ML14286A012

TN638 - Mcgonigal 2010 - Nutrients and Suspended Sediment in the Susquehana River, 2009

ML14286A012
Person / Time
Site:	Bell Bend
Issue date:	12/31/2010
From:	Mcgonigal K Susquehanna River Basin Commission
To:	Office of New Reactors
T. Terry, DNRL/EPB
References
TN638
Download: ML14286A012 (40)

Text

NUTRIENTS AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORTED IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN, 2009, AND TRENDS, JANUARY 1985 THROUGH DECEMBER 2009 Publication No. 272 December 31, 2010 Kevin H. McGonigal Water Quality Program Specialist Printed on recycled paper.

This report is prepared in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Water Quality Protection, Division of Conservation Districts and Nutrient Management, under Grant CB-97315904.

SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN COMMISSION Paul O. Swartz, Executive Director James M. Tierney, N.Y. Commissioner Kenneth P. Lynch, N.Y. Alternate Peter Freehafer, N.Y. Alternate John Hanger, Pa. Commissioner John T. Hines, Pa. Alternate Glenn H. Rider II, Pa. Alternate Andrew Zemba, Pa. Alternate Michelle Moses, Pa. Advisor Dr. Robert M. Summers, Md. Commissioner Herbert M. Sachs, Md. Alternate/Advisor Brigadier General Peter A. DeLuca, U.S. Commissioner Colonel David E. Anderson, U.S. Alternate David J. Leach, U.S. Alternate Amy M. Guise, U.S. Advisor The Susquehanna River Basin Commission was created as an independent agency by a federal-interstate compact* among the states of Maryland and New York, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the federal government. In creating the Commission, the Congress and state legislatures formally recognized the water resources of the Susquehanna River Basin as a regional asset vested with local, state, and national interests for which all the parties share responsibility. As the single federal-interstate water resources agency with basinwide authority, the Commission's goal is to coordinate the planning, conservation, management, utilization, development, and control of basin water resources among the public and private sectors.

• Statutory Citations: Federal - Pub. L.91-575, 84 Stat. 1509 (December 1970); Maryland - Natural Resources Sec. 8-301 (Michie 1974); New York - ECL Sec. 21-1301 (McKinney 1973); and Pennsylvania - 32 P.S. 820.1 (Supp. 1976).

This report is available on our web site (www.srbc.net) by selecting Public Information/Technical Reports. For a CD or hard copy, contact the Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 1721 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 17102-2391, Phone: (717) 238-0423, Fax: (717) 238-2436, E-mail: srbc@srbc.net.

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................2 PURPOSE OF REPORT..................................................................................................................2 DESCRIPTION OF THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN...................................................2 NUTRIENT MONITORING SITES .............................................................................................4 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS ..............................................................................5 PRECIPITATION............................................................................................................................7 WATER DISCHARGE ..................................................................................................................8 2009 NUTRIENT AND SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT LOADS AND YIELDS .......................10 2009

SUMMARY

STATISTICS FOR ALL SITES .....................................................................10 COMPARISON OF THE 2009 LOADS AND YIELDS OF TOTAL NITROGEN, TOTAL PHOSPHORUS, AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT WITH THE BASELINES.......24 DISCHARGE, NUTRIENT, AND SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT TRENDS..................................26 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................30 REFERENCES ..............................................................................................................................36 FIGURES Figure 1. The Susquehanna River Basin, Subbasins, and Population Centers...........................3 Figure 2. Locations of Sampling Sites Within the Susquehanna River Basin ...........................6 Figure 3. Discharge Ratios for Long-term Sites, Susquehanna Mainstem Sites (A) and Tributaries (B).............................................................................................................9 TABLES Table 1. 2000 Land Use Percentages for the Susquehanna River Basin and Selected Tributaries ...................................................................................................................4 Table 2. Data Collection Sites and Their Drainage Areas ........................................................5 Table 3. Water Quality Parameters, Laboratory Methods, and Detection Limits ....................7 Table 4. Summary of Annual Precipitation for Selected Areas in the Susquehanna River Basin, Calendar Year 2009 .........................................................................................8 Table 5. Annual Water Discharge, Calendar Year 2009...........................................................9 Table 6. List of Analyzed Parameters, Abbreviations, and STORET Codes .........................11 Table 7. Annual Water Discharges, Annual Loads, Yields, and Average Concentration of Total Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009.........................................................................11 Table 8. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Phosphorus, Calendar Year 2009 ..................................................................................................11 Table 9. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 .................................................................................12 Table 10. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Ammonia, Calendar Year 2009 ..................................................................................................12 Table 11. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Nitrate plus Nitrite, Calendar Year 2009......................................................................................12 Table 12. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Organic Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 ..................................................................................12 Table 13. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Phosphorus, Calendar Year 2009..............................................................................13 i

Table 14. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Orthophosphate, Calendar Year 2009.......................................................................13 Table 15. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Ammonia, Calendar Year 2009 ................................................................................13 Table 16. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 ..................................................................................................13 Table 17. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 ...............................................................14 Table 18. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 ..................................................................................14 Table 19. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Organic Carbon, Calendar Year 2009.....................................................................................14 Table 20. Seasonal Mean Water Discharges and Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 .................................................................................15 Table 21. Seasonal Mean Water Discharges and Yields of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 .................................................................................16 Table 22. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS in Thousands of Pounds at Susquehanna River Sites: Towanda, Danville, and Marietta...................................17 Table 23. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS in Thousands of Pounds at Susquehanna River Tributary Sites: Lewisburg, Newport, and Conestoga.............17 Table 24. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS Yields in lbs/acre at Susquehanna River Sites: Towanda, Danville, and Marietta...................................18 Table 25. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS Yields in lbs/acre at Susquehanna River Tributary Sites: Lewisburg, Newport, and Conestoga.............18 Table 26. Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity, and pH Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009 ...............................................................................19 Table 27. Total Nitrogen Species Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L......................................................................................................................20 Table 28. Dissolved Nitrogen Species Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L............................................................................................................21 Table 29. Phosphorus Species and Total Suspended Solids Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L ...............................................................................22 Table 30. Flow, Total Organic Carbon, Total Kjeldahl, and Dissolved Kjeldahl Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L.............................................23 Table 31. Comparison of 2009 TN, TP, and SS Yields with Baseline Yields..........................25 Table 32. Comparison of 2009 Seasonal TN, TP, and SS Yields with Initial Baseline Yields ........................................................................................................................25 Table 33. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Towanda, Pa., October 1988 Through September 2009..........................................................................................27 Table 34. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Danville, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009..........................................................................................27 Table 35. Trend Statistics for the West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa.,

October 1984 Through September 2009...................................................................28 Table 36. Trend Statistics for the Juniata River at Newport, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009 ........................................................................................................28 Table 37. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Marietta, Pa., October 1986 Through September 2009..........................................................................................29 Table 38. Trend Statistics for the Conestoga River at Conestoga, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009..........................................................................................29 Table 39. Average of Monthly Changes from Historical Similar Flow Month........................35 ii

NUTRIENTS AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORTED IN THE SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN, 2009, AND TRENDS, JANUARY 1985 THROUGH DECEMBER 2009 Kevin H. McGonigal Water Quality Program Specialist ABSTRACT LTM at Towanda, Danville, and Lewisburg.

DOP and TOC were above the LTM at Newport.

Nutrient and suspended-sediment (SS) Conestoga 2009 values were below LTM for all samples were collected under base flow and parameters including substantially lower than stormflow conditions during calendar year 2009 LTM values for total phosphorus (TP), SS, total for Group A sites listed in Table 2. Fixed date organic nitrogen (TON), and dissolved organic samples also were collected at these sites as well nitrogen (DON).

as at Group B sites listed in Table 2. All samples were analyzed for nitrogen and 2009 seasonal flows were highest for winter phosphorus species, total organic carbon (TOC), at all sites except Newport and Conestoga. This and SS. resulted in the highest load of all parameters being transported during winter at Towanda, Precipitation for 2009 was above average at Danville, and Lewisburg, with TOC at all Group A sites except at Lewisburg, which Lewisburg being the only exception. Flow was was 1.84 inches below the long-term mean lowest during summer at all stations except (LTM). Rainfall amounts above the LTM Conestoga, resulting in lowest loads delivered ranged from 1.39 inches above LTM at Marietta during the season. Conestoga flows were to 2.73 inches above LTM at Conestoga. Winter distinctly different from past years with winter rainfall amounts were below LTM at all sites being the lowest flow season.

including 4.66 inches lower at Conestoga.

Spring amounts were above LTM for all sites Lower than predicted yields in total nitrogen ranging from 0.57 at Lewisburg to 3.73 at (TN), TP, and SS were found in 2009 for all Newport. Although precipitation rates were baseline comparisons at all sites, except for TP mostly above LTM values, 2009 flow values at Towanda and TP at Danville for the second were below the LTM at all sites. Highest half baseline comparison. This comparison departures from the LTM were at Newport and remained unchanged from 2008. Seasonal Towanda with 85 percent of the LTM. yields of TP at Towanda were higher than Individual monthly flows were above the LTM baseline predictions for all seasons. 2009 annual for June, August, and October at most sites. yields were dramatically lower than baseline predictions at Conestoga for TN, TP, and SS.

This report utilizes several methods to compare nutrient and SS loads and yields All trends for 2009 remained unchanged including: (1) comparison with the LTM; (2) from 2008 except DON at Conestoga, which comparison with baseline data; and (3) flow- changed from a downward trend to no adjusted concentration trend analysis. significant trend. TN, TP, and SS trends were improving at all sites except for TP at Towanda, Annual loads for all parameters were below which had no significant trend. Upward trends the LTM at all sites except for dissolved were found at Towanda and Newport for DOP.

phosphorus (DP), dissolved orthophosphate The most southern site, Marietta, showed (DOP), and TOC. DP and DOP were above the downward trends for all parameters except DOP, 1

which had no significant trend due to more than of data from each site. Seasonal and annual 20 percent of the values being below the method variations in loads are discussed, as well as the detection limit (BMDL). This also occurred for results of flow-adjusted trend analyses for the dissolved ammonia nitrogen (DNH3) at period January 1985 through December 2009 for Towanda, Danville, Lewisburg, and Newport. various forms of nitrogen and phosphorus, SS, No significant trends were found for flow for the TOC, and discharge.

time period.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INTRODUCTION SUSQUEHANNA RIVER BASIN Nutrients and SS entering the Chesapeake The Susquehanna River (Figure 1) drains an Bay (Bay) from the Susquehanna River Basin area of 27,510 square miles (Susquehanna River contribute to nutrient enrichment problems in Basin Study Coordination Committee, 1970),

the Bay (USEPA, 1982). The Pennsylvania and is the largest tributary to the Chesapeake Department of Environmental Protection Bay. The Susquehanna River originates in the (PADEP) Bureau of Laboratories, the U.S. Appalachian Plateau of southcentral New York, Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the flows into the Valley and Ridge and Piedmont U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), and the Provinces of Pennsylvania and Maryland, and Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) joins the Bay at Havre de Grace, Md. The conducted a 5-year intensive study at 12 sites climate in the Susquehanna River Basin varies from 1985-89 to quantify nutrient and SS considerably from the low lands adjacent to the transported to the Bay via the Susquehanna Bay in Maryland to the high elevations, above River Basin. In 1990, the number of sampling 2,000 feet, of the northern headwaters in central sites was reduced to five long-term monitoring New York State. The annual mean temperature stations. An additional site was included in ranges from 53o F (degrees Fahrenheit) near the 1994. Pennsylvania-Maryland border to 45o F in the northern part of the basin. Annual precipitation In October 2004, 13 additional sites (two in in the basin averages 39.15 inches and is fairly New York and 11 in Pennsylvania) were added well distributed throughout the year.

as part of the Chesapeake Bay Programs Non-tidal Water Quality Monitoring Network. In Land use in the Susquehanna River Basin, October 2005, four more sites (three in New shown in Table 1, is predominantly rural with York and one in Maryland) were added to the woodland accounting for 69 percent; agriculture, existing network. This project involves 21 percent; and urban, 7 percent. Woodland monitoring efforts conducted by all six Bay state occupies the higher elevations of the northern jurisdictions, USEPA, USGS, and SRBC to and western parts of the basin and much of the create a uniform non-tidal monitoring network mountain and ridge land in the Juniata and for the entire Bay watershed. Lower Susquehanna Subbasins. Woods and grasslands occupy areas in the lower part of the PURPOSE OF REPORT basin that are unsuitable for cultivation because the slopes are too steep, the soils are too stony, The purpose of this report is to present basic or the soils are poorly drained. The Lower information on annual and seasonal loads and Susquehanna Subbasin contains the highest yields of nutrients and SS measured during density of agriculture operations within the calendar year 2009. Comparisons are made to watershed. However, extensive areas are LTM and to various baselines, including cultivated along the river valleys in southern baselines created from the initial five years of New York and along the West Branch data, the first half of the dataset, the second half Susquehanna River from Northumberland, Pa.,

of the dataset, and those created from the entire to Lock Haven, Pa., including the Bald Eagle dataset for each site. Additionally, seasonal Creek Valley.

baselines were created using the initial five years 2

Figure 1. The Susquehanna River Basin, Subbasins, and Population Centers 3

Table 1. 2000 Land Use Percentages for the Susquehanna River Basin and Selected Tributaries Site Water/ Agricultural Waterbody Urban Forest Other Location Wetland Row Crops Pasture/Hay Total Original Sites (Group A)

Towanda Susquehanna 2 5 17 5 22 71 0 Danville Susquehanna 2 6 16 5 21 70 1 Lewisburg West Branch Susquehanna 1 5 8 2 10 84 0 Newport Juniata 1 6 14 4 18 74 1 Marietta Susquehanna 2 7 14 5 19 72 0 Conestoga Conestoga 1 24 12 36 48 26 1 Enhanced Sites (Group B)

Campbell Cohocton 3 4 13 6 19 74 0 Rockdale Unadilla 3 2 22 6 28 66 1 Conklin Susquehanna 3 3 18 4 22 71 1 Smithboro Susquehanna 3 5 17 5 22 70 0 Chemung Chemung 2 5 15 5 20 73 0 Wilkes-Barre Susquehanna 2 6 16 5 21 71 0 Karthaus West Branch Susquehanna 1 6 11 1 12 80 1 Castanea Bald Eagle 1 8 11 3 14 76 1 Jersey Shore West Branch Susquehanna 1 4 6 1 7 87 1 Penns Creek Penns 1 3 16 4 20 75 1 Saxton Raystown Branch Juniata < 0.5 6 18 5 23 71 0 Dromgold Shermans 1 4 15 6 21 74 0 Hogestown Conodoguinet 1 11 38 6 44 43 1 Hershey Swatara 2 14 18 10 28 56 0 Manchester West Conewago 2 13 12 36 48 36 1 Martic Forge Pequea 1 12 12 48 60 25 2 Richardsmere Octoraro 1 10 16 47 63 24 2 Entire Basin Susquehanna River Basin 2 7 14 7 21 69 1 Major urban areas in the Upper and NUTRIENT MONITORING SITES Chemung Subbasins are located along river valleys, and they include Binghamton, Elmira, Data were collected from six sites on the and Corning, N.Y. Urban areas in the Middle Susquehanna River, three sites on the West Susquehanna include Scranton and Wilkes- Branch Susquehanna River, and 14 sites on Barre, Pa. The major urban areas in the West smaller tributaries in the basin. These 23 sites, Branch Susquehanna Subbasin are Williamsport, selected for long-term monitoring of nutrient Renovo, and Clearfield, Pa. Lewistown and and SS transport in the basin, are listed in Table Altoona, Pa., are the major urban areas within 2, and their general locations are shown in the Juniata Subbasin. Major urban areas in the Figure 2.

Lower Susquehanna Subbasin include York, Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Sunbury, Pa.

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Table 2. Data Collection Sites and Their Drainage Areas USGS Drainage Short ID Original Sites (Group A) Subbasin Area Name Number (Sq Mi) 01531500 Susquehanna River at Towanda, Pa. Middle Susquehanna Towanda 7,797 01540500 Susquehanna River at Danville, Pa. Middle Susquehanna Danville 11,220 01553500 West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa. W Branch Susquehanna Lewisburg 6,847 01567000 Juniata River at Newport, Pa. Juniata Newport 3,354 01576000 Susquehanna River at Marietta, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Marietta 25,990 01576754 Conestoga River at Conestoga, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Conestoga 470 Enhanced Sites (Group B) 01502500 Unadilla River at Rockdale, N.Y. Upper Susquehanna Rockdale 520 01503000 Susquehanna River at Conklin, N.Y. Upper Susquehanna Conklin 2,232 01515000 Susquehanna River at Smithboro, N.Y. Upper Susquehanna Smithboro 4,631 01529500 Cohocton River at Campbell, N.Y. Chemung Campbell 470 01531000 Chemung River at Chemung, N.Y. Chemung Chemung 2,506 01536500 Susquehanna River near Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Middle Susquehanna Wilkes-Barre 9,960 01542500 West Branch Susquehanna River near Karthaus, Pa. W Branch Susquehanna Karthaus 1,462 01548085 Bald Eagle Creek near Castanea, Pa. W Branch Susquehanna Castanea 420 01549760 West Branch Susquehanna River near Jersey Shore, Pa. W Branch Susquehanna Jersey Shore 5,225 01555000 Penns Creek at Penns Creek, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Penns Creek 301 01562000 Raystown Branch Juniata River at Saxton, Pa. Juniata Saxton 756 01568000 Shermans Creek near Dromgold, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Dromgold 200 01570000 Conodoguinet Creek near Hogestown, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Hogestown 470 01573560 Swatara Creek near Hershey, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Hershey 483 01574000 West Conewago Creek near Manchester, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Manchester 510 01576787 Pequea Creek near Martic Forge, Pa. Lower Susquehanna Pequea 155 01578475 Octoraro Creek at Richardsmere, Md. Lower Susquehanna Richardsmere 177 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS between three and 10 depth integrated verticals were collected across the water column and then Samples were collected to measure nutrient composited to obtain a representative sample of and SS concentrations during various flows in the entire waterbody.

2009. For Group A sites, two samples were collected per month: one near the twelfth of the Whole water samples were collected and month (fixed date sample) and one during analyzed for nitrogen and phosphorus species, monthly base flow conditions. Additionally, at TOC, total suspended solids (TSS), and SS. For least four high flow events were sampled, Group B sites, SS samples were only collected targeting one per season. When possible, a during storm events. Additionally, filtered second high flow event was sampled after spring samples were collected to analyze for dissolved planting in the basin. During high flow nitrogen (DN) and DP species. All sampling events, samples were collected daily Pennsylvania samples were delivered to the during the rise and fall of the hydrograph. The PADEP Laboratory in Harrisburg. New York goal was to gather a minimum of three samples samples were sent to Columbia Analytical on the rise and three samples on the fall, with Services in Rochester, N.Y. SS samples for one sample as close to peak flow as possible. Group A sites were completed at SRBC, while samples for Group B sites were analyzed at the For Group B sites, fixed date monthly USGS sediment laboratory in Louisville, samples were collected during the middle of Kentucky. Additionally, one of each of the two each month during 2009. Additionally, two storm samples per storm was submitted to the storm samples were collected per quarter at each USGS sediment laboratory for analysis of site. All samples were collected by hand with sand/fine content. The parameters and USGS depth integrating samplers. At each site laboratory methods used are listed in Table 3.

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Figure 2. Locations of Sampling Sites Within the Susquehanna River Basin 6

Table 3. Water Quality Parameters, Laboratory Methods, and Detection Limits Detection Parameter Laboratory Methodology Limit References (mg/l)

Total Ammonia (TNH3) PADEP Colorimetry 0.020 USEPA 350.1 CAS* Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 350.1R Dissolved Ammonia (DNH3) PADEP Block Digest, Colorimetry 0.020 USEPA 350.1 Block Digest, Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 350.1R Total Nitrogen (TN) PADEP Persulfate Digestion for TN 0.040 Standard Methods

1. 4500-Norg-D Dissolved Nitrogen (DN) PADEP Persulfate Digestion 0.040 Standard Methods

1. 4500-Norg-D Total Organic Nitrogen (TON) N/A TN minus TNH3 and TNOx N/A N/A Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) N/A DN minus DNH3 and DNOx N/A N/A Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) CAS* Block Digest, Flow Injection 0.050 USEPA 351.2 Dissolved Kjeldahl Nitrogen (DKN) CAS* Block Digest, Flow Injection 0.050 USEPA 351.2 Total Nitrite plus Nitrate (TNOx) PADEP Cd-reduction, Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 353.2 CAS* Colorimetric by LACHAT 0.002 USEPA 353.2 Dissolved Nitrite plus Nitrate (DNOx) PADEP Cd-reduction, Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 353.2 CAS* Colorimetric by LACHAT 0.002 USEPA 353.2 Dissolved Orthophosphate (DOP) PADEP Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 365.1 CAS* Colorimetric Determination 0.002 USEPA 365.1 Dissolved Phosphorus (DP) PADEP Block Digest, Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 365.1 CAS* Colorimetric Determination 0.002 USEPA 365.1 Total Phosphorus (TP) PADEP Persulfate Digest, Colorimetry 0.010 USEPA 365.1 CAS* Colorimetric Determination 0.002 USEPA 365.1 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) PADEP Combustion/Oxidation 0.50 SM 5310D CAS* Chemical Oxidation 0.05 GEN 415.1/9060 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) PADEP Gravimetric 5.0 USGS I-3765 CAS* Residue, non-filterable 1.1 SM2540D Suspended Sediment Fines & Sand USGS **

Suspended Sediment (SS) SRBC **

USGS **

• Columbia Analytical Services, Rochester, N.Y. (New York sites only)

• • TWRI Book 3, Chapter C2 and Book 5, Chapter C1, Laboratory Theory and Methods for Sediment Analysis (Guy and others, 1969)

PRECIPITATION Precipitation for 2009 was above average at all Group A sites except Lewisburg. Highest Precipitation data were obtained from long- departure from the LTM for precipitation was term monitoring stations operated by the U.S. recorded at Conestoga, Pa., with 2.73 inches Department of Commerce. The data are above the LTM. Highest precipitation months published as Climatological Data-Pennsylvania, occurred during April to June at all sites, with an and as Climatological Data-New York by the average of 2.33 inches above the LTM. January National Oceanic and Atmospheric to March had the lowest precipitation amounts Administration (NOAA) at the National with an average of 2.66 inches below the LTM.

Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Lower rainfall during the frozen ground months Carolina. Quarterly and annual data from these coupled with higher flows during spring and sources were compiled across the subbasins of summer when plant uptake and infiltration are the Susquehanna River Basin and are reported in higher likely resulted in below LTM flows for Table 4 for Group A sites. 2009.

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Table 4. Summary of Annual Precipitation for Selected Areas in the Susquehanna River Basin, Calendar Year 2009 Calendar Average Departure River Year 2009 Long-term From Season Location Precipitation Precipitation Long-term Inches inches inches January-March 7.15 7.56 -0.41 April-June 12.41 10.54 1.87 Susquehanna River above Towanda, Pa. July-September 12.56 11.17 1.39 October-December 8.87 9.14 -0.27 Yearly Total 40.99 38.41 2.58 January-March 6.87 7.74 -0.87 April-June 12.60 10.69 1.91 Susquehanna River above Danville, Pa. July-September 12.77 11.38 1.39 October-December 8.89 9.26 -0.37 Yearly Total 41.13 39.07 2.06 January-March 4.83 8.40 -3.57 April-June 11.60 11.03 0.57 West Branch Susquehanna River above Lewisburg, Pa. July-September 12.66 12.43 0.23 October-December 10.59 9.66 0.93 Yearly Total 39.68 41.52 -1.84 January-March 4.29 7.74 -3.45 April-June 13.46 9.73 3.73 Juniata River above Newport, Pa. July-September 9.26 10.05 -0.79 October-December 11.15 8.97 2.18 Yearly Total 38.16 36.49 1.67 January-March 5.24 8.21 -2.97 April-June 13.13 10.73 2.4 Susquehanna River above Marietta, Pa. July-September 12.34 11.52 0.82 October-December 10.58 9.44 1.14 Yearly Total 41.29 39.90 1.39 January-March 4.26 8.92 -4.66 April-June 14.23 10.74 3.49 Conestoga River above Conestoga, Pa. July-September 15.15 12.59 2.56 October-December 11.92 10.58 1.34 Yearly Total 45.56 42.83 2.73 WATER DISCHARGE LTM, while a value of three equals the 2009 flow being three times the volume of the LTM.

Water discharge data were obtained from the Discharge values were below the LTM all sites USGS and are listed in Table 5. Monthly water for 2009. Highest departures from the LTM discharge ratios are plotted in Figure 3 for all were at Newport and Towanda at 85 percent of sites. The water discharge ratio is the actual LTM. Mainstem sites had above LTM flows flow for the time period divided by the LTM for during June, August, and October. Flows levels the same time period. Thus, a value of one at tributary sites were at or above LTM during equals the 2009 flow being the same as the August, October, and December.

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Table 5. Annual Water Discharge, Calendar Year 2009 Years of Long-term 2009 Site 1 2 Record Annual Mean cfs Mean cfs Percent of LTM Towanda 21 11,755 10,031 85 Danville 25 16,492 14,903 90 Lewisburg 25 10,785 9,247 86 Newport 25 4,372 3,705 85 Marietta 23 38,933 34,659 89 Conestoga 25 676 642 95 1 2 Cubic feet per second Long-term mean 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Towanda Danville Marietta LTM A

2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Lewisburg Newport Conestoga LTM B

Figure 3. Discharge Ratios for Long-term Sites, Susquehanna Mainstem Sites (A) and Tributaries (B) 9

2009 NUTRIENT AND SUSPENDED- flows as at lower ones. Individual high flow SEDIMENT LOADS AND YIELDS events tend to produce higher loads, especially for TP and SS, than would be predicted by a Loads and yields represent two methods for simple comparison with the LTM.

describing nutrient and SS amounts within a basin. Loads refer to the actual amount of the Tables 7-19 show the loads and yields for constituent being transported in the water the Group A monitoring stations, as well as an column past a given point over a specific associated error value. They also show the duration of time and are expressed in pounds. average annual concentration for each Yields compare the transported load with the constituent. Comparisons have been made to the acreage of the watershed and are expressed in LTMs for all constituents. Seasonal loads and lbs/acre. This allows for easy comparisons yields for all parameters and all sites are listed in between watersheds. This project reports loads Table 20 for loads and Table 21 for yields. For and yields for the constituents listed in Table 6 the purposes of this project, January through as computed by the Minimum Variance March is winter, April through June is spring, Unbiased Estimator (ESTIMATOR) described July through September is summer, and October by Cohn and others (1989). This estimator through December is fall. Monthly loads and relates the constituent concentration to water yields for TN, TP, and SS at all long-term sites discharge, seasonal effects, and long-term are listed in Tables 22 through 25.

trends, and computes the best-fit regression equation. Daily loads of the constituents then 2009

SUMMARY

STATISTICS FOR ALL were calculated from the daily mean water SITES discharge records. The loads were reported along with the estimates of accuracy.

Load and trend analyses were unable to be Identifying sites where the percentage of completed at Group B sites because samples LTM for a constituent was different than the have not been collected at the stations for a percentage of LTM for discharge may show sufficient number of years. Therefore, summary potential areas where improvements or statistics have been calculated for these sites, as degradations have occurred for that particular well as the long-term sites for comparison.

constituent. One item to note is that nutrients Summary statistics are listed in Tables 26 and SS increase with increased flow (Ott and through 30 and include minimum, maximum, others, 1991; Takita, 1996, 1998). This median, mean, and standard deviation values increase, however, is not as linear at higher taken from the raw 2009 dataset.

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Table 6. List of Analyzed Parameters, Abbreviations, and STORET Codes Parameter Abbreviation STORET Code Discharge Q 00060 Total Nitrogen as N TN 00600 Dissolved Nitrogen as N DN 00602 Total Organic Nitrogen as N* TON 00605 Dissolved Organic Nitrogen as N* DON 00607 Total Ammonia as N TNH3 00610 Dissolved Ammonia as N DNH3 00608 Total Nitrate + Nitrite as N TNOx 00630 Dissolved Nitrate + Nitrite as N DNOx 00631 Total Phosphorus as P TP 00665 Dissolved Phosphorus as P DP 00666 Dissolved Orthophosphate as P DOP 00671 Total Organic Carbon TOC 00680 Suspended sediment (fine) SSF 70331 Suspended sediment (sand) SSS 70335 Suspended Sediment (total) SS 80154

• These are calculated values and not directly analyzed.

Table 7. Annual Water Discharges, Annual Loads, Yields, and Average Concentration of Total Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc. % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85.3 16,749 61.0 3.2 3.357 5.502 0.848 71.5 Danville 14,903 90 28,134 65.3 3.5 3.918 6.003 0.959 72.2 Lewisburg 9,247 86 15,446 66.4 4.8 3.525 5.312 0.849 77.4 Newport 3,705 85 12,167 75.4 3.5 5.668 7.515 1.668 89.6 Marietta 34,659 89 93,634 72.7 4.2 5.629 7.741 1.372 81.7 Conestoga 642 95 7,692 74.8 3.5 25.571 34.203 6.086 78.7 Table 8. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Phosphorus, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc. % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 1,831 78.2 8.8 0.367 0.469 0.093 91.7 Danville 14,903 90 2,564 71.5 9.6 0.357 0.499 0.087 79.2 Lewisburg 9,247 86 876 69.7 13.0 0.200 0.287 0.048 81.3 Newport 3,705 85 512 65.8 10.2 0.238 0.362 0.070 78.2 Marietta 34,659 89 4,169 55.2 7.9 0.251 0.454 0.061 62.0 Conestoga 642 95 295 44.9 9.1 0.981 2.182 0.233 47.3 11

Table 9. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 687,675 23.6 14.6 137 584 34.8 27.7 Danville 14,903 90 993,839 30.8 12.5 138 449 33.9 34.1 Lewisburg 9,247 86 319,530 27.7 17.4 73 263 17.6 32.3 Newport 3,705 85 214,017 42.0 17.9 100 238 29.3 49.8 Marietta 34,659 89 2,422,253 37.0 14.8 146 394 35.5 41.5 Conestoga 642 95 87,968 25.2 19.6 292 1,162 69.6 26.5 Table 10. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Ammonia, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 617 45.6 12.6 0.124 0.271 0.031 53.4 Danville 14,903 90 1,067 49.8 12.4 0.149 0.299 0.036 55.1 Lewisburg 9,247 86 579 55.0 13.1 0.132 0.240 0.032 64.2 Newport 3,705 85 255 67.1 13.9 0.119 0.177 0.035 79.7 Marietta 34,659 89 2,826 61.5 13.6 0.170 0.277 0.041 69.0 Conestoga 642 95 147 57.6 15.4 0.490 0.852 0.117 60.6 Table 11. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Nitrate plus Nitrite, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 9,263 56.9 4.2 1.86 3.26 0.469 66.7 Danville 14,903 90 16,419 64.5 4.7 2.29 3.55 0.560 71.3 Lewisburg 9,247 86 11,023 73.2 4.6 2.52 3.44 0.606 85.3 Newport 3,705 85 9,072 75.8 3.5 4.23 5.57 1.244 84.2 Marietta 34,659 89 68,334 75.0 5.0 4.11 5.48 1.002 84.3 Conestoga 642 95 6,963 83.7 4.9 23.15 27.67 5.509 88.1 Table 12. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Organic Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 6,231 62.1 6.8 1.25 2.01 0.316 72.8 Danville 14,903 90 9,421 59.4 6.7 1.31 2.21 0.321 65.7 Lewisburg 9,247 86 4,308 58.4 12.7 0.98 1.68 0.237 68.1 Newport 3,705 85 2,870 72.6 12.4 1.34 1.84 0.393 86.2 Marietta 34,659 89 23,156 67.9 9.2 1.39 2.05 0.339 76.3 Conestoga 642 95 692 37.2 11.6 2.30 6.19 0.548 39.1 12

Table 13. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Phosphorus, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 1,043 126.4 10.5 0.209 0.165 0.053 148.2 Danville 14,903 90 1,267 118.8 12.9 0.177 0.149 0.043 131.4 Lewisburg 9,247 86 507 104.7 18.8 0.116 0.111 0.028 122.1 Newport 3,705 85 245 66.4 10.0 0.114 0.172 0.034 78.8 Marietta 34,659 89 1,424 62.5 9.3 0.086 0.137 0.021 70.2 Conestoga 642 95 182 71.9 7.4 0.605 0.842 0.144 75.7 Table 14. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Orthophosphate, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 849 183.9 12.3 0.170 0.093 0.043 215.5 Danville 14,903 90 980 165.3 16.9 0.136 0.083 0.033 183.0 Lewisburg 9,247 86 416 177.6 22.0 0.095 0.054 0.023 207.1 Newport 3,705 85 184 85.5 11.6 0.086 0.100 0.025 101.5 Marietta 34,659 89 1,032 82.9 10.3 0.062 0.075 0.015 93.2 Conestoga 642 95 152 72.6 7.7 0.506 0.696 0.120 76.5 Table 15. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Ammonia, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 549 51.7 11.4 0.110 0.213 0.028 60.6 Danville 14,903 90 975 52.1 12.8 0.136 0.261 0.033 57.6 Lewisburg 9,247 86 550 60.6 12.2 0.126 0.207 0.030 70.6 Newport 3,705 85 185 56.5 14.3 0.086 0.152 0.025 67.1 Marietta 34,659 89 2,464 61.9 13.2 0.148 0.239 0.036 69.6 Conestoga 642 95 142 60.8 15.6 0.471 0.775 0.112 64.0 Table 16. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 15,473 64.5 3.8 3.10 4.81 0.784 75.6 Danville 14,903 90 25,850 70.3 3.7 3.60 5.12 0.881 77.8 Lewisburg 9,247 86 14,786 71.7 4.5 3.37 4.71 0.812 83.6 Newport 3,705 85 11,204 76.8 3.3 5.22 6.80 1.536 91.2 Marietta 34,659 89 82,750 73.6 4.5 4.97 6.76 1.212 82.6 Conestoga 642 95 7,434 78.4 3.9 24.71 31.51 5.882 82.6 13

Table 17. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 9,311 57.8 4.4 1.866 3.231 0.472 67.7 Danville 14,903 90 16,435 65.1 4.7 2.289 3.515 0.560 72.1 Lewisburg 9,247 86 11,007 73.6 4.6 2.512 3.411 0.605 85.9 Newport 3,705 85 9,096 76.6 3.5 4.237 5.531 1.247 91.0 Marietta 34,659 89 68,547 75.7 5.1 4.121 5.442 1.005 85.1 Conestoga 642 95 6,839 83.7 4.9 22.735 27.149 5.411 88.2 Table 18. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 4,838 68.6 7.7 0.970 1.413 0.245 80.4 Danville 14,903 90 7,029 70.5 6.2 0.979 1.388 0.240 78.0 Lewisburg 9,247 86 3,651 73.1 10.8 0.833 1.140 0.201 85.2 Newport 3,705 85 1,823 72.5 9.8 0.849 1.171 0.250 86.2 Marietta 34,659 89 13,248 68.6 10.1 0.797 1.161 0.194 77.0 Conestoga 642 95 493 43.2 10.6 1.638 3.794 0.390 45.5 Table 19. Annual Water Discharges and Annual Loads and Yields of Total Organic Carbon, Calendar Year 2009 2009 2009 Load 2009 LTM 2009 Conc.

Discharge Load Prediction Site Discharge thousands Yield Yield Ave. Conc.  % of

% of LTM  % of LTM Error %

cfs of lbs lbs/ac/yr lb/ac/yr mg/l LTM Towanda 10,031 85 61,004 74.6 3.1 12.23 16.38 3.089 87.5 Danville 14,903 90 89,089 78.1 3.0 12.41 15.88 3.036 86.5 Lewisburg 9,247 86 37,288 82.5 4.5 8.51 10.32 2.048 96.2 Newport 3,705 85 23,575 84.4 4.9 10.98 13.02 3.232 100.2 Marietta 34,659 89 200,454 84.8 3.6 12.05 14.21 2.938 95.3 Conestoga 642 95 5,237 69.9 5.3 17.41 24.90 4.143 73.6 14

Table 20. Seasonal Mean Water Discharges and Loads of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 Mean Q TN TNOx TON TNH3 DN DNOx DON DNH3 TP DP DOP TOC SS Station Season cfs Thousands of pounds Fall 9,356 3,733 2,099 1,302 143 3,573 2,120 1,069 120 405 273 229 14,686 105,575 Towanda Winter 14,545 6,838 4,132 2,099 276 6,355 4,149 1,614 244 679 331 272 18,969 358,010 Spring 10,392 4,168 2,155 1,714 134 3,796 2,165 1,339 126 454 259 204 15,738 148,998 Summer 5,934 2,011 878 1,116 65 1,747 878 816 59 293 180 141 11,610 75,094 Fall 14,305 6,865 4,205 2,068 255 6,499 4,218 1,690 235 629 333 265 22,303 229,083 Danville Winter 20,165 10,771 6,887 2,917 460 10,125 6,902 2,256 430 872 407 313 25,153 375,641 Spring 15,821 6,910 3,650 2,670 238 6,182 3,647 1,890 211 640 316 238 23,273 233,944 Summer 9,609 3,589 1,677 1,766 115 3,045 1,668 1,194 99 423 212 164 18,360 155,171 Fall 10,533 4,425 3,247 1,193 160 4,264 3,251 1,032 148 261 146 115 11,821 98,603 Lewisburg Winter 12,140 5,577 4,052 1,455 229 5,343 4,054 1,193 227 294 155 129 10,753 130,929 Spring 9,284 3,581 2,459 1,063 129 3,423 2,446 917 123 204 130 111 8,485 57,176 Summer 5,196 1,864 1,264 598 61 1,756 1,256 508 53 117 77 61 6,230 32,823 Fall 4,717 4,392 3,235 1,014 77 4,022 3,256 643 55 209 101 79 8,542 97,293 Newport Winter 3,127 2,560 2,074 434 44 2,446 2,076 316 33 55 32 23 3,820 14,036 Spring 5,708 4,378 3,178 1,167 107 3,954 3,183 679 78 201 85 61 8,833 95,627 15 Summer 1,318 838 584 254 27 782 581 184 19 45 28 21 2,380 7,061 Fall 37,953 28,818 21,089 6,766 863 25,752 21,266 3,965 752 1,391 532 397 59,845 849,782 Marietta Winter 40,946 29,276 22,680 5,876 1,003 26,552 22,744 3,594 889 1,030 318 221 48,275 664,247 Spring 40,265 23,938 16,908 6,707 658 20,518 16,869 3,600 565 1,107 324 229 56,573 627,549 Summer 20,048 11,603 7,657 3,806 303 9,928 7,669 2,090 258 640 249 186 35,762 280,675 Fall 917 2,675 2,382 253 70 2,520 2,344 146 67 132 77 65 1,998 47,530 Conestoga Winter 466 1,586 1,463 128 21 1,567 1,430 112 20 28 20 17 729 4,745 Spring 693 2,043 1,823 199 33 1,988 1,791 151 32 65 37 30 1,387 20,523 Summer 496 1,387 1,295 112 23 1,359 1,274 84 22 68 48 41 1,122 15,169

Table 21. Seasonal Mean Water Discharges and Yields of Nutrients and Suspended Sediment, Calendar Year 2009 Mean Q TN TNOx TON TNH3 DN DNOx DON DNH3 TP DP DOP TOC SS Station Season cfs Lbs/acre Fall 9,356 0.75 0.42 0.26 0.03 0.72 0.42 0.21 0.02 0.081 0.055 0.046 2.94 21.16 Towanda Winter 14,545 1.37 0.83 0.42 0.06 1.27 0.83 0.32 0.05 0.136 0.066 0.055 3.80 71.74 Spring 10,392 0.84 0.43 0.34 0.03 0.76 0.43 0.27 0.03 0.091 0.052 0.041 3.15 29.86 Summer 5,934 0.24 0.18 0.22 0.01 0.35 0.18 0.16 0.01 0.059 0.036 0.028 2.33 15.05 Fall 14,305 0.96 0.59 0.29 0.04 0.91 0.59 0.24 0.03 0.088 0.046 0.037 3.11 31.90 Danville Winter 20,165 1.50 0.96 0.41 0.06 1.41 0.96 0.31 0.06 0.121 0.057 0.044 3.50 52.31 Spring 15,821 0.96 0.51 0.37 0.03 0.86 0.51 0.26 0.03 0.089 0.044 0.033 3.24 32.58 Summer 9,609 0.50 0.23 0.25 0.02 0.42 0.23 0.17 0.01 0.059 0.030 0.023 2.56 21.61 Fall 10,533 1.01 0.74 0.27 0.04 0.97 0.74 0.24 0.03 0.060 0.033 0.026 2.70 22.50 Lewisburg Winter 12,140 1.27 0.92 0.33 0.05 1.22 0.93 0.27 0.05 0.067 0.035 0.029 2.45 29.88 Spring 9,284 0.82 0.56 0.24 0.03 0.78 0.56 0.21 0.03 0.047 0.030 0.025 1.94 13.05 Summer 5,196 0.43 0.29 0.14 0.01 0.40 0.29 0.12 0.01 0.027 0.018 0.014 1.42 7.49 Fall 4,717 2.05 1.51 0.47 0.04 1.87 1.52 0.30 0.03 0.097 0.047 0.037 3.98 45.33 Newport Winter 3,127 1.19 0.97 0.20 0.02 1.14 0.97 0.15 0.02 0.026 0.015 0.011 1.78 6.54 Spring 5,708 2.04 1.48 0.54 0.05 1.84 1.48 0.32 0.04 0.094 0.040 0.028 4.11 44.55 16 Summer 1,318 0.39 0.27 0.12 0.01 0.36 0.27 0.09 0.01 0.021 0.013 0.010 1.11 3.29 Fall 37,953 1.73 1.27 0.41 0.05 1.55 1.28 0.24 0.05 0.084 0.032 0.024 3.60 51.09 Marietta Winter 40,946 1.76 1.36 0.35 0.06 1.60 1.37 0.22 0.05 0.062 0.019 0.013 2.90 39.93 Spring 40,265 1.44 1.02 0.40 0.04 1.23 1.01 0.22 0.03 0.067 0.019 0.014 3.40 37.73 Summer 20,048 0.70 0.46 0.23 0.02 0.60 0.46 0.13 0.02 0.038 0.015 0.011 2.15 16.87 Fall 917 8.89 7.92 0.84 0.23 8.38 7.79 0.49 0.22 0.439 0.256 0.216 6.64 158.01 Conestoga Winter 466 5.27 4.86 0.43 0.07 5.21 4.75 0.37 0.07 0.093 0.066 0.057 2.42 15.77 Spring 693 6.79 6.06 0.66 0.11 6.61 5.95 0.50 0.11 0.216 0.123 0.100 4.61 68.23 Summer 496 4.61 4.31 0.37 0.08 4.52 4.24 0.28 0.07 0.226 0.160 0.136 3.73 50.43

Table 22. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS in Thousands of Pounds at Susquehanna River Sites: Towanda, Danville, and Marietta Towanda Danville Marietta Month Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS January 8,315 1,318 85 16,003 14,602 2,683 179 49,964 32,594 8,607 258 131,831 February 11,166 1,652 131 44,730 16,884 2,849 204 71,706 39,018 8,747 293 185,161 March 23,827 3,868 463 297,277 28,694 5,239 489 253,971 51,039 11,922 479 347,255 April 12,764 1,847 165 47,626 18,108 2,886 224 69,604 45,647 9,455 364 203,461 May 8,238 1,102 110 26,335 13,660 1,981 176 57,266 39,516 7,846 365 205,307 June 10,244 1,219 179 75,037 15,766 2,043 240 107,074 35,657 6,637 378 218,781 July 5,808 674 90 19,452 9,634 1,208 133 43,129 19,623 3,609 184 72,057 August 8,437 951 152 48,394 13,282 1,672 220 94,679 27,348 5,517 342 173,733 September 3,479 386 51 7,248 5,787 709 70 17,363 12,943 2,477 114 34,885 October 8,510 1,066 159 60,771 12,447 1,844 223 110,736 31,465 7,686 492 346,831 November 8,667 1,104 112 21,438 13,711 2,094 190 62,420 32,297 7,890 356 191,123 December 10,867 1,563 134 23,366 16,739 2,927 216 55,927 49,916 13,242 543 311,828 Annual# 10,027 16,750 1,831 687,677 14,943 28,135 2,564 993,839 34,755 93,635 4,168 2,422,253

1. Annual flow is average for the year Table 23. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS in Thousands of Pounds at Susquehanna River Tributary Sites: Lewisburg, Newport, and Conestoga Lewisburg Newport Conestoga Month Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS January 7,533 1,282 50 11,936 3,157 953 21 5,477 597 702 14 2,889 February 13,293 1,922 104 49,454 3,769 979 21 6,057 460 492 8 1,155 March 15,705 2,373 140 69,539 2,517 628 13 2,502 340 392 6 701 April 11,457 1,555 83 24,410 6,349 1,655 57 23,517 628 649 15 4,184 May 9,192 1,184 68 17,988 6,662 1,734 91 52,142 756 752 25 8,697 June 7,207 842 53 14,778 4,081 989 53 19,968 694 642 25 7,642 July 4,628 565 32 6,883 1,573 336 17 3,073 425 405 16 2,773 August 8,198 936 68 23,459 1,311 281 16 2,430 551 513 27 6,332 September 2,680 363 17 2,481 1,062 221 12 1,558 512 469 25 6,064 October 9,182 1,203 85 41,105 3,820 1,181 74 36,167 753 715 43 14,425 November 7,876 1,091 56 15,138 2,957 850 32 7,760 659 653 24 4,718 December 14,457 2,131 120 42,360 7,316 2,361 103 53,366 1,332 1,307 65 28,387 Annual# 9,284 15,447 876 319,531 3,715 12,168 510 214,017 642 7,691 293 87,967

1. Annual flow is average for the year 17

Table 24. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS Yields in lbs/acre at Susquehanna River Sites: Towanda, Danville, and Marietta Towanda Danville Marietta Month Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS January 8,315 0.26 0.017 3.21 14,602 0.37 0.025 6.96 32,594 0.52 0.016 7.93 February 11,166 0.33 0.026 8.96 16,884 0.40 0.028 9.99 39,018 0.53 0.018 11.13 March 23,827 0.78 0.093 59.57 28,694 0.73 0.068 35.37 51,039 0.72 0.029 20.88 April 12,764 0.37 0.033 9.54 18,108 0.40 0.031 9.69 45,647 0.57 0.022 12.23 May 8,238 0.22 0.022 5.28 13,660 0.28 0.025 7.97 39,516 0.47 0.022 12.34 June 10,244 0.24 0.036 15.04 15,766 0.28 0.033 14.91 35,657 0.40 0.023 13.15 July 5,808 0.14 0.018 3.90 9,634 0.17 0.019 6.01 19,623 0.22 0.011 4.33 August 8,437 0.19 0.030 9.70 13,282 0.23 0.031 13.19 27,348 0.33 0.021 10.44 September 3,479 0.08 0.010 1.45 5,787 0.10 0.010 2.42 12,943 0.15 0.007 2.10 October 8,510 0.21 0.032 12.18 12,447 0.26 0.031 15.42 31,465 0.46 0.030 20.85 November 8,667 0.22 0.022 4.30 13,711 0.29 0.026 8.69 32,297 0.47 0.021 11.49 December 10,867 0.31 0.027 4.68 16,739 0.41 0.030 7.79 49,916 0.80 0.033 18.75 Annual# 10,027 3.36 0.367 137.81 14,943 3.92 0.357 138.40 34,755 5.63 0.251 145.62

1. Annual flow is average for the year Table 25. 2009 Monthly Flow in CFS and TN, TP, and SS Yields in lbs/acre at Susquehanna River Tributary Sites: Lewisburg, Newport, and Conestoga Lewisburg Newport Conestoga Month Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS Q TN TP SS January 7,533 0.29 0.011 2.72 3,157 0.44 0.010 2.55 597 2.33 0.047 9.60 February 13,293 0.44 0.024 11.29 3,769 0.46 0.010 2.82 460 1.64 0.027 3.84 March 15,705 0.54 0.032 15.87 2,517 0.29 0.006 1.17 340 1.30 0.020 2.33 April 11,457 0.35 0.019 5.57 6,349 0.77 0.027 10.96 628 2.16 0.050 13.91 May 9,192 0.27 0.016 4.10 6,662 0.81 0.042 24.29 756 2.50 0.083 28.91 June 7,207 0.19 0.012 3.37 4,081 0.46 0.025 9.30 694 2.13 0.083 25.41 July 4,628 0.13 0.007 1.57 1,573 0.16 0.008 1.43 425 1.35 0.053 9.22 August 8,198 0.21 0.016 5.35 1,311 0.13 0.007 1.13 551 1.71 0.090 21.05 September 2,680 0.08 0.004 0.57 1,062 0.10 0.006 0.73 512 1.56 0.083 20.16 October 9,182 0.27 0.019 9.38 3,820 0.55 0.034 16.85 753 2.38 0.143 47.96 November 7,876 0.25 0.013 3.45 2,957 0.40 0.015 3.62 659 2.17 0.080 15.68 December 14,457 0.49 0.027 9.67 7,316 1.10 0.048 24.86 1,332 4.35 0.216 94.37 Annual# 9,284 3.53 0.200 72.92 3,715 5.67 0.238 99.70 642 25.57 0.974 292.44

1. Annual flow is average for the year 18

Table 26. Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity, and pH Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009 Temperature (C°) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Conductivity (umhos/cm) pH (S.U.)

Station Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Chemung 0.1 24.4 10.7 11.2 8.0 6.25 13.33 10.59 10.33 2.34 169 483 302 310 76 7.1 8.4 7.6 7.7 0.45 Cohocton 0.4 26.5 10.7 11.5 8.3 7.60 13.15 9.72 10.52 1.75 273 756 460 459 124 7.0 8.0 7.4 7.4 0.32 Conklin 0.1 24.7 13.1 13.0 8.5 7.62 13.50 10.60 10.15 1.69 108 231 191 176 36 6.6 7.6 7.1 7.1 0.33 Smithboro 0.1 21.8 10.7 11.5 7.4 7.17 13.15 10.19 10.18 1.93 115 283 194 197 53 6.8 8.5 7.4 7.5 0.56 Unadilla 0.1 23.7 9.4 11.9 8.4 7.82 13.55 10.27 10.32 1.80 139 292 242 235 41 6.8 7.8 7.3 7.3 0.25 Castanea 0.2 21.5 11.4 11.8 7.3 8.26 17.33 10.91 11.33 2.67 195 371 276 276 55 6.8 8.8 7.5 7.4 0.52 Conestoga 3.2 24.5 11.9 13.5 6.6 8.41 17.26 10.16 10.78 2.39 378 840 575 573 110 7.5 8.3 7.8 7.9 0.21 Danville 0.1 26.7 13.7 15.9 9.3 6.95 12.70 9.85 9.95 1.76 133 287 210 207 37 6.6 7.8 7.1 7.1 0.33 Dromgold 0.9 22.5 11.7 9.0 6.9 7.68 14.78 11.06 11.58 2.04 102 240 161 160 40 6.9 8.5 7.7 7.6 0.51 Hershey 3.2 23.0 14.6 14.7 6.5 8.11 13.04 10.19 9.96 1.56 155 311 251 255 46 7.5 7.9 7.7 7.7 0.14 Hogestown 2.0 24.1 13.5 12.7 6.4 6.81 13.86 10.66 11.13 2.07 212 526 380 385 100 7.5 8.5 7.9 7.8 0.31 Jersey Shore 0.1 23.4 12.3 11.5 8.3 8.11 19.02 11.39 10.78 3.02 138 314 221 203 57 6.7 7.7 7.1 7.0 0.28 Karthaus 0.2 26.1 12.2 11.9 7.9 7.47 17.39 10.80 10.52 2.62 273 615 379 340 103 6.0 7.2 6.7 6.7 0.31 Lewisburg 0.1 24.3 12.4 12.0 8.7 7.82 19.12 10.93 10.46 2.92 115 268 201 202 40 6.5 7.8 6.9 6.8 0.32 Manchester 3.4 28.7 14.3 13.8 6.9 8.06 14.55 11.07 11.17 1.93 172 339 258 258 46 7.4 8.6 7.6 7.8 0.37 Marietta 3.8 27.0 12.0 14.6 7.5 8.05 15.54 10.97 11.01 2.08 147 299 222 218 33 7.5 8.5 7.9 7.9 0.29 19 Martic Forge 4.7 21.2 10.8 12.7 5.3 8.84 14.58 11.48 11.38 1.92 268 527 416 423 85 7.5 8.4 7.9 7.9 0.24 Newport 1.9 26.6 13.4 14.0 6.8 6.72 14.68 10.41 10.57 2.21 177 312 243 243 39 7.3 9.1 8.0 8.0 0.48 Penns Creek 0.1 22.5 10.0 10.8 6.9 6.67 18.52 11.35 11.08 2.88 145 242 199 194 31 6.8 8.1 7.3 7.3 0.45 Saxton 0.8 27.4 12.4 12.9 8.0 9.40 13.98 11.32 11.28 1.16 126 399 237 253 90 7.4 8.8 7.9 7.9 0.42 Towanda 0.1 24.3 11.6 12.7 8.9 7.07 13.68 10.10 10.27 1.94 130 333 233 232 53 6.7 8.2 7.2 7.3 0.37 Wilkes-Barre 0.1 25.1 12.8 13.6 9.0 7.37 13.33 9.97 9.99 1.72 133 334 226 226 49 6.8 7.9 7.3 7.3 0.33 Richardsmere 3.8 26.6 12.1 14.0 7.0 9.17 15.05 11.20 11.34 1.69 175 276 248 237 30 7.3 8.7 7.8 7.9 0.35

Table 27. Total Nitrogen Species Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L Total Nitrogen Total Ammonium Total Nitrate plus Nitrite Total Organic Nitrogen Station Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Chemung 0.59 1.30 0.89 0.91 0.23 0.01 0.118 0.035 0.046 0.036 0.209 0.983 0.453 0.480 0.206 0.216 0.757 0.364 0.387 0.154 Cohocton 0.71 1.75 1.13 1.15 0.30 0.02 0.092 0.045 0.049 0.026 0.274 1.250 0.795 0.727 0.290 0.231 0.725 0.300 0.377 0.157 Conklin 0.40 0.92 0.63 0.64 0.15 0.01 0.104 0.030 0.039 0.024 0.148 0.728 0.260 0.341 0.173 0.078 0.549 0.241 0.262 0.131 Smithboro 0.54 1.05 0.75 0.76 0.14 0.01 0.075 0.031 0.032 0.022 0.184 0.815 0.382 0.398 0.196 0.117 0.619 0.322 0.329 0.150 Unadilla 0.55 1.17 0.81 0.83 0.20 0.01 0.086 0.030 0.035 0.022 0.106 0.986 0.437 0.512 0.245 0.088 0.869 0.240 0.283 0.195 Castanea 0.87 2.41 1.36 1.39 0.41 0.02 0.060 0.020 0.028 0.013 0.600 1.600 1.070 1.105 0.306 0.030 1.400 0.200 0.277 0.360 Conestoga 4.41 9.16 6.63 6.72 1.37 0.02 0.520 0.060 0.088 0.102 3.720 8.700 6.340 6.239 1.569 0.030 1.250 0.340 0.469 0.341 Danville 0.57 2.01 0.94 0.86 0.33 0.02 0.090 0.036 0.020 0.022 0.180 2.000 0.614 0.490 0.393 0.120 0.590 0.304 0.320 0.123 Dromgold 1.32 3.19 1.75 1.60 0.49 0.02 0.050 0.026 0.020 0.011 0.930 2.120 1.430 1.430 0.297 0.080 1.650 0.324 0.155 0.413 Hershey 2.82 4.09 3.49 3.53 0.35 0.02 0.150 0.047 0.030 0.040 1.890 3.940 3.108 3.265 0.529 0.080 0.960 0.333 0.200 0.297 Hogestown 2.54 4.95 3.89 3.96 0.71 0.02 0.070 0.030 0.030 0.014 1.760 4.670 3.465 3.580 0.789 0.060 1.900 0.396 0.250 0.458 Jersey Shore 0.40 1.47 0.67 0.65 0.27 0.02 0.060 0.030 0.020 0.016 0.290 0.790 0.454 0.415 0.133 0.040 1.140 0.185 0.085 0.283 Karthaus 0.25 1.75 0.57 0.49 0.38 0.02 0.110 0.041 0.030 0.027 0.170 0.680 0.334 0.310 0.133 0.020 1.400 0.198 0.110 0.351 Lewisburg 0.47 2.02 0.89 0.82 0.31 0.02 0.110 0.034 0.020 0.023 0.330 1.010 0.651 0.640 0.208 0.040 1.020 0.210 0.155 0.196 Manchester 1.00 3.88 2.57 2.53 0.69 0.02 0.110 0.030 0.045 0.032 0.670 3.390 2.000 1.863 0.649 0.210 1.940 0.350 0.622 0.503 Marietta 0.96 2.02 1.30 1.34 0.28 0.02 0.110 0.030 0.038 0.022 0.530 1.610 0.980 1.012 0.296 0.110 0.660 0.260 0.295 0.140 20 Martic Forge 5.21 9.44 6.51 7.04 1.33 0.02 0.240 0.060 0.097 0.078 3.180 9.510 6.155 6.336 1.966 0.010 1.900 0.900 0.964 0.567 Newport 0.98 3.33 1.49 1.61 0.47 0.02 0.110 0.030 0.034 0.020 0.810 1.750 1.180 1.200 0.248 0.060 2.210 0.230 0.380 0.439 Penns Creek 0.92 2.18 1.43 1.49 0.41 0.02 0.110 0.030 0.039 0.026 0.760 1.900 1.075 1.135 0.357 0.030 0.840 0.250 0.316 0.236 Saxton 1.18 2.69 1.64 1.73 0.36 0.02 0.060 0.020 0.027 0.014 0.890 1.830 1.410 1.389 0.274 0.080 1.480 0.160 0.337 0.430 Towanda 0.45 1.23 0.75 0.80 0.20 0.02 0.060 0.020 0.025 0.010 0.090 1.070 0.440 0.474 0.258 0.090 0.740 0.300 0.299 0.144 Wilkes-Barre 0.51 1.07 0.78 0.79 0.19 0.02 0.070 0.025 0.033 0.018 0.040 1.010 0.380 0.408 0.258 0.010 0.590 0.395 0.351 0.158 Richardsmere 4.68 8.50 6.35 6.48 1.18 0.02 0.210 0.095 0.094 0.065 3.810 8.260 5.630 5.896 1.458 0.030 1.670 0.600 0.574 0.449

Table 28. Dissolved Nitrogen Species Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L Dissolved Nitrogen Dissolved Ammonium Dissolved Nitrate plus Nitrite Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Station Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Chemung 0.50 1.29 0.75 0.82 0.25 0.010 0.111 0.051 0.052 0.034 0.209 0.983 0.465 0.509 0.243 0.159 0.405 0.240 0.258 0.069 Cohocton 0.69 1.59 1.22 1.18 0.33 0.019 0.089 0.039 0.045 0.025 0.274 1.250 0.795 0.726 0.291 0.231 0.718 0.401 0.408 0.131 Conklin 0.41 0.90 0.61 0.63 0.17 0.013 0.066 0.029 0.033 0.018 0.148 0.730 0.261 0.341 0.173 0.081 0.467 0.232 0.256 0.114 Smithboro 0.45 1.00 0.63 0.69 0.21 0.010 0.076 0.029 0.035 0.023 0.184 0.815 0.384 0.423 0.241 0.131 0.334 0.216 0.230 0.064 Unadilla 0.39 1.32 0.78 0.83 0.30 0.010 0.060 0.025 0.032 0.018 0.106 0.986 0.436 0.511 0.246 0.113 0.739 0.215 0.282 0.173 Castanea 0.78 2.13 1.35 1.34 0.36 0.020 0.060 0.020 0.025 0.011 0.590 1.570 1.070 1.095 0.303 0.050 1.120 0.165 0.238 0.283 Conestoga 4.34 9.16 6.58 6.57 1.43 0.020 0.500 0.050 0.081 0.098 3.720 8.700 6.310 6.162 1.564 0.090 0.830 0.290 0.386 0.240 Danville 0.35 1.99 0.86 0.81 0.35 0.020 0.080 0.031 0.020 0.017 0.180 2.000 0.609 0.490 0.394 0.120 0.410 0.229 0.210 0.091 Dromgold 1.29 2.90 1.71 1.56 0.41 0.020 0.040 0.023 0.020 0.007 0.930 2.120 1.423 1.430 0.298 0.050 1.390 0.282 0.145 0.340 Hershey 2.39 4.09 3.41 3.50 0.45 0.020 0.160 0.045 0.030 0.041 1.900 3.940 3.100 3.245 0.523 0.070 0.760 0.268 0.190 0.237 Hogestown 2.38 4.95 3.84 3.93 0.74 0.020 0.050 0.028 0.025 0.009 1.760 4.670 3.461 3.570 0.794 0.030 1.830 0.356 0.170 0.448 Jersey Shore 0.32 1.47 0.64 0.60 0.27 0.020 0.060 0.025 0.020 0.012 0.290 0.770 0.448 0.415 0.129 0.010 1.150 0.178 0.080 0.297 Karthaus 0.24 1.63 0.54 0.46 0.35 0.020 0.080 0.033 0.025 0.019 0.170 0.680 0.329 0.300 0.133 0.010 1.290 0.182 0.110 0.324 Lewisburg 0.47 1.16 0.82 0.82 0.21 0.020 0.090 0.031 0.020 0.020 0.330 0.960 0.648 0.640 0.205 0.010 0.340 0.147 0.120 0.089 Manchester 0.95 3.64 2.34 2.35 0.64 0.020 0.110 0.030 0.044 0.031 0.650 3.390 2.000 1.849 0.651 0.130 1.400 0.280 0.458 0.321 Marietta 0.76 2.02 1.22 1.22 0.32 0.020 0.060 0.030 0.030 0.013 0.530 1.610 0.980 1.007 0.295 0.040 0.370 0.160 0.178 0.079 21 Martic Forge 4.25 9.17 6.46 6.78 1.54 0.020 0.220 0.045 0.081 0.072 3.180 9.480 6.080 6.263 1.895 0.280 1.230 0.625 0.656 0.275 Newport 0.95 3.33 1.42 1.49 0.46 0.020 0.100 0.020 0.027 0.016 0.810 1.760 1.150 1.191 0.246 0.060 2.220 0.140 0.275 0.410 Penns Creek 0.92 1.98 1.30 1.39 0.34 0.020 0.110 0.020 0.033 0.024 0.700 1.880 1.080 1.115 0.366 0.040 0.530 0.220 0.245 0.151 Saxton 1.09 2.69 1.59 1.64 0.37 0.020 0.060 0.020 0.024 0.011 0.890 1.830 1.420 1.389 0.278 0.050 1.480 0.145 0.241 0.366 Towanda 0.27 1.21 0.68 0.71 0.23 0.020 0.040 0.020 0.022 0.005 0.090 1.060 0.440 0.471 0.255 0.030 0.430 0.200 0.212 0.101 Wilkes-Barre 0.28 1.04 0.67 0.69 0.24 0.020 0.070 0.020 0.029 0.015 0.040 1.010 0.385 0.408 0.257 0.150 0.460 0.240 0.267 0.096 Richardsmere 4.48 8.43 6.18 6.32 1.27 0.020 0.210 0.095 0.090 0.063 3.810 8.260 5.560 5.838 1.462 0.030 0.850 0.465 0.466 0.271

Table 29. Phosphorus Species and Total Suspended Solids Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L Total Phosphorus Dissolved Phosphorus Orthophosphorus Total Suspended Solids Station Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Chemung 0.029 0.156 0.088 0.090 0.039 0.032 0.090 0.050 0.058 0.024 0.023 0.088 0.049 0.055 0.026 2.2 111 6.8 22.6 32.6 Cohocton 0.020 0.132 0.061 0.070 0.033 0.016 0.068 0.048 0.046 0.016 0.015 0.068 0.038 0.042 0.017 1.4 103 4.0 15.7 26.9 Conklin 0.014 0.128 0.066 0.066 0.035 0.008 0.087 0.031 0.039 0.023 0.008 0.079 0.031 0.035 0.024 2.4 77 7.5 16.6 20.9 Smithboro 0.023 0.183 0.052 0.064 0.045 0.012 0.060 0.025 0.032 0.017 0.012 0.059 0.023 0.029 0.018 1.6 71 13.1 23.6 22.2 Unadilla 0.012 0.191 0.054 0.067 0.045 0.008 0.071 0.037 0.039 0.020 0.008 0.070 0.037 0.037 0.021 2.6 149 6.1 19.5 39.0 Castanea 0.013 0.108 0.028 0.037 0.026 0.010 0.091 0.012 0.024 0.023 0.010 0.078 0.010 0.019 0.019 5.0 18 5.0 7.2 4.1 Conestoga 0.044 0.468 0.156 0.187 0.116 0.027 0.314 0.109 0.128 0.073 0.018 0.274 0.091 0.107 0.064 5.0 150 16.0 27.4 34.2 Danville 0.020 0.142 0.075 0.071 0.032 0.010 0.121 0.042 0.037 0.026 0.010 0.106 0.032 0.022 0.024 5.0 60 18.7 14.0 17.1 Dromgold 0.013 0.147 0.038 0.028 0.034 0.010 0.091 0.025 0.018 0.021 0.010 0.070 0.018 0.014 0.015 5.0 30 9.1 5.0 7.5 Hershey 0.024 0.352 0.072 0.049 0.089 0.018 0.110 0.035 0.028 0.025 0.013 0.089 0.029 0.025 0.020 5.0 178 24.9 9.0 48.8 Hogestown 0.010 0.136 0.037 0.024 0.034 0.010 0.094 0.022 0.016 0.021 0.010 0.043 0.016 0.014 0.010 5.0 106 16.9 5.5 25.9 Jersey Shore 0.010 0.076 0.037 0.033 0.024 0.010 0.072 0.027 0.010 0.023 0.010 0.059 0.022 0.010 0.017 5.0 26 8.9 5.0 6.9 Karthaus 0.010 0.065 0.026 0.019 0.019 0.010 0.037 0.014 0.010 0.008 0.010 0.034 0.014 0.010 0.007 5.0 48 11.1 6.0 11.9 Lewisburg 0.012 0.114 0.040 0.036 0.028 0.010 0.099 0.026 0.012 0.024 0.010 0.083 0.021 0.010 0.019 5.0 38 9.5 5.0 9.3 Manchester 0.046 0.470 0.091 0.157 0.128 0.028 0.265 0.074 0.109 0.076 0.019 0.236 0.057 0.091 0.066 5.0 260 8.0 33.2 63.5 Marietta 0.021 0.200 0.046 0.061 0.047 0.010 0.050 0.014 0.019 0.011 0.010 0.034 0.011 0.015 0.008 5.0 160 12.0 25.3 37.7 22 Martic Forge 0.032 1.042 0.159 0.364 0.382 0.017 0.676 0.114 0.218 0.223 0.012 0.629 0.099 0.192 0.201 5.0 350 19.0 77.3 114.8 Newport 0.019 0.137 0.042 0.051 0.031 0.012 0.058 0.018 0.026 0.015 0.010 0.045 0.015 0.021 0.012 5.0 74 8.0 15.1 17.2 Penns Creek 0.010 0.296 0.034 0.058 0.075 0.010 0.155 0.021 0.036 0.040 0.010 0.135 0.018 0.028 0.035 5.0 86 7.0 16.9 21.9 Saxton 0.010 0.268 0.021 0.043 0.065 0.010 0.027 0.010 0.013 0.005 0.010 0.024 0.010 0.012 0.004 5.0 292 5.0 31.3 73.8 Towanda 0.019 0.195 0.060 0.073 0.043 0.013 0.101 0.042 0.044 0.023 0.012 0.077 0.035 0.036 0.019 5.0 174 10.0 25.4 38.0 Wilkes-Barre 0.020 0.156 0.053 0.068 0.043 0.011 0.066 0.028 0.032 0.018 0.010 0.055 0.021 0.025 0.014 5.0 106 13.0 25.6 29.1 Richardsmere 0.063 0.546 0.128 0.174 0.136 0.030 0.195 0.092 0.101 0.053 0.021 0.173 0.075 0.084 0.048 5.0 266 7.0 33.6 66.0

Table 30. Flow, Total Organic Carbon, Total Kjeldahl, and Dissolved Kjeldahl Summary Statistics of Samples Collected During 2009, in mg/L Flow (cfs) Total Organic Carbon Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen Dissolved Kjeldahl Nitrogen Station Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Min Max Med Mn SD Chemung 308 18,575 2,096 3,468 4,627 2.4 4.6 3.4 3.6 0.79 0.24 0.80 0.38 0.43 0.17 0.25 0.47 0.29 0.31 0.07 Cohocton 65 3,158 281 532 805 2.8 6.7 3.7 4.1 1.16 0.26 0.77 0.33 0.43 0.17 0.30 0.74 0.44 0.45 0.12 Conklin 1,009 17,469 3,331 4,360 4,061 1.5 5.4 3.0 3.3 1.25 0.10 0.58 0.27 0.30 0.14 0.10 0.48 0.27 0.29 0.12 Smithboro 2,728 49,359 8,405 11,088 11,066 1.7 5.6 3.1 3.4 1.28 0.13 0.69 0.35 0.36 0.16 0.16 0.41 0.27 0.27 0.07 Unadilla 273 4,711 517 1,137 1,408 1.5 5.4 3.2 3.1 1.14 0.14 0.91 0.27 0.32 0.20 0.14 0.76 0.24 0.31 0.17 Castanea 314 1,602 549 771 442 1.4 2.4 1.8 1.8 0.33 0.08 1.42 0.23 0.01 0.36 0.07 1.14 0.19 0.26 0.28 Conestoga 299 2,190 563 767 505 1.9 6.2 3.3 3.7 1.34 0.03 1.29 0.51 0.54 0.35 0.13 0.90 0.46 0.47 0.25 Danville 4,819 70,814 15,999 11,966 13,155 1.6 5.6 2.9 2.7 0.98 0.01 0.61 0.33 0.35 0.13 0.14 0.45 0.26 0.23 0.09 Dromgold 53 1,044 427 241 370 1.2 5.9 2.6 2.3 1.38 0.10 1.67 0.35 0.18 0.41 0.07 1.41 0.31 0.17 0.34 Hershey 337 5,333 1,320 758 1,379 1.4 9.7 3.0 2.6 2.18 0.10 1.06 0.38 0.23 0.31 0.09 0.78 0.31 0.21 0.24 Hogestown 169 3,659 1,067 595 1,160 1.4 6.5 2.7 2.1 1.38 0.08 1.94 0.43 0.28 0.46 0.05 1.87 0.38 0.20 0.45 Jersey Shore 1,443 22,904 8,053 6,748 6,289 1.1 2.9 1.6 1.4 0.53 0.08 1.16 0.22 0.13 0.28 0.03 1.17 0.19 0.10 0.29 Karthaus 424 4,815 2,040 1,871 1,462 0.9 2.9 1.5 1.3 0.58 0.04 1.43 0.24 0.17 0.35 0.03 1.31 0.22 0.15 0.32 23 Lewisburg 2,423 25,991 9,096 7,229 6,257 1.2 3.8 1.8 1.6 0.68 0.01 1.08 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.01 0.39 0.17 0.16 0.09 Manchester 110 9,109 682 1,701 2,355 2.4 12.3 4.3 5.7 3.10 0.23 2.03 0.37 0.67 0.53 0.15 1.49 0.32 0.50 0.35 Marietta 9,623 135,571 29,672 37,955 27,015 1.7 4.9 2.6 2.8 0.92 0.15 0.71 0.28 0.32 0.14 0.10 0.51 0.20 0.22 0.10 Martic Forge 97 791 160 287 222 1.3 11.3 3.7 4.7 3.50 0.07 2.03 0.97 1.08 0.63 0.30 1.39 0.73 0.75 0.32 Newport 982 23,016 3,547 5,354 5,332 1.8 5.9 2.5 2.8 1.03 0.08 2.26 0.27 0.41 0.44 0.08 2.26 0.16 0.30 0.41 Penns Creek 128 2040 348 544 543 1.4 6.4 2.1 2.8 1.44 0.08 0.95 0.30 0.36 0.25 0.08 0.55 0.25 0.28 0.16 Saxton 86 13,995 721 2,015 3,648 1.6 9.5 2.4 2.9 1.96 0.10 1.51 0.19 0.37 0.44 0.07 1.51 0.17 0.27 0.37 Towanda 2,487 67,929 6,655 11,005 12,411 1.8 6.7 2.6 3.1 1.23 0.11 0.76 0.32 0.32 0.14 0.05 0.45 0.22 0.23 0.10 Wilkes-Barre 3,762 74,402 12,339 17,243 16,921 2.0 6.0 3.6 3.5 1.19 0.06 0.61 0.42 0.38 0.16 0.03 0.50 0.25 0.28 0.12 Richardsmere 85 1,511 225 395 399 2.3 11.6 3.7 4.4 2.34 0.12 1.88 0.65 0.68 0.47 0.05 0.98 0.49 0.53 0.31

COMPARISON OF THE 2009 LOADS AND YIELDS OF TOTAL NITROGEN, TOTAL PHOSPHORUS, AND SUSPENDED SEDIMENT WITH THE BASELINES Annual fluctuations of nutrient and SS loads means that there is perfect correlation between and water discharge create difficulties in the two variables-flow and the individual determining whether the changes observed were parameter. The closer the R2 is to a value of related to land use, nutrient availability, or one, the better the regression line is for simply annual water discharge. Ott and others accurately using one variable (flow) to predict (1991) used the relationship between annual the other. R2 values less than 0.5 have poor loads and annual water discharge to provide a predictive value (< 50 percent) and have been method to reduce the variability of loadings due noted with an asterisk (*) in Tables 31 and 32.

to discharge. This was accomplished by plotting Where R2 value was low for a parameter when the annual yields against the water-discharge using linear regression to explain the ratio. This water-discharge ratio is the ratio of relationship, the Y value is the yield value that the annual mean discharge to the LTM the regression line predicts for 2009. The Y discharge. Data from the initial five-year study corresponds to the actual 2009 yield.

(1985-89) were used to provide a best-fit linear regression line to be used as the baseline R2 values for TN tend to be close to one, as relationship between annual yields and water the relationship between TN and flow is very discharge. It was hypothesized that as future consistent through various ranges of flows. R2 yields and water-discharge ratios were plotted values for TP and SS tend to vary more, against the baseline, any significant deviation especially towards higher flows. Thus, when from the baseline would indicate that some regression graphs include high flow events, the change in the annual yield had occurred, and that resulting correlation tends to be less perfect further evaluations to determine the reason for indicated by a low R2 value. This is an the change were warranted. indication that single high flow events, and not necessarily a high flow year, are the highest Several different baselines were developed contributors to high loads in TP and SS. As has for this report. The data collected in 2009 were been evident in the last few years, the high loads compared with the 1985-89 baselines, where that have occurred at Towanda and Danville can possible. Monitoring at some of the stations was be linked directly to high flow events, started after 1987; therefore, a baseline was specifically Tropical Storm Ernesto in 2006 and established for the five-year period following the Hurricane Ivan in 2004. Due to this variation, start of monitoring. Additionally, 2009 yield baseline comparisons for this report utilized both values were plotted against baselines developed linear regression and exponential regression.

from years prior to 2009 including the first half The method yielding the higher R2 value was of the dataset (usually 1985-1996), the second reported as it represents the better descriptor of half of the dataset (usually 1997-2008), and the the data. R2 values listed with an asterisk in entire dataset (usually 1985-2009). Tables 31 and 32 represent baseline comparisons that utilized the exponential regression baseline The results of these analyses are shown in for comparison. Seasonal baselines also were Tables 31 and 32. The R2 value represents the calculated for the initial five years of data at strength of the correlation between the two each site. Table 32 compares these baselines to parameters in the regression. An R2 of one the 2009 seasonal yields.

24

Table 31. Comparison of 2009 TN, TP, and SS Yields with Baseline Yields Initial Baseline First Half Baseline Second Half Baseline Full Baseline 2009 Site/Parameter 2 2 2 2 Q R Y Q R Y Q R Y Q R Y Y TN 0.87* 5.87 0.87 5.50 0.92* 4.18 0.67* 4.61 3.36 Towanda TP 0.82* 0.358 0.91* 0.337 0.89* 0.334 0.88* 0.335 0.367 SS 0.87 0.54* 276.0 0.87 0.79* 303.0 0.82 0.75* 265.3 0.85 0.74* 270.0 137.8 TN 0.96* 8.78 0.87 6.51 0.79* 4.75 0.57* 5.38 3.92 Danville TP 0.97 0.651 0.86 0.479 0.91* 0.335 0.86* 0.386 0.357 SS 1.11 0.99 646.5 0.93 0.82* 314.0 0.87 0.79* 217.9 0.90 0.78* 257.7 138.4 TN 0.91 5.77 0.95 4.84 0.99 4.31 0.84 4.59 3.52 Lewisburg TP 0.93* 0.265 0.90* 0.210 0.95 0.235 0.89* 0.215 0.200 SS 0.94 0.71* 166.4 0.82 0.83* 120.3 0.89 0.67* 150.9 0.85 0.75* 138.0 72.9 TN 0.84 7.78 0.95 6.34 0.99 6.31 0.97 6.31 5.67 Newport TP 0.68 0.442 0.76 0.312 0.85 0.278 0.80 0.293 0.238 SS 0.94 0.94 263.1 0.83 0.90 156.8 0.86 0.88* 126.7 0.84 0.81* 130.4 99.7 TN 1.00 9.41 0.95 7.52 0.98 6.39 0.92 6.88 5.63 Marietta TP 0.79 0.469 0.90 0.401 0.84 0.368 0.87 0.376 0.251 SS 1.04 0.70 385.2 0.91 0.90 303.9 0.87 0.79* 270.1 0.89 0.78* 244.1 145.6 TN 0.99 37.94 0.98 34.08 0.97 31.76 0.97 32.91 25.57 Conestoga TP 0.72* 2.657 0.90 2.403 0.59 1.761 0.65 2.084 0.981 SS 1.02 0.87 1,548.3 0.95 0.89 1,200.2 0.95 0.32# 996.0 0.95 0.57 1,099.6 292.4 Q = discharge ratio R2 = correlation coefficient

• indicates where an exponential regression was used instead of a linear regression as it yielded a higher R2.

1. indicates a R2 that is low and thus is less accurate at predicting Y Table 32. Comparison of 2009 Seasonal TN, TP, and SS Yields with Initial Baseline Yields Site/Parameter Fall Spring Summer Winter Q R2 Y Y09 Q R2 Y Y09 Q R2 Y Y09 Q R2 Y Y09 TN 0.98 1.31 0.75 0.97 1.41 0.84 0.99 0.66 0.40 0.99* 2.17 1.37 Towanda TP 0.97* 0.076 0.081 1.00* 0.073 0.091 0.99 0.049 0.059 0.69* 0.119 0.136 SS 0.832 0.92* 31.8 21.2 0.58 1.00* 44.2 29.9 1.9 0.94* 20.7 15.0 1.04 0.20*# 89.6 71.7 TN 1.00 1.74 0.96 1.00 1.71 0.96 0.99 0.942 0.50 1.00 2.52 1.50 Danville TP 0.98 0.116 0.088 1.00 0.126 0.089 0.93 0.080 0.059 0.97 0.166 0.122 SS 1.09 0.96* 48.1 31.9 0.85 0.98 105.7 32.6 1.77 0.79 35.8 21.6 1.21 0.98* 109.4 52.3 TN 1.00 1.56 1.01 1.00 1.29 0.82 0.99 0.65 0.43 0.99 1.81 1.27 Lewisburg TP 0.99 0.067 0.060 0.99 0.059 0.046 0.97 0.038 0.027 0.99* 0.067 0.067 SS 1.14 0.97* 26.4 22.5 0.69 0.96 27.5 13.0 1.25 0.41# 10.3 7.5 0.95 0.95* 40.0 29.9 TN 1.00 2.839 2.05 0.98 2.511 2.04 1 0.514 0.39 0.96 1.278 1.19 Newport TP 1.00* 0.169 0.10 0.89 0.16 0.09 0.997 0.037 0.02 0.84 0.029 0.03 SS 1.556 0.99* 88.85 45.3 1.02 0.98 109.79 44.5 0.66 0.995 13.02 3.3 0.6 0.83* 13.08 6.5 TN 1.00 2.403 1.73 1.00 2.152 1.44 1.00 1.021 0.70 0.999 2.366 1.76 Marietta TP 1.00 0.122 0.08 0.91 0.119 0.07 0.89* 0.061 0.04 0.872 0.095 0.06 SS 1.3 0.98 99.9 51.1 0.87 0.92 101.96 37.7 1.37 0.91* 34.99 16.9 0.94 0.966 53.75 39.9 TN 0.98 12.37 8.89 1.00 9.81 6.79 0.999 6.179 4.61 1.00* 6.986 5.27 Conestoga TP 0.85 1.034 0.44 0.99 0.666 0.22 0.21# 0.682 0.23 0.45*# 0.414 0.10 SS 1.778 0.95 300.58 158.0 0.99 0.98 412.57 68.2 0.91 0.16# 548.4 50.4 0.62 0.25*# 129.2 15.8 Q = discharge ratio R2 = correlation coefficient

• indicates where an exponential regression was used instead of a linear regression as it yielded a higher R2.

1. indicates a R2 that is low and thus is less accurate at predicting Y 25

DISCHARGE, NUTRIENT, AND (FLOW) and FAC. Trends in FLOW indicate SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT TRENDS the natural changes in hydrology. Changes in flow and the cumulative sources of flow (base Flow-Adjusted Concentration (FAC) trend flow and overland runoff) affect the observed analyses of water quality and flow data collected concentrations and the estimated loads of at the six Group A monitoring sites were nutrients and SS. The FAC is the concentration completed for the period January 1985 through after the effects of flow are removed from the December 2009. Trends were estimated based concentration time series. Trends in FAC on the USGS water year, October 1 to indicate that changes have occurred in the September 30, using the USGS 7-parameter, processes that deliver constituents to the stream log-linear regression model (ESTIMATOR) system. After the effects of flow are removed, developed by Cohn and others (1989) and this is the concentration that relates to the effects described in Langland and others (1999). This of nutrient-reduction activities and other actions estimator relates the constituent concentration to taking place in the watershed. A description of water discharge, seasonal effects, and long-term the methodology is included in Langland and trends, and computes the best-fit regression others (1999).

equation. These tests were used to estimate the direction and magnitude of trends for discharge, Trend results for each monitoring site are SS, TOC, and several forms of nitrogen and presented in Tables 33 through 38. Each table phosphorus. Slope, p-value, and sigma (error) lists the results for flow, the various nitrogen and values are taken directly from ESTIMATOR phosphorus species, TOC, and SS. The level of output. These values are then used to calculate significance was set by a p-value of 0.05 for flow-adjusted trends using the following FAC (Langland and others, 1999). The equations: magnitude of the slope incorporates a confidence interval and was reported as a range Trend = (minimum and maximum). The trend percent 100*(exp(Slope * (end yr - begin yr)) - 1) change was the magnitude of change in flow-adjusted concentration estimated to have Trend minimum = occurred over the trend period. The values were 100*(exp((Slope - (1.96*sigma)) recorded as a range with the actual value located

• (end yr - begin yr)) - 1) within the range. The slope direction indicated the direction of the trend percent change and Trend maximum = was reported as not significant (NS) or, when 100*(exp((Slope + (1.96*sigma)) significant, as down to indicate decreasing FACs

• (end yr - begin yr)) - 1) and improving trends or up to indicate increasing FACs and degrading trends. When a The computer application S-Plus with the time series for a particular parameter had greater USGS ESTREND library addition was used to than 20 percent of its observations BMDL, a conduct Seasonal Kendall trend analysis on trend analysis could not be completed and it was flows (Schertz and others, 1991). Trend results listed as BMDL.

were reported for monthly mean discharge 26

Table 33. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Towanda, Pa., October 1988 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK 52.63 0.3930 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -43.2 -40.0 -36.6 37-43 Down DN 602 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -39.8 -36.1 -32.2 32-40 Down TON 605 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -51.3 -45.2 -38.4 38-51 Down DON 607 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -43.1 -35.5 -26.8 27-43 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -41.8 -31.3 -19.1 N/A BMDL TNH3 610 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -51.4 -42.4 -31.9 32-51 Down DKN 623 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -41.2 -34.2 -26.2 26-41 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -50.8 -45.1 -38.8 39-51 Down TNOx 630 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -40.4 -36.2 -31.8 32-40 Down DNOx 631 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -40.2 -35.9 -31.2 31-40 Down TP 665 FAC 0.00 0.8120 -11.1 1.6 16.1 N/A NS DP 666 FAC 0.00 0.7570 -11.2 2.2 17.7 N/A NS DOP 671 FAC 0.10 <0.0001 486.2 633.0 816.5 486-817 Up TOC 680 FAC 0.00 0.0043 -12.4 -7.5 -2.3 2-12 Down SS 80154 FAC -0.02 0.0012 -41.8 -28.6 -12.3 12-42 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend Table 34. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Danville, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK 111.3 0.1259 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -48.4 -45.4 -42.2 42-48 Down DN 602 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -42.6 -39.0 -35.2 35-43 Down TON 605 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -59.9 -54.9 -49.3 49-60 Down DON 607 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -48.9 -42.8 -36.0 36-49 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -53.3 -44.7 -34.5 N/A BMDL TNH3 610 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -58.0 -50.7 -42.2 42-58 Down DKN 623 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -48.2 -42.6 -36.3 36-48 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -60.0 -55.5 -50.4 50-60 Down TNOx 630 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -40.4 -36.3 -32.0 32-40 Down DNOx 631 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -40.8 -36.5 -31.8 32-41 Down TP 665 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -34.7 -25.2 -14.3 14-35 Down DP 666 FAC 0.00 0.6024 -17.8 -4.0 12.1 N/A NS DOP 671 FAC 0.09 <0.0001 518.4 693.4 918.1 N/A BMDL TOC 680 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -23.9 -19.4 -14.8 15-24 Down SS 80154 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -59.0 -51.2 -41.9 42-59 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend 27

Table 35. Trend Statistics for the West Branch Susquehanna River at Lewisburg, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK -12.50 0.8109 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -36.5 -31.9 -26.9 27-37 Down DN 602 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -31.3 -27.0 -22.4 22-31 Down TON 605 FAC -0.04 <0.0001 -65.7 -59.5 -52.3 52-66 Down DON 607 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -58.3 -51.8 -44.2 44-58 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.01 0.0007 -37.3 -25.4 -11.2 N/A BMDL TNH3 610 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -44.4 -33.8 -21.2 21-44 Down DKN 623 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -47.3 -39.9 -31.4 31-47 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -59.1 -52.7 -45.3 45-59 Down TNOx 630 FAC -0.01 0.0001 -17.4 -12.2 -6.6 7-17 Down DNOx 631 FAC -0.01 0.0001 -18.0 -12.4 -6.4 6-18 Down TP 665 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -41.8 -30.7 -17.6 18-42 Down DP 666 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -54.9 -45.5 -34.2 N/A BMDL DOP 671 FAC 0.07 <0.0001 312.5 449.6 632.2 N/A BMDL TOC 680 FAC 0.00 0.1602 -2.2 5.4 13.7 N/A NS SS 80154 FAC -0.02 0.0014 -45.4 -31.2 -13.4 13-45 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend Table 36. Trend Statistics for the Juniata River at Newport, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK 8.174 0.6437 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -17.0 -12.6 -7.9 8-17 Down DN 602 FAC 0.00 0.0009 -11.9 -7.6 -3.2 3-12 Down TON 605 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -59.3 -52.5 -44.5 45-59 Down DON 607 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -51.9 -45.1 -37.4 37-52 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -45.2 -34.5 -21.6 N/A BMDL TNH3 610 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -44.1 -33.5 -20.9 N/A BMDL DKN 623 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -53.0 -45.9 -37.7 38-53 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -55.4 -48.4 -40.3 40-55 Down TNOx 630 FAC 0.00 0.4986 -3.4 1.7 7.1 N/A NS DNOx 631 FAC 0.00 0.0970 -0.9 4.4 10.0 N/A NS TP 665 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -45.7 -36.9 -26.7 27-46 Down DP 666 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -45.5 -36.9 -27.0 27-45 Down DOP 671 FAC 0.04 <0.0001 126.8 192.4 276.9 127-277 Up TOC 680 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -23.6 -17.3 -10.4 10-24 Down SS 80154 FAC -0.02 0.0001 -50.3 -37.4 -21.1 21-50 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend 28

Table 37. Trend Statistics for the Susquehanna River at Marietta, Pa., October 1986 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK -25.94 0.8924 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -32.2 -28.0 -23.5 23-32 Down DN 602 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -42.9 -39.0 -35.0 35-43 Down TON 605 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -55.0 -48.3 -40.7 41-55 Down DON 607 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -50.5 -42.7 -33.6 34-51 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.01 0.0014 -34.1 -22.7 -9.3 9-34 Down TNH3 610 FAC -0.01 0.0002 -37.5 -26.4 -13.2 13-37 Down DKN 623 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -46.9 -39.3 -30.6 31-47 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -52.4 -46.1 -38.9 39-52 Down TNOx 630 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -19.6 -14.3 -8.5 9-20 Down DNOx 631 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -19.5 -14.1 -8.3 8-19 Down TP 665 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -33.1 -24.2 -14.1 14-33 Down DP 666 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -42.0 -33.4 -23.6 24-42 Down DOP 671 FAC 0.09 <0.0001 493.2 658.5 869.9 N/A BMDL TOC 680 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -18.4 -13.3 -7.9 8-18 Down SS 80154 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -48.5 -37.4 -24.0 24-48 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend Table 38. Trend Statistics for the Conestoga River at Conestoga, Pa., October 1984 Through September 2009 STORET Time Slope Magnitude (%) Trend % Trend Parameter Slope P-Value Code Series/Test Min Trend Max Change Direction FLOW 60 SK 3.697 0.3811 - - - - NS TN 600 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -24.1 -20.8 -17.3 17-24 Down DN 602 FAC 0.00 0.0601 -8.6 -4.2 0.4 N/A NS TON 605 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -59.0 -53.3 -46.7 47-59 Down DON 607 FAC -0.01 0.0396 -22.3 -12.2 -0.7 1-22 Down DNH3 608 FAC -0.06 <0.0001 -78.1 -74.4 -69.9 70-78 Down TNH3 610 FAC -0.06 <0.0001 -79.0 -75.4 -71.1 71-79 Down DKN 623 FAC -0.01 <0.0001 -35.4 -27.7 -19.0 19-35 Down TKN 625 FAC -0.04 <0.0001 -63.5 -58.8 -53.4 53-64 Down TNOx 630 FAC 0.00 0.9417 -5.7 -0.2 5.6 N/A NS DNOx 631 FAC 0.00 0.6812 -4.4 1.2 7.1 N/A NS TP 665 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -57.5 -51.8 -45.3 45-58 Down DP 666 FAC -0.02 <0.0001 -49.3 -44.9 -40.0 40-49 Down DOP 671 FAC -0.01 0.0004 -31.7 -21.7 -10.3 10-32 Down TOC 680 FAC -0.03 <0.0001 -50.8 -46.4 -41.7 42-51 Down SS 80154 FAC -0.05 <0.0001 -76.0 -70.7 -64.1 64-76 Down Down = downward/improving trend Up = Upward/degrading trend BMDL = Greater than 20% of values were Below Method Detection Limit NS = No significant trend 29

DISCUSSION flow. To calculate these values, the percent difference between each monthly comparison 2009 monthly flows were compared with was averaged together to get one value for each historical monthly flows to find similar months parameter and site and may be useful for for comparison. For months chosen, individual identifying parameters for future in-depth study.

loads from both the historical month and the The flow value corresponds to the percent 2009 month were compared to see where loads difference between the comparison period and had substantially deviated from the accepted the 2009 period and does not specifically premise that higher flows tend to yield higher designate the 2009 flow as higher or lower than loads. the comparison flow. Parameter percent values do indicate whether the values were lower or For example, 2009 flow at Towanda was higher during 2009 as compared to other years.

10,244 cubic feet per second (cfs) for June 2009 For example, the average flow difference for and 10,638 CFS for June 1994. By looking 2009 comparisons at Towanda was 5 percent closer at the daily flows of each month, the peak while the average TN values for 2009 were 30 daily flow for June 1994 was 52,700 cfs and for percent less, and the TP values were 20 percent June 2009 was 34,000 cfs. With June 2009 greater than the comparison periods.

having both a 4 percent lower average monthly flow and a 35 percent lower average daily flow Towanda as compared to 1994, it would be expected that June 1994 would have higher loads if there had 2009 annual flow at Towanda was 85 been no improvements or degradations during percent of the LTM with June, August, and the time period. Further comparison of the two October rising above LTM values. This resulted months showed that 2009 had 34 and 68 percent in loads for all parameters, except DP and DOP, lower loads of TN and SS, respectively, which being largely below the LTM. These included was expected. TN, TP, and SS at 61, 78, and 24 percent of LTM, respectively. In contrast, DP and DOP In contradiction to what was expected, DP both were above LTM at 126 and 184 percent, and DOP had 97 and 1,045 percent higher loads respectively, including the DOP average during June 2009, respectively. This shows a concentration being 215 percent of the LTM.

dramatic difference from what would be Highest season flows and loads of all parameters expected given the difference in flows. It could were recorded during winter. Although spring be inferred that TN and SS loads have been had the next highest flow, fall had higher load reduced from 1994 to 2009 and DP and DOP values for TNH3, DP, and DOP. Summer loads have increased over the time period at recorded the lowest flows and loads for all Towanda. Similarly, May 1994 was comparable parameters.

to May 2009 with the flow difference being 1 percent more during 1994. TN and SS loads March 2009 accounted for a high percentage were 40 and 20 percent lower, respectively, of the nutrient load including 23, 25, and 45 during May 2009 while TP, DP, and DOP were percent of the TN, TP, and SS loads, 31, 53, and 93 percent higher, respectively, respectively. A closer comparison of January during May 2009 as compared to May 1994. and August at Towanda shows that although the Closer inspection of the flows indicate that the flow was comparable at 8,315 and 8,437 cfs, May 2009 peak daily average was 25 percent respectively, there was a dramatic difference in higher than the May 1994 peak daily average so SS, with 16 million pounds transported during the comparison may not be as strong. January and 48 million pounds during August.

This may indicate a difference in the amount of Table 39 shows a condensation of monthly new erosion that was transported, as the ground loads at all sites down to a percent variation that was likely frozen during January, and may can be compared to the variation in monthly account for the dramatic decrease in SS load.

30

Also noteworthy is that although TP load parameters. Interestingly, October had the third increased 78 percent from January to August, lowest monthly flow and the second highest SS DP and DOP only increased by 37 and 26 load. As with Towanda, Danville had lowest percent, respectively. During the same period, flows and lowest loads of TN, TP, and SS there was a 28 percent drop in TN loads. This during September.

may be due to higher volatilization and/or plant uptake increases during the summer versus 2009 TN, TP, and SS yields at Danville winter. Drops were also found when comparing were lower than all baseline values except for January and August in TNOx and TNH3 with 55 TP, when compared to the second half of the percent and 43 percent, respectively. dataset. The predicted yield was 0.335 lbs/acre, and the actual 2009 yield was 0.357 lbs/acre.

Comparisons with baselines at Towanda All seasonal yields for 2009 were below the showed that TP was higher than predicted by initial five-year baseline yields. 2009 trends at each method. Looking closer at seasonal Danville were the same as at Towanda with two baselines, all seasons showed that TP was higher exceptions: TP had a downward trend and DOP than predicted by baseline comparisons. All had no trends, as 20 percent of the values were other annual and seasonal baseline comparisons BMDL.

were below predicted values for 2009.

Marietta Trends for 1989 through 2009 at Towanda were decreasing for all parameters except flow, 2009 flows at Marietta were 89 percent of TP, DP, DOP, and DNH3. DNH3 had no the LTM with the same months as Towanda and significant trend due to 20 percent of the values Danville being above the LTM: June, August, BMDL, resulting in no significant trends. Flow, and October. 2009 loads also were well below TP, and DP had no significant trends while DOP LTM values, including 73 percent for TN, 55 had an upward trend. This trend indicates that percent for TP, and 37 percent for SS. High DOP flow-adjusted concentrations have seasonal flows occurred during winter followed increased by between 486 and 817 percent over by spring. Although winter had 2 percent higher the 20-year time period. Starting at the detection flows for the period, it had 23 percent, 26 limit for DOP (0.01mg/L), this increase would percent, and 36 percent higher loads of DN, result in values of about 0.06 mg/L today. DNOx, and DNH3, respectively, and 17 percent less TOC. Comparison of monthly flows and Danville loads for TN, TP, and SS show that January had 9 percent less flow than June, while the TN load 2009 flow at Danville was similar to during the time period was 23 percent greater Towanda including above LTM values during than the TN load during June. This could June, August, and October with annual flow at account for the variation in DN, DNOx, and 90 percent of the LTM. Annual loads for all DNH3 when comparing the winter and spring parameters were below LTM values except DP months. The lower January flow and higher and DOP, with 119 and 165 percent of the LTM, than expected TN loads as compared to June respectively. DP and DOP average could be a product of lower temperature and less concentration values for 2009 were above the rain during January, causing reductions in LTM by 131 and 183 percent, respectively. volatization and infiltration. The same situation Seasonal load and flow values were highest was found when February was compared to during the winter and lowest during summer. May. Additionally, TP, DP, and DOP loads were slightly higher for the lower flow spring Comparable monthly flows at Danville were period. As with other mainstem sites, Marietta February to December and May to November recorded lowest flows and loads of all but there were no large differences between TN, parameters during the summer season.

TP, and SS loads. As with Towanda, March had the highest flows and highest loads for these 31

Additional monthly comparisons, like those that both DP and DOP recorded higher values in shown in Table 39, show that DP and DOP had the middle and northern parts of the basin versus large variations from expected conditions. the southern portion. Comparisons with Specific monthly comparisons with similar flow Newport and Conestoga indicated the same months that occurred prior to 2000 showed that pattern as Newport recorded values of DP below DP and DOP loads have increased. When used the LTM and DOP at the LTM while Conestoga to compare a similar flow month during the recorded lower than LTM values for both DP early to mid-2000s, the same comparison and DOP. Lewisburg recorded substantially method shows the opposite for DP and DOP as lower than LTM values of SS at 28 percent of values seem to be lower than expected during LTM for 2009.

2009. Past reports have also shown that the early to mid-2000s have shown increases in No noticeable patterns were found when these two parameters at Marietta as well as comparing seasonal loads at Lewisburg. The several other sites. Specifically at Marietta, highest flow values and load values for all these increases have begun to somewhat reverse parameters were recorded during winter over the past few years while loads at Danville, followed by fall, spring, and summer.

Towanda, and Lewisburg have continued to show high values of both DP and DOP. Monthly comparisons similar to those mentioned for Marietta show the same pattern.

2009 annual and seasonal yields at Marietta Specific comparisons of January and June show were below baseline values for TN, TP, and SS that June had 4 percent less flow than January, for all comparisons. Apparently, some change coupled with 34 percent less TN, 6 percent more had occurred from north to south on the TP, and 24 percent more SS. Comparison of mainstem regarding TP, as yields at Towanda May to October at Lewisburg shows a variation were above all baseline predictions, while yields in flow of less than 1 percent coupled with at Danville were above the baseline prediction higher values of both TP and SS during October, using the second half of the dataset. with 25 percent and 129 percent more loads of the constituents, respectively. October Changes in trends from Danville to Marietta represents the beginning of the water year and included the addition of two downward trends typically consists of substantial rises in flows for DNH3 and DP. DOP had no trend due to during the time period. Give that flow was concentration BMDL and there was no trend for essentially the same for both months, the flow. All other parameters had downward increases in SS load could be attributed to trends through 2009. Most dramatic reductions increases in runoff versus infiltration due to the from 1987 to 2009 occurred for TON and DON, fall turnover of vegetation and crops. Higher with 41-55 percent change in TON and 34-51 sediment loads during October may have been percent change in DON. influenced by low flows during September, which was not an issue during May 2009.

Lewisburg 2009 annual baseline comparisons for 2009 annual flow at Lewisburg was 86 Lewisburg were below all predicted values for percent of the LTM with August, October, and TN, TP, and SS. Seasonal baseline comparisons December being above the LTM. Subsequently, were also below predicted values, except for TP loads for all parameters except DP and DOP during winter, which was at the predicted value.

were well below LTM values. DP loads at Most trends at Lewisburg were downward for Lewisburg were 105 percent of the LTM while 2009. Similar to Marietta, largest trend the average concentration was 122 percent of the reductions from 1984 to 2009 were for TON and LTM. DOP loads were 178 percent of the LTM DON, with 52-66 percent and 45-59 percent and average concentration was 207 percent of reductions, respectively. DNH3, DP, and DOP the LTM. Compared with DP and DOP values all had no trends due to concentrations BMDL.

at Towanda, Danville, and Marietta, it seems TOC and flow had no significant trends.

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Newport and DON, with 8-17 percent and 3-12 percent reductions, respectively, documented from 1984 2009 annual flow at Newport was 85 percent through 2009. TP and DP had downward trends of the LTM with monthly rises above the LTM amounting in 27-46 percent and 27-45 percent during May, June, October, and December. reductions, respectively, over the time period.

Annual loads were also below LTM including Interestingly, DOP continued a previous upward SS being less than 50 percent of the LTM. Both trend in spite of the downward TP and DP DOP and TOC were at 100 percent of the LTM trends, including increases of 127-277 percent although flow values were 85 percent of the over the time period. Whereas the trend results annual LTM. Seasonal flows were highest indicate one direction over the entire time during spring at 5,708 cfs followed by fall at period, several monthly comparisons indicate a 4,717 cfs. High seasonal loads varied between situation similar to Marietta in that comparisons the two seasons for different parameters with no of 2009 to the early and mid-2000s indicate less substantial differences to note. difference than comparisons with the 1980s and 1990s. Thus, the increases in DOP seem to have Relevant monthly comparisons at Newport leveled off since the early to mid-2000s but still include February, June, and October, which are represent substantial increases since the evenly split through the year temporally. beginning of the monitoring period in 1984.

Moving from those months through the year, there was an increase in flow of 8 percent Conestoga between February and June, a decrease of 6 percent between June and October, and a 1 2009 annual flows at Conestoga were 95 percent increase between February and October. percent of the LTM representing the highest Through all of these changes, the differences in LTM flow percentage of all sites. Monthly flow values of TN, TP, and SS between the same values surpassed the LTM during seven of the months increased by a substantial percentage 12 months including August through December.

beyond the smaller change in flow, with the Conestoga continued to be the site with the exception of TN from February to June, which highest yields and average concentrations for all only changed 1 percent. June values of TP and parameters. However, when compared to SS were 152 percent and 230 percent higher, previous years, 2009 values implied substantial respectively, than February values. October reductions in several parameters. When values of TP and SS were 252 percent and 497 comparing LTM load and concentration values, percent higher, respectively, than February Conestoga had the lowest percentage of LTM values, although there was only a 1 percent values for TP, TON, DOP, DON, and TOC.

difference in total monthly flow. Additionally, the 2009 SS average concentration was the lowest percentage of LTM average Baseline comparisons at Newport indicate concentration of all sites at 26.5 percent.

that 2009 yield values were below predictions for TN, TP, and SS for all comparisons. The Seasonal flows were highest during the fall only exception was the seasonal comparison of followed by spring, summer, and winter. Due to TP during winter, which was slightly above the the uncommon distribution of flows at predicted initial baseline value. Trends at Conestoga (with winter being the lowest flow Newport were more variable than at the other period and summer having substantial flow), a sites. Both TNH3 and DNH3 had no trends due few comparisons can be made. Comparison of to BMDL, while both TNOx and DNOx had no spring and summer shows that summer had 40 significant trends. There were significant percent less flow, which resulted in lower loads downward trends in TON and DON including of most parameters ranging from 24 percent for reductions of 45-59 percent and 37-52 percent TOC to 80 percent for DON, with TN and DN at for each, respectively, since 1984. Apparently, 47 and 46 percent, respectively. The interesting these large reductions in TON and DON were comparison is that TP, DP, and DOP all enough to define a downward trend for both TN increased from spring to summer with increases 33

of 4, 23, and 27 percent, respectively. Although trends analysis for DOP showed decreasing trends, this monthly comparison implied that DOP values were higher than expected. The cause of this observation may be similar to the cause of the increases in DOP found at other sites including Towanda, Danville, and Lewisburg.

Monthly comparisons similar to those shown in Table 39 indicate dramatic differences when March 2009 is compared to March 1985.

Flow during 2009 was 8 percent lower than March 1985 flow while TN, DN, TON, DON, TNOx, and DNOx monthly loads during 2009 ranged from 45 to 67 percent lower than 1985 values. Other substantial reductions taken from this comparison include TP, DP, DOP, TOC, and SS at 365, 222, 189, 261, and 183 percent lower than March 1985 values, respectively. By far, the biggest change was for TNH3 and DNH3 at 1,293 and 1,192 percent, respectively, below the 1985 March values.

2009 annual and seasonal yields were below all baseline comparisons for TN, TP, and SS.

The most substantial comparison involved SS with the 2009 yield being 292 and the baseline predictions ranging from 996 to 1,548 lbs/acre/year. Seasonal comparisons indicate that the lowest deviation from the baseline prediction occurred during fall for SS where the value for 2009 was 50 percent less that the baseline prediction.

Trends for 2009 at Conestoga were downward for all parameters except DN, TNOx, and DNOx, which had no significant trends.

These downward trends included DOP which had been trending upward at most sites. As previously mentioned, in spite of the downward trend, DOP did show conditions that could be perceived as degrading when comparing the spring and summer seasons.

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Table 39. Average of Monthly Changes from Historical Similar Flow Month Site Q TN DN TON DON DNH3 TNH3 TNOx DNOx TP DP DIP TOC Sed Towanda 5 -30 -28 -24 -20 -31 -48 -40 -38 20 58 360 26 Danville 3 -38 -33 -46 -31 -63 -55 -39 -39 -2 33 171 -16 -8 Lewisburg 7 -26 -22 -13 -1 -38 -47 -25 -24 4 37 233 3 -28 Newport 4 -9 -9 -6 -14 -26 -6 -9 -9 31 44 6 -7 Marietta 7 -19 -21 -21 -36 -16 -12 -17 -16 57 12 2 -7 Conestoga 4 -24 -23 -71 -65 -87 -100 -18 -19 38 -48 87 35

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