ML19254C684

Monitoring Study of Community Impact.

ML19254C684
Person / Time
Site:	Susquehanna
Issue date:	06/30/1976
From:	PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO.
To:
Shared Package
ML18031A288	List: ML18031A287 ML19254C684 ML19254C687
References
NUDOCS 7910170121
Download: ML19254C684 (68)

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=n r I A MONITORING STUDY 01 COMMUNITY.lMPACT I Susauenanna Steam Electric Station 3

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! IJ: U.4 PennsyFlania Power & l.ight Comp::ny Ai!cntawn, Pennsylvania 7g;.g 7 g ., , ,

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m A MONITORING STUDY OF COMMUNITY IMPACTS FOR THE SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC STATION COMMUNITY AFFAIRS PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY ALLENTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA JUNE, 1976 s

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CONTENTS Introduction Summary 4 Experience at other Power Plants 8 Management Personnel Survey 15 Personal Interviews 24 Employment and Manpower 31 Local Economic Impacts 42 Tocal Taxes 46 School Services 51 Housing Market 56 Health Services 60 Appendices 62 Maps SSES: In Eastern Pennsylvania 3 Location and Site Area 14 Distance to Nearby Cities 30 Municipalities of Columbia and Luzerne Counties 45 School Districts of Columbia and Luzerne Counties 50 1155 094

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Introduction The selection of a site for a power plant is usually made after years of study of engineering, environmental, eco-nomic and social factors which are legally required to be addressed or which the utility must resolve so as to achieve efficient and effective operations. Regulations of the National Environmental Protection Act and the Nuclear Regulatory Cormis-sion require detailed and exhaustive studies of any changes that might ur in the air, water, vegetative or animal world a from const -tion and operation of a nuclear power generating station. However, the impact on the social systems - the people and communities in the area of the plant - are usually not studied in depth to document what changes, if any, occur in these systems.

The decision w.is made to set up a procedure which would collect pertinent information during the construction and operating periods of the Susquehanna Steam Electric Station (SSES). In this way a full case history would be available which might prove to be of value both to PP&L and to other g interested parties in assessing short and long-term social costs and benefits.

1155 095

This study uses several techniques, such as collec-tion and analysis of original and published data on population, employment, income, housing, etc.; analysis of studies done for other power plants; in%rviews with local officials and residents; and a survey of employees who have moved into the area in order to work at the project. As work on the project started in November, 1973, the task of generating hard data has just begun. One of the first work elements was the survey of management personnel which provided basic information on the characteristics of the families living temporarily in the region. Other early steps were discussions with local persons to identify their major concerns, the gathering together of available information and establishing procedures for updating and modifying the study as necessary.

The study will be updated periodically according to the significance and availability of data. Further information may be obtained by calling Vivian Ross, at 821-5175.

II$5 096 Community Affairs April, 1976

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SECTION 1:

SUMMARY

The Susquehanna Steam Electric Station is a 2,100 MW nuclear power plant under construction in Salem Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania. It lies along a bend of the Susquehanna

' River about five miles northeast of Berwick. Expected dates of operation for the two units are 1980 and 1982. Salem is a rural township with a population of less than 4,000 in 1970. It is on i

the fringe of the Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area which had a total 1970 population of over 340,000.

E?4.'.uation of impacts of the construction phase of the SSES must be made on two levels: One comprises the adjacent communities of Salem, Briar Creek and Berwick; the other consists

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of Luzerne and the adjoining counties of Columbia and Lackawanna.

Local Impacts Analysis of data collected to this date provides little evidence of significant community impacts, either beneficial or adverse. The expected influx of cor.struction workers, disruptive of community and school systems, did not occur. Instead almost all workers are commuting from the Wilkes-Barre - Hazleton and Scranton areas.

The impact on heasing seems to have been short-lived.

About 250 management people moved into the area over the two year period 1973 - 1974, and their search for housing put extra pressure on the local market. Prices and rents rose more steeply 4

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in response. The situation eased, however, in late 1975 when a combination of houses built on speculation and an economic downturn combined to loosen up the market again.

There is no discernible impact on the schools, hospitals, or other services. Interviews with local officials and the data available show no stress on any of these systems.

Locally Perceived Problems There are three main problems which have surfaced in local communities.

Closest te the site itself are the concerns involving Bell Bend, a small village of about twenty houses adjacent te the plant site. During the early construction stages there were many disruptions to this community including 15-hour a day construction activity with attendant lights, noise and dust. Of even more importance was the rock blasting required to prepare the reactor site. The neighboring villagers claimed structural damages to houses and contamination of springs and we2.2s which provided their potable water. Also there was the nuisance of the loud, sharp noise of the explosives themselves.

The Company offered to purchase these adjacent houses at a reasonable price when the neighbors began to complain. Many people wanted to move and did so after this announcement of Company policy.

j Another problem is the lack of employment offered at the project. With the sharply rising unemployment rate of 1974 and 1975, Berwick area residents were suddenly faced with the paradox of almost 2,000 jobs going to " outsiders" from up river.

5 Ilb 099

A special meeting was held with Berwick area officials to explain the cause of this: The jobs are filled through contracts negotiated between Bechtel Power Corporation, PP&L's prime contrac-tor, and the Council of Trade Unions which has jurisdiction ever the site. The council in this instance is the Wyoming Valley Building Trades Council and it, therefore, draws upon its member-ship to fill the available jobs. Although this explanation molli-fled the Columbia County residence somewhat, the lack of job oppor-tunities remains a tender subject.

The final major complaint during this early period results from the heavy commuter and truck traffic to the plant site.

Although Route 11 has been widened to three lanes and a traffic light installed at the plant entrance there are delays and addi-tional traffic haeards during shift change periods. Added police patrols are needed and the state police are undertaking this duty.

Economic Benefits The major benefits are economic and come from the employ-ment of some 2,000 workers as well as local purchases of goods and services. By 1982 over $350 million will have been paid out in wages to workers at SSES averaging about $40 million annually.

In addition, in 1974 and 1975, almost $5.5 million has been spent by the contractor for goods and services in Luzerne, Columbia and Lackawanna counties, with another $7.3 million within a fifty mile radius. Even estimating the indirect benefits conservatively, the dollar amounts would be expected to result in a doubling of 6

b. 100

these figures for both wages and business income. In addition Bechtel Power Corp. is providing training in technical and pre-engineering skills for local residents, thus permanently upgrad-

> ing their skills and earnings potential.

State Tax Policy Pennsylvania does not allow local governments to retain utility taxes. Under Pennsylvania Law 66, utilities are taxed directly by the state government which returns a share of the property assessment to each municipality in the Commonwealth based on a complex formula which takes into account population and total assessed value, ameng other factors. Thus the com-

_ munity in which the project is located is not favored by compensatory tax returns under the Pennsylvania system.

The Commonwealth's tax system is frequently questioned by communities who would like to see a direct return for utility investment within their borders. From the experiences of or.her states some significant sharing of tax revenues between the local and state governments in proportien to the location of facilities would seem to be both beneficial and just. This is, however, a matter beyond the scope of this study, 1155 101 7

. - - -. .i. i. -

SECTION 2: EXPERIENCE AT OTHER POWER PLANT PROJECTS In looking at social impacts the coastruction and operation phases of the power station's life should be separated.

Communities which face the possibility of having a power plant located near them usually voice concerns on the following issues:

Construction Period:

The town will be overwhelmed by construction workers who will move in vast numbers. The workers will be rowdy, cause disturbances and increase the need for police pro-tection.

The demand for schools, health and welfare services will be greatly increased.

Traffic congestion will be intolerable.

Taxes will need to be raised to pay for new services.

Living costs will be driven up by local population pressures.

Operating Period:

Growth and development will become rapid and promote too much change, too quickly.

Incompatible types of industries will enter the area to take advantage of low power rates.

Too much taxable land will be removed from the local tax base, resulting in loss of taxes from potential industrial land.

If these problems occur at power plant construction sites '.he communities certainly have a right to expect the utility involved to deal with and resolve these problems and to mitigate adverse local impacts. As background then, a look 012 e

at two significant studies done for other power plants can be helpful. Both of these studies used survey and interview tech-niques with local officials and residents to determine attitudes and actual impacts. In total, the two studies surveyed eighteen communities across the country in which power plants were under construction or had started operations. As their findinge were timilar, the following discussion will deal with them as a com-posite. (No long term studies have been done which would provide data over the full construction period, to our knowledge.)

The studies were done by Harbridge House for a proposed plant in Massachusetts, and by Westinghouse for a proposed plant in Skagit, Washington.

Work Force Impact The most immediate question facing concerned communities is what impact the construction period labor force will have.

Answers to this question depend in part upon the location of the plant in relation to available sources of qualified workers and the driving time from these areas to the job site. A pattern emerges which is consistent with other types of industrialization in rural arear. The Skagit, Washington, study sums it up neatly:

Three factors are necessary if the in-migration of construction workers is to be minimized.

"First, the plant site, although isolated, should be within 1 to 1 hours1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> driving time of a large urban area. Second, there should be a high percentage of non-agricultural employment 9

1155 103

within commuting distance. Third, there should be a good highway network which makes daily commuting to the job site relatively easy for workers living 60 to 70 milen away."

It is estimated that where these conditions are met, over 90 percent of the labor force commutes to the job site each dt.y. Where the site is extremely remote and commutation is not possible, " boom town" effects are felt with all their attendant problems.

Other Construction Impacts Both studies reported that in questioning residents and officials of communities where power plants have been or are currently being built, the major construction impacts had to do with increased traffic. Where access routes are on the main streets of towns, conflicts between workers' commuting, truck deliveries and local traffic may be severe. However, the time period during which heavy traffic flows into or out of the plant is limited to aboat an hour each in the morning and afternoon which has made it possible for local police forces to be assigned to traffic control duty.

Another feared consequence of construction labor influx, that of disruptive or offensive behavior was not found to be evident in any of the surveyed communities. The relatively few workers who moved into the community adopted the community standards and blended into the local population.

The Matter of Taxes The single most powerful long-term impact on local communities from power plant projects results from the property 10 1155 104

tax laws in most states which permit the affected municipality

] to benefit totally from the added tax revenues. This situation means that in many instances the utility will pay a signif-icant portion if not a major share of the communities' budgets.

Obviously, the municipality can either reduce its tax rate dramatically and sti]1 maintain or increase its expenditures,

, or it can expand its services without adding to residential tax levels. In either case it becomes an attraction for new population growth relative to its reighbors. This is the factor that accounts for a substantial portion of the growth seen in some areas where nuclear plants, with their very high assessed values, have been built.

Growth and Development Even with the powerful inducement of lower taxes and better services, the reporte have shown that growth in the study communities is uneven, depending upon the interplay of such '

is 1 factors as: accessibility, distance to regional job centers, ' ,A trends of employment growth in the immediate area, proximity  ? '-

to significant recreational facilities and strength of local , ' ' . j.

land use controls. The localities with the highest growth rate increases were those that had already well-established growth 4 trends resulting from locational advantages or special local -

3 amenities, combined with poor land use controls. Low tax levels without the other advantages does not seem to result in l I

rapid development.

11 l155 105

f This is true for industrial as well as residential growth. There is no pattern exhibited of industrial growth following power plant erection in those communities studied.

Power rates are uniform over any given utility's cervice area and the power station has few secondary products which other industries can use. Industrial location results from considerations of labor supply, access to raw materials and markets, etc., with local taxes a much less important factor.

In Pennsylvania where taxes on utility properties are not collected locally there is even less reason to view power plants as a growth generator.

Property Values and Cost of Living case histories of other communities show that an increase in property values of 10 to 20 percent has occurred.

Unfortunately these rates are not compared to surrounding communities nor are they related to other significant (j conditions, such as the opening of a new highway or addition

% of major industrial, recreational or other attraction.

Cost of living increases particularly in rent levels is not unu . Where few houses or apartments are available the commutinj pattern tends to be broad even for new in-migrants.

But local landlords are seen as taking advantage of the immediate need for housing of employees at the power project.

This adversely affects local residents who are also in the housing market although property owners are benefited by improved income.

12 Il55 106

Other cocts, such as food, clothing, services, etc.,

have not been found to be unlike neighboring communities.

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SECTION 3: MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL SURVEY A personnel survey was taken of Bechtc1 and PP&L employees to determine an impact profile. A sample of the summary form is found in the Appendix. Approximately 50 percent of the Bechtel employees replied, as did all of the PP&L employees. The survey data was collected in September, 1975.

The Bechtel Power Corporation builds construction projects throughout the United States, shifting personnel from one job to another as needed. At the Salem Township site the management group consists of a core of these permanent employees ani added personnel hired locally. As of October, 1975, the number of local and permanent employees was distributed as sho e on Table I.

TABLE I: Bechtel Power Corp. Employees Total Permanent Local Survey Response Occupation Bechtel Employees Hires Permanent Local Panagers 62 62 0 31 0 Professional 204 156 48 101 12 Technical 58 10 48 4 21 Clerical 78 23 55 19 _17 TOTAL 402 251 151 158 50 Over 37 percent of the non-manual employees were local residents while 62 percent were transferred into the area. In assessing local impacts, the major changes for the community result from the number and type of new families moving into the community for various per$ods of time.

15 l1S5 109

One hundred fifty-eight of the 251 permanent Bechtel

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Power Corp. employees responded to the questionnaire. These represent 6 percent of the families who moved into the SSES area during the 1973-1975 period; the following analysis refers to this response.

Residence Areas Table II shows their area of residence. It should be noted that exact municipality of residence is not determinable due to the rural postal address system which identifies most of the surrounding townships with the main community.

TABLE %I: Bechtel Power Corp. Employees: Area of Residence (158R)

• Area No. Families Columbia County Area 117 Berwick Area 86 Bloomsburg Area 18 Other MCD's 13 Luzerne County 35 Conyngham Twp. 8 Wilkes-Barre Area 6 Other MCD's 21 Montour County 1 Schuylkill County 1 Union County 1 Othe.r 3 Total Families 158 y Eighty-six families or 54 percent of the families live in the immediate site area which includes Salem Township (Luzerne County) and Berwick Borough and Briar Creek Borough and Town-ship (Columbia County) . Eighteen families, 11 percent, live in the Bloomsburg area, while thirteen families or 8 percent live in other Columbia County municipalities. Luzerne County shows a similar pattern with the highest number of families

• R = number of usable responses for each table.

16

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living in the next adjacent township, Conyngham, and the major city, Wilkes-Barre, while the rest are scattered.

Type and Tenure of Residence In 1970 the U.S. census showed 268 housing units available

. for rent or sale in Columbia County. One hundred forty-two were vacant for rent and 126 were vacant for sale. As most of the 251 families moving into the SSES area preferred locating in close pro::imity to the plant, the local housing market was strained.

Table III shows the types of housing the respondents were able to move into. Almost 40 percent of fcmilies purchased their housing which in most cases was a single family home.

TABI2 III: Bechtel Power Coro. Emoloyees (156R)

A. Type of Residence Percent No. Families Single Family detached 50 78 Apartment 30 46 Mobile Home 11 17 Motel / Rooming House -

2 Other* 8 13

• Includes Duplex and Town House B. Tenure Purchased unit 38 59 Rented unit 62 96 Family Size Forty-seven percent of the families transferred into the area were composed of one and two persens. In many cases these were middle age couples whose children were no longer at home.

17 1155 111

The rest were primarily single individuals or young marrieds without children. This can be seen from the age distribution pattern which shows over 40 percent of families in the 40-60 years and over age groups. Tables lv and V present family size and age data.

TABLE IV: Family Size (145R)

Family Size Percent No. Families 1 person 15 22 2 persons 32 46 3 persons 14 20 4 persons 19 28 j 5 or more persons 20 30 TABM V: Age of Employees (158R)

M Percent Number 20 - 29 years 29 46 30 - 39 27 43 40 - 49 22 35 50 - 59 18 28 60 or more " 3 5 Number of Children by School District Almost one-half of the families have pre-school or school age chi?.dren. About 30 percent of the total number of children are preschool age, about 40 percent are in elementary school, and the remaining third are in junior and senior high school.

This reflects the age distribution noted above. Assuming most of these families will remain with the project for at least five 18 1155 112

years, it also indicates the number moving through grade levels.

There are an average of 2.1 children per family in this sample.

TABLE VI: Number of Children By Grade Level (78R)

Grade Level Percent Number Pre-school 29 49 Elementary 39 67 Jr. High School 19 32 Sr. High School 13 22 The impact on the various school districts can be seen from the number of families living in each district.

TABLZ VII: Family Residence by School District (78R)

(With children, only)

School District Percent Number Berwick Area 62 48 Bloomsburg Area 6 5 Central Columbia 12 9 Luzerne County 18 14 Schuylkill & 2 2 Montour Counties Shopping Patterns The spending pattern of new area residents was questioned for two types of purchases, daily shopping and shopping for major needs such as furniture, large appliances, etc. Respondents could answer more than once. As would be expected most people shopped locally on a daily basis in about the same way as others in their area of residence. For major purchases they go farther afield to seek better selection and price, and there is a corresponding shift to the larger retail centers. Table VIII shows these patterns. jjhj })3 19

TABLE VIII: Shopping Patterns for Daily and Major Purchases (158R)

(Percent Distribution)

Daily Needs Major Needs Berwick 54 35 Bloomsburg 20 20 Wilkes-Barre 10 23 Hazleton 6 12 Other 14 10 Other Local Services Almost all respondents indicated that they used one or more recreation facilities during the past year. As the survey was taken in August there is probably a bias toward summer activities.

The survey allowed for multiple answers. Answers indicate that well over half the families used facilities for fishing, hunting, swimming, tennis and camping. The remaining activities ir.cluded golf, YMCA, bowling, movies, etc.

The local hospitals have been used by 64 percent of the 145 families responding to this question, or ninety-three persons.

Forty-eight percent of the families participated in local organizations, in many types of activities from church groups to scouting to civic organizations.

Attitudes An attempt was made to gain some insight into the attitudes of Bechtel's management staff by asking open ended questions as to the aspects of the area liked most and least. Multiple answers were given as shown below. Generalization from the data indicates that the small town setting in a rural area was the greatest 20 1l55 li4

attraction. In addition almost 20 percent of the answers indicated that the local people were friendly. Least liked attributes covered a broader range, but concentrated on poor shopping, high prices and taxes, and poor climate.

TABLE IX: Attitudes Toward Area of Residence, Percent (158R)

A. Aspects Liked Best Scenery: 25 Climate- 7 Small town life: 23 Near metropolitan areas: 6 Friendly people: 18 Good schools: 4 Recreation: 10 Shopping: 2 Other: 5 B. Aspects Liked Least Poor shopping: 17 Poor roads: 9 High cost of living: 12 Unfriendly people: 8 Climate: 12 Lack cultural res.: 6 High taxes: 11 Poor schools: 5 Poor / expensive housing: 9 Other: 11 The survey also questioned whether there were positive or negative community impacts associated with the project. Most answers indicated that positive impacts were economic (58 percent),

with another 20 percent noting their involvement in community organizations. Negative impacts indicated concern over raising cost of living for local residents (14 percent).

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Length of Residence over three-quarters'of the respondents expected to remain at the SSES project three years or more. The largest number, 33 percent, expected to remain with the project for six years, or the life of the project.

PP&L Employee Survey The same survey was taken of the personnel employed by PP&L. All thirty-one staff members responded. Although the total number of employees is too small to have significance, the results of the survey are shown in Table X for both the staff hired locally and those who moved into the area.

1155 116 G

A 22

TABLE X: PP&L Employee Profile (31 Respondents)

Non-Local Local Non-Local A. Total 18 13 H. Number of Children Male 17 11 Preschool Female 8 1 2 Elementary School 6 Jr. High School 4 B. Age Distribution Sr. High School -

20 -

29 9 6 I. School District (Family) 30 -

39 5 3 40 -

49 2 1 Berwick Area 4 50 -

59 2 2

- Central Columbia 2 Other 1 C. Profession J. Shooping Areas (Mult. Resp.)

Engineer 10 5 Accountant -

2 Daily Purchases Supervisor 4 2 Berwick Other Management 10 3 1 Bloomsburg 7 Clerk-Secretary 1 3 Wilkes-Barre 5 Other 2 D. Area of Residence Major Purchases Salem Township 3 - Berwick 6 Berwick Area 2 1 Bloomsburg 8 Columbia County 6 2 . Wilkes-Barre 6 Luzerne County 4 4 Other 6 Other 3 6 K. Recreation Facilities NOTE: From E through 0, only non-local employees are included as they Hunting & Fishing 8 provide the only aspect of change Swimming 11 of this total group. Tennis 8 Other 10 Non-local L. Hospital Services E. Type of Residence Yes 14 Single Family 12 No 3 Apartment 2 Mobile Home M. Part. in Local Organizations 1

Other 2 Yes 5 F Tenure

• No 10 N. Aspects Liked Best R2nt 2 Rural Area 11 Scenery 3 G. Family Size Friendly People 3 1 person 3 O. Aspectr Liked Least 2 persons 1 3 persons 4 4 persons 6 Shopping 4

- 5 persons 2 Schools 3 Other ll}b $lf

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SECTION 4: PERSONAL INTERVIEWS A series of interviews were undertaken with arca residents / leaders to help identify local concerns and attitudes, and give added direction to this study. Trying to document changes in small areas is difficult as many types of statistics, such as employment data, is maintained only on a county or regional level. Interviews therefore become an essential source for data as well as attitudes. These inter-views started in July, 1975 and will be continued both with additional persons and as re-interviews where needed to update information.

The interview process brought out significant differences in types of impacts affecting local residents. Families living immediately adjacent to the project site were severely affected while those in a broader area were much less affected, if at all.

This statement may seem obvious, yet impacts are usually looked at only from the larger perspective and special policies are seldom formulated to deal with these In~ tized impacts which are small in number but large in per.onal terms.

Bell Bend Newspaper accounts document a series of problems experienced by those residents of Sa'em Township living in the small village of about 20 residences, Bell Bend. An interview with one spokes-man for this group, Mason Samsel, highlights some of these problems:

Samsel's home was a victorian brick house about 2000 feet from the project site. Most of'the Bell Bend houses are on the same rocky plateau as the power station, within full sight and 24 1155 118

sound of construction activities. Samsel stated that extensive blasting, required to level the site area and seat the reactor buildings into the rock, caused uncomfortable levels of noise, air-borne dust and overall disruption of the family's normal living pattern. Construction activities went on into late evening hours, he said, and at times to midnight.

Samsel reported damage to the house as fine cracks in the windows and more severe cracks in the upper courses of brick.

_ In addition, he claimed that the spring which served as his water supply became contaminated, as did five nearby wells. All became discolored and cloudy. Upon testing, the coliform count was found to be too high for safety and he had to purchase potable water for almost one year.

_ According to Samsel moat of the Bell Bend residents were not offered the opportunity to sell their homes to PP&L until after considerable controversy erupted over the damage claims and the threat of initiation of legal proceedings. Samsel would have preferred to remain in the home despite all the aggravation,

__ but his wife was uncomfortable at the prospect of living so close to the nuclear plant. They have since moved into Berwick exchang-ing their preferred rural lifestyle for a more urban pattern.

Samsel contended that an unfair burden was placed on Bell Bend residents as the rise in property values made purchase of equivalent properties impossible. Several had to take out new mortgages at much higher rates.

25 iib 3 1i9

15 '

I

_k He makes a number of suggestions for mitigating damages 3 to neighboring property owners:

i Utility ownership of 1800 ft. from the project site is insufficient protection. A standing offer based on replacement values should be available for all naighbors who desire to relocate.

Housing structures should be inspected and photographed

! to establish their condition if blasting is to take place.

Similarly, wells and springs should be tested prior to j construction.

, There should be a commitment to employ local labor and l buy from local firms, as much as possible.

Local residents need better information and the chance i to offer solutions to potential problems even before construction

, starts and then on a continuing basis.

Berwick Borough Although the project site is in Salem Township, Luzerne

=

county, the Susquehanna River forms a natural barrier which r--

turns Salem's orientation to the communities of Columbia County, j particularly the industrial town of Berwick. With an employment base of 5,500 manufacturing jobs and a well established retail center it serves as the economic focus for the area.

$ The Director of the Berwick Chamber of Commerce expressed disappointment that SSES produced so few " spin-off 3"; very few

_'. firms do business with the plant. After the initial excitement

=

there has been little reaction from the public; there have even been fewer problems with trucks on Route 11 than uxpected. He knows some managarial people who have moved into the area for the project but they have been absorbed with normal growth.

j After a period of rising employment in the late 1960's and up 7 26 l'55 120 w

I

to 1970-71, recession has hit the area so that there was a 7 percent unemployment rate in 1974. There has been the expectation that Berwick would benefit from plant construction.

and now there is disappointment that this has not happened.

The Borough Secretary reflects similar attitudes. He states that people are disappointed because their expectations were unrealistic. He feels the plant will be an asset as the area is assured of power in the future. Overall, he feels the plant is not having any impacts on the town, positive or negative.

The School District situation is complicated by several factors: A taxpayers' group was formed in 1974 to halt the District's building program; the School Board asked the State to close several schools as hazardous in order to force the building program through. This caused " split" sessions during 1974-1975 in the high school and redistricting for tne elementary schools.

The new Superintendent arrived on the job the day before our interview and was not in a position to identify any impacts caused by the SSES. He will be recontacted next year.

A leading Berwick realtor sketched in the prime market factors as he sees them for the area:

Opening of "nterstate Routes 80 and 31 created the market for new housing about 1970 and severe flooding in the Wyoming Vallc. in 1972 added to the impact. People are continuing to move in because of the good highway network.

27 U hkh

The realtor feels that land acquisition for SSES forced prices to " double" due to speed of land purchase and an unrestricted budget. Reluctance of PP&L to assure plant construction prior to final licensing in 1973 delayed rental projects. The company should have aided apartment construction.

However he stated that some housing became available because several Berwick industries closed down and moved personnel out of the community.

Builders began putting up housas on a speculative basis and now there is a housing surplus. (The realtor is proceeding on his own 50 acre housing development despite his assessment of the market) .

Bloomsburg Bloomsburg, about seventeen miles from the SSES, is the second largest town in Columbia County and the county seat.

Bloomsburg State College with over 5,000 students enrolled

. is located there. The city is the retail and industrial center for a broad area, with 3,500 manufacturing jobs in 1972.

The Assis ant Director of the Chamber of Commerce sketched a grey economic picture of Bloomsburg. The 1972 flood and current recession have contributed to a jobless rate of 15 percent. Further manufacturing losses are expected. In addition, retailing and tourism have suffered. The city's growth spurt of the last few years is expected to fall off sharply.

Perhaps because of these more serious issues, after the initial local objection to the nuclear plant there has been little comment pro or con. The Assistant Director sees little impact potential on his area.

llJ( J l-28

Central Columbia School District This school district lies between the Berwick and Bloomsburg districts and is the fastest growing area of the county.

The Superintendent finds no impact from SSES. The

_ enrollment has been growing moderately over the past few years,

, 30-50 students, and he projects 75 students this year. This is due to the eastward growth of Bloomsburg, particularly the desire of Bloomsburg State College faculty to locate in the area's most progressive school system.

The district has mostly new buildings with excess capacity, especially in the junior and senior high schools.

Plans for a new elementary school are not yet fim.

Columbia County Planning Commission The Assistant Director provided background on county growth: good job opportunities, opening of-Routes 80 and 81, and retirements from urban areas all contributed to a 1970-1973 population growth of 4.3 percent. (The 1960-1970 rate was 3 percent.) Land values have gone up 400-500 percent M a,:e Route 80 opened.

Although both the Assistant Director and a staff member voiced numerous concerns, discussion led to their concluding that the impacts of SSES construction have been minimal except for traffic conditions at the plant entrance.

Update:

Interviews with selected co:amunity residents will be continued to maintain a flow of personal insights into local conditions.

29 1i55 123

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SECTION 5: EMPLOYMENT AND MANPOWER There are two different types of manpower needs at any major construction job including the SSES. By far the largest is the need for specialized manual labor who perform most of the physical work of construction. These men are organized by individual craft unions, with hiring practice based on specific geographic areas covered by each union local. The smaller part of the total manpower force is the management-related personnel needed to organize and direct the entire construction process.

Manual Work Force There are in effect two nuclear power plants being built concurrently at the Salem Township site. The project started in November, 1973 and is expected to be completed in 1982 with the first unit operable in 1980 and the second two years later. Because the two units are following closely after each other the manual requirements show two peaks, one in 1975, the other in 1978. In the following table manpower needs have been estimated in terms of " equivalent men" at 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> per week. (This is a lower figure than the actual number of men on the payroll due to time off for vacations, illness, etc.) Estimates for the ten year period are:

31 1155 125

TABLE I: Estimated Manpower Needs, 1973 - 1982 (Equivalent men at 40 hours4.62963e-4 days <br />0.0111 hours <br />6.613757e-5 weeks <br />1.522e-5 months <br /> per week) 1973 - 180 1978 - 2,100 1974 - 950 1979 - 1,400 1975 - 1,700 1980 -

700 1976 - 2,500 1981 - 400 1977 - 2,500 1982 - 300

$ource: PP&L Co. Projections In looking at these requirements, the question arises as to the source of these workers, the impact on employment and the effects on the area surrounding the plant site.

The Labor Market The Susquehanna plant is located in the Wilkes-Barre -

Hazleton labor market area which encompasses all of Lucerne

?

County. The adjacent labor area is Berwick - Bloomsburg which includes all of Columbia County. Work force information includ-ing the availability of construction workers is presented for both arcas in Table II.

In the ten-year peric4, 1963 - 1973, the total civilian work force in Luzerne County increased some 11.4 percent from 133,000 to 150,200 while the Columbia County work force enanged 18.4 percent from 21,700 to 26,600. For the same period the contract construction industry grew from 3,700 workers in 1963 to 7,300 workers in 1973 in Luzerne County. This was an increase of almost 50 percent. In Columbia County workers increased from 500 to 800, or 37.5 percent.

32 115:> \26

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TABLE II: 'Ibtal Work Force, Unernploymnt By Industry: Annual Average 1963 - 1974 A. Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton (Luzeme County) 1 1964 1965 1966  % .hange

_963 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974* '63 '73

1. Civilian Work Force 133.0 131.8 132.5 135.4 136.7 137.0 140.8 143.9 144.7 149.2 150,2 154.4

2. Unecployment 12.9 11.4 10.2 8.4 7.6 6.2 5.8 5.5 7.5 9.1

% Work Force 9.7 7.7 13.4 7.4 9.7 6.3 4.9 4.5 4.2 3.9 5.2 6.3 6.3 4.9 6.3

3. Dnployment (a) Non-Agriculture 120.1 121.5 124.1 128.6 130.2 131.2 135.0 135.5 135.5 135.5 142.5 144.7 (1) Mfg. 104.9 44.0 106.445.8 109.5 47.4 114.4 51.4 116.7 51.2 118.2 52.2 122.0 122.6 126.6 123.0 128.3 129.1 58.2 52.1 50.5 48.6 49.1 47.7 (2)Non-Mfg. 60.9 60.8 62.1 63.1 65.5 66.0 68.8 70.6 72.1 74.5 79.2 81.0 Contract Const. 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.9 5.2 5.0 5.4 5.4 5.2 6.5 7. 3 7.8 49.3 (b) Agruculture 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 -

B. Berwick-Bloomsburg (Columbia County)

1. Civilian Wod Force 21.7 20.9 21.4 22.6 23.5 24.4 24.9 24.6 25.3

2. Unemploynent 2.7 1.6 26.1 26.6 26.5 18.4 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.3

% Work Force 12.4 7.7 4.2 3.1 2.0 3.8 3.3 2.8 5.7 6.3 6.1 4.9 7.5

3. Dnployment 19.0 19.3 20.5 21.9 22.6 (a) Non-Agriculture 23.6 24.2 23.2 23.7 24.6 25.3 24.4 15.4 15.8 16.9 18.5 19.1 20.1 20.7 20.1 (1) leg. 8.7 20.4 21.4 22.0 21.4 8.9 9.6 10.7 10.9 11.5 11.8 11.2 11.3 11.6 11.8 13.5 (2) Non-Mfg. 6.7 6.9 7.3 7.5 8.2 8.6 8.8 8.9 9.2 9.7 10.2 10.6

_ Contract Const. 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 37.5 (b) Agriculture 1.4 1.4 1.4 (f. 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 U:

~

• 1974 Data isdata.

to previous modified to Resident /Establishrent Tabulation lethod and therefore is not strictly cxxrprable N

N Source:

Dureau of Labor Statistics, Pennsylvania Dept. of Iabor and Industry, Unpublished data.

.%~-. -

The major flood of 1972, which caused millions of dallars of damages along the Upper Susquehanna, created a spurt in the construction industry which is reflected in the jump from 5,400 to 7,300 workers in the two year period 1971 - 1973 in Luzerne County. In Columbia County the increase was 100 workers in the same period.

When the Susquehanna project opened in November, 1973, I there was a pool of over 7,000 construction workers in the Wilkes-Barre area according to the Wyoming Valley Building Trades

, Council. Flood restoration work was tapering off and the previously low unemployment rate was beginning to increase.

As noted above, the craft union locals are organized geo-graphically. Hiring procedures vary somewhat, but basically the business agent has the responsibility to see that any project located within his local's jurisdiction is manned by local members.

If there are more jobs than men available the agent seeks men from other locals he represents or from other loca u with which he has friendly relationships. In the latter case, temporary weekly work permits are issued so that as local members become available they can be given precedence over non-local workers.

The construction industry is characterized by extreme fluctuations in the demand for labor. However the membership of local unions tends to remain very stable, with increased manpower brought in from adjoining areas when it is needed.

Despite the fact that Luzerne and Columbia counties adjoin they share few economic characteristics. Luzerne is highly industrialized, unionized, and part of a larger urban area shared with-Scranton. Columbia is essentially a rural county with small l 11S5 128 3.

numbers of unionized workers in construction. Therefore, historically, there has been little reason for union leader-r

{ ship t.o build up communication patterns between the two areas.

(There is only one union local centered in Berwick, the brick-I layars, and it is not part of the Wyoming Valley Council.)

Additional manpower is usually brought in from Scranton, Williamsport, Allentown-Bethlehe: -Easton and even New Jersey; all ot these areas have larger memberships and closer ties to the Wilkes-Barre area.

The Commuter Shed

'nvestigations carried out for the Skagit, Washington power plant identified an employment pattern which has also been seen at. other types of major construction sites. That is the willingness of the labor force to commute daily over fairly long distances for a period of several years. The study suras up the factors required for minimum impacts from the construction phase: they are good highway links to large, nearby metropolitan areas and an adequate number of non-agricultural workers. With these factors operative within a one to two hour driving radius it was found that at least 90 percent of the work force would commute daily.

These findings differ from the popular image of the boom town where reveral thousand workers locate in a remote area to build a dam or similar facility. Unfortunately at remote sites the boom and bust cycle may still occur But within reasonable distance from major population centers actual experience shows a very different pattern.

Construction workers are accustomed to working short periods of time at any specific site. In most instances each craft is llS5 129 5

required for only a portion of the total two to five year construc-tion perio'. Despite the ten to twelve year construction period for the SSES, each craft will be involved only a part of the total time. Because of the temporary nature of his employment, the worker will usually maintain a permanent family residence and seek jobs within a two hour driving radius of his home.

Further evidence of this pattern is found 11 the statement of a Trades Council official who believes that as construction activity in the Wilkes-Barre redevelopment projects get underway in 1976 and 1977, many workers will opt to work locally and elim-inate their 50-mile daily round trip.

3 This commutation pattern has been documented at the SSES through several analyses of place of revidence for the construction forces. The information has been obtained from the mailing addresses maintained by the prime contractor, Bechtel Power Corporation. The data has remained fairly constant for the first two years showing the following typical distribution:

TABLE III: Residence of Manual Employees in Miles From SSES Number Miles Percent Employees 0 - 10 11 11 -

20 50 21 - 40 26 50 & More 7 Out of State and Unknown 6 100 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. data.

About 92 percent of the workforce lives within one hour's commuting distance of the site. Seven percent live over one hour 36 11S3 130

E away. The workers from out-of-state usually live in the area during the week and return home on weekends. To creak this out into the specific number of workers by county, the tabulation in Table IV, made in October 1975, is useful. From this breakdown it is apparent that over 70 percent of the manual labor force lives in the labor market area in which the plant is located and, aside from driving on local roads, imposes no costs on the local community'.

4 Berwick Area Labor Impact There has been both criticism and questioning from residents

, of the Berwick area as to why so few local workers were hired at "

the project. As seen in Table IV, about 100 craft workers from Columbia County, or 5 percent were employed in 1975. The reason for this reflects the geographic jurisdiction and organization of each of the craft unions explained previously. Union members in Berwick normally do not belong to metropolitan area locals but to those in Columbia or Schuylkill County. Therefore, until the Scranton and Wilkes-Barre locals reach full employment workers from other locals are not called.

The " jobs" problem which surfaced in Berwick is caused in large part by the fact that the county border does not reflect local social and economic relationships. In fact, Salem Township, though part of the Wilkes-Barre metropolitan area, is separated from it by both distance and the not uncommon distrust by rural areas of urban areas and so has much closer ties with Berwick and Columbia county. This is reinforced by the composition of the school district which includes several rural Luzerne County townships a

in the Berwick centered district. The Wilkes-Barre area is generally l 1 "6 5 I "41 37

TABLE IV: Residence of Manual Emoloyees by County, October 1975 10/28/75 County Number Percent Luzerne 1122 59 Lackawanna 239 13 Columbia 90 5 Schuylkill 77 4 Northumberland 64 3 Lycoming 35 2 Monrcc 9 Da:1phin 10 Lancaster 10 Wayne 12 Lebanon 11 Wyoming 38 2 Montour 3 Carbon 7 Cumberland 5

-Juniata 3 Sullivan 5 Susquehanna 6 Perry 2 Pike 1 Tioga 1 Union 2 Bradford 2 Clinton Snyder 2

Philadelphia 2 York Union 1 Adams 1 Bedford Berks 4 Bucks 1 Crawford Lehigh 3 Montgomery 1 Northampton 1 Warren Westmoreland Centre 1 Delaware 1 Other States 118 6 Unknown 8 1900 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. Data.

38 1l55 132

. thought to be quite foreign and its residents viewed as " outsiders".

An additional factor causing concern is the jump in unemployment in Columbia County which rose from 5.7 percent in 1970 to 7.4 percent in 1974 and has been estimated at over 12 percent during much of 1975. Unhappily, employment opportunity in Columbia County does not appear bright in the near future as a major manufacturer in Bloomsburg is virtually shutting down his plant.

There may well continue to be friction between Berwick area union members and those from Luzerne County if jobs in both areas become more scarce. Whether the hiring practices of the union locals can be modified, based as they are on geographic jurisdictions, is at present a moot point that needs further explor-scion.

Non-Manual Work Force In October of 1975 there were 400 non-manual employees, 250 of whom had been transferred into the area by Bechtel Corp.

and 150 of whom were . hired locally. The peak for this group should be attained in 1977 when an estimated additional .75 people will be employed for a total of 500. The annual average non-manual employment is given below:

TABLE V: Non-Manual Employment Projections: 1973 - 1982 ,

g No. Employees 1973 25 1974 175 1975 375 1976 475 1977 500 1978 475 1979 425 1980 350 1981 200 982 50 ll33 ;33 Source: PP&L Co.

39 a'

The residential distribution o'f non-manual employees is centered in Columbia and Luzerne Counties, as shown below:

TABLE VI: Residential Distribution of Non-Manual Employees, October, 1975 Total Local County Employees Hires Transfers Columbia 272 78 194 Luzerne 91 48 43 Montour 5 5 -

Schuylkill 4 2 2 Lackawanna 3 2 1 e Other 27 15 11 9

Total 402 151 251 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. data.

Fifty-two percent of the locally hired employees and 80 percent of the transfers 11/e in Columbia County, while 32 percent of the local and 18 percent of the transfers live in Luzerne County.

Non-manual emplcyment includes a broad range of manage-ment-related positions included in the categories: managerial, professional, technical, clerical. The number and type of these jobs for local and transferred employees is seen as follows:

u.

1ISS 134 40 m

TABLE VII: Non-Manual Employment by Occupation and Type of Employee, Octooer, 1975 Total Local Occupation Employees Hires Transfers Managers 62 --

62 Professional 204 48 156 Technical 58 48 10 Clerical 78 55 23 Total 402 151 251 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. data.

Because of the unusual skills required at the SSES, Bechtel Power Corporation instituted a special training program for local people to upgrade their skills. The program provided training for technical jobs primarily with engineering and quality control groups and in some cases this has already led to technical or professional status. Fifty-two people have gone through this program, forty-six of them were local residents.

Update:

Quarterly reports of residence areas for manual employees and non-manual employees are being collected.

115S 135 41

SECTION 6: Local Economic Impacts Employment One of the major impacts resulting from plant location are the wages received by area residents. It is possible to identify the communities where SSES wages are received by using the resi-dential distribution tables for manual and non-manual employees.

Assuming that residential areas of employees remains relatively constant, the picture of wage distribution is as follows:

TABLE I: Distribution of Projected Total Wages: 1973 - 1982 County Manual Employees Non-Manual Employees Luzerne $168 million $15 million Columbia 14 million 44 million Lackawanna 36 million --

Other 62 million 6 million

$280 million $65 million Source: PP&L Co.

The importance of these wages, of course, is that they are spent almost entirely within the hcme area for food, clothing, rents or mortgages and the broad realm of consumer products and services. In addition, these dollars are subject to a variety of municipal, county and school district taxes which provide the basis for support of public services.

Because most of the family income dollar is spent locally, it causes what is known as a multiplier effect throughout the local economy. That is, a dollar spent on goods and services is income 42 Il1t I 3 3, D

to local merchants who in turn use it for goods and services, and so on. A part of each dollar is either saved or spent outside the local area and so the original dollar has diminishing impact on each round of expenditure.

For an area like Columbia County, with a relatively small economic base, it is estimated that the multiplier effect is about 1.5 times. Using this figure we can estimate thal an additional

$87 million will be spent in the county through 1982. In Luzerne County, the multiplier is estimated at 2.0 to 2.5 times as it is a more developed area. Using the more conservative figure, an additional $366 million will be spent there.

These figures hold for the non-manual employees who trans-ferred into the area in managerial positions. They have come into the area with their families for a period of four to eight years and have the same expenditure patterns as permanent residents.

Many have purchased homes, the remainder rent from local landlords.

Purchase of Goods and Services Another major impact results from the local purchase of goods and services for the construction project. These purchases continue over the life of the project but generally in diminishing amounts. The range of goods and services is broad, from office supplies to sand and gravel; from catering to equipment maintenance.

The following table provides infor:ution on local purchases for 1974 and 1975, by area counties.

43 1155 137

TABLE II: Expenditures with Local Vendors, 1974 and 1975 ($000)

Other within Luzerne Columbia Lackawanna 50 miles 1974 $2,269 $555 S 643 $4,269 1975 1,128 308 448 3,083

$3,397 $863 S1,091 $7,352 Source: Bechtel Power Corp. data.

Although these figures represent a small part of the entire non-labor cost of the project the amounts are significant for the counties concerned. Using a conservative multiplier for each county, 1.5 for Columbia and 2.0 for Luzerne, Lackawanna, and the remaining areas, the total amount of money directly and indi-rectly added to the economy reached $25 million during 1974 and 1975.

Update:

Actual annual wages and purchases will be obtained, with distribution pattern by area of residence.

44 1155 138

SSES: Municipalities of Columbia snd Luzerne Counties j i

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SECTION 7: Local Taxes There is no consistent pattern of changes in levels of real estate taxation evident during the period 1973 - 1975 in the municipalities and school districts of the area.

Municipalities retained stable rates except for Scott Township which raised its millage from 6.0 to 6.5, and Coriyngham Township which reduced its rate from 3.0 to 2.0.

Berwick area school district dropped its millage from 50.0 to 47.0, Central Columbia raised its rates from 56.0 to 66.0, Bloomsburg area raised mill rates from 50.0 to 52.0 and the two remaining districts represented both raised their millage, 3.0 and 6.0 mills respectively.

Both Luzerne and Columbia Counties lowered their millages.

In Columbia it went from 13.0 to 12.5, and in Luzerne from 18.2 to 16.2.

Non-Property Taxes Non-property taxes also remained stable during this period.

The most important sources for local taxation other than real estate are authorized by Act 511 (1965). This act, known as the

" tax anything" law, allows the imposition of a per capita, occupa-tional privilege, and occupation tax, which all have a maximum limit of $10.00 to be shared by municipality and school district.

In addition a one-percent earned income tax can be imposed, which is collected by the jurisdiction of employment but credited to the jurisdiction of residence if the latter enacts the tax.

46 Ii55 I40

m- umur unum suum e umms ummu m umum sums summs ummm umus umme m um ammus umums unums TABLE I: Real Property Assessed Value and Tax Rates, 1973-1975 Assessed Value-Real Estate Tax Rate-Millage

($000)  % Change 1973 1974 1975 1973 1974 1975 1973-1975 MCD SD MCD SD MCD SD Berwick $15,519 $15,858 $16,272 .05 12.0 50.0 12.0 47.0 12.0 47.0 Briar Creek B 786 836 856 .09 6.0 50.0 6.0 47.0 6.0 47.0 Briar Creek T 3,196 3,538 3,808 .19 5.0 50.0 5.0 47.0 5.0 47.0 Salem 6,724 7,112 7,347 .09 1.5 50.0 1.5 47.0 1.5 47,0 Nescopeck B 1,772 1,809 1,858 .05 10.0 50.0 10.0 47.0 10.0 47.0 Nescopeck T 984 1,032 1,184 .23 4.0 50.0 4.0 47.0 4.0 47.0 Hollenback 839 919 1,085 .29 5.0 50.0 5.0 47.0 5.0 47.0 North Centre 896 1,032 1,175 .31 3.0 56.0 3.0 66.0 3.0 66.0 South Centre 3,503 3,663 3,807 .09 2.0 56.0 2.0 66.0 2.0 66.0 Scott 5,192 5,528 5,948 .15 6.0 56.0 6.5 66.0 6.5 66.0 Bloomsburg ]- 13,333 13,558 13,808 .04 15.0 50.0 15.0 50.0 15.0 52.0 Conyngham [ 1,560 1,604 1,671 .07 3.0 45.0 3.0 51.0 2.0 51.0 Huntington -- 1,843 1,969 2,078 .13 8.0 33.0 8.0 36.0 8.0 36.0 s

Columbia Co.-" 13.0 12.5 12.5 Luzerne Co. 18.2 17.2 16.2 MCD - Minor Civil Division Source: Pennsylvania Economy League data.

SD - School District

TABLE II: Non-Property Taxes: 1975 Per Caoita Earned, Income Occ. Priv.

MCD SD MCD SD MCD SD Berwick $5.00 $10.00  %  % $ 5.00 $5.00 Briar Creek B. 2.50 10.00  %  % --

5.00 Briar Creek T. 5.00 10.00  %  % -- --

Salem 5.00 10.00  %  % 5.00 5.00 Nescopeck B. 5.00 10.00  %  % 5.00 .5.00 Nescopeck T. 5.00 10.00  %  % --

5.00 Hollenback 5.00 10.00  %  % 5.00 5.00 North Centre 2.00 13.00  % h% -- --

South Centre --

13.00  % h% 10.00 --

Scott 2.00 13.00  %  % 10.00 --

Bloomsburg 5.00 10.00  %  % 5.00 5.00 Conyngham --

10.00  %  % 5.00 5.00 Huntington 5.00 10.00  %  % -- --

Source: Pennsylvania Economy League Data.

i155 142 e

48

I There are also several business taxe.: and various licenses, but I these are usually put into effect by the citier.

During this period there has been no apparent fiscal impact on Salem Township, Berwick or other adjoining jurisdictions. The ,

two tables following show the changes in assessed value and tax rates from 1973 to 1975 for the fifteen area municipalities and school districts, and the major non-property taxes imposed for the same jurisdictions. .

Update:

I ,

Annual changes in assessed valuation, millage and other taxes will be obtained for each municipality and school district.

I l

1155 143 49

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l153 144

E SECTION 8: School Services The survey of Bechtel Power Corp. and PP&L management employees indicates that of the total number of families with

.hildren, about 60 percent live in the Berwick Area School

, District. They have added about 120 children to the district's schools. Other school districts have received far fewer students than Berwick. Central Columbia has the next largest number, estimated to be about twelve children. The district has aver-aged thirty-five new students annually since 1970 and 1974-75 was no exception. The superintendent has raised his projection for 1975-76 to seventy students based on the eastward growth of Bloomsburg and the attraction Central Columbia's progressive school systim has for the Bloomsburg College faculty and other families.

From the survey of Bechtel Power Corp. management personnel it was seen that the distribution of school children by district is as follows:

TABLE I: Families with School Age Children, by School District Residence, 1975 No. of School Pre-Families Children School Berwick Area 48 120 80 Central Columbia 9 22 16 Bloomeburg Area 5 12 9 Luzerne Co. - various 14 35 22 Other 2 5 3 78 194 130 Source: PP&L Survey ilJJ 1

i C ,; i fr l4) 51

An additional 130 children will enter these districts in the next five years based on known number of pre-schoolers. As the employ-ment of Bechtel Power Corp, employees will start to decrease in 1977, this figure is not expected to be exceeded.

Berwick Area School District The Berwick Area School District includes seven municipal-ities in Columbia and Luzerne Counties. They are in Columbia County: Berwick, Briar Creek Township and Briar Creek Borough; in Luzerne County: Salem, Nescopeck and Hollenback townships, and Mescopeck Borough.

Despite moderate population growth in the early 1970's, the school district has had a declining enrollment from 1972 to 1975; the increase occuring in 1976 has not yet returned enrollment to the 1972 level.

TABLE II: Berwick Area School District Enrollment: 1971 - 1976 K-8 9-12 Sp. Ed. Votech (1) Total 1971 3,311 1,246 87 330 4,974 1972 3,323 1,273 95 309 5,000 1973 3,361 1,276 92 314 5,043 1974 3,171 1,293 93 315 4,872 1975 3,163 1,204 92 292 4,751 1976. 3,225 1,261 92 317 4,895 (1)Vo-tech students attend a combined school and are not counted in official school district totals.

Source: Superintendent of Schools, Berwick Area School District 1153 146 52

V It is estimated that 115 to 120 of the total increase o' 144 children are due to new residents working at SSES. W4;hin the next few years another seventy-five children may enter the schools at the kindergarten level as they are now pre-school age.

This will probably be the bulk of the future impact as Bechtel Power Corp.'s management staff war, virtually at full strength late in 1975 with few additional personnel expected to move into the job. Although the largest addition to enrollment came from SSES families, it helped to stabilize the school population which had decreased 249 students from 1972 level.' No additional coste.

were incurred by the district as space was available. In fact the new children helped raise state reimbursements which are based on average daily attendance figures.

Berwick Area School District enrollment is expected to continue a moderate growth despite the national and state trends towards stable or decreasing enrollments. Columbia County growth is in response to the improved accessibility offered by Route 80.

The growth rate had increased to one-percent per year until the 1973-74 recession period. This caused the jobless rate to spurt from 4 to 15 percent. If economic activity returns to 1970 - 1972 levels, the County Planning Commission expects the Columbia County portion of the Berwick Area School District to increase over 10 percent in population. This may be optimistic and is at varian e with a long range study prepared by the school district in 1973, which projects a population increase of 2 percent, mostly in the Luzerne County portion.

53 11S5 147

The Berwick Area School District has seen much con-flict recently, simultaneous with SSES initiation but totally unconnected to it. The district's school buildings are old buildings located primarily in Berwick. The previous superin-

~

tendent, in accordance with state law, developed a long range --

plan for physical development. Its recommendations were to close most of the old schools and build new schools outside Berwick.

This would accomodate the population changes, but of greater importance to the school administration it would allow for modernization of teaching methods. The community was deeply split by the proposal and a taxpayers group formed to stop the school board from raising bonds for construction. The board, thinking it could force the issue, requested state inspection of the older buildings which resulted in their being closed as unsafe. This caused most schools to be run on split sessions during 1974-75. The new superintendent expressed his belief, in September, 1975, that the suit would be dismissed and the new buildings would be built. This would include two elementary schools, a middle school and an addition to the high school.

Comment: Estimates of potential impacts on school systems look very different now than they did a few years back when enroll-ments were rising consistently. Since 1974 - 1975 many, if not most, school systems have had decreasing enrollments due to the rapidly falling birth rate. This means that in most cases there will be classroom s p e available and many communities will be 1153 148 54

able to absorb new students without either new classrooms or new teachers.

UPDATE:

Annual enrollment figures will be obtained from affected school districts.

1l53 149

'E 55

SECTION 9: Housing Market One of the expected local impacts has been on the housing market. In the case of the SSES it is not the manual workers who have caused the impact as much as the management people who have moved into the area. About 250 families associated with the plant moved into Columbia and Luzerne counties during the period 1974 -

1975. Columbia County received 75 percent or 188 families while Luzerne County accounted for 22 percent or 55 families.

Fortunately a housing study was done by the Columbia County Planning Commission in 1974.which provides local data.

The change in housing, by type of structure, from 1970 to 1974 is shown in Table I. Almost one-half of the new housing in this period was in the form of mobile homes.

TABLE I: Columbia County Housing Units, 1970 - 1974 1970 1974 Units Added Total Units 19,136 21,967 2,831 Year Round Units 18,487 20,748 2,261 1 - unit structures 13,672 14,476 804 2 + unit structures 3,817 4,272 455 Mobile Homes 998 2,000 1,002 Source: Columbia County Planning Commission, 1974.

The study identified vacant housing for sale and rent according to its condition. Of the total 19,459 housing units in the county, less then 7 percent were not in usable condition. Of the 872 56 1155 15u

total vacant units, 354 were not in usable condition. The dis-tribution of good and excellent vacant housing is shown below.

TABLE II: Condition of Vacant Housing, Columbia County, 1974 Excellent Good Total Berwick Area 169 72 241 Bloomsburg Area 72 32 104 Rest of county 104 69 173 Total 345 173 518 Source: Columbia County Planning Commission Similar information is not available for Luzerne County.

The following information is taken from the 1970 Census; housing conditions are not identified in this census.

TABLE III: Vacant Housing, Luzerne County, 1970 Total Units Total Vacant Sale Rent Seasonal 116,138 4,444 530 1,633 2,281 Source: U.S. Census of Housing, 1970 These figures do not, of course, tell the full story.

Interviews in the Berwick area indicate a housing shortage in 1974 and early 1975. By autumn 1975 at least one realtor stated there were apparently housing vacancies in existence and a housing surplus was developing.

One of the major complaints from both new and old residents of the area was the rapid rise in housing costs--both sale price and rents. This has not been documented but can be assumed as several factors were squeezing the market.

Population growth in Columbia County had increased from 3 percent during the 1960 - 1970 decade to 4 percent from 1970 to i!S5 151 57

1974. Employment rates were high, Route 80 had improved accessi-

_ bility, and Columbia shared in the general movement out of the

__ urban into the rural areas.

Another factor included the loss of housing due to the 1972 flood and the purchase of about twenty houses by PP&L during land dCquisition for the power plant.

__ How much these various factors have contributed to price increases--or whether the increases in Columbia County are sub-stantially higher than in other areas is not now known. With the severe loss of jobs in Berwick and Bloomsburg, indicated by the rise in unemployment from 4 to 15 percent, it is unlikely that prices will continue to climb.

Another way to look at this question is to compare the change in markat value of real property from 1965 to 1973, the latest figur- available. This can indicate how Columbia Coimty compares with surrounding counties. The figures in Table IV are from the State Tax Equalization Board. They do not show an unusual rate of property value growth for Columbia County.

1155 152 58

TABLE IV: Market Value of Taxable Real Property ($ Million)

Percent Change County. , 1965 1970 1973 1965 -

1973 Pennsylvania $38,872 $47,924 $56,720 45.9 Carben 113 149 196 72.9 Clinton 82 110 123 49.6 Columbia 161 209 255 58.4 Lackawanna 528 667 754 77.4 Luzerne 728 989 1,106 51.9 Lycoming 326 434 519 59.2 Monroe 199 372 543 172.8 Montour 44 55 64 46.7 Northumberland 196 249 281 43.3 Pike 82 67 103 28.0 Schuylkill 329 389 445 35.0 Sullivan 14 25 . 31, 11.4 Union 62 80 -100 61.3 Wayne 78 201 338 331.9 Source: Pennsylvanial Abstract, 1975 Update:

Further investig$ tion of the housing market will be carried out in cooperation with the cornty planning commission, local realtors, etc.

I1b5 153 59

SECTION 10: Health Services Primary health care for che construction workers is provided by a full time staff of registered nurses at the power plant site.

They treat emergency cases resulting from accidents on the job referring those that require further treatment to local hospitals or doctors.

In 1974, 174 cases were referred, while for the first ten months of 1975 the number of cases is 199. It is estimated that less than ten cases per year required hospitalization for one night or more. Most persons were treated at the Berwick Hospital while those requiring more specialized treatment were sent to Geisinger Medical Center twenty miles west in Danville. One per-son was referred to Mercy Horoital in Wilkes-Barre though this was not a job-related incident.

E The Berwick Hospital had a bed capacity of 184 beds in 1975. In 1973 their rated usage was 70 percent; in 1974 this number increased to 73 percent. Currently the Berwick Hospital is modernizing its-facilities through the addition of twelve beds for intensive and coronary care and fourteen b2ds in a pediatric center. inis will actually add nine beds as existing bed space will be decreased. The energency room and diagnostic centers are also being updated in order to utilize the more specialized equipment and treatment methods which are currently accepted practices in the health field.

I1SS 154 60

Discussions with the administration of the hospital indicate that modernization of their facilities had been in the planning stages for some time and did not result from in-patient or out-patient loads generated by the SSES work force. The timing was

" coincidental" resulting from national trends toward improving

, out-patient and specialized treatment centers to which many hos-pitals are responding in a similar fashion. The improvement in the rate of bed utilization seems to be due to the pcpulation growth of the county which was 4.3 percent from 1970 to 1974, a marked increase over the 3.0 percent of the 1960 - 1970 decade.

The addition of some 250 families associated with the Susquehanna project, about half of whom have used local hospitals, has probably helped to maintain a stability in the hospital's utilization rate.

Hospital records show uneven rates of change for their various services. However, there is a pattern of increasing numbers of diagnostic tests and surgical procedures due to complex causes including better medical insurance coverage. Interestingly, despite the almost 200 SSES cases per year referred for emergency treatment, the emergency /out-patient load decreased from 11,963 in 1973 to 11,335 in 1975.

The hospital is cooperating with PP&L in establishing a facility which would be available for treatment of contamination cases. This agreement is currently being formulated by the two parties. It will probably consist of one room which can be isolated and the training of hospital staff to use specialized equipment provided by PP&L.

Update:

11Sb 155 Number of casas referred for further care to be

. collected from Bechtel's health staff each year. Data from Berwick Hospital to be collected annually.

61

1 APPENDICES 1155 156

Employer:

Bechtel PD&L LOCAL IMPACTS SURVEY PP&L is conducting a study to gather information on community impacts, both adverse and beneficial, associated with the construction and operation of the Susquehanna SES. To help in this effort, we would very much appreciate your answering the questions below.

1. Name 2. Age

3. Municipality of Residence

, 4. School District

5. Month / Year start of employment at Susquehanna SES

6. Were you employed by (Bechtel) / (PP&L) prior to date in #57 If prior Bechtel employee, State where employed.

If prior PP&L employee, County of employment.

7. Please specify occupation or profession.

8. If you have moved into this area to work at Susquehanna SES, please check the following:

A) What type of home are you now occupying? Apartment Single Family House Mobile Home -

-Rooming-House Other (specify)

B) Do you own or rent your residence? Own Rent C) If your family is living here, please answer:

1) Number persons in family

2) Number of pre-school children -

3) Number school age children Elementary Jr. High Senior High D) Where does the family shop for every day needs?

Berwick Scranton Bloomsburg Hazleton Wilkes-Barre Other (specify)

I!SS I57 62

E) Where does the family shop for such major needs as furniture, appliances, car, etc.)

Berwick Scranton Bloomsburg Hazleton Wilkes-Barre Other (specify)

9. What types of local recreation facilities have you/your family used most frequently in the past year? (e.g. tennis, skiing, hunting or fishing, swimming, etc.)

10. Have you/your family used local hospital facilities?

Purpose

11. Do you/your family participate in local activities, e.g. PTA, Service Clubs, etc.? Yes No

12. What aspects of living in this area do you/your family like the best?

i The worst?

13. If you think your residency here has had either positive or negative impacts on the community, please comment specifically:

14. If your family is not now with you, do you expect to bring them here in the future? Yes No

15. How long do you expect to be working at this site. (# years) 63 l 1155 158

i Resources / Contacts Chamber of Commerce Berwick, 121 E. 2nd St., Tel. 752-3601 Mr. Carl Spangler, Director Bloomsburg, 233 Market St. , Tel. 784-2522 Mr. Mike Baslego, Assist. Director Municipal Officials Berwick, Borough Hall, 344 Market St., Tel. 752-2723 Mr. Donald Vaughn, Secretarf Realtors Berwick, Jack Gross Realtors, 236 W. Front St. , Tel. 759-1216 Mr. Jack Gross .

School Districts Berwick Area School Dist., Berwick High School Building, Tel. 759,-1251 Mr. J. S. Kaufman Central Columbia School Dist., 4777 Old Berwick Road Bloomsburg, PA 17815, Tel. 784-2833 Mr. Horace " Jim" Reynolds Planning Cornissions Columbia County P.C., Courthouse, Bloemsburg Mr. Tom Williams, Assist. Director Wyoming Valley Building and Construction Trades Council Wilkes-Barre, 501 E. Main St., Fox Hill 18702 Mr. Charles Depalo, Public Relations Director, Tel. 829-0297 Residents Mr. Mason Samsel, Bereick Health & Hospitals Berwick Hospital, Tel. 752-4551 Mr. Robert Robbins, Assist. Administrator Central Pennsylvania Health Council, Tel. 524-4491 R.D. #1, Timber Haven, Lewisburg, PA 17837 Mr. T. Coleman, Planner Bechtel Power Corp., SSES, Tel. 524-2151 Mrs. Geraldina Petroskas, Chief R.N.

Pennsylvania Government Dept. of Labor and Industry, Bureau of Employment Security Mr. D. Laughery, Analyst, Harrisburg, PA, Tel. 787-2114 Mr. Tom Warnagiri, 32 E. Union Street, Wilkes-Barre, PA 18711, Tel. 825-7511 Mr. V. J. Martini, Berwick, PA 1155 159 64

Department of Community Affairs, Burea'u of Local Government Services Mr. Donald Herbster, Assist. Chief Bechtel Power Corporation, SSES, Tel. 524-2151 Mr. E. E. Felton Mr. Murray Snowdenh JD S 65

BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkshire County Regional Planning Commission, Evaluation of Power Facilities: A Reviewer's Handbook, Pittsfield, Mass., 1974. Berwick Area School District, A Long-Range Development Plan, Berwick, Pa., 1973. Columbia County Planning Commission, Housing Conditions, 1974 Housing Elements, Bloomsburg, Pa., 1974. Columbia County Planning Commission, Population and Economy, 1974 Update, Bloomsburg, Pa., 1974. Cooperative Extension Service, What Industry Really Means To T Small Town, (Frank Clemente), Pennsylvania State University, Pa., 1975. Harbridge House, Inc., The Social and Economic Impact of a Nuclear Power Plant Upon Montague, Massachusetts and Surrounding Area, Boston, Mass., 1974. Pennsylvania Department of Education, Our Schools Today, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (Annual Statistical Reports: 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974) Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Bureau of Employment Security, Harrisburg, Pa. Labor Market Newsletter, Wilkes-Barre - Hazleton, 1970-1976 Berwick - Bloomsburg, Scranton Area, 1970-1976 Unpublished data, 1975. Puget Sound Power and Light Company, Skagit Nuclear Power Project, Units 1 & 2 License Application, Environmental Report, Volume I, 1974. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the census, Washington, D.C., 1970 Detailed Housing Characteristics, Pa., County Business Patterns, Pa.,

         - General Social and Economic Characteristics, Pa.

The Urban Institute, Measuring Impacts of Land Development, (Philip Schaenman and Thomas Miller) , Washington, D.C. , 1974. 1155 161 66

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