC1. In the third experiment, the chicks were given feed containing 1.0% common salt and water containing 0.25, 0.50, 0.90 and 1.50% NaC1. Control groups receiving tap water were kept for each trial. Concentrations of 1.5 and 2.0% Nacl in the water caused acute toxicity with nervous disturbances in the chicks. Experiments using 0.5 and 0.9% Nacl in the drinking water experienced severe edema with an accumulation of fluid in the body cavities. Clinical evidence of toxicity was not observed in chicks receiving 0.25% NaC1.
McCune, D.C., Silberman, D.H., Mandl, R.H., Weinstein, L.H.,
Freudenthal, P.C., and Giardina, P.A. (1977) Studies on the effects of saline aerosols of ccoling tower origin on plants. J. Air Pollut. Contr. Assoc., 27 (4), pp 319-324.
A research program was undertaken to develop information that could be used to estimate the risk of adverse effects of saline cooling tower drift on native and cultivated flora in the Indian Point, New York area. Eleven species of woody plants were exposed to a saline mist. Canadian hemlock vas the most susceptible species and witch hazel was the least susceptible. ,
The severity, distribution, and course of development of saline-induced lesions on bean foliage were determined by the dose to which the plant was exposed. Plants were exposed to d ratesof0.15to0.52withamedianof0.35ugC1minyposigion cm (equivalent to 16,278 lb/ acre / year) for different lengths of time. In exposures that eventually produced the most severe injury, lesions developed immediately after and sometimes during the exposure period. These were first manifest as water-logged areas of tissue collapse in the intercostal areas of the leaf and developed into necrotic areas by the next day.
At lesser doses, symptoms which appeared about one day after exposure were wilting followed by necrosis of the marginal areas of the leaf. At the lowest doses, some 1 caves would show lesions that consisted of water-logged areas of tissue that were transient and did not develop into necrotic lesions.
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l 9 Moser, B.C. (1975) Airborne sessalt: Techniques for experimenta-tion and effects on vegetation. Cooling Tower Environment.
I (Edited by Hanna, S.R. and Pell, J.) ERDA Symp. Ser. CONF-740302, pp 353 .~69.
Two techniques for measuring leveis of airborne seasalt were developed and used to determine ambient conditions at different distances from the New Jersey coast. Both air concentration and sedimentation rate decreased rapidly within the first kilometer inland from the surf. A relation between airborne salt level and injury to coastal vegetation was established.
h'ind tunnels and sedimentation chambers designed to reproduce ambient conditions were constructed to conduct controlled and reproducible experiments. Salt uptake into bean leaves was proportior.a1 to .the length of time plants were exposed to salt drift. Salt uptake and appearance. of injury symptoms also increased as the level of airborne salt to which plants were exposed was increased. White pine plants were injured *by 48 hr exposure to airborne salt levels similar to near surf cos.ditions.
Plants of Japanese black pine showed no injury under the same conditions. Uptake of sensalt by foliage of bean plants was greatest when plants were held under high humidity conditions (80% relative humidity).
f Mulchi, C.L. and Armbruster, J.A. (1975) Effects of salt sprays on the yield and nutrient balar.ce of corn and soybean.
Cooling Tower Environment. (Edited by Hanna, S.R. and f
Pell, J.) ERDA Symp. Ser. CONF-740302. pp 379-392.
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In.an effort to' simulate the effects of salt spray from coo 1ing towers on corn end soybean crops, plots of each crop were subjected to appliegtions of saltto
.(equivalent spray of 1.82, a range of 863.64, to 6887.28, lb/ or 14.56 kg ha-lweck -
acre / year) for 8 weeks. Extensive leaf damage was induced by the 7.28 and 14.56 kg ha ^ week ~1 treatments in both crops.
On the soybean plants the younger vegetation was more sensitive than older leaves. The opposite was observed for the corn l- plants. The high salt treatments appeared to stunt the young soybean plants to a larger degree than the young corn plants.
The soybean plants appeared to recover from the initial acute ef fects of salt treatments as the plants matured. Vegetative l damage to the corn plants was progressive with both the quantity l of salt applied and with time. The metabolic index, a measure of the balance of nutrients in the tissue, was significantly decreased by the salt-spray treatments in both crops. The yields of both crops were significantly reduced by the salt-l spray treatments. Compared to controls, soybean and corn j yicids were reduced by 18 and 39t, respectively, by the maximum i salt treatments. Sodium levcis in the soils were significantly
( -increased by the treatments.
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9 Todd, J.R., Lawson, G.H.K., and Dow, C. (1964) An experimental
(- study of salt poisoning in the pig. J. Comp. Path., 74, 4
pp_331-337.
An experiment was done to investigate the changes in chloride, sodium and potassium concentrations in the alimentary canal, body fluids and tissues of pigs under sodium chloride pcisoning conditions. The effect of water deprivation alone on the concentration of the three ions was also investigated. Sixteen pigs were brought into the experiment when weaned and weighed 26 to 35 lb. They were divided into four groups and subjected to_the following treatments: (1) normal feed, water ad lib, (2) normal feed,. water restricted, (3) high slat, water ad lib, and (4) high salt, water restricted. The pigs in. group.4 died within 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br />' aft'er the experiment began. Chlezide, sodium and-potassium analyses were'made 6n gut contents, body tissues and fluids of all 16 pigs. The results indicated that chloride and. sodium contents of cerebrospinal
- fluid, blood plasma; brain, liver, kidney, spleen and heart were markedly increased
! in the pigs which received high salt feed but had their water intake restricted. However, high salt intake had none of these cffects when water was available ad lib.
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TABLE 1
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HOPE CREEK NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER DIMENSIONS AND DESIGN OPERATING CONDITIONS
-Dimensions Height (ft.) 512 Exit diameter (ft'.)' ,
'2'84 Base diameter (ft.) 427
- Diameter at throat (ft.) 249 Distance of neck below top (ft.) 132 Design Operating Characteristics i
Ambient t,emperatur_e .( F) _ _ .
87.3_
Relative Humidity (%) 60 Circulating water flow (gpm) 552,000
. Cold water _ temperature .(OF) 90 Hot water temperature (OF) 119 Design heat load (BTU /hr.) 7.97 x 109 Drift rate (% af circulating water flow) 0.0005' G
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TABLE 2
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11.pe Creek Natural Draf t Cooling Towers :
Monthly Average River Water Salinities and Cooling Tower Salt Emission Rates Measured River Salt Emission Rate **
Water Salinity * (1b/hr.)
Month { Parts per Thousand) 'One Cocling Tower Two Cooling Towers January. 7.699 15.8 31.6 February 12.46'O ,
25.8 51.6 March- 0.859 1.9 3.8 April 1.723 3.9 7 .' 8 ,
May. ,
4.786 11.5 23.0 June 7.282 18.4 36.8 July 9.715 25.2 50.4
( August 10.409 26.8 53.6 September 11.715
- 28.5 57.0
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October 4.884 11.3 22.6 November 1.631 3.7 7.4 December 0.803 1.7 3.4 AVERAGE 14.5 29.1
- Measured by PSESG during 1977 in Delaware River in the vicinity of the Hope Creek Generating Station.
- Salt emission rate based on PSEGG 1977 meteorological and hydrological-data. Maximum salt emission rate for a single tower has been determined to be 29.5 lbs/hr. for the 196S-1978 period of record.
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. TABLE.3A: Seasonal Salt Deposition at the Nearest Farm
- (~ fron Two Hope Creek Cooling Towers Season Salt Deposit, ion Spring 0.02 lb/ acre Summer 0.10 lb/ acre Fall 0.03 lb/ acre Winter ,
0.05 lb/ acre TOTAL O.20 lb/ acre TABLE 3B: Salt Deposition Comparison Sontce Deposition Rate Reference (1b/ acre /yr)
Ocean - at coast 375 Shofner, et al. (1973)
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t - 10 miles inland 32 Shofner, et al. (1973)
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14: USAEC (1974)
Eertilizer-(average) 4 Personal communication with local farmers and Agway Company Two Cooling Towers 0.2 PSE6G (1979) i V
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TABLE 4
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Lower. A110 ways Creek and Elsinboro Townships Major Crops and Livestock Crops % of Total Acres Farmed Soybeans 47 Hay '14 Grain corn , 13 Barley. 8' Wheat 5 Silage corn 3 Peppers 3 Tomatoes 2 Sorghum' 1
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Cucumbers 1 .
Squash' 1 Livestock % of Livestock Raised Chicken,-layers 27 a
Swine. 20 Dairy, mature 19 Beef 12 Dairy,, young 10 Ducks- 4 Horse, pony 3 Chicken,. meat. 2
.g. Sheep 2 Nl _ _ _ _ _ - - . _ . _ _ _ . . - - . _ - . - -_ A
AXT1F 101 A L 13 LAND 1977 DATA N
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