ML17138A669

Knouse Site,Historical Site in Luzerne County,Pa. Prepared by Dayton Museum of Natural History

ML17138A669
Person / Time
Site:	Susquehanna
Issue date:	03/31/1979
From:	PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO.
To:
Shared Package
ML17138A670	List: ML17138A669 ML18031A189
References
NUDOCS 7907170051
Download: ML17138A669 (139)

Text

RECEI VE D Jvi 09,1979 Ehvli4 !ilC!I'lf THE KNOUSE SITE An Historical Site in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania 1978 by Jamie McIntyre Assistant Curator of Archaeology and Assistant Regional Archaeologist, ICORPO Dayton Museum of Natural History March, 1979

>9p71 Vp dN/i

Acknowledgements This project was undertaken with a grant of

$ 9000.00 from the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

I would like to thank Mr. Robert C. Zundel for his work in coordinating the grant and Mr. Ira P. Smith, III for his support as principal investigator Thanks to my crew: Jude Carino, Ed Elscheid, Eric Graybill, and Diane Rometo, to Pam Rutan for typing and Jim Herbstritt for illustrations. John Lowall deserves thanks for his work as heavy equipment operator, as do all the officials and workmen of The Pennsylvania Power and Light and the citizens of Wapwallopen for their hospitality.

And lastly, a special thanks to Terry Knouse who spurred our interest in this project, was ever supportative and helpful, and to his entire family for making us feel so welcome.

ABSTRACT The Knouse Site is located along the flood plain of the Susquehana River. Historic references indicate that a Delaware Indian Village of considerable size was located between the Big Napwallopen and Little. Napwallopen Creek.

The location of the Knouse Site $ 6Lug3 was in an area impacted by construction of Pennsylvania Power, and Light.

The report details the excavations conducted on the historic indian burial grounds However, the impacted area was not the location of the village and future investigation will have to detail the nature of the village.

TABLE OF CONTl>TS Introduction ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 1

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 Geology ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Flora ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

F auna ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 5 1iiethodology . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 Stlat3.graph/' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 z I xcavation 'units TT ~ ~' 6 Burials ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11 Features 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 . ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 45 Beads . . . . . . . . ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 51 CeratQics ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 51 B one ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 52 Shel 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 5)

Brick 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Glass ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5J Kaolin Pipes . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 54 1 t 4etal 0

~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 54 Lithics ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 56 6O Pathologf 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"ealth and Status 1

. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6O Cultural ~z f'iliadion 62 Af'term> th ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 6) i'appendix X: Geological Cores ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 64 Appendix XX: Csteological Data , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

'appendix XXX: u'etric Data Buttons and Beads ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 89 "ppendix li!etric Glass Hf sos ~... 92 XV: Dc~eta ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Appendix V: 'r!etric Data Ccatlinite Beads 101 de@e~erence; 105

1~

Intro'!uction In response to P~nnsylvsni" Power and. Light's development of an <<rea along the e".st side of the Susquehanna River floodplain, salvage excavation.. v'ere begun on 36LU43, the Knouse Site. During the 1930's

~'ork Project Administration, orews under Gardner tested this site, then known as the Smith boite. At that time several large features of a presumably historic origin were encountered. These were cobble lined. and used for storage and/or a hearth. At that time also a flexed. burial l~l in an oval pit was encountered; he cultural affiliation of the burial was assumed to be Archaic. Artifacts from the site included projectile points, historic ceramics, bifaces, gorgets, adzes, and pitted cobbles, Surface collections of individuals from the aria harl indicated that this site w".s extremely rich, especiallv prior to the major flooding episodes' of the 1930's and 1970;s. Terry Knouse has also indicated that two huriaR he had loc-ted previously, were excavated by unknown persons.

33A('AGH(jlHlj) .< F<J'01'0<'J>TXGN T he Znoua<~ .-.U,e is in the V"ll<'.y and j~i<lga phyiiogr;<phic rona. The bedrock in this region ia of Ordovician to Pennsylv".nian "ge. Xrregularity in the surface of this bedxock is due to gl<cial activity, 'vater 'erosion

~ nd the varying resist."nce of the different lithic component.",

Soils are gener'.lly r:eathered in place from sedimentary ~y-red or yellomiah-red shale, sandstone or siltstone,,and to a lesser extent from glacial till and conglomerate. Minor percentages developed. in colluvium and=alluvium. Now the soils may be described as acidic to strongly acidic cha'nnezy, stoney, gravelly or shaley silt lo~m.

The soil cores done for the footings sre included in the appendix.

The profile indicates topsoil from 0-1.0 foot. 1.0 to 4.5 feet is a fine compact brovm silty asnd. 4.5'o 17.00 is a multi-colored silty 3 .nd end gravel layer. From 17.0 'o $ 0.0'a a bro vn and gray compact silty sand. layer.

Al<PI I',oat floching in thiap<occuped p

in the early spring, vrhen heavy reinf."11'".ils to be absorbed by froren ground. I'")or floods occurring historically are:

h;."y-June 18599 k"y 1940 h<ay 1904 August 1955 August '93) , Varch 1964 July 1955 June 1972 19$ $ Uept. 1975 hiay 1942 Flooding iat times other than spring ia directly related to thundor-storm emotivity.

<'<.Ci<i<

The historical forest cover around the 'Ãap<v~llopen vicinitv is psrt of the Oak-Chestnut xegion of the L'astern deciduous '<"oodl-".nd., At that

I time, in addition to Oak and Cheotnut, prevailing trees were the Virginia Pine, hemlock, birch ".nd . ycamorc.

Cg) rently the cover ia red, black and silver m pic, white and black o".k, sweet birch, black cherry, eastern hemlock, and flowering dogwood.

American elm, butternut hickory, baasv:ood, white pine, pignut hickory ~nR tulip are ~lao found.

In total 72 types of trees, saplings, and . hrub were present. The predominant -ahrubs are spicebush, vibernumo, witch hazel, laurel and rhodedendron.

Altogether the ground cover consists of gl familiea divided into 108 species. l'sterecene are 15.2'j~, legumea 6;o, lilies 6q~ and ferns 6+>'.

These ere princip lly eaters, goldrnrodo, r."-p".eed,'martweedg and mu. terd.

The wet planta include okunk cabbage, tearthumb, cattail, sedges, rushes and. day-f'lower. Also present in the area are blueberry, dcerberry, black huckleberry; poison ivy, virginia, creeper, trout A r lily, 3)utchman's breeches, may apple, common blue violet, garlic mustard, false mermaid, ostrich fern, dames rodet, virginia knotweed, ground pine and evergreen woodfern.

F': UK

?ilammals: Yjhiteta il deer, opposaum, eastern cottonta.il, eastern woodchuck, cocoon, muskrat, red and gr y fox, gr y squirrel, porcupine, striped skunk end the long-tailed weasel are present. There are three types of mice, woodland jumping, meadow jumping and the house mouse.

The norway r"t, eastern chipmunk, short-tailed shrew, star-nosed mole, pin-. and meadow vole complete the momm"3.o.

Amphibians and lleptileo: leaven apeciea of turtle live in the region, with the esatern painted being the moat common, followed by the on~pping turtle. Toada include apring peeper anrl the American toad.

Green bull nnd leopard frogs all inhabit the region. Tho.red-b~cked aalam"nder ia found on the 3~nd, and the northern dusky ohlamander

is tha enatic species. The common garter snake i" moat common, followed by 'the common water snake, a>B tha northern black racer.

v3irds:. 50qi of thc birds currently inhabiting the region are Icturid,"e, mostly blackbirds. PO~o are Fringillidae, principa3:ly sp".rrows, cardinals, finches, crow', Picidae, chickadpey tit-mouse, doves, catbird, mockingbird., warblers and starling.

The Susquehanna River 'v'alley is en a. ma )or migr'atory waterfowl route. 50-)00',080 Canadian geese pass through the region every year.

50-225,000 mallard and %lack ducks also pass through. Other species

(

include: pintail widgeon, green winged teal, blue-winged teal, wood, redheaded, con~aback, ring-necked ducks, goldeneye, bufflehead, old squavI, and the vvhite v'ing scoter, common and hooded. morg.nsers, whistling

.,v'ans, rreater and lesser scamps.

Fish: 6'?,"v'f all fish aremade up of the following six: carp, spotfin ~hiner, quillback, whitesucker, shorthead redhorse, and blue-gills. The other )8/o is m~de up of: Northern hogsucker, rockbass, '

pumykinseed, srmll mouthed and large mouthed. bass, tessellated darter, fall fish, ch-".in pickerel, comely and spottail shiner, 'bluntnose minnow, vvalleye, black crappie, sunfish, perch, catfish and muskellunge.

JQ"TIIODOLOGX The methodolopy used on the site vino dictated by the, salvage nature of the projec't.

'Bulldozer otrips were made at selected intervals, (See map). The entire site was gridded into 10'qu"..rea. The objective of the bulldozer operation waa to remove the plow zone and expose the yellow clayish sub-soil. 4/here ~arce stained areas were encountered. the bulldozer leveled.

out on this surface, and they were subsequently >>Pped ~

After the bulldozer finished a strip it viaa gridded end flat shoveled. The soil produced by the flat shoveling waa not screened, hoviever, the paucity of. artifacts encountered in the plow zone justified H

this.

Thc burial fillwas carefully gone through, and often the contents washed through fine,screens to recover'he seed beads, Flotation samples were taken from the burials and features. The features, post molds end some burials v'ere cross-sectioned and mapped.'THATIGE'PHX K".o stratigraphy on the site is fairly simple. Three complete E

profiles the length of the trenches were mapped. ,These profiles showed.

what via.a often difficult to .Discern in planview.

In. the 208 line profile, the topsoil. lies directly on the surface of the yellowish brown clayish subsoil. However in 20800'Y, 20~90'rY, 20S 100'Y, and 208110'/i', a dark brown org."nically rich layer appears between the topsoil and subsoil. It . eems possible that this could be an area. of occur"-tion. However, no unusual density of artifacts were recovered to support this.

In the 1008 line, a similar phenomenon is present. In 100890'Y and .

C) ~

rnd 100:ilOOY' rrrlrlinh at:)in ppe~r>> in the vicinity of the subsoil.

In 100')1A)X end 1008170K, whero thr. subsoil takes n deep plungo,there ia intermixing of'ray onndy lensea.

The only phenomenon to be exhibited. along the l))00 line, is the varying nature of thr. subsoil. Herl brown staining is present intermittently,

".long with patches of s~ndier subsoil.

=-These stratigr phic mrietions mostly appear to be natural and..

represent . nstur."1 ."lter".tions in the nature of the two basic strata.

ZXO: V TIOn tn,'IT8 brief'.eacription of the excav tion units .".nR their cultur. 1 P

fe"...'turea f'ollowa, For <". more detailed description of these manii'estwtions see the individu 1 feature and burial deacriptiona.

450/460845'7.

E P stain appeared in the northeast corner.

450/460850"i, %,70,80,90. P.ll units v'ere sterile.

450/4608100)7 Two dark atkins . Post mold 1 seems to be a derp rodent hole (9"), ".nd Postmold' " 5" Beep possible root caste.

450/4608110"I Three unaectioned'ossible post molds.

450/46081201)'hree unsectioned possible post molds.

450/46081)OV! Two post molds, one 8" in depth, and the other Feature 12 v~a along the north well and Feature 11 5"'00/)90840','I "1'ong the south w,""'.l.l.

400/)90~50/60/70/80/90')'i ( ll units were sterile.

400/59081007)'eature 14 waa in the north eeat corner. Zt is possibly a anvil fire feature.

$ 00/590'>llA'r'< Four circul: r diacolox~tio>>a. Postmolds 1,5,and 4 viere root ca: tea, -')nd 2 a rode>>t disturbance.

400/)9081209' Possible post molds pre. net. Of'hese number 4 I 7

~re prob~hie po st molds, they ~re 6" and, 5" deep respectively. All

oC)rc..r.n ~ Erpn:.r t.u br rod< rrl,, wiUr f.' fo7.1owirrl, del)Ur:r; 1 5 6", - 6", 6 (.~>", 8 -

g l

.".>Ol'iy0/(0/70/RA/'.r0/100/110/l."0/150"l

( ,

'l rrnitn vrore sterile..

240/2)OS'30'I'n n di""Connl rurnring northe"at to aouthv:est, n dnrk stein wna exposed. It ia part of " n".turel occurrence or nn occupation I

level. Elovrever nrtifncta ."ren't p~rticulnrly dense.

240/P)OS 100'<'l The entire unit is pa'rt of the,dn rker 1 evel or at~in.

'"5.thin this wna an irregularly shaped black area along the south vill.

240/2)OS110'8 Except for the very northeast tip of. the unit, this squnre wns entirely with the stain.

240/2)05120/l)OY/ The stain ends in the southenst corner of the eastern unit. There nre 0 poa'tmolda in this unit They n.re all ahallov and cluster nrounrl 7"e."ture 10, which is "n oblong pit of varying depth.

It ia oriented Horthvreat to Southee. t into the western unit. Seven post mold." ere in this unit. The only possible pattern could. be an L-shaped structure nround Fenture 10, nnd between it nnd the stain .".long

\

the south well.

100S70/80/90'~V No cultural fen.tures present.

100S100'i'( A dark stnin occupies moat of this unit. It m>y be natural, or interpreted na n 'possible occupation level.

60S60/70/80/90'A'hese units v:ere sterile, but the subsoil is very sandy in places.

60S100'<'I Dark possibly organic area, in the northwest corner extends into the next unit to the west.

60SllOY( The southeast corner ia not covered by the stain.

60S120Vi The enatern quarter of the unit ia covered by a dark stain.

1 The rest of the unit ia sterile.

rv t, 1" 4'6).!,".,' u',;".x"~.~-:, f, aA'","P. '!'r, 5~r

~ "N".Sr","0,,""i<(,; 't;,4, ".'-'.;!',~.., p

.f'!!A'P 'Q",

8.

60S130/140,150,160,170W All units were sterile 20S80/90/100W All have small dark stains, related to rodent disturbances, root castes, and agricultural activities. This area was part of a large section opened, and cross-sections revealed few possible post molds.

20SllOW Amorphous stain in the southeast corner, and in the north west corner part of feature 1.

20S120W A few small stains, and part of feature 1 in the northeast corner.

20S130/140/150/160W Sterile with the exception of one small stain in 20S150W.

10S70W One post mold 6" deep and two charcoal concentrations.

10S80W One flake and one point. Some stains present.

10S90W Several stains, all irregular in shape.

10S100/110W Both of these units were sterile 10S120/130/140W 'A. few irregular stains or possible post molds with no apparent pattern.

10S150/160W Both units were sterile.

ON70W Several possible post molds and a feature. Two molds were cross-sectioned, and were both 15" deep, and 3" in diameter.

ON80W Feature four and a number of amorphous stains discernible in this unit.

ON90W Series of possible post molds and charcoal. There was no pattern apparent, however.

ON100W Two small stains.

ON110W This unit was sterile.

'N120,130,140,150,180W All had one or two shallow stains with no regular outline or pattern.

9.

10N70W Amorphous stains, mostly plow scars and bulldozer tread are in this unit as well as SOW,90W,100W,110W,120W, 130W, 150W, 160W. Burial two is in 10N140W.

20N70/SO/90/100W. A few shallow stains in all of these units.

20N110W This unit was sterile.

20N120/130/140/150/160 Bulldozer tread and sandy spots occurred in this"group of squares. Part of Burial two is in 20N140W.

30NSOW Feature eight was located in this unit, but was ultimately defined as a rodent hole.

30N90/]30W These units were sterile".,

30N140W Part of Burial 21 and a few small possible post molds present.

40N90W This unit contained burial 2.

50NSOW One shallow slightly reddened area present.

50NSOW Contains burial six, and part of burial eight.

50N90W Buiials 12, 11,8 all in the unit.

50N100W Parts of burial ll and burial 13 were within it's limit.

50N110W A small shallow stain is present.

50N120W The unit is sterile.

50N130W Part of Feature five is in this unit.

50N130W One six inch deep post mold was profiled.

60NSOW Burial 7, part of Feature6, and Burial 8 found.

60N90W Burials 9 and 10 are evidenced in the square. (

60N100W Burials 13, 16, 15 are represented in this feature.

60N119W Burial 18 and part of burial 14 are in this unit.

60N120W Sterile.

60N130W Feature 5 60N140W Features, Burial 5 and Burial 19.

10.

70NSOM Part of Feature is within this unit.

70N90M The remainder of feature 6, and part of burial 15 present.

70N100M Parts of burial five and burial pit 17..

70N110N Burial 14 occupies part of this square.

The remainder of the units within the area around the burials vere sterile.

110NSON A fev shallow stains were present.

'110/120N70/80/90 These units vere all sterile.

110ll20N100/110/120/130 All these units exhibited sandy patches vithin,.',the subsoil.

100/llON140/150/160/170M These units were all sterile.

Burials During the prospect twenty-one human burials were excavated. These seem to have been basically in three clusters. (See Map) . Most of the bodies were buried in "

>'l~i'><'9 Vlf~'

square pits and pro bably 'ad co ffins. Several de finitely were interred in coffins, as attested to by the presence of decayed wood and nails. However, a'ew others seem to have possibly guet been buried in pits, with all evi-

/

dence of method obliterated.,

Some of the pits were quite deep,, while others seem to have been buried right on top of the subso11. This. is due to different1al soil eros1on and depos1tion,

'I While this site was quite fruitful to collectors, prior to the 19/0's flood, it now exhibits little surface manifes-'tion.

Flooding in l972~s Hurricane Agnes also damaged this site, in addition to its consistent use for agricultural purposes.

Preservation on the site was extremely poor making stature and sex evaluations impossible in most cases. Often dentition provided the only age cri.teria. Most sexual classification was based on the morphology of the skull, which is highly variable, especially in the case of aged individuals.

Two burials had been looted prior to the beginning of excavation. (Knouse personal communication) ~ Looting also, became a problem late in the field season.

Burials Burial 1 Burial 1 was found in the western 1/2 of the first east-west trench. The burial was uncovered by the bulldozer',

however it seems to have been sub)ected to periodic dis-turbance by the plow. The burial was removed rapidly to prevent further damage by the bulldozer.

A few cranial fragments were present, but there were no ma5or landmarks. This was also true of the small pelvic I

portion. The piece of pelvis was not large enough to per-I mit any sexual identification, with all ma5or landmarks missing.

Also present were several extremely fragmentary verte-brae .pieces, however no reconstruction was..possible.

'I The only aging criteria available were one canine and two central incisors. Little wear or decay was present;,

therefore, this burial was either an adolescent or a young adult at death.

Accompanying artifacts include seventy-nine yellow seed beads, one green glass seed bead, 250 white seed beads, 119 dark blue seed beads, 291 of.a .blue-green color,'nd four other whitish brown seed beads. All seed beads were well preserved with the exception of the yellow and whitish brown varieties. These seem to be of an inferior glass and have begun to deteriorate.

15.

It is imposs1ble to estimate how many beads or other grave goods may have been lost with the bulldozer.

Burial 2 Burial 2 was located in 20N140W and lON140W. It also seemed to have .been damaged by agricqltural".. activities.

All remains were fragmentary and preservation was poor.

There was no ev1dence'of a burial p1t or coffin of any kind, with the exception of five iron fragments, three of which were probably nails No difference 1n pit fill was recog>>

nizable. The burial appeared to be resting on the subsoil, but this was probably due to erosion.,

The grave was oriented towards the east, with the body oriented in the same direction, however the direction of the face. was impossible to discern. The burial was probably extended,.

Five occip1tal fragments were present Fndocranial closure seems to have been complete on these fragments, but ectocranial closure was not, The estimated age of the burial is'probably 25 years of age and could be much older Five other fragments also exhibited the. same incomplete ecto-cranial closure patterns, with endocranial closure complete and semi-complete. Nineteen miscellaneous skull fragments were recovered. However, the skull. could not be reconstructed, Because. of thi.s any ago determination is highly tentative.

1 The right mastoid was present, but deterioration of the mastoid process ahd tPe externail auditory meatus area made r,

any sexual determination impossible.

The right ulna .was recovered, and was complete except ior the styloid process and a broken olecranon. The length was 26 ' cm. The left radius was reconstructable, with the exception of the head and a crushed styloid process. Xt was 24 ' cm, in length, Using Telkka's charts (Krogman 1973) ulna length mould suggest a height of 181 cm. + or 5'l>> if the specimen. were a male, and 175 cm + or 5'9>> if it were" a I

female, The radius length suggests a height of 176 cm.+ or 5~9>> for males and for females a height .of 169 cm.+ or /~7<< ~ All calculations are based on whi,te specimens, however. One humerus head, somewhat deteriorated, was also recovered.

Of the ribs, sixteen pieces were recovered. There were twelve vertebral fragments in all, one cervical, nine thora-cic, and one lumbar. One other'ertebral fragment was totally unidentifiable.

Of eleven pelvic fragments, nothing was. reconstructable, making sexual detormination impossible ~

A probablo femur fragment is represented, The left tibia is fractured on the distal end. Twenty-six miscellaneous tiny long bone fragments also present, probably all belonging to the legs.

Of the hands and feet only five, left metacarpals and one middle phalanx were recovered. The left lunate and semi lunar were present.

15.',,

Small amounts of charcoal were evidenced around the bones.. Grave goods include two kaoli.n pipe bowls, one with stem, and an additional stem fragment. None of the frag-ments bear any mark whatsoever. Bowl shape suggests a date of between 1720 and .1820 for manufacture. (Hume 1976:303) ~

The five iron fragments were already discussed. 'Three of these are nai.ls, while the other two are too heavily cor-roded to tell. One. probable chert scraper and, two elate.

flakes were present.

Eleven wire wouhd beads were found in the probable neck and chest reg1on. Some were beginning to* show signs I

o f deterioration. Eight exhibi.t a bluish tinge. Meaeure-ments are in the appendicee

~Burial Buri.al 3 was one of the most spectacular burials from I

the site. This individual, along with the one in Burial 14 seemed to have both achieved very high status in the community.

The pit was very shallow and the individual has been slightly damaged by the bulldozer and the plow. The fillwas darker than the subsoil and discernible, with the exception. of areas that appear to have been capped with the natural subsoil of the site. The fill was 11" deep at the maximum. JUnlike the other burials vyith discernible fill, this burial was in an oval pit, the dark organic material could be bark cloth in-stead o f timbers from a co ffin Thi.s remained unproven, Scattered charcoal on the clay suggest intermittent burn

16.

episodes, maybe post interrment or ceremonial ~

The orientation was east and'lightly north. The body was basically flexed with the left hand in the pelvic region the right hand folded across the chest and in the vicinity

'nd of the brass vanity box.

Part of 'the right femur was taken off by the bulldozer.

Both legs were folded loosely.

The skull was in very friable condition and was, there-it E

fore, left in the soil pedestal was removed from the field in, Suture closure is incomplete, The ascending ramus angle is obtuse and indicates the burial is female, although the bones are fairly robust. The dentition indicates a youth-fulness. On the lower right hand side both premolars and the canine exhibit enamel polishing. The first molar has emerged, while the second is gust emerging, The lower left side had'wo premolars, the first and second molar and the third'mer-ging. The upper left side has the central incisor, canine, and first molar. 'The other molar information is not present.'he emergence oi the third molar indicates an age of'at least fifteen.to twenty-one years.

The vertebrae werepresent in 39 pieces, mostly'horacic and lumbar. . The left clavicle was preserved in three frag-ments. On the left side were lg ribs, and on the right six ribs The right scapular acromion was preserved. The glenoid acromion and part of the spine of the left scapula were pre-served

17.

The bones of the arm were all fragmented.

1 The left humerus was in fourteen pieces. The proximal end of the

'lna and the distal'nd of the radius were present. Twenty fragments represented the rest of the shaft. Two left 'middle phalanges were present. Four middle phlanges of the right hand were recovered. The bones of the right arm were all extremely fragmented and non-reconstructable.

The pubic symphysis is extremely fragmented and not useful for sexing, however the greater sciatic notch angle was obtuse indicating a female.

Part of the right femur was missing. The right tibia and fibula were represented by 12 and 6 pieces respectively.

The right foot bones included the, second cunieform, talus, calcaneum, all five metatarsals and one first phalanx.

The left femur is in twenty pieces, with the distal end destroyed, The distal end of the fibula was identifiable, The tibia and fibula were in thirteen miscellaneous pieces.

The left talus, calcaneum, first and second'cuneiform, and the navicular are all that remained of the foot.

The artifacts around the head include a necklace of brass buttons strung on a'leather thong. There are fifteen of these, some with leather still in them. They were laying across the mouth. Beads in the region of the head include:

lg large root'beer colored beads, some with a surface irri-descence Six smaller root beer colored glass beads are present in th1s vicinity. Twe'nty large wire wound clear to blue tinged beads were also located here

18.

The r1ght shoulder beads are: 4 small root beer, and five large with some irridescence. On the left shoulder there are $ small root beer, 6 large root beer, and 4 large clear wire wound beads. Around the pelvis 'on the right were 7 large root beer, and $ large clear wire wounds. On the left were one small root beer, 5 large root beer, and 2 large clear'ire 'wounds. These beads probably represent at least two.large strands of beads hanging from the neck.

The root beer and clear to bluewere possibly from different strands' cache area exists along the left arm. A brass vanity box was found. It was filled with an organic material, per>>

I haps tobacco. The right hand was resting, in its vicinity.

edges' The vanity box was oblong and 8 '6 cm. in length', 7 41 cm.

lid has a lip that fits over h

w1de, and 2.06 cm, high, The the side of the use, This'lip has r1ngs along its The catch was riveted,and attached to this was a metal wire and ring. The exact workings of the catch aren't known as part is missing. The base of the box also has a lip with double rings on its surface.

A thimble 7 cm. high and 1 '$ cm. in diameter at. the base was found. The top is missing. Extending northward from this was a long thin line of disintegrated metal, probably e1ther 5

silver or pewter. What it represents is unclear'pproxi-mately 29 pieces of corroded iron are all that remain of a probable circular container. The wall height was around 2,87 cm. Beneath this was an unevenly cut octagonal piece of glass,

19.

It is roughly 8 ~ Q5 cm. long and $ .78 cm. wide. Although there is .no evidence of backing, Smith (personal communication) suggested it may have been fitted into wood and used ae a N

mirror. One tiny piece of brass chain was found in this cache area also'he number of seed beads is: 580 blue, 184. white,, 29 yellow, and 56 brownish white'. Most of these were found in the vicinity oi the pelvis and suggest an embroidered skirt, or girdle. Lastly 9 brass Jingles or tinklers were found in the vicinity of the ankles. One seems to have been strung on leather, while 2 more seem to have been strung on untwisted fiber.

Mood preserved on the brass necklace over the face and beneath the metal P

artifacts suggests this burial was interred in bark cloth, or a very irregularly shaped coffin.

20.

~Burial I

Burial 4 was located in 10N150W and 20N150Ã. It was also extensively disturbed by the plow. Although the. pit fill matrix was indistinguishable, the depth of the soil surrounding the bones was 5" deep at its thickest point,and was identical to the interface of plow zone and subsoil.

Pit dimensions and shape were impossible to discern. The body appears to be oriented southwest, although this could be an illusion caused by plow disturbance. It was probably an extended interrment.

Only one small skull fragment was present. No pelvic fragments were present either. Fifty-one long bone frag-ments were recovered, however none of these bear any land-marks. Part of the right scapula was recovered. This in-eluded a broken acromion and spine. The glenoid fossa was..

not present, but deterioration on this surface prevents assessment of. whether this was a post-mortem fracture occur-ring some time ago,, or if 'epiphyseal union was incomplete at time of death The latter seems unlikely, One left metatarsal was found. Although damaged, there is a possibility of arthritic warping. This would sugge'st an individual of some age. Two rib fragments, and the right first rib were also recovered. Twenty-two pieces of bone meal complete the human remains, The grave goods with this burial are four wire. wound beads, sixteen blue seed beads, two green seed beads, and four white seed beads'wo kaolin pipe bowl fragments, probably representing one pipe, indicate a manufacture date of 1720 to 1820 (Hume 1976:pe) ~

.21.

Burial Burial 5 was in a very shallow grave near Burial 17 and Feature 5 ~ The burial was oriented northeast-southwest, but virtually no skull was 'preserved to determine the exact orientation. The pit fill was extremely hard to determine, and was encountered at the base of the plow zone. Xt was 7~< deep at the maximum This burial also- seems to have been I

extensively disturbed by the plow.

The cranium is represented by only two fragments w5.th no landmarks, The right scapula was survived by part of the acromion, and the left by part of the glenoid fossa neck, connecting spine, and acromion. Seventeen ribs plus three rib fragments were recovered Most of the vertebrae recovered seemingly include no cervical portions. Nine thoracic vertebrae fragments were discovered. Thirteen lumbar fragments were all ex'tremely robust. Three other miscellaneous vertebral body fragments were present.

The left humerus is fairly complete and'reconstructed was >$ .5 cm. long, for a height of 171 cm. or 5'8". . The right humerus was only a head portion. Fragments of both ulnas and three pieces of one radius are all that remained of

\

any arm and hand fragments.

N One hundred seventeen pieces of long bone without land-I marks were recovered ~ These. belong to the arms and legs of either side.

22.

Two femoral heads, two portions of shaft, and one dis-tal end were found. However the heads and shafts didn~'t make a complete'reconstructable bone for measurement. The right proximal end of the tibia was recognizeable Two fibula fragments could be sorted out. Five other fragments clearly belonged to the legs, One patella. seemed to be the left one. One left metatarsal and the left talus and calcaneum found. Only one 3'ere right metatarsal was present.

Fifteen pelvic fragments were non-reconstructable, with no surfaces in the greater sciatic notch present for sexual determination.

The beads recovered with this burial were blue octa-gonally shaped or faceted beads. There were eight of these.

One root beer colored wire wound bead was recovered. Seed beads included 1/7 white and 12 brownish white.

Two secondary chert flakes were found. Metal artifacts included 12 brass Jingles which had been strung on a bunched but untwisted fiber. Three brass medallions were found.

Although badly preserved, the largest seems to have had a bust on one side. It measured pe 5 by pe 4$ cm. A medallion of 25.7 by 22 ' cm. had two figures on one side, perhaps a mother and child. The third medallion was .marked by a series of striations around the edge, with linear markings running 1

across the top of. one medallion. The burial area had small patches of a red powdered pigment sprinkled around the body.

The substance is extremely bright, and definitely, not red

ochre, One seed from the fill represented floral remains.

25.

Burial 6 Burial 6 was located in 50N80YI. This individual was buried in QCWCi>>6'HAP, a square pit and wood fragments suggest it was in a coffin. The fill was composed of four irregularly depo-sited layers. Level I was a brown matrix with heavy charcoal concentrations. Level II was somewhat lighters Level III was in the south portion only, and had heavy charcoal It was a lense within level II'evel IV was also a lense, and was like the yellowish clay subsoil, in a cap over. the body.

The second level comprised most o f the fill, The grave was approximately 18" deep, The individual was extended and was oriented northeast.

A layer of river cobbles lined the bottom of the pit, and 'no sign of disturbance by human activity was below this.

All that remained of the skull were ten occiput frag-ments. Four fragments had portions of the lambdoidal suture, with some endocranial closure, but no ectocranial closure.

Y This is relatively worthless as an age indicator. The nuchal lines weren't at all pronounced, and this may suggest that the individual was a female.

Both the right and left mastoid, although present, were so damaged as to prohibit assessment of the mastoid process or the ridge running'rom the zygomatic arch.

Twenty-seven sphenoid and squamal fragments were pre-sent; and also 27 frontal and parietal fragments. Because of deterioration, reconstruction was not possible, however.

One palate 'fragment minus the suture was present.

24.

All four upper incisors were present, both lower central incisors and the left lateral incisorwere present. Both upper canines and the lowex left canine were recovered. All eight premolars are present. The above mentioned teeth exhibited only enamel polishing. The upper left first molar had two caries on the occlusal surface and also enamel polishing.

The upper left thix'd molar had enamel polishing and =a caries on the mesial surface. The upper right second or third molar had only enamel polishing The lower left. first molar had a caries, and the second molar enamel polishing. The right lower second and third molars had only enamel polishing.

All first molars exhibit deep surface invaginations from poor development of enamel.

Ten long bone fragments are all that remain of the left arm. The right humerus, radius and ulna were incomplete.

The axis was represented by the dens, which seemed fairly gracile. Four other vertebral fragments could not be identi-'iedo The right and left femur could be partially reconstructed, as could the tibias. All long bones were fairly slender, suggesting the individual was a female o f at least 21 years of age.

Ylood fragments suggest interrment in a coffin. There was one projectile point in the top of the fill, however it was probably deposited by the plow.. It is a side-notched point of probable early Archaic affiliation, One slate. flake was also found.

25.

Three brass Jingles or tinklers were present. The seed beads included 2 blue-green, and 87 whi.te in the leg and arm region. In the vicinity of the skull were the following seed bead counts: 118 white, 58 brownish white, 26 blue, 16 green, 9 blue-green and 3 black.

On the individuals right arm were 7 brass bracelets.

Six of these were bands varying from 40.5 mm. to 43,7 mm.

in thi.ckness. They were probably made by rolling a single I

piece of brass inward from both sides. The seventh bracelet was oi braided brass,'hat was doubled on one end and pinched on the other, One piece'of 'possible fabric was adhering to these. The construction technique is unanalyzed.

~Burial V

Burial 7 was located in N60W80. The pit was rectangular with wood representing a coffin, . The fill was of clay and the sandy subsoil,and organic lines caused by the deteriorating coffin marked the edges of the piti The body was semi-flexed, with the knees loos'ely drawn up. The face was oriented northwest. The pit was 1'o 1'3<< deep<<

The skull was represented by fourteen fragments. The nuchal lines are fairly pronounced and the ridge extending from the zygomatic arch i.s present beyond the external audi-tory meatus. The mastoids are present, but the mastoid processes have both deteriorated. Eighty-eight tiny frag-ments of the skull are also present, but the skull was so friable that crumbling upon exposure made reconstruction

26.

impossible. Endo and ectocranial suture closure is incom-piete, but not enough is present to warrant an age determi-nation The upper right and left central incisors are worn through to the dentine. The only other incisor present was the lower 'right .central, which was decayed. Only the upper right canine was present, and it exhibited a caries.

Two upper left premolars, the second upper right, one lower right, and both lower left premolars were present.

All maxillar molars present. Only the lower left third molar is present.'he individual was probably of considerable age, The left \

scapula is evidenced in the acromion, glenoid process, and part of the spine Twenty-two pieces of radius and ulna were non-reconstructable. The humerus was only missing a head, and was 27.2 cm. long. Using Telkka (Krogman 1973) the individual is. most likely a female of 147 cm. or 4I 1 O1I ~

The right arm was fragmented. Two pieces of humerus and nine fragments of humerus, radius and/or ulna were present.

I Fifteen pelvic fragments were present, with one sciatic notch of an obtuse angle, that suggests the individual is female There are twenty ribs represented by fifty-four fragments. Thirty-seven vertebral fragments are probably all representative of the thoracic vertebrae, and there is one lumbar fragment,

27 Both femoral sha'fts are present, On the right side, two tibial and one fibular fragment are present, with 3$

other fragments belonging to-any three. of the long bones of the leg. Four left metatarsals were present.

The left tibia has no proximal end, while the fibula was in five pieces. There are twenty-four small pieces belonging to'he femur and tibia. The right talus and cal-caneum are present. h Several, pieces of wood were in the grave, along with one piece of- charcoal The seed beads included: 26 white, 10 brown, 11 green, and 1 blue.

Burial 8 Burial 8 was located in 50N801Y The pit was rectangular,

~

with the edge rimmed by the dark organic stain where the cof>>

fin deteriorated. The fill of the pit was 1~5>> deep, and a, loose sandy matrix,. darker than the subsoil, The preservation was extremely poor, but the skull was oriented southwest, A river cobble was placed over the )aw, and also in the northeast area of the burial, around the heavy. bead concentration, As the burial was excavated the skull'egan to deteri-orate. Twenty-six ma)or fragments and.111 miscellaneous un-marked pieces of skull meal were recovered. All sutures C

present showed no endocranial or ectocranial suture closure.

This indicates the individual was immature or a young adult, The mastoid process suggests that the burial was a female

28."

Both maxillary central incisors were present. The man-dibular incisors were all present. The lateral incisors both have caries, All four canines were recovered. The lower left one was fractured, however.

Hot all the premolars were recovered. The upper right and left posterior, and the lower left anterior were all that was recovered. On the left side of the dental'arches all three molars had erupted, however on the.

I right side only the first two had erupted. This suggests an age of between 15 to 21 years.

There are 24 miscellaneous long bone fragments, and probably all represent the arm, although no landmarks are present.

A river cobble .was in the vicinity of the 1502 white seed beads found in the northeast portion of the pit. The only other items found in the fill was one piece of charcoal.

29.

~Burial Burial 9 was located 'in N607I90. The preservation was extremely poor, and decay was probably intensified because the person was immature. The grave was northeast, but the individual was interred southwest. The pit was approximately l5" deep with the organic stain defining the edges. The fillwas a mottled dark and light brown with a small river cobble The position of the body was impossible to determine There were seventeen extremely fragile skull fragments, with no sutures and landmarks. presumably the skull frac-tured at the sutures and began 'to deteriorate, eliminating r

all evidence.

All incisors were present and permanent. All four ca-nines were deciduous. All premolars were present. Five molars, three upper and two -lower were found. Only one specimen had roots. The large amount of deciduous teeth sug-gest an age of between eight and ten years,(Brothwell 1972:

59).

V/ood wa's found in the southeast section of the burial pit. Eleven nail fragments were present. Xnterrment was in a coffin. One brick fragment was located. The seed beads were found northeast of the skull'hese. included 21 brownish white, 8 white,'and 8 blue green beads. No other grave goods were encountered.

)0.

Burial 10 Burial 10 was located in 60N90)Y ~ The pit was 5>> deep.

The fillwas compacted sandy subsoil;l defined by an organic stain from the deteriorating coff1n. The body was positioned southwest, however the position itself is indeterminant.

This burial was disturbed by vandals during the prospect, but prior to excavation..'. The sparcity of human remains, however, is probably due to preservation because oi the individual~s youth.

All skull fragments are dried and cracked, and conse'-

quently unreconstructable.

I There are seven occiput fragments. Seven others exhibit a dark stain, with one a splotch of green from brass or cop-per. One hundred eighty-nine miscellaneous tiny fragments are present. The mastojds are present and extremely gra-cile. \

Only the upper right central incisor is present. The lower left central and lateral incisors are present, along with the lower right lateral. All are deciduous. The upper right and left deciduous cani'nes are present. Tge upper right side has both deciduous premolars, of the upper left only one is present The lower right side second deciduous pre-molar is present. On the lower right side the first molar had emerged and developed a cavity. Two other first molars were present. None of the others had emerged. This infor>>

mation leads to an age determination of between 6-8 years.

31.

Three cervical vertebrae fragments were located.

The right and left legs were represented by bone splinters imbedded in the matrix. Nothing can be said about the =child' size or sex.

One brass button, with a back loop and a flower motif on its surface was located about 3" east of paw ~ Three brass pin fragments were in the vicinity of the skull.

Eleven iron fragments, probably part of a strip. of some kind were also east of the Jaw.

Burial 11 Burial 11 was located in 50N90W. The fill was composed of layers of sterile clay alternating with darker soil The ~

was 1~ deep, and rimmed by a dark organic stain from the

'it deteriorating coffin. The burial was'xtended and oriented northeast. However, the skull seemed displaced and was 'facing east. The mandible was found on top of the femur.

Burial 11's skull was fairly intact. The nuchal lines were only moderately developed, and the zygomatic ridge didn't extend beyond the external auditory meatus. The angle'of the ascending ramus is obtuse - also indicating a female. The coronal suture was in the earliest stages of closure..around the pars complicata endocranially and ectocranially. The sagittal su'ture is beginning to close'round the pars verti-cus and pars lambdica ectocranially and is almost completely closed endocranially. The lambdoidal suture is beginning,to close at the pars intermedia ectocranially and is completely closed endocranially. The individual is most likely a young

52.

adult, probably no older'han Cwenty-four.

The incisors, however, are exhibiting a'ood deal of wear with the upper right central and lateral incisor all exhibit1ng heavy wear, and also the lower central incisor. No other incisors were present. The upper canines were highly polished, as was the lower left canine. Both lower right pre-molars were worn, and no other premolars were present, I The first and second upper right molars both had enamel polishing, as did the right and left lower molars.

One clavicle was present,. but damagedi The arm bones were in 14 miscellaneous 1 fragments, representing the left humerus, and a left ulna. No reconstruction was possible.

The left scapula was evidenced by one fragment, with a glenoid fossa and acromion, both damaged. One scaphoid was also re-covered. Both femora were too fragmentary for reconstruction, although they were fairly robust. One patella was also recovered Two extremely fragile tibia fragments and one piece of fibula were present, Three severely damaged meta-tarsals were all that remained of the foot.

The only other remains were 1 rib fragment, 4. 'vertebral fragments, and 8 pelvic fragments which were non-reconstruc-

table, Grave goods include one Jasper and one slate flake. One chert biface was also with the body. One double link of brass chain was within the vicinity of the skull The seed beads were also clustered around the displaced skull'hese included:

$ 1 brownish white, twenty>>seven green, 208 .black and 729 white seed beads.

Burial 12 Burial 12 is located in N50W90. The pit was about a foot deep. The matrix was discernible by the. dark ring indicating the deteriorated, coffin. Some charcoal was scattered through-out the fill. The type of burial is uncertain. The preser-vation of the individual is extremely poor because of its youth. The head was oriented northeast.

Fourteen deciduous tooth caps were present. .Three of these were two left incisors and one right. The upper'and lower left canine were present. Four pre'molars and three molars were present. Sixteen mis'cellaneous enamel fragments were present.

n Of the skull, only three small fragments were present.

The person may have been between six to eight years old. None of the other bones were preserved at all.

In the vicinity of what was probably the pelvis were nine white seed beads and two blue seed beads.

Burial 1$ was located in 60NlOOW The pit was discerned by the rectangular-like organic stain marking the coffin walls.,

During the prospect, and shortly after exposure this burial was looted. Preservation was poor in this burial, but how many possible bones or artifacts were taken is not known.

~

The burial is oriented northeast, and the skull faces southeast, The right and left mastoid process are present, but there is a great deal of surface decay. There are thrbe frontal

54.

fragments and two pieces of the zygoma, The left parietal is present and ectocranial suture closure along the Pars Obelica and Verticus was incompl~te ~ The Pars Bregmatica and Lambdica were partially 'losed. This suggests an age of less than 19 years based on an average oi 1 ' for degree of

,closure (Schwartz, personal communication) ~ This agrees with McKern and Stewart's estimation oi less than 17-18 years (Krogman 197$ :85) ~ The lambdoid suture exhibits no closure't alii Therefore, the mean closure stage is ~ 86 for the skull. 'These figures are based on Martin's standard of suture closure. This supports the idea oi 17-18 or younger.

The surface of the skull had rotted away in many places.

There were 6$ miscellaneous'ragments but the skull was un-reconstructable. 'ost mortem warpage was extreme. The thin nature of the wall of the vault suggest immaturity.

The teeth suggest an age of around ten years. On the upper right section 'of the paw the permanent teeth are the first premolar and the central and lateral incisor'he deciduous canine is present,'long with the second premolar.

The upper left includes the deciduous canine and second pre-,

molar .are-present. The first molar has emerged, while the second hasn't developed. The lower left and right have the same teeth present with the addition of the lower left la-teral incisor This suggests an age of around 10 years (Brothwell 197?:59) ~ This is probably more reliable than the variable suture closure age estimate.

55.

The second and third cervical vertebrae were found, but there was no evidence of the axis or atlas. No burial goods were located. However, the absence of any additional bones or grave goods could be attributable to either the looters activities or preservation.

Burial 1 1hrial 14 was in squares 70N110W and 60N110W. No pit fill was discernible, as the burial was at the base'of the (Ugl."gc)6'<,AA plow zone, The pit must have been square, however, because great amounts of wood from the square coffin remained, The interrment was extended, with the head pointing northeast.

The skull was in extremely poor condition and was left in the matrix, Within this block are also an indeterminant number of black and white seed beads. Of the. thirty-two loose miscellaneous skull fragments, they are generally un-recognizeable as to location, and suture. closure is incomplete indicating an age classification of adult, however closure for aging can be highly variable'.

The dentition consisted of the four upper premolars and the upper right canine. Al.l of these exhibited enamel polishing.

The upper, right central and lateral incisors exhibited some heavy wear, with bands of dentine exposed on both surfaces.

The cervical vertebrae are also friable, and more well preserved in the block of dirt from the skull pedestal. The rest of the'-vertebrae were fragmentary. The remains were

>6.

categorized as follows: two transverse processes tLat were probably thoracic, one lumbar, 9 general body pieces and 14 miscellaneous small portions. One rib from each side was pre-served.

One scapula was recovered. The left scapula had a damaged glenoid fossa, spine and acromion. The left humerus was relatively complete, except for the head and measured 28.5 cm. for a height of 151+ cm. or i'll<<.~ The ulna and radius were represented by 40 fragments. Two ulna fragments from the right side were recovered. The right hand consisted of three metacarpals and three middle phlanges. The left hand con-sisted of two metacarpals, one first phalanx, one middle phalanx, and three third phlanges, Although the pelvis was extremely fragmentary, .the sciatic notch is wide or the angle formed obtuse.

I There is also a characteristics P

groove on the pre-auricular sulchus. These indicate that the burial was female.

The right femoral head and part of the shaft are present, however eighteen disintegrating fragments prevented recon-struction. Seven pieces of right tibia and 3 fragments of fibula were located Nineteen other fragments from the vicinity were unidentifiable. The right foot had two meta-tarsal fragments and a talus and calcaneum.

The left femur was represented by only fragments with no landmarks, Fourteen tibial fragments were present. The

$7 ~

left talus and calcaneum wore also preserved.

Burial 14 seems to have been an adult woman of high status. Around the head and neck were 285 white, '65 brownish white, and 40 black seed beads, Also around the head were two brass Jingles or tinklers.

A cache of burial items were in the vicinity of the 1

right arm. These included a whetstone, rectangular in shape and measuring 8 '5 cm. in length, $ .2 cm. in width, and .75 cm. thick. 'ight pieces of brass coil were also in this vicinity. Two gun flints, one of'grey flint and the other greyish amber were found. However>the grey flint is probably not English, and the amber probably not French. One polished schist or gneiss pipe was in the cache. There is a ring at the top and base of the .bowl. The bowl is on a neck extending up from the tube. It is 4.45,cm. high and $ .99 long There is a loop on the stem also This was probably attached to another stem made of a perishable material A round iron object, badly deteriorated, was in 29 fragments.

All of the items in this cache area were sprinkled with a powdered bright red pigment, of which a sample was obtained.

In this vicinity were four small and two large brass Jingles.

In the general vicinity of the arm and shoulder, there were twelve white seed beads.

In total four possible rings were recovered. All were of brass, and had a circular bevel on a plain band. Of these, one had no stone. Two rings had clear glass stones

)8.

one rounded and one faceted<. The ring with the rounded stone had preserved the flesh beneath it. A,blue glass rounded stone was found and probably belongs to the ring mentioned above.

In the vicinity of the pelvis, six small, one large, and one broken brass )ingle were encountered. Also in this region were 56 white and one black seed beads.

The left knee region conta1ned a brass bell 3.52 cm.

high, and 3 67 cm wide at the mouth. The bell appeared to be plain. The clapper was iron and badly corroded. In this vicinity were 4

2285 white, 56 green, 241 blue, 86 black, and 108 brownish w'hite seed beads, Also in this cache were two brass Jingles.

Along the left tibia and fibula were 17 white and 3 black seed beads, and on the right, 23 white, 13'lue and 7 brownish white seed beads. The seed beads probably clothing, feet probably repre-all'dorned and those around the sent moccassins. They include: 575 white, 54 blue, 31 black, 42 green, and 24 whitish brown seed beads. This burial was one of the richest located on the site.

Burial 1 Burial 15 was located in 70N80N and 60N90)Y.'he pit was marked by the usual peripheral stain. The grave was oriented northeast-southwest. However. the skull fragments are in the southwest~ suggesting the body was oriented in that direction, The pit fill was not particularly deep, and unfortunately disturbed by the looters. 0nly two skull

59 fragments were present. Both of the fragments were of the parietal. The fragments were very thin walled and the in-dividual may have been immature or female.

Burial 16 Burial 16 was oriented northeast and southwest and was in the 60N100W square. This burial was looted after exposure, but prior to excavation. However, the preservation is pro-bably the factor responsible for the scarcity of the remains, and not the looters.. The position of, the body is unknown, The pit was very shallow.

Seven tiny skull fragments remained. One was parietal and the rest unidentifiable. One probable cervical vertebrae was present. Eighteen miscellaneous long bone fragmentsp j

and one distal fibula end were present. A radius and ulna fragment were recovered. There were no accompanying grave I

goods. The person was probably adult, but because of pre-servation and the plow, no age and sex determination are pos-sible.

Burial 1 Burial 17 was located in a shallow pit in '70N100W. The body was oriented towards the southwest. The skull is all that remained of the bones and it was in a highly friable condition.

The skull was represent'ed by 52 tiny pieces. that defied reconstruction. Three of these fragments had broken along

sutures that showed no evidence of closure.

Dentition included a lateral incisor, probably deci-duous., No root was present. This tooth had a plaque deposit.

One right deciduous premolar with no roots and no wear suggest the individual was young A molar with decay and enamel polishing was also present. The person may have been as young as between six to eight years old.

One circular brass buckle of 2..62 cm. in diameter'as found, along with the tang of another. There was no ornamen-tation on its surface.

Burial 18 Burial 18 was represented by a shallow pit. The pit was oriented northeast and southwest. This burial may be one looted prior to the beginning of the prospect, or else all bones may have been removed by the. plow. Only four tiny pieces of bone, and .no grave goods remained.

Burial 1 Burial 19 was in a shallow pit in 60N1501Y It seems to be the beginning of another cluster of burials. The fillwas mixed clay and sand. The body was oriented northeast, with the head facing west, The body was flexed, The surface of the skull fragments was in extremely poor shape. The cranial walls were rather thick, Both mastoids were present, with partof the right mastoid process being fairly robust. The zygomatic ridge extends beyond, the

41.

'xternal auditory meatus. One occiput fragment exhibits a strong nuchal line. It seems most likely that this burial was male.

Forty-two extremely fragmentary skull walls seem to be mostly frontal and parietal portions. Sutures are not in .

evidence and possible this indicates that they have fused This could indicate an age of the mid-20's onward. No den-tition was found to support this conclusion.

The post-cranial remains include three, femoral shaft fragments, one tibia fragment, and 48 other miscellaneous long bone fragments with no landmarks visible. One rib was preserved.

Accompanying the .body was a kaolin pipe bowl with the marker's mark ~'NN<< ~ Another pipe was represented by one bowl fragment.

Charcoal and wood fragments indicated the presence of a coffin. Five pottery sherds.were present. All of these sherds were gr1t tempered, and from the walls of a vessel, Three of the above are cord impressed, with an S-spun cor-dage.

Six flakes comprise the lithic assemblage. Two slate flakes, one low grade white chert and a pinkish chert are the products of secondary flaking. Also recovered were one grey chert and one Jasper tertiary flake, '

42 ~

Burial 20 40N90W was the unit Burial 20 was located in. The fill was 11" in depth and marked by dark soil, decayed wood, burned organic material, clay and fire-cracked rocks. The burial was oriented southwest, with the head facing west. The body was extended, and preservation was generally poor, The cranial remains indicate that the individual was probably female. The nuchal lines aren>t extremely pronounced, and the zygomatic ridge doesn't extend beyond the external auditory meatus. Both masto'ids are present, but the process is broken on each. Fifteen frontal and parietal fragments are present. Ectocranially all apparent suture closure is com-

'iete. Endocranially the lambdoidal suture was partially closed at the pars intermedia. The pars lambdica and pars verticus are all that is left of the sagittal suture These are in an incomplete closure stage. This is highly variable however, and based on only fragments. This information is not supported by the dentition. Also present was part of the sphenoid.

The incisors are both broken, but are probably the upper right central, and the lower right lateral. One canine is broken. The other has only the crown, but is probably the lower right canine. The lower right, left and upper left anterior 'premolars are present. The molars have all emerged on the lower left, and the second and third lower right m>>ars are present. On the upper right the first two molars have emerged, while the third molar is partially erupted. All

45.

teeth suggest 'an age of 15, to 21 years of age.

Post cranial remains include a fragmented right femur and tibia, both very slender. And the left tibia and fibula are also equally crushed. One humerus shaft was reconstructed, and three other miscellaneous fragments are all that remain of the arms.

One nail was in the fill. No grave goods accompanied the interrment.

Burial 21 This individual was facing southwest. The position was extended, and the square QON140W ~ This burial may be part of another cluster emerging. As the project drew to a close, it was the only burial known in the region. This was found to not be, true during the backfilling of the si.te.

Although the surface of the skull'as much disturbed by root activity, it was primarily in good condition, All ap-parent suture closure was incomplete, indicating the indivi-dual was probably younger than 19 years. The external audi-tory meatus and the obtuse angle of the asending ramus indi-cate a female.

The maxillar teeth present are the two central and right, lateral incisor. The lower central incisors and left lateral incisor are present. The mandibular and maxillar canines are accounted for. All. premolars are present except the lower left anterior and posterior ones.

The molar teeth have all erupted on the lower left side.

The third has a caries. The third molar hasn't erupted on the lower right side. The upper molar teeth have the first

44, emerged, and the second erupted.. The age is most likely 10-12 years, however the lower left third molar present could up the age to fifteen years.

The ax'1s, atlas, four cervical vertebrae, a'nd a frag<<

ment of the fifth represent the spinal column., Only frag-

,ments of the right arm remain. The pelvis was extremely fragmentary, with any sexual determination made on an indi-vidual of'this age extremely risky. The legs were repre-sented by pieces of femur'nd tibia,'but only one fragment of the right foot remained. It~a exact nature was indeterminable.

Small pieces of wood were found, with this burials Pre-servat1on of the coffin was best around the head and feet.

Twelve and one half glass beads were found on the left side o f the skull. One black seed bead was found in the fill.

II Also in the vicinity of the cranium were two tiny wall sherds.

One sherd was cordmarked .on both sides, and the other on.

only'ne.

All were grit tempered, and the cordage was S spun.

The'1thics 1ncluded five slate secondary flakes, and one quartzite flake. A very tiny projectile point was found in the fill. It measured 1.2 .cm. in length and 1.65 cm. in width. It appears to have been a miniature J,evanna point.

The last burial item recovered with 21 was one of the most unusual. It was a piece of shell pendant with two per-ferations in the corner. The surface was decorated with a simple geometric design. Although the piece was broken and the surface deterioration had set in, this was one of the most unusual items from the site.

45.

Features site is covered by vprious dis-Although much of the colorations of various types, most are related to var'ious"recent disturbances. Erosion and deposition from flood episodes often produced patches of differing:soil types that did not turn out to be features. Rodent activ1ty was extensive in some areas, as was root activity. Various other confusing factors included plow scars'nd our. own bulldozer tread.

Only those features excavated were assigned numbers.

Other stains on. the map were either shallow, not definite enough, or we simply didn't have time to excavate them.

Oftimes these features were in the vicinity of what appears to be post molds, when this is the case it will.be mentioned. Very few features yielded much in terms of artifactual remains. It may be that we were examining the bottom of features that had been eroding away. Since so many burials are preserved this seems unlikely. Any erratic post molds were very shallow, but surface artifacts were not N

heavy enough to indicate the village had been churned into the plow zone Rather it seems more likely that the village is closer to the river, and what we are seeing is a variety of natural phenomena, small features and erratic post molds associated with the burial ground.

Feature 1 Feature 1 was a small irregular shallow stain. The fill was sandy and contained bits of charcoal and organic material.

It was 8 inches by 12 inches in diameter and only three inahes deep. It appeared on the subsoil surface. It was located in ON70lll. It was in the vicinity of other possible post molds and features. However, no artifacts were associated with it.

Feature 2 It is possible that this may have been a large shallow post mold, but this seems unlikely. It is in unit ON90W close to feature 3. Other irregular stains are close by. The dimen-I sions are roughly 18" by 10" ~ The depth only reached four inches. No artifacts were in association. The matrix was brown, and appeared at the level of the yellow clayish sub-0 soil.

Feature This possible feature was also located in,ON90W ~ The

'stain was large and amorphous in shape. The fill contained bits of charcoal and various organic stains. The dimensions were two feet by five feet. However, the fill was only two inches deep. This feature is associated with other stains and feature two. Absolutely no artifacts were in association.

Feature Feature 4 first appeared on the subsoil surface of ON80W as two post molds close together, with a slight dis-coloration between. When the post molds were'ross-sectioned

47.

however, it was clear that they were part of the same stain.

fill II The was a dark brown with bits of charcoal throughout.

The depth was also inconsistent, and it reached a ma'ximum depth of six inches. The're were no artifacts found within'eature Feature 5 is a more definite cultural manifestation.

It is located southeast cf Burial 5'n the subsoil. The fill was dark with small pieces of charcoal within it. The pit was oblong and oriented northeast-southwest, as are most of the burials. The pit was only $ .5 inches'eep, however the top of it may have been 'removed by the plow and/or bull-dozer. It is contained within the units 50N140W and 60N140Y/

on the subso'1l. The only thing within the pit was a mammal foot, probably pig'he remai'ns included metapodial and phlange fragments. The foot was or1ented with the meta-posials in the northeast and phlanges in the southwest, The significance of this is uncertain It may have been used as a hearth once, or a trash pit, If there is ritual signi-ficance, there is no evidence from elsewhere on the site'o offer an, explanation, The dimensions of the pit were 1~8" by 1' Feature 6 Feature 6 is located in 70N80W, 70N90W, and 60N80We It is a large oval stain with a maximum depth of two inches

48.

P The stain was slight, but recognizeable to the looters who also disturbed the surface of this, feature. The location is east of the pa)or burial cluster. No artifacts, were associ-ated with it.

Feature 7 .

piti It is C

Feature 7 may be a small refuge or hearth I

in 30N140Ã on the'ubsoil, Nearby are two possible post molds and Burial 21 The size is only 11>> by 8>> The depth

~ ~

from the top of the subsoil was 5>> ~ A few, fire cracked rocks were within the feature and also a cobble that was pitted on one side.

Feature 8 Feature 8 was located in 30N80YI. It started as a seri'es of roundish possible post holes and expanded into what was probably a deluxe rodent establishment. The first 1$ >> was an area of apparent firing with heavy charcoal concentrations.

This feature extended into the east wall. A cross section revealed two very erratic deep holes within the area of the feature It was abandoned as a rodent hole However one broken Jasper biface fragment 3 63 cm. long and Q.6 cm. wide was found, and a dark grey projectile point fragment 2.93 cm. long and 2.28 cm. wide, minus the base. The point was sidenotched.

Feature Feature nine did not exist. A confusion over numbering arose, and this feature number remained unused.

49 Feature 10 Feature 10 was located in 30S130W. In this trench the subsoil takes a tremendous dive of several feet. The fill was dark and clearly'isible. However, the bottom is far from regular. The surface is a very long rectangle of about "It is 7'he by 2,5' oriented northwest-southeast. feature achieves a maximum depth of 1$ '. Within the fill was one kaolin pipe stem. This was lying beneath a sandy lens. The feature was located in the middle of a large number of small post molds that formed no comprehensible pattern.

Feature 11 Feature 11 was located in 410S50W and '410S40W ~ This feature was roughly four feet in diameter. The fillwas .

slightly darker than the surrounding subsoil, but most of the edge of the pit was defined by textural differences. The pit seems to have been a series of four neat terraces, each extending deeper into the subsoil. Any possible used.determination. if.

speculation, however it could have been for storage fillwere purposes'he only artifacts contained in the two redware rim sherds from the same vessel. The dark brown glaze was on r

the interior and along the edge, The vessel was probably a large mouthed storage container.

Feature 12 Feature 12 was in 41OS60N, The fillwas only slightly darker than the subsoil, and excavation followed largely

50.

textural changes. .No,internal stratigraphy was present in the soiledfill, except for lenses of yellow subsoil and dark brown Some charcoal, was present. The bottom of the pit was highly irregular. Total feature diameter was a "fairly regu-lar six feet, However, the bottom suggests a possible tree fall with artifacts occurring merel'y coincidentally. These artifacts include one Jasper. flake and'an unutilized river

cobble, Feature 1$ was a possiig.e fire feature in 450S40W.

The dimensions were $ ~0" by $ ~9" ~ It'eached a maximum depth of 11~~ ~ No firecracked rocks were found, but there was a distinct layer of charcoal. Beneath this was a lens oi a less dense charcoal concentration and'ome coal. The third and bottom lens is extremely sandy with less charcoal and coal. A carbon sample was taken from this feature. No artifacts were present.

Feature 14 was a small fire pit in 400S100W. The fill was mostly charcoal, Dimensions were 11" by 8~~ ~ The maximum .

depth was four inches. This feature was in the vicinity of a few possible post. molds, with no recognizeable pattern.

51.

BEADS The ma5ority of the beads present were seed beads..

An assortment of measurements for these is in the appen-

\

dices. The yellow and brownish white seed beads appear to

'e prone to deterioration. The measurements of a represen-tative sample of these are in the appendix. Final counts for the site include 4987 white, seed beads, 10/2 blue, 830 black, 310 blue-green, $ 97 brownish white, l 08 yellow, 136 green seed beads.

lVire Wound Beads Two ma)or classes of beads exist in the -site, clear *to blue wire wounds and root beer colored beads. Both came in two sizes, large and small, thirty-nine large clear or blue beads were on the site, and six small ones, Forty-three root beer or heavily irridescent (and seemingly root beer colored) large qnd nineteen smaller beads. Eight blue octagonal or 0

prismatic beads were'roduced. Another of these was found in 60N60'i'rom the surface of the site was a blue bead with eight ridges on the surface. Other glass, beads were found by collectors and during the fill operations of the site, but they are discussed in another section.

CERAMICS - NATIVE AMERICAN All eight ceramic sherds from the site are grit tempered.

52-Five are S-spun, but the rest se too small to tell ~

CRRAMICS - TRADF. OR RRCENT Six redware sherds are present in total. One rim sherd indicated a wide'outhed storage vessel with an inter-nal glaze The same glaze appeared on another fragment. One unglazed rim fragment was located on the site, as well as a wall fragment and a basal fragment.

I Nine hardwhite paste sherds exist. One is a wall frag-ment from a bowl or cup, and five other fragments belong to a vessel that is blue, One possible piece of delft was found. The fragment is blue with a white stripe, and is extremely small, The paste is very soft. Lastly one piece of porcelain was in the back-d1rt of the third bulldozer trench.

All bone described in this section will be from the sur-face and plow zone The bones from features and all burials have been discussed separately.

From the backdirt of the first bulldozer trench we have one worn lateral i.ncisor, one mandible with the angle of the ascending ramus suggesting it is female. Also in this backdirt were two ribs, one tibial shaft, one femoral head and nine miscellaneous fragments.

From the backdirt of the third trench is an immature maxilla with one deciduous premolar in place. JONSON yielded

C h 't

one proximal tibia fragment. 30N140W produced one human cranial fragment and one upper molar with some enamel po-lishing. Three tiny unidentifable mammal or human fragments were found in 50N140W.. 50N160W and 50N110W each produced one human skull fragment. 50N100W yielded a skull fragment and vertebral fragment 60N160W produced a probable human long bone fragment.

SHELL The only shell artifact from the entire site was the broken shell gorget from Burial 21 ~ The two perforations were drilled in the upper right hand corner. A double etched line is visible on the surface, The height is 3,51 cm, and the length of the broken fragment is 3.80 cm. The surface and edge oi this specimen have begun to deteriorate.

BRICK A large brick fragment with three surfaces was found in ~

40N110W. The brick was 81 mm wide. Another fragment was found in 30N140W, Burial 9 also produced a small fragment.

GLASS Only two glass items were present on the site. One was the octagonally r.haped piece of g'lass associated with Burial 3. It was 8 '5 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide. The postulated use is as a mirror set into a piece of wood.

Only one bottle neck fragment was found it had a patent type lip with no mold mark. .The width of t)io neck was

54.

1.92 cm. It was found in N30W140.

PIPES KAOLIN Three kaolin pipe fragments were in Burial 2, indicating at least two specimens, 'possibly three. The diameter of the bores ax'e 2.02mm, 2;lmm, and 2.05 mm. Burial 4 contained two bowl frag-ments. The other kaolin pipe associated with a burial, was 'from Burial 19. The bore diameter was 2.2mm. This pipe exhibited a maker's mark, "WN". Another bowl fragment"was found. The height of this bowl was 4.2cm. and the pipe was 1.65cm. wide at the mouth.

All of the bowl shapes suggest a manufacture date of between 1720 and 1820.

One pipe stem was found in N30Wl'40. Xt's bore diameter was 2.4 to 2.6 mm. thick. Another stem was in the surface collection.

P Using a mean bore diameter figure of 6/64ths and Harrington's charts, the manufacture date was between 1680 and 1710. (Harrington 1978:64) A further effort to refine this figure resulted in the use of Binford's formula: y~1931.85-38.26x. (Binford 1978:66)

The mean figure produced by this method was 1702.29. These two dates are in direct contradiction of Ivor NBel Hume's calculations based on bowl shapes.

METAL artifacts from the site fall into three types: iron,

'he met@1 pewter or silver, or brass. Of the pewter or silver there is only one example, and that deteriorated upon exposure. Xt was a linear piece found in the left side of Burial 3 in the vicinity of the left arm.

Iron Artifacts:. Two probably round containers were found on the site. .One was on the left side of Burial 3. The side was 2.87 cm.

high, but corrosion prevented a diameter measurement. The other

~ 4 I l'

55@

was from Burial 14, II and was in 29 non-reconstructable fragments, thus preventing 'a measurement. Burial 10 had ll fragments of what seems to have been an iron strip.

All other iron fragments from the burials were highly oxidized nails. The corrosion prohibited any dating by type. They were distributed as follows: Burial 2 - three nails and two probable nail fragments, Burial 9 eleven nails, Burial 20 one nail.

Eight pieces of wire were in the surface collection. These are undoubtedly very recent, and xelated to agricultural activities.

A corroded spike is probably related to the nearby railroad tracks.

Brass Artifacts: One of the most common brass artifacts I on the site was the brass g.ingle or tinkler. Nine of these were found in Burial 3, 12 in Burial 4, three in Burial 6, and 8 in Burial 14.

For locational data within the pits, see the individual burial descriptions. Measurements axe in the appendices.

Burial 3 produced a vanity, whose measurements are given in the burial description. It also contained a thimble. Burial 10 produced two straight pin heads and one shaft fragment. One brass bell was found with Burial 14, and also some brass coils. All other

'brass items from the site were used for decorative purposes.

Brass buttons were strung on a leather thong as a necklace for IBurial 3. Three medallions were found with Burial 5. Burial 6 yielded seven bracelets, six were rolled bands, and the seventh Ikey was braided wire. Burial 10's decorative Mem was a button

. with a floral design on the surface. One whole buckle and the tang of another were found with Burial 17. Burial 11 yielded one piece of chain. The three brass rings from Burial 14 complete the brass inventory from the si te.

56.

LXTHXCS There are thirty flakes, two cores, three preforms, seven bifaces, nine points, one scraper,"

I one netsinker, two gunflints, one pipe, two pitted cobbles, one adze, and one piece of dressed stone in the lithic inventory.

The flakes are divided into materials. There are two jasper secondary flakes from S30M130 and the surface. One tertiary jasper flake was located within Burial 19. ~ The last tertiaxy jasper flake C was from Feature 12.

The chert flakes were found on the surface and in Burial fill.

Zn the surface collection six grey secondary, and one brownish-grey secondary flake were found. Burial 2 had one grey secondary flake, and Burial 5 two secondary grey flakes. Burial 19 yielded one pink, one grey, and one white secondary flake.

Six primary slate flakes were found on the surface, and fifteen secondary flakes. The other secondary flakes were distributed as k

follows: Burial 2 1, Burial 6 .k, Burial 19 2, Burial 21 5, and one in N10W130. Also found on the surface was one utilized slate flake.

Onely two cores wex'e recovered from the I

site. One was a chert nodule from S20W110 and the other was a chert core from the surface.

One quartzite fragment was found in Bux'ial 21.

Preforms: Both preforms are made of slate. One was found on the surface, and the other in the backdirt of the fifth trench. The formex's 6.39 cm. long, 5 cm. wide and 1;08 cm. thick.

The only scraper is from Burial 6. It is made from a grey

57 witn lighter inclusions. Xt is 3.1 cm. from the striking 'hert, platform to the utilized edge. It is 2.96 cm. wide and .93 cm.

thick.

Bifaces: Seven bifaces were recovered in total. Only one was from a burial. This was Burial 11, and the material was a grey-black chert of 4.5 cm. long, 2;1 cm. wide, and .99 cm. thick. This biface was curved.

A I

broken jasper biface was found in feature eight along with a projectile point. The fragment \

was 4".6 cm. wide, 3.64 cm. long and .97 cm.'hick.

The plow zone of N30W140 produced two broken bifaces. One is part of a slate ovate biface with no signs of utilization. The width is 4.14 cm. wide, 4.76 cm. long and 1.05 cm. thick. The other fragment is 2;82 cm. long, 2.-3 cm. wide and .57 cm. thick, and of slate. Trench 81 produced another incomplete specimen. This was 4.37 cm. long, 2.91 cm. wide, and .9 cm. thick. The broken fragment from Trench 84 was 3.22 cm. long and 4.56 cm. wide. Both of these were of slate.

The last biface fragment was from the surface collection. Xt was of a whitish chert. Xt was 2.96 cm. long, 1.84 cm, wide and

.73 cm. thick.

Projectile Points: Ten points were recovered. The point in Burial P6 was in the top of the fill, and probably was placed there by the plow. Xt was 3.38 cm. long, but the tip was broken. The widest point was at the shoulders, where it measured 1.82 cm. The basal width was .85 cm. This point was side-notched and may have been a Lamo1a'oint.

This typedates from 3500 BC to 2500 BC in New York.

(Ritchie 1961: 29)

58.

The point from Burial I

21 was a miniature Levanna. It was 1.2 cm.

'long and 1.63 cm. wide. This type was a Late Woodland point. The

'material was a grey chert.

,'Feature 8 produced a point of unknown cultural affiliation.

Classification was impossible because the basal portion was missing.

This grey chert point was side-notched. Width at the shoulders was 2.28 cm. and length minus base was 2.93 cm. The thickness is

~ 57 em+

The rest of the points were from the plow zone of units and trenches. N50W80 yielded a slate point 4.66 cm. long and 1 cm.

thick. The side was broken. The point could possibly be a Brewerton Eared-Notched, of Middle to Late Archaic affiliation.

NSOW110 also produced a Brewerton, this one side-notched. (Ritchie

'I 1961) The measurements were 2.61 cm. long, 1.54 cm. wide and .4 cm. thick. The material was grey chert.

N80W110produced a side-notched slate point 4.6 cm. long, 2.93 cm.

at the shoulders, 1.63 basal width and .86 cm, thick. It could be a Normanskill of Middle Archaic affiliation.

S10W110 yielded a Bare Island point, common in the Susquehanna and representative of the Late Archaic. (Ritchie 1961:15) The point was made of grey chert. S20W120 contained a jasper point, curved in profile. It is possible this was part of a biface or a point. Some utilization is present. The length is 2.45 cm. long, 1.30 cm. wide and .39 cm. thick. Because it is broken, no cultural affiliation can be determined.

The first trench yielded a black chert triangular point 2.57 cm.

long, 2.33 cm. wide.and 4.6 cm. thick. The fifth trench had a.

Brewerton side-notched point 2.82 cm. long, 28.2 wide at shoulder, 2-07 wide at the base and .6 cm. thick.

59.

Miscellaneous Lithic Artifacts: The only ground stone tool was an adze. It was found on the surface, but was broken. The length was 8.41 cm. long, 4.78 cm. wide and 3.6 cm. thick.

There was also a possible netsinker. The length was 6 cm. long, 4.65 wide, 1.1 cm'. thick. Xt appears to be notched on both sides, however, there is a great deal of battering present on the entire artifact. An X is on one surface, but these are probably plow marks. /

N50W90 had a river cobble pitted on both sides. Feature 7

~

yielded a pitted cobble, but the pitting was 'lso only on one surface.

One piece of seemingly dressed stone rectangular in shape was on the surface. It was 13.72 cm.

long, 8.03 cm. wide, and 4.38 cm. thick.

Burial 14 yielded all remaining artifacts in the lithic assembly. These included two gunflints, and a whetstone. Mea-surements have been detailed in the burial section.

\

PATHOLOGY Almost all pathologies are based entirely on the dentition of the Burials. There were caries, some decay of entire teeth, and irregularity in enamel development, causing deep invaginations on

'I the occlusal surface. Many burials didn't exhibit extremes of enamel wear, as is often common in prehistoric populations.

Burial 4's left metatarsal may exhibit arthritic warping. Any possible signs of arthritis on vertebrae or long bones has been eliminated by deterioration of the bones along these surfaces.

WEALTH AND STATUS There seems to be no easy summary that can be made on wealth and status, from the twenty-one burials excavated.

Only nine out of 21 burials could be sexed. Eight of these were women, and one male. Pour of the others were children. It must be remembered, however, that all sexual determination was based on a very few characteristics

/

present on the fragmentary remains. Age was based on tooth eruption, and suture closure when the individual was older than twenty-one. The rest of the burials were sub-adult or indeterminable. Position seems to have nothing to do with the presence or absence of grave goods, or sex. Age also doesn t seem a factor.

However, both extremely high status Burials, 3 and 21, were oriented east and northeast and were female. Children tended to be buried with a few items, but not many.

Items that would seem likely to be buried with either 1

sex, don't follow the expected pattern either. Examples of this are Burial ll, an apparent female whose grave contained flakes and a biface. Burial 14 had a pipe and gun flint, yet this was also

61.

a female. Burial 19, a male yielded some pottery, while the female Burial 21, produced both pottery, flakes and a projectile point.

The possible demographic implication of this data has gone as yet uninvestigated. As mentioned in the opening of the burial section, preservation and erosion may make this a somewhat erroneous picture of this cemetary.

'I

62 ~,

CULTURAL AFFILIATION As the prospect opened it seemed most likely that the Delaware village between the Mapwallopen Creeks could be present on the area impacted by Pennsylvania Power and Light. From the evidence uncovered it may be concluded that the village was erroded away, which is extremely unlikely, or any features and postmolds encountered were associated with the burial ground. The village is probably closer to the river where collectors have picked up more pipe stems and signs of intense occupation. The large features described by Gardner were never encountered.

The historical Indian cemetery is probably of Delaware affiliation, but could possibly be Nanticoke.

The Archaic component mentioned by Gardner was evidenced by b.

the Archaic points in the lithic section. Also the thin dark layer in part of the site, may be all that remains of the Archaic component. The Gardner test operations located a flexed burial with no grave goods, and assumed it was Archaic. In view of preservation on the site and the fact that some of the historic burials were flexed, this can no longer be considered a certainty.

APTERMATH The backfilling of the site was done by Pennsylvania Power and Light. It was at this time that Burial 22 was found. It was about the N30 line, 30 feet from burial ~<1 and 10 feet east of the back dirt pile.

The burial was apparently very shallow. The position was flexed and the body oriented east. The grave goods included fS.fteen moon and star beads. These beads are extremely rare and few are known from archaeological sites or collections. They were probably made in "Venice for trade among the Moors, and that the designs have reference to Moorish traditions". (Orchard 1929:86) They are blue with a moon and star fused in glass on one side, and three stars, one with a tail on the other. There were five triangule.. catlinite beads and nine circular catlinite beads.

Eighty whitish translucent beads wS.th a bluetinge were reported recovered. These were multi-faceted. Also found were an unspecified number of wire wound beads. Large numbers of seed beads of various colors were found with the burial. At least 1000 were found in the vicinity of the arms. Black, navy blue, white, pine and red were encountered.

The metal artifacts included a small bell, and also brass i'ingles.

The artifacts are now in the collections of'arious workmen, br in the collection of Terry Knouse when he was able to obtain them from the workers.

Appendix I Ceological Cores

r mr rh h r wP p~e, S- <<u'f,.t 4W ) A.e"em r-, ri' 2'y..,.

I gg '.l2 ja.~,.:,; g m'

>>, <<.)< j>~.I Sayings, SOBS,.'A5$ 0Y085fIQ VIII;Q+'.AIImI Ooto 12/23/76 'ennsylvania Potter'I:Tf.cjht Co. Shoot '1 'f'If-.

V'.

Qorlny Loco tioh Susquehanna SES 230 KV -'ontour Susquehanna No. 1 6 2 Station 30+77.57'>~q lee, ro ect No. J-663 Spoon 0. O. 2 II Ground E lev.

Boriny No. Hemmer Foll Depth Ground Water Ih~

I~ >>

Fty. Soil 30.0 Cosinp Oio. 4 ~ I Elov. Ground Water Fty. Rock Hemmer~ Fe Oeplh Sound Rock j erg (hp ilier C. En lish Core Silo NX Etov. Sound Rock

'Elev, Oo plh Blows Ij lowe Sample or Rock Coeiny Spoon Run No. Recov 4 Loot Oescri tion of Motortots 8 Remarks '."IFi<>'~C O.l 0.0. to 5.7 Dark Brown SILT - Hoist - Loose'."

I~ 2 10'0 3-3 34 45 5.6 10 ll 12 2.0-3.5

'5.7 to 12.2 Li ht Brown Pine Sand Moist - Loose SILT -', hhe 87 15 78 17 7 -85

9. I 0 IO. I I 12.2 to 17.5 Fine Gra Sand SILT - Wet - Loo.'.

ll.l2 e l2. I 3 rhrh I l3.I4 IS 16 IT IT. I 8 70223 Sit SN gh~i'i"~~~

I8.I9 mr I I 9.20 20.2 I 2 I.22 22 23, 3 26.7 Sm B D I We 23.24 24.25 25.28 2G.2T 4-267'2 0 Pi re Bo S 27.28 7 S>>5 Com act 28.29 2 9.30 29e0 to 30.0

~

Coarse Silt SAND and ROCK 30.3 I Ihhehe~ ~lee~~mueha.t 32-33 33.34 34.35 0 W.T at Com 1 tio 35.38 38 37 19.6'5

37. 38 38 39

'59%0 40 4 I 41 42 42e43

/ <<VY"

~ ~( ~,

~ '>>h"fIj('ggjo>~i~'f,.'(",.2t'g Sf' 'pQQQgpg~i~ ~

9~; Q'g >QQ "l>>$ (ag:( .(I ( '>> ( 'q;q! II'>', (" (~

i r ", v( 'rP, Shoot >>.,',< 1>> ('$).,I $)k,

~

1, y

.'4'" I'Orr'I "'l~'tjpn.;.",,'SuSCXuo.~+ ~30'~>>CO~tI46aVS.: "'G6timatOr NO '1 j'>> <>> > ~ "(',".... I '.",6P~iirgh" u v)cd R

(

Oround Glor.; A,lg Intro jsct,

('>>'>>

Spoon O. '>>

eortnlt .too. Oo th.Ground Water Klor. Ground Notor 3'II((h(t '

Dlo.

Ic. 'td. Rock ~ Indi Ho mmer Foll Oepth Sound Rock

"(

Ilier R. Leni NX

'lew. Sound Rock fl()>>(( <<r Core Sire Bit ff g.  !(>> 4.<y(C>>(((,l Ctev, Dept tp Io+s Samples or Rock " (

I (

<e'+".'<'i',"."'.. Oosorl tlon"ot Motorlols 6 Roeorko:.-,'.,'i.

~

Spoon . Ress Qo. Rocor d Lost ~

>))l7;'.l (I (( (('~

0.0. to 1.0 Brown TOPSOIX Moist ) >>

yt-2

.." ~ '., i.. <'>'>>

2 0-3. 1..0 .to 4.5 Brown Silt .Pine SAND Mois "-

Compact X.""-'-T

(

~

~ (>><< nl(>>(

. 121 T-8 137 21-32 S-2 8-9 9 IO 93 100 45 7. 0-8. 5 45to70MMoi IO. I I 127 230 l2. I3 '112 28-47 S-3 I3 I4 230 65 12-13.5 7 0 o I 4-I 5 221 GRAVE - M l5 IB 173 18 'IT 212 IT. I 8 93 27- 8 S-18 I9 8 50 7- 8.

l920 0 20.2 I 2 I.22 22-23 90 20-23 S-5 23.24 93 27 24 25 25.26 26.27 120 17-20 S-6 2T.28 28.29 29.30 30.3l 21 28. 5-30 End f 5I -32 G M.

32-33 33.54 G.M.L. 24 Hours 13.0' 34 35 35.36 36.57 37.58 58-59 l.42 42.45 43<4 44.45

>>(( I >>>>>>>>.

(

Append,ix II Osteological 3a.ta

BURIAL 1 OSTEOLOG ICAL R<2lAXNS Bone Right Xncom lete Complete length Left Incorimlete . Cora lete Len th Xndeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals-lfetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vetatarsals Phalanges P

Bone Cora lete Incom V tl lete l k> t bt ~ Vg ~

l~iandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar pg SC c'tc..

Vertebrae

BURIAL 2 OSTEOLOGICAL R~HAIHS Bone Right Incon piete Complete I ength Le ft Incornole te, Com lete Le~n'th Inde terrninan t Humerus Ulna x r'5 Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia zarsals Vetatalsals Phalanges Bone Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrura Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic I urnbar Ver tebl ae

BURIAL $

OSTEOIrOGICAL R'UJAIHS Bone Richt Incorc~lcte Coraplote 1enpth left Income'icte . Com letc L~en th Xndcterminant I

Humerus 'e Ulna Radius Carpals lhetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia ~~:~ '"

Tarsals Yte tatal sais Phalanges e'c Al I ~ ~~ AuJV 0 gear Bone Complete Xncom lete Ytandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 4 r

OSTEOLOGI GAL R>HAIHS Bone Ri.ht incon ieto Complete hohtth Left 'nconolote . Corrrplete Length Tndoterninnnt Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals lletacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vietatarsals Phalanges

~ &p ~% J ~ 4 ~ ~ e mw~m m~~ w err e * \ ' "~

Bone Co."s lete Incom lete Ytandible Skull Sternum Vertebra Sacrum Bone Axis Cervical Thoracic Lurirbar ae

BURIAL 5 OSTEOLOGI GAL R>HAIHS Bone Bi.ht Xnoorr late Corrrplot~eLen th l,eft Inconolete . Corrrnlete Length Xndeterrrinant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs p~.5'e~~re Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia ~>:4 '"

Tarsals Vtetatarsals Phalanges

~ V'~%~ HAMI ~ vms Bone Cora lete Incom lete 1'tandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 6 OSTEOLOGICAL R>HAXtfS Bone V

Humerus Ulna J Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vietatarsals Phalanges VV'k M AT% 6 V I h6 t~ /% V ' p W 1 Bone Com lete Incom lete Yandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL '7 OSTEOLOGICAL RZtfAIHS Bone Right Incomplete Cora lete Length Left Inco~m lete: Com lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia ~v4~~

Tarsals Hetatarsals Phalanges r Cm.wm ~ ~ w r Bone Complete Incom lete l~iandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 8 OSTEOLOGICAL R~HAIHS Bone Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vietatarsals Phalanges .

Bone Corslet e Incom lete Yandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

OSTEOLOGICAL RRhIAINS Bone Right Incom lete Complete Len th Left Xncom lete Com lete I en th Xndeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs S'capula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vietatarsals Phalanges f& V ~ CH ~ V L L%

Bone Com lete Incom lete Yiandible S11611 Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 10 OSTEOLOGICAL R~bfAIHS Bone Right Incom lcte Complete Length Left Xncom lete . Com lote Length Xndeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals tietacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vetatarsals Phalanges rrvv s~ ~ vS~- z ~ < ~ r ~ ~

Bone Cora lete Xncom lete l~iandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 11 OSTEOLOGICAL R<HAIHS Bone Ripht Incomplete Complete I en th Left Incom lete Com lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals l<etacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia <<>~

Tarsals Yietatarsals Phalanges Bone Com lete Incom lete Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar $ gtco Bone Axis Vertebrae

BURIAL 12 OSTEOLOGICAL Rvh1AXNS Right Incom lete Complete Length Left Xncom lete . Com lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals hletatarsals Phalanges Bone Complete Incom lete Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Ver tebrae

BURIAL 13 OSTKOLOGICAL REMAINS Bone Right Incom lete Complete Len th Left Incorimlete, Cora lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hotacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals hletatarsals Phalanges 4h'~ J <<%A V ~ l ~

Bone Co'mle t e Incom lete Nandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 14 OSTKOLOGICAL RWIAIHS Bone h p Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs trav Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia oV0~"> v' Tarsals J i hletatarsals Phalanges I C/

Bone Complete Incom lete Yandible S F011 Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 15 OSTEOLOGICAL R~HAINS Bone Right Incom lete Complete I en th Loft Incom lete . Com lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs S'capula Pelvis Feraur Patella Tibia.'arsals Vie ta tar sais Phalanges

~  % VCWMk V Bone Complete Incom lete l~iandible Skull S ternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 16 OSTEOLOGICAL R>HAIHS Bone Right Incomplete Cori> lete I ength Left Incom lete Com lete Len th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia c <~~~

Tarsals Vetatarsals Phalanges Bone Com lete Incom lete Nandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 17 OSTEOLOGXCAL RKHAXHS Bone Elumerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Netatarsals Phalanges Bone Com lete Incom lete Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Cervical Thoracic 'umbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 18 OSTEOLOGICAL R>MAINS Bone Right Incomplete Com lete Len th Loft Incom lete Com lete Len.th Indeterminant Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hetacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Vietatarsals Phalanges Bone Cora lete Incom lete Handible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 19 OSTEOLOG ICAL R'CHAINS Bone Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hotacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs ScaPula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Netatarsals Phalanges Bone Com lete Incom lete Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrur Bone Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

BURIAL 20 OSTEOLOGICAL R" l fAIl"

Tarsals Netatarsals Phalances Bone Com lete Incom lete Yiandible Skull Sternum Sacrum Bone Axis Atlas Cervical. Thoracic I umbar Yertebrae

BURIAL 21 OSTEOLOGICAL R>HAINS Bone Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Hotacarpals Phalanges Clavicle Ribs Scapula Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia Tarsals Netatarsals Phalanges Bone Corn lete Incom lete Nandible Skull Sternum Sacrura Bono Axis Atlas Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Vertebrae

69.

Appendix XXX

fetxic Data Buttons and. Beads

~>

p ~ s es,ee a vsse.pc

orna 7'i'iPtn-?.'arroyo en'1.AMk orna

"'1fle en'.

1.95 cimi. ~ 25 A )5

~ 25 ~ p5 1.4~ ~ $8 ~ H

1. 92 ~ 28 .$ 0 1.56 ~ 40 1 ~ 48 .47 1,28 ~ 24 .46 nil above measurements from Suri"1 5 2 15

.ll above measurement. from Burial 5 Gnly . ample par",meters on length listeC r =-

~ > ~ >

~ ~ h

KU SS YJKONS - 1:=.2PJC 3.":2A Lan 't!x "'idth levg oman 1.50 cm.

1.74 1.~6 1 y 62 1.58

l. 6g

l. '?0 1.45 1.40 1.$ 4 1.92

1. 81 1 55 1.81 1.51 59 1.50 1.51 1.87 1.55

1. 61

~-~ll brass buttons measured're from the necklace of Burial ).

92.

Appendix IV e4 @le 3)LCA Glass Beads I ~0 ~ I '. 1 ~

• N

~ ~

SHED 137~3S - iZiHXC Xd.B.

t'h Biameter Yellov: ~Ben Burial ) ,28 cm.

.19 cm.

2>

.20 .26

~ lg

.20 .28

"'hite Burial l .19 cm. ~ 51 cme

.21 ~ )5

.21

.16 .50

.20 cm. 57 cme Burial ) ~

~ 19 .27

.19 .51

.)0

.17 .19 3rovmish Visite

.26 cm.

Burial 5 e16 cme

.12 .22

.19 ~ 50

.20 25

.18 ~ 29 31QB

.28 cm.

3urial 1 ~ 17 cpl ~

.20 .58

-25

.26

-27 ~ Jl

SEED HEQ)S - ?'ETRE MTA 31UO ~Len th )irmeter Burial ) .19 cm. ~ )5 em'

.20 29

.18 .55

.17

.17 Blue-Greee Burial 1 ~ 17 cme .28 cm.

~ 22 .)8

.22

~ 24 .26

.18 Green Burial ll ~ 1) em'15

.28 cm.

-ln 25

.19 .27

~ 20 ~ 24 31e;.k Burial 11 ~ 22 cme ~ 52 cm

.21 .29

.22 ~ 29

.20

~ )0

.20

.51

l's'IHH '(CKQ) 3}JZS - 'KTBlC M%A Clear to Blue 33ui>>n.1 Lan:Nh ".iieet'h Bore Diameter Burial 2 1.67 cm. 2.0) cm. 4.8 cm.

1.67 2.02 4.55 2.05 2.0 4.55 2.00 1.85 4 55 2.01 2.15 5 85 1.90 1.88 4.55 1 75 2.09 5 9 1.99 2.10 1 95 2.09 1.98 2.12 ) ~ 8 3urial 5 1.8) 2.00 5.85 1.26 ,1. 52 5.7 1'05 1.59 4.Q 1 ~ 45 1 55 p 1,41 l. 50 4.2 1'25 ~

l. 51 1 25 1 52 5 9 1 25 l. 46 5+7 1 75 1.78 4,Q 1.87 4.5 1.81 2'.08 5 7 1.54 1.57 1.78 4.0 1 55 1.8$ 5.6

l. (8 1.80 5~7 1.97 2.04 4,0

Burial Length i'lirNh 'Bore 3)i~meter curia,l P., 1 95 2.05 5.0 1.70 1.76 )' 5 1,91 4.0 1 95 1.76 2.09 5-7 1 95 1.79 5.2 Burial 4 2.02 5.

8'.2 1 99 2.00 1.82 Burial 21 1 52 2.00 1.20 1 51 5.0 1.56 1.81

'l. 27 1.59 5 2 1 55 5.8

1. 59 1.40 5e 5 1.47 1. 50 1 55 1.27 5~1 1 ~ 5Q 1 51 1 55 1.18 5.8 1.58 1 >6'.

1-52 52 5.2 1 59 1.51

-Rot Beer auric~ 1 5 ~ 97 1 ~ 27 .$ 8

~ 88 .92 2.6

.91 1.05 2.8

'8LK 'O'OUTED BZiiZS - CONTBlUM Root Beer 9.0 1.05 $ .8 1.50 1 75 5.9, 1.57 1.59 5.9 1 ~ 70 1.64 4~ )

49 5.7 1.56 1. 58 5.9 1.62 1.58 5 5 1 72 1.72 5 9 1.74 5.6 1.54 5.7 1.6) 1 75 5.7 1.70 1.58 5.4 1.61 1.70 4.2

.89 1.05 5.0

.96 1 17 1.05 9 9 2.9

1. 54 1 74 5.9 1-45 1.70 5.9

l. 48 5.4 1.45 1.70 $ .0 1.48 1 52 1.70 5.0 1.48 1 52 1.45 1.61 1.51 1.56 5.5 1.64 1.10 2,6 1.61 5.5

'GHE "iOUiiQ 3:.MS - COW1'Der".3 Burial ~Lan, h tt'lith Bore 3iemeter Burial ) 1 55, 1. 80 2.9 1.50 1.80 5.6 1.70 1.66 1.70 4.1 1,52 1.56 1.)8 '.29 4.5

.88 1.07 $ .0 1.46 1 59 4.0 1.61 1.65 4.7 1.58 1.68 4.2

.96 1.05 1.01

~ 7) .95 2.7 1.05 1.0$ 2.5

.82 1.02 1.48 1 77 5 9

1. 45 1 52 5 9 1 59 55 1.62 1 55 5~5 1.56 '1 55 1 59 1.66 ).6 1.64 1.66 2' 1.47 1.78 5 5 1.60 1 55 ).6 1.48 1.69 5.6

~' ~ ~ I ' aC

'i'/XRZ Yh'OUI% 3~S - S~ZTi&C 3)ATA Blue Faceted.

~Len,th 'i'iChh 33ore 3iameter

,99 cm. -R9 cm.

94 1.02

.88 99 ~ 98 H

.94 .75 .27

.82 .95

WWN L'~ TFP.?lOON BEARS or lvlGON AYD STAR Bed)S Lcnrrth )'(i6th. Bore Diameter 1.64 1.78 ~ r>n 1.74 2.01 ~ 55 1.82 2.05 1.65 1.82 ~ 57 2.0 1.94 1.72 1 71 F 58

~ ~ l4 '0 " ~ '+ 9 ~~ ~ ~ IVt N9 O'Vf'l, ~ \'

A@pen(lix,Y Gatlinite BeaLs Il ~ tllWt P ~ k~ ~ I I 4 I'

~

g p ~

C~TLXgj'JTE BEADS - )vMIQC DATA riangular 7iilth et Vli(1th at Bore Diemeter ~Lan th . 1'hickness

~Aex 'R. se

~ 85 cm ~ 5.09 cm. .245 cm. 5.74 cm. .6 cm.

55 5.04 .18 4. 04 .52

,64 5,21 .215 ).16 ~ 74 Circular Diameter '

Eole Diameter Bore Diameter Thickness 2.98 cm. 1.61 cm. 225 cmo ~ 54 em'.65 1.>6 ,-57 ~ 55 2.74 1.)8 .505 2.86 1.52 .52 '49

~ ~ '0 'I I I\ '0 V Vl ' VWW 1'

Abbitt, l!erry Y'.

197) The righ eenth Century Shoe Buckle. Xn Five artifact Studies, ed.ited, by Ivor Noel Hume. University of Virginia Press. Charlottesville.

Ado~> sio J ~ E:.. ~ J.D. Gunn, J ~ Don" hue, R. Stuckenrath t

1977 Ãeadovicrof Rockshelter: Retrospect 1976. Pennsylvania Arcnaeologist. 47 (.-5).

Hass, h'i'illiam i"..

1971 Human Osteology: ~'. Leboratory and Field bianual of the Human Skeleton. Kissouni Archaeological Society. Columbia.

Heck, Hor".,ce C.

197) Classification and. Nomenclature of 33eads and Pendants.

Liberty Cap Hooks. York.

Hinford, Le>vis R.

1978 J Nevi '".ethod of Calculating Dates from colin Pipe Stem Fragments.

In Historical Archaeology: A'uide"to Substantive and. Theoretical Contributions. recited by Robert L. Schuyler. Hayrood Publishing Co.,

Inc. Fermingdale. o6-67.

Hrose, David S.

1967 The Custer Road Dump Site: >n Exercise in Victorian Archaeology.

Michigan Archaeologist. 15 (2) .

Hrothwell, Donald, R.

1972 Digging Up E3ones. Hritish I'museum of Natural History. London.

Jacobsen, Theodore V.

1976 Zdolo ical. Studies of the North Hranch of the susquehanna. Rivex in the Vicinity of the Susqueh-"nna Steam Electric Station. Progress Report for the Period Januax~-December 1974. Icthyological'Associates.

Ithaca.

1978 Ecological Studies of the Susquehanna River in the Vicinity of the Susruehenna Steam electric St.".tion, Annual Report 1977. Echyological A ssociates ~ Ithaca+

Converse, Pobert N.

1975 Chio Flint -ype... Ohio Archaeologis 15(4). u~rchaeological Society of Ohio. Columbus.

F.".ingnert, D.vid and 'william Doyle 1977 ..'eport on the Skeletal Pemains of the Ohiovievi Site, A Late Prehistoric Village. Pennsylvania Archaeologist 47 (4) 8-26.

Good, Eery Zliz:.beth 1977 Class .'3oad l!anufacturing Techniques in E3eads. In Heads: 'x heir use by Upper Great Lakes Xndians. Edited by Reinder Van Til.

Grand 'bpids Public tiiuseum. Grand Rapids.

104.

Gray, Henry 1901 Gray ' Anatomy. ra>re n g Press. Philadelphia.

Harrington, J.C.

1978 33ating Stem fragments of Seventeenth and Zighteenth Centnr y Clay Tobacco Pipes in Historical -"-rchaeology: ~ Guide to Substantive and Theoretical Contribuf.ions. "d.ited, by Robert L. Schuyler. 3aywood Publishing Co., Inc. Farmingdale. 65-65.

Hume, Ivor NUel 1976 A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial .'.merica. Alfred A.'nopf.

Nev'ork.

Kidd, Kenneth E. end ?'..".rtha ~nn 3:idd 1970 ii Classification ystem for Glass Beads for the Use of 6'ield

';rchaeologists. Canadian Historical Sites: Occasional Papers in Pirchaeolopy and History 1, 46-89.

Krill, Gregory end Michael I. Siegel 1978 An Occurrence of ~Pott's 3eformity in \Vestern Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Archaeologist 48 (1-2) 55<<56.

Krognan, "/alton Ya.rion 197) The Human Skeleton in >'orensic b!edicine. Charles C. Thorn-s Publishers. Springfield.

Oliver, Elizabeth 1977 American Antique Glass. Go3.den Press, New York.

Olsen, Stanley J.

197)Y~mmal Remains from Archaeological Sites: Part I, Southeast encL Southwest United. States. Papers o the Peabody Nuseum of Archaeology and Ethnology. 56 (1) . Cambridge.

Orchard, Vi'illiam C.

1929 Reads ~nd 3eadwork of the American Xndisn. Museum of the American Ind.ian. Heye Foundation. Lancaste Press. Lancaster.

Pennsylvania. Power ~nd Lignt 1976 Susaueh.nne, Steam Electric Station. "pplicant's Environmental Report. Revised July 1972. Ammendment ~5. Allentovx, 1976 Susqueh~nn~ Ste,".m Electric Station. Applicant's Environmental Report. Revised July 1972. Ammendment ji'4 Allento'am.

1978 Susquehanna 8 "earn "'lectric Station. Znvironmental Repo t.

Operating License Stage. olume I, IX, IXX. allentown.

Ritchio, Y/illiam 3.o63. A ~i~po3.ogy and Nomencla ure for New York Projectile Points.

New York State Museum and Science Service bulletin )84. University S'~te of New York. Albany.

Ritchie, Milli~m:" nd Robert ll. )"unk 197$ i'boriginal Settlement Patterns in the Northeast. '!emoir 20 New York State museum and Science Service. University of the-State of New York. "lbany.

Smith, Ira P. III 1976 Preliminary Investiy'tions of the Prehistoric Zarthworks in ~~1k County Pennsylmnie. U.S. Department of "igricuulture And. Forest Service.

i';llegheny Forest.

Steer%Regina anC Geraldine Cosentino 1976 Bottles. Golden Press. New York.

Van Til, Reinter 1977 33esrls: Their Use bv Upper Great Lakes Indians. Grani Rapid,s Pu'olio>>museum. Gr:nd. Rapids.

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