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Knouse Site,Historical Site in Luzerne County,Pa. Prepared by Dayton Museum of Natural History
	ML17138A669
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Site:	Susquehanna
Issue date:	03/31/1979
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RECEIVEDJvi09,1979Ehvli4!ilC!I'lfTHEKNOUSESITEAnHistoricalSiteinLuzerneCounty,Pennsylvania1978byJamieMcIntyreAssistantCuratorofArchaeologyandAssistantRegionalArchaeologist,ICORPODaytonMuseumofNaturalHistoryMarch,1979>9p71VpdN/i AcknowledgementsThisprojectwasundertakenwithagrantof$9000.00fromthePennsylvaniaPowerandLightCompanytothePennsylvaniaHistoricalandMuseumCommission.IwouldliketothankMr.RobertC.ZundelforhisworkincoordinatingthegrantandMr.IraP.Smith,IIIforhissupportasprincipalinvestigatorThankstomycrew:JudeCarino,EdElscheid,EricGraybill,andDianeRometo,toPamRutanfortypingandJimHerbstrittforillustrations.JohnLowalldeservesthanksforhisworkasheavyequipmentoperator,asdoalltheofficialsandworkmenofThePennsylvaniaPowerandLightandthecitizensofWapwallopenfortheirhospitality.Andlastly,aspecialthankstoTerryKnousewhospurredourinterestinthisproject,waseversupportativeandhelpful,andtohisentirefamilyformakingusfeelsowelcome.

ABSTRACTTheKnouseSiteislocatedalongthefloodplainoftheSusquehanaRiver.HistoricreferencesindicatethataDelawareIndianVillageofconsiderablesizewaslocatedbetweentheBigNapwallopenandLittle.NapwallopenCreek.ThelocationoftheKnouseSite$6Lug3wasinanareaimpactedbyconstructionofPennsylvaniaPower,andLight.ThereportdetailstheexcavationsconductedonthehistoricindianburialgroundsHowever,theimpactedareawasnotthelocationofthevillageandfutureinvestigationwillhavetodetailthenatureofthevillage.

TABLEOFCONTl>TSIntroduction~0~~~~~~~~~01Geology~~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2Flora~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~auna~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F~~~~~~~~~~~~~051iiethodology.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5Stlat3.graph/'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5ITTzxcavation'units~~'6Burials~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~11Features0.00000~000.~0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~45Beads........~~0~~~~~~~~~~~~051CeratQics~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~51Bone~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~52Shel1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~05)Brick0~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~~Glass~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5JKaolinPipes.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~541t04etal~0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~54Lithics~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~56Pathologf0~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6O1"ealthandStatus.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6OCultural~zf'iliadionAf'term>th~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0~~~~~~~626)i'appendixX:GeologicalCores~~~~~~~~~~~~~~64AppendixXX:CsteologicalData,...................67'appendixXXX:u'etricDataButtonsandBeads~~~~~~~~~~~~~89"ppendixXV:li!etricDc~etaGlassHfsos~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...92AppendixV:'r!etricDataCcatliniteBeads...............101de@e~erence;105 1~Intro'!uctionInresponsetoP~nnsylvsni"Powerand.Light'sdevelopmentofan<<reaalongthee".stsideoftheSusquehannaRiverfloodplain,salvageexcavation..v'erebegunon36LU43,theKnouseSite.Duringthe1930's~'orkProjectAdministration,orewsunderGardnertestedthissite,thenknownastheSmithboite.Atthattimeseverallargefeaturesofapresumablyhistoricoriginwereencountered.Thesewerecobblelined.andusedforstorageand/orahearth.Atthattimealsoaflexed.buriall~linanovalpitwasencountered;heculturalaffiliationoftheburialwasassumedtobeArchaic.Artifactsfromthesiteincludedprojectilepoints,historicceramics,bifaces,gorgets,adzes,andpittedcobbles,Surfacecollectionsofindividualsfromtheariaharlindicatedthatthissitew".sextremelyrich,especiallvpriortothemajorfloodingepisodes'ofthe1930'sand1970;s.TerryKnousehasalsoindicatedthattwohuriaRhehadloc-tedpreviously,wereexcavatedbyunknownpersons.

33A('AGH(jlHlj).<F<J'01'0<'J>TXGNTheZnoua<~.-.U,eisintheV"ll<'.yandj~i<lgaphyiiogr;<phicrona.ThebedrockinthisregioniaofOrdoviciantoPennsylv".nian"ge.Xrregularityinthesurfaceofthisbedxockisduetogl<cialactivity,'vater'erosion~ndthevaryingresist."nceofthedifferentlithiccomponent.",Soilsaregener'.llyr:eatheredinplacefromsedimentary~y-redoryellomiah-redshale,sandstoneorsiltstone,,andtoalesserextentfromglacialtillandconglomerate.Minorpercentagesdeveloped.incolluviumand=alluvium.Nowthesoilsmaybedescribedasacidictostronglyacidiccha'nnezy,stoney,gravellyorshaleysiltlo~m.Thesoilcoresdoneforthefootingssreincludedintheappendix.Theprofileindicatestopsoilfrom0-1.0foot.1.0to4.5feetisafinecompactbrovmsiltyasnd.4.5'o17.00isamulti-coloredsilty3.ndendgravellayer.From17.0'o$0.0'aabrovnandgraycompactsiltysand.layer.Al<PIpI',oatflochinginthiap<occupedintheearlyspring,vrhenheavyreinf."11'".ilstobeabsorbedbyfrorenground.I'")orfloodsoccurringhistoricallyare:h;."y-June18599h<ay1904August'93)July195519$$hiay1942k"y1940August1955,Varch1964June1972Uept.1975Floodingiattimesotherthanspringiadirectlyrelatedtothundor-stormemotivity.<'<.Ci<i<Thehistoricalforestcoveraroundthe'Ãap<v~llopenvicinitvispsrtoftheOak-ChestnutxegionoftheL'asterndeciduous'<"oodl-".nd.,Atthat Itime,inadditiontoOakandCheotnut,prevailingtreesweretheVirginiaPine,hemlock,birch".nd.ycamorc.Cg)rentlythecoveriared,blackandsilvermpic,whiteandblacko".k,sweetbirch,blackcherry,easternhemlock,andfloweringdogwood.Americanelm,butternuthickory,baasv:ood,whitepine,pignuthickory~nRtulipare~laofound.Intotal72typesoftrees,saplings,and.hrubwerepresent.Thepredominant-ahrubsarespicebush,vibernumo,witchhazel,laurelandrhodedendron.Altogetherthegroundcoverconsistsofglfamilieadividedinto108species.l'stereceneare15.2'j~,legumea6;o,lilies6q~andferns6+>'.Theseereprincipllyeaters,goldrnrodo,r."-p".eed,'martweedgandmu.terd.Thewetplantaincludeokunkcabbage,tearthumb,cattail,sedges,rushesand.day-f'lower.Alsopresentintheareaareblueberry,dcerberry,blackhuckleberry;poisonivy,virginia,creeper,troutlily,3)utchman'sbreeches,Armayapple,commonblueviolet,garlicmustard,falsemermaid,ostrichfern,damesrodet,virginiaknotweed,groundpineandevergreenwoodfern.F':UK?ilammals:Yjhitetaildeer,opposaum,easterncottonta.il,easternwoodchuck,cocoon,muskrat,redandgryfox,grysquirrel,porcupine,stripedskunkendthelong-tailedweaselarepresent.Therearethreetypesofmice,woodlandjumping,meadowjumpingandthehousemouse.Thenorwayr"t,easternchipmunk,short-tailedshrew,star-nosedmole,pin-.andmeadowvolecompletethemomm"3.o.Amphibiansandlleptileo:leavenapecieaofturtleliveintheregion,withtheesaternpaintedbeingthemoatcommon,followedbytheon~ppingturtle.ToadaincludeapringpeeperanrltheAmericantoad.Greenbullnndleopardfrogsallinhabittheregion.Tho.red-b~ckedaalam"nderiafoundonthe3~nd,andthenorthernduskyohlamander isthaenaticspecies.Thecommongartersnakei"moatcommon,followedby'thecommonwatersnake,a>Bthanorthernblackracer.v3irds:.50qiofthcbirdscurrentlyinhabitingtheregionareIcturid,"e,mostlyblackbirds.PO~oareFringillidae,principa3:lysp".rrows,cardinals,finches,crowŽ,Picidae,chickadpeytit-mouse,doves,catbird,mockingbird.,warblersandstarling.TheSusquehannaRiver'v'alleyisena.ma)ormigr'atorywaterfowlroute.50-)00',080Canadiangeesepassthroughtheregioneveryyear.50-225,000mallardand%lackducksalsopassthrough.Otherspecies(include:pintailwidgeon,greenwingedteal,blue-wingedteal,wood,redheaded,con~aback,ring-neckedducks,goldeneye,bufflehead,oldsquavI,andthevvhitev'ingscoter,commonandhooded.morg.nsers,whistling.,v'ans,rreaterandlesserscamps.Fish:6'?,"v'fallfisharemadeupofthefollowingsix:carp,spotfin~hiner,quillback,whitesucker,shortheadredhorse,andblue-gills.Theother)8/oism~deupof:Northernhogsucker,rockbass,'pumykinseed,srmllmouthedandlargemouthed.bass,tessellateddarter,fallfish,ch-".inpickerel,comelyandspottailshiner,'bluntnoseminnow,vvalleye,blackcrappie,sunfish,perch,catfishandmuskellunge.

JQ"TIIODOLOGXThemethodolopyusedonthesitevinodictatedbythe,salvagenatureoftheprojec't.'Bulldozerotripsweremadeatselectedintervals,(Seemap).Theentiresitewasgriddedinto10'qu"..rea.Theobjectiveofthebulldozeroperationwaatoremovetheplowzoneandexposetheyellowclayishsub-soil.4/here~arcestainedareaswereencountered.thebulldozerleveled.outonthissurface,andtheyweresubsequently>>Pped~Afterthebulldozerfinishedastripitviaagriddedendflatshoveled.Thesoilproducedbytheflatshovelingwaanotscreened,hoviever,thepaucityof.artifactsencounteredintheplowzonejustifiedHthis.Thcburialfillwascarefullygonethrough,andoftenthecontentswashedthroughfine,screenstorecover'heseedbeads,Flotationsamplesweretakenfromtheburialsandfeatures.Thefeatures,postmoldsendsomeburialsv'erecross-sectionedandmapped.'THATIGE'PHXK".ostratigraphyonthesiteisfairlysimple.ThreecompleteEprofilesthelengthofthetrenchesweremapped.,Theseprofilesshowed.whatvia.aoftendifficultto.Discerninplanview.In.the208lineprofile,thetopsoil.liesdirectlyonthesurfaceoftheyellowishbrownclayishsubsoil.Howeverin20800'Y,20~90'rY,20S100'Y,and208110'/i',adarkbrownorg."nicallyrichlayerappearsbetweenthetopsoilandsubsoil.It.eemspossiblethatthiscouldbeanarea.ofoccur"-tion.However,nounusualdensityofartifactswererecoveredtosupportthis.Inthe1008line,asimilarphenomenonispresent.In100890'Yand.

C)~rnd100:ilOOY'rrrlrlinhat:)inppe~r>>inthevicinityofthesubsoil.In100')1A)Xend1008170K,wherothr.subsoiltakesndeepplungo,thereiaintermixingof'rayon<ireda>ndylensea.Theonlyphenomenontobeexhibited.alongthel))00line,isthevaryingnatureofthr.subsoil.Herlbrownstainingispresentintermittently,".longwithpatchesofs~ndiersubsoil.=-Thesestratigrphicmrietionsmostlyappeartobenaturaland..represent.nstur."1."lter".tionsinthenatureofthetwobasicstrata.ZXO:VTIOntn,'IT8brief'.eacriptionoftheexcavtionunits.".nRtheircultur.1Pofthesemanii'estwtionsfe"...'tureaf'ollowa,For<".moredetaileddescriptionseetheindividu1featureandburialdeacriptiona.450/460845'7.Pstainappearedinthenortheastcorner.E450/460850"i,%,70,80,90.P.llunitsv'eresterile.450/4608100)7Twodarkatkins.Postmold1seemstobeaderprodenthole(9"),".ndPostmold'"5"Beeppossiblerootcaste.450/4608110"IThreeunaectioned'ossiblepostmolds.450/46081201)'hreeunsectionedpossiblepostmolds.450/46081)OV!Twopostmolds,one8"indepth,andtheother5"'00/)90840','IFeature12v~aalongthenorthwellandFeature11"1'ongthesouthw,""'.l.l.400/)90~50/60/70/80/90')'i(llunitsweresterile.400/59081007)'eature14waainthenortheeatcorner.Ztispossiblyaanvilfirefeature.$00/590'>llA'r'<Fourcircul:rdiacolox~tio>>a.Postmolds1,5,and4viererootca:tea,-')nd2arode>>tdisturbance.400/)9081209'Possiblepostmoldspre.net.Of'hesenumber4I7~reprob~hiepostmolds,they~re6"and,5"deeprespectively.All oC)rc..r.n~Erpn:.rt.ubrrod<rrl,,wiUrf.'fo7.1owirrl,del)Ur:r;15-6",g-6",6-(.~>",8-(,l.".>Ol'iy0/(0/70/RA/'.r0/100/110/l."0/150"l'lrrnitnvroresterile..240/2)OS'30'I'nndi""Connlrurnringnorthe"attoaouthv:est,ndnrksteinwnaexposed.Itiapartof"n".tureloccurrenceornnoccupationIlevel.Elovrevernrtifncta."ren'tp~rticulnrlydense.240/P)OS100'<'lTheentireunitispa'rtofthe,dnrker1evelorat~in.'"5.thinthiswnaanirregularlyshapedblackareaalongthesouthvill.240/2)OS110'8Exceptfortheverynortheasttipof.theunit,thissqunrewnsentirelywiththestain.240/2)05120/l)OY/Thestainendsinthesouthenstcorneroftheeasternunit.Therenre0poa'tmoldainthisunitTheyn.reallahallovandclusternrounrl7"e."ture10,whichis"noblongpitofvaryingdepth.ItiaorientedHorthvreattoSouthee.tintothewesternunit.Sevenpostmold."ereinthisunit.Theonlypossiblepatterncould.beanL-shapedstructurenroundFenture10,nndbetweenitnndthestain.".long\thesouthwell.100S70/80/90'~VNoculturalfen.turespresent.100S100'i'(Adarkstninoccupiesmoatofthisunit.Itm>ybenatural,orinterpretednan'possibleoccupationlevel.60S60/70/80/90'A'heseunitsv:eresterile,butthesubsoilisverysandyinplaces.60S100'<'IDarkpossiblyorganicarea,inthenorthwestcornerextendsintothenextunittothewest.60SllOY(Thesoutheastcornerianotcoveredbythestain.60S120ViTheenaternquarteroftheunitiacoveredbyadarkstain.1Therestoftheunitiasterile.rvt,1"4'6).!,".,'u',;".x"~.~-:,f,aA'","P.'!'r,5~r~"N".Sr","0,,""i<(,;'t;,4,".'-'.;!',~..,p.f'!!A'P'Q",'

8.60S130/140,150,160,170WAllunitsweresterile20S80/90/100WAllhavesmalldarkstains,relatedtorodentdisturbances,rootcastes,andagriculturalactivities.Thisareawaspartofalargesectionopened,andcross-sectionsrevealedfewpossiblepostmolds.20SllOWAmorphousstaininthesoutheastcorner,andinthenorthwestcornerpartoffeature1.20S120WAfewsmallstains,andpartoffeature1inthenortheastcorner.20S130/140/150/160WSterilewiththeexceptionofonesmallstainin20S150W.10S70WOnepostmold6"deepandtwocharcoalconcentrations.10S80WOneflakeandonepoint.Somestainspresent.10S90WSeveralstains,allirregularinshape.10S100/110WBothoftheseunitsweresterile10S120/130/140W'A.fewirregularstainsorpossiblepostmoldswithnoapparentpattern.10S150/160WBothunitsweresterile.ON70WSeveralpossiblepostmoldsandafeature.Twomoldswerecross-sectioned,andwereboth15"deep,and3"indiameter.ON80WFeaturefourandanumberofamorphousstainsdiscernibleinthisunit.ON90WSeriesofpossiblepostmoldsandcharcoal.Therewasnopatternapparent,however.ON100WTwosmallstains.ON110WThisunitwassterile.'N120,130,140,150,180WAllhadoneortwoshallowstainswithnoregularoutlineorpattern.

9.10N70WAmorphousstains,mostlyplowscarsandbulldozertreadareinthisunitaswellasSOW,90W,100W,110W,120W,130W,150W,160W.Burialtwoisin10N140W.20N70/SO/90/100W.Afewshallowstainsinalloftheseunits.20N110WThisunitwassterile.20N120/130/140/150/160Bulldozertreadandsandyspotsoccurredinthis"groupofsquares.PartofBurialtwoisin20N140W.30NSOWFeatureeightwaslocatedinthisunit,butwasultimatelydefinedasarodenthole.30N90/]30WTheseunitsweresterile".,30N140WPartofBurial21andafewsmallpossiblepostmoldspresent.40N90WThisunitcontainedburial2.50NSOWOneshallowslightlyreddenedareapresent.50NSOWContainsburialsix,andpartofburialeight.50N90WBuiials12,11,8allintheunit.50N100WPartsofburialllandburial13werewithinit'slimit.50N110WAsmallshallowstainispresent.50N120WTheunitissterile.50N130WPartofFeaturefiveisinthisunit.50N130WOnesixinchdeeppostmoldwasprofiled.60NSOW60N90WBurial7,partofFeature6,andBurial8found.Burials9and10areevidencedinthesquare.(60N100WBurials13,16,15arerepresentedinthisfeature.60N119WBurial18andpartofburial14areinthisunit.60N120WSterile.60N130WFeature560N140WFeatures,Burial5andBurial19.

10.70NSOMPartofFeatureiswithinthisunit.70N90MTheremainderoffeature6,andpartofburial15present.70N100MPartsofburialfiveandburialpit17..70N110NBurial14occupiespartofthissquare.Theremainderoftheunitswithintheareaaroundtheburialsveresterile.110NSONAfevshallowstainswerepresent.'110/120N70/80/90Theseunitsvereallsterile.110ll20N100/110/120/130Alltheseunitsexhibitedsandypatchesvithin,.',thesubsoil.100/llON140/150/160/170MTheseunitswereallsterile.

BurialsDuringtheprospecttwenty-onehumanburialswereexcavated.Theseseemtohavebeenbasicallyinthreeclusters.(SeeMap).Mostofthebodieswereburiedin">'l~i'><'9Vlf~'squarepitsandprobably'adcoffins.Severaldefinitelywereinterredincoffins,asattestedtobythepresenceofdecayedwoodandnails.However,a'ewothersseemtohavepossiblyguetbeenburiedinpits,withallevi-/denceofmethodobliterated.,Someofthepitswerequitedeep,,whileothersseemtohavebeenburiedrightontopofthesubso11.This.isduetodifferent1alsoileros1onanddepos1tion,'IWhilethissitewasquitefruitfultocollectors,priortothe19/0'sflood,itnowexhibitslittlesurfacemanifes-'tion.Floodinginl972~sHurricaneAgnesalsodamagedthissite,inadditiontoitsconsistentuseforagriculturalpurposes.Preservationonthesitewasextremelypoormakingstatureandsexevaluationsimpossibleinmostcases.Oftendentitionprovidedtheonlyagecri.teria.Mostsexualclassificationwasbasedonthemorphologyoftheskull,whichishighlyvariable,especiallyinthecaseofagedindividuals.Twoburialshadbeenlootedpriortothebeginningofexcavation.(Knousepersonalcommunication)~Lootingalso,becameaproblemlateinthefieldseason.

BurialsBurial1Burial1wasfoundinthewestern1/2ofthefirsteast-westtrench.Theburialwasuncoveredbythebulldozer',howeveritseemstohavebeensub)ectedtoperiodicdis-turbancebytheplow.Theburialwasremovedrapidlytopreventfurtherdamagebythebulldozer.Afewcranialfragmentswerepresent,buttherewerenoma5orlandmarks.ThiswasalsotrueofthesmallpelvicIportion.Thepieceofpelviswasnotlargeenoughtoper-Imitanysexualidentification,withallma5orlandmarksmissing.Alsopresentwereseveralextremelyfragmentaryverte-brae.pieces,howevernoreconstructionwas..possible.'ITheonlyagingcriteriaavailablewereonecanineandtwocentralincisors.Littlewearordecaywaspresent;,therefore,thisburialwaseitheranadolescentorayoungadultatdeath.Accompanyingartifactsincludeseventy-nineyellowseedbeads,onegreenglassseedbead,250whiteseedbeads,119darkblueseedbeads,291of.a.blue-greencolor,'ndfourotherwhitishbrownseedbeads.Allseedbeadswerewellpreservedwiththeexceptionoftheyellowandwhitishbrownvarieties.Theseseemtobeofaninferiorglassandhavebeguntodeteriorate.

15.Itisimposs1bletoestimatehowmanybeadsorothergravegoodsmayhavebeenlostwiththebulldozer.Burial2Burial2waslocatedin20N140WandlON140W.Italsoseemedtohave.beendamagedbyagricqltural"..activities.Allremainswerefragmentaryandpreservationwaspoor.Therewasnoev1dence'ofaburialp1torcoffinofanykind,withtheexceptionoffiveironfragments,threeofwhichwereprobablynailsNodifference1npitfillwasrecog>>nizable.Theburialappearedtoberestingonthesubsoil,butthiswasprobablyduetoerosion.,Thegravewasorientedtowardstheeast,withthebodyorientedinthesamedirection,howeverthedirectionoftheface.wasimpossibletodiscern.Theburialwasprobablyextended,.Fiveoccip1talfragmentswerepresentFndocranialclosureseemstohavebeencompleteonthesefragments,butectocranialclosurewasnot,Theestimatedageoftheburialis'probably25yearsofageandcouldbemucholderFive"otherfragmentsalsoexhibitedthe.sameincompleteecto-."cranialclosurepatterns,withendocranialclosurecompleteandsemi-complete.Nineteenmiscellaneousskullfragmentswererecovered.However,theskull.couldnotbereconstructed,Because.ofthi.sanyagodeterminationishighlytentative.1Therightmastoidwaspresent,butdeteriorationofther,mastoidprocessahdtPeexternailauditorymeatusareamade..anysexualdeterminationimpossible.

Therightulna.wasrecovered,andwascompleteexceptiorthestyloidprocessandabrokenolecranon.Thelengthwas26'cm.Theleftradiuswasreconstructable,withtheexceptionoftheheadandacrushedstyloidprocess.Xtwas24'cm,inlength,UsingTelkka'scharts(Krogman1973)ulnalengthmouldsuggestaheightof181cm.+or5'l>>ifthespecimen.wereamale,and175cm+or5'9>>ifitwere"afemale,TheIradiuslengthsuggestsaheightof176cm.+or5~9>>formalesandforfemalesaheight.of169cm.+or/~7<<~Allcalculationsarebasedonwhi,tespecimens,however.Onehumerushead,somewhatdeteriorated,wasalsorecovered.Oftheribs,sixteenpieceswererecovered.Thereweretwelvevertebralfragmentsinall,onecervical,ninethora-cic,andonelumbar.Oneother'ertebralfragmentwastotallyunidentifiable.Ofelevenpelvicfragments,nothingwas.reconstructable,makingsexualdetorminationimpossible~Aprobablofemurfragmentisrepresented,Thelefttibiaisfracturedonthedistalend.Twenty-sixmiscellaneoustinylongbonefragmentsalsopresent,probablyallbelongingtothelegs.Ofthehandsandfeetonlyfive,leftmetacarpalsandonemiddlephalanxwererecovered.Theleftlunateandsemilunarwerepresent.

15.',,Smallamountsofcharcoalwereevidencedaroundthebones..Gravegoodsincludetwokaoli.npipebowls,onewithstem,andanadditionalstemfragment.Noneofthefrag-mentsbearanymarkwhatsoever.Bowlshapesuggestsadateofbetween1720and.1820formanufacture.(Hume1976:303)~Thefiveironfragmentswerealreadydiscussed.'Threeofthesearenai.ls,whiletheothertwoaretooheavilycor-rodedtotell.One.probablechertscraperand,twoelate.flakeswerepresent.Elevenwirewouhdbeadswerefoundintheprobableneckandchestreg1on.Somewerebeginningto*showsignsIofdeterioration.Eightexhibi.tabluishtinge.Meaeure-mentsareintheappendicee~BurialBuri.al3wasoneofthemostspectacularburialsfromIthesite.Thisindividual,alongwiththeoneinBurial14seemedtohavebothachievedveryhighstatusinthecommunity.Thepitwasveryshallowandtheindividualhasbeenslightlydamagedbythebulldozerandtheplow.Thefillwasdarkerthanthesubsoilanddiscernible,withtheexception.ofareasthatappeartohavebeencappedwiththenaturalsubsoilofthesite.Thefillwas11"deepatthemaximum.UnliketheJotherburialsvyithdiscerniblefill,thisburialwasinanovalpit,thedarkorganicmaterialcouldbebarkclothin-steadoftimbersfromacoffinThi.sremainedunproven,Scatteredcharcoalontheclaysuggestintermittentburn 16.episodes,maybepostinterrmentorceremonial~Theorientationwaseastand'lightlynorth.Thebodywasbasicallyflexedwiththelefthandinthepelvicregion'ndtherighthandfoldedacrossthechestandinthevicinityofthebrassvanitybox.Partof'therightfemurwastakenoffbythebulldozer.Bothlegswerefoldedloosely.Theskullwasinveryfriableconditionandwas,there-Efore,leftinthesoilpedestalitwasremovedfromthefieldin,Sutureclosureisincomplete,Theascendingramusangleisobtuseandindicatestheburialisfemale,althoughthebonesarefairlyrobust.Thedentitionindicatesayouth-fulness.Onthelowerrighthandsidebothpremolarsandthecanineexhibitenamelpolishing.Thefirstmolarhasemerged,whilethesecondisgustemerging,Thelowerleftsidehad'wopremolars,thefirstandsecondmolarandthethird'mer-ging.Theupperleftsidehasthecentralincisor,canine,andfirstmolar.'Theothermolarinformationisnotpresent.'heemergenceoithethirdmolarindicatesanageof'atleastfifteen.totwenty-oneyears.Thevertebraewerepresentin39pieces,mostly'horacicandlumbar..Theleftclaviclewaspreservedinthreefrag-ments.Ontheleftsidewerelgribs,andontherightsixribsTherightscapularacromionwaspreserved.Theglenoidacromionandpartofthespineoftheleftscapulawerepre-served 17.Thebonesofthearmwereallfragmented.Theleft1humeruswasinfourteenpieces.Theproximalendofthe'lnaandthedistal'ndoftheradiuswerepresent.Twentyfragmentsrepresentedtherestoftheshaft.Twoleft'middlephalangeswerepresent.Fourmiddlephlangesoftherighthandwererecovered.Thebonesoftherightarmwereallextremelyfragmentedandnon-reconstructable.Thepubicsymphysisisextremelyfragmentedandnotusefulforsexing,howeverthegreatersciaticnotchanglewasobtuseindicatingafemale.Partoftherightfemurwasmissing.Therighttibiaandfibulawererepresentedby12and6piecesrespectively.Therightfootbonesincludedthe,secondcunieform,talus,calcaneum,allfivemetatarsalsandonefirstphalanx.Theleftfemurisintwentypieces,withthedistalenddestroyed,Thedistalendofthefibulawasidentifiable,Thetibiaandfibulawereinthirteenmiscellaneouspieces.Thelefttalus,calcaneum,firstandsecond'cuneiform,andthenavicularareallthatremainedofthefoot.Theartifactsaroundtheheadincludeanecklaceofbrassbuttonsstrungona'leatherthong.Therearefifteenofthese,somewithleatherstillinthem.Theywerelayingacrossthemouth.Beadsintheregionoftheheadinclude:lglargeroot'beercoloredbeads,somewithasurfaceirri-descenceSixsmallerrootbeercoloredglassbeadsarepresentinth1svicinity.Twe'ntylargewirewoundcleartobluetingedbeadswerealsolocatedhere 18.Ther1ghtshoulderbeadsare:4smallrootbeer,andfivelargewithsomeirridescence.Ontheleftshoulderthereare$smallrootbeer,6largerootbeer,and4largeclearwirewoundbeads.Aroundthepelvis'ontherightwere7largerootbeer,and$largeclearwirewounds.Ontheleftwereonesmallrootbeer,5largerootbeer,and2largeclear'ire'wounds.Thesebeadsprobablyrepresentatleasttwo.largestrandsofbeadshangingfromtheneck.Therootbeerandcleartobluewerepossiblyfromdifferentstrands'cacheareaexistsalongtheleftarm.Abrassvanityboxwasfound.Itwasfilledwithanorganicmaterial,per>>Ihapstobacco.Therighthandwasresting,initsvicinity.Thevanityboxwasoblongand8'6cm.inlength',741cm.hw1de,and2.06cm,high,Thelidhasalipthatfitsoverthesideoftheuse,This'liphasr1ngsalongitsedges'Thecatchwasriveted,andattachedtothiswasametalwireandring.Theexactworkingsofthecatcharen'tknownaspartismissing.Thebaseoftheboxalsohasalipwithdoubleringsonitssurface.Athimble7cm.highand1'$cm.indiameterat.thebasewasfound.Thetopismissing.Extendingnorthwardfromthiswasalongthinlineofdisintegratedmetal,probablye1ther5silverorpewter.Whatitrepresentsisunclear'pproxi-mately29piecesofcorrodedironareallthatremainofaprobablecircularcontainer.Thewallheightwasaround2,87cm.Beneaththiswasanunevenlycutoctagonalpieceofglass, 19.Itisroughly8~Q5cm.longand$.78cm.wide.Althoughthereis.noevidenceofbacking,Smith(personalcommunication)Nsuggesteditmayhavebeenfittedintowoodandusedaeamirror.Onetinypieceofbrasschainwasfoundinthiscacheareaalso'henumberofseedbeadsis:580blue,184.white,,29yellow,and56brownishwhite'.Mostofthesewerefoundinthevicinityoithepelvisandsuggestanembroideredskirt,orgirdle.Lastly9brassJinglesortinklerswerefoundinthevicinityoftheankles.Oneseemstohavebeenstrungonleather,while2moreseemtohavebeenstrungonuntwistedfiber.MoodpreservedonthebrassnecklaceoverthefaceandbeneaththemetalartifactssuggeststhisburialwasinterredPinbarkcloth,oraveryirregularlyshapedcoffin.

20.~BurialIBurial4waslocatedin10N150Wand20N150Ã.Itwasalsoextensivelydisturbedbytheplow.Althoughthe.pitfillmatrixwasindistinguishable,thedepthofthesoilsurroundingtheboneswas5"deepatitsthickestpoint,andwasidenticaltotheinterfaceofplowzoneandsubsoil.Pitdimensionsandshapewereimpossibletodiscern.Thebodyappearstobeorientedsouthwest,althoughthiscouldbeanillusioncausedbyplowdisturbance.Itwasprobablyanextendedinterrment.Onlyonesmallskullfragmentwaspresent.Nopelvicfragmentswerepresenteither.Fifty-onelongbonefrag-mentswererecovered,howevernoneofthesebearanyland-marks.Partoftherightscapulawasrecovered.Thisin-eludedabrokenacromionandspine.Theglenoidfossawas..notpresent,butdeteriorationonthissurfacepreventsassessmentof.whetherthiswasapost-mortemfractureoccur-ringsometimeago,,orif'epiphysealunionwasincompleteattimeofdeathThelatterseemsunlikely,Oneleftmetatarsalwasfound.Althoughdamaged,thereisapossibilityofarthriticwarping.Thiswouldsugge'stanindividualofsomeage.Tworibfragments,andtherightfirstribwerealsorecovered.Twenty-twopiecesofbonemealcompletethehumanremains,Thegravegoodswiththisburialarefourwire.woundbeads,sixteenblueseedbeads,twogreenseedbeads,andfourwhiteseedbeads'wokaolinpipebowlfragments,probablyrepresentingonepipe,indicateamanufacturedateof1720to1820(Hume1976:pe)~

.21.BurialBurial5wasinaveryshallowgravenearBurial17andFeature5~Theburialwasorientednortheast-southwest,butvirtuallynoskullwas'preservedtodeterminetheexactorientation.Thepitfillwasextremelyhardtodetermine,andwasencounteredatthebaseoftheplowzone.Xtwas7~<deepatthemaximumThisburialalso-seemstohavebeenIextensivelydisturbedbytheplow.Thecraniumisrepresentedbyonlytwofragmentsw5.thnolandmarks,Therightscapulawassurvivedbypartoftheacromion,andtheleftbypartoftheglenoidfossaneck,connectingspine,andacromion.SeventeenribsplusthreeribfragmentswererecoveredMostofthevertebraerecoveredseeminglyincludenocervicalportions.Ninethoracicvertebraefragmentswerediscovered.Thirteenlumbarfragmentswereallex'tremelyrobust.Threeothermiscellaneousvertebralbodyfragmentswerepresent.Thelefthumerusisfairlycompleteand'reconstructedwas>$.5cm.long,foraheightof171cm.or5'8"..Therighthumeruswasonlyaheadportion.Fragmentsofbothulnasandthreepiecesofoneradiusareallthatremainedof\anyarmandhandfragments.NOnehundredseventeenpiecesoflongbonewithoutland-Imarkswererecovered~These.belongtothearmsandlegsofeitherside.

22.Twofemoralheads,twoportionsofshaft,andonedis-talendwerefound.Howevertheheadsandshaftsdidn~'tmakeacomplete'reconstructableboneformeasurement.TherightproximalendofthetibiawasrecognizeableTwofibulafragmentscouldbesortedout.Fiveotherfragmentsclearlybelongedtothelegs,Onepatella.seemedtobetheleftone.Oneleftmetatarsalandthelefttalusandcalcaneum3'erefound.Onlyonerightmetatarsalwaspresent.Fifteenpelvicfragmentswerenon-reconstructable,withnosurfacesinthegreatersciaticnotchpresentforsexualdetermination.Thebeadsrecoveredwiththisburialwereblueocta-gonallyshapedorfacetedbeads.Therewereeightofthese.Onerootbeercoloredwirewoundbeadwasrecovered.Seedbeadsincluded1/7whiteand12brownishwhite.Twosecondarychertflakeswerefound.Metalartifactsincluded12brassJingleswhichhadbeenstrungonabunchedbutuntwistedfiber.Threebrassmedallionswerefound.Althoughbadlypreserved,thelargestseemstohavehadabustononeside.Itmeasuredpe5bype4$cm.Amedallionof25.7by22'cm.hadtwofiguresononeside,perhapsamotherandchild.Thethirdmedallionwas.markedbyaseriesofstriationsaroundtheedge,withlinearmarkingsrunning1acrossthetopof.onemedallion.Theburialareahadsmallpatchesofaredpowderedpigmentsprinkledaroundthebody.Thesubstanceisextremelybright,anddefinitely,notredochre,Oneseedfromthefillrepresentedfloralremains.

25.Burial6Burial6waslocatedin50N80YI.ThisindividualwasQCWCi>>6'HAP,buriedinasquarepitandwoodfragmentssuggestitwasinacoffin.Thefillwascomposedoffourirregularlydepo-sitedlayers.LevelIwasabrownmatrixwithheavycharcoalconcentrations.LevelIIwassomewhatlightersLevelIIIwasinthesouthportiononly,andhadheavycharcoalItwasalensewithinlevelII'evelIVwasalsoalense,andwasliketheyellowishclaysubsoil,inacapover.thebody.Thesecondlevelcomprisedmostofthefill,Thegravewasapproximately18"deep,Theindividualwasextendedandwasorientednortheast.Alayerofrivercobbleslinedthebottomofthepit,and'nosignofdisturbancebyhumanactivitywasbelowthis.Allthatremainedoftheskullweretenocciputfrag-ments.Fourfragmentshadportionsofthelambdoidalsuture,withsomeendocranialclosure,butnoectocranialclosure.YThisisrelativelyworthlessasanageindicator.Thenuchallinesweren'tatallpronounced,andthismaysuggestthattheindividualwasafemale.Boththerightandleftmastoid,althoughpresent,weresodamagedastoprohibitassessmentofthemastoidprocessortheridgerunning'romthezygomaticarch.Twenty-sevensphenoidandsquamalfragmentswerepre-sent;andalso27frontalandparietalfragments.Becauseofdeterioration,reconstructionwasnotpossible,however.Onepalate'fragmentminusthesuturewaspresent.

24.Allfourupperincisorswerepresent,bothlowercentralincisorsandtheleftlateralincisorwerepresent.Bothuppercaninesandthelowexleftcaninewererecovered.Alleightpremolarsarepresent.Theabovementionedteethexhibitedonlyenamelpolishing.Theupperleftfirstmolarhadtwocariesontheocclusalsurfaceandalsoenamelpolishing.Theupperleftthix'dmolarhadenamelpolishingand=acariesonthemesialsurface.TheupperrightsecondorthirdmolarhadonlyenamelpolishingThelowerleft.firstmolarhadacaries,andthesecondmolarenamelpolishing.Therightlowersecondandthirdmolarshadonlyenamelpolishing.Allfirstmolarsexhibitdeepsurfaceinvaginationsfrompoordevelopmentofenamel.Tenlongbonefragmentsareallthatremainoftheleftarm.Therighthumerus,radiusandulnawereincomplete.Theaxiswasrepresentedbythedens,whichseemedfairlygracile.Fourothervertebralfragmentscouldnotbeidenti-'iedoTherightandleftfemurcouldbepartiallyreconstructed,ascouldthetibias.Alllongboneswerefairlyslender,suggestingtheindividualwasafemaleofatleast21yearsofage.Yloodfragmentssuggestinterrmentinacoffin.Therewasoneprojectilepointinthetopofthefill,howeveritwasprobablydepositedbytheplow..Itisaside-notchedpointofprobableearlyArchaicaffiliation,Oneslate.flakewasalsofound.

25.ThreebrassJinglesortinklerswerepresent.Theseedbeadsincluded2blue-green,and87whi.teinthelegandarmregion.Inthevicinityoftheskullwerethefollowingseedbeadcounts:118white,58brownishwhite,26blue,16green,9blue-greenand3black.Ontheindividualsrightarmwere7brassbracelets.Sixofthesewerebandsvaryingfrom40.5mm.to43,7mm.inthi.ckness.TheywereprobablymadebyrollingasingleIpieceofbrassinwardfrombothsides.Theseventhbraceletwasoibraidedbrass,'hatwasdoubledononeendandpinchedontheother,Onepiece'of'possiblefabricwasadheringtothese.Theconstructiontechniqueisunanalyzed.~BurialVBurial7waslocatedinN60W80.Thepitwasrectangularwithwoodrepresentingacoffin,.Thefillwasofclayandthesandysubsoil,andorganiclinescausedbythedeterioratingcoffinmarkedtheedgesofthepitiThebodywassemi-flexed,withthekneesloos'elydrawnup.Thefacewasorientednorthwest.Thepitwas1'o1'3<<deep<<Theskullwasrepresentedbyfourteenfragments.Thenuchallinesarefairlypronouncedandtheridgeextendingfromthezygomaticarchi.spresentbeyondtheexternalaudi-torymeatus.Themastoidsarepresent,butthemastoidprocesseshavebothdeteriorated.Eighty-eighttinyfrag-mentsoftheskullarealsopresent,buttheskullwassofriablethatcrumblinguponexposuremadereconstruction 26.impossible.Endoandectocranialsutureclosureisincom-piete,butnotenoughispresenttowarrantanagedetermi-nationTheupperrightandleftcentralincisorsarewornthroughtothedentine.Theonlyotherincisorpresentwasthelower'right.central,whichwasdecayed.Onlytheupperrightcaninewaspresent,anditexhibitedacaries.Twoupperleftpremolars,thesecondupperright,onelowerright,andbothlowerleftpremolarswerepresent.Allmaxillarmolarspresent.Onlythelowerleftthirdmolarispresent.'heindividualwasprobablyofconsiderableage,Theleftscapulaisevidencedintheacromion,glenoid\process,andpartofthespineTwenty-twopiecesofradiusandulnawerenon-reconstructable.Thehumeruswasonlymissingahead,andwas27.2cm.long.UsingTelkka(Krogman1973)theindividualis.mostlikelyafemaleof147cm.or4I1O1I~Therightarmwasfragmented.Twopiecesofhumerusandninefragmentsofhumerus,radiusand/orulnawerepresent.IFifteenpelvicfragmentswerepresent,withonesciaticnotchofanobtuseangle,thatsuggeststheindividualisfemaleTherearetwentyribsrepresentedbyfifty-fourfragments.Thirty-sevenvertebralfragmentsareprobablyallrepresentativeofthethoracicvertebrae,andthereisonelumbarfragment, 27Bothfemoralsha'ftsarepresent,Ontherightside,twotibialandonefibularfragmentarepresent,with3$otherfragmentsbelongingto-anythree.ofthelongbonesoftheleg.Fourleftmetatarsalswerepresent.Thelefttibiahasnoproximalend,whilethefibulawasinfivepieces.Therearetwenty-foursmallpiecesbelongingto'hefemurandtibia.Therighttalusandcal-caneumarepresent.hSeveral,piecesofwoodwereinthegrave,alongwithonepieceof-charcoalTheseedbeadsincluded:26white,10brown,11green,and1blue.Burial8Burial8waslocatedin50N801Y~Thepitwasrectangular,withtheedgerimmedbythedarkorganicstainwherethecof>>findeteriorated.Thefillofthepitwas1~5>>deep,anda,loosesandymatrix,.darkerthanthesubsoil,Thepreservationwasextremelypoor,buttheskullwasorientedsouthwest,Arivercobblewasplacedoverthe)aw,andalsointhenortheastareaoftheburial,aroundtheheavy.beadconcentration,Astheburialwasexcavatedtheskull'egantodeteri-orate.Twenty-sixma)orfragmentsand.111miscellaneousun-markedpiecesofskullmealwererecovered.AllsuturesCpresentshowednoendocranialorectocranialsutureclosure.Thisindicatestheindividualwasimmatureorayoungadult,Themastoidprocesssuggeststhattheburialwasafemale 28."Bothmaxillarycentralincisorswerepresent.Theman-dibularincisorswereallpresent.Thelateralincisorsbothhavecaries,Allfourcanineswererecovered.Thelowerleftonewasfractured,however.Hotallthepremolarswererecovered.Theupperrightandleftposterior,andthelowerleftanteriorwereallthatwasrecovered.Ontheleftsideofthedental'archesallthreemolarshaderupted,howeveronthe.rightsideonlytheIfirsttwohaderupted.Thissuggestsanageofbetween15to21years.Thereare24miscellaneouslongbonefragments,andprobablyallrepresentthearm,althoughnolandmarksarepresent.Arivercobble.wasinthevicinityofthe1502whiteseedbeadsfoundinthenortheastportionofthepit.Theonlyotheritemsfoundinthefillwasonepieceofcharcoal.

29.~BurialBurial9waslocated'inN607I90.Thepreservationwasextremelypoor,anddecaywasprobablyintensifiedbecausethepersonwasimmature.Thegravewasnortheast,buttheindividualwasinterredsouthwest.Thepitwasapproximatelyl5"deepwiththeorganicstaindefiningtheedges.ThefillwasamottleddarkandlightbrownwithasmallrivercobbleThepositionofthebodywasimpossibletodetermineTherewereseventeenextremelyfragileskullfragments,withnosuturesandlandmarks.presumablytheskullfrac-turedatthesuturesandbegan'todeteriorate,eliminatingrallevidence.Allincisorswerepresentandpermanent.Allfourca-ninesweredeciduous.Allpremolarswerepresent.Fivemolars,threeupperandtwo-lowerwerefound.Onlyonespecimenhadroots.Thelargeamountofdeciduousteethsug-gestanageofbetweeneightandtenyears,(Brothwell1972:59).V/oodwa'sfoundinthesoutheastsectionoftheburialpit.Elevennailfragmentswerepresent.Xnterrmentwasinacoffin.Onebrickfragmentwaslocated.Theseedbeadswerefoundnortheastoftheskull'hese.included21brownishwhite,8white,'and8bluegreenbeads.Noothergravegoodswereencountered.

)0.Burial10Burial10waslocatedin60N90)Y~Thepitwas5>>deep.Thefillwascompactedsandysubsoil;ldefinedbyanorganicstainfromthedeterioratingcoff1n.Thebodywaspositionedsouthwest,howeverthepositionitselfisindeterminant.Thisburialwasdisturbedbyvandalsduringtheprospect,butpriortoexcavation..'.Thesparcityofhumanremains,however,isprobablyduetopreservationbecauseoitheindividual~syouth.Allskullfragmentsaredriedandcracked,andconse'-quentlyunreconstructable.ITherearesevenocciputfragments.Sevenothersexhibitadarkstain,withoneasplotchofgreenfrombrassorcop-per.Onehundredeighty-ninemiscellaneoustinyfragmentsarepresent.Themastojdsarepresentandextremelygra-cile.\Onlytheupperrightcentralincisorispresent.Thelowerleftcentralandlateralincisorsarepresent,alongwiththelowerrightlateral.Allaredeciduous.Theupperrightandleftdeciduouscani'nesarepresent.Tgeupperrightsidehasbothdeciduouspremolars,oftheupperleftonlyoneispresentThelowerrightsideseconddeciduouspre-molarispresent.Onthelowerrightsidethefirstmolarhademergedanddevelopedacavity.Twootherfirstmolarswerepresent.Noneoftheothershademerged.Thisinfor>>mationleadstoanagedeterminationofbetween6-8years.

31.Threecervicalvertebraefragmentswerelocated.Therightandleftlegswererepresentedbybonesplintersimbeddedinthematrix.Nothingcanbesaidaboutthe=child'sizeorsex.Onebrassbutton,withabackloopandaflowermotifonitssurfacewaslocatedabout3"eastofpaw~Threebrasspinfragmentswereinthevicinityoftheskull.Elevenironfragments,probablypartofastrip.ofsomekindwerealsoeastoftheJaw.Burial11Burial11waslocatedin50N90W.Thefillwascomposedoflayersofsterileclayalternatingwithdarkersoil~The'itwas1~deep,andrimmedbyadarkorganicstainfromthedeterioratingcoffin.Theburialwas'xtendedandorientednortheast.However,theskullseemeddisplacedandwas'facingeast.Themandiblewasfoundontopofthefemur.Burial11'sskullwasfairlyintact.Thenuchallineswereonlymoderatelydeveloped,andthezygomaticridgedidn'textendbeyondtheexternalauditorymeatus.Theangle'oftheascendingramusisobtuse-alsoindicatingafemale.Thecoronalsuturewasintheearlieststagesofclosure..aroundtheparscomplicataendocraniallyandectocranially.Thesagittalsu'tureisbeginningtoclose'roundtheparsverti-cusandparslambdicaectocraniallyandisalmostcompletelyclosedendocranially.Thelambdoidalsutureisbeginning,tocloseattheparsintermediaectocraniallyandiscompletelyclosedendocranially.Theindividualismostlikelyayoung adult,probablynoolder'hanCwenty-four.,52.Theincisors,however,areexhibitinga'ooddealofwearwiththeupperrightcentralandlateralincisorallexhibit1ngheavywear,andalsothelowercentralincisor.Nootherincisorswerepresent.Theuppercanineswerehighlypolished,aswasthelowerleftcanine.Bothlowerrightpre-molarswereworn,andnootherpremolarswerepresent,TheIfirstandsecondupperrightmolarsbothhadenamelpolishing,asdidtherightandleftlowermolars.Oneclaviclewaspresent,.butdamagediThearmboneswerein14miscellaneousfragments,representingtheleft1humerus,andaleftulna.Noreconstructionwaspossible.Theleftscapulawasevidencedbyonefragment,withaglenoidfossaandacromion,bothdamaged.Onescaphoidwasalsore-covered.Bothfemoraweretoofragmentaryforreconstruction,althoughtheywerefairlyrobust.OnepatellawasalsorecoveredTwoextremelyfragiletibiafragmentsandonepieceoffibulawerepresent,Threeseverelydamagedmeta-tarsalswereallthatremainedofthefoot.Theonlyotherremainswere1ribfragment,4.'vertebralfragments,and8pelvicfragmentswhichwerenon-reconstruc-table,GravegoodsincludeoneJasperandoneslateflake.Onechertbifacewasalsowiththebody.OnedoublelinkofbrasschainwaswithinthevicinityoftheskullTheseedbeadswerealsoclusteredaroundthedisplacedskull'heseincluded:$1brownishwhite,twenty>>sevengreen,208.blackand729whiteseedbeads.

Burial12Burial12islocatedinN50W90.Thepitwasaboutafootdeep.Thematrixwasdiscerniblebythe.darkringindicatingthedeteriorated,coffin.Somecharcoalwasscatteredthrough-outthefill.Thetypeofburialisuncertain.Thepreser-vationoftheindividualisextremelypoorbecauseofitsyouth.Theheadwasorientednortheast.Fourteendeciduoustoothcapswerepresent..Threeoftheseweretwoleftincisorsandoneright.Theupper'andlowerleftcaninewerepresent.Fourpre'molarsandthreemolarswerepresent.Sixteenmis'cellaneousenamelfragmentswerepresent.nOftheskull,onlythreesmallfragmentswerepresent.Thepersonmayhavebeenbetweensixtoeightyearsold.Noneoftheotherboneswerepreservedatall.Inthevicinityofwhatwasprobablythepelviswereninewhiteseedbeadsandtwoblueseedbeads.Burial1$waslocatedin60NlOOWThepitwasdiscernedbytherectangular-likeorganicstainmarkingthecoffinwalls.,Duringtheprospect,andshortlyafterexposurethisburialwaslooted.Preservationwaspoorinthisburial,buthowmanypossiblebonesorartifactsweretakenisnotknown.~Theburialisorientednortheast,andtheskullfacessoutheast,Therightandleftmastoidprocessarepresent,butthereisagreatdealofsurfacedecay.Therearethrbefrontal 54.fragmentsandtwopiecesofthezygoma,TheleftparietalispresentandectocranialsutureclosurealongtheParsObelicaandVerticuswasincompl~te~TheParsBregmaticaandLambdicawerepartially'losed.Thissuggestsanageoflessthan19yearsbasedonanaverageoi1'fordegreeof,closure(Schwartz,personalcommunication)~ThisagreeswithMcKernandStewart'sestimationoilessthan17-18years(Krogman197$:85)~Thelambdoidsutureexhibitsnoclosure'taliiTherefore,themeanclosurestageis~86fortheskull.'ThesefiguresarebasedonMartin'sstandardofsutureclosure.Thissupportstheideaoi17-18oryounger.Thesurfaceoftheskullhadrottedawayinmanyplaces.Therewere6$miscellaneous'ragmentsbuttheskullwasun-reconstructable.'ostmortemwarpagewasextreme.Thethinnatureofthewallofthevaultsuggestimmaturity.Theteethsuggestanageofaroundtenyears.Ontheupperrightsection'ofthepawthepermanentteetharethefirstpremolarandthecentralandlateralincisor'hedeciduouscanineispresent,'longwiththesecondpremolar.Theupperleftincludesthedeciduouscanineandsecondpre-,molar.are-present.Thefirstmolarhasemerged,whilethesecondhasn'tdeveloped.Thelowerleftandrighthavethesameteethpresentwiththeadditionofthelowerleftla-teralincisorThissuggestsanageofaround10years(Brothwell197?:59)~Thisisprobablymorereliablethanthevariablesutureclosureageestimate.

55.Thesecondandthirdcervicalvertebraewerefound,buttherewasnoevidenceoftheaxisoratlas.Noburialgoodswerelocated.However,theabsenceofanyadditionalbonesorgravegoodscouldbeattributabletoeitherthelootersactivitiesorpreservation.Burial11hrial14wasinsquares70N110Wand60N110W.Nopitfillwasdiscernible,astheburialwasatthebase'ofthe(Ugl."gc)6'<,AAplowzone,Thepitmusthavebeensquare,however,becausegreatamountsofwoodfromthesquarecoffinremained,Theinterrmentwasextended,withtheheadpointingnortheast.Theskullwasinextremelypoorconditionandwasleftinthematrix,Withinthisblockarealsoanindeterminantnumberofblackandwhiteseedbeads.Ofthe.thirty-twoloosemiscellaneousskullfragments,theyaregenerallyun-recognizeableastolocation,andsuture.closureisincompleteindicatinganageclassificationofadult,howeverclosureforagingcanbehighlyvariable'.Thedentitionconsistedofthefourupperpremolarsandtheupperrightcanine.Al.loftheseexhibitedenamelpolishing.Theupper,rightcentralandlateralincisorsexhibitedsomeheavywear,withbandsofdentineexposedonbothsurfaces.Thecervicalvertebraearealsofriable,andmorewellpreservedintheblockofdirtfromtheskullpedestal.Therestofthe'-vertebraewerefragmentary.Theremainswere

>6.categorizedasfollows:twotransverseprocessestLatwereprobablythoracic,onelumbar,9generalbodypiecesand14miscellaneoussmallportions.Oneribfromeachsidewaspre-served.Onescapulawasrecovered.Theleftscapulahadadamagedglenoidfossa,spineandacromion.Thelefthumeruswasrelativelycomplete,exceptfortheheadandmeasured28.5cm.foraheightof151+cm.ori'll<<.~Theulnaandradiuswererepresentedby40fragments.Twoulnafragmentsfromtherightsidewererecovered.Therighthandconsistedofthreemetacarpalsandthreemiddlephlanges.Thelefthandcon-sistedoftwometacarpals,onefirstphalanx,onemiddlephalanx,andthreethirdphlanges,Althoughthepelviswasextremelyfragmentary,.thesciaticnotchiswideortheangleformedobtuse.ThereisalsoaIPgrooveonthepre-auricularsulchus.Thesecharacteristicsindicatethattheburialwasfemale.Therightfemoralheadandpartoftheshaftarepresent,howevereighteendisintegratingfragmentspreventedrecon-struction.Sevenpiecesofrighttibiaand3fragmentsoffibulawerelocatedNineteenotherfragmentsfromthevicinitywereunidentifiable.Therightfoothadtwometa-tarsalfragmentsandatalusandcalcaneum.Theleftfemurwasrepresentedbyonlyfragmentswithnolandmarks,Fourteentibialfragmentswerepresent.The

$7~lefttalusandcalcaneumworealsopreserved.Burial14seemstohavebeenanadultwomanofhighstatus.Aroundtheheadandneckwere285white,'65brownishwhite,and40blackseedbeads,AlsoaroundtheheadweretwobrassJinglesortinklers.Acacheofburialitemswereinthevicinityofthe1rightarm.Theseincludedawhetstone,rectangularinshapeandmeasuring8'5cm.inlength,$.2cm.inwidth,and.75cm.thick.'ightpiecesofbrasscoilwerealsointhisvicinity.Twogunflints,oneof'greyflintandtheothergreyishamberwerefound.However>thegreyflintisprobablynotEnglish,andtheamberprobablynotFrench.Onepolishedschistorgneisspipewasinthecache.Thereisaringatthetopandbaseofthe.bowl.Thebowlisonaneckextendingupfromthetube.Itis4.45,cm.highand$.99longThereisalooponthestemalsoThiswasprobablyattachedtoanotherstemmadeofaperishablematerialAroundironobject,badlydeteriorated,wasin29fragments.Alloftheitemsinthiscacheareaweresprinkledwithapowderedbrightredpigment,ofwhichasamplewasobtained.InthisvicinitywerefoursmallandtwolargebrassJingles.Inthegeneralvicinityofthearmandshoulder,thereweretwelvewhiteseedbeads.Intotalfourpossibleringswererecovered.Allwereofbrass,andhadacircularbevelonaplainband.Ofthese,onehadnostone.Tworingshadclearglassstones

)8.oneroundedandonefaceted<.Theringwiththeroundedstonehadpreservedthefleshbeneathit.A,blueglassroundedstonewasfoundandprobablybelongstotheringmentionedabove.Inthevicinityofthepelvis,sixsmall,onelarge,andonebrokenbrass)inglewereencountered.Alsointhisregionwere56whiteandoneblackseedbeads.Theleftkneeregionconta1nedabrassbell3.52cm.high,and367cmwideatthemouth.Thebellappearedtobeplain.Theclapperwasironandbadlycorroded.Inthisvicinitywere2285white,56green,241blue,86black,and4108brownishw'hiteseedbeads,AlsointhiscacheweretwobrassJingles.Alongthelefttibiaandfibulawere17whiteand3blackseedbeads,andontheright,23white,13'lueand7brownishwhiteseedbeads.Theseedbeadsprobablyall'dornedclothing,andthosearoundthefeetprobablyrepre-sentmoccassins.Theyinclude:575white,54blue,31black,42green,and24whitishbrownseedbeads.Thisburialwasoneoftherichestlocatedonthesite.Burial1Burial15waslocatedin70N80Nand60N90)Y.'hepitwasmarkedbytheusualperipheralstain.Thegravewasorientednortheast-southwest.However.theskullfragmentsareinthesouthwest~suggestingthebodywasorientedinthatdirection,Thepitfillwasnotparticularlydeep,andunfortunatelydisturbedbythelooters.0nlytwoskull 59fragmentswerepresent.Bothofthefragmentswereoftheparietal.Thefragmentswereverythinwalledandthein-dividualmayhavebeenimmatureorfemale.Burial16Burial16wasorientednortheastandsouthwestandwasinthe60N100Wsquare.Thisburialwaslootedafterexposure,butpriortoexcavation.However,thepreservationispro-bablythefactorresponsibleforthescarcityoftheremains,andnotthelooters..Thepositionof,thebodyisunknown,Thepitwasveryshallow.Seventinyskullfragmentsremained.Onewasparietalandtherestunidentifiable.Oneprobablecervicalvertebraewaspresent.Eighteenmiscellaneouslongbonefragmentspjandonedistalfibulaendwerepresent.Aradiusandulnafragmentwererecovered.TherewerenoaccompanyinggraveIgoods.Thepersonwasprobablyadult,butbecauseofpre-servationandtheplow,noageandsexdeterminationarepos-sible.Burial1Burial17waslocatedinashallowpitin'70N100W.Thebodywasorientedtowardsthesouthwest.Theskullisallthatremainedofthebonesanditwasinahighlyfriablecondition.Theskullwasrepresent'edby52tinypieces.thatdefiedreconstruction.Threeofthesefragmentshadbrokenalong suturesthatshowednoevidenceofclosure.Dentitionincludedalateralincisor,probablydeci-duous.,Norootwaspresent.Thistoothhadaplaquedeposit.OnerightdeciduouspremolarwithnorootsandnowearsuggesttheindividualwasyoungAmolarwithdecayandenamelpolishingwasalsopresent.Thepersonmayhavebeenasyoungasbetweensixtoeightyearsold.Onecircularbrassbuckleof2..62cm.indiameter'asfound,alongwiththetangofanother.Therewasnoornamen-tationonitssurface.Burial18Burial18wasrepresentedbyashallowpit.Thepitwasorientednortheastandsouthwest.Thisburialmaybeonelootedpriortothebeginningoftheprospect,orelseallbonesmayhavebeenremovedbythe.plow.Onlyfourtinypiecesofbone,and.nogravegoodsremained.Burial1Burial19wasinashallowpitin60N1501YItseemstobethebeginningofanotherclusterofburials.Thefillwasmixedclayandsand.Thebodywasorientednortheast,withtheheadfacingwest,Thebodywasflexed,Thesurfaceoftheskullfragmentswasinextremelypoorshape.Thecranialwallswereratherthick,Bothmastoidswerepresent,withpartoftherightmastoidprocessbeingfairlyrobust.Thezygomaticridgeextendsbeyond,the 41.'xternalauditorymeatus.Oneocciputfragmentexhibitsastrongnuchalline.Itseemsmostlikelythatthisburialwasmale.Forty-twoextremelyfragmentaryskullwallsseemtobemostlyfrontalandparietalportions.Suturesarenotin.evidenceandpossiblethisindicatesthattheyhavefusedThiscouldindicateanageofthemid-20'sonward.Noden-titionwasfoundtosupportthisconclusion.Thepost-cranialremainsincludethree,femoralshaftfragments,onetibiafragment,and48othermiscellaneouslongbonefragmentswithnolandmarksvisible.Oneribwaspreserved.Accompanyingthe.bodywasakaolinpipebowlwiththemarker'smark~'NN<<~Anotherpipewasrepresentedbyonebowlfragment.Charcoalandwoodfragmentsindicatedthepresenceofacoffin.Fivepotterysherds.werepresent.Allofthesesherdsweregr1ttempered,andfromthewallsofavessel,Threeoftheabovearecordimpressed,withanS-spuncor-dage.Sixflakescomprisethelithicassemblage.Twoslateflakes,onelowgradewhitechertandapinkishchertaretheproductsofsecondaryflaking.AlsorecoveredwereonegreychertandoneJaspertertiaryflake,'

42~Burial2040N90WwastheunitBurial20waslocatedin.Thefillwas11"indepthandmarkedbydarksoil,decayedwood,burnedorganicmaterial,clayandfire-crackedrocks.Theburialwasorientedsouthwest,withtheheadfacingwest.Thebodywasextended,andpreservationwasgenerallypoor,Thecranialremainsindicatethattheindividualwasprobablyfemale.Thenuchallinesaren>textremelypronounced,andthezygomaticridgedoesn'textendbeyondtheexternalauditorymeatus.Bothmasto'idsarepresent,buttheprocessisbrokenoneach.Fifteenfrontalandparietalfragmentsarepresent.Ectocraniallyallapparentsutureclosureiscom-'iete.Endocraniallythelambdoidalsuturewaspartiallyclosedattheparsintermedia.TheparslambdicaandparsverticusareallthatisleftofthesagittalsutureTheseareinanincompleteclosurestage.Thisishighlyvariablehowever,andbasedononlyfragments.Thisinformationisnotsupportedbythedentition.Alsopresentwaspartofthesphenoid.Theincisorsarebothbroken,butareprobablytheupperrightcentral,andthelowerrightlateral.Onecanineisbroken.Theotherhasonlythecrown,butisprobablythelowerrightcanine.Thelowerright,leftandupperleftanterior'premolarsarepresent.Themolarshaveallemergedonthelowerleft,andthesecondandthirdlowerrightm>>arsarepresent.Ontheupperrightthefirsttwomolarshaveemerged,whilethethirdmolarispartiallyerupted.All 45.teethsuggest'anageof15,to21yearsofage.Postcranialremainsincludeafragmentedrightfemurandtibia,bothveryslender.Andthelefttibiaandfibulaarealsoequallycrushed.Onehumerusshaftwasreconstructed,andthreeothermiscellaneousfragmentsareallthatremainofthearms.Onenailwasinthefill.Nogravegoodsaccompaniedtheinterrment.Burial21Thisindividualwasfacingsouthwest.Thepositionwasextended,andthesquareQON140W~Thisburialmaybepartofanotherclusteremerging.Astheprojectdrewtoaclose,itwastheonlyburialknownintheregion.Thiswasfoundtonotbe,trueduringthebackfillingofthesi.te.Althoughthesurfaceoftheskull'asmuchdisturbedbyrootactivity,itwasprimarilyingoodcondition,Allap-parentsutureclosurewasincomplete,indicatingtheindivi-dualwasprobablyyoungerthan19years.Theexternalaudi-torymeatusandtheobtuseangleoftheasendingramusindi-cateafemale.Themaxillarteethpresentarethetwocentralandright,lateralincisor.Thelowercentralincisorsandleftlateralincisorarepresent.Themandibularandmaxillarcaninesareaccountedfor.All.premolarsarepresentexceptthelowerleftanteriorandposteriorones.Themolarteethhavealleruptedonthelowerleftside.Thethirdhasacaries.Thethirdmolarhasn'teruptedonthelowerrightside.Theuppermolarteethhavethefirst

44,emerged,andtheseconderupted..Theageismostlikely10-12years,howeverthelowerleftthirdmolarpresentcoulduptheagetofifteenyears.Theax'1s,atlas,fourcervicalvertebrae,a'ndafrag<<mentofthefifthrepresentthespinalcolumn.,Onlyfrag-,mentsoftherightarmremain.Thepelviswasextremelyfragmentary,withanysexualdeterminationmadeonanindi-vidualof'thisageextremelyrisky.Thelegswererepre-sentedbypiecesoffemur'ndtibia,'butonlyonefragmentoftherightfootremained.It~aexactnaturewasindeterminable.Smallpiecesofwoodwerefound,withthisburialsPre-servat1onofthecoffinwasbestaroundtheheadandfeet.Twelveandonehalfglassbeadswerefoundontheleftsideoftheskull.Oneblackseedbeadwasfoundinthefill.IIAlsointhevicinityofthecraniumweretwotinywallsherds.Onesherdwascordmarked.onbothsides,andtheotheron.only'ne.Allweregrittempered,andthecordagewasSspun.The'1thics1ncludedfiveslatesecondaryflakes,andonequartziteflake.Averytinyprojectilepointwasfoundinthefill.Itmeasured1.2.cm.inlengthand1.65cm.inwidth.ItappearstohavebeenaminiatureJ,evannapoint.Thelastburialitemrecoveredwith21wasoneofthemostunusual.Itwasapieceofshellpendantwithtwoper-ferationsinthecorner.Thesurfacewasdecoratedwithasimplegeometricdesign.Althoughthepiecewasbrokenandthesurfacedeteriorationhadsetin,thiswasoneofthemostunusualitemsfromthesite.

45.FeaturesAlthoughmuchofthesiteiscoveredbyvpriousdis-colorationsofvarioustypes,mostarerelatedtovar'ious"recentdisturbances.Erosionanddepositionfromfloodepisodesoftenproducedpatchesofdiffering:soiltypesthatdidnotturnouttobefeatures.Rodentactiv1tywasextensiveinsomeareas,aswasrootactivity.Variousotherconfusingfactorsincludedplowscars'ndour.ownbulldozertread.Onlythosefeaturesexcavatedwereassignednumbers.Otherstainson.themapwereeithershallow,notdefiniteenough,orwesimplydidn'thavetimetoexcavatethem.Oftimesthesefeatureswereinthevicinityofwhatappearstobepostmolds,whenthisisthecaseitwill.bementioned.Veryfewfeaturesyieldedmuchintermsofartifactualremains.Itmaybethatwewereexaminingthebottomoffeaturesthathadbeenerodingaway.Sincesomanyburialsarepreservedthisseemsunlikely.Anyerraticpostmoldswereveryshallow,butsurfaceartifactswerenotNheavyenoughtoindicatethevillagehadbeenchurnedintotheplowzoneRatheritseemsmorelikelythatthevillageisclosertotheriver,andwhatweareseeingisavarietyofnaturalphenomena,smallfeaturesanderraticpostmoldsassociatedwiththeburialground.

Feature1Feature1wasasmallirregularshallowstain.Thefillwassandyandcontainedbitsofcharcoalandorganicmaterial.Itwas8inchesby12inchesindiameterandonlythreeinahesdeep.Itappearedonthesubsoilsurface.ItwaslocatedinON70lll.Itwasinthevicinityofotherpossiblepostmoldsandfeatures.However,noartifactswereassociatedwithit.Feature2Itispossiblethatthismayhavebeenalargeshallowpostmold,butthisseemsunlikely.ItisinunitON90Wclosetofeature3.Otherirregularstainsarecloseby.Thedimen-Isionsareroughly18"by10"~Thedepthonlyreachedfourinches.Noartifactswereinassociation.Thematrixwasbrown,andappearedattheleveloftheyellowclayishsub-0soil.FeatureThispossiblefeaturewasalsolocatedin,ON90W~The'stainwaslargeandamorphousinshape.Thefillcontainedbitsofcharcoalandvariousorganicstains.Thedimensionsweretwofeetbyfivefeet.However,thefillwasonlytwoinchesdeep.Thisfeatureisassociatedwithotherstainsandfeaturetwo.Absolutelynoartifactswereinassociation.FeatureFeature4firstappearedonthesubsoilsurfaceofON80Wastwopostmoldsclosetogether,withaslightdis-colorationbetween.Whenthepostmoldswere'ross-sectioned

47.however,itwasclearthattheywerepartofthesamestain.IIThefillwasadarkbrownwithbitsofcharcoalthroughout.Thedepthwasalsoinconsistent,anditreachedama'ximumdepthofsixinches.The'rewerenoartifactsfoundwithin'eatureFeature5isamoredefiniteculturalmanifestation.ItislocatedsoutheastcfBurial5'nthesubsoil.Thefillwasdarkwithsmallpiecesofcharcoalwithinit.Thepitwasoblongandorientednortheast-southwest,asaremostoftheburials.Thepitwasonly$.5inches'eep,howeverthetopofitmayhavebeen'removedbytheplowand/orbull-dozer.Itiscontainedwithintheunits50N140Wand60N140Y/onthesubso'1l.Theonlythingwithinthepitwasamammalfoot,probablypig'heremai'nsincludedmetapodialandphlangefragments.Thefootwasor1entedwiththemeta-posialsinthenortheastandphlangesinthesouthwest,ThesignificanceofthisisuncertainItmayhavebeenusedasahearthonce,oratrashpit,Ifthereisritualsigni-ficance,thereisnoevidencefromelsewhereonthesite'oofferan,explanation,Thedimensionsofthepitwere1~8"by1'Feature6Feature6islocatedin70N80W,70N90W,and60N80WeItisalargeovalstainwithamaximumdepthoftwoinches 48.PThestainwasslight,butrecognizeabletothelooterswhoalsodisturbedthesurfaceofthis,feature.Thelocationiseastofthepa)orburialcluster.Noartifacts,wereassoci-atedwithit.Feature7.CFeature7maybeasmallrefugeorhearthpitiItisIin30N140Ãonthe'ubsoil,NearbyaretwopossiblepostmoldsandBurial21~Thesizeisonly11>>by8>>~Thedepthfromthetopofthesubsoilwas5>>~Afew,firecrackedrockswerewithinthefeatureandalsoacobblethatwaspittedononeside.Feature8Feature8waslocatedin30N80YI.Itstartedasaseri'esofroundishpossiblepostholesandexpandedintowhatwasprobablyadeluxerodentestablishment.Thefirst1$>>wasanareaofapparentfiringwithheavycharcoalconcentrations.Thisfeatureextendedintotheeastwall.AcrosssectionrevealedtwoveryerraticdeepholeswithintheareaofthefeatureItwasabandonedasarodentholeHoweveronebrokenJasperbifacefragment363cm.longandQ.6cm.widewasfound,andadarkgreyprojectilepointfragment2.93cm.longand2.28cm.wide,minusthebase.Thepointwassidenotched.FeatureFeatureninedidnotexist.Aconfusionovernumberingarose,andthisfeaturenumberremainedunused.

49Feature10Feature10waslocatedin30S130W.Inthistrenchthesubsoiltakesatremendousdiveofseveralfeet.Thefillwasdarkandclearly'isible.However,thebottomisfarfromregular.Thesurfaceisaverylongrectangleofabout7'hefeatureTheby2,5'"Itisorientednorthwest-southeast.achievesamaximumdepthof1$'.Withinthefillwasonekaolinpipestem.Thiswaslyingbeneathasandylens.featurewaslocatedinthemiddleofalargenumberofsmallpostmoldsthatformednocomprehensiblepattern.Feature11Feature11waslocatedin410S50Wand'410S40W~Thisfeaturewasroughlyfourfeetindiameter.Thefillwas.slightlydarkerthanthesurroundingsubsoil,butmostoftheedgeofthepitwasdefinedbytexturaldifferences.Thepitseemstohavebeenaseriesoffourneatterraces,eachextendingdeeperintothesubsoil.Anypossibleused.determination.if.speculation,howeveritcouldhavebeenforstoragepurposes'heonlyartifactscontainedinthefillweretworedwarerimsherdsfromthesamevessel.rtheinteriorandalongtheedge,ThedarkbrownglazewasonThevesselwasprobablyalargemouthedstoragecontainer.Feature12Feature12wasin41OS60N,Thefillwasonlyslightlydarkerthanthesubsoil,andexcavationfollowedlargely 50.texturalchanges..No,internalstratigraphywaspresentinthefill,exceptforlensesofyellowsubsoilanddarkbrownsoiledSomecharcoal,waspresent.Thebottomofthepitwashighlyirregular.Totalfeaturediameterwasa"fairlyregu-larsixfeet,However,thebottomsuggestsapossibletreefallwithartifactsoccurringmerel'ycoincidentally.TheseartifactsincludeoneJasper.flakeand'anunutilizedrivercobble,Feature1$wasapossiig.efirefeaturein450S40W.Thedimensionswere$~0"by$~9"~It'eachedamaximumdepthof11~~~Nofirecrackedrockswerefound,buttherewasadistinctlayerofcharcoal.Beneaththiswasalensoialessdensecharcoalconcentrationand'omecoal.Thethirdandbottomlensisextremelysandywithlesscharcoalandcoal.Acarbonsamplewastakenfromthisfeature.Noartifactswerepresent.Feature14wasasmallfirepitin400S100W.Thefillwasmostlycharcoal,Dimensionswere11"by8~~~Themaximum.depthwasfourinches.Thisfeaturewasinthevicinityofafewpossiblepost.molds,withnorecognizeablepattern.

51.BEADSThema5orityofthebeadspresentwereseedbeads..Anassortmentofmeasurementsfortheseisintheappen-\dices.Theyellowandbrownishwhiteseedbeadsappearto'epronetodeterioration.Themeasurementsofarepresen-tativesampleoftheseareintheappendix.Finalcountsforthesiteinclude4987white,seedbeads,10/2blue,830black,310blue-green,$97brownishwhite,l08yellow,136greenseedbeads.lVireWoundBeadsTwoma)orclassesofbeadsexistinthe-site,clear*tobluewirewoundsandrootbeercoloredbeads.Bothcameintwosizes,largeandsmall,thirty-ninelargeclearorbluebeadswereonthesite,andsixsmallones,Forty-threerootbeerorheavilyirridescent(andseeminglyrootbeercolored)largeqndnineteensmallerbeads.Eightblueoctagonalor0prismaticbeadswere'roduced.Anotherofthesewasfoundin60N60'i'romthesurfaceofthesitewasabluebeadwitheightridgesonthesurface.Otherglass,beadswerefoundbycollectorsandduringthefilloperationsofthesite,buttheyarediscussedinanothersection.CERAMICS-NATIVEAMERICANAlleightceramicsherdsfromthesitearegrittempered.

52-FiveareS-spun,buttherestsetoosmalltotell~CRRAMICS-TRADF.ORRRCENTSixredwaresherdsarepresentintotal.Onerimsherdindicatedawide'outhedstoragevesselwithaninter-'nalglazeThesameglazeappearedonanotherfragment.Oneunglazedrimfragmentwaslocatedonthesite,aswellasawallfragmentandabasalfragment.INinehardwhitepastesherdsexist.Oneisawallfrag-mentfromabowlorcup,andfiveotherfragmentsbelongtoavesselthatisblue,Onepossiblepieceofdelftwasfound.Thefragmentisbluewithawhitestripe,andisextremelysmall,Thepasteisverysoft.Lastlyonepieceofporcelainwasintheback-d1rtofthethirdbulldozertrench.Allbonedescribedinthissectionwillbefromthesur-faceandplowzoneThebonesfromfeaturesandallburialshavebeendiscussedseparately.Fromthebackdirtofthefirstbulldozertrenchwehaveonewornlaterali.ncisor,onemandiblewiththeangleoftheascendingramussuggestingitisfemale.Alsointhisbackdirtweretworibs,onetibialshaft,onefemoralheadandninemiscellaneousfragments.Fromthebackdirtofthethirdtrenchisanimmaturemaxillawithonedeciduouspremolarinplace.JONSONyielded Ch't oneproximaltibiafragment.30N140Wproducedonehumancranialfragmentandoneuppermolarwithsomeenamelpo-lishing.Threetinyunidentifablemammalorhumanfragmentswerefoundin50N140W..50N160Wand50N110Weachproducedonehumanskullfragment.50N100Wyieldedaskullfragmentandvertebralfragment60N160Wproducedaprobablehumanlongbonefragment.SHELLTheonlyshellartifactfromtheentiresitewasthebrokenshellgorgetfromBurial21~Thetwoperforationsweredrilledintheupperrighthandcorner.Adoubleetchedlineisvisibleonthesurface,Theheightis3,51cm,andthelengthofthebrokenfragmentis3.80cm.Thesurfaceandedgeoithisspecimenhavebeguntodeteriorate.BRICKAlargebrickfragmentwiththreesurfaceswasfoundin~40N110W.Thebrickwas81mmwide.Anotherfragmentwasfoundin30N140W,Burial9alsoproducedasmallfragment.GLASSOnlytwoglassitemswerepresentonthesite.Onewastheoctagonallyr.hapedpieceofg'lassassociatedwithBurial3.Itwas8'5cm.longand6.5cm.wide.Thepostulateduseisasamirrorsetintoapieceofwood.Onlyonebottleneckfragmentwasfoundithadapatenttypelipwithnomoldmark..Thewidthoft)ioneckwas 54.1.92cm.ItwasfoundinN30W140.PIPES-KAOLINThreekaolinpipefragmentswereinBurial2,indicatingatleasttwospecimens,'possiblythree.Thediameteroftheboresax'e2.02mm,2;lmm,and2.05mm.Burial4containedtwobowlfrag-ments.Theotherkaolinpipeassociatedwithaburial,was'fromBurial19.Theborediameterwas2.2mm.Thispipeexhibitedamaker'smark,"WN".Anotherbowlfragment"wasfound.Theheightofthisbowlwas4.2cm.andthepipewas1.65cm.wideatthemouth.Allofthebowlshapessuggestamanufacturedateofbetween1720and1820.OnepipestemwasfoundinN30Wl'40.Xt'sborediameterwas2.4to2.6mm.thick.Anotherstemwasinthesurfacecollection.PUsingameanborediameterfigureof6/64thsandHarrington'scharts,themanufacturedatewasbetween1680and1710.(Harrington1978:64)AfurtherefforttorefinethisfigureresultedintheuseofBinford'sformula:y~1931.85-38.26x.(Binford1978:66)Themeanfigureproducedbythismethodwas1702.29.ThesetwodatesareindirectcontradictionofIvorNBelHume'scalculationsbasedonbowlshapes.METAL'hemet@1artifactsfromthesitefallintothreetypes:iron,pewterorsilver,orbrass.Ofthepewterorsilverthereisonlyoneexample,andthatdeteriorateduponexposure.XtwasalinearpiecefoundintheleftsideofBurial3inthevicinityoftheleftarm.IronArtifacts:.Twoprobablyroundcontainerswerefoundonthesite..OnewasontheleftsideofBurial3.Thesidewas2.87cm.high,butcorrosionpreventedadiametermeasurement.Theother'~4Il'

,

55@wasfromBurial14,andwasin29non-reconstructablefragments,IIthuspreventing'ameasurement.Burial10hadllfragmentsofwhatseemstohavebeenanironstrip.Allotherironfragmentsfromtheburialswerehighlyoxidizednails.Thecorrosionprohibitedanydatingbytype.Theyweredistributedasfollows:Burial2-threenailsandtwoprobablenailfragments,Burial9-elevennails,Burial20-onenail.Eightpiecesofwirewereinthesurfacecollection.Theseareundoubtedlyveryrecent,andxelatedtoagriculturalactivities.Acorrodedspikeisprobablyrelatedtothenearbyrailroadtracks.BrassArtifacts:OneofthemostcommonbrassartifactsontheIsitewasthebrassg.ingleortinkler.NineofthesewerefoundinBurial3,12inBurial4,threeinBurial6,and8inBurial14.Forlocationaldatawithinthepits,seetheindividualburialdescriptions.Measurementsaxeintheappendices.Burial3producedavanity,whosemeasurementsaregivenintheburialdescription.Italsocontainedathimble.Burial10producedtwostraightpinheadsandoneshaftfragment.OnebrassbellwasfoundwithBurial14,andalsosomebrasscoils.Allother'brassitemsfromthesitewereusedfordecorativepurposes.BrassbuttonswerestrungonaleatherthongasanecklaceforIBurial3.ThreemedallionswerefoundwithBurial5.Burial6yieldedsevenbracelets,sixwererolledbands,andtheseventhIkeywasbraidedwire.Burial10'sdecorativeMemwasabuttonOnewholebuckleandthetang.withafloraldesignonthesurface.ofanotherwerefoundwithBurial17.Burial11yieldedonepieceofchain.ThethreebrassringsfromBurial14completethebrassinventoryfromthesite.

56.LXTHXCSTherearethirtyflakes,twocores,threepreforms,sevenbifaces,ninepoints,onescraper,"onenetsinker,twogunflints,Ionepipe,twopittedcobbles,oneadze,andonepieceofdressedstoneinthelithicinventory.Theflakesaredividedintomaterials.TherearetwojaspersecondaryflakesfromS30M130andthesurface.OnetertiaryjasperflakewaslocatedwithinBurial19.~ThelasttertiaxyjasperflakewasCfromFeature12.ThechertflakeswerefoundonthesurfaceandinBurialfill.Znthesurfacecollectionsixgreysecondary,andonebrownish-greysecondaryflakewerefound.Burial2hadonegreysecondaryflake,andBurial5twosecondarygreyflakes.Burial19yieldedonepink,onegrey,andonewhitesecondaryflake.Sixprimaryslateflakeswerefoundonthesurface,andfifteensecondaryflakes.Theothersecondaryflakesweredistributedaskfollows:Burial2-1,Burial6-.k,Burial19-2,Burial21-5,andoneinN10W130.Alsofoundonthesurfacewasoneutilizedslateflake.Onelytwocoreswex'erecoveredfromthesite.OnewasachertInodulefromS20W110andtheotherwasachertcorefromthesurface.OnequartzitefragmentwasfoundinBux'ial21.Preforms:Bothpreformsaremadeofslate.Onewasfoundonthesurface,andtheotherinthebackdirtofthefifthtrench.Theformex's6.39cm.long,5cm.wideand1;08cm.thick.TheonlyscraperisfromBurial6.Itismadefromagrey 57'hert,witnlighterinclusions.Xtis3.1cm.fromthestrikingplatformtotheutilizededge.Itis2.96cm.wideand.93cm.thick.Bifaces:Sevenbifaceswererecoveredintotal.Onlyonewasfromaburial.ThiswasBurial11,andthematerialwasagrey-blackchertof4.5cm.long,2;1cm.wide,and.99cm.thick.Thisbifacewascurved.AbrokenjasperbifacewasfoundinfeatureeightIalongwithaprojectilepoint.Thefragmentwas4".6cm.wide,\3.64cm.longand.97cm.'hick.TheplowzoneofN30W140producedtwobrokenbifaces.Oneispartofaslateovatebifacewithnosignsofutilization.Thewidthis4.14cm.wide,4.76cm.longand1.05cm.thick.Theotherfragmentis2;82cm.long,2.-3cm.wideand.57cm.thick,andofslate.Trench81producedanotherincompletespecimen.Thiswas4.37cm.long,2.91cm.wide,and.9cm.thick.ThebrokenfragmentfromTrench84was3.22cm.longand4.56cm.wide.Bothofthesewereofslate.Thelastbifacefragmentwasfromthesurfacecollection.Xtwasofawhitishchert.Xtwas2.96cm.long,1.84cm,wideand.73cm.thick.ProjectilePoints:Tenpointswererecovered.ThepointinBurialP6wasinthetopofthefill,andprobablywasplacedtherebytheplow.Xtwas3.38cm.long,butthetipwasbroken.Thewidestpointwasattheshoulders,whereitmeasured1.82cm.Thebasalwidthwas.85cm.Thispointwasside-notchedandmayhavebeenaLamo1a'oint.Thistypedatesfrom3500BCto2500BCinNewYork.(Ritchie1961:29) 58.ThepointfromBurial21wasaminiatureLevanna.Itwas1.2cm.I'longand1.63cm.wide.ThistypewasaLateWoodlandpoint.The'materialwasagreychert.,'Feature8producedapointofunknownculturalaffiliation.Classificationwasimpossiblebecausethebasalportionwasmissing.Thisgreychertpointwasside-notched.Widthattheshoulderswas2.28cm.andlengthminusbasewas2.93cm.Thethicknessis~57em+Therestofthepointswerefromtheplowzoneofunitsandtrenches.N50W80yieldedaslatepoint4.66cm.longand1cm.thick.Thesidewasbroken.ThepointcouldpossiblybeaBrewertonEared-Notched,ofMiddletoLateArchaicaffiliation.NSOW110alsoproducedaBrewerton,thisoneside-notched.(Ritchie'I1961)Themeasurementswere2.61cm.long,1.54cm.wideand.4cm.thick.Thematerialwasgreychert.N80W110producedaside-notchedslatepoint4.6cm.long,2.93cm.attheshoulders,1.63basalwidthand.86cm,thick.ItcouldbeaNormanskillofMiddleArchaicaffiliation.S10W110yieldedaBareIslandpoint,commonintheSusquehannaandrepresentativeoftheLateArchaic.(Ritchie1961:15)Thepointwasmadeofgreychert.S20W120containedajasperpoint,curvedinprofile.Itispossiblethiswaspartofabifaceorapoint.Someutilizationispresent.Thelengthis2.45cm.long,1.30cm.wideand.39cm.thick.Becauseitisbroken,noculturalaffiliationcanbedetermined.Thefirsttrenchyieldedablackcherttriangularpoint2.57cm.long,2.33cm.wide.and4.6cm.thick.Thefifthtrenchhada.Brewertonside-notchedpoint2.82cm.long,28.2wideatshoulder,2-07wideatthebaseand.6cm.thick.

59.MiscellaneousLithicArtifacts:Theonlygroundstonetoolwasanadze.Itwasfoundonthesurface,butwasbroken.Thelengthwas8.41cm.long,4.78cm.wideand3.6cm.thick.Therewasalsoapossiblenetsinker.Thelengthwas6cm.long,4.65wide,1.1cm'.thick.Xtappearstobenotchedonbothsides,however,thereisagreatdealofbatteringpresentontheentireartifact.AnXisononesurface,buttheseareprobablyplowmarks./N50W90hadarivercobblepittedonbothsides.Feature7~'lsoyieldedapittedcobble,butthepittingwasonlyononesurface.Onepieceofseeminglydressedstonerectangularinshapewasonthesurface.Itwas13.72cm.long,8.03cm.wide,and4.38cm.thick.Burial14yieldedallremainingartifactsinthelithicassembly.Theseincludedtwogunflints,andawhetstone.Mea-surementshavebeendetailedintheburialsection.\

PATHOLOGYAlmostallpathologiesarebasedentirelyonthedentitionoftheBurials.Therewerecaries,somedecayofentireteeth,andirregularityinenameldevelopment,causingdeepinvaginationson'Itheocclusalsurface.Manyburialsdidn'texhibitextremesofenamelwear,asisoftencommoninprehistoricpopulations.Burial4'sleftmetatarsalmayexhibitarthriticwarping.Anypossiblesignsofarthritisonvertebraeorlongboneshasbeeneliminatedbydeteriorationofthebonesalongthesesurfaces.WEALTHANDSTATUSThereseemstobenoeasysummarythatcanbemadeonwealthandstatus,fromthetwenty-oneburialsexcavated.Onlynineoutof21burialscouldbesexed.Eightofthesewerewomen,andonemale.Pouroftheotherswerechildren.Itmustberemembered,however,thatallsexualdeterminationwasbasedonaveryfewcharacteristicspresentonthefragmentaryremains.Agewas/basedontootheruption,andsutureclosurewhentheindividualwasolderthantwenty-one.Therestoftheburialsweresub-adultorindeterminable.Positionseemstohavenothingtodowiththepresenceorabsenceofgravegoods,orsex.Agealsodoesntseemafactor.However,bothextremelyhighstatusBurials,3and21,wereorientedeastandnortheastandwerefemale.Childrentendedtobeburiedwithafewitems,butnotmany.Itemsthatwouldseemlikelytobeburiedwitheither1sex,don'tfollowtheexpectedpatterneither.ExamplesofthisareBurialll,anapparentfemalewhosegravecontainedflakesandabiface.Burial14hadapipeandgunflint,yetthiswasalso 61.afemale.Burial19,amaleyieldedsomepottery,whilethefemaleBurial21,producedbothpottery,flakesandaprojectilepoint.Thepossibledemographicimplicationofthisdatahasgoneasyetuninvestigated.Asmentionedintheopeningoftheburialsection,preservationanderosionmaymakethisasomewhaterroneouspictureofthiscemetary.'I CULTURALAFFILIATIONAstheprospectopeneditseemedmostlikelythattheDelawarevillagebetweentheMapwallopenCreekscouldbepresentonthearea62~,impactedbyPennsylvaniaPowerandLight.Fromtheevidenceuncovereditmaybeconcludedthatthevillagewaserrodedaway,whichisextremelyunlikely,oranyfeaturesandpostmoldsencounteredwereassociatedwiththeburialground.Thevillageisprobablyclosertotheriverwherecollectorshavepickedupmorepipestemsandsignsofintenseoccupation.ThelargefeaturesdescribedbyGardnerwereneverencountered.ThehistoricalIndiancemeteryisprobablyofDelawareaffiliation,butcouldpossiblybeNanticoke.TheArchaiccomponentmentionedbyGardnerwasevidencedbyb.theArchaicpointsinthelithicsection.Alsothethindarklayerinpartofthesite,maybeallthatremainsoftheArchaiccomponent.TheGardnertestoperationslocatedaflexedburialwithnogravegoods,andassumeditwasArchaic.Inviewofpreservationonthesiteandthefactthatsomeofthehistoricburialswereflexed,thiscannolongerbeconsideredacertainty.

APTERMATHThebackfillingofthesitewasdonebyPennsylvaniaPowerandLight.ItwasatthistimethatBurial22wasfound.ItwasabouttheN30line,30feetfromburial~<1and10feeteastofthebackdirtpile.Theburialwasapparentlyveryshallow.Thepositionwasflexedandthebodyorientedeast.ThegravegoodsincludedfS.fteenmoonandstarbeads.Thesebeadsareextremelyrareandfewareknownfromarchaeologicalsitesorcollections.Theywereprobablymadein"VenicefortradeamongtheMoors,andthatthedesignshavereferencetoMoorishtraditions".(Orchard1929:86)Theyarebluewithamoonandstarfusedinglassononeside,andthreestars,onewithatailontheother.Therewerefivetriangule..catlinitebeadsandninecircularcatlinitebeads.EightywhitishtranslucentbeadswS.thabluetingewerereportedrecovered.Theseweremulti-faceted.Alsofoundwereanunspecifiednumberofwirewoundbeads.Largenumbersofseedbeadsofvariouscolorswerefoundwiththeburial.Atleast1000werefoundinthevicinityofthearms.Black,navyblue,white,pineandredwereencountered.Themetalartifactsincludedasmallbell,andalsobrassi'ingles.Theartifactsarenowinthecollectionsof'ariousworkmen,brinthecollectionofTerryKnousewhenhewasabletoobtainthemfromtheworkers.

AppendixICeologicalCores rmrrhIOotohr12/23/76wPp~e,S-<<u'f,.t4Wgg'.l2ja.~,.:,;Sayings,SOBS,.'A5$0Y085fIQVIII;Q+'.AIImI'ennsylvaniaPotter'I:Tf.cjhtCo.)A.e"emr-,ri'gm'2'y..,.>>,<<.)<j>~.IShoot'1'f'If-.V'.QorlnyLocotiohSusquehannaSES230KV-'ontourSusquehannaNo.162Station30+77.57'>~qlee,roectNo.BorinyNo.J-663Spoon0.O.Hemmer2IIFollGroundElev.DepthGroundWaterFty.SoilFty.Rockilier30.0C.EnlishCosinpOio.4~IHemmer~CoreSiloNXFeIh~Elov.GroundWaterOeplhSoundRockEtov.SoundRockI~>>jerg(hp'Elev,OoplhO.lBlowsCoeinyIjloweSpoonSampleorRunNo.RockRecov4LootOescritionofMotortots8Remarks'."IFi<>'~C0.0.to5.7DarkBrownSILT-Hoist-Loose'."I~210'0341045ll5.612871578179.I0IO.IIll.l2l2.I3l3.I4IS3-32.0-3.57-85hhe'5.7to12.2LihtBrownPineSandSILT-',Moist-Loose12.2to17.5FineGraSandSILT-Wet-Loo.'.erhrhI16ITIT.I8I8.I9I9.2020.2I2I.2270223SitSNgh~i'i"~~~mrI2223,23.2424.2525.282G.2T27.2828.2929.3030.3I32-3333.3434.3535.38383737.383839'59%0404I414242e434-7S>>5326.7SmBDIWe267'20PireBoSComact29e0to~30.0CoarseSiltSANDandROCKIhhehe~~lee~~mueha.t0W.TatCom1tio19.6'5 1,y.'4'"I'Orr'I"'l~'tjpn.;.",,'SuSCXuo.~+~~30'~>>CO~tI46aVS.:"'G6timatOrNO'1j'>><>>>~"(',"....I'.",6P~iirgh"(uv)cdOroundGlor.;Introjsct,SpoonO.R'>>('>>'>>A,lg<<VY"/~~(~,~'>>h"fIj('ggjo>~i~'f,.'(",.2t'gSfpQQQgpg~i~~9~;Q'g>QQ"l>>$(ag:(.(I('>>('q;q!II'>',("(~ir",v('rP,Shoot>>.,',<1>>('$).,I$)k,eortnlt.too.Ic.'td.RockIlierR.Leni~IndiDlo.HommerCoreSireFollNXBitffOoth.GroundWaterKlor.GroundNotorOepthSoundRock'lew.SoundRock3'II((h(t'fl()>>(("(<<rg.!(>>4.<y(C>>(((,lCtev,~DepttpIo+sSamplesorRock"Spoon.RessQo.RocordLost(I(~<e'+".'<'i',"."'..Oosorltlon"otMotorlols6Roeorko:.-,'.,'i.>))l7;'.lyt-20.0.to1.0BrownTOPSOIX-Moist(I(()(('~>>.."~'.,i..<'>'>>20-3.1..0.to4.5BrownSilt.PineSANDMois"-X.""-'-T.121T-813721-32S-2Compact~(>>nl(>>(~(<<8-993459IO100IO.II1272307.0-8.545to70MMoil2.I3'11228-47S-3I3I423065I4-I5221l5IB17318'IT21212-13.570oGRAVE-MIT.I89327-8S-18I9850l920020.2I2I.227-8.22-239020-23S-523.249327242525.2626.2712017-20S-62T.2828.2929.3030.3l5I-3232-3333.54343535.3636.5737.5858-592128.5-30EndfGM.G.M.L.24Hours13.0'l.4242.4543<444.45>>((I>>>>>>>>.(

Append,ixIIOsteological3a.ta BURIAL1OSTEOLOGICALR<2lAXNSBoneRightXncomleteCompletelengthLeftIncorimlete.CoraleteLenthXndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpals-lfetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVetatarsalsPhalangesPVtllk>tbt~Vg~BoneCoraleteIncomletel~iandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarpgSCc'tc..Vertebrae BURIAL2OSTEOLOGICALR~HAIHSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiazarsalsVetatalsalsPhalangesRightInconpieteCompleteIengthLeftIncornolete,ComleteLe~n'thIndeterrninantxr'5BoneYiandibleSkullSternumSacruraBoneVerteblaeAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicIurnbar BURIAL$OSTEOIrOGICALR'UJAIHSBoneHumerusUlna-RadiusCarpalslhetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibia~~:~'"TarsalsYtetatalsaisPhalangesRichtIncorc~lcteCoraplote1enpthleftIncome'icte.ComletcL~enthXndcterminantI'ee'cAlI~~~AuJV0gearBoneCompleteXncomleteYtandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL4rOSTEOLOGIGALR>HAIHSBoneRi.htinconietoCompletehohtthLeft'nconolote.CorrrpleteLengthTndoterninnntHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalslletacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVietatarsalsPhalanges~&p~%J~4~~emw~mm~~werre*\'"~BoneCo."sleteIncomleteYtandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisCervicalThoracicLurirbarVertebraae BURIAL5OSTEOLOGIGALR>HAIHSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibia~>:4'"TarsalsVtetatarsalsPhalanges~V'~%~HAMIBi.htXnoorrlateCorrrplot~eLenthl,eftInconolete.CorrrnleteLengthXndeterrrinantp~.5'e~~re~vmsBoneCoraleteIncomlete1'tandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL6OSTEOLOGICALR>HAXtfSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVietatarsalsPhalangesVJVV'kMAT%6VIh6t~/%V'pW1BoneComleteIncomleteYandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL'7OSTEOLOGICALRZtfAIHSBoneRightIncompleteCoraleteLengthLeftInco~mlete:ComleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibia~v4~~TarsalsHetatarsalsPhalangesrCm.wm~~wrBoneCompleteIncomletel~iandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL8OSTEOLOGICALR~HAIHSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVietatarsalsPhalanges.BoneCorsleteIncomleteYandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneVertebraeAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbar OSTEOLOGICALRRhIAINSBoneRightIncomleteCompleteLenthLeftXncomleteComleteIenthXndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsS'capulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVietatarsalsPhalangesf&V~CH~VLL%BoneComleteIncomleteYiandibleS11611SternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL10OSTEOLOGICALR~bfAIHSBoneRightIncomlcteCompleteLengthLeftXncomlete.ComloteLengthXndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalstietacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVetatarsalsPhalangesrrvvs~~vS~-z~<~r~~BoneCoraleteXncomletel~iandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL11OSTEOLOGICALR<HAIHSBoneRiphtIncompleteCompleteIenthLeftIncomleteComleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsl<etacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibia<<>~TarsalsYietatarsalsPhalangesBoneComleteIncomleteYiandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbar$gtcoVertebrae BURIAL12OSTEOLOGICALRvh1AXNSHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalshletatarsalsPhalangesRightIncomleteCompleteLengthLeftXncomlete.ComleteLenthIndeterminantBoneCompleteIncomleteYiandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL13OSTKOLOGICALREMAINSBoneRightIncomleteCompleteLenthLeftIncorimlete,CoraleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHotacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalshletatarsalsPhalanges4h'~J<<%AV~l~BoneCo'mleteIncomleteNandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL14OSTKOLOGICALRWIAIHSBonehpHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaoV0~">TarsalshletatarsalsPhalangesv'travIC/JiBoneCompleteIncomleteYandibleSF011SternumSacrumBoneVertebraeAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbar BURIAL15OSTEOLOGICALR~HAINSBoneRightIncomleteCompleteIenthLoftIncomlete.ComleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsS'capulaPelvisFeraurPatellaTibia.'arsalsVietatarsaisPhalanges~%VCWMkVBoneCompleteIncomletel~iandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneVertebraeAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbar BURIAL16OSTEOLOGICALR>HAIHSBoneRightIncompleteCori>leteIengthLeftIncomleteComleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiac<~~~TarsalsVetatarsalsPhalangesBoneComleteIncomleteNandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL17OSTEOLOGXCALRKHAXHSBoneElumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsNetatarsalsPhalangesBoneComleteIncomleteYiandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneAxisCervicalThoracic'umbarVertebrae BURIAL18OSTEOLOGICALR>MAINSBoneRightIncompleteComleteLenthLoftIncomleteComleteLen.thIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsVietatarsalsPhalangesBoneCoraleteIncomleteHandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL19OSTEOLOGICALR'CHAINSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHotacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScaPulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsNetatarsalsPhalangesBoneComleteIncomleteYiandibleSkullSternumSacrurBoneAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbarVertebrae BURIAL20OSTEOLOGICALR"lfAIl<SBoneRightIncompleteComleteLenthLeftIncomleteComleteLenthIndeterminantHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHetacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaiW-'4>"TarsalsNetatarsalsPhalancesBoneComleteIncomleteYiandibleSkullSternumSacrumBoneYertebraeAxisAtlasCervical.ThoracicIumbar BURIAL21OSTEOLOGICALR>HAINSBoneHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpalsHotacarpalsPhalangesClavicleRibsScapulaPelvisFemurPatellaTibiaTarsalsNetatarsalsPhalangesBoneCornleteIncomleteNandibleSkullSternumSacruraBonoVertebraeAxisAtlasCervicalThoracicLumbar 69.AppendixXXX:fetxicDataButtonsand.Beads~>p~ses,eeavsse.pc 7'i'iPtn-?.'arroyoen'1.AMk"'1fleen'.1.95cimi.~25ornaA)5orna~25~p51.4~~$8~H1.92~28.$01.56~401~48.471,28~24.46nilabovemeasurementsfromSuri"15215.llabovemeasurement.fromBurial5Gnly.amplepar",metersonlengthlisteCr=-~>~>~~h KUSSYJKONS-1:=.2PJC3.":2ALan't!xlevgoman1.741y62l.6gl.'?01.921.811.811.87"'idth1.50cm.1.~61.581.451.401.$41551.51591.501.511.551.61~-~llbrassbuttonsmeasured'refromthenecklaceofBurial).

92.AppendixIVe4@le3)LCAGlassBeads~~I~0~I'.1~*N SHED137~3S-iZiHXCXd.B.Yellov:Burial)~Bent'h.19cm..20~lg.20Biameter,28cm.2>.26.28"'hiteBuriallBurial).19cm..21.21.16.20cm.~19.19.)0.17~51cme~)5.50~57cme.27.51.193rovmishVisiteBurial5e16cme.12.19.20.18.26cm..22~5025~2931QB3urial1~17cpl~.20.28cm..58-25-27.26~Jl 31UOBurial)SEEDHEQ)S-?'ETREMTA~Lenth.19cm..20.18.17.17)irmeter~)5em'29.55Blue-GreeeBurial1~17cme~22.22~24.18.28cm..)8.26GreenBurialll~1)em'15-ln.19~20.28cm.25.27~2431e;.kBurial11~22cme.21.22.20.20~52cm.29~29~)0.51 l's'IHH'(CKQ)3}JZS-'KTBlCM%ACleartoBlue33ui>>n.1Burial23urial5Lan:Nh1.67cm.1.672.052.002.011.901751.991951.981.8)1.261'051~451,411'251251251751.811.541.57155l.(81.97".iieet'h2.0)cm.2.022.01.852.151.882.092.102.092.122.00,1.521.59155l.50~l.51152l.461.781.872'.081.781.8$1.802.04BoreDiameter4.8cm.4.554.554555854.5559)~85.855.74.Qp4.2595+74,Q4.5574.05.65~74,0 Burialcuria,lP.,Burial4Burial21Length1951.701,911951.761952.021991521.201.56'l.271551.591.471551~5Q1551.581-52159-RotBeeri'lirNh2.051.762.091.792.001.822.001511.811.591.401.501.271511.181>6'.521.51'Bore3)i~meter5.0)'54.05-75.25.8'.25.0525.85e55~15.85.2auric~15~97~88.911~27.921.05.$82.62.8

'8LK'O'OUTEDBZiiZS-CONTBlUMRootBeer9.01.501.571~70491.561.621721.6)1.701.61.89.961.051.541-45l.481.451.481.481.451.511.051751.591.641.581.581.721.741.541751.581.701.05117991741.701.701521.701521.611.561.641.101.61$.85.9,5.94~)5.75.955595.65.75.75.44.25.02.95.95.95.4$.05.05.52,65.5

'GHE"iOUiiQ3:.MS-COW1'Der".3BurialBurial)~Lan,h155,1.501.701,521.)8.881.461.611.58.96~7)1.05.821.481.451.621.561591.641.471.601.48tt'lith1.801.801.661.701.56'.291.071591.651.681.051.01.951.0$1.02177152159155'1551.661.661.781551.69Bore3iemeter2.95.64.14.5$.04.04.74.22.72.55959555~5).62'55).65.6~'~~I'aC

'i'/XRZYh'OUI%3~S-S~ZTi&C3)ATABlueFaceted.~Len,th,99cm.'i'iChh-R9cm.33ore3iameter941.02.8899.94.82~98.75.95H.27 WWNL'~TFP.?lOONBEARSorLcnrrth1.641.741.821.652.01.72lvlGONAYDSTARBed)S)'(i6th.1.782.012.051.821.94171BoreDiameter~r>n~55~57F58~~l4'0"~'+9~~~~IVtN9O'Vf'l,~\'

A@pen(lix,YGatliniteBeaLsIl~tllWtP~k~~II4~gp~I' 7iilthet~AexC~TLXgj'JTEBEADS-)vMIQCDATAriangularVli(1thatBoreDiemeter'R.se~Lanth.1'hickness~85cm~'55,645.09cm.5.045,21.245cm..18.2155.74cm.4.04).16.6cm..52~74Diameter2.98cm.EoleDiameter1.61cm.CircularBoreDiameter'225cmoThickness~54em'.652.741.>61.)8,-57~55.5052.861.52.52'49~~'0'III\'0VVl'VWW1' Abbitt,l!erryY'.197)TherigheenthCenturyShoeBuckle.XnFiveartifactStudies,ed.ited,byIvorNoelHume.UniversityofVirginiaPress.Charlottesville.Ado~>sioJ~E:..~J.D.Gunn,J~Don"hue,R.Stuckenrath1977ÃeadovicroftRockshelter:Retrospect1976.PennsylvaniaArcnaeologist.47(.-5).Hass,h'i'illiami"..1971HumanOsteology:~'.LeboratoryandFieldbianualoftheHumanSkeleton.KissouniArchaeologicalSociety.Columbia.Heck,Hor".,ceC.197)Classificationand.Nomenclatureof33eadsandPendants.LibertyCapHooks.York.Hinford,Le>visR.1978JNevi'".ethodofCalculatingDatesfromcolinPipeStemFragments.InHistoricalArchaeology:A'uide"toSubstantiveand.TheoreticalContributions.recitedbyRobertL.Schuyler.HayroodPublishingCo.,Inc.Fermingdale.o6-67.Hrose,DavidS.1967TheCusterRoadDumpSite:>nExerciseinVictorianArchaeology.MichiganArchaeologist.15(2).Hrothwell,Donald,R.1972DiggingUpE3ones.HritishI'museumofNaturalHistory.London.Jacobsen,TheodoreV.1976Zdoloical.StudiesoftheNorthHranchofthesusquehanna.RivexintheVicinityoftheSusqueh-"nnaSteamElectricStation.ProgressReportforthePeriodJanuax~-December1974.Icthyological'Associates.Ithaca.1978EcologicalStudiesoftheSusquehannaRiverintheVicinityoftheSusruehennaSteamelectricSt.".tion,AnnualReport1977.EchyologicalAssociates~Ithaca+Converse,PobertN.1975ChioFlint-ype...OhioArchaeologis15(4).u~rchaeologicalSocietyofOhio.Columbus.F.".ingnert,D.vidand'williamDoyle1977..'eportontheSkeletalPemainsoftheOhiovieviSite,ALatePrehistoricVillage.PennsylvaniaArchaeologist47(4)8-26.Good,EeryZliz:.beth1977Class.'3oadl!anufacturingTechniquesinE3eads.InHeads:usebyUpperGreatLakesXndians.EditedbyReinderVanTil.Grand'bpidsPublictiiuseum.GrandRapids.'xheir 104.Gray,Henry1901Gray'Anatomy.ra>rengPress.Philadelphia.Harrington,J.C.197833atingStemfragmentsofSeventeenthandZighteenthCentnryClayTobaccoPipesinHistorical-"-rchaeology:~GuidetoSubstantiveandTheoreticalContribuf.ions."d.ited,byRobertL.Schuyler.3aywoodPublishingCo.,Inc.Farmingdale.65-65.Hume,IvorNUel1976AGuidetoArtifactsofColonial.'.merica.AlfredA.'nopf.Nev'ork.Kidd,KennethE.end?'..".rtha~nn3:idd1970iiClassificationystemforGlassBeadsfortheUseof6'ield';rchaeologists.CanadianHistoricalSites:OccasionalPapersinPirchaeolopyandHistory1,46-89.Krill,GregoryendMichaelI.Siegel1978AnOccurrenceof~Pott's3eformityin\VesternPennsylvania.PennsylvaniaArchaeologist48(1-2)55<<56.Krognan,"/altonYa.rion197)TheHumanSkeletonin>'orensicb!edicine.CharlesC.Thorn-sPublishers.Springfield.Oliver,Elizabeth1977AmericanAntiqueGlass.Go3.denPress,NewYork.Olsen,StanleyJ.197)Y~mmalRemainsfromArchaeologicalSites:PartI,SoutheastencLSouthwestUnited.States.PapersothePeabodyNuseumofArchaeologyandEthnology.56(1).Cambridge.Orchard,Vi'illiamC.1929Reads~nd3eadworkoftheAmericanXndisn.MuseumoftheAmericanInd.ian.HeyeFoundation.LancastePress.Lancaster.Pennsylvania.Power~ndLignt1976Susaueh.nne,SteamElectricStation."pplicant'sEnvironmentalReport.RevisedJuly1972.Ammendment~5.Allentovx,1976Susqueh~nn~Ste,".mElectricStation.Applicant'sEnvironmentalReport.RevisedJuly1972.Ammendmentji'4Allento'am.1978Susquehanna8"earn"'lectricStation.ZnvironmentalRepot.OperatingLicenseStage.olumeI,IX,IXX.allentown.Ritchio,Y/illiam3.o63.A~i~po3.ogyandNomenclaureforNewYorkProjectilePoints.NewYorkStateMuseumandScienceServicebulletin)84.UniversityS'~teofNewYork.Albany.Ritchie,Milli~m:"ndRobertll.)"unk197$i'boriginalSettlementPatternsintheNortheast.'!emoir20NewYorkStatemuseumandScienceService.Universityofthe-StateofNewYork."lbany.

Smith,IraP.III1976PreliminaryInvestiy'tionsofthePrehistoricZarthworksin~~1kCountyPennsylmnie.U.S.Departmentof"igricuultureAnd.ForestService.i';lleghenyForest.Steer%ReginaanCGeraldineCosentino1976Bottles.GoldenPress.NewYork.VanTil,Reinter197733esrls:TheirUsebvUpperGreatLakesIndians.Pu'olio>>museum.Gr:nd.Rapids.GraniRapid,s

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