ML093340231
| ML093340231 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Susquehanna, Bell Bend  |
| Issue date: | 05/12/2003 |
| From: | PPL Bell Bend, Susquehanna |
| To: | Office of New Reactors |
| Shared Package | |
| ML093270273 | List: |
| References | |
| BNP-2009-356 | |
| Download: ML093340231 (95) | |
Text
Fop Inf o Y.ffiati o u Only it\.
, Bryce Bryce L.L. Shriver Shriver PPL Susquehanna, PPL Susquehanna, LLC LLC Senior Vice President Senior Vice President and and 769 Salem Boulevard 769 Salem Boulevard Chief Nuclear Chief Nuclear Officer Officer Berwick, PA Berwick, PA 18603 18603 Tel. 570.542 Tel. 570.542 .3120
.3120 Fax Fax 570 570 .542
.542 .1504
.1504 blshriver@pplweb.com blshriver@pplweb.com MAY 1 MAY 12 Z003 2 Z003 U.
U. S,S, Nuclear Nuclear Regulatory Regulatory Commission Commission Attn: Document Attn: Document Control Control Desk Desk Mail Station Mail OPI-17 Station OPI-17 Washington, D.
Washington, D. C.
C. 20SSS SUSQUEHANNA SUSQUEHANNA STEAM STEAM ELECTRICELECTRIC STATION STATION ANNUAL RADIOLOGICAL ANNUAL RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT OPERATING REPORT Docket Nos.
Docket Nos. 50-387 50-387 PLA-5623 PLA-5623 and 50-388' and 50-388' The Susquehanna SES The Susquehanna SES Annual Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Operating Operating Report Report is is hereby submitted hereby submitted for for the calendar year the calendar year 2002 2002 in in accordance accordance with with Technical Technical Specification Section Specification Section S.6.2.
If you If you have have any any questions, questions, please please contact contact Mr.
Mr. Eric Eric J.J. Miller Miller at at (S70) S42-3321.
Sincerely, Sincerely, B. L.
B. L. Shriver Shriver Attachments Attachments copy: NRC copy: Region II ..
NRC Region Mr. R.
Mr. R. V.
V. Guzman, Guzman, NRC NRC Project Project Manager Manager S. Hansell, Mr. S.
Mr. Hansell, NRC NRC Sr. Sr. Resident Resident Inspector Inspector R. Janati, Mr. R.
Mr. Janati, DEPIBRP DEPIBRP
For"Inf ortnation For"Inf Only o rtnati o n Only
-- 22 -- Document Control Document Control Desk Desk PLA-5623 PLA-5623 bcc:
bcc: N. 1. Lannen N. 1. Lannen GENA61 GENA61 w/attach.
w/attach.
J. Miller E. J. Miller NUCSA4 NUCSA4 II II B. E. Rhoads B. E. Rhoads NUCSAI NUCSAI II II C. A.
C. A. Smith Smith NUCSA4 NUCSA4 ""
R. E.
R. E. Smith Smith NUCSB2 NUCSB2 T. G.
T. G. Wales Wales GENA63 GENA63 II II H. D.
H. D. Woodeshick Woodeshick SSO SSO ""
R. L. Anderson R. L. Anderson NUCSB3 NUCSB3 attach.
- w/o attach.
T. G.
T. G. Bannon Bannon GENA62 GENA62 II F. J.
F. J. Hickey Hickey NUCSA3 NUCSA3 II II D. 1. Morgan D. 1. Morgan NUCSA3 NUCSA3 II II ..
R.R.Sgarro R.R.Sgarro GENA61 GENA61 II.
II.
L. K.
L. K. Vnuk Vnuk NUCSA3 NUCSA3 ""
A. J. Wrape A. J. Wrape GENA92 GENA92 ""
NRA Files NRA Files GENA61 GENA61 w/attach.
w/attach.
DCS DCS GENA62 GENA62 w/attach.
w/attach.
Attn: S.
Attn: S. Vierling Vierling American Nuclear Insurers American Nuclear Insurers Town C~nter 300S Town 300S 29 South 29 South Main Main Street Street West Hartford, West Hartford, CTCT 06107-2445 06107-2445 Attn.: Mr.
Attn.: Mr. Stanley Stanley Focht Focht INPO Records INPO Records Center Center 700 Galeria Parkway 700 Galeria Parkway Atlanta, GA Atlanta, GA 30339-5957 30339-5957 Mr. David J.
Mr. David J. Allard Allard Bureau of Bureau of Radiation Radiation Protection Protection PA P Department of A Department of Environmental Environmental Protection Protection P.O. Box P.O. Box 2063 2063 ..
Harrisburg, PA Harrisburg, PA 17120 17120
OD Inf o nma ti o ~
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DATE: 05/15/03 05/15/03 ORIGINATOR: Eric ORIGINATOR: Eric Miller Miller
SUBJECT:
Annual
SUBJECT:
Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Operating Operating Report Report II AFFIDAVIT:
AFFIDAVIT: DYES C8]NO DYES t2]NO REQUIRED D REQUIRED 0 REQUESTED REQUESTED ~ N/A N/A VERIFICATION:
VERIFICATION:
SENT TO:
SENT TO: DATE:
DATE: VERIFIED ::
VERIFIED DATE::
DATE New OROR REVISED REVISED REGULATORY REGULATORY COMMITMENTS:
COMMITMENTS: (USE CONTINUA (USE CONTINUA TlON TlON PAGE, PAGE, IF IF NEEDED)
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SO.I j . OJ SIGNATURE SIGNATURE DATE DATE SIGNATURE
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comments. due due date date will will be be brought brought to to the the attention attention of of the the signer signer of of the the correspondence correspondence to to allow allow further further resolution resolution ,, if if appropriate appropriate ..
Form Form NDAP-QA-0729-1, NDAP-QA-0729-1 , Rev. Rev. 6,6, Page Page 1 of 2 1 of 2 (Electronic (Electronic Form)
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PLA -- 5623 PLA 5623 RELEASE DUE RELEASE DUE DATE:
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SUBJECT:
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SUBJECT:
Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Operating Report Environmental Operating Report I AFFIDAVIT:
AFFIDAVIT: DYES [8JNo DYES [8JNO D REQUIRED D REQUIRED o REQUESTED REQUESTED I2l N/A N/A VERIFICATION:
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mAY 12 PLA- 5623 PLA- 5623 RELEASE DUE RELEASE DUE DATE:
DATE: 05/15/03 05/15/03 ORIGINATOR: Eric ORIGINATOR: Eric Miller Miller 2003
SUBJECT:
Annual
SUBJECT:
Annual Radiological Radiological EnvironmentalEnvironmental Operating Operating Report Report 1 AFFIDAVIT: DYES AFFIDAVIT: DYES ~No o REQUIRED REQUIRED D REQUESTED D REQUESTED ~N/A VERIFICATION:
VERIFICATION:
SENT TO:
SENT TO: DATE:
DATE: VERIFIED:
VERIFIED: DATE:
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comments . due date due date will will bebe brought brought to to the the attention attention of of thethe signer signer of of the the correspondence to correspondence to allow allow further further resolution, resolution, ifif appropriate.
appropriate.
NDAP-QA-0729-1 , Rev. 6, Page 1 of 2 (Electronic Form)
Form NDAP-QA-0729-1,
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PLA -- 5623 PLA 5623 RELEASE DUE RELEASE DUE DATE:
DATE: 05/15/03 05/15/03 ORIGINATOR: Eric ORIGINATOR: Eric Miller Miller
SUBJECT:
Annual
SUBJECT:
Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Operating Operating Report Report I AFFIDAVIT:
AFFIDAVIT: DYES [8lNO DYES rgJNO o REQUIRED REQUIRED o REQUESTED REQUESTED ~N/A VERIFICATION:
VERIFICATION:
SENT TO:
SENT TO: DATE:
DATE: VERIFIED:
VERIFIED: DATE:
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NEW OR NEW OR REVISED REVISED REGULATORY REGULATORY COMMITMENTS:
COMMITMENTS: (USE CONTINUATION (USE PAGE, IF CONTINUATION PAGE, NEEDED)
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comments. due date due date willwill bebe brought brought to to the the attention attention of of the the signer signer of of the the correspondence to correspondence to allow allow further further resolution, resolution, ifif appropriate.
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Form NDAP-QA-0729-1, Rev. 6, Page 1 of 2 (Electronic Form)
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PLA -- 5623 PLA 5623 RELEASE DUE RELEASE DUE DATE:
DATE: 05/15/03 05/15/03 ORIGINATOR: Eric ORIGINATOR: Eric Miller Miller
SUBJECT:
Annual
SUBJECT:
Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Operating Operating Report Report AFFIDAVIT: DYES AFFIDAVIT: DYES [giNo [giNo I
o REQUIRED REQUIRED REQUESTED D REQUESTED N/A
[8J N/A VERIFICATION:
VERIFICATION:
SENT TO:
SENT TO: DATE:
DATE: VERIFIED:
VERIFIED: DATE:
DATE:
NEW OR NEW OR REVISED REVISED REGULATORY REGULATORY COMMITMENTS: COMMITMENTS: (USE CONTINUATION (USE CONTINUATION PAGE, PAGE, IFIF NEEDED)
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comments. due date due date will will be be brought brought to to the the attention attention of of the the signer signer ofof the the correspondence to correspondence to allow allow further further resolution, resolution, ifif appropriate.
appropriate.
Form NDAP-QA-0729-1, Rev. 6, Page 1 of 2 (Electronic Form)
F oo rr F rma~:tJjql Inf o rma :tJ,.q l 2002 ANNUAL REPORT 2 ANN Annual Annual Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental oOperating Report
F or F or Inf Inf orma orma ti ti o onn Only Only ,,
- SUSQUEHANNA STEAM SUSQUEHANNA STEAM ELECTRIC ELECTRIC STATION STATION ANNUAL RADIOLOGICAL ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT OPERATING REPORT REPORT PERIOD:
REPORT 12126/01 -1/31/03 PERIOD: 12126/01
- Reviewed by:
Reviewed by:
Approved by:
Approved by:
&tti4$
B.E. Rhoads B.E. Rhoads Chemistry Supervisor Chemistry Supervisor -- SSES SSES PPL Susquehanna, PPL Susquehanna, LLC LLC ..
769 Salem 769 Salem Boulevard Boulevard Berwick, Pennsylvania Berwick, Pennsylvania 18603 18603
For Information Only TABLE OF TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS SlJ11MARY AND SlJ11MARY AND CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS ... ... ;;.... ;;................................................................
................................................................ ~ ................
................ 1 1
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION ..*................................................................................................................... 5 5 AMBIENT RADIATION AMBIENT RADIATION MONITORmGMONITORmG ...........................................................
.................. 18 18 .
AQUATIC PATHWAY MONITORmG AQUATIC PATHWAY MONITORmG ...............................................................................
...............................................................................*.22 A
ATMOSPlffiRIC PATHWAY MONITORmG TMOSPlffiRIC PATHWAY MONITORmG ......................................................................
...................................................................... 3535 TERRESTRIAL PATHWAY TERRESTRIAL PATHWAY MONITORmG MONITORmG .......................................................................
....................................................................... 3939 GROUND WATER GROUND WATER MONITORmG MONITORmG .......................................................................................
....................................................................................... 45 45 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 47 47 APPENDICES APPENDICES A.
A. 2002REMPCHANGES 2002REMPCHANGES A-I A-I B.
B. 2002 REMP 2002 REMP MONITORmG MONITORmG SCHEDULE SClffiDULE (SAMPLING (SAMPLING AND AND ANALYSIS)
ANALYSIS) B-1 B-1 C.
C. 2002 REMP 2002 REMP MONITORmG MONITORmG LOCATION LOCATION DESCRWTIONS DESCRWTIONS C-l C-l D.
D. 2002 LAND USE 2002 LAND USE CENSUS CENSUS RESULTS RESULTS D-l D-l E.
E. SlJ11MAR SlJ11MAR Y Y DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF OF SSES SSES REMP REMP ANALYTICAL ANALYTICAL E-l E-l METHODS METHODS F.
F. 2002 EXCEPTIONS 2002 EXCEPTIONS TO TO Tlffi SSES TECHNICAL Tlffi SSES TECHNICAL F-l F-l REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS SAMPLE SAMPLE SClffiDULE, SClffiDULE, METHODS METHODS AND ANALYSIS AND ANALYSIS SENSITIVITIES SENSITIVITIES G.
G. 2002 SSES 2002 SSES REMP REMP SlJ11MARY SlJ11MARY OF OF DATA DATA G-l G-l H.
H. COMPARISON COMPARISON OF OF INDICATOR INDICATOR AND AND CONTROL CONTROL 2002 2002 H-l H-l REMP ANNUAL REMP ANNUAL MEANS MEANS FOR FOR SELECTED SELECTED MEDIA MEDIA ANALYSIS RESULTS ANALYSIS RESULTS WITH WITH MEANS MEANS FROM FROM PREOPERATIONAL AND PREOPERATIONAL AND PRIOR PRIOR OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL PERIODS PERIODS I.
I. SPECIFIC ANALYSIS RESULTS SPECIFIC ANALYSIS RESULTS TABULATED TABULATED BY BY MEDIA MEDIA 1-1 1-1 AND SAMPLING AND SAMPLING PERIOD PERIOD J.
J. PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE SlJ11MARY SlJ11MARY FOR FOR THERADIOANALYSESOF THERADIOANALYSESOF J-l J-l SPIKED ENVIRONMENTAL SPIKED ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLE SAMPLE MEDIA MEDIA -- 2002 2002
For Information For Information Only Only
- Figure Figure LIST OF LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES ..
Numbers Numbers Title Title Page Page 1.
- 1. Exposure Pathways Exposure Pathways to to Humans Humans 9 9
2.
- 2. 2002 TLD Monitoring 2002 Monitoring Locations Locations within within One One Mile Mile of of the the SSES SSES 10 10 3.
- 3. 2002 Monitoring Locationsfrom 2002 TLD Monitoring Locationsfrom One One to to Five Five Miles Miles of of the the 11 11 SSES SSES 4.
- 4. 2002 Monitoring Locations 2002 TLD Monitoring Locations Greater Greater than than Five Five Miles Miles from from the the 12 12 SSES SSES 5.
- 5. 2002 Environmental 2002 Environmental Sampling Sampling Locations Locations within within One One Mile Mile of of the the 13 13 SSES SSES 6.
- 6. 2002 Environmental Sampling 2002 Environmental Sampling Locations Locations from from One One to to Five Five Miles Miles of of 14 14 the SSES the SSES 7.
- 7. 2002 Environmental 2002 Environmental Sampling Sampling Locations Locations Greater Greater than than Five Five Miles Miles 15 15 from the SSES from the SSES 8.
- 8. Ambient Radiation Ambient Radiation Levels Levels Based Based on on TLD Data Data 21 21 9.
- 9. Gross Beta Gross Beta Activity Activity in in Surface Surface Water Water 32 32 10.
II. Gross Beta Gross Beta Activity Activity in in Drinking Drinking Water Water 34 34 12.
- 12. Beta Activity Gross Beta Gross Activity in in Air Air Particulates Particulates 38 38 13 ..
13 Iodine-131 Activity Iodine-131 Activity in in Milk Milk 44 44
- ii
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf o o rma rma ti ti on on Only Only
- Radiological
SUMMARY
AND
SUMMARY
Radiological Dose Impact Impact CONCLUSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS The extent of The extent of the the 2002 2002 Radiological Radiological The amounts of The amounts of the the radionuc1ides radionuc1ides Environmental Monitoring Environmental Monitoring Program Program detected in detected in environmental environmental samples samples (REMP) sampling (REMP) sampling met met oror exceeded exceeded the the during 2002 during 2002 were were veryvery small, small, asas in in past past requirements of requirements of the the Susquehanna Susquehanna Steam Steam years. Based years. Based on on the the radionuc1ide radionuc1ide levels levels Electric Station Electric (SSES) Technical Station (SSES) Technical measured by measured by the the REMP, REMP, the the maximum maximum Requirements. The types of analyses whole body whole body dose dose or or maximum maximum organ organ that were that were perfonned performed on on these these samples samples dose to dose to aa member member of of the the public public from from for the for the identification identification and and quantification quantification SSES operation SSES operation is is estimated estimated to to be be less less of radioactivity also ofradioactivity also met met oror exceeded exceeded than one-tenth than one-tenth of of one one percent percent of of the the per per the SSES the SSES Technical Technical Requirements.
Requirements. The The unit dose unit dose guidelines guidelines established established by by the the result of result of this this effort effort was was thethe verification verification Nuclear Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory Commission Commission (NRC) (NRC) of the of the SSES SSES Effluent Effluent Monitoring Monitoring as stated as stated in in 10 10 CFRCFR 50, 50, Appendix Appendix I. I.
Program data Program data that that indicate indicate that that the the The maximum The maximum hypothetical hypothetical off-site off-site SSES operation SSES operation hashas no no deleterious deleterious whole body whole body andand organ organ doses doses from from effect on effect on the the health health and and safety safety ofof the the radionuc1ides detected radionuc1ides detected by by the the REMP REMP public or public or the the environment.
environment. and attributable and attributable to to the the SSES SSES operations operations were calculated were calculated to to bebe approximately approximately 0.0014 mrem/year.
0.0014 rnrem/year.
By contrast, By contrast, potassium-40, potassium-40, aa very very long-long-COMPARISON COMPARISON OF OF PERCENT PERCENT OF OF AVERAGE AVERAGE ANNUAL PUBLIC ANNUAL PUBLIC EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVE DOSE-EQUIVALENTDOSE-EQUIVALENT FROM OTHER FROM OTHER SOURCES SOURCES WITH WITH THAT THAT FROM FROM THE THE SSES SSES Natural Background 8 1%
<0.0] %
5%
Medical 14%
Sources for for the the values values provided, provided, with the exception exception of of Susquehanna, Susquehanna, are are the the following following from from NCRP NCRP Sources with the Report (1987): Tables
- 93 (1987):
Report #93 Tables 2.4 2.4 (Natural (Natural Background), S.l (Consumer Background), S.l (Consumer Products),
Products), and and 7.4 7.4 (Medical) ..
(Medical) 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Environmental Monitoring Report 1
For Inf o rma t i on Only Summary and Summary and Conclusions Conclusions lived, found to naturally occurring lived, naturally found in in the to deliver the human deliver an blood forming blood occurring radionuclide human body, an average forming organs the United the United States body, is average annual organs of States of radionuclide is estimated annual dose estimated dose to of individuals of about individuals in about 27 to the 27 millirem.
millirem.
the in and vegetables. Thorium-228 and vegetables.
radium-226 were radium-226 water, sediment, water, sediment, and radionuclides are radionuclides operation operation of of the Thorium-228 and reported in were reported and soil.
are not the SSES.
soil. These not related SSES. Doses These related to and in surface surface to the Doses from the from thethe While aa small While small portion portion ofof the the background background presence of presence of these these radionuclides radionuclides were were notnot dose from dose from natural natural radiation radiation sources, sources, thethe included in included in the the estimate estimate of of the the dose dose potassium-40 dose potassium-40 dose is is still still more more thanthan from SSES from SSES attributable attributable radionuclides.
radionuclides.
19,300 times 19,300 times thethe estimated estimated maximum maximum whole body whole body andand organ organ doses doses to to aa Man-made Radionuclides hypothetical member hypothetical member of of the the public public from from Although Although not not allall due due toto SSES SSES operation, operation, ingestion of ingestion of radionuclides radionuclides attributable attributable to to the following the following man-made man-made radionuclides radionuclides the SSES.
the SSES. were reported were reported at at levels levels inin the the environment in environment in excess excess of of the the MDCs MDCs for for The maximum direct The maximum radiation dose direct radiation dose their respective their respective analyses:
analyses: tritium, tritium, from SSES from operation to SSES operation to aa member member of of .. iodine-13I, iodine-13I , cesium-137, cesium-13 7, and and Mn-54.
Mn-54.
the public the public was was determined determined to to be be These radionuclides, These radionuclides, with with thethe exception exception approximatelyO.030 *milliremlyear.
approximatelyO.030 milliremlyear. of cesium-137 of cesium-137 and and Mn-54, Mn-54, were were The The total total whole body dose whole body dose from both from both identified identified in in surface surface and drinking water.
and drinking water.
ingested ingested radionuclides radionuclides and and direct direct .. Tritium was Tritium was measured measured above above minimum minimum
.. radiation radiation is is negligible negligible compared compared to the to the detectable concentrations detectable concentrations in some in some public's public's exposure exposure fromfrom natural natural surface water, drinking surface water, drinking water, water, and and background background radiation, radiation, medical medical ground water ground water analyzed. Iodine-I3I was analyzed. Iodine-I3I was irradiation, irradiation, andand radiation radiation from from identified in identified in surface surface water water and and drinking drinking consumer consumer products products of of more more than than 300 300 water. Cesium-137 water. Cesium-137 was was observed observed in in milliremlyear effective milliremlyear effective dose-equivalent.
dose-equivalent. sediment and sediment and soil.
soil. Mn-54 Mn-54 was was identified in identified in aa fourth fourth quarter quarter air air Identified Radionuclides Identified Radionuclides particulate composite particulate composite and Their and Their Dose Dose Tritium Tritium and and Mn-54 Mn-54 werewere thethe only only man-man-Contributions Contributions made radionuclides made radionuclides attributed attributed to to SSES SSES operation. Tritium operation. Tritium in in media media other other than than Naturally Occurring Susquehanna River Susquehanna River water water downstream downstream Radionuclides of the of the SSES SSES was was attributed attributed to to both both In 2002, In 2002, the the SSES SSES REMPREMP reported reported the the natural production natural production by by the the interaction interaction of of naturally occurring radionuclides naturally occurring radionuclides cosmic radiation cosmic radiation with with the the upper upper beryllium-7, potassium-40, beryllium-7, potassium-40, radium-226, radium-226, atmosphere and atmosphere and previous previous atmospheric atmospheric and thorium-228 and thorium-228 in in the the environment environment at at testing of testing of nuclear nuclear weapons.
weapons. The The levels exceeding levels exceeding the the minimum minimum presence ofcesium-137 presence ofcesium-137 was was attributed attributed detectable concentrations detectable concentrations (MDCs)(MDCs) for for to non-SSES to non-SSES sources. sources. Cesium-137 Cesium-137 was was their respective their respective gamma gamma spectroscopic spectroscopic considered to considered to be be present present only only as as residual residual analyses. Beryllium-7 analyses. Beryllium-7 was was identified identified in in fallout from fallout from atmospheric atmospheric weaponsweapons air and air and sediment.
sediment. Potassium-40 Potassium-40 was was .. testing. Iodine-131 testing. Iodine-131 was was found found in in the the observed in observed in fish, fish, sediment, sediment, surface surface aquatic pathway.
aquatic pathway. Evidence Evidence indicates indicates water, ground water, ground water, water, milk, milk, soil, soil, and and fruit fruit that it that it is is there there onlyonly asas the the result result of of the the 2 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Information For Information Only Only Summary and Conclusions
- discharge discharge of of medical Susquehanna or Susquehanna through sewage through upstream of upstream medical waste sewage treatment of the waste to or Lackawanna treatment plants the SSES.
SSES.
to the Lackawanna Rivers plants the Rivers AQUATIC PATHWAY AQUATIC PATHWAY All of the All of the man-made man-made radionuclides radionuclides mentioned above mentioned above were were not not analyzed analyzed for for PERCENT PERCENT TOTAL TOTAL in all in all media.
media. ForFor example, example, no no analyses analyses GAMMA ACTIVITY GAMMA ACTIVITY were performed were performed in-anin-an effort effort to to determine *iodine-131 determine 3 I levels levels in in ground ground SEDIMENT water. When water. When selecting selecting the the types types of of analyses that that would would be be performed, performed, Nalural analyses consideration was consideration was given given toto the the potential potential importance of importance of different different radionuclides radionuclides in in the pathways the pathways to to man man and and the the regulatory regulatory analysis requirements analysis requirements for for various various envirorunental media.
envirorunental media.
Manmade: Manmade: non-Relative Radionuclide Activity Activity SSES SSES Relative Radionuclide 0.00/, 0.4%
Levels in Levels in Selectefl Selectefl Media Media Some media Some monitored in media monitored in the the envirorunent are envirorunent are significant significant for for the the numbers of numbers of gamma-emitting gamma-emitting TERRESTRIAL TERRESTRIAL PATHWAY PATHWAY radionuclides routinely radionuclides routinely measured measured at at PERCENT PERCENT TOTAL TOTAL levels exceeding levels exceeding analysis analysis MDCs.
MDCs. GAMMA GAMMA ACTIVITY ACTIVITY Sediment in Sediment in the the aquatic aquatic pathway pathway and and soil in soil in the the terrestrial terrestrial pathway pathway are are two two such media.
such media.
The following pie The following pie graphs graphs show show the the relative activity relative activity contributions contributions for for the the types types ofof gamma-emitting gamma-emitting radionuclides radionuclides reported at reported at levels levels above above thethe analysis analysis MDCs in MDCs in sediment sediment and and soil soil atat indicator indicator locations during locations during 2002.
2002.
Naturally occurring radionuclides Naturally occurring radionuclides account for account for 99.6%
99.6% and and 99.7 99.7 % % ofof the the gamma-emitting activity gamma-emitting activity in in sediment sediment and in and in soil, soil, respectively, respectively, in in 2002 2002 .. .. Man-Man-made.radionuclides of made.radionuclides of non-SSES non-SSES origin origin 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 33
For Information For Information Only Only Summary and Conclusions account account for and for most Generally, the Generally, occurring most of gamma-emitting activity gamma-emitting and all all of of the the rest of the rest in the rest in soil the activity rest of activity in soil during activity for of the the in sediment sediment during 2002.
for naturally occurring radionuclides reported in radionuclides naturally reported 2002.
in pathways pathways to radionuclide from the from Dan ville, Dan near the near to the radionuclide were PA, ville, P the public A, and public from and eating from this were drinking the Susquehanna eating fish SSES discharge the SSES this drinking water Susquehanna River water taken River at at fish caught discharge to to the taken caught the river.
river.
sediment and sediment and soil soil dwarfs dwarfs the the activity activity of of This assumption This assumption is based on is based on the the fact fact the man-made the man-made radionuclides radionuclides also also that tritium that tritium does not emit does not emit gamma gamma reported, especially reported, especially thosethose originating originating radiation and radiation and the the beta beta radiation radiation emitted emitted from the from SSES.
the SSES. by tritium by tritium isis not not sufficiently sufficiently penetrating penetrating to reach to reach anan individual individual onon the the shore.
shore.
Radionuclides Radionuclides Contributing Contributing to to Dose from Dose from SSES SSES Operation Operation Of the four Of the four man-made man-made radionuclides radionuclides reported in reported in the the environment environment by by the the REMP, tritium SSES REMP, SSES tritium and and Mn-S4 Mn-S4 are are the the only radionuclides only radionuclides attributable attributable to to SSES SSES operation~
The dose to The dose to members members of of the the public public attributable to attributable to the the identified identified Tritium Tritium was 0.0014 was 0.0014 mrem.mrem.
The dose to The dose to members members of of the the public public attributable to attributable to the the identified identified Mn-S4Mn-S4 was was 9.10E-Smrem..
9.10E-Smrem
.. Mn-S4 Mn-S4 was was included included in in the the dose dose calculation because calculation because it it was was identified identified in in aa fourth quarter fourth quarter air air particulate particulate composite composite sample.
sample.
The presumed exposure The presumed exposure pathway pathway to to the the public from public from this this radionuclide radionuclide is is inhalation. The inhalation. The calculated calculated inhalation inhalation pathway is pathway is based based on on 100%
100% occupancy occupancy at at the air the air sample sample location.
location.
Tritium was Tritium was included included in in the the dose dose calculation because calculation because it it was was identified identified in in the REMP samples the REMP samples of of water water being being discharged to discharged to the the river.
river. The The concentration of concentration of tritium tritium in in the the water water and and the volume the volume of of water water discharged discharged were were used to used to determine determine the the amount amount of of tritium tritium released. The released. The presumed presumed exposure exposure 44 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only
.I Radiological Environmental (REMP) in (REMP) in the the vicinity vicinity of of the the existing' existing' Monitoring Monitoring Susquehanna Steam Susquehanna Steam Electric Electric Station Station The enclosed infonnation The enclosed infonnation is is consistent consistent Units Units 1 1 and and 2 2 since since April, April, 1972, 1972, prior prior toto with the with the objectives objectives outlined outlined inin the the SSES SSES construction of construction of both both units units andand tenten years years ODCM and ODCM and in in 10CFR50 10CFR50 Appendix Appendix I, I, prior to prior to the the initial initial operation operation of of Unit Unit 1 1 in in Section IV.B.2, Section IV.B.2, IV.B.3 IV.B.3 andand IV.C.
IV.C. September, 1982.
September, 1982. The The SSES SSES is is located located on an on an approximately approximately 1500 1500 acre tract acre tract In addition to In addition to the the steps steps taken taken toto control control along the along the Susquehanna Susquehanna River, River, fivefive miles miles arid to arid to monitor monitor radioactive radioactive effluents effluents northeast of northeast of Berwick Berwick in in Salem Salem from the from the SSES, SSES, the the SSES SSES Technical Technical Township, Luzerne Township, Luzerne County, County, Specifications also Specifications also require require aa program program Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania. The area area around around the the site site for the for the radiological radiological monitoring monitoring of of the the is primarily is primarily rural, rural, consisting consisting environment in environment in the the vicinity of the vicinity of the SSES.
SSES. predominately of predominately of forest forest and and agricultural agricultural The objectives The of the objectives of the SSES SSES REMP REMP are are lands. (More lands. (More specific specific infonnation infonnation on on as follows:
as follows: the demography, the demography, hydrology, hydrology, meteorology, and meteorology, hmd use and hmd use
- Fulfillment of Fulfillment of SSES SSES Technical Technical characteristics of characteristics of the the area area in in the the vicinity vicinity Requirements' radiological Requirements' radiological of the of the SSES SSES can can be be found found in in the the environmental surveillance environmental surveillance Environmental Report Environmental Report (14),
(14), thethe Final Final obligations, obligations, Safety Analysis Safety Analysis Report Report (15),
(15), andand the the Final Environmental Final Environmental Statement Statement (16) (16) for for
- Verification of Verification of no no detrimental detrimental the SSES.)
the SSES.) The The purpose purpose of of the the effects on public effects on public health health and and safety safety preoperational REMP preoperational REMP (April, (April, 19721972 to to and the and the environment environment from from SSES SSES September, 1982)
September, 1982) was was to to establish establish aa operations, operations, baseline for baseline for radioactivity radioactivity in in the the local local environment that environment that could could be be compared compared
- Assessment Assessment of of dose dose impacts impacts toto the the with the with the radioactivity radioactivity levels levels observed observed in in if any, public, if public, any, various environmental various environmental media media throughout the throughout the operational lifetime of operational lifetime of
the SSES. ThisThis comparison comparison facilitates facilitates radiological effluent radiological effluent controls, controls, and and assessments of assessments of the the radiological radiological impactimpact of the of the SSES SSES operation:
operation:
- Identification, measurement, Identification, measurement, trending, and trending, and evaluation evaluation of of The SSES REMP The SSES REMP was was designed designed on on the the radionuclides and radionuclides and their their basis of basis of the the NRC's NRC's Radiological Radiological concentrations in concentrations in critical critical Assessment Branch Assessment Branch Technical Technical Position Position environmental pathways environmental pathways near near the the on radiological on radiological environmental environmental SSES.
SSES. monitoring, as monitoring, as described described in Revision 1, in Revision 1, November 1979.(17)
November 1979.(17) However, However, the the 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 5
F oo rr Inf F Inf orma orma ti ti on on Only Only Introduction Introduction REMP REMP ~onducted by by PPL PPL forfor the the SSES SSES Cdntrollocations Cdntrollocations have have beenbeen situated situated at at exceedS the exceedS the monitoring monitoring suggested suggested by by the the sites where sites where it it is is considered considered unlikely unlikely thatthat NRC's branch NRC's branch technical technical position, position, as as radiation or radiation or radioactive radioactive material material fromfrom well as well as the the SSES SSES Technical Technical normal station normal station operation operation wouldwould be be Requirements in Requirements in terms terms of of the the number number of of detected. Indicator detected. Indicator locations locations are are sited sited
.. monitoring monitoring locations, locations, the the frequency frequency of of where it where it is is expected expected thatthat radiation radiation and and certain monitoring, certain monitoring, the the types types of of analyses analyses radioactive material radioactive material that that might might originate originate required for required for the the samples, samples, and and the the from the from the station station would would be most readily be most readily achievable analysis achievable analysis sensitivities.
sensitivities. detectable.
detectable.
Potential Exposure Potential Exposure Pathways Pathways Control locations Control locations for for the the atmospheric atmospheric The three pathways The three pathways through through whichwhich and terrestrial pathways and terrestrial pathways are are more more thanthan radioactive material radioactive material may may reach reach thethe 10 miles 10 miles from from thethe station.
station. Preferably, Preferably, public from public from nuclear nuclear powerpower plants plants are are the the the controls the controls also also are are in in directions directions fromfrom atmospheric, terrestrial, atmospheric, terrestrial, andand aquatic aquatic the station the station lessless likely likely toto be exposed to be exposed to pathways. (Figure pathways. (Figure 1 1 depicts depicts these these wind blowing wind blowing from from the the station station than than areare pathways for pathways for the the intake intake of of radioactive radioactive the indicator the indicator locations.
locations. Control Control materials.) Comprehensive materials.) Comprehensive radiological radiological locations for locations for the the aquatic aquatic pathway, pathway, the the environmental monitoring environmental monitoring must must sample sample Susquehanna River, Susquehanna River, are are upstream upstream of of the the media from media from all of these all of these pathways.
pathways. station's discharge station's discharge to to the the river.
river.
Mechanisms Mechanisms by by which which people people may may be be IDdicator locations are IDdicator locations are selected selected exposed to exposed to radioactivity radioactivity and and radiation radiation in in primarily on primarily on the the basis basis ofof proximity proximity to to the environment the environment vary vary with with the the pathway.
pathway. the station, the station, although although factors factors such such as as mechanisms by Three mechanisms Three by which which aa member member meteorology, topography, meteorology, topography, and and sampling sampling of the of the public public has has the the potential potential to to be be practicality also practicality also are are considered.
considered.
exposed to exposed to radioactivity radioactivity or or radiation radiation Indicator locations Indicator locations for for the the atmospheric atmospheric from nuclear from nuclear power power plants plants such such as as the the and terrestrial and terrestrial pathways pathways are are typically typically SSES are SSES are asas follows:
follows: less than less than 10 10 miles miles from from the the station.
station.
Most often, Most often, they they are are within within 55 miles miles of of
- . inhalation inhalation (breathing)
(breathing) the station.
the station. Indicator Indicator locations locations in in the the Susquehanna River Susquehanna River are are downstream downstream of of
- ingestion (eating ingestion (eating andand drinking),
drinking), and and the station's the station's discharge.
discharge. Monitoring Monitoring results from results from indicator indicator locations locations areare
- whole body whole irradiation .directly body irradiation .directly compared with compared with results results from from control control from aa plant from plant or or from from immersion immersion in in locations. These locations. These comparisons comparisons are are made made the radioactive the radioactive effluents.
effluents. to discern to discern any any differences differences in in the the levels levels andlor types andlor types of of radioactive radioactive material material andlor radiation andlor radiation that that might might exist exist REMPScope REMPScope between indicators between indicators and and controls controls andand that that During During the the operational operational periodperiod of of the the ..
could be could attributable to be attributable to the the station.
station.
SSES, it SSES, it has has been been important important to to establish establish two different categories two different categories of of monitoring monitoring In 2002, the In 2002, the SSES SSES REMP REMP collected collected locations, called locations, called control control andand indicator indicator more than more than 730 730 samples samples at at more more than than 40 40 locations, to locations, to further further assist assist inin assessing assessing locations and locations and performed performed more more than than the impact the impact of of the the station station operation.
operation.
66 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Information For Information Only Only Introduction
- 1,400 analyses.
1,400 monitors analyses. In thermoluminescent at 84 at 84 indicator making indicator and making as as many many as In addition, addition, the ambient radiation monitors ambient and control as 336 336 radiation the REJ\1P radiation levels thermoluminescent dosimeters REJ\1P levels using dosimeters (TLDs) using (TLDs) control locations, locations, radiation level level effluent for the for and environmental effluent and the SSES.
SSES.
environmental monitoring REMP Monitoring Sensitivity The sensitivity of The sensitivity of the the SSES monitoring SSES REJ\1P REJ\1P was was measurements each measurements each year.
year. The The media media demonstrated in demonstrated in 1986, 1986, following following the the monitored and monitored and analyses analyses performed performed are are problem with problem with thethe Chernobyl Chernobyl reactor reactor inin summarized in summarized in the the table table below.
below. the former the former Soviet Soviet Union.
Union. WhenWhen the the Figures 22 through Figures through 77 display display the REJ\1P the REJ\1P Chemobyl incident Chemobyl occurred, the incident occurred, SSES the SSES TLDs and TLDs and sampling sampling locations locations in in the the REMP was REMP was able able toto detect detect aa relatively relatively vicinity of vicinity of the the SSES.
SSES. Appendix Appendix C C small increase small increase in in the the level level of of gross gross beta beta provides directions, provides directions, distanc' distanc'ees, and aa s, and activity in activity in air air samples samples at at both both control control brief description brief description of of each each ofof the the locations locations and indicator and locations, as indicator locations, as well well as as the the in Figures in Figures 22 through through 7. 7. presence of presence of some some specific specific radioactive radioactive materials that materials that areare not not normally normally ..
Regulatory agencies Regulatory agencies also also participate participate in in observed.
observed.
monitoring the monitoring the SSES SSES environment environment and and also oversee also oversee PPL's PPL's monitoring monitoring efforts.
efforts. Detection Detection of of radiation radiation and and radioactive radioactive The State The State ofof Pennsylvania's Pennsylvania's Department Department material from material from the the SSES SSES in in the the of Environmental of Environmental Protection Protection (P (PADEP)
ADEP) environment is environment is complicated complicated by by the the monitors air monitors air for for radioactive radioactive particulates particulates presence of presence of naturally naturally occurring occurring radiation radiation and radioactive and radioactive iodine.
iodine. It It also also monitors monitors and radioactive and radioactive materials materials from from both both milk, fruits milk, fruits and and vegetables, vegetables, surface surface andand terrestrial and terrestrial and cosmic cosmic sources.
sources. Man-Man-drinking water, drinking water, fish, fish, river river sediments, sediments, made radiation made radiation and and radioactive radioactive material material and ambient and ambient radiation radiation levels.
levels. P P ADEP ADEP non-SS;ES sources, such as nuclear from non-SSpS makes this makes this data data available available to to the the NRC.
NRC. fallout from fallout from previous previous nuclear nuclear weapons weapons Inspectors from Inspectors from thethe NRC NRC regularly regularly visit visit tests and tests and medical medical wastes, wastes, also also can can make make both PPL's both PPL's Corporate Corporate Office Office and and the the identification of identification of SSES SSES radiation radiation andand SSESREMP SSESREMP Type Type ofof Monitoring Monitoring Media Monitored Media Monitored Gross Alpha Activity Gross Alpha Activity Drinking Water Drinking Water Gross Beta Gross Beta Activity Activity All Waters.
All Waters. except except Ground Ground Water.
Water. and and Air Air Particulates Particulates Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide Activities Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide Activities All Media All Media Tritium Activity Tritium Activity All Waters All Waters Iodine-131 Activity Iodine-131 Activity Surface Water.
Surface Water. Drinking Drinking Water, Water, AirAir && Milk Milk Exposure Rates Exposure Rates Ambient Radiation Ambient Radiation Levels Levels (by TLD)
(by TLD)
SSES SSES to to review review procedures procedures and and records, records, radioactive material difficult.
radioactive material difficult. Together, Together,
- conduct personnel conduct activities examine the examine personnel interviews, activities first-hand, the programs 2002 Radiological 2002 interviews, observe first-hand, andand generally generally programs supporting observe supporting the Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring the Report Monitoring Report this radiation this radiation and present background present an attempt an attempt is and radioactive is made made to radioactive material background levels levels from to distinguish material from which distinguish which 77
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma ti ti o onn Only Only Introduction Introduction relatively small contributions relatively small contributions from from the the PPL's contracted REMP PPL's contracted REMP radioanalytical radioanalytical SSES. This SSES. This effort effort is is further further laboratories are laboratories are capable capable ofof meeting meeting thethe complicated by complicated by the the natural natural variations variations analysis sensitivity analysis sensitivity requirements requirements found found that typically that typically occur occur fromfrom both both in the in the SSES SSES Technical Technical Requirements.
Requirements.
monitoring location monitoring location to to location location and and with with Summary descriptions Summary descriptions of of the the analytical analytical time at time at the the same same locations.
locations. procedures and procedures and the the accompanying accompanying calculational methods calculational methods used used by by the the The naturally occurring The naturally occurring radionuclides radionuclides laboratories can laboratories can bebe found found in in Appendix Appendix potassium-40, beryllium-7, potassium-40, beryllium-7, radium-226, radium-226, E.
E.
and thorium-228 and thorium-228 are are routinely routinely observed observed in certain in certain environmental environmental media. media. Additional terrestrial Additional terrestrial and aquatic and aquatic Potassium-40 has Potassium-40 has been been observed observed in in all all environmental monitoring is environmental monitoring is performed performed monitored media monitored media and and is is routinely routinely seenseen independent of independent of the the SSES SSES REMPREMP by by the the at readily at readily detectable detectable levels levels in in such such Academy of Academy of Natural Natural Sciences Sciences of of media as media as milk, milk, meat, meat, fish,fish, and and fruits fruits and and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The The vegetables. Seasonal vegetables. Seasonal variations variations in in monitoring program monitoring program is is titled titled "Safety "Safety beryllium-7 in beryllium-7 in air air samples samples are are regularly regularly Net" and Net" and an an annual annual report report is is provided provided to to observed. Man-made observed. Man-made radionuclides, radionuclides, PPL Susquehanna, PPL Susquehanna, LLC. LLC. Although Although the the such as such as cesium-137 cesium-137 and and strontium-90 strontium-90 Safety Net Safety Net program program is is not not part of the part of the left over left from nuclear over from nuclear weapons weapons testing testing SSES REMP, SSES REMP, the the data data has has provided provided are often are often observed observed as as well.
well. In In addition, addition, additional information additional information relative relative to to the the the radionuclide the radionuclide tritium, tritium, prOduced prOduced by by environmental impact environmental impact ofof the the operation operation both cosmic both cosmic radiation radiation interactions interactions in in the the of the of the SSES.
SSES.
upper atmosphere upper atmosphere as as well well as as man-made man-made (nuclear weapons),
(nuclear weapons), is is another another ..
..radionuclide radionuclide typically typically observed..
observed..
Radioactivity Radioactivity levelslevels in in environmental environmental media are media are usually usually so so low low that that their their measurements, even measurements, even with with state-of-the-state-of-the-art measurement art measurement methods,methods, typically typically have significant have significant degrees degrees of of uncertainty uncertainty associated with associated with them.(18) them.(18) As As aa result, result, expressions are expressions are often often usedused when when referring to referring to these these measurements measurements that that convey information convey information about about the the levels levels being measured being measured relative relative to to the the measurement sensitivities.
measurement sensitivities. Terms Terms such such as "minimum as "minimum detectable detectable concentration" concentration" (MDC) are (MDC) are used used forfor this this purpose~ The The formulas used formulas used to to calculate calculate MDCs MDCs may may be found be found in in Appendix Appendix E. E.
The methods of The methods of measurement measurement for for sample radioactivity sample radioactivity levels levels used used by by 88 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information Only Only Exposure Pa Direct Irradiation Figure 1 Figure 1
For II nformation For nformation Only Only FIGURE FIGURE 22
F oo rr Informa F Informa ti ti on on Only Only
- 2002 TlO 2002 FROM ONE TO FROM ONE FIGURE FIGURE 3 TO FIVE 3
MONITORING LOCATIONS TLO MONITORING FIVE MilES lOCATIONS FROM THE MILES FROM THE SSES SSES NORTH SUSQUEHANNA .
RIVER * .
- 5 9
9
For Information For Information Only Only FIGURE 4 4
FIGURE 2002 TLD MONITORING 2002 TLD MONITORING LOCATIONS LOCATIONS GREATER THAN GREATER THAN FIVE FIVE MILES MILES FROM FROM THE THE SSES SSES 1
NORTH 14 13 5 6Gl
.7C2 HAZLETON 10 -7G1 9
8Gl
F or F o r Inf Inf orma o rma ti ti o onn Only Only FIGURE 5 FIGURE 5 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING SAMPLING LOCATIONS LOCATIONS WITHIN ONE WITHIN ONE MILE MILE OF OF THE THE SSES SSES
- @ SURFACE WATER ~
cJfJ> SEDIMENT
~ FISH W
AIR MILK FRUITS I VEGETABLES
~ GROUND WATER m SOIL
For Inf For Inf o o rmat rmat ii on on Only Only FIGURE 66 FIGURE i002 ENVIRONMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLING SAlVWLING LOCATIONS LOCATIONS i002 FROM ONE FROM ONE TO TO FIVE:MILES FIVE:MILES FROM FROM TIlETIlE SSES SSES N[JRTH 16 15 14 5
11 9
'(§ SURFACEWATER ~.AIR
- ~ SEDIMENT GROUND WATER WMILK
~ FRUITSfVEGETABLES
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf o o rma rma ti ti on on Only Only FIGURE 77 FIGURE 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL 2002 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLINGSAMPLING LOCATIONS LOCATIONS GREATER THAN GREATER THAN FIVE FIVE MILES MILES FROM FROM THE THE SSES SSES 1
NORTH 14 5
12 6Gl
~
~
12H2T E5 HAZLETON 10 9
f!J SURF ACE WATER ~ AIR
~ W SEDIMENT MILK
~ FISH .
f:EJ DRINKING WATER ~ FRUITSNEGETABLES GROUNDWATER ! SOIL
For Inf For Inf o o rmati rmati o onn Only Only Ambient Radiation Ambient Radiation Monitoring Monitoring
.' INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION AMBIENT RADIATION AMBIENT RADIATION MONITORING due MONITORING due toto locational locational differences differences in in such such The principal or The principal or primary primary method method for for the the factors as factors as soil soil characteristics characteristics (amounts (amounts REMP's measurement SSES REMP's SSES measurement of of ambient ambient of organic of organic matter, matter, particle particle size, size, etc.),
etc.),
radiation levels radiation levels is is the the use use ofof drainage opportunities, drainage opportunities, and and exposure exposure to to thermoluminescent dosimeters thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). (TLDs). sunlight. Environmental sunlight. Environmental TLDs TLDs can can also also The TLDs The TLDs are are crystals crystals (calcium (calcium sulfate)sulfate) be affected be affected by by direct direct radiation radiation (shine)
(shine) capable of capable of detecting detecting and and measuring measuring low low from the from the SSES SSES turbine turbine buildings buildings during during of radiatiori levels of levels radiatiori by by absorbing absorbing aa operation, radwaste operation, radwaste transfer transfer and and storage, storage, portion of portion of the the radiation's radiation's energyenergy that that isis and radioactive and radioactive gaseous gaseous effluents effluents from from incident upon incident upon them them and and storing storing the the the SSES.
the SSES.
captured energy captured energy until until the the TLDs TLDs are are processed (read).
processed (read). Processing Processing involves involves Unfortunately, Unfortunately, TLDs TLDs do do not not have have anyany heating the heating the TLDs TLDs to to release release theirtheir stored stored inherent ability inherent ability to to indicate indicate the source of the source of energy in energy in the the form form of of light light andand the radiation the radiation to to which which theythey are are exposed.
exposed.
measuring the measuring the intensity intensity of of the the light light that that The The placement placement of of numerous numerous TLDs TLDs in in they emit.
they emit. The The intensity intensity of of the the emitted emitted the environment the environment can can facilitate facilitate decision-decision-light is is proportional proportional to to the the amount amount of of making about making about the the possible possible radiation radiation light radiation to radiation to which which theythey were were exposed.
exposed. sources to sources to which which TLDs TLDs are are exposed.
exposed.
Calibration of Calibration of the the TLD TLD processors processors However, aa method However, method for for evaluating evaluating TLD TLD permits aa reliable permits reliable relationship relationship to to be be data is data is still still required.
required. The The SSES SSES REMPREMP established between the established between the light light emitted emitted relies on relies on aa statistically statistically based based approach approach and the and the amouht amouht of of radiation radiation dose dose to simultaneously to simultaneously compare compare indicator indicator received by received by thethe TLDs; TLDs; the the result result permits permits TLD data TLD data with with control control TLDTLD data data and and accurate accurate measurements measurements of of the the ambient ambient operational TLD operational TLD data data with with radiation in radiation in thethe environment.
environment. preoperational TLD preoperational TLD data.data. This This approach permits approach permits the flagging of the flagging of Environmental TLDs Environmental TLDs are are continually continually environmental TLD environmental TLD doses doses that that might might exposed exposed to to natural natural radiation radiation from from the the have been have been produced produced by by both both man-made man-made ground (terrestrial ground (terrestrial radiation) radiation) and and from from sources of sources of radiation, radiation, as as well well as as natural natural the sky the sky (cosmic)
(cosmic) radiation.
radiation. In In addition, addition, radiation sources.
radiation sources. It It also also provides provides aa they also they also may may be be exposed exposed to to man-made man-made means for means for attributing attributing aa portion portion of of the the radiation. Most radiation. Most of of the the environmental environmental total TLD total TLD dosedose to to SSES SSES operation operation if if TLD's natural TLD's natural radiation radiation exposure exposure comes comes appropriate. Appendix appropriate. Appendix E, E, pages pages E-6E-6 from sources from sources in in the the ground.
ground. These These through E-I0, through E-10, provides provides aa description description of of terrestrial sources terrestrial sources vary vary naturally naturally with with the process the process for for evaluating evaluating the the results results ofof time due time due toto changes changes in in soil soil moisture, moisture, TLD measurements.
TLD measurements.
snow cover, snow cover, etc. etc. The The natural-radiation natural-radiation picture is picture is complicated complicated because because these these factors affecting factors affecting radiation radiation reaching reaching the the TLDs from TLDs from the the ground ground vary vary differently differently with time with time from from one one location location to to another another 2002 Environmental 2002 Environmental Radiological Radiological Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 18
For Information For Information Only Only Ambient Radiation Monitoring Scope Scope graph graph on on the the following following page. page. Refer Refer to to Figure 8 Figure 8 which which trends trends both both indicator indicator and control and control datadata quarterly quarterly from from 19731973 TLDs through 2002.
through 2002.
The area around The area around the the SSES SSES was was divided divided for monitoring for monitoring purposes purposes into into sixteen sixteen The 2002 annual The 2002 annual average average exposures exposures for for sectors radiating sectors radiating outwards outwards from from thethe indicator and indicator and control control locations locations were were plant site, plant site, each each encompassing encompassing an an area area 19.0 mRlstd. qtr. qtr. and and 18.1 18.1 mRlstd. qtr., qtr.,
described by described by anan arc of 22.5 arc of 22.5 degrees.
degrees.
respectively. These respectively. These are are 1.0 1.0 mRlstd. qtr. qtr.
TLDs were placed in all 16 sectors at 1.1 mRlstd.
and 1.1 and mRlstd. qtr.,qtr., respectively, respectively, below below varying distances varying distances from from thethe plant.
plant.
the corresponding the corresponding 2001 2001 annual annual
Monitoring locations Monitoring locations were were chosen chosen averages. The-2002 averages. The-2002 exposures exposures are are according to according to the the criteria criteria preserited preserited in in the the within the within the ranges ranges of of annual annual averages averages for for NRC Branch NRC Branch Technical Technical Position Position on on the prior the prior operational operational periods periods at at each each Radiological Monitoring Radiological Monitoring (Revision (Revision 1, 1, of monitoring type of type monitoring location.
location. Refer Refer to to November, 1979).(17)
November, 1979).(17) The The locations locations for for Figure 8 Figure 8 at at the the end end ofof this this section section which which the TLDs the TLDs werewere selected selected by by considering considering trends quarterly trends quarterly TLD TLD results results forfor both both factors such factors such as as local local meteorological, meteorological, preoperational and preoperational and ~perational periods periods topographical, and topographical, and population population at the at the SSES.
SSES. Refer Refer to to Appendix Appendix H, H, distribution characteristics.
distribution characteristics.
HI, page Table HI, Table page H H 33 for for aa comparison comparison of of the 2002 the 2002 mean mean indicator indicator and and control control During 2002, the During 2002, the SSES SSES REMPREMP had had 76 76 TLD results TLD results with with thethe means means for for the the indicator TLD indicator TLD locations locations and and eight eight preoperational and preoperational and prior prior operational operational control TLD control TLD locations.
locations. ThisThis level of level of periods at periods at the the SSES.
SSES.
monitoring exceeds monitoring exceeds thatthat which which is, is, required by required by the the Nuclear Nuclear Regulatory Regulatory Indicator -environmental TLD Indicator -environmental TLD results results for for Commission. The Commission. The indicator indicator TLDsTLDs 2002 were 2002 were examined examined quarterly quarterly on on anan
,:, ,nearest
,nearest the the SSES SSES are are positioned positioned at at the the individual location individual basis and location basis and compared compared
">security or
">security or perimeter perimeter fences fences surrounding surrounding with both with both current current control control location location
,, the the site.
site. This This is is the the closest closest that that aa results results and and preoperational preoperational data. data. Very Very member of member of the the public public would would be be able able toto small small SSES SSES exposure contributions exposure contributions approach the approach the station.
station. TheThe control control TLDs TLDs were were suggested suggested duringduring 20022002 at at the the are the are the most most distant distant from from the SSES ,,
the SSES following on following site locations:
on site locations: 11S2, 6S4, S2, 6S4, ranging from ranging from 10 10 to to 20 20 miles miles fromfrom the the 7S6,8S2,9S2, 10S2, 6S9, 7S6,8S2,9S2, 6S9, 10S2, 11S3, 11S3, 12S4, 12S4, site.
site.
13S2, 13S4, 13S2, 13S4, 13S5, 13S5, 16S1 16S1 and and 16S2.
16S2.
Thus, there Thus, there were were 14 14 monitored monitored locations locations Monitoring Results Monitoring Results in 2002 in 2002 where SSESdose contribution where aa SSESdose contribution is considered is considered to to have have been been discernible.
discernible.
TLDs TLDs Refer to Refer to Appendix Appendix E, E, page page E-6, E-6, forfor aa TLDs were TLDs were retrieved retrieved and and processed processed discussion of discussion of "TLD "TLD DataData quarterly quarterly in in 2002.
2002. Average Average ambient ambient Interpretation." TLD Interpretation." TLD results results forfor all all radiation levels radiation levels measured measured by by locations for locations for each each quarter quarter of of 2002 2002 may may environmental TLDs environmental TLDs generally generally be found be found in in Appendix Appendix I, I, Table Table I-I,I-I, decreased each decreased each successive successive quarter quarter beginning at beginning at page 1-2.
page 1-2.
throughout 2002, throughout 2002, as as shown shown in in the the bar bar 19 19 2002 Environmental 2002 Environmental Radiological Radiological Monitoring Monitoring ReportReport
For Information For Information Only Only Ambient Radiation Monitoring
- 20.0
~ 19.0 2002 REMP Quarterly TlO Averages E 18.0 I/)
~
E 17.0 16.0 2 3 4 Calendar Quarters III nd icator
- Control The estimated quarterly The estimated quarterly exposure exposure contributions were contributions were summed summed by by location location for the for the entire entire year.
year. The The largest largest dose dose suggested was suggested was approximately approximately 0.0299 rnrem 0.0299 rnrem at at an an onsite onsite monitoring monitoring location, 9S2, location, 9S2, 0.2 0.2 mile mile south ofthe south ofthe SSES. This SSES. This dose dose was was used used forfor determining compliance determining compliance with with SSES SSES Technical Requirement Technical Requirement Limit Limit 3.11.3 3.11.3 for for arulUal effluent arulUal effluent reporting reporting purposes.
purposes.
This dose This amounts to dose amounts to only only 0.12%
0.12% ofof the the 25 rnrem 25 rnrem whole-body whole-body dose dose limit limit of of SSES Technical SSES Technical Requirement Requirement 3.11.3 3.11.3 ..
- 2002 2002 Environmental Environmental Radiological Radiological Monitoring Monitoring Report Report ./
/ 20 20
e* e e FIGURE 8.;. AMBIENT FIGURE 8.;. AMBIENT RADIATION LEVELS RADIATION LEVELS Exposure Rate Exposure Rate (mRlSTD (mRlSTD Qtr)
Qtr) BASED BASED ON ON TLD DATA TLD DATA 50._------------------------r-----------------------------------------------------.
PREOPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL 45 40 35 Unit 2 30 Criticality 10 5
O+-~~--~~~--~~~--r_~-.--._.__.--._.__._.,_.__._.--.__.~--.__._.--.__.__r
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
-Indicator
-Indicator -Control '
FIG. 8 FIG. 8 -- H\REMPFIG02.xls H\REMPFIG02.xls
For II nn ff oo rma For rma ti ti on on Only Only Aquatic 'Pathway Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION The following media The following media were were monitored monitored in in data for comparison data for monitoring comparison with monitoring results.
results. The with downstream downstream The potential potential exists exists 2002 by 2002 by the the SSES SSES REMPREMP in in the the aquatic aquatic for radioactive for radioactive material material that that might might be be pathway: surface pathway: surface water, water, drinking drinking water, water, present in present in SSESairborne SSESairborne releases releases to to fish, and fish, and sediment.
sediment. Some Some of of the the media media enter the enter the Susquehanna Susquehanna River River upstream upstream (e.g., drinking (e.g., drinking waterwater and and fish) fish) provide provide of the of the plant plant through through either either direct direct information that information that can can be be especially especially useful useful deposition (e.g.,
deposition (e.g., settling settling or or washout) washout) or or to the to the estimation estimation of of possible possible dose dose to to the the by way by way ofof runoff runoff fromfrom deposition deposition on on public from public from potentially potentially ingested ingested land adjacent land adjacent to to the the river.
river. However, However, radioactivity, if radioactivity, if detected.
detected. Other Other media, media, direct deposition direct deposition and and runoff runoff are are such as such as sediment, sediment, can can be be useful useful forfor considered to considered to be potentially be potentially trending radioactivity trending radioactivity levels levels in in the the insignificant as insignificant as means means of of entry entry for for SSES SSES aquatic pathway, aquatic pathway, primarily primarily because because of of .. radioactivity radioactivity into into the the Susquehanna Susquehanna ..
their tendency their tendency to to assimilate assimilate certain certain River when River when compared compared to to liquid liquid materials that materials that might might enter enter the the surface surface discharges under discharges under normal normal conditions.
conditions.
water to water to which which theythey are are exposed.
exposed. The The results from from monitoring monitoring ail ail of of these these Lake Took-a-While (LT Lake Took-a-While (LTA AW),
W), which which is is results media provide media provide aa picture picture ofof the the aquatic aquatic located in located PPL's Riverlands in PPL's Riverlands Recreation Recreation pathway that pathway that isis more more clear clear than than that that Area adjacent Area adjacent to to the the Susquehanna Susquehanna which could which could be be obtained obtained if if one one or more or more River, is River, is also also considered considered to to be part of be part of were not were not included included in in the the REMP.
REMP. the aquatic the aquatic pathway pathway for for monitoring monitoring purposes. Although purposes. Although it it is is not not inin aa Fruits Fruits or or vegetables vegetables thatthat are are grown grown in in position to position to receive receive waterwater discharged discharged to to fields irrigated fields irrigated with with surface surface water water would would the ~ver from the from thethe SSES,.it SSES,.it can can receive receive also be also be in in the the aquatic aquatic pathway.
pathway. The The storm runoff storm runoff fromfrom the the SSES.
SSES. Storm Storm land use land use census census (Reference (Reference 73) 73) runoff from runoff from the the SSES SSES site site should should not not conducted conducted in in 2002 2002 looked looked at at fanns fanns normally contain normally contain any any measurable measurable within within 10 10 miles miles downstream downstream of of the the radioactivity from radioactivity from the the plant.
plant. However, However, SSES. Two SSES. Two farmsfarms were were found found to to have have the SSES the SSES REMP, REMP, consistent consistent with with other other been irrigated been irrigated during during thethe 2002 2002 growing growing aspects of aspects of aquatic aquatic monitoring monitoring and and thethe season.
season. REMP, in REMP, in general, general, goesgoes beyond beyond its its requirements by requirements by monitoring monitoring LTAW. LTAW.
The aquatic pathway The aquatic pathway in in the the vicinity vicinity of of the SSES the SSES is is the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River. River. Scope Scope Monitoring of Monitoring of all all of of the the aquatic aquatic media, media, except drinking except drinking water,water, isis conducted conducted Surface Water both downstream both downstream and and upstream upstream of of the the Surface water was Surface water was routinely routinely sampled sampled location from location from which which occasional occasional SSES SSES from the from the Susquehanna Susquehanna River River at at one one low-level radioactive low-level radioactive discharges discharges enter enter indicator location indicator location (6S5)
(6S5) and and one one control control the river.
the river. The The upstream upstream monitoring monitoring location (6S6) location (6S6) at at the the SSES SSES River River Water Water locations locations serveserve as as controls controls to to provide provide .. .. Intake Intake during during 2002.2002. Sampling Sampling also also took took 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 22 22
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring place at place at the the following following additional additional the Susquehanna River.
the Susquehanna River. In In addition, addition, indicator locations: the indicator locations: the SSES SSES discharge discharge sediment was sediment was also also obtained obtained from from line to line to the ri ver (2S7/6S7) the river (2S7/6S7) and and Lake Lake location LTAW.
location LTAW.
Took-A-While (l"TAW).
Took-A-While (l"TAW).
Sampling Sampling Drinking water Drinking Drinking waterwater samples samples were were collected collected Surface Water at location at location 12H2, 12H2, the the Danville Danville Weekly Weekly grab grab sampling sampling was was performed performed at at
Municipal Water Municipal Water Authority's Authority'S treatment treatment the indicator the location 6S5.
indicator location Weekly grab 6S5. Weekly grab facility on facility on the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River, River, in in samples were samples were composited composited both both monthly monthly 2002. Treated 2002. Treated waterwater is is collected collected from from and biweekly and biweekly at at this this location.
location. Location Location the end the end ofof the the processing processing flowpath, flowpath, 6S5 was 6S5 was considered considered aa backup backup for for representing finished representing finished water water thatthat is is locations 2S7 locations 2S7 andand 6S7 6S7 in in the the event that event that suitable for suitable for drinking.
drinking. This This isis the the nearest nearest water could water could not not bebe obtained obtained from from thethe point downstream point downstream of of the the SSES SSES automatic samplers automatic samplers at at these these locations.
locations.
discharge to discharge to the the River River at at which which drinking drinking Nevertheless, 6S5 Nevertheless, 6S5 was was sampled sampled water is water is obtained.
obtained. No No drinking drinking water water routinely throughout routinely throughout 2002, 2002, since since itit is is control location control location is is sampled.
sampled. For For all all the closest the closest downstream downstream samplingsampling pointpoint intents and intents and purposes, purposes, control control surface surface to the to the SSES SSES discharge.
discharge.
water sampling water sampling locations locations would would be be suitable for suitable for comparison.
comparison.
Indicator locations Indicator locations 2S7 2S7 and and 6S7, 6S7, thethe SSES Cooling SSES Cooling TowerTower Blowdown Blowdown Fish Discharge (CTBD)
Discharge (CTBD) line, line, and and control control Fish were sampled Fish were sampled from from the the location 6S6, location 6S6, the SSES River the SSES River Water Water Susquehanna River Susquehanna River in in the the spring spring and and Intake Intake structure, structure, were were sampled sampled time time fall of 2002 at one indicator location, proportionally proportionally using using automatic automatic IND, downstream IND, downstream of of the the SSES SSES liquid liquid continuous continuous samplers.
samplers. The The samplers samplers discharge to discharge to the the River River and and one one control control were typically were typically set set to to obtain obtain 30-60 30-60 ml ml location, 2H, location, 2H, sufficiently sufficiently upstream upstream to to aliquots every aliquots every 20-25 20-25 minutes.
minutes. Weekly, Weekly, essentially preclude essentially preclude the the likelihood likelihood that that the water the water obtained obtained by by these these samplers samplers the fish the fish caught caught therethere would would spend spend anyany was retrieved was retrieved for for either either biweekly biweekly or or time below time below the the SSES SSES discharge.
discharge. In In monthly compositing.
monthly compositing.
addition, fish addition, fish were were also also sampled sampled from from PPL's Lake PPL's Lake Took-a-While, Took-a-While, location location The other-surface water The other-surface water monitoring monitoring LTAW. This LTAW. This location location is is not not location, LTAW, location, LTAW, was was grab grab sampled sampled downstream of downstream of the the SSES SSES discharge.
discharge. It It once each once each month.
month.
is sampled is sampled because because of of its its potential potential forfor receiving runoff receiving runoff fromfrom the the SSES.
SSES. Drinking Water LTAW LTA W isis considered considered an an indicator indicator Treated Treated waterwater waswas sampled sampled time time location.
location. proportionally by proportionally by an an automatic automatic sampler.
sampler.
The sampler The sampler was was typically typically set set toto obtain obtain Sediment three 12-ml three 12-ml aliquots aliquots every every twenty twenty Sediment sampling Sediment sampling was was performed performed in in minutes. Weekly, minutes. Weekly, the the water water obtained obtained by by the spring the spring andand fall fall at at indicator indicator locations locations this sampler this sampler waswas retneved retneved for for either either 7B and 7B and 12F 12F and and control control location location 2B 2B on on biweekly or biweekly or monthly monthly compositing.
compositing.
23 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For II nn ff oo rma For rma ti ti o onn Only Only Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring
- depositing depositing on on the the sides sides ofof the the sample sample Fish containers.
containers.
Fish were Fish were obtained obtained by by electrofishing.
electrofishing.
Electrofishing Electrofishing stuns stuns thethe fish fish and and allows allows Sodium bisulfite was Sodium bisulfite was added added to to sample sample them to them to float float toto the the surlace surface so so that that those those aliquots destined aliquots destined for for iodine-131 iodine-131 analysis analysis of the of the desired desired species species and and sufficient sufficient size size in amounts in amounts equivalent equivalent to to one one gram gram per per can be can be sampled.
sampled. SampledSampled fish fish include include each gallon each gallon of of water.
water. ThisThis amount amount was was recreationally important recreationally important species, species, suchsuch asas recommended by recommended by the the radioanalytical radioanalytical smallmouth bass, smallmouth bass, andand also also channel channel laboratory (Teledyne laboratory (Teledyne Brown Brown catfish and catfish and shorthead shorthead redhorse.
redhorse. The The Engineering) analyzing Engineering) analyzing the the samples.
samples.
fish are fish are filleted filleted andand the the edible edible portions portions The purpose The purpose for for sodium sodium bisulfite bisulfite are are kept kept for analysis.
for analysis. addition is addition is to to reduce reduce the the potential potential forfor volatilization and volatilization and loss loss ofof iodine iodine from from Sediment samples by samples by maintaining maintaining it it in in aa Shoreline sediment Shoreline sediment was was collected collected to to chemically reduced chemically reduced form.
form.
depths depths ofof four four feet of water.
feet of water.
Sediment and Fish Fish are frozen frozen until until shipment.
shipment. All All Sample Preservation Sample Preservation Fish are samples are samples are analyzed analyzed by by gamma gamma and Analysis and Analysis spectroscopy for spectroscopy for the the activities activities of of any any gamma emitting emitting radionuclides radionuclides that that may may gamma Surface and Drinking Water be present.
be present.
Surface Surlace andand drinking drinking waterwater samples samples were analyzed were analyzed monthly monthly for for beta beta Monitoring Results Monitoring Results activities, the activities, the activities activities of of gamma-gamma-emitting radionuclides, emitting radionuclides, and and tritium tritium activities. lodine-131 activities. lodine-131 was was analyzed analyzed Surface Water Results from specific Results from specific sample sample analyses analyses biweekly for biweekly for composite composite samplessamples and and of surlace of surface water water may may be be found found in in monthly for monthly for the the grab grab samples.
samples. In In Tables 1-2 Tables 1-2 and and 1-3 1-3 ofof Appendix Appendix 1. 1. AA addition, drinking addition, drinking water water samples samples were were summary of summary of the the 2002 2002 surlace surface water water data data analyzed for analyzed for gross gross alpha alpha activity.
activity.
may be may be located located in in Table Table G of G of Appendix G.
Appendix G. Comparisons Comparisons of of 2002 2002 To optimize the To optimize the accuracy accuracy 6f 6f these these monitoring results monitoring results with with those those ofof past past sample analyses, sample analyses, preservatives preservatives were were years may years may be be found found in in Tables Tables H H 22 added to added the samples to the samples as as soon soon afterafter through H through H 44 of of Appendix Appendix H. H.
collection as collection as practical.
practical. NitricNitric acidacid was was added to added to sample sample aliquots aliquots destined destined for for The Nuclear Regulatory The Nuclear Regulatory Commission Commission gross alpha gross alpha and.
and.beta beta activity activity analysis analysis (NRC) requires (NRC) requires thatthat averages averages of of the the andthe analysis andthe analysis of of gamma-emitting gamma-emitting activity levels activity levels for for indicator indicator radionuclide activity radionuclide activity analysis.
analysis.
environmental monitoring environmental monitoring locations locations and and Sufficient acid Sufficient acid was was added added to to reduce reduce the the for control for control environmental environmental monitoring monitoring pH of pH of these these sample sample aliquots aliquots to to nearly nearly locations of locations of surlace surface water, water, as as wel1 wel1 asas two in two in order order toto reduce reduce the the potential potential for for other monitored other monitored media,media, be be reported reported to to radionuclides leaving radionuclides leaving the the water water *aandnd the NRC the NRC annually.
annually. Data Data fromfrom the the fol1owing three following three surlace surface water water 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 24 24
F oo rr Inf F Inf o o rma rma ti ti oonn Only Only Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring monitoring locations were monitoring locations were averaged averaged water in water in the the CTBD CTBD is is maintained maintained at at aa together as together as indicators indicators for for reporting reporting flow rate flow of 5,000 rate of 5,000 gpm gpm or or higher.
higher. These These purposes: one purposes: one location (6S5) on location (6S5) on the the requirements are requirements are in in place place to to ensure ensure Susquehanna River Susquehanna River downstream downstream of of the the adequate dilution adequate dilution of of radioactively radioactively SSES, Lake-Took-a SSES, Lake-Took-a While While (LTAW)(LTAW) contaminated water contaminated water by by the the returning returning adjacent to adjacent to the the river, river, and and thethe SSES SSES noncontaminated water noncontaminated water in in the the CTBD CTBD cooling tower cooling tower blow blow down down discharge discharge prior to prior to entering entering the the river.
river.
(CTBD) line (CTBD) line to to the the river (2S7).
river (2S7).
At the At the point point that that CTBD CTBD water water enters enters the the Technically, Technically, the the CTBD CTBD line line isis not not part part river, additional, rapid river, additional, rapid dilution dilution of of the the of the of the environment.
environment. The The CTBnCTBn line line is is aa discharged water discharged water by by the the river river isis below ground below ground pipe pipe toto which which the the public public promoted by promoted by releasing releasing it it through through aa has no has no access, access, contrary contrary to to the the other other diffuser. The diffuser. The diffuser diffuser is is aa large large pipe pipe environmental monitoring environmental monitoring locations locations on on with numerous with numerous holes holes in in it it that that isis the Susquehanna the Susquehanna River River to to which which the the positioned near positioned near thethe bottom bottom of of the the river.
river.
public does public does havehave access.
access. However, However, it it CTBD discharges CTBD discharges exit exit the the diffuser diffuser currently is currently is required required that that thethe water water that that through through thethe many many holes,holes, enhancing enhancing the the is is discharged discharged to to the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River River mixing mixing of of the the discharge discharge and and river river through the through the CTBD CTBD line line from from the the SSES SSES waters. The waters. The concentrations concentrations of of be included be included as as *an an indicator indicator monitoring monitoring contaminants are contaminants are reduced reduced significantly significantly location in location in the the radiological radiological as the as the discharged discharged water water mixes mixes with with thethe environmental monitoring environmental monitoring program. program. much larger much larger flow flow of of river river water.
water. The The mean flow mean flow rate rate ofof the the Susquehanna Susquehanna Most Most of of the the water water entering entering the the River in River in 2002 2002 was was approximately approximately Susquehanna River Susquehanna River through through the the SSES SSES 6,400,000 gpm.
6,400,000 gpm. ThisThis is is more more thanthan CTBD line CTBD line isis simply simply water water that that was was 1,300 times 1,300 times thethe required required minimum minimum flow flow taken from taken from the the river river upstream upstream of of the the rate through rate through the the CTBD CTBD for for discharges discharges to to SSES, used SSES, used for for cooling cooling purposes purposes be permitted.
be permitted.
without being without being radioactively radioactively contaminated by contaminated by SSES SSES operation, operation, and and The amounts The amounts of of radioactively radioactively returned to returned to the the river.
river. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, contaminated contaminated water water being being discharged discharged batch discharges batch discharges of of relatively relatively small small are small.
are small. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, sensitivesensitive volumes of volumes of slightly slightly radioactively radioactively analyses of analyses of the the water water samples samples can can often often contaminated water contaminated water areare made made to to the the detect the detect the low low levels levels of of certain certain types types of of
.. river river through through the the SSES SSES CTBD CTBD at at times times radioactivity in radioactivity in the the CTBD CTBD water water throughout each throughout year. The each year. The waterwater is is following dilution.
following dilution. Though Though the the levels levels released from released from tankstanks of of radioactively radioactively of radioactivity of radioactivity measured measured in in the the CTBD CTBD contaminated water contaminated water on on site site to to the the CTBD CTBD water are water are generally generally quite quite low,low, they tend they tend and mixes and mixes withwith the the noncontaminated noncontaminated to be to be higher higher than than those those in in the the river river water already water already present present in in the the CTBD.
CTBD. downstream of downstream of the the SSES.
SSES. Most Most Flow rates Flow rates from from the the tanks tanks containing containing radionuclides discharged radionuclides discharged from from the the SSES SSES ""
radioactively contaminated radioactively contaminated water water beingbeing CTBD are CTBD are at such low at such low levels levels in in the the discharged to discharged to the the CTBD CTBD are are limited limited to to aa downstream river downstream river water water that, that, even even withwith maximum of maximum of 200 200 gpm.gpm. In addition, the In addition, the the sensitive the sensitive analyses analyses performed, performed, they they Ininimum flow Ininimum flow raterate for for the the returning returning cannot be cannot be detected.
detected.
25 25 2002 Radiological Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information OnlyOnly Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring
- When When the the radioactivity CTBD samples CTBD averaged with averaged radioactivity levels samples throughout with those actual downstream actual locations, those obtained downstream monitoring locations, the the result result is levels from throughout the obtained from monitoring is an an overall overall from the the year from the year are are and control locations and control operational annual indicator annual average of average gross beta gross locations for operational period.
period. During operational period, operational period, the indicator means of annual beta activity.
activity.
for the means exceeds annual control the prior During the the average prior the prior average of exceeds the control means prior of means for the for indicator location indicator location average average that that is is too too The 2002 The 2002 means means for for iodine-131 iodine-131 activityactivity high to high to bebe representative representative of of the the actual actual at indicator at indicator and and control control surface surface water water average radioactivity average radioactivity levels levels of of the the monitoring locations monitoring locations were were 0.610.61 pCi/liter pCi/liter downstream river downstream river water.
water. As As the the and 0.43 and 0.43 pCilliter, pCilliter, respectively.
respectively. The The following discussions following discussions are' are' revidwed, revidwed, 2002 indicator 2002 indicator mean mean is is greater greater than than thethe
..consideration consideration should should be be given given to to this this 2001 indicator 2001 indicator mean.mean. The The 20022002 control control inflation of inflation of average average radioactivity radioactivity levels levels mean is mean is less less than than the the 2001 2001 control control from the from the inclusion inclusion of of CTBD CTBD (location (location mean. Both mean. Both thethe 2002 2002 indicator indicator and and 2S7/6S7) results 2S7/6S7) results in in the the indicator indicator data data control mean control mean activities activities are are also also greater greater that is that is averaged.
averaged. than the than the averages averages of of the the annual annual means means for both for both indicator indicator and and control control locations locations The 2002 data The 2002 data for for gross gross betabeta activity activity for the for the prior operational and prior operational and analyses of analyses of surface surface waterwater are are lower lower thanthan preoperational periods preoperational periods of of the the SSES.
SSES.
those of those of 2001.
2001. The The 20022002 mean mean gross gross beta activity activity of of 5.4 5.4 pCiniter pCiniter for for Throughout the course course of of aa year, year, iodine-iodine-beta Throughout the indicator locations indicator locations is is less less than than the the 2001 2001 131 is 131 is typically typically measured measured at at levels levels inin
.. indicator indicator mean mean grossgross betabeta activity activity of of excess of excess of analysis analysis lvIDCs lvIDCs in in some some 6.5 pCiniter.
6.5 pCiniter. The The 20022002 indicator indicator mean mean samples obtained samples obtained from from control control surface surface activity is activity is within within the the range range of of the the annual annual water monitoring water monitoring locations locations on on the the means for means for thethe previous previous operational operational Susquehanna River Susquehanna River upstream upstream of of the the period of period of the the SSES.
SSES. The The 2002 2002 mean mean SSES as SSES as well well asas indicator indicator locations locations gross beta gross beta activity activity of of 2.9 2.9 pCi/liter pCi/liter for for downstream of downstream of the the SSES.
SSES. As As control locations control locations is is less less than than thethe determined by determined by measurements measurements of of 3.5 pC 3.5 pC ill ill iter iter for for the the 2001 2001 control control mean mean samples obtained samples obtained by by thethe SSES SSES REMP, REMP, beta activity.
gross beta gross activity. The The 20022002 control control the mean the mean iodine-13l iodine-13l activityactivity level level from from mean activity mean activity is is within within the the range range of of the the the CTBD the CTBD for for all all of of 2002 2002 was was annual means annual means for for both both thethe previous previous approximately 1.04 approximately 1.04 pCiIliter.
pCiIliter. This This maymay operational and operational and preoperational preoperational periods periods .. .. be compared be compared to to the the acti acti vity vity level level ofof Refer Refer to to Figure Figure 9 9 which which trends trends gross gross 0.43 pCiniter 0.43 pCiniter for for control control surface surface water water beta activities beta activities separately separately for for surface surface monitoring locations monitoring locations in in 2002:
2002:
water indicator water indicator and and control control locations locations quarterly from quarterly from 19751975 through through 2002. 2002. Iodine-131 Iodine-131 from from thethe discharge discharge of of medical wastes medical wastes into into thethe Susquehanna Susquehanna Comparison Comparison of of the the 2002 2002 indicator indicator mean mean River upstream River upstream of of the the SSES SSES is is drawn drawn (5.4 pCill)
(5.4 pCill) to to the the 2002 2002 control control mean mean into the into the SSES SSES cooling cooling tower tower basins basins (2.9 pCiIl)
(2.9 pCiIl) suggests suggests aa contribution contribution of of through the through the SSES SSES RiverRiver WaterWater Intake Intake beta activity beta activity from theSSES. The from theSSES. The 20022002 Structure. It Structure. It is is reasonable reasonable to to assume assume data is data is similar similar in in this this regard regard to to the the that concentration that concentration of of the the already already averages of averages of annual annual meansmeans for for indicator indicator existing iodine-131 existing iodine-131 in in the the cooling cooling tower tower 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 26 26
For Information For Information Only Only Aquatic Pathway Monitoring basins occurs as basins occurs as itit does does for for other other one-fourth one-fourth of of the the approximately approximately eight- eight-substances found substances found in in the the river.
river. For For day half-life day half-life of of iodine-131.
iodine-131. Thus, Thus, example, the example, the SSES SSES routinely routinely assumesassumes radioactive decay radioactive decay wouldwould not not be be concentration factors concentration factors in in the the basin basin for for expected to expected to reduce reduce the the concentration concentration calcium of calcium of four four to to five five times times the the factor for factor for iodine-131 iodine-131 by by aa large large amount.
amount.
concentrations in concentrations in the the river river wa~er Therefore, the Therefore, the difference difference between between the the entering the entering the basins, basins, based based on on past past 2002 mean 2002 mean iodine-131 iodine-131 activityactivity of of about about measurements. This measurements. This concentrating concentrating 1.04 pCiniter 1.04 pCiniter in in the the CTBD CTBD and and thethe 2002 2002 effect occurs effect occurs because because of of the the evaporation evaporation mean iodine-131 mean iodine-131 activityactivity forfOf thethe control control of the of the water water in in the the basins, basins, leaving leaving location of location of 0.43 0.43 pCiniter pCiniter should should be be the the behind most behind most dissolved dissolved and and suspended suspended of concentration result of result concentration in in the the basins.
basins.
materials in materials in the the unevaporated unevaporated water water Iodine-131 was Iodine-131 was not not reported reported to to have have remaining in remaining in the the basins.
basins. If If aa been discharged been discharged with with water water released released concentration factor concentration factor of of four four for for iodine-iodine- from the from the SSES SSES .to .to the the Susquehanna Susquehanna 131 were 131 were to to bebe applied applied to to the the 2002 2002 River during River during 2002.2002.
mean iodine-131 mean iodine-131 activityactivity levellevel for for the the control samples control samples from from the the Susquehanna Susquehanna The 2002 mean The 2002 mean tritium tritium activity activity for for River, aa mean River, mean concentration concentration of of indicator locations indicator locations is is more more than than the the 1.72 pCiniter 1.72 pCiniter for for iodine-131 iodine-131 in in the basin the basin corresponding 2001 corresponding 2001 mean.mean. The The 20022002 water and water and thethe water water being being discharged discharged means for means for tritium tritium activity activity at at indicator indicator from the from the basins basins wouldwould be be expected.
expected. The The and control and control locations locations were were actual 2002 actual 2002 meanmean of of 1.04 1.04 pCi/liter pCi/liter for for 1,363 pCiniter 1,363 pCiniter and and 36.1 36.1 pCiniter, pCilliter,
.. the the CTBD CTBD iodine-131 iodine-131 activityactivity level level was was respectively. The respectively. The 2002 2002 indicator indicator mean mean less than less than this.
this. is greater is greater than than thethe annual annual average average mean mean for prior for prior operational operational and and preoperational preoperational Because iodine-131 is Because iodine-131 is radioactive, radioactive, periods of periods of the the SSES.
SSES. The The control control mean mean unlike the unlike the calcium calcium that that hashas been been is within is within thethe range range of of the the corresponding corresponding measured, iodine-131 measured, iodine-131 is is removed removed from from annual mean annual mean reported reported for for the the prior prior the water the water while while it it is is in in the the basins basins operational period operational period of of the the SSES.
SSES. Refer Refer through the through the radioactive radioactive decay decay process.
process. to Figure to Figure 10 10 which which trendstrends tritium tritium Thus, it Thus, it might might be be expected expected that that thethe net net activity levels activity levels separately separately for for surface surface concentration factor concentration factor for for iodine-131 iodine-131 water indicator water indicator and and control control locations locations would be would be somewhat somewhat less less than than that that for for from 1972 from 1972 through through 2002. 2002.
calcium, considering calcium, considering this this additional additional removal process.
removal process. The The extent extent to to which which The 2002 The 2002 indicator indicator mean mean tritium tritium level level the iodine-131 the iodine-131 concentration concentration factor factor is is for all for all surface surface waterwater locations locations can can bebe less than less than that that forfor calcium calcium would would dependdepend misleading for misleading for those those interested interested in in the the on the on the mean mean residence residence time time for for the the mean tritium mean tritium level level in in the the Susquehanna Susquehanna water in water in the the basins basins compared compared to to iodine-iodine- River downstream River downstream of of the the SSES SSES for for 131 's 131 's radioactive radioactive half-life half-life -- the the greater greater 2002. The 2002. The much much higherhigher levels*of tritium tritium the the ratio ratio ofof the the mean mean residence residence time time to to observed in observed in the the CTBD CTBD line line (location (location the half-life, the half-life, the the smaller smaller the the 2S7/6S7), when 2S7/6S7), when averaged averaged with with thethe low low concentration factor.
concentration factor. A A mean mean residence residence levels from levels from the the downstream downstream location location time for time for water water in in the the basins basins is is expected expected 6S5 sample 6S5 sample analysis analysis results results distort distort thethe to be to be about about two two days.
days. This This is is only only about about real environmental real environmental picture. picture. The The meanmean 27 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Information For Information Only Only Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring tritium activity level tritium activity level from from indicator indicator collected) through 1984, collected) through 1984, drinking drinking waterwater location 6S5 location 6S5 for for 2002 2002 was was samples were samples were also also obtained obtained from from thethe 49.6 pCi/liter, 49.6 pCi/liter, which which is is much much closer closer to to Berwick Water Berwick Water Company Company at at location location the mean the mean tritium tritium activity, activity, 36.1 36.1 pCiIliter, pCiIliter, 12F3, 5.2 12F3, 5.2 miles miles WSWWSW of of the the SSES.
SSES.
for the for the control control location, location, both both of of which which The drinking The drinking water water supply supply for for the the represent actual represent actual river river water water levels.
levels. Berwick Water Berwick Water Company Company is is not, not, however, water however, water fromfrom thethe Susquehanna Susquehanna In spite of In spite of the the fact fact that that thethe tritium tritium .. River; River; itit is is actually actually well well water.
water.
activity levels activity levels reported reported for 2S7/pS7 are for 2S7/pS7 are from the from the discharge discharge line line prior tO jdilution prior tO jdilution There are no There are no known known drinking drinking waterwater in the in the river, river, thethe highest highest quarterly quarterly supplies in supplies in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania on on the the average tritium average activity reported tritium activity reported at at Susquehanna River Susquehanna River upstream upstream of of the the 2S7/6S7 during 2S7/6S7 during 20022002 was was SSES and SSES and therefore therefore no no drinking drinking waterwater approximately 6,955 approximately pCilliter for 6,955 pCimter for the the control monitoring control monitoring locations.
locations. Danville Danville second quarter, second quarter, wellwell below below the the NRC NRC drinking water drinking water analysis analysis results results may may be be non-routine reporting non-routine reporting levels levels forfor compared to compared to the the results results for for surface surface quarter1y average quarterly average activity activity levels levels of of water control water control monitoring monitoring locations.
locations.
20,000 pCilliter 20,000 pCilliter whenwhen aa drinking drinking water water pathway pathway exists exists oror 30,000 30,000 pCiIliter pCiIliter when when Results from Results from specific specific sample sample analyses analyses no no drinking drinking water water pathway pathway exists.
exists. of drinking water of drinking water maymay be be found found in in Table 1-4 Table 1-4 ofof Appendix Appendix 1. A A summary summary of of The The tritium tritium activity activity reported reported in in the the the 2002 the 2002 drinking drinking waterwater data data maymay be be CTBD CTBD line line from from location location 2S7/6S7 2S7/6S7 is is located in located in Table Table G G ofof Appendix Appendix G. G.
attributable attributable to to the the SSES.
SSES. Refer Refer to to the the Comparisons of Comparisons of 2002 2002 monitoring monitoring resultsresults "Dose from "Dose from the the Aquatic Aquatic Pathway" Pathway" with those with those of of past past years years may may be be found found in in discussion at discussion at the the end end of of this this section section forfor Tables H Tables H 55 through through H of Appendix H 77 of Appendix H. H.
additional information additional information on on the the projected projected dose to dose to the the population population from from tritium tritium andand Gross alpha activity Gross alpha activity hashas been been monitored monitored
- other radionuclides other radionuclides in in the the aquatic aquatic in in drinking drinking water since 1980.
water since 1980. GrossGross pathway attributable pathway attributable to to the the SSES.
SSES. alpha activity alpha activity has has been been observed observed at at levels above levels above the the analysis analysis :MOCs
- MOCs in in aa With With the the following following exceptions, exceptions, no no small minority small minority of of the the samples samples duringduring gamma-emitting radionuclides gamma-emitting radionuclides were were most years most years since since 1980.
1980. TheThe 20022002 mean mean ..
measured in measured in surface surface water water primary primary gross alpha gross alpha activity activity level level for for drinking drinking samples at samples at an an activity activity level level exceeding exceeding water was water was 0.24 0.24 pCilliter.
pCilliter. TheThe 20022002 an analysis:MOC an analysis:MOC in in 2002:
2002: potassium-potassium- mean alpha mean alpha activity activity level level is is within within the the 40, iodine-131, 40, iodine-131, radium-226, radium-226, and and range of range of the the corresponding corresponding annual annual thorium-228.
thorium-228. means for means for the the prior prior operational operational years.years.
No gross No gross alpha alpha activity activity in in drinking drinking Drinking Water Drinking Water water during water during 2002 2002 is is attributed attributed to to liquid liquid Drinking Drinking water water was was monitored monitored duringduring discharges from discharges from thethe SSES SSES to to the the 2002 at 2002 at the the Danville Danville Water Water Company's Company's Susquehanna River.
Susquehanna River.
facility 26 facility 26 miles miles WSWWSW of of the the SSES SSES on on the Susquehanna the Susquehanna River. River. From From 1977 1977 Gross beta activity Gross beta activity hashas been been monitored monitored (when drinking (when drinking waterwater samples samples were were first first in drinking in drinking water water since since 1977.
1977. GrossGross 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 28
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf ormati ormati on on Onl Onl yy Aquatic Pathway Aquatic Pathway Monitoring Monitoring beta activity is beta activity is typically typically measured measured at at tritium activity level tritium activity level for for drinking drinking water water levels exceeding levels exceeding the the MDCs MDCs in in drinking drinking is higher is higher than than the the 2002 2002 meanmean tritium tritium water samples water samples .. .. The The 2002 2002 meanmean gross gross acti vity acti vity level level for for the the surface surface water water beta activity beta activity level level forfor drinking drinking waterwater control location.
control location. Tritium Tritium activity activity in in was 2.75 was 2.75 pCiIliter.
pCiIliter. The The 2002 2002 meanmean is is drinking water drinking water can can bebe attributed attributed to to above the above the 2001 2001 meanmean grossgross beta beta activity activity liquid discharges liquid discharges fromfrom thethe SSES SSES to to the the level for level for drinking drinking waterwater but but within within thethe Susquehanna River.
Susquehanna River.
range of range of the the corresponding corresponding annual annual means for means for both both the the prior prior operational operational and and With the With the exception exception of of 1-131, 1-131, nono gamrna-gamrna-preoperational periods preoperational periods of of the the SSES.
SSES. emitting radionuclides emitting radionuclides were were measured measured Refer to Refer to Figure Figure 11 11 which which trends trends gross gross above the above the analysis analysis MDCs MDCs for for gamma gamma beta activity beta activity levels levels separately separately for for spectroscopic analyses spectroscopic analyses of of drinking drinking waterwater drinking water drinking water indicator indicator and and control control samples during samples during 2002.
2002.
locations from locations from 19771977 through through 2002.2002. No No gross beta gross beta activity activity in in drinking drinking waterwater Fish during 2002 during 2002 is is attributed attributed to to liquid liquid Results from specific Results from specific sample sample analyses analyses discharges from discharges from the the SSES SSES to to the the .. of fish of fish may may bebe found found in in Table Table II 55 ofof Susquehanna River.
Susquehanna River. Appendix I.
Appendix I. AA summary summary of of the the 2002 2002 fish data fish data may may bebe located located in in Table Table G G ofof Iodine-131 Iodine-131 was was measured measured in in excess excess of of Appendix G.
Appendix G. A A comparison comparison of of 2002 2002 analysis MDCs analysis MDCs in in 6 6 out out of of 26 26 drinking drinking monitoring results results with with those of past past monitoring those of water samples water samples in 2002. This in 2002. This compares compares years may years may bebe found found in in Table Table H H 88 ofof with results with results from from 17 17 samples samples for for which which Appendix H.
Appendix H.
analysis MDCs analysis MDCs were were exceeded exceeded in in 2001.
2001.
The 2002 The 2002 mean mean iodine-131 iodine-131 activity activity level level Three species Three species of of fish fish were were sampled sampled at at in drinking in drinking water water samples samples was was each of each of one one indicator indicator location location andand one one
- 0.22 pCi/liter.
0.22 pCi/liter. ThisThis is is less less than than the the control control location location on on the Susquehanna the Susquehanna 2001 mean 2001 mean drinking drinking water water activity activity level level River in River in April April 2002 and again 2002 and again inin of 0.35 of 0.35 pCiIliter. Also, it pCiIliter. Also, is less it is less than than October October 2002.
2002. The species included The species included the the the 2002 the 2002 mean mean of of 0.43 0.43 pCiIliter pCiIliter forfor the the following: smallmouth following: smallmouth bass, channel bass, channel surface water surface water control control location.
location. No No catfish, and catfish, and shorthead shorthead redhorse.
redhorse. In In iodine-131 activity iodine-131 activity in in drinking drinking waterwater addition, one addition, one largemouth largemouth bass bass waswas during 2002 during 2002 is is attributed attributed to to liquid liquid sampled from sampled PPL's LTAW.
from PPL's LTAW. A A total total ofof discharges from discharges from the the SSES SSES to to the the 15 fish 15 fish were were collected collected and and analyzed.
analyzed.
Susquehanna River.
The only gamma-emitting The only gamma-emitting radionuclide radionuclide Tritium Tritium was was measured measured in in excess excess of of reported in reported in excess excess of of analysis analysis MDCsMDCs in in analysis MDCs analysis MDCs twice twice in in 2002 2002 in in fish during fish during 2002 2002 waswas naturally naturally drinking water.
drinking water. The The 2002 2002 meanmean tritium tritium occurring potassium-40.
occurring potassium-40. The The 2002 2002 activity level activity level for for drinking drinking waterwater waswas indicator and indicator and control control means means for for the the 55.7 pCiIliter.
55.7 pCiIliter. The The 20022002 meanmean is below is below activity levels activity levels of of potassium-40 potassium-40 in in fish fish the averages the averages of of the the corresponding corresponding were 3.61 were 3.61 pCi/gram pCi/gram and and 3.78 3.78 pCi/gram, pCi/gram, annual means annual means for for both both thethe prior prior respectively. The respectively. The 2002 2002 indicator indicator and and operational and operational and preoperational preoperational periods periods control means control means were were slightly slightly greater greater than than of the of the SSES.
SSES. The The low low 2002 2002 meanmean the 2001 the 2001 means.
means. Both Both thethe 2002 2002 29 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Information For Information Only Only Aquatic Pathway Monitoring
- indicator indicator and the ranges the means ranges of means for and control for prior preoperational years.
preoperational control means of their occurring potassium-40 occurring means are their corresponding years. Naturally potassium-40 in Naturally are within corresponding annual prior operational operational and and in fish fish is within annual is not not 2002 indicator and 2002 indicator radium-226 activities radium-226 the corresponding the 2002 and control corresponding 2001 2002 radium-226 radium-226 means ranges of ranges of the control mean activities are 2001 means.
the corresponding mean are higher higher than means. These means werewere above corresponding annual annual than These above the the attributable to attributable to the the liquid liquid discharges discharges means for means for all all prior prior operational operational years.years.
from the from the SSES SSES to to the the Susquehanna Susquehanna
River.
River. The 2002 indicator The 2002 indicator and and ,,ccontrol means ontrol means for thorium-228 for thorium-228 activity activity levels levels in in Sediment Sediment shoreline sediment shoreline sediment were were 1.7 1.7 and and Shoreline sediment was Shoreline sediment was sampled sampled in in 2.11 pCiI 2.11 pCiIgram, gram, respecti respecti velvel y.
- y. The The 2002 2002 April 2002 April 2002 and and again again in in October October 2002.
2002. indicator mean indicator mean is is the the same same as as the the 2001 2001 Results from Results from specific specific sample sample analyses analyses indicator mean.
indicator mean. The The 2002 2002 control control meanmean of sediment of sediment may may be be found found in in Table Table 1-61-6 is greater is greater than than the the corresponding corresponding 2001 2001 of Appendix of Appendix 1. 1. AA summary summary of of the the 2002 2002 control mean.
control mean. The The 2002 2002 control control meanmean isis sediment data sediment data is is located located in in Table Table G of G of greaterthan the greaterthan the range range of of corresponding corresponding Appendix G.
Appendix G. Comparisons Comparisons of of 2002 2002 means for means for prior prior operational operational years.years. TheThe monitoring results monitoring results withwith those those of of past past 2002 indicator 2002 indicator mean mean is is within within the the range range years may years may be be found found in in Tables Tables H H 99 of corresponding of corresponding means means for for prior prior through H through H 12 12 ofof Appendix Appendix H. H. operational years.
operational years. The The naturally naturally occurring radionuclides radionuclides in in sediment sediment occurring Naturally occurring Naturally occurring potassium-40, potassium-40, discussed above discussed above are not attributable are not attributable to to radium-226, and radium-226, thorium-228 were and thorium-228 were the liquid the liquid discharges discharges from from the the SSES SSES to to measured at measured at activity activity levels levels above above the Susquehanna the Susquehanna River. River.
MDCs in analysis MDCs analysis in all all shoreline shoreline sediment sediment samples in samples in 2002 2002 withwith twotwo exceptions.
exceptions. Cesium-137 Cesium-137 was was measured measured at at activity activity Thorium-228 did Thorium-228 did not not exceed exceed the MDC the MDC levels in levels in shoreline shoreline sediment sediment exceeding exceeding in aa sample in sample from from April April andand October.
October. analysis MDCs analysis MDCs in in 44 of of 66 analyses analyses during during 2002. The 2002. The 2002 2002 indicator indicator and and control control The 2002 indicator The 2002 indicator and and control control means means means for means for cesium-137 cesium-137 activityactivity levels levels in in for potassium-40 for potassium-40 activity activity levels levels inin sediment were sediment were 0.055 0.055 pCi/gram pCi/gram and and shoreline sediment shoreline sediment were were 12.8 12.8 pCi/gram pCi/gram 0.13 pCi/gram, 0.13 pCi/gram, respectively.
respectively. The The 2002 2002 and 10.4 and 10.4 pCilgram, pCilgram, respectively.
respectively. The The indicator mean indicator mean is is less less than than thethe 2002 indicator 2002 indicator and and control control meansmeans for for corresponding 2001 corresponding 2001 mean.
mean. The The 2002 2002 potassium-40 activity potassium-40 activity are are less less than than their their control mean control mean is is greater greater than than thethe corresponding 2001 corresponding 2001 means.
means. The The 2002 2002 corresponding 2001 corresponding 2001 mean.
mean. The The 2002 2002 indicator and indicator and control control meansmeans were were within within indicator mean indicator mean is is less less than than thethe average average ranges of th~ ranges of corresponding corresponding annual annual of corresponding of corresponding annual annual means means for for both both means for means for all all prior prior operational operational and and prior operational prior operational as as well well asas preoperational years.
preoperational years. preoperational years.
preoperational years. TheThe 20022002 control control mean is mean is greater greater than than the the averages averages of of The 2002 The 2002 indicator indicator and and control control means means corresponding annual corresponding annual meansmeans for for both both for radium-226 activity for radium-226 activity levels levels in in prior operational prior operational as as well well asas shoreline sediment shoreline sediment were were 2.022.02 pCilgram pCilgram preoperational years.
preoperational years. This This cesium-137' cesium-137' and 2.4 and 2.4 pCi/gram, pCi/gram, respectively.
respectively. The The in the in the sediment sediment is is attributed attributed to to residual residual 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 30
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on OnlyOnly Aquatic Pathway Monitoring f~lout from Dose Dose from Pathway Pathway from past weapons tests.
weapons tests.
from the past atmospheric atmospheric nuclear the Aquatic Aquatic nuclear for the estimate for the estimate of during 2002 during 2002 based of tritium based on radiological environmental radiological This estimate This estimate is amount of amount tritium released on the released the results results of environmental monitoring.
of tritium is 77 curies curies less tritium determined of monitoring.
less than determined by than the by the effluent monitoring effluent monitoring to to have have been been released to released to the the river river byby the the SSES SSES in in Tritium Tritium was was the the only only radionuclide radionuclide 2002. This 2002. This agreement agreement between between the the identified in identified in 2002 2002 by by the the SSES SSES REMP REMP estimate based estimate based on on environmental environmental
.. in in the the aquatic aquatic pathway pathway that that waswas monitoring and monitoring and the the amount amount reported reported by by attributable to attributable to SSES SSES operation operation and and also also effluent monitoring effluent monitoring is is consistent consistent with with included in included in the pathway to the pathway to ma~. previous years previous years comparisons.
comparisons.
The total tritium The total tritium activity activity released released from from Given the Given the total total tritium tritium activity activity released, released, the SSES the SSES for for the the year was estimated year was estimated the maximum whole-body the maximum whole-body and and organ organ based on based on REMP REMP monitoring monitoring results results for for doses to doses to hypothetical hypothetical exposedexposed use in use in projecting projecting maximummaximum doses doses to to the the individuals in individuals four age in four age groups groups (adult, (adult, public. This public. This estimate estimate assume~ that that the the teenager, child, teenager, child, and and infant) infant) were were tritium was tritium was present present continuously continuously in in the the determined according determined according to to the the CTBD line CTBD line throughout throughout 2002 2002 at at aa level level methodology of methodology of the the Offsite Offsite DoseDose equivalent to equivalent to the the annual annual meanmean activity activity Calculation manual Calculation manual usingusing thethe RETDAS RETDAS level of tritium.
level of tritium. It was also It was also assumed assumed computer program.
computer program. This This is is in in that the that the annual annual average average activity activity level of level of accordance with accordance with SSES SSES Technical Technical tritium being tritium being contributed contributed to to the the Requirement 3.11.4.1.3.
Requirement 3.11.4.1.3.
Susquehanna River Susquehanna River water water couldcould be be represented by represented by the the difference difference between between The maximum dose The maximum dose obtained obtained from from thethe the the annual annual meanmean activity activity levels levels of of ingestion of ingestion of tritium tritium waswas estimated estimated at at the the tritium in tritium in the the CTBD CTBD .line.line (without (without nearest downriver nearest downriver municipal municipal water water correction for correction for cooling cooling tower tower basinbasin supplier via supplier via the the drinking drinking water water pathway pathway reconcentration) and reconcentration) and inin the the river river and near and near the the outfall outfall ofof the the SSES SSES upstream of upstream of thethe SSES.
SSES. discharge to discharge to the the Susquehanna Susquehanna River River viavia the fish the fish pathway.
pathway. The The maximum maximum whole whole The annual mean The annual mean activity activity level level of of body and body and organ organ dosesdoses were were eacheach tritium in tritium in the the CTBD CTBD line line (monitoring (monitoring estimated to estimated to bebe approximately approximately location 2S7\6S7) location 2S7\6S7) for for 2002 2002 was was 0.0014 mrem.
0.0014 mrem.
3,885 pCin.
3,885 pCin. The The annual annual meanmean activity activity level for level for the the river river upstream upstream of of the the SSES SSES (monitoring location (monitoring location 6S6) 6S6) was was approximately 36 approximately 36 pCin.
pCin. Thus,Thus, the the difference in difference in the the mean mean activity activity levels levels for for these two these two locations locations was was about about 3,849 pCin.
3,849 pCin. The The annual annual mean mean flow flow rate rate for the for the CTBD CTBD line line was was 7,839 7,839 gpm. gpm.
Using the Using the proper proper unit unit conversions conversions and and mUltiplying mUltiplying 7,839 7,839 gpm gpm times times 3,849 3,849 pCin pCin yields yields aa value value of of 58.4 58.4 curies curies 31 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
'Tj 0
t-j H
- s H1 0
~
OJ rt f-'.
0 FIGURE FIGURE 99 -- GROSS GROSS BETA BETA ACTIVITY ACTIVITY IN IN :::s 0
SURFACE SURFACE WATER
- s WATER '<
f-'
pCi/Liter 20,_------------------,,--------------------------------------------------~
18 PREOPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL 16 14 12 10 8
6 4
2 o+-----------------~~------------~----------------------------~------~
. -2
-4+-~~--~~~--~~~~--,-~~--.-~-.-,,-.--.-.--.-~-.--~.--.--,-,--r
{\~
~ ~ ~ ~
-- Indicator --
Indicator Control Control H\REMPFIG02.xls .
FIG. 9 - H\REMPFlG02.xls
'Tj 0
t-j H
~
H1 0
~
OJ rt f-'-
FIGURE 1010 -- TRITIUM TRITIUM ACTIVITY ACTIVITY IN IN SURFACE SURFACE WATER WATER 0
FIGURE ~
0
~
f-'
pCilLiter '<
3000~------------------------~--------------------------------------~--------~
PREOPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL 2500 2000 1500 Unit 2 1000 Criticality
~
sOO
-500+-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.--.-~~-,--.-.--,-,--.-.--,-,--.-~~~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
FIG. 10 FIG. 10 -- H\REMPFIG02.x1s H\REMPFIG02.x1s -- Indicator Indicator -
- - Control Control
'"Ij 0
1-1 H
~
H1 0
~
rt f-' . .
0 FIGURE FIGURE 11 11 -- GROSS GROSS BETA BETA ACTIVITY ACTIVITY IN IN ~
0 DRINKING DRINKING WATER WATER
~
f-'
pCi/Liter 10.-----------------.-----------------------------------------------------------.
9 PREOPERATJONAL OPERATIONAL
- II 8
7 6
5 Unit 2 4
3 2
1 O+-~--~~--~~~~~--~~--~~~~~~--~~--~~--.--.--.--.--.--.--.-~
A"
{)
FIG.
FIG. II 11 -- H\REMPFIG02.XLS H\REMPFIG02.XLS
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Atmospheric Pathway Atmospheric Pathway Monitoring Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Sampling and Sampling and Analysis Analysis Air
.. Air Atmospheric monitoring by Atmospheric monitoring by the the SSES SSES The SSES REMP The SSES REMP monitored monitored the the air air at at REMP involves REMP involves the the sampling sampling and and four indicator four indicator locations locations and and two two control control analysis of analysis of air.
air.
- Because Because the the air air is is the the locations during locations during 2002.
2002. The The SSES SSES first medium first medium that that SSES SSES vent vent releases releases Technical Requirements Technical Requirements require require enter in enter in the the pathway pathway to to man, man, it it is is monitoring at monitoring at only only aa total total ofof five five sites.
sites.
fundamental that fundamental that it it be be monitored.
monitored. Monitoring is Monitoring is required required at at three three locations locations Mechanisms do Mechanisms do exist exist for for thethe transport transport at the at the SSES SSES site site boundary boundary in in different different of airborne of airborne contaminants contaminants to to other other media media sectors with sectors with thethe greatest greatest predicted predicted and their and their concentration concentration in in them.
them. For For sensitivities for sensitivities for the the detection detection of of SSES SSES example, airborne example, airborne contaminants contaminants may may releases. Monitoring releases. Monitoring must must be be performed performed move to move to the the terrestrial terrestrial environment environment and and at the at community in the community in the the vicinity vicinity of of the the co~centrate in in milk.
milk. Concentrations Concentrations of of SSES with SSES with thethe greatest greatest predicted predicted radionuclides can radionuclides can make make the sampling the sampling sensitivity. A sensitivity. A control control location location thatthat is is and analysis and analysis of of media media like like milk milk more more expected to expected to be be unaffected unaffected by by any any routine routine sensitive approaches sensitive approaches for for thethe detection detection of of SSES releases SSES releases must must be be monitored.
monitored.
radionuclides, such radionuclides, such asas iodine-131, iodine-131, in in the the pathway to pathway to man man thanthan the the monitoring monitoring of of Airborne particulates Airborne particulates were were collected collected on on air directly.
air directly. (PPL (PPL also also samples samples milk; milk; glass fiber filters glass fiber filters using using low low volume volume ..
refer to refer to the the Terrestrial Terrestrial Pathway Pathway (typically 2.0 (typically 2.0 toto 2.5 2.5 cfm cfm sampling sampling rates)rates)
Monitoring section Monitoring section of of this this report.)
report.) air samplers air samplers that that run run continuously.
continuously. Air Air Nevertheless, the Nevertheless, the sensitivity sensitivity of of air air iodine samples iodine samples were were collected collected on on monitoring can monitoring can be be optimized optimized by by the the charcoal cartridges, charcoal cartridges, placed placed downstream downstream proper selection proper selection of of sampling sampling techniques techniques of the of particulate filters the particulate filters ..
and the and the choice choice of of the the proper proper typestypes of of analyses for analyses for the the collected collected samples samples .. .. Particulate filters Particulate filters and and charcoal charcoal cartridges were cartridges were exchanged exchanged weekly weekly at at the the Scope Scope air monitoring air monitoring sites. sites. Sampling Sampling times times were recorded were recorded on on elapsed-time elapsed-time meters. meters.
Air samples were Air samples were collected collected on on Air sample Air sample volumes volumes for for particulate particulate particulate filters particulate filters and and charcoal charcoal filters and filters and charcoal charcoal cartridges cartridges were were cartridges at cartridges at indicator indicator locations locations 3S2, 3S2, measured with measured with dry-gas dry-gas meters.
meters.
13S6 and 12S1 ,, 13S6 12S1 and 12E1, 12E1, andand control control locations 6G locations 6G 11 andand 8G 8G 1.1. Air filters Air filters were were analyzed analyzed weeklyweekly for for gross beta gross beta activity, activity, thenthen composited composited quarterly .and quarterly .and analyzed analyzed for for the the activities activities of gamma-emitting of gamma-emitting radionuclides.
radionuclides. The The charcoal cartridges charcoal cartridges were were analyzed analyzed weekly for weekly for iodine-131 iodine-131 ..
2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 35 35
F oo rr Inf F Inf o o rmati rmati o onn Only Only Atmospheric Pathway Atmospheric Pathway Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Results Monitoring Results on the higher on the higher mean activity reported mean activity reported for for indicator location.
indicator location.
Air Particulates Quarterly gamma spectroscopic Quarterly gamma spectroscopic Gross beta activity Gross beta activity is is always always measured measured measurements of measurements of composited composited filtersfilters at at levels levels in excess of in excess of the the analysis analysis MDCsMDCs often show often show thethe naturally naturally occurring occurring on the on the fiber fiber filters.
filters. TheThe highest highest gross gross radionuclide beryllium-7.
radionuclide beryllium-7. Occasionally, Occasionally, beta activity beta activity levels levels thatthat have have been been other ~aturally occurring other occurring radionuclides*
radionuclides,,
measured during measured during the the operational operational period period potasslUm-40 and potasslUm-40 radium-226, are and radium-226, are also also of the of the SSES SSES were were obtained obtained in in *1986 1986 observed. Beryllium-7 observed. Beryllium-7 is is cosmogenic cosmogenic in in following the following the Chernobyl Chernobyl accident accident in in the the origin, being origin, produced by being produced by the the former Soviet fonner Soviet Union.
Union. Figure Figure 12 12 trends trends interaction of interaction of cosmic cosmic radiation radiation withwith the the the quarterly the quarterly meanmean grossgross beta beta ictivities ictivities earth's atmosphere.
earth's atmosphere. The The other other twotwo for the for the indicator indicator and and control control locations locations gamma-emitting radionuclides gamma-emitting radionuclides originate originate separately from separately from 19741974 through through 2002.2002.
from soil from soil and and rock.
rock.
Note that Note that prior prior to to SSES SSES operation, operation, before 1982, before 1982, the the unusually unusually high high gross gross Beryllium-7 Beryllium-7 was was measured measur~d above above beta activities beta activities were were generally generally analysis MDCs analysis MDCs for for all all quarterly quarterly attributable to attributable to fallout fallout from from atmospheric atmospheric composite samples composite samples in in 2002.
2002. TheThe 2002 2002 nuclear weapons nuclear weapons tests. tests. Typical Typical grossgross indicator and indicator and control control means means for for beta activities beta activities measured measured on on airair beryllium-7 activity beryllium-7 activity werewere particulate filters filters are are the the result result ofof particulate 137E-3 pCilm33 ,, and 137E-3 pCilm and 94E-3 94E-3 pCi/mpCi/m33,,
naturally occurring naturally occurring radionuclides radionuclides respectively. The respectively. The 2002 2002 means means are are higher higher associated with associated with dustdust particles particles suspended suspended than the than the corresponding corresponding 2001 2001 means.
means.
in the in sampled air.
the sampled air. They They are are thus thus The 2002 The 2002 indicator indicator and and control control means means
terrestrial in terrestrial in origin.
origin.
were higher were higher than than the the averages averages of of the the corresponding annual corresponding annual means means for for the the Particulate gross Particulate gross beta beta activity activity levels levels for for prior operational prior operational and and preoperational preoperational each monitoring location each monitoring location and and periods. Beryllium-7 periods. Beryllium-7 activity activity levels levels for for monitoring period monitoring period in in 2002 2002 are are presented presented each 2002 each 2002 calendar calendar quarter quarter at at each each in Table in Table 1-8 1-8 of of Appendix Appendix 1. 1.
monitoring location monitoring location are are presented presented in in Comparisons of Comparisons of 2002 2002 grossgross beta beta Table 1-9 Table 1-9 of Appendix 1.
of Appendix Comparisons I. Comparisons analysis results analysis results with with those those of of previous previous of 2002 of 2002 beryllium-7 beryllium-7 analysisanalysis results results years may years may be be found found in in Table Table H H 13 13 of of with previous with previous yearsyears maymay be be found found in in Appendix H.
Appendix H. For For 2002, 2002, the the annual annual Table H Table H 14 14 of of Appendix Appendix H. H.
means for means for the the beta beta activities activities of of the the indicator and indicator and control control locations locations are are Mn-S4 Mn-S4 was was identified identified in in the the fourth fourth 16.0E-3 pCilm33 and 16.0E-3 pCilm and 14.0E-3 14.0E-3 pCilm pCilm33,,
quarter composite quarter composite sample sample fromfrom r~spectively. TheseThese are are near near the low end the low end monitoring location monitoring location 12S 12S 1.
1.
of the of the corresponding corresponding ranges ranges of of previous previous operational yearly operational yearly averages.
averages. They They areare No other gamma-emitting No other gamma-emitting radionuclides radionuclides significantly below significantly below the the corresponding corresponding were reported were reported for for air air in in 2002.
2002.
lower ends lower ends of of their their preoperational preoperational yearly yearly Beryllium-7 and and potassium-40 potassium-40 are are not not Beryllium-7 averages. A averages. A contribution contribution of of radioactivity radioactivity attributable to attributable to SSES SSES operation.
operation. Mn-S4 Mn-S4
..from from the the SSES SSES may may be be suggested suggested from from was identified was identified on on SSES SSES effluent effluent airair the 2002 the 2002 airborne airborne gross gross beta beta datadata based based 36 36 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information Only Only Atmospheric Pathway Atmospheric Pathway Monitoring Monitoring samples and thus samples and thus can can be be attributable attributable to to SSES operations.
SSES operations.
Air Iodine Iodine-131 has been Iodine-131 has been detected detected infrequently from infrequently from 1976, 1976, when when it it was was first monitored, first monitored, through through 2002.
2002. Since' Since' operation of operation of the the SSES SSES began began in in 1982, 1982, iodine-131 has iodine-131 has only only been been po~itively detected in detected air samples in air samples inin 1986 1986 due due to to the Chernobyl the Chernobyl accident.
accident. No No ibdine-131 ibdine-131 was reported was for the reported for the 2002 2002 air, air, monitoring monitoring results.
results. ii
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 37 37
'Tj
'Tj 00 t-j t-j HH
~::J H1 H1 0
~
PJ OJ rt f-' -
f-'-
FIGURE 12 FIGURE 12 -GROSS
-GROSS BETA BETA ACTIVITY ACTIVITY IN IN 0
~::J 0
AIR PARTICULATES AIR PARTICULATES ~::J f-'
E-03 pCi/M3 500 .-----------------------~------------~-------------------------------------------.
CHINESE 450 WEAPONS TEST PREOPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL A - 06/17174 B - 09/26176 400 C -11/17176
- .-- 350- + D - 09/17177 E - 03/14178 F - 10/15/80 300 250 200 150 C CHERNOBYL 100 UNIT 2 CRITICALITY I 4/26/86 50
~
O~~--~~~~~~--~~J~~~~~~~--~~--~~~--~~--~~--~~~--~--I--~~
£i4wc;&~ "....."" !"t $tI¢
{\~
~
--Indicator
- Indicator - Control FIG.
FIG. 12 12 -- H\REMPfIG02.x1s H\REMPFIG02.x1s
For Information For Information Only Only Terrestrial Pathway Terrestrial Pathway Monitoring Monitoring
- INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION radioactive material were radioactive material were found found in in The following media The following media were were monitored monitored in in either medium.
either medium. Sampling Sampling is is performed performed the Terrestrial the Terrestrial Pathway Pathway in in 2002:
2002: soil,soil, at different at different depths depths near near the the surface surface to to milk, fruits milk, fruits and and vegetables.
vegetables. help provide help provide information information on on how how recently certain recently certain radioactive radioactive materials materials Soil can be Soil can be aa great great accumulator accumulator of of man-man- may have may have entered entered the the soil.
soil. Sampling Sampling at at made radionuclides made radionuclides that that enter enter it. it. The The more than more than oneone depth depth also also may may helphelp extent of extent of the the accumulation accumulation in in the the soil soil ensure the ensure the detection detection of of materials materials that that depends of depends of course course on on the the amount amount of of the the move relatively move relatively quickly quickly through through the the soil.
soil.
radionuclides reaching radionuclides reaching it, but it it, but it also also Such quick-moving Such quick-moving materials materials may may have have depends depends on on the the chemical chemical naturenature of of those those already passed already passed through through the the topmost topmost radionuciides and radionuciides and the the particular particular of soil layer of layer soil atat the the time time ofof sampling.
sampling.
characteristics of characteristics of the the soil.
soil. For For example, example, the element the element cesium, cesium, and, and, therefore, therefore, Milk was sampled Milk was sampled at at four four locations locations and and cesium-137 can cesium-137 can bebe bound bound very very tightly tightly toto fruit and fruit and vegetable vegetable samples samples were were clay in clay in soils.
soils. The The amount amount of of clay clay inin soil soil obtained at obtained at 33 locations locations in in 2002.
2002. SSESSSES can vary can vary greatly greatly from from one one location location to to Technical Requirements Technical Requirements require require thatthat the the another. In another. In highly highly clay clay soils, soils, cesium-137 cesium-137 SSES REMP SSES REMP sample sample milk milk at at the the three three may move may move very very slowly slowly and and also also maymay be be most sensitive most sensitive monitoring monitoring locations locations taken up taken up very very slowly slowly in in plants plants as they as they near the near the SSES SSES and and oneone control control location location absorb soil absorb soil moisture.
moisture. distant from distant from thethe SSES.
SSES. Additional Additional milk milk sampling was sampling was performed performed from from April April Any medium, such Any medium, such as as soil, soil, that that tends tends to to through June through June in in conjunction conjunction with with aa new new accumulate radioactive accumulate radioactive materials materials can can dairy farm dairy replacing an farm replacing an existing existing dairydairy ..
also provide also provide moremore sensitivity sensitivity for for farm. SSES farm. SSES Technical Technical Requirements Requirements radionuclide detection radionuclide detection in in the the only require only require thatthat fruit fruit and and vegetables vegetables be be environment than environment than those those media media that that sampled at sampled at locations locations irrigated irrigated by by don't. Such don't. Such aa medium medium facilitates facilitates the the Susquehanna River Susquehanna River fromfrom points points early identification early identification of of radionuclides radionuclides in in downstream of downstream of the the SSES SSES discharge discharge to to the environment, the environment, as as well well as as awareness awareness the River.
the River. There There are are only only three three locations locations of changes of changes thatthat subsequently subsequently may may occur occur within 10 within 10 miles miles downstream downstream of of the the in the in the environmental environmental levels levels of of the the SSES that SSES that have have beenbeen known known to to irrigate irrigate radionuclides.. .
identified radionuclides with water with from the water from the Susquehanna Susquehanna River River during unusually during unusually dry dry periods.
periods. These These The The SSES SSES REMPREMP samples samples soil soil near near four four locations do locations do not irrigate every not irrigate every year.
year.
of the of the six six REMP REMP air air sampling sampling stations.
stations. Irrigation was Irrigation was performed performed at at the the Zehner Zehner The purpose The purpose for for soil soil sampling sampling near near thethe Brothers Farm Brothers Farm (1IDI)
(1IDI) and and thethe Lupini Lupini air sampling air sampling sitessites is is to to make make it it easier easier to to Farm (12F7)
Farm (12F7) during during 20022002 as as identified identified correlate air correlate air sampling sampling results results with, with,soil soil by the by the 2002 2002 Land Land Use Use Census Census sampling results sampling results if if any any SSES SSES related related (Reference 73).
(Reference 73).
2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 39
For Information For Information Only Only Terrestrial Pathway Monitoring July July 1, 2002 12B2 1, 2002 12B2 replaced replaced 1003 IOD3 duedue to to No requirement exists No requirement exists for for the the SSES SSES location 12B2 location 12B2 believed believed to to be be aa more more REMP to REMP to monitor monitor soil.soil. All All monitoring monitoring sensitive indicator sensitive indicator sitesite than than IOD3.
IOD3.
of the of the terrestrial terrestrial pathway pathway that that is is Locations 10Dl, Locations 10DI, IOD2, IOD2, IOD3, IOD3, and and 12B2 12B2 conducted by conducted by the the SSES SSES REMP REMP in in are believed are believed to to be be the the most most sensitive sensitive addition to addition to milk milk andand certain certain fruitfruit and and indicator sites indicator sites available available for for the the vegetables is vegetables is voluntary voluntary and and reflects reflects detection of detection of radionuclides radionuclides released released fromfrom PPL's willingness PPL's willingness to to exceed exceed regulatory regulatory the SSES.
the SSES. Location Location lOG lOG II is is the the control control requirements to requirements to ensure ensure that that the the public public location. A location. A total of 76 total of 76 milk milk samples samples and the and the environment environment are are protect~d. from both from both indicator indicator andand control control locations were locations were analyzed analyzed in in 2002.
2002.
Scope Scope Fruits and*and Vegetables Pumpkins, Pumpkins, green green beans, beans, and and potatoes potatoes Soil Soil were sampled were sampled during during the harvest season the harvest season Soil was sampled Soil was sampled in in September September 2002 2002 inin at 33 locations at locations surrounding surrounding the the SSES.
SSES. A A accordance with accordance with its its scheduled scheduled annual annual of 55 samples total of total samples werewere collected collected fromfrom sampling frequency, sampling frequency, at at the the following following locations IIDl, locations IIDl, 12F7, 12F7, and and 13G2.
13G2.
four REMP four REMP air air sampling sampling loca~ions, 3S2, 3S2, Location 13G2 Location 13G2 was was the the control control location.
location.
12S I, 13S6, 12S 1, 13S6, and and 8G 8G 1.1. Location Location 8G 8G 11 was aa control was control sampling sampling location; location; the the Both locations were Both locations were identified identified as as having having remaining sampling remaining sampling sites sites were were indicator indicator irrigated with irrigated with Susquehanna Susquehanna River River water water locations.
locations.
from downstream from downstream of of the the SSES SSES during during 2002. There 2002. There areare often often years years with with Twelve Twelve soilsoil plugs plugs were were takentaken at at selected selected adequate rainfall adequate rainfall when when no no irrigation irrigation is is spots at spots at each each monitoring monitoring location.
location. The The performed.
performed.
plugs were plugs were separated separated into into "top" "top" (0-2 inches)
(0-2 inches) and and "bottom" "bottom" (2-6 (2-6 inches) inches) segments. Each segments. Each set of top set of top andand bottom bottom Sample Preservation Sample Preservation segments was segments was composited composited to to yield yield 22 soil soil and Analysis and Analysis samples from samples from eacheach location location for for analysis.
analysis.
Since there Since there areare four four monitoring monitoring The only The only sample sample medium medium monitored monitored in in locations, aa total locations, of 88 soil total of soil samples samples were were the terrestrial pathway the terrestrial pathway in in which which analyzed in analyzed in 2002.
2002. preservatives were preservatives were used used is is milk.
milk. Sodium Sodium bisulfite was added bisulfite was added to to milk milk samples samples at at Milk the rate the rate of of 40 40 grams grams per per gallon.
gallon. This This Milk was sampled Milk was sampled at at least least monthly monthly at at both helps both maintain iodine helps maintain iodine in in aa reduced reduced ..
the following the following four four locations locations through through form and form and reduces reduces the the spoilage spoilage rate.
rate.
June of June of 2002:
2002: 1001, 10DI, 1002, IOD2, 1003, IOD3, andand 10GI. Location 10Gl. Location 12B2 12B2 was was added added in in All media in All media in the the terrestrial terrestrial pathway pathway are are April 2002.
April 2002. analyzed for analyzed for the the activities activities of of gamma-gamma-emitting radionuclides emitting radionuclides using gamma using gamma Milk was Milk was sampled sampled semi-monthly semi-monthly from from spectroscopy. The spectroscopy. The other other analysis analysis that that isis
.. April April through through October October when when cows cows were were routinely performed routinely performed is is the the more likely more likely to to be be on on pasture.
pasture. As As ofof 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Environmental Monitoring Report 40 40
For Inf For Inf o o rmati rmati o on n Only Only Terrestrial Pathway Monitoring
.' radiochemical milk.
Monitoring Results Monitoring analysis for radiochemical analysis milk.
Results for iodine-I31 iodine-I31 in in are and The thoriutn-228 and are thoriutn-228 and beryllium-7 beryllium-7 in results of The results of the pathway monitoring pathway and radium-226 the 2002 radium-226 in in fruits fruits and 2002 terrestrial monitoring resemble in soil and vegetables.
soil ,,
vegetables.
terrestrial resemble those those of of The only man-made The only man-made radionuclides radionuclides the past.
the past. Results Results forfor specific specific sample sample normally expected normally expected at at levels levels in in excess excess ofof analyses of analyses of terrestrial pathway media terrestrial pathway media analysis MDCs analysis MDCs in' in' the the terrestrial terrestrial may be may be found found in in Tables Tables 1-10 1-10 through through pathway are pathway are strontium-90 strontium-90 and and cesium-cesium- 1-12 of 1-12 of Appendix Appendix I. I. AA summary summary of of the the 137. Both 137. Both of of these these radionuclides radionuclides a,;e a,;e 2002 terrestrial 2002 monitoring data terrestrial monitoring data may may be be present in present in the the environment environment as a a
as residual residual located in located in Appendix
.2002 monitoring
.2002 Appendix G.
monitoring results O. Comparisons Comparisons of results withwith those those of of of from previous from previous atmospheric atmospheric nuclearnuclear weapons testing.
weapons testing. past years past years may may bebe found found in in Tables Tables H H 15 15 through H through H 20 20 of of Appendix Appendix H. H.
Strontium-90 analyses are Strontium-90 analyses are not not now now routinely performed routinely performed for for any any media media Soil Soil samples samples in in the the terrestrial terrestrial pathway.
pathway. The following gamma-emitting The following gamma-emitting Strontium-90 activity Strontium-90 activity would would be be radionuclides are radionuclides are routinely routinely measured measured in in expected to expected to bebe found found in in milk.
milk. SSES SSES soil at soil at levels levels exceeding exceeding analysisanalysis MDCs:
MDCs:
Technical Requirements Technical Requirements do do not not require require naturally occurring naturally occurring potassium-40, potassium-40, radium-226, and and thorium-228 thorium-228 and and man-man-that milk that milk bebe analyzed analyzed for for strontium-90.
strontium-90. radium-226, Strontium-90 analyses Strontium-90 analyses may may bebe made cesium-137 made cesium-137 .. The The 2002 2002 analysis analysis performed at performed at any any time time if if the the results results ofof results were results were similar similar to to those those forfor other milk other milk analyses analyses would would show show previous years.
previous years. NoNo other other gamma-gamma-detectable levels detectable levels ofof fission fission product product emitting radionuclides emitting radionuclides were were reported reported at at activity which activity which might might suggest suggest the the SSES SSES levels above levels above analysis analysis MDCs. MDCs.
as the as the source.
source.
The 2002 means The 2002 means for for indicator indicator and and Cesium-137 normally has Cesium-137 normally has been been control location control location sample sample potassium-40 potassium-40 measured in measured in excess excess of of analysis analysis MDCsMDCs in in activity were activity were 13.3 13.3 pCi/gram pCi/gram and and most soil most soil samples.
samples. Although Although game game is is 8.32 pCi/gram, 8.32 pCi/gram, respectively.
respectively. The The not currently not currently being being monitored, monitored, cesiurri-cesiurri- indicator and indicator and control control meansmeans are are within within 137 has 137 has also also been been seen seen often often at at levels levels the range the range ofof corresponding corresponding means means for for above the above the MDCs MDCs 'in 'in game game in in the the past.
past. both prior both prior operational operational and and
,, preoperational preoperational years.
years. This This is is not not the the Certain naturally occurring Certain naturally occurring result of result of SSES SSES operation operation becausebecause the the radionuclides are radionuclides are also also routinely routinely foundfound potassium-40 is potassium-40 is naturally naturally occurring.
occurring. The The above analysis above analysis MDCsMDCs in in terrestrial terrestrial 2002 indicator 2002 indicator mean mean for for potassium-40 potassium-40 pathway media.
pathway media. Potassium-40, Potassium-40, aa was below was below itsits corresponding corresponding 2001 2001 primordial and primordial and very very long-lived long-lived mean.
mean.
radionuclide, which radionuclide, which is is terrestrial terrestrial in in origin, is origin, is observed observed in in all all terrestrial terrestrial All soil samples All soil samples in in 2002 2002 werewere notnot
.. pathway pathway media.
media. Other Other naturally naturally analyzed for analyzed for radium-226.
radium-226. The The vendor vendor occurring radionuclides occurring radionuclides often often observed observed lab performing lab performing the the soil soil sample sample analysis analysis normally does normally does not not analyze analyze for for 41 41 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
F oo rr Inf F Inf o o rmati rmati o onn Only Only Terrestrial Pathway Terrestrial Pathway Monitoring Monitoring radium -- 226 radium added to added spectrum for spectrum 226 in to the Radium-226 is Radium-226 operation because operation in soil.
the soil for 2003 soil. Radium-226 soil sample 2003 soil is not not the because it Radium-226 to sample analysis analysis samples ....
soil samples the result it is result of is naturally naturally of SSES to be SSES be Milk Milk Iodine-I3I Iodine-13I has separated in separated routinely since routinely which trends which has been in milk been chemically since 1977.
chemically milk samples samples and 1977. Refer trends iodine-I3I Refer to iodine-I31 activity and counted counted to Figure Figure 13 activity in in milk 13 milk occurring.
occurring. for indicator for indicator and and control control locations locations separately from separately from 1977 1977 through through 2002. 2002.
The 2002 The means for 2002 means for indicator indicator and and Typically, iodine-131 Typically, iodine-131 is is not not reported reported at at control location sample control location sample thorium-228 thorium-228 levels exceeding levels exceeding the the MDCs MDCs for for the the activity were activity were 0.8 0.8 pCilgram pCilgram and and analyses in analyses in any any milk milk samples samples during during aa 0.7 pCilgram, 0.7 pCilgram, respectively.
respectively. The The 2002 2002 monitored year.
monitored year. The The 2002 monitoring 2002 monitoring indicator indicator andand control control means means for for year was year was no no exception; exception; no no iodine.,
iodine., 131131 thorium-228 are thorium-228 are lower lower thanthan thethe above the above the analysis analysis MDCs MDCs was was observed observed corresponding corresponding 200 200 11 means.
means. The The in either in either indicator indicator or or control control ..samples.
samples.
indicator indicator andand control control means means are are within within the the ranges ranges of of the the corresponding corresponding means means The preoperational years The preoperational years 1976, 1976, 1978, 1978, for both for both the the previous previous operational operational and and and 1980 and 1980 were were exceptional exceptional years years in in the the preoperational periods, preoperational periods, as as applicable, applicable, of of sense that sense that iodine-I31 iodine-I31 activity activity was was the SSES.
the SSES. Thorium-228 Thorium-228 in in soil soil is is not not observed in observed in excess excess of of MDCs MDCs due due to to the result the result ofof SSES SSES operation operation becausebecause itit fallout from fallout from atmospheric atmospheric nuclear nuclear is naturally is naturally occurring.
occurring. weapons testing.
weapons testing. Iodine-I3I Iodine-I31 activityactivity was also was also measured measured at at levels levels exceeding exceeding The 2002 The 2002 means means for for indicator indicator and and MDCs in MDCs in milk milk samples samples in in 1986 1986 in in the the control location sample control location sample cesium-I37 cesium-137 vicinity of vicinity of the the SSES SSES as as aa result result ofof the the activity were activity were 0.020.02 pCilg pCilg and and 0.09 0.09 pCilg, pCilg, Chemobyl incident.
Chemobyl incident.
respectively. The respectively. The 20022002 indicator indicator meanmean is below is below thethe range range of of the the corresponding corresponding With the exception With the exception of of the the naturally naturally annual mean annual mean for for prior prior operational operational years years occurring potassium-40, occurring potassium-40, no no gamma-gamma-and preoperational and preoperational years. years. TheThe 2002 2002 emitting radionuclides emitting radionuclides were were measured measured control mean control mean is is below below the the ranges ranges of of the the in excess in excess of of analysis analysis MDCs MDCs in in 2002.
2002.
corresponding annual corresponding annual means means for for both both The 2002 The 2002 meansmeans for for indicator indicator and and prior operational prior operational and and preoperational preoperational control location control location sample sample potassium-40 potassium-40 years. Cesium-I years. Cesium-I 37 37 levels levels in in soil soil activity were activity were 14031403 pCiIliter pCiIliter and and samples typically samples typically vary vary widely widely from from 1338 pCiIliter, 1338 pCiIliter, respectively.
respectively. The The 2002 2002 sample to sample to sample.
sample. Levels Levels of of cesium-I cesium-I 37 37 indicator and indicator and control control means means are are higher higher activity in activity in 2002 2002 samples samples varied varied by by than the than the 2001 2001 means.
means. The The 2002 2002 nearly aa factor nearly factor of of ten ten over over the the entire entire indicator and indicator and control control means means for for range. Cesium-I range. Cesium-I 37 37 inin soil, soil, although although potassium-40 activity potassium-40 activity areare within within thethe man-made, is man-made, is not not from from thethe operation operation of of corresponding corresponding ranges ranges of of annual annual meansmeans the SSES.
the SSES. It It is is residual residual fallout fallout fromfrom for previous for previous operational operational and and previous atmospheric previous atmospheric nuclear nuclear weapons weapons preoperational years.
preoperational years. TheThe potassium-40 potassium-40 testing.
testing. activity in activity in milk milk is is not not attributable attributable to to the the SSES operation operation becausebecause it it is is naturally naturally SSES occurring.
occurring.
2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Report Monitoring Report 42 42
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf ormati ormati on on Onl Onl yy Terrestrial Pathway Monitoring
- Fruits and Vegetables Naturally the measured in measured occurring potassium-40 Naturally occurring the only only gamma-emitting potassium-40 was gamma-emitting radionucIide in fruits fruits and radionucIide and vegetables vegetables at was at an an activity level activity in excess level in excess ofof analysis analysis MDC MDC during 2002.
during 2002.
The 2002 means The 2002 means forfor indicator indicator andand control location control location sample sample potassium-40 potassium-40 activity were
. activity were 2.5 2.5 pCi/gram pCi/gram andiandi 3.0 pCi/gram, 3.0 pCi/gram, respectively.
respectively. TheThe 2002 2002 indicator mean indicator mean is is the the same same as as its its corresponding 2001 corresponding 2001 mean.
mean. TheThe 2002 2002 control control mean mean is is slightly slightly below below itsits corresponding corresponding 2001 2001 mean.
mean. TheThe 2002 2002 indicator indicator andand control control means means areare within within the the range range of of the the corresponding corresponding annualannual means for means for pre-operational pre-operational and and prior prior operational years.
operational years. Potassium-40 Potassium-40 in in fruits and fruits and vegetables vegetables is is not not attributable attributable to SSES to SSES operation operation because because it it is is aa naturally occurring naturally occurring radionuclide radionuclide ..
- 43 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
FIGURE 13 FIGURE 13 -- IODINE-131 IODINE-131 ACTIVITY ACTIVITY IN IN MILK MILK pCi/Liter 100 CHINESE WEAPONS TEST 90 A - 09112177 PRE- B - 03/14178 OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL C - 10/15/80 80 70 60 50 40 A CHERNOBYL 30 4/26/86 20 UNIT 2 CRITICALITY 10
~
B.
C a .
o -
FIG. 13 FIG. 13 -- H\REMPFIG02.XLS H\REMPFIG02.XLS ellndicator r:J Control
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf oo rma rma ti ti on on Only Only
- INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Normal operation Normal operation of of the the SSES SSES doesdoes not not Scope Scope Ground Ground wate~ in in the the SSES SSES vicinity vicinity was was involve involve thethe release release of of radioactive radioactive sampled monthly sampled monthly at at 2 2 indicator indicator material to material to ground ground waterwater directly directly oror locations (2S2 locations and 4S4)
(2S2 and 4S4) and and one one control control indirectly through indirectly through the the ground.
ground. As As aa location (l2F3) location (l2F3) during during 2002.
2002.
result, there result, there are are nono effluent effluent monitoring monitoring data to data to compare compare with with REMP REMP ground ground With With thethe exception exception of of location location 4S4, 4S4, water monitoring water monitoring results.results. Ground Ground waterwater untreated ground untreated ground water water waswas sampled.
sampled.
could conceivably could conceivably become become Untreated means Untreated means that that the the water water has has notnot contaminated by contaminated by leakage leakage or or spills spills from from undergone any undergone any processing processing such such asas the plant the plant or or byby the the washout washout or or filtration, chlorination, filtration, chlorination, or or softening.
softening. At At deposition of deposition of radioactive radioactive material material thatthat location 4S4,
. location the SSES 4S4, the SSES Training Training Center, Center, might be might airborne. If be airborne. If deposited deposited on on the the well water well water actually actually isis obtained obtained fromfrom on- on-ground, precipitation/soil ground, precipitation/soil moisturemoisture site and site and piped piped toto the the Training Training Center Center could aid could aid inin the the movement movement of of after treatment.
after treatment. ThisThis sampling sampling is is radioactive materials radioactive materials through through the the performed as performed as aa check check to to ensure ensure that that ground to ground to water water thatthat could could conceivably conceivably water has water has not not been been radioactively radioactively be pumped for be pumped for drinking drinking purposes.
purposes. No No contaminated. Sampling contaminated. Sampling is is performed performed at at
'. use of use the of ground the SSES Because ground water SSES has has been water for routine SSES Because routine releases primarily releases for irrigation irrigation near been identified.
identified.
SSES operation primarily tritium operation tritium and, and, toto aa near .. the the Training sample Training Center sample collection Sample Analysis Analysis Center to to facilitate collection process.
facilitate the process.
Preservation &
Sample Preservation &
the lesser extent, isotopes of of' xenon and krypton krypton to to the the air, air, no no radionuc1ides radionuc1ides attributable attributable to to SSES SSES operation operation are are All samples (except All samples (except thethe aliquots aliquots expected expected to to bebe observed observed in in ground ground assigned for assigned for tritium tritium analyses) analyses) werewere water.
water. Iodine Iodine and and particulate particulate releases releases to to preserved with preserved with nitric nitric acid, acid, asas described described the the air air are are negligible.
negligible. Gaseous Gaseous xenonxenon in Aquatic in Aquatic Pathway Pathway Monitoring.
Monitoring.
and and krypton krypton tend tend to to remain remain airborne; airborne; deposition deposition or or washout washout of of these these would would be be ..Ground Ground waterwater samples samples werewere analyzed analyzed expected expected to to be be very very minimal.
minimal. Tritium Tritium for the for the activities activities ofof gamma-emitting gamma-emitting would would be the most be the most likely likely radionuc1ide radionuc1ide to to radionuclides and radionuclides and tritium tritium activity activity .. ..
reach the reach the ground ground with with precipitation precipitation and, and, Gamma spectrometric Gamma spectrometric analyses analyses of of if not if not lost lost toto streams streams (surface (surface water) water) by by ground water ground water were were begun begun in in 1979 1979 andand runoff, move runoff, move readily readily through through thethe soil soil to to tritium analyses tritium analyses in in 1972, 1972, both both prior prior to to the ground the ground waterwater .. SSES operation.
SSES operation.
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 45 45
F oo rr Inf F Inf orma o rma ti ti on o n Only Only Ground Water Monitoring Monitoring Results Monitoring Results .. and control and control means means are are higher higher than than those those Tritium activity levels Tritium activity levels in in ground ground water water for 2001. Both for 2001.
control mean control within the within Both the the range the 2002 mean tritium range of 2002 indicator indicator and tritium activity activity levels of corresponding corresponding and levels are are e have typically have typically been been observed observed to to bebe averages of averages of annual annual means means for for prior prior lower than lower than inin surface surface water.
water. A A operational and operational and preoperational preoperational years.
years.
noticeable decline noticeable decline occurred occurred between between 1992 and 1992 and 1993.
1993. Fewer Fewer measurements measurements Naturally occurring Naturally occurring potassium-40 potassium-40 waswas were above were above the the analysis analysis sensitivities sensitivities in in measured measured inin excess excess of of analysis analysis :MDCs
- MDCs 1993 than 1993 than in in 1992.
1992. for some for some ground ground water water samples samples during during 2002. No 2002. No man-made man-made gamma-emitting gamma-emitting Gamma-emitting radionuclides Gamma-emitting radionuclides lin lin radionuclides were radionuclides were determined determined to to be be at at excess excess of of MDCs MDCs have have been been found found in in levels in levels in excess excess ofof analysis analysis MDCs.
MDCs. No No only aa few only few samples samples in in all all the the years years that that radioactivity contributions radioactivity contributions toto ground ground these analyses these analyses have have been been performed.
performed. water from water from the the SSES SSES were were identifiable identifiable The naturally The naturally occurring occurring radionuclides radionuclides in 2002.
in 2002.
potassium-40 and potassium-40 and thorium-228 thorium-228 have have ..
been measured been measured above above their their :MDCs
- MDCs occasionally in occasionally in ground ground water.
water.
Potassium-40 Potassium-40 was was reported reported in in 1979, 1979, 1981,1985,1991,1992,1993,and 1981,1985,1991,1992,1993,and 1997. Thorium-228 1997. Thorium-228 was was found found in in 1985 1985 and 1986.
and 1986. TheThe man-made man-made radionuclide radionuclide cesium-137 has cesium-137 occasionally since occasionally has always has always been has been been detected since 1979.
been .attributed detected only 1979. Its only Its presence
.attributed to presence to residual residual e*
fallout from fallout from previous previous atmospheric atmospheric nuclear weapons nuclear weapons tests. tests.
The results of The results of the the 2002 2002 REMP REMP ground ground ..
water surveillance water surveillance resemble resemble those those of of the the past. Results past. Results forfor specific specific ground ground water water sample analyses sample analyses may may be be found found in in Table 1-7 Table 1-7 ofof Appendix Appendix I. I. A A summary summary of of the 2002 the 2002 ground ground waterwater monitoring monitoring data data may be may be located located in in Appendix Appendix G. G.
Comparisons of Comparisons of 2002 2002 monitoring monitoring results results for tritium for tritium with with those those of of past past years years maymay be found be found in in Table Table H H 2121 of of Appendix Appendix H. H.
During 2002, During 2002, tritium tritium was was measured measured in in excess of excess of analysis analysis MDCsMDCs on on 11 occasion.
occasion.
The 2002 The 2002 meanmean tritium tritium activity activity levels levels for indicator for indicator and and control control monitoring monitoring locations were locations 63 pCiIliter, 63 were 7878 pCiIliter pCiIliter, respectively.
pCiIliter and respectively. The and The indicator indicator e e
46 46 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
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2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report 50
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2002 2002 Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report 52
For Inf For Inf ormation ormation Only Only APPENDIX A APPENDIX A
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report A-I A-I
F oo rr Inf F Inf o o rma rma ti ti o on n Only Only Appendix A Appendix A REMP Sample REMP All the Sample Analyses All primary primary analyses periods of the periods Analyses analyses (beta of January (beta &
January through 1-131 weekly
& 1-131 weekly and through September and gamma September 2002 gamma quarterly) 2002 were quarterly) of were conducted conducted by of air air samples by PPL samples during during PPL Susquehanna Susquehanna LLC's Corporate LLC's Corporate Environmental Environmental Radioactivity Radioactivity Measurements Measurements Laboratory Laboratory (CERML). (CERML). In In addition, CERML addition, CERML was was thethe primary primary laboratory laboratory during during the the periods periods of of January January through through September 2002 September 2002 forfor the the following following analyses:
analyses: alpha, alpha, beta, beta, and and tritiuin tritiuin analyses of drinking analyses of drinking water; beta water; beta and and tritium tritium analyses analyses of of surface surface water.;
water.; gamma gamma analyses analyses of of fish fish and and sediment sediment samples in samples in the the spring; spring; andand gamma gamma analyses analyses ofof fruits fruits and and vegetables.
vegetables. Teledyne Teledyne Brown Brown Engineering laboratory Engineering laboratory replaced replaced
- CERML CERML as as thethe primary primary analyses analyses laboratory laboratory for for all all analysis and analysis and media media as as outlined outlined above above for for the the period period of of October October through through December December 2002.
2002.
The following The following table table summarizes summarizes the the REMP REMP sample sample
- analyses analyses for for which which different different
.. laboratories laboratories were were responsible responsible during during 2002.
2002. Note Note thatthat TBE TBE representsrepresents Teledyne Brown Teledyne Brown Engineering and Engineering and E-LAB E-LAB represents represents Framatome Framatome ANP. ANP. Framatome Framatome ANP ANP purchased purchased Duke Duke Engineering &
Engineering Services Environmental
& Services Environmental Laboratory Laboratory on on May May 1, 1, 2002.
2002.
SOURCE OF SOURCE OF REMP REMP DATA DATA FOR FOR MONITORING MONITORING YEAR YEAR 2002 2002 Sample Sample Analysis Analysis Sample! Analysis Sample!Analysis Medium Medium Type Type Frequency Frequency Data Data Period Period Lab Lab 0d rd Air Air Gross Beta Gross Beta Weekly Weekly 11st, 2 ,, 33fd st, 2 0d Quarter Quarter CERML CERML 4mm QuarterQuarter Air Air Gross Beta Gross Beta Weekly Weekly 4 TBE TBE ro Air Air 1-131 1-131 Weekly Weekly 11st, 20d st, 2 0d
,, 3 3fO Quarter Quarter CERML CERML Air Air 1-131 1-131 Weekly Weekly .4th
.4 Quarter th Quarter TBE TBE rd Air Air Gamma Gamma Quarterly Quarterly 11st, 20d st, 2 0d
,, 33fd Quarter Quarter CERML CERML Air Air Gamma Gamma Quarterly Quarterly 4th Quarter 4th Quarter TBE TBE ro Surface Surface Gross Beta Gross Beta Monthly Monthly 11s" st, 2200 00
,, 3 3fO Quarter Quarter CERML CERML Water Water m
Surface Gross Beta Gross Beta Monthly Monthly 4m 4 Quarter Quarter TBE TBE Water Water Drinking Drinking Gross Beta &
Gross Beta & Monthly Monthly 11slsl,, 2200<1<1 ,, 33fr<l<l Quarter Quarter CERML CERML Water Water Gross Alpha Gross Alpha Drinking Drinking Gross Beta Gross Beta & & Monthly Monthly 4th Quarter 4th Quarter TBE TBE II Water Water Gross Alpha Gross Alpha 2002 Radiological 2002 Environmental Monitoring Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Report A-2 A-2
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Appendix A
- Sample Sample Medium
. Medium SOURCE OF
. SOURCE OF REl\1P Analysis Analysis Type Type REl\1P DATA DATA FOR Sample!
FOR MONITORING Sample!Analysis Frequency Frequency MONITORING YEAR (continued)
(continued)
Analysis YEAR 2002 Data Period Data Period 2002 Lab Lab 0a Ta All Water All Water Tritium -
Tritium Monthly
. Monthly st, 2 1st, 20a 3Ta
,, 3 Quarter Quarter CERNIL CERNIL All Water All Water Tritium Tritium Monthly Monthly 4th Quarter Quarter TBE TBE Surface Surface & & Gamma Gamma Monthly Monthly All Year All Year E-LAB E-LAB Drinking Drinking Water Water Swface Swface 1-131 1-131 Monthly Monthly All Year All Year E-LAB E-LAB Water Water (LTAW)
(LTAW)
Ground Ground Gamma Gamma Monthly Monthly All Year All Year E-LAB .
E-LAB Water Water Surface &
Surface & 1-131 1-131 Bi/weekly Bi/weekly All Year All Year E-LAB E-LAB Drinking Drinking Water Water Milk Milk Gamma Gamma Monthly/
Monthly! All Year All Year E-LAB E-LAB Semi-Monthly Semi-Monthly Milk Milk 1-131 1-131 Monthly/
Monthlyl All Year All Year E-LAB E-LAB Semi-Monthly Semi-Monthly Fish Fish Gamma Gamma Semi-Annually Semi-Annually Spring Spring CERW..
Fish Fish Gamma Gamma Semi-Annually_
Semi-Annually_ Fall Fall TBE TBE Sediment Sediment Gamma Gamma Semi-Annually Semi-Annually Spring Spring CERML
- CERML Sediment Sediment Gamma Gamma Semi-Annually Semi-Annually Fall Fall TBE TBE Fruits &
Fruits & Gamma Gamma Season
- In Season In All Year All Year CERNIL CERNIL Vegetables Vegetables ITBE*
ffBE*
Soil Soil Gamma Gamma Annually Annually All All Year Year E-LAB E-LAB
. *TBE
- TBE data data forfor pumpkin pumpkin sample sample irrigated irrigated with with Susquehanna Susquehanna River River water water collected collected from from 13G2 13G2 and and llDI on on 10/16/02.
10/16/02.
Direct Direct Radiation Radiation Monitoring Monitoring The The only only change change toto direct direct radiation radiation monitoring monitoring was was the the change change in in the the name name of Till of Till location 12B4 location 12B4 from from the the "Shultz "Shultz Farm" Farm" toto the the "Berger "Berger Farm" Farm" andand thethe change change inin the the name name of Till location of Till location 2B3 2B3 from from "Durabond "Durabond Corporation" Corporation" to to "Leggett "Leggett and and Platt".
Platt".
Air Monitoring Air Monitoring
- There were There were no no changes changes to to the the air air monitoring monitoring program program during during 2002.
2002.
A-3 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
For Inf ormation For Inf o rma t i on Only Only Appendix A Appendix A Milk Monitoring Milk Monitoring Milk monitoring at Milk monitoring at the the Drasher Drasher Farm Farm (REMP (REMP location location lOD3) lOD3) was was discontinued discontinued inin July July 2002 and 2002 and replaced replaced by by the the Berger Berger Farm Farm (REMP (REMP location location 12B2).
12B2). During During the the period period ofof April through April through June June 2002, 2002, duplicate duplicate milk milk monitoring monitoring occurred occurred atat the the Drasher Drasher and and Berger Berger Farms. The Farms. The Berger Berger Farm Farm isis closer closer to to the the SSES SSES (1.7 (1.7 miles) miles) than than the the Drasher Drasher Farm Farm (3.5 (3.5 miles).
miles).
Ground Water Ground Water Monitoring Monitoring ..
~There were no were no changes changes to to the the ground ground water water monitoring monitoring program program during during 2002.
2002.
Fruits &
Fruits Vegetables
& Vegetables There were no There were no changes changes toto the the fruit fruit and and vegetable vegetable monitoring monitoring program program during during 2002.
2002.
/
Because Because ofof the the milk milk monitoring monitoring that that is is perfonned, perfonned, there there is is no no requirement requirement toto sample sample from from gardens that gardens that have have aa potential potential for for the the deposition deposition ofof activity activity by by way way ofof the the airborne airborne pathway. Fruits pathway. Fruits and and vegetables vegetables are are sampled sampled from locations that from locations that irrigate irrigate with with water water taken taken fromthe Susquehanna fromthe Susquehanna River River downstream downstream from from the the SSES SSES diffuser.
diffuser.
2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report A-4 A-4
For Information Only APPENDIXB APPENDIXB
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report B*I
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix B TABLE 11 TABLE
.. (page (page 1 of 2) 1 of 2)
Annual Analytical Schedule Annual Analytical Schedule for for the the PP&L Susquehanna Steam PP&L Susquehanna Steam Electric Electric Station Station Radiological Environmental Radiological Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Program Program -- 2002 2002 No. of No. of Sample Sample AnalysiS AnalysiS Media &
Media & Code Code Locations Locations Freq.(a)
Freq.(a) Analyses Required Analyses Required Freq. (b)
Freq. (b)
((
Airborne Airborne 6 6 W W Gross Beta (c)
Gross Beta (c) W W
Particulates Particulates Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry QC QC Airborne Iodine Airborne Iodine 6 6 W W 1-131 1-131 W W
Sediment Sediment 44 SA SA Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry SA SA Fish Fish 22 SA SA Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry SA SA 1
1 A A (on edible portion)
(on edible portion)
Surface Water Surface Water (d)
(d) 55 MC,M,or MC,M,or Gross Beta Gross Beta M M
BWC BWC 1-131 1-131 BW BW Gamma Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy M M
Well (ground)
Well (ground) 33 M Gamma Spectroscopy Gamma Spectroscopy M M
Water Water Tritium Tritium M M
Drinking Water Drinking Water (e)
(e) 1 1 MC,BWC MC,BWC Gross Alpha Gross Alpha M M
Gross Beta Gross Beta M M
1-131 1-131 BW BW Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry M M
Cow Milk Cow Milk 1-131 1-131 SM,M SM,M Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry SM.M SM.M Food Products Food Products 33 A A Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry A A
(Various Fruits (Various Fruits and Vegetables) and Vegetables)
Soil Soil 44 A A Gamma Spectrometry Gamma Spectrometry A A
Direct Radiation Direct Radiation 84 84 Q Q TLD TLD Q Q
Note: See Note: See footnotes footnotes at at end end of of table.
table.
2002 Radiological Environmental Moriitoring Report B-2 B-2
For In For In ff oo rma rma ti ti o on n Only Only Appendix B Appendix B
- (a) W= =weekly, BW =
semi-monthly, Q semi-monthly, A=
A = annually, annually, MC Q=
MC =
biweekly, BWC
quarterly, QC
quarterly, QC
= monthly
biweekly composite, M
=quarterly quarterly composite, monthly composite.
composite.
monthly, SM
=semi-annually, semi-annually,
=
(b)
(b) Codes are Codes are the the same same as as for for sample sample freq?ency freq~ency ..
.. (c)
(c) If the gross If the gross beta beta activity activity were were greater greater than than 10 10 times times the the yearly yearly mean mean of of the the control control sample, gamma sample, gamma analysis analysis would would bebe performed performed on on the the individual individual filter.
filter. Gross Gross beta beta analysis was analysis was performed performed 24 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> or more hours or more following following filter filter change change to to allow allow for for radon and radon and thoron thoron daughter daughter decay.
decay.
(d)
(d) Locations Locations 6S6 6S6 ,, 6S7, and 2S7 6S7, and were checked 2S7 were checked at at least least weekly weekly to to ensure ensure that that the the automatic composite automatic composite samplers samplers were were operational.
operational. TimeTime proportional proportional sampling sampling was was performed at performed at locations locations 6S6,6S7 6S6,6S7 andand 2S7 the entire 2S7 the entire year.
year. Station Station 6S5 was grab 6S5 was grab sampled weekly.
sampled weekly. Individual Individual composites composites of of the the weekly weekly samples samples werewere made made both both monthly (MC) monthly (MC) and and biweekly biweekly (BWC)
(BWC) forfor analysis.
analysis.
(e)
(e) Water Water fromfrom loc,loc,aation 12H2 was tion 12H2 was retrieved retrieved weekly.
weekly. Composite Composite samples samples of of the the weekly collections weekly collections at this location at this location were were made made both both monthly monthly (Me)
(Me) andand biweekly biweekly (BWC) for (BWC) for analysis.
analysis. Sampling Sampling at at .12H2 12H2 was was performed performed using using an an automatic automatic continuous sampler continuous sampler (ACS)(ACS) that that was was operated operated inin the the time time proportion' proportion'aall mode mode ..
(f)
(f) LocationslOD1, LocationslOD1, lOD2, lOD2, lOG1, lOG1, and and 12B2 12B2 were were sampled semi-monthly from sampled semi-monthly from April April through October.
through October. LocationlOD3 LocationlOD3 was was sampled sampled 'ssemi-monthly emi-monthly fromfrom April April through through June then June then discontinued discontinued ..
- B-3 ..
B-3 2002 Radiological 2002 Environmental Monitoring Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information Only Only APPENDIXC APPENDIXC
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report C-l C-I
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only C
Appendix C TABLECI TABLECI (Page 11 of
, (Page of 5)
- 5) '.**
TLD Locations for TLD Locations for the the SSES SSES Radiological Environmental Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program -- 2002 Monitoring Program 2002 Less Than Less Than One One Mile Mile from from the SSES(a) -- See the SSES(a) See Fi2Ure Fi2Ure 22 Location Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description Code (b)
Code (b) (miles)
(miles) 1S2 1S2 0.2 0.2 N N Perimeter Fence
' Perimeter Fence 2S2 2S2 0.9 0.9 NNE NNE Energy Iriformation Energy Iriformation Center Center 2S3 2S3 0.2 0.2 NNE NNE Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 3S2 3S2 0.5 0.5 NE SSES SSES Backup Backup Met Met Tower Tower 3S3 3S3 0.9 0.9 NE ANSP ANSP RiRi verlands verlands Garden Garden 3S4 3S4 0.3 0.3 NE ., Perimeter Perimeter Fence Fence 4S3 4S3 0.2 0.2 ENE ENE Post,West of Post,West of SSES SSES APF APF 4S6 4S6 0.7 0.7 ENE ENE Riverlands Riverlands 5S4 0.8 0.8 E E West of West of Environmental Environmental Laboratory Laboratory 5S7 5S7 0.3 0.3 E E Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence '
6S4 6S4 0.2 0.2 ESE ESE Perimeter Perimeter Fence Fence (north)
(north) 6S9 6S9 0.2 0.2 ESE ESE Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence (south)
(south) 7S6 0.2 0.2 SE SE Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 7S7 7S7 0.4 0.4 SE SE End of End of Kline's Kline's Road Road 8S2 8S2 0.2 0.2 SSE SSE Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 9S2 9S2 0.2 0.2 S S Security Fence Security Fence 10S1 10S1 0.4 0.4 SSW SSW Post -- south Post south of of switching switching station station lOS2 lOS2 0.2 0.2 SSW SSW Security Fence Security Fence lOS3 lOS3 0.6 0.6 SSW SSW Confer's Lane - east of Confer's Lane, south of south of Towers Towers Club Club l1S3 l1S3 0.3 0.3 SW SW Securi ty Securi ty Fence Fence l1S7 l1S7 0.4 0.4 SW SW SSES Access SSES Access Road Road Gate Gate #50
- 50 12S1 12S1 0.4 0.4 WSW WSW SSES West SSES West Building Building 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report
F OT F OT Inf o Inf o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Appendix C Appendix C ..
- TLD TABLECI .
TABLECI (Page 22 of
.(Page Locations for TLD Locations of 5) 5)
for the the SSES SSES Radiological Environmental Radiological Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Program...;.
Program...;. 2002 2002 Less Than Less Than OneOne Mile Mile from from the SSES(a) -* See the SSES(a) See Fi2Ure Fi2Ure 22 I
Location Location Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description Code (b)
Code (b) (miles)
(miles) 12S3 12S3 0.4 0.4 WSW WSW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 12S4 12S4 0.4 0.4 WSW .
WSW Perimeter Fence
. Perimeter Fence 12S5 12S5 0.4 0.4 WSW WSW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 12S6 12S6 0.4 0.4 . WSW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence i3S2 i3S2 0.4 0.4 W
- W Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence . .
13S4 13S4 0.4 0.4 W W Perimeter Perimeter Fence Fence 13S5 13S5 0.4 0.4 W W Perimeter Perimeter Fence Fence 13S6 13S6 0.4 0.4 W W Former Former Laydown Laydown Area Area -- west of Confer's west of Confer's Lane Lane 14S5 14S5 0.5 0.5 WNW WNW Beach Grove Beach Grove Road/Confer's Road/Confer's LaneLane 14S6 14S6 0.7 0.7 WNW WNW .Beach Grove
.Beach Grove Road Road (pole)
(pole) 15S5 15S5 0.4 0.4 NW NW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence 16S1 16S1 0.3 0.3 NNW NNW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence (east)
(east) 16S2 16S2 0.3 0.3 NNW NNW Perimeter Fence Perimeter Fence (west)
(west) 6A4 6A4 0.6 0.6 ESE ESE CD. S.
Restaurant CD.
Restaurant S. Route Route 11)11) 8A3 8A3 0.9 0.9 SSE SSE PPL Wetlands PPL Wetlands Sign Sign (D. S. Route (D. S. Route 11) 11) 15A3 15A3 0.9 0.9 NW NW Hosler Residence Hosler Residence 16A2 16A2 0.8 0.8 NNW NNW Benkinney Residence Benkinney Residence From One From One toto Five Five Miles Miles from from the SSES(a) - See the SSES(a) See Figure Figure 33 12S7 .
12S7 1.1 1.1 WSW WSW Kisner Residence Kisner Residence IBI IBI 1.4 1.4 N N Mingle Inn Mingle Inn Road Road 2B3 2B3 1.3 1.3 NNE NNE Leggett &
Leggett Platt
& Platt 2B4 2B4 1.4 1.4 NNE NNE U.S. Route U.S. Route lllMingle lllMingle Inn Inn Road Road Intersection Intersection 5B3 5B3 1.6 1.6 E E PPL Switchyard PPL Switchyard 7B2 7B2 1.5 1.5 SE
. SE Heller's Orchard Heller's Orchard Store Store 8B2 8B2 1.4 1.4 SSE SSE Lawall Residence Lawall Residence
- C-3 C-3 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
Inf o FOT Inf FOT o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Appendix C Appendix C r
TABLECI TABLECI (Page 33 of (Page of 5)
- 5) ,
TLD Locations for TLD Locations for the the SSES SSES Radiological Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Program -- 2002 2002
),
Monitoring Program From One From One to to Five Five Miles Miles from from the SSES(a) -- See the SSES(a) See Fi2Ure Fi2Ure 33 Location Location Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description Code (b)
Code (b) (miles)
(miles) 9Bl 9Bl 1.3 1.3 S S Transmission Line
' Transmission Line -- east east of of Route Route 1111 lOB 22 lOB 2.0 '
2.0 , SSW Algatt Residence Algatt Residence 10B3 10B3 1.7 1.7 SSW SSW CastekInc.
CastekInc.
, 10B4 1.4 1.4 SSW SSW U. S.
U. S. Route Route l1IRiver l1IRiver Road Road Intersection Intersection 12B4 12B4 1.7 1.7 WSW WSW BergerFann BergerFann 13Bl 13Bl 1.3 1.3 W W Walker Run Walker Run Creek Creek (Tele.
(Tele. Pole Pole #36)
- 36) 14B3 14B3 1.3 1.3 WNW WNW Moskaluk Residence Moskaluk Residence 15Bl 15Bl 1.7 1.7 NW NW Country Estates Country Estates Trailer Trailer Park Park 16B2 16B2 1.7 1.7 NNW
'NNW Walton Power Walton Power Line Line lICI lICI 2.0 2.0 SW SW Salem Township Salem Township Fire Fire Company Company ,
IDS IDS 4.0 4.0 N N ShickshinnylMoqmaqua Sewage ShickshinnylMoqmaqua Sewage Treatment Treatment PIt.
PIt.
6Dl 6Dl 3.S 3.5 ESE ESE St. Peters St. Peters Church Church '-- Hobbie Hobbie 8D3 8D3 4.0 4.0 SSE SSE Mowry Residence Mowry Residence 9D4 9D4 3.6 3.6 S S Country Folk'Store Country Folk-Store 10Dl 10Dl 3.0 3.0 SSW SSW R. &
R. & C.
C. Ryman Ryman Farm Farm 12D2 12D2 3.7 3.7 WSW WSW Dagostin Residence Dagostin Residence 14Dl 14Dl 3.6 3.6 WNW WNW Moore's HilllMingle Moore's HilllMingle Inn Inn Roads Roads Intersection Intersection 3El 3El 4.7 4.7 NE NE Webb Residence Webb Residence -- Lilly Lilly Lake Lake 4E2 4E2 4.7 4.7 ENE ENE Ruckles HilllPond Ruckles HilllPond Hill Hill Roads Roads Intersection Intersection SE2 5E2 4.S 4.5 E E Bloss Farm Bloss Farm 6El 6El 4.7 4.7 ESE ESE St. James St. James Church Church 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report ' C-4
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix C Appendix C
for the the SSES SSES Radiological Environmental Radiological Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Program Program -- 20022002 .
From One From One toto Five Five Miles Miles from from the SSES(a) -- See the SSES(a) See Figure Figure 33 Location Location Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description Code (b)
Code (b) (miles)
(miles) 7El 7El 4.2 4.2 SE SE Hruwood Transmission Line Hruwood Transmission Line Pole #2 Pole #2 llEl llEl 4.7 4.7 SW SW Thomas Residence Thomas Residence 12El 12El 4.7 4.7 WSW WSW Berwick Hospital Berwick Hospital 13E4 13E4 4.1 4.1 W W Kessler Fann Kessler Fann Greater than Greater than Five Five Miles Miles from from the SSES(a) -- See the SSES(a) See Figure Figure 44 2Fl 2Fl 5.9 5.9 NNE NNE St. Adalberts Cemetery St. Adalberts Cemetery 8F2 8.5 SSE Huff Residence Residence
. 8F2 8.5 SSE Huff
. 12F2 12F2 5.2 5.2 WSW Berwick Berwick Substation Substation 15Fl 15Fl 5.4 5.4 NW NW Zawatski Fann Zawatski Fann 16F1
. 16F1 7.8 NNW NNW Hidlay Residence Hidlay Residence 3G4 3G4 17 17 NE NE Wilkes Barre Wilkes Barre Service Service Center Center 4Gl 4Gl 14 14 ENE ENE Mountaintop -- Crestwood Mountaintop Crestwood Industrial Industrial Park Park 6Gl 6Gl 13.5 13.5 ESE ESE Freeland Substation Freeland Substation 701 701 14 14 SE '
SE Hazleton PP&L Hazleton PP&L Complex Complex 7G2 7G2 12 12 SE SE . Hazleton Cemetery - 14th Street 8Gl 8Gl 12 12 SSE SSE PPL SFC PPL SFC -- Humbolt Humbolt Industrial Industrial Park Park 12Gl 12Gl 15 15 WSW WSW PPL Service PPL Service Center, Center, Bloomsburg Bloomsburg 12G4 12G4 10 10 WSW WSW Naus Residence Naus Residence C-5 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Inf For Inf o o rma rma tt ii on on Only Only Appendix C Appendix C TLDLocations TABLECI TABLECI (PageS5 ofS)
(Page TLDLocations for of 5) for the the SSES SSES Radiological Environmental Radiological Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Program Program -- 2002 2002 a) a) All distances from All distances from thethe SSES SSES to to monitoring monitoring locations locations areare measured measured from from the-the-standby gas standby gas treatment treatment ventvent atat 442001N34117 442001N34117 (Pa. (Pa. Grid Grid System)
System).. .. The The location location codes are codes are based based on on both both distance distance and and direction direction fromfrom the the SSES.
SSES. The The lett~rs in in the the
.. location location codes codes indicate indicate ifif the the monitoring monitoring locations locations areare on on site site (within (within thethe site site boundary) or, boundary) if they or, if they are are not not on on site, site, the the approximate approximate distances distances of of the the locations locations
from the from the SSES SSES as as described described below:
below:
S -- on S on site site E --
E 4-5 miles 4-5 miles A -- <1 A <1 mile mile F --
F 5-10 miles 5-10 miles B -- 1-2 B 1-2 miles miles G --
G 10-20 miles 10-20 miles C -- 2-3 C 2-3 miles miles H-H- >20 miles
>20 miles D -- 3-4 D 3-4 miles miles The numbers preceding The numbers preceding the the letters letters inin the the location location codes codes provide provide thethe directions directions of of .
the the monitoring monitoring locations locations fromfrom thethe SSES SSES by by indicating indicating thethe sectors sectors inin which they are which they are located. A located. A total total ofof 16 16 sectors sectors (numbered (numbered 11 through through 16) 16) equally equally divide divide an an imaginary circle imaginary circle onon aa map map of of the the SSES SSES and and its its vicinity, vicinity, with with the the SSES SSES at at the the center center of the of the circle.
circle. The The middle middle of of sector sector 11 isis directed directed duedue north north (N). Moving clockwise (N). Moving clockwise from sector from sector 1,1, the the sector sector immediately immediately adjacent adjacent to to sector sector 11 is is sector sector 2,2, the the middle middle of of which is which is directed directed duedue north, north, northeast northeast (NNE) Continuing to (NNE) .. .. Continuing to move move clockwise, clockwise, the the sector numbers sector increase to numbers increase to 16, 16, which which is is the the north, north, northwest northwest sector.
sector.
The numbers following The numbers following the the letters letters inin the the location location codes codes are are used used to to differentiate differentiate sampling locations sampling locations found found in in the the same same sectors sectors at at approximately approximately the the same same distances distances from the from the SSES; SSES; 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report C-6 C-6
For Informati on Only AppendixC AppendixC
- Sampling TABLEC2 TABLEC2 (Page 11 of4)
(Page Sampling Locations of4)
Locations for the SSES for the SSES Environmental Environmental IIrnor~n'I - 2002 I'rnor~n'I 2002 Less Than One Mile from the SSES(a) -_. See 5 L~tion Code Code Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description
- C*, 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Inf For Inf ormation ormation Only Only C
Appendix C Appendix Sampling TABLEC2 TABLEC2 (Page 2 (Page 2 of of 4)
Locations for Sampling Locations 4) for the the SSES SSES Environmental Environmental Less Than Less Than *One One Mile from the Mile from SSES(a) -- See the SSES(a) See 5 5
Distance Distance Direction Direction Description Description 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological EnvironmentalMonitoring EnvironmentalMonitoring Report Report .. c-s
For Infortnation For Infortnation Only Only C
Appendix C Appendix
- Sampling TABLEC2 TABLEC2 (Page 3 (Page 3 of4) of4)
Locations for Sampling Locations for thethe SSES SSES Radiol Radiol Environmental Moni Environmental Moni 2002 Prn,or~1'I1 - 2002 Greater than Five Miles SSES(a) -- See Miles from the SSES(a) See 77 Distance Direction Direction Description Description
- C*9 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Report Monitoring Report
For Information For Information
- Only Only Appendix C Appendix*C Sampling Sampling Locations TABLEC2 TABLEC2 (Page 44 of (Page Locations for of 4) 4)
for the the SSES SSES RadioloJdcal Environmental
. RadioloJdcal Environmental Monitorine Monitorine Program Program -- 2002 2002 a)
.a) All distances
. All distances from from the the SSES SSES to to monitoring monitoring locations locations are are measured measured from from thethe standby gas standby gas treatment treatment vent vent atat 442001N34117 442001N34117 (pa. (pa. Grid Grid System.
System. The The location location codes are codes are based based on on both both distance distance andand direction direction from from thethe SSES.
SSES. The The letters letters inin the the location codes location codes indicate indicate if if the the monitoring monitoring locations locations are are on on site site (within (within the the site site .
boundary) boundary) or, if they or, if they are are not not onon site, site, the the approximate approximate distances distances of of the the locations locations from the from the SSES SSES as as described described below:
below:
S S ...... on on site site E --
E 4-5 miles 4-5 miles A ~ <lmile A <1 mile F --
F 5-10 miles 5-10 miles B -- 1-2 B 1-2 miles miles G --
G 10-20 miles 10-20 miles C -- 2-3
.C 2-3 miles miles H --
H >20miles
>20miles D -- 3-4 3-4 miles miles D
The numbers preceding The numbers preceding the the letters letters in in the the location location codes codes provide provide thethe directions directions of of the monitoring the monitoring locations locations from from thethe SSES SSES by by indicating indicating the the sectors sectors in in which which theythey are are located. A located. A total total ofof 16 16 sectors sectors (numbered (numbered 11 through through 16) 16) equally equally divide divide an an imaginary circle imaginary circle onon aa map map of of the the SSES SSES and and its its vicinity, vicinity, with with the the SSES SSES at at the the center center of the of the circle.
circle. The The middle middle of of sector sector 11 is is directed directed due due north north (N). Moving clockwise (N). Moving clockwise from sector from sector 1,1, the the sector sector immediately immediately adjacent adjacent to to sector sector 11 is is sector sector 2,2, the the middle middle of of which is which is directed directed duedue north, north, northeast northeast (NNE).
(NNE). Continuing Continuing to to move move clockwise, clockwise, the the sector numbers sector numbers increase increase to to 16, 16, which which is is the the north, north, northwest northwest sector.
sector.
The numbers following The numbers following the the letters letters in in the the location location codes codes are are used used to to differentiate differentiate sampling locations sampling locations found found in the same in the same sectors sectors atat approximately approximately the the same same distances distances from the from the SSES.
SSES.
b) b) No actual location No actual location is is indicated indicated sincesince fish fish are are sampled sampled over over an an area area which which extends extends through 33 sectors through sectors (5,(5, 6, 6, 7)
- 7) near near the the outfall outfall area.
area. .
c) c) No permanent No permanent locations locations exist; exist; samples samples are are taken taken based based on on availability.
availability.
Consequently, it Consequently, it is is notnot necessary necessary to to assign assign aa number number following following the the letter letter in in the the location code.
location code.
2002 Radiological 2002 RadiologiealEnvironmental Monitoring Report Environmental Monitoring Report C-IO
For Inf For Inf ormation ormation Only Only
.. 1 APPENDIXD APPENDIXD
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Environmental Monitoring Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report Report D-l D-l
F o r Inf ormati o n *On l y AppendixD AppendixD 2002 LAND 2002 LAND USE USE CENSUS CENSUS RESULTS RESULTS e*
The SSES The SSES Technical Technical Requirements Requirements require require thatthat aa census census be be conducted conducted annually annually during during .
. the the growing growing seasonseason to to determine determine the location of the location of the the nearest nearest milk animal, residence milk animal, residence and and 22 garden greater garden greater thanthan 5050 m m (approx.
(approx. 500 500 ft2) producing broad ft2) producing broad leaf leaf vegetation vegetation within within aa distance of distance of 88 kmkm (approx.
(approx. 55 miles) miles) in in each each of of the the 16 16 meteorological meteorological sectors sectors surrounding surrounding the SSES.
the SSES. To To comply comply withwith this this requirement, requirement, aa land-use land-use census census was was conducted conducted for for the the
..SSES SSES during during 2002.
2002. .
A comparison A comparison of of the the 2001 2001 and 2002 Land and 2002 Land UseUse Census Census results results for for the the Susquehanna Susquehanna SES SES indicates the indicates the changes changes listed listed in in the the tables tables below.
below. TablesTables 11 andand 22 display display thethe changes changes in in the the nearest nearest dairy dairy animal animal andand nearest nearest gardens gardens fromfrom 200 200 11 to to 2002.
2002. It It should should be be noted noted that that .
milk milk sampling sampling at at the the Berger Berger farmfarm (Table (Table 1, 1, REMP location 12B2)
REMP location 12B2) began began in in the the spring of spring of 2002. Milk 2002. Milk monitoring monitoring at at the the Drasher Drasher farmfarm (REMP (REMP location location 10D3) 10D3) waswas discontinued discontinued in in .
July July 2002 2002 and and replaced replaced by by thethe Berger Berger farm.
farm. DuringDuring thethe period period ofof April April through through June June 2002, duplicate 2002, duplicate milk milk monitoring monitoring occurred occurred at at the the Drasher Drasher and and Berger Berger farms.
farms. The The Berger Berger farm is farm is closer closer to to the the SSES SSES (1.7 (1.7 miles) miles) than than the the Drasher Drasher farmfarm (3.5 (3.5 miles).
miles).
The Berger The Berger farmfarm is is identified identified by by the the REMP REMP location location designation designation codecode 12B2~
12B2 .
Table 33 identifies Table identifies the the changes changes in in the the other other foods foods produced produced at at the the nearest nearest gardens gardens in in certain sectors certain sectors and and the the nearest nearest residence residence in in oneone sector from 2001 sector from 2001 to to 2002.
2002. Table Table 44 identifies the identifies the only only change change in in irrigated irrigated foods foods from TABLEt1 TABLE from 2001 2001 to to 2002.
2002.
e CHANGE FROM CHANGE FROM 2001 2001 TO TO 2002 2002 IN IN NEAREST NEAREST DAIRY DAIRY ANIMALS ANIMALS AS DETERMINED AS DETERMINED BY BY THE THE 2002 2002 LAND LAND USE USE CENSUS CENSUS 2001 2001 2002 2002 Distance Distance Distance Distance Sectorl Sectorl Owner's Owner's . fromSSES Owner's Owner's fromSSES fromSSES Direction Direction Name Name (mi.)
(mi.) Name Name (mi.)
(mi.)
12fWSW 12fWSW None None N/A N/A Berger*
Berger* 1.7 1.7
- Note that
- Note that the meat of the meat of cows cows maymay be be consumed consumed at at this this location.
location.
TABLE 22 TABLE CHANGE CHANGE FROM FROM 2001 2001 TO TO 2002 2002 IN IN NEAREST NEAREST GARDENS GARDENS AS DETERMINED AS DETERMINED BY BY THE THE 2002 2002 LAND LAND USE USE CENSUS CENSUS 2001 2001 2002 2002 Distance Distance Distance ,,
Distance Sectorl Sectorl Owner's
- Owner's fromSSES fromSSES Owner's Owner's fromSSES
- fromSSES Direction Direction Name Name (mi.)
(mi.) Name Name (mi.)
(mi.)
4IENE 4IENE Glova Glova 3.6 3.6 Dennis Dennis 2.4 2.4 8/SSE Roinick Roinick 2.6 2.6 Dawson Dawson 1.5 1.5 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report D-2 D-2
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix D Appendix D TABLE 3 TABLE 3 CHANGE CHANGE FROM FROM 2001 2001 TO TO 2002 2002 IN IN ADDITIONAL ADDITIONAL FOODS FOODS PRODUCED PRODUCED AT AT NEAREST GARDENS NEAREST GARDENS AND AND RESIDENCES RESIDENCES FOR FOR CONSUMPTION CONSUl\1PTION DURING DURING 2002 2002 DETERMINED BY AS DETERMINED AS BY THE THE 2002 2002 LAND LAND USE USE CENSUS CENSUS Distance
. Distance Sector/
Sector/ Census Census from SSES from SSES 2001 Food 2001 Food 2002 Food 2002 Food Direction Direction Category Category . Owner Owner (mi.)
(mi.) Items Items Items Items 4IBNE 4IBNE Garden Garden Dennis Dennis 2.4 2.4 None None Sheep, Geese, Sheep, Geese, Chickens, Chickens, Eggs, &
Eggs, & ..
Turkeys Turkeys 51B Residence/
Residence/ Koslowski &
Koslowski & 1.4 1.4 None None Steer &
Steer &
Garden Garden Witts Witts Chickens Chickens 15/NW 15/NW Garden Garden Goff 1.8 1.8 None None Sheep Sheep These changes in These changes in gardens gardens hadhad no no impact impact on on the the intended intended sampling sampling of of fruits fruits and and vegetables during vegetables during 2002.
2002. Because Because of of the the milk milk monitoring monitoring that that is is perfonned, perfonned, there there is is no no requirement to requirement to sample sample from from gardens gardens thatthat have have aa potential potential for for the the deposition deposition ofof activity activity by way by way of of the the airborne airborne pathway.
pathway. ..
- CHANGE FROM CHANGE FROM 2001 2001 TO TO 2002 2002 IN TABLE TABLE 4 IN ADDITIONAL 4
ADDITIONAL VEGETABLES VEGETABLES IRRIGATEDIRRIGATED WITH SUSQUEHANNA WITH SUSQUEHANNA RIVER RIVER WATERWATER FROM FROM DOWNSTREAM DOWNSTREAM OF OF THE THE SSESSSES DISCHARGE DURING DISCHARGE DURING 2002 2002 Distance Distance fromSSES fromSSES SectorlDirection SectorlDirection Owner Owner (mi.)
(mi.) 2001 2001 2002 2002 12F7fWSW 12F7fWSW Lupini Farm Lupini Farm 8.3 8.3 Potatoes Potatoes Potatoes Potatoes & &
Beans Beans Monitoring of Monitoring of two two indicator indicator locations locations did did take take place during 2002.
place during 2002. Irrigation was Irrigation was identified identified asas having having beenbeen performed performed at at aa field field where where pumpkins pumpkins werewere grown grown at at the the Zehner farm Zehner farm (REMP (REMP location location IIDI)
IIDI) and and atat aa field where potatoes field where potatoes
. and beans and.
beans were were grown grown at theLupini at theLupini farm farm (REMP (REMP location location 12F7) 12F7) ..
- D*3 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
F oo rr Inf F Inf o o rma rma ti ti o onn Only Only Appendix D Appendix D TABLES TABLES e e
Nearest Nearest residence, residence, garden, garden, and and dairy dairy animal animal in in each each of of the the 16 16 meteorological meteorological sectors sectors within aa 5-mileraQius within 5-mileraQius of of the the Susquehanna Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Steam Electric Station, 2002.
2002.
NEAREST NEAREST NEAREST NEAREST NEAREST NEAREST SECTOR .. DIRECTION SECTOR DIRECTION RESIDENCE RESIDENCE GARDEN GARDEN DAIRY ANIMAL DAIRY ANIMAL 11 N N 1.3 1.3 mimi 3.2mi 3.2mi >5.0mi
>5.0mi 22 NNE NNE 1.0 mi 1.0 mi 2.3 mi 2.3 mi >5.0mi
>5.0mi 33 NE NE 0.9mi 0.9mi 2.7mi 2.7mi >5.0mi
>5.0mi 44 ENE ENE 2.1 2.1 mimi 2.4 mi 2.4 mi a,c,dJ,1 a,c,dJ,1
>5.0mi
>5.0mi 55 E E 1.4 mi 1.4 mi 1.4 mi 1.4 mi a,i a,i 4.5 mi 4.5 mi g,i g,i 66 ESE ESE 0.5 0.5 mimi 2.5 mi 2.5 mi 2.7mi 2.7mi 77 SE SE 0.5mi 0.5mi 0.6mi 0.6mi >5.0 mi
>5.0 mi 88 SSE SSE 0.6mi 0.6mi 1.5 mi 1.5 mi .. >5.0mi
>5.0mi 99 S S 1.0mi 1.0mi 1.1 mi 1.1 mi >5.0mi
>5.0mi 10 10 SSW SSW 0.9mi 0.9mi 1.2mi 1.2mi 3.0 mi 3.0 mi a,b,c,d,e,g a,b,c,d,e,g 11 11 SW SW 1.5 mi 1.5 mi 1.9 mi 1.9 mi >5.0mi
>5.0mi 12 12 WSW WSW 1.1 mi 1.1 mi 1.1 mi 1.1 mi 1.7 mi 1.7 mi 13 13 14 14 W
W WNW WNW 1.2 mi 1.2 0.8mi 0.8 mi mi 1.2 mi 1.2 mi 1.3 mi 1.3 mi 5.0 mi 5.0
.. >5.0mi mi gg
>5.0mi e*
15 15 NW NW 0.8mi 0.8mi 1.8 mil 1.8 mil >5.0 mi
>5.0 mi 16 16 NNW NNW 0.6mi 0.6mi 4.0mi 4.0mi 4.2mi 4.2mi aa Chickens Chickens raised raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
Ducks raised b Ducks b raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
Eggs consumed cc Eggs consumed from from chickens chickens at at this this location.
location.
Geese raised d Geese d raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
ee PigsPigs raised raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
Turkeys raised ff Turkeys raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
Fruits/vegetables raised g Fruits/vegetables g raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
Rabbits raised h Rabbits h raised for for consumption consumption at at this location.
- this location.
- ii BeefBeef cattle cattle raised raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
jj Goats Goats raised raised for for consumption consumption at at this location.
- this location.
- Pheasants raised k Pheasants k raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location. *
- II SheepSheep raised raised for for consumption consumption at at this this location.
location.
- No locations
- No locations were were identified identified as as raising raising rabbits, rabbits, goats, goats, and and pheasants pheasants during during 2002.
2002.
ee 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring ReportReport D4 D4
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf o o rmat rmat ii on on Only Only APPENDIXE APPENDIXE
- 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report E-l E-l
For Information Only Appendix E Appendix E The The PPL PPL dosimetry dosimetry system
" TLD environment "consists of Panasonic .710A TLD MEASUREMENTS system used MEASUREMENTS used for for monitoring monitoring ambient ambient radiation radiation levels 71 OA readers and Panasonic UD-S14 ""TLDs.
levels "in
.TLDs. The in the the UD-S14TLD badges UD-S14TLD badges each each contain contain four four elements.
elements. ElementsElements 2, 2, 3, 3, and and 44 in in each each badge badge 2
are made are made of of calcium calcium sulfate sulfate withwith SOO SOO mglcm mglcm of of filtering filtering and and element element 11 is is composed composed of of 2
lithium tetraborate lithium tetraborate withwith filtering filtering of of 25 25 mglcm mglcm Only
- Only thethe calcium calcium sulfate sulfate elements elements are are normally used normally used forfor environmental environmental measurements measurements because because of of their their higher higher lightlight output output perper unit of unit of radiation radiation exposure exposure relative relative toto the the lithium lithium tetraborate tetraborate and,and, consequently, consequently, greater greater
(( sensitivity sensitivity for for the the detection detection and and measurement measurement of of radiation.
radiation. "
Note:
Note: Element Element 11 wouldwould be be ofof value value inin the the event event of of an an unusually unusually large large release release ofof noble gases, noble gases, especially especially xenon, xenon, thatthat would would produce produce relatively relatively low-energy low-energy X-ray or X-ray or gamma gamma emissions.
emissions. This This is is because because the the lithium lithium tetraborate tetraborate does does not not over-respond over-respond to such low-energy to such low-energy emissions emissions as as does does the the calcium calcium sulfate. ""
sulfate.
TheTLD element TheTLD element manufacturers' manufacturers' attempt attempt to to make make each each element element as as similar similar as as possible possible to to each each of of the the other other elements elements in in each each batch batch that that isis produced.
produced. Nevertheless, Nevertheless, each each element element ends up up somewhat somewhat different different in in its its response response to to radiation.
radiation. In In order order to to minimize minimize the the effect effect ends of these of these inherent inherent differences differences when when comparing comparing actual actual monitoring monitoring results results for for different different elements, Element elements, Element Correction Correction FactorsFactors ""(ECFs)
(ECFs) are are determined determined for for eacheach element.
element. The The ECFs are ECFs are used used to to effectively effectively normalize normalize the the readings readings of of the the field field elements elements placed placed at at particular monitoring particular monitoring locations locations for for given given monitoring monitoring periods periods to to thethe average average of of the the readings that readings that would would be be expected expected if if so-called so-called reference reference elements elements were were to to bebe placed placed simultaneously at simultaneously at those those individual individual locations.
locations. Reference Reference elementselements are are elements elements that that have have been demonstrated been demonstrated to to display display superior superior measurement measurement performance.
performance.
The selection process The selection process for for reference reference elements elements involves involves repeatedly repeatedly irradiating irradiating aa large large set set of elements, of elements, processing processing them, them, calculating calculating the the mean mean response response for for each each set set ofof elements, elements, and evaluating and evaluating the the deviation deviation of of each each individual individual element element response response from from the the mean mean response. After response. After this this *process process has has been been repeated repeated at at least least several several times, times, the the elements elements with with the least the least variability variability in in their their responses responses and and with with mean mean responses responses nearestnearest to to the the mean mean response of response of the the entire entire population population of of elements elements are are chosen chosen as as reference reference elements; elements; To determine
" To determine ECFs ECFs for for individual individual field field elements, elements, the the elements elements are are first first exposed exposed to to known amounts known amounts of of radiation radiation (100 (100 mR) mR) and and processed, processed, aa minimumminimum of of three three times times each.
each.
Each element Each element reading reading is is then then divided divided by by thethe meanmean of of the the readings readings obtainedobtained from from reference elements reference elements (typically (typically 30 30 toto 35)
- 35) that that were were exposed exposed to to the the same same amounts amounts of of radiation as radiation as the the elements elements for for which which the the ECFs ECFs are are being being determined determined and and thatthat were were
" processed processed at at the the same same time time . as these elements.
as these elements. The The meanmean quotient quotient (ratio)(ratio) is is then then calculated calculated*for for each each element element by by summing summing the the quotients quotients obtained obtained for for each each processing processing and and then then dividing dividing by by the the total total number number of of the the processings processings performed.
performed.
2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report E-2
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf o o rma rma ti ti on on Only Only Appendix E The following The following equation equation showsshows howhow ECFs ECFs are are calculated:
calculated:
ECF=
ECF=
n where where Ejj an uncorrected an uncorrected exposure exposure readingreading for for the the element.
element.
n=
n the total
= the total number number of of individual individual element element exposures exposures averaged.
averaged.
"Ere! = = the mean the mean of of the" the"ECF-corrected ECF-corrected exposure exposure readings readings of of the the reference reference elements.
elements.
Irradiated control TLDs are Irradiated controlTLDs are processed processed (read) (read) with with thethe batches batches of of TLDs TLDs from from the the field field to to provide both provide both processing processing calibration calibration infonnation information and and quality quality control.
control. Field Field control control TLDs, which TLDs, which accompany accompany the the field TLDswhen they field TLDswhen they are are being being taken taken to to their their monitoring monitoring locations and locations and subsequently subsequently retrieved retrieved froin froin these these locations, locations, andand cave cave control control TLDs, TLDs, which are which are stored stored with with the the field field TLDs TLDs for for thethe periods periods between between annealing annealing and field and field distribution and distribution and between between retrieval retrieval fromfrom the the field field and and processing, processing, are are also also read read with with the the field JLps field JLps to to provide provide checks checks on on thethe exposures exposures that that thethe fieldTLDs fieldTLDs might might receive receive onon their way their way to to and and fromfrom their their monitoring locations and monitoring locations and while while in in storage, storage, respectively.
respectively.
The The rawraw data data from from the the field TID processings field TID processings is is Run Run Calibration Calibration Factor Factor (RCF)
(RCF) corrected corrected using the using the irradiated irradiated control control TLDdata.
TLDdata. The The irradiated irradiated control control TLDs TLDs are are exposed exposed to to 100 100 mR from mR from aa cesium-137 cesium-137 source source at at the the University University of of Michigan.
Michigan. The The irradiated irradiated TLDs TLDs areare accompanied enroute accompanied enroute to to and and from from the the University University of of Michigan Michigan by by transit transit control control TLDs.
TLDs.
An estimate An estimate of of the the exposures exposures received received by by thethe irradiated irradiated TLDsTLDs in-transit in-transit is is obtained obtained by by processing the processing the transit transit controls controls andand detennining detennining the the transit transit control control mean mean by by the the following following equation:
equation:
+/-[~"
i=l ECF;
]
where where E =
E ,C,C = the mean of the mean of thethe elementally elementally corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings ofof all all the transit the transit control control elements.
elements.
the uncorrected exposure the uncorrected exposure reading reading of of each each individual individual transit transit control element.
control element.
E-3 E-3 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix E EeE; == the EeE; n==
the elemental elemental correction element.
element.
the total the total number correction factor number of factor of of individual of each individual element each individual individual transit element exposures transit control exposures averaged.
control averaged.
The mean The mean of of the the transit transit control control exposures exposures is is then then subtracted subtracted from from each each ofof the the elementally corrected exposures elementally corrected exposures of of the the irradiated irradiated elements elements to to obtain obtain the the net net exposures exposures for each for each element element resulting resulting from from the the irradiation.
irradiation. The The mean mean of of these these net net exposures exposures isis then then divided by divided by the the known known exposure exposure (100 (100 mR)mR) fromfrom thethe irradiation irradiation to to determine determine thethe RCF.
RCF.
The following The following equation equation describes describes the the calculations calculations performed:
performed:
\
+/-(~-E
\
- =1 . EeE; Ie J .
IC n
ReF = = - - - - - - - - - =
where where ReF =
ReF E-;-
EeE;
=
EeE; == the the run the the run correction correction factor the exposure exposure reading the elemental elemental correction for an factor for reading of of each correction factor an individual individual field each individual individual irradiated factor ofof each field monitoring monitoring element.
irradiated control each individual element.
control element.
individual irradiated element.
irradiated control control element.
element.
n=
n= the total the total number number of of individual individual element element exposures exposures averaged.
averaged.
KE;C = = the known the known exposure exposure for for each each ofof the the irradiated irradiated control control elements.
elements.
Exposure readings for Exposure readings for individual individual field field monitoring monitoring elements elements are are corrected corrected using the using the appropriate m, appropriate m,eean transit exposure an transit exposure and and thethe elemental elemental and and run run correction correction factors factors as as
.follows:
.follows:
CE =
CE = UE"UE" -ETC
-ETC
"" ECF"ECF" x RCF" x RCF" where where the corrected corrected exposure exposure reading reading for field monitoring monitoring element element x.x.
the for field UE=
UE= the uncorrected the uncorrected exposure exposure reading reading for for field field monitoring monitoring element element x. x.
2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report E-4 E-4
Fo rr Inf Fo Information o rma ti on Only Only Appendix E Appendix E
- ECFx =
ETc
- ETc RCFxx
=
=
=
=
=
the elemental the mean elemental correction mean transit the run the correction factor transit exposure exposure run correction correction factor factor for factor for for field for field field monitoring field monitoring monitoring element monitoring element element x .
element x. x.
NOTE:
NOTE: The mean transit The mean transit exposure exposure is is determined determined from from thethe elements elements of of the the TLDsthat TLDs that accompany the accompany the *field field TLDs TLDs duringduring transportation transportation to to and and from from the the field field locations.
locations.
The exposure representing The exposure representing each each environmental environmental monitoring monitoring location location and and monitoring monitoring period isnonnally period isnonnally the the mean mean of of the the corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings for for aa total total of of six six calcium calcium sulfate elements,
. sulfate elements, three three from from each each ofof two two different different TLDs TLDs at at each each location.
location. TheThe following following equation equation shows shows thethe calculation calculation of of this this exposure:
exposure:
n LeE i
= ..:.,:i=:..:..1- - - ' - -
E cc =
E n
where where Ec =
Ec = the mean
. the mean of of the the corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings for for aa given given monitoring monitoring location and location and period period ....
=
CEii = the corrected exposure the corrected exposure reading reading of of an an individual individual element element for for aa given given monitoring location monitoring location and and period.period.
n =
= the total the total number number of of individual individual element element exposures exposures averaged.
averaged.
The mean of The mean of the the corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings for for aa givengiven location location and and period period maymay be be .
calculated calculated using using less less than than the the six six calcium calcium sulfate sulfate elements elements if if the the reading reading from from oneone of of the the elements is elements is more more than than two two standard standard deviations deviations from from the the mean.
mean. In In this this situation, situation, thethe mean would mean would be be recalculated recalculated with with only only five five element element readings, readings, excluding excluding the the element element reading that reading that was was more more thanthan two two standard standard deviations deviations from from thethe originally originally calculated calculated mean.
mean.
The The mean mean maymay bebe automatically automatically calculated calculated by by the the dosimetry dosimetry software software withwith as as few few 'as
'as four element four element readings readings before before thethe data data isis flagged flagged .. . The The following following calculation calculation is is used used to to determine determine thethe standard standard deviation deviation of of the the corrected corrected elemental elemental exposure exposure readings:
readings:
- E-5 E-5 where where 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Report Monitoring Report
Fo Fo rr Inf I .n f o rma ti o rma ti on o n Only Onl y Appendix E Appendix E the standard deviation the standard deviation of of the the corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings from from aa given given.monitoring monitoring location location andand period period forfor (n-l)
(n-l) degrees degrees of of freedom.
freedom.
Ee == the mean of the mean of the the corrected corrected exposure exposure readings readings for for aa given given monitoring monitoring location and location and period.
period.
CE; =
CE; = the corrected exposure the corrected exposure reading reading ofof an.individual an.individual element element for for agiven agiven monitoring location monitoring location andand period.
period.
n n =
= the total the total number number of of individual individual element element exposures exposures averaged.
averaged.
The standard monitoring The standard monitoring period period for for the the reporting reporting of of Till exposures is TID exposures is the the calendar calendar quarter. The quarter. The calendar calendar quarter quarter isis defined defined as as aa period period of of 91.25 91.25 days. Theactual days. Theactual monitoring periods monitoring periods for for Tills TIDs in in the the field field are often for are often for times times other other than than 91.25 91.25 days.
days. The The means of means of the the corrected corrected exposures exposures forfor these these nonstandard nonstandard periods periods mustmust be be normalized normalized to to the standard the standard calendar calendar quarter.
quarter. TheThe following following equation equation shows shows how how thethe normalization normalization is is performed:
performed:
NE =
NE = i{ x91.25 i{ x91.25 MP MP where where NE =
NE mean corrected
= mean corrected exposure exposure nonnalized nonnalized to to aa standard standard calendar calendar quarter quarter of of 91.25 days.
91.25 days.
=
Ee = the mean of the mean of the the corrected exposure readings corrected exposure readings for for aa given monitoring .
given monitoring location and location and period.
period.
MP =
MP the actual
= the actual Till monitoring period TID monitoring period (time (time in in the the field) field) inin days.
days.
TLD DATA TLD DATA INTERPRET INTERPRET A ATION TION Pre-operational Pre-operational and and operational operational datadata areare compared compared
- for for the the purpose purpose of of determining determining whether or whether or not not Till data may Till data may indicate indicate aa dosedose contribution contribution from from SSESSSES operation.
operation.
Between 1979 Between 1979 and and 1994, both Till 1994, both types and TID types and TLD Till processing processing systems systems changed more changed more than than once. In order once.
- In order to to avoid avoid possible possible confusion confusion in in data data interpretation interpretation as as aa result result of of these these
- changes, ratios changes, ratios of of TID doses for TLD doses for specific specific indicator indicator locations locations to to the the average average of of the theTLD TID .
doses for doses for control control locations locations from from operational operational periods periods compared compared to to their their counterparts counterparts from from the preoperational the preoperational period.
period. Comparison Comparison of of these these ratios ratios is is performed performed in in lieu lieu of of comparing comparing the actual
. the actual operational operational and and preoperational preoperational doses.
doses. The The following following equation equation shows shows howhow these ratios ratios are are calculated:
calculated:
.these 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report E-6
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix E Appendix E
- where where rj rj = the
= the iridicator-to-control-average iridicator-to-control-average dose location and
.location and calendar calendar quarter, quarter, dose ratio ratio for for aa particular particular dj =
dj = the the quarterly quarterly dose dose for for aa particular particular indicator indicator location, location, and and de =
de = thethe average average quarterly quarterly dose dose for for certain certain control control locations.
locations.
Note:
Note:
The fjfj are The are the the quotients quotients of of the the indicator indicator doses doses toto the the average average doses doses of of the the following control following controUocations: 304,401,701, 1201, locations: 304,401,701, 1201, andand 1204.
1204. Only Only these these control locations control locations are are used used because because theythey were were the the only only ones ones existing existing during during the the -.
preoperational period.
preoperational period.
Operational Operational rjrj for for indicator indicator locations locations that that dodo not not have have -preoperational
-preoperational histories histories are are compared compared withwith thethe range range of of preoperational preoperational control-to-control-average control-to-control-average dose dose ratios ratios (rc)
(rc) experienced atcontrollocations.
experienced atcontrollocations. ..II tt can can bebe safely safely assumed assumed thatthat the the preoperational preoperational rangerange of these of these rc rc at at control control locations locations are are the the result result of of variations variations in in the the levels levels ofof background background radiation at radiation at those those locations.
locations. Any Any operational operational indicator indicator rjrj for for an an indicator indicator location location without aa preoperational without preoperational history history thatthat is is above above the the uppermost uppermost rangerange expected expected at at control control locations based locations based on on preoperational preoperational data data is is assumed assumed to to suggest suggest aa possible possible ..ccontribution ontribution from the from the SSES SSES operation.
operation. The The folloWing folloWing equation equation shows shows howhow rcis rcis calculated:
calculated:
where where rc rc is the control-to-control-average is the control-to-control-average dose dose ratio ratio for for aa particular particular location location and and calendar calendar quarter, quarter, de de is the is the quarterly quarterly dose dose for for aa particular particular control control location, location, andand
- de de is the is the average average quarterly quarterly dose dose for for certain certain control control locations locations ..
- E-7 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Information For Information Only Only Appendix E Appendix E Flagging Contributions Confidence Environmental TLD Flagging Environmental Contributions Confidence ranges, na, na,ttural, ranges, within ural, background background radiation TLD Measurements within which radiation are Measurements for which 95%
are expected 95% of expected to to be, for Possible of environmental Possible Non-Natural environmental TLD have been be, have Non-Natural Do~
TLD doses doses resulting been derived resulting from for each derived for each location from location with aa preoperational with preoperational history by multiplying history by multiplying the the standard standard deviation of the (S) of deviation (S) the rjrj for for the the location by location by the the appropriate appropriate tt score score (t) (t) based based on on the the applicable applicable degrees degrees of of freedom freedom for for each location.
each location. (Degrees (Degrees of of freedom freedom (df) (df) are equal to are equal to the the number number of of ratios ratios that that were were averaged less averaged less one.)
one.) The The product product of of the the tt score score andand the the standard standard deviation deviation (tS) was then (tS) was then '
subtracted subtracted from from thethe mean (;) to mean (;) to determine determine the the lower lower endend ofof the the 95%
95% confidence confidence range range (R)
(R) and and added added to to the the mean mean to to obtain obtain the the ,upper
,upper endend ofof the the range range (R)
(R) as as indicated indicated by the by the following equation:
following equation:
The The following following tt scores were used scores were used in in the the range calculations:
range calculations:
tSCORES tSCORES df df to.os' to.os' 11 12.706 12.706 22 4.303 4.303 33 3.182 3.182 '
44 2.776 2.776 55 2.571 2.571 66 2.447 '
2.447 77 2.365 2.365 For indicator locations For indicator locations with with nono preoperational preoperational history,history, TLDTLD results results are are flagged flagged for for potential non-natural potential non-natural dose dose contributions contributions to to TLD TLD measurements measurements based based on on comparisons comparisons to to '
the maximum the maximum expectedexpected variation variation in in control-to-control-average control-to-control-average dose dose ratios ratios (rc)
(rc) for for control locations. The control locations. The expected ranges of expected ranges of rc rc for for each control location each control location for for each each calendar calendar quarter during quarter during the the 1980.,.81 1980-81 preoperational preoperational period period havehave beenbeen calculated.
calculated. The The highest highest expected rc expected rc for for all the preoperational all the preoperational control control locations locations is is 1.22.
1.22.
Ratios for Ratios for indicator indicator locations locations greater greater than than 1.22 1.22 are are flagged flagged for for possible possible SSES SSES direct direct radiation dose radiation dose contributions.
contributions.
2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report E*8
Fo rr Inf Fo Inf o o rma rma ti ti on on Only Only Appendix E Appendix E
- Calculation Calculation of TLD
, ForTLD TLD Measurements indicated, these indicated, of SSES Measurements ForTLD locations' SSES Attributable locations where these calendar Attributable Direct where direct calendar quarter quarter doses Direct Radiation direct radiation Radiation Dose radiation dose doses are Dose based dose contributions are estimated based on contributions from estimated based based on on the on Onsite Onsite Indicator from the the amounts Indicator the SSES amounts referred SSES are referred to are to as as the excess the excess ratios.
ratios. ExcessExcess ratioratio for for each location's rjrj for each location's for aa particular particular calendar calendar quarter quarter isis the amount the amount by by which which that that rjrj exceeds exceeds the the high high end end of of its its range range ofof preoperational preoperational rj. rj. The The excess ratio excess ratio at at aa specific location is specific location is multiplied multiplied timestimes both both thethe average average dosedose forfor control control locations measured locations measured during during that that calendar calendar quarter quarter and and anan occupancy occupancy factorfactor based based on on aa
, reasonable reasonable estimate estimate of of thethe portion portion of of the the ' calendar calendar quarter quarter that that aa MEMBER MEMBER OF OF THE THE '
PUBliC might PUBliC might spend spend near near anan onsite TLD location.
onsite TLD location. The The following following is is ' aa table table ofof occupancy factors occupancy factors that that are are used:
used: \'
Environmental Environmental TLD TLD Monitoring_
Monitoring_ Locations Locations Occupancy Factors Occupancy Factors Onsite Onsite 4.56E-4 4.56E-4 Offsite (other Offsite (other thanthan Private Private Residences)
Residences) 3.65E-3 3.65E-3 Private Residences Private Residences 1 1
The following equation The following equation is is used used for for obtaining obtaining direct direct radiation radiation ' doses doses attributable attributable to to the the SSES SSES atat indicator locations when TLD locations when preoperational preoperational data data exists for those those locations:
locations: '
indicator TLD exists for where where DssEs DssEs the dose the dose attributable attributable to to SSES SSES fuelfuel cycle cycle operations, operations,
, rjrj = the
= indicator-to-control average the indicator-to-control average ratio ratio for for aa particular particular location location and calendar and calendar quarter, quarter, ru ru = the
= the indicator-to-control indicator-to-control average average ratio ratio corresponding corresponding to to the the upper of the end of upper end the 95%
95% confidence confidence rangerange forfor aa particular particular ,,
location for location for the the preoperational preoperational period, period, and and DCA DCA = the
= the average average quarterly quarterly dosedose for for control control locations.
locations.
OF OF = the
= the occupancy occupancy factor.
factor.
The equation below The equation below ,is is used used for for obtaining obtaining direct direct radiation radiation doses doses attributable attributable to to the the SSES SSES at indicator at indicator locations locations when when preoperational preoperational data data does does notnot exist exist for for those those locations:
locations:
E-9 E-9 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
For Inf For Inf oo rmati rma ti on on Only Only Appendix E Appendix E where where DSSES=(r;-1.22)xDcAXOF DSSES=(r;-1.22)xDcAXOF DssES =
DssES = the the dose dose attributable attributable toto SSES SSES fuel fuel cycle cycle operations, operations, fi fi the indicator.;.to-control average the indicator.;.to-control average ratio ratio for for aa particular particular location location and calendar and calendar quarter, quarter, 1.22 1.22 =
= the highest the highest expected expected re re for for control control locations locations due due to to variations variations in natural radiation in natural radiation levels levels based based on on preoperational preoperational data.
data. Refer Refer ..
to location to location 12G4 12G4 inin Attachment Attachment 1. 1.
DCA DCA =
= the average the average quarterly quarterly dose dose for for control control locations.
locations.
OF OF = the
= the occupancy occupancy factor.
factor.
Each year, the Each year, the SSES SSES attributable attributable doses doses calculated calculated forfor each each calendar calendar quarter quarter are are summed summed for all for all calendar calendar quarters quarters at at each each location location to to obtain obtain annual annual doses doses byby location.
location.
.0
.0 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental ~onitoring Report Report E-IO E-IO
F or F or Inf o rmati I nfo rmat i oo nn On Only ly Appendix E DETERMINA DETERMINA TION TION OF OF GROSS GROSS ALPHA ALPHA AND/ORAND/OR GROSS BETA GROSS BETA ACTIVITY ACTIVITY TELEDYNE TELEDYNE BROWN BROWN ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES &PPL'S &PPL'S CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY LABORATORY Aliquots Aliquots ofof water water samples samples are are evaporated evaporated to to near dryness in near dryness in beakers.
beakers. The The remaining remaining volumes (approximately volumes (approximately five five milliliters milliliters or or less) less) are transferred to are transferred to stainless stainless steel steel planchets and planchets and evaporated evaporated to dryness .. .
to dryness All planchets All planchets are are counted counted in in low low *. background background gas-flow gas-flow proportional proportional counters.
counters.
Calculations of Calculations of both both gross gross alpha alpha andand bet~ activities activities include include the the use use of of empirical empirical self-self-absorption
- correction absorption correction curves curves to to account account forfor changes changes inin effective effective counting counting efficiency efficiency occurring as occurring as aa result result ofof changes changes in in the the masses masses ofof residue residue being being counted.
counted.
Weekly Weekly air air particulate particulate filters filters areare placed placed into into phinchets phinchets asas received received and and counted counted in in low low background gas~flow proportional background proportional counters.
counters. No No corrections corrections are are made made for for beta beta self-self-absorption when absorption when ca1culating calculating the the gross gross beta beta activities of the activities of the air air particulate particulate filters filters because because of the of the impracticality impracticality of of weighing weighing the the deposit deposit and and because because the the penetration penetration depth depth ofof the the deposit into deposit into the the filter filter is is unknown.
unknown.
CALCULATION CALCULATION OF OF THE THE SArvlPLE SArvlPLE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY pCi
=
[C~RbJ t +
2F. V~
unit volume or mass 2.22 (V)(E) 2.22 (V) (E) net activity random uncertainty
./
E-ll 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report
F oo rr Inf F Inf orma orma ti ti on on Only Only Appendix E where:
where: C C
tt
=
=
=
=
total counts total counts for count time count for sample time for sample for samplelbackground background count samplelbackground (minutes) count rate rate of of counter (minutes) counter (cpm)
(cpm)
~ =
background 2.22 2.22
dpm dpm pCi pCi V(M)
V(M) = volume or volume or mass mass of of sample sample analyzed analyzed E
E =
= efficiency of efficiency of the the counter counter (cpmJdpm)
(cpmJdpm) 4.66 4.66 =
= sigma level sigma level Calculation of Calculation of the the Minimum Minimum Detectable Detectable Concentration Concentration (MDC)
(MDC) Value Value 4.66~Rb MDC=
MDC= t 2.22 (V) 2.22 (V) (E)
(E) 2002 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report E-12 E-12
For II nfo For nfo rma rma tt ii on Onl yy on Onl Appendix E RADIOCHEMICAL RADIOCHEMICAL DETERMINATION DETERMINATION OF OF 1-131 1-131 ..
IN CHARCOAL IN CHARCOAL AND AND VEGETATION VEGETATION SAMPLES SAMPLES TELEDYNE TELEDYNE BROWN BROWN ENGINEERING ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES Radioiodine Radioiodine is is separated separated from from the the sample sample matrixmatrix toto periodate periodate solution.
solution.
Charcoal Charcoal filters filters are are opened opened and and the the exposed exposed charcoal charcoal is is emptied emptied into into aa refluxing refluxing flask, flask, (iodide (iodide carrier carrier isis added, added, and and the the mixture mixture is is refluxed refluxed in in sodium sodium hydroxide hydroxide to to remove remove thethe iodine iodine absorbed absorbed on on the the charcoal charcoal and and bringing bringing it it into into solution.
solution. TheThe resulting resulting iodide iodide solution solution isis oxidized oxidized with with hypochlorite hypochlorite to to periodate.
periodate.
Vegetation Vegetation samples samples are are chopped, chopped, iodide iodide carrier carrier added,added, the the mixture mixture evaporated evaporated to to dryness, dryness, leached leached withwith sodium sodium hydroxide, hydroxide, and and fused fused in in aa muffle muffle furnace.
furnace. The resulting The resulting melt is melt is dissolved dissolved in in distilled distilled water water and and filtered.
filtered. The The resulting resulting iodide iodide solution solution isis oxidized. with hypochlorite oxidized.with hypochlorite to to periodate.
periodate.
The periodate The periodate solution solution isis reduced reduced to to iodine iodine withwith hydroxylamine hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrochloride, and and extracted into extracted into toluene toluene asas free free iodine iodine .. .. TheThe iodine iodine isis back back extracted extracted into distilled water into distilled water through through reduction reduction to to iodide iodide with with aqueous aqueous sodium sodium bisulfite bisulfite and and isis ultimately ultimately precipitated precipitated ..
as as palladium palladium iodide. The precipitate iodide. The precipitate is is weighed weighed for chemical yield for chemical yield and and isis mounted mounted on on aa nylon planchet nylon planchet for low level for low level beta beta counting counting .. ..
The The dried dried precipitate precipitate is is beta beta counted counted on on aa low:-Ievel counter.
low:-Ievel counter.
CALCULATION OF CALCULATION OF THETHE SAMPLE SAMPLE ACTIVITY ACTIVITY II
-= -[_~_-~R_b-=-]
_ _ [ ~ -Rb] _ _ + 2
!~t ~ t+
Rb A
A __--==-~_=---__ + t 2.22(V )(
2.22(V )( Y )( DF Y )( DF )( )( E)
E) 2.22(V)( y )(
2.22(V)( )( DF DF )()( E)
E) net activity net activity random uncertainty random uncertainty where:
where: A A =
= activity concentration activity concentration (pCi/l) (pCi/l)
C C =
total counts total counts from from sample sample tt
= counting counting time time for for sample sample (min)
(min)
Rb Rb =
background background count count rate of counter rate of counter (cpm) (cpm) 2.22 2.22
= dpm dpm
- E~13 ..
pCi pCi 2002 Radiological 2002 Radiological Environmental Environmental Monitoring Monitoring Report Report