ML102380288

Response to Request for Additional Information License Renewal Application, Enclosure B, Terrestrial Ecology Documents

ML102380288
Person / Time
Site:	Columbia
Issue date:	08/09/2010
From:	Energy Northwest
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
Download: ML102380288 (148)

Text

RESPONSE TO REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION LICENSE RENEWAL APPLICATION Enclosure B Enclosure B Terrestrial Ecology Documents B1. Ecological Monitoring Program for Columbia Generating Station, Summary Report for 1975 to 2002 (ER Ref. EN 2003)

B2. Avian species list, e-mail communication from R.E. Welch to J.P. Chasse, 2009 (ER Ref.

EN 2009b)

B3. Rare Plant and Vegetation Survey, Riparian Zone, December 2008 (ER Ref. Link 2008)

B4. Rare Plant and Vegetation Survey, Uplands, July 2009 (ER Ref. Link 2009)

B5. Operational Ecological Monitoring Program - 1987 Annual Report (ER Ref. WPPSS 1988)

B6. CGS Site Area Map (re: Site Audit Needs Request TE-1)

B7. Aerial Photo of CGS Site Area, July 2003 (re: Site Audit Needs Request TE-1)

B8. Procedures (4 each) related to wildlife management

IPeop~e -Vision -Soutions ECOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR COLUMBIA GENERATING STATION ENERGY NORTHWEST

SUMMARY

REPORT FOR 1975 TO 2002 PREPARED By John E. McDonald, Carol P. Weisskopf Ph.D.

Richard E. Welch, Terry E. Northstrom Ph.D.

Energy Northwest Environmental Services ENERGY NORTHWEST Peoples Vision -Solutions

Table of Contents Section Page List of Tables iii List of Figures v Executive Summary viii 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Site Description 1-1 1.3 Meteorology 1-2 1.4 Monitoring Program Overview 1-3 2.0 Herbaceous Cover 2.1 Methods and Materials 2-1 2.2 Results and Discussion 2-1 3.0 Shrub Cover and Density 3.1 Methods and Materials 3-1 3.2 Results and Discussion 3-2 4.0 Herbaceous Phytomass 4.1 Methods and Materials 4-1 4.2 Results and Discussion 4-1 5.0 Soil Chemistry 5.1 Methods and Materials 5-1 5.2 Results and Discussion 5-1 6.0 Vegetation Chemistry 6.1 Methods and Materials 6-1 6.2 Results and Discussion 6-1 7.0 Aerial Photography Program 7.1 Methods and Materials 7-1 7.2 Results and Discussion 7-2 7.2.1 1988-1991 Results 7-2 Page i Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table of Contents Section Page 7.2.2 1992 Results 7-2 7.2.3 1993 Results 7-3 7.2.4 1994 Results 7-3 7.2.5 1997 Results 7-3 7.2.6 2000 Results 7-3 7.3 Conclusion 7-4 8.0 Cooling Tower Drift Deposition Study 8.1 Sample Locations 8-1 8.2 Methods and Materials 8-2 8.3 Results and Discussion 8-2 9.0 Summary 9-1 10.0 References 10-1 11.0 Errata 11-1 Appendix A 2002 Terrestrial Monitoring Program A.1 Herbaceous Cover A-1 A.2 Herbaceous Phytomass A-1 A.3 Soil Chemistry A-1 A.4 Conclusions A-2 Page ii Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

List of Tables 1 Number Title Page 1-1 Terrestrial Sampling Sites and Locations 1-3 1-2 Joint Frequency Distribution of Wind near Columbia Generating Station 1-4 3 2-1 Preoperational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class 2-3 2-2 Operational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class 2-6 3-1 Mean Shrub Cover (%), 1975-92 3-3 3-2 Shrub Density (shrub/hectare) at Five Shrub Sites, 1980-92 3-3 4-1 Herbaceous Phytomass (gm/m 2) during the Preoperational Period 4-2 4-2 Herbaceous Phytomass (gm/m 2 ) during the Operational Period 4-3 5-1 Preoperational Soil Chemistry Results 5-4 5-2 Operational Soil Chemistry Results 5-8 6-1 Copper (Qg/gm)in Poa secunda 1980 to 1992 6-2 6-2 Copper ([tg/gm) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 6-2 6-3 Copper (jig/gm) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 6-3 6-4 Copper (rig/gm) in Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 6-3 1 6-5 Copper (rtg/gm) in Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 6-4 6-6 Copper (pig/grn) in Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 6-4 1 6-7 Extractable Chloride (%) in Poa secunda 1980 to 1992 6-5 6-8 Extractable Chloride (%) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 6-5 6-9 Extractable Chloride (%) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 6-6 6-10 Extractable Chloride (%) Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 6-6 6-11 Extractable Chloride Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 6-7 6-12 Extractable Chloride (%) Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 6-7 6-13 Extractable Sulfate (%) i secunda sPoa 1980 to 1992 6-8 6-14 Extractable Sulfate (%) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 6-8 6-15 Extractable Sulfate (%) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 6-9 m

t Page iii Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

List of Tables Number Title Page 6-16 Extractable Sulfate (%) in Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 6-9 6-17 Extractable Sulfate (%) in Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 6-10 6-18 Extractable Sulfate (%) in Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 6-10 8-1 Cooling Tower Drift Study Sample Site Locations 8-1 8-2 Drift Deposition Rates (Gross and Background Corrected) 8-4 11-1 Herbaceous Cover (%) for Fifteen Sampling Sites Observed in 2000 (Corrected) 11-2 11-2 Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species at Each Sampling Site for 2000 (Corrected) 11-3 A-1 Vascular Plants Observed During 2002 A-3 A-2 Herbaceous Cover (%) for Fifteen Sampling Sites Observed in 2002 A-7 A-3 Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species at Each Sampling Site for 2002 A-8 A-4 Herbaceous Phytomass for 2002 A-9 I A-5 Summary of Soil Chemistry for 2002 A-10 I

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List of Figures Number Title Page 1-1 33-Foot Level Wind Rose for Columbia Generating Station 1982 to 2001 1-5 1-2 Soil and Vegetation Sampling Location Map 1-6 2-1 Layout of Vegetation and Soil Sampling Plot 2-1 2-2 Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 2-10 2-3 Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 2-10 2-4 Annual Grasses Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 2-11 2-5 Perennial Grasses Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 2-11 2-6 Annual Forbs Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 2-12 2-7 Perennial Forbs Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 2-12 2-8 Annual Grasses Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 2-13 2-9 Perennial Grasses Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 2-13 2-10 Annual Forbs Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 2-14 2-11 Perennial Forbs Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 2-14 3-1 Shrub Cover and Density Sampling Transects 3-1 3-2 Mean Shrub Cover, 1975-1992 3-4 3-3 Shrub Density at Five Shrub Sites, 1975-1992 3-4 4-1 Phytomass vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 4-4 4-2 Phytomass vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 4-4 5-1 Mean pH in Soil, 1980-2002 5-12 5-2 Mean Conductivity in Soil, 1980-2002 5-12 5-3 Mean Sulfate in Soil, 1980-2002 5-13 5-4 Mean Chloride in Soil, 1980-2002 5-13 5-5 Mean Copper in Soil, 1980-2002 5-14 5-6 Mean Zinc in Soil, 1980-2002 5-14 5-7 Mean Sodium in Soil, 1980-2002 5-15 5-8 Mean Bicarbonate in Soil, 1980-2002 5-15 5-9 Upwind vs. Downwind pH in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-16

.. Page v Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

List of Fi2ures Number Title Page 5-10 Upwind vs. Downwind pH in Soil at Grass Sites 5-16 5-11 Upwind vs. Downwind Conductivity in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-17 5-12 Upwind vs. Downwind Conductivity in Soil at Grass Sites 5-17 5-13 Upwind vs. Downwind Sulfate in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-18 5-14 Upwind vs. Downwind Sulfate in Soil at Grass Sites 5-18 5-15 Upwind vs. Downwind Chloride in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-19 5-16 Upwind vs. Downwind Chloride in Soil at Grass Sites 5-19 5-17 Upwind vs. Downwind Copper in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-20 5-18 Upwind vs. Downwind Copper in Soil at Grass Sites 5-20 5-19 Upwind vs. Downwind Zinc in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-21 5-20 Upwind vs. Downwind Zinc in Soil at Grass Sites 5-21 5-21 Upwind vs. Downwind Sodium in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-22 5-22 Upwind vs. Downwind Sodium in Soil at Grass Sites 5-22 5-23 Upwind vs. Downwind Bicarbonate in Soil at Shrub Sites 5-23 5-24 Upwind vs. Downwind Bicarbonate in Soil at Grass Sites 5-23 6-1 Copper in Poa secunda, 1980-1992 6-11 6-2 Copper in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992 6-11 6-3 Copper in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 6-12 6-4 Copper in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992 6-12 6-5 Copper in Purshiatridentata,1980-1992 6-13 6-6 Copper in Artemisia tridentata, 1980-1992 6-13 6-7 Extractable Chloride in Poa secunda, 1980-1992 6-14 6-8 Extractable Chloride in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992 6-14 6-9 Extractable Chloride in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 6-15 6-10 Extractable Chloride in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992 6-15 6-11 Extractable Chloride in Purshiatridentata, 1980-1992 6-16 6-12 Extractable Chloride in Artemisia tridentata, 1980-1992 6-16

. Page vi Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

List of Figures 73 Number Title Page 6-13 Extractable Sulfate in Poa secunda, 1980-1992 6-17 6-14 Extractable Sulfate in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992 6-17 6-15 Extractable Sulfate in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 6-18

-5 6-16 Extractable Sulfate in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992 6-18 6-17 Extractable Sulfate in Purshiatridentata,1980-1992 6-19 6-18 Extractable Sulfate in Artemisia tridentata,1980-1992 6-19 7-1 Aerial Photography Flightlines 7-5 8-1 Cooling Tower Drift Study Sample Sites 8-5 8-2 Predicted Salt Deposition Patterns out to 0.5 Mile (lbs/acre/yr) 8-6 8-3 Predicted Salt Deposition Patterns out to 6.9 Miles (lbs/acre/yr) 8-7 8-4 Cooling Tower Drift Sampler 8-8 8-5 Deposition Rate at South Sites 8-9 8-6 Deposition Rate at Northwest Sites 8-9 I

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I Page vii Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

mo n .. I m Ma i

EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

The Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) established the Ecological Monitoring Program to monitor the environmental effects of cooling tower operation at the Columbia Generating Station. Since its inception in 1975, the program has been modified on several occasions to accommodate technical changes or to delete requirements for completed studies.

This report summarizes the results of the program from 1975 to 2002.

The program was designed to determine if cooling tower drift was producing an effect in the surrounding vegetation. In addition to the validation of the original drift deposition model, multiple grassland and shrub sampling sites were established and monitored annually for changes in soil and plant chemistry, phytomass, density, and cover. Aerial photographs were taken to allow examination of the general area for indications of plant stress and changes in vegetation patterns.

Data collected since inception of the monitoring program do not reveal any discernible environmental effect that can be attributed to cooling tower operation. Climatological factors (e.g., precipitation and temperature) and anthropogenic impacts unrelated to Columbia Generating Station operation (e.g., range fires) dominate the productivity of vegetation at the study sites.

Page viii Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Energy Northwest's (formerly Washington Public Power Supply System) Columbia Generating Station (formerly WNP-2) is a 1,1 54-megawatt nuclear electrical generation facility located approximately 12 miles north of Richland, Washington. Site preparation began in June 1972.

Fuel was first loaded in December 1983 and low power testing began in January 1984. The plant was declared commercially operational in December 1984.

The Site Certification Agreement (SCA) for Columbia Generating Station was approved May 17, 1972, by the State of Washington and the Washington Public Power Supply System (Supply System). The SCA requires that environmental monitoring be conducted during the preoperational and operational phases of site development and use. The objective of the monitoring program is to provide an environmental measurement history for evaluation by Energy Northwest and the Washington State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council (EFSEC) and to identify significant impacts of plant operation on the environment. Since 1972, several revisions of the monitoring program have been approved by EFSEC in the form of SCA amendments and EFSEC resolutions.

Most of the studies, analyses, and reports for the preoperational (1973-1984) environmental program of the SCA were prepared and performed for Energy Northwest by outside laboratories.

The terrestrial program was performed and reports were prepared by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories from 1974 to 1979 (Rickard 1976, 1977, 1979a, 1979b) and then by Beak Consultants, Inc., from 1980 to 1982 (Beak 1981, 1982a, 1982b).

Since the plant began commercial operation in 1984, Energy Northwest scientists have been responsible for the operational environmental monitoring program. Comprehensive operational environmental reports have been prepared annually by Energy Northwest (Supply System 1985 through 2001). A few studies and reports were completed by Energy Northwest personnel prior to the annual reports, including animal studies (Schleder 1982, 1983, 1984) and terrestrial monitoring (Northstrom et al. 1984).

This report provides a summary of the results of the environmental monitoring program from 1975 to 2002. In addition to the continuing programs, also included in this report are the results of studies previously terminated. Detailed results for 2002 are included as Appendix A.

1.2 Site Description Columbia Generating Station is located approximately 5 km (3.25 miles) west of the Columbia River, on 441 hectares (1,089 acres) of land leased from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site. The site lies within the boundaries of the Columbia Basin, an extensive area that lies between the Cascade Range and the Blue Mountains in Oregon and Washington.

The plant communities within the region are described as shrub-steppe communities consisting of various layers of perennial grasses overlaid by a discontinuous layer of shrubs. In general, there is insufficient moisture to support arborescent'species except along stream banks. In August 1984, a range fire destroyed much of the shrub cover on the Hanford Site and temporarily modified the shrub-steppe associations that were formerly present. Another fire occurred in July 2000, but it affected only one sample site.

Page 1-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

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The Columbia Basin shrub-steppe region can be divided into nine zonal associations based upon climax vegetation (Daubenmire 1968). Each zone is differentiated by various climatic and 3

edaphic conditions such as temperature, precipitation and soil type. The study area is located in the driest of the nine zones, which is known as the Artemisia-Agropyron association. The Artemisia-Agropyron association zone typically has four distinct layers of vegetation. The first I

is a layer of shrubs dominated by Artemisia tridentata,Purshiatridentata,Ericamerianauseosa, and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. The second is a layer of perennial grasses dominated by Pseudoroegneriaspicata,Elymus elymoides, Stipa comata, Poa secunda, and Agropyron U

dasystachyum. Next is a layer consisting of herbaceous annual grasses such as Bromus tectorum, Vulpia octoflora and annual and perennial forbs such as Astragalus sclerocarpus,Brodiaea I douglasii,Descurainiapinnata, and Phlox longifolia. The final layer consists of a crustose layer of lichens and mosses. 3 1.3 Meteorology The climatology of the site is greatly influenced by the presence of the Cascade Mountain Range to the west. This mountain range causes a rain shadow effect, making conditions on the site semi-arid. The wind pattern in the area is also significantly affected by the Cascade Mountains as they serve as a source of cold air drainage. Temperatures on the Hanford Site are moderated by the presence of the Cascade and Rocky Mountain ranges to the west and east, respectively, and mountain ranges in southern Canada. These mountains serve to protect the area from the more severe winter storms and cold polar air masses moving southward across Canada (Hoitink et al. 2002).

3 The average annual precipitation at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Hanford Meteorological Station (HMS) is 6.79 inches (17.2 cm). During the study years of 1975 to 2002, l the wettest calendar year was 1995, with a total annual precipitation of 12.31 inches (31.27 cm).

The driest year was 1976, with a total precipitation of 2.99 inches (7.6 cm). The growing season for the vegetation on the site is from October through April, which is the time of greatest precipitation. The wettest growing season since the plant became operational was in 1996-97, U

when the total precipitation was 10.03 inches (25.5 cm). The driest growing season during plant operation was in 1993-94, when 2.41 inches (6.1 cm) of precipitation fell. The average precipitation for the October through April period is 4.98 inches (12.6 cm).

The annual average temperature on the site is 53.4°F (1 1.9°C). Between 1975 and 2002, the year with the highest annual average temperature was 1992 with an average temperature of 56.4 0 F (13.6 0 C) while the year with the lowest annual average was 1985 at 49.6°F (9.8°C). The warmest growing season average temperature during the 1975-2002 period was 45.7°F (7.6°C) in 1991-92. The coolest was 37.1°F (2.8 0 C) in 1978-79. The average temperature during the i

October to April growing season is 41.7'F (5.4°C). 3 The prevailing winds on the site are from the south and from the northwest. During the period of 1982-2001, winds were from the south 11.5% of the time and from the northwest 10.7% of the time. Wind speed from the south tended to be slightly higher, being in the 4 to 7 miles per hour range 5.3% of the time and in the 8 to 18 miles per hour range 4.0% of the time. Winds from the northwest were in the 4 to 7 miles per hour range 3.8% of the time, in the 8 to 18 miles per hour range 3.7% of the time and in the I to 3 miles per hour range 2.6% of the time. The joint frequency distribution for the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory tower located near the Columbia Generating Station is shown in Table 1-2 and graphically in Figure 1-1.

Page 1-2 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report I

1.4 Monitoring Program Overview Terrestrial monitoring studies at Columbia Generating Station were designed to identify any impact of cooling tower operations on the surrounding plant communities, as well as any edaphic impact. Elements of the monitoring program included the following:

" herbaceous cover (1975-2002)

• shrub cover and density (1980-1992)

• herbaceous phytomass (1975-2002)

• soil chemistry (1980-2002)

• vegetation chemistry (1980-1992)

• aerial photography (1988-2000)

• cooling tower drift deposition study (1989-1990)

Most of the monitoring activities were conducted at fifteen (15) sites located within a 5-mile (8-km) radius of the plant. Table 1-1 lists the sites and their approximate distances from Columbia Generating Station. The location of each site is illustrated in Figure 1-2.

Table 1-1. Terrestrial Sampling Sites and Locations Grassland Sites Shrub Sites Distance . Distance Diecio Site (ile (miles) Direction Site ie (miles) Direction GO 1.0 NNW S01 1.5 WSW G02 0.6 W S02 4.1 N G03 0.3 S S03 2.4 E G04 4.1 SE S04 5.3 NNW G05 4.5 NW S05 4.3 SE G06 4.8 S S06 4.6 ESE G07 1.5 SSW S07 6.1 NNE G08 1.5 W Soil and vegetation sampling was originally conducted at nine permanent sites, four grassland sites (G01-G04) and five shrub sites (S01-S05). Four grassland (G05-G08) and two shrub (S06-S07) sites were added in 1989 in accordance with EFSEC Resolution No. 239. The original locations for the terrestrial monitoring studies sampling sites were determined from the cooling tower deposition model constructed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (Droppo et al.

1976). The six stations added in 1989 were a result of a review that revealed errors in the model.

All vegetation studies were conducted at the peak of the cheatgrass growth cycle known as the purple stage (Kemmedson and Smith 1964).

Study methodologies and principal results for each component of the terrestrial monitoring program are described in the sections that follow.

Page 1-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 1-2. Joint Frequency Distribution of Wind near Columbia Generating Station Begin: January 1982 End: December 2001 Total Hours: 171,616 DIRECTION N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW NW NNW CALM TOTAL MPH CALM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 1-3 2.5 2.1 1.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.8 0.0 29.0 4-7 3.4 2.4 2.1 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.9 4.3 5.3 3.0 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.9 3.8 4.5 0.0 39.4 8-18 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.8 2.2 4.0 4.2 2.6 1.3 1.4 2.5 3.7 1.8 0.0 28.1 19-24 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.1 25-31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 10 >32 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 TOTAL % 7.5 5.4 4.5 2.7 1.9 2.2 4.1 8.3 11.6 9.7 6.7 4.2 4.4 6.2 10.7 9.1 0.9 100.0 Measurements taken from the 10-meter PNNL tower located approximately 0.5 mile west of Columbia Generating Station.

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Figure 1-1. 33-Foot Level Wind Rose for Columbia Generating Station 1982 to 2001 Page 1-5 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

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SECTION 2 HERBACEOUS COVER I

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2.0 HERBACEOUS COVER Herbaceous cover is a measure of the ground canopy that can be assigned to grasses and forbs. It is a relative measure of the vigor and vitality of the plant community.

2.1 Methods and Materials At each of the sites, fifty microplots (20 cm x 50 cm) were placed at 1-meter intervals on alternate sides of a 50 meter by 10 meter herbaceous transect (Figure 2-1). Canopy cover for each species occurring within a microplot was estimated using Daubenmire's (1968) cover classes. Data were recorded on standard data sheets. To assure the quality of the sampling, three randomly selected microplots were sampled twice. The entire transect was resampled if cover estimates for any major species (>50% frequency) differed by more than one cover class.

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Herbaceous transect T1

',10 m Microplot Phytomass sampling plot (not to scale) j __ _

Figure 2-1. Layout of Vegetation and Soil Sampling Plot 2.2 Results and Discussion Herbaceous cover over the twenty-five year period of the study varies greatly. Average cover for all classes of grasses and forbs range from a high of 146.8% to a low of 2.5%, both of which occurred in the preoperational period of the study. Table 2-1 shows the preoperational herbaceous cover for each herbaceous class and year. Table 2-2 shows the operational herbaceous cover.

Climate appears to have the greatest effect on herbaceous cover. Precipitation during the growing season in 1977 was 1.21 inches, more that 3 inches less than normal for October through April. During that year, cover was the lowest of the study for all classes. Cover for all grass sites during 1977 was 15.5% and at shrub sites, 9.4%. Average cover percentages also declined sharply from the previous year in 1994, which corresponds to the second driest growing season observed during the study years. Figure 2-2 shows the correlation of precipitation during the growing season to the percent cover at the shrub (S) sites and the grass (G) sites. Figures 2-4 through 2-7 diagram the effect of precipitation on each vegetation class.

Temperatures during the growing season are also a factor on the herbaceous cover, although the effects of low temperatures may be mitigated by the amount of snow cover present. During 1978-79 and again in 1984-85, lower than normal average temperature resulted in decreased cover. Cover for all classes during those years was 51.8% and 48.9% respectively. The other two periods where the temperature was two degrees Fahrenheit lower or more than normal, 1985-86 and 1992-93, were periods when there was a substantial cover of snow on the ground.

During these periods, cover increased from the preceding year. Figure 2-3 shows the Columbia Page 2-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

relationship between percent cover and average temperature during the growing season. Figures 2-8 through 2-11 show the relationship of temperature to cover for each vegetation class.

NJ Grass site G03 had the highest total average cover for all herbaceous classes during the preoperational period with an average of 84.1%. The highest preoperational shrub site was S03 with a total average cover of 62.1%. During the operational period, grass site G07 had the El highest average at 82.0% and S07 was the highest shrub site at 81.6%. Of those sites sampled during both the operational and preoperational periods (Sites S01-S05 and GO1-G04), GO1 was the highest with an average of 77.5% and S03 was the highest shrub site with a 67.2% average.

11 The highest total average cover of annual grasses during the preoperational period was 67.4% at !U G03. Site S01 was the highest of the shrub sites with an average of 45.0%. Site G07 was the highest site during the operational period at 51.2% while S05 was the highest shrub site with a 41.9%. Site G03 was the highest during the operational period of those sites sampled during both periods with an average cover of 44.7%.

Ii Perennial grass had the highest total average cover during the preoperational period at site G04 while the highest shrub site was S03. The average cover at these sites was 29.0% and 12.7%

respectively. During the operational period, G04 remained the site with the highest average at 36.9% cover. The cover at S06 was the highest for shrub sites at 34.1%. The cover at S02 during the operational period was 22.6%, the highest of the shrub sites sampled during both 3]

periods.

The site with the highest total average cover of annual forbs during the preoperational period was GO1 at 18.2%, while S05 was the highest shrub site with an average of 15.9%. S07 had the 3J highest average cover of annual forbs during the operational period at 22.5% and G03 had the highest grass site average of 17.3%. Of the shrub sites sampled during both preoperational and operational periods, S03 had the highest average at 13.8%.

IU During the preoperational period, S04 had the highest total average cover for perennial forbs with an average of 5.3%. G04 was the highest grass site with an average of 3.1%. The highest l site during the operational period was G06 with an average of 8.9% and the highest shrub site was S02 with an 8.6% average. G03, at 3.0% cover, was the highest grass site of those sampled during both periods.

NJ U

Bromus tectorum was the dominant annual grass during all years. From 1984 to 1999, it had an average cover of 31.9% for all sites. The highest annual average during this period for Bromus tectorum was 52.4% in 1996 and the low was 8.4% in 1988. The dominant perennial grass for IU the 1984 to 1999 period was Poa secunda with an average cover of 13.5%. The highest annual average for Poa secunda was in 1989 with a 29.3% cover. The lowest annual average was in Ii 1994 with a 5.1% average cover.

The dominant annual forb was Holosteum umbellatum with an average cover of 3.04%. It had a low annual average cover of 0.2% in 1988 and it highest annual average was in 1984 with an ,3 average cover of 6.5%. Draba verna was also common and had an average cover of 2.7% and ranged from 0.5% in 1988 to 7.6% in 1986. The occurrence of perennial forbs at any of the sites is sparse. No one species of perennial forb dominated the cover at most of the sites.

U" Coumi.GnraigettinEclga M n S Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Sumnmary Report [-

Table 2-1. Preoperational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class CLASS: Annual Grasses TOTAL SITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 MEAN Sol 49.9 50.7 1.4 51.0 25.0 50.4 74.8 51.5 53.8 41.5 45.0 S02 35.3 40.9 0.7 67.0 29.0 51.8 54.6 25.8 37.6 32.8 37.5 S03 43.8 34.3 1.9 51.0 9.0 24.3 66.5 36.6 33.7 39.4 34.0 S04 - - - - - 56.2 49.8 32.7 36.8 36.3 42.4 S05 - - - - - 56.4 76.2 20.0 31.9 36.5 44.2 Mean S01-5 43.0 42.0 1.3 56.3 21.0 47.8 64.4 33.3 38.7 37.3 38.5 G01 43.9 71.2 5.2 68.0 31.0 64.3 77.4 42.2 49.5 60.9 51.4 G02 43.0 51.6 1.5 42.0 10.0 77.8 84.0 45.5 39.6 71.3 46.6 G03 - - - - - 73.8 88.4 51.0 62.8 60.9 67.4 G04 - - - - - 12.3 48.9 22.9 17.6 9.6 22.3 Mean G01-4 43.5 61.4 3.3 55.0 20.5 57.1 74.7 40.4 42.3 50.7 44.9 Mean G01-4 and S01-5 43.2 49.7 2.1 55.8 20.8 51.9 69.0 36.5 40.3 43.2 41.3 CLASS: Perennial Grasses TOTAL SITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 MEAN Sol 0.6 0.4 0.4 3.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 1.9 1.1 S02 2.0 10.5 11.3 18.0 18.0 7.2 4.7 6.4 7.7 8.8 9.5 S03 4.5 10.3 8.3 11.0 11.0 23.3 14.3 17.9 14.5 11.6 12.7 S04 - - - - - 10.9 5.8 4.3 6.4 8.6 7.2 S05 - - - - - 0.1 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.4 0.5 Mean S01-5 2.4 7.1 6.6 10.7 10.0 8.5 5.0 6.0 6.4 6.2 6.9 G01 3.7 4.4 3.3 8.0 7.0 28.3 19.6 11.2 2.1 1.2 8.9 G02 5.5 3.1 2.9 7.0 5.0 64.0 25.9 11.6 15.8 4.5 14.5 G03 - - - - - 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 G04 - - - - - 26.6 36.7 31.3 25.5 25.0 29.0 Mean G01-4 4.6 3.8 3.1 7.5 6.0 29.8 20.6 13.6 10.8 10.2 11.0 Mean G01-4 and S01-5 3.3 5.7 5.2 9.4 8.4 17.9 11.9 9.3 8.4 7.7 8.7 Page 2-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 2-1. Preoperational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class (cont.)

CLASS: Annual Forbs SITE S01 1975 14.6 1976 5.5 1977 0.3 1978 38.0 1979 2.0 1980 7.6 1981 5.3 1982 4.6 1983 8.2 1984 12.4 TOTAL MEAN 9.9 N

S02 11.7 5.3 0.5 10.0 4.0 4.2 3.5 4.2 7.9 8.1 5.9 S03 11.7 7.2 0.9 33.0 10.0 22.5 18.2 7.5 12.6 11.1 13.5 S04 - - - - - 3.4 1.2 1.6 3.5 4.0 2.7 S05 Mean S01-5 12.7

-

6.0

-

0.6

-

27.0

-

5.3

- 14.1 10.4 12.5 8.1 17.3 7.0 22.4 10.9 13.4 9.8 15.9 9.8 N

G01 29.5 11.9 2.4 23.0 43.0 7.3 15.9 9.7 18.7 20.7 18.2 G02 13.0 8.5 9.4 25.0 33.0 5.0 11.9 4.6 8.9 9.7 12.9 G03 - - - - - 28.7 17.5 4.6 8.7 19.5 15.8 G04 - - - - - 4.9 5.9 4.1 6.7 8.0 5.9 Mean G01-4 21.3 10.2 5.9 24.0 38.0 11.5 12.8 5.8 10.7 14.4 15.5 Mean G01-4 and S01-5 16.1 7.7 2.7 25.8 18.4 10.9 10.2 6.5 10.8 11.9 12.1 CLASS: Perennial Forbs TOTAL SITE Sol 1975 4.3 1976 0.00 1977 0.6 1978 8.0 1979 11.0 1980 2.2 1981 0.0 1982 0.2 1983 0.7 1984 0.3 MEAN 2.7 IT S02 S03 0.9 1.8 0.5 0.2 0.6 1.4 0.0 5.0 0.0 3.0 2.2 4.7 3.2 0.7 4.3 0.7 3.1 1.1 4.0 0.8 1.9 1.9 N S04 - - - - - 4.6 4.9 6.2 4.4 6.6 5.3 S05 Mean

- - - - - 1.8 0.5 1.0 2.0 0.7 1.2 IT S01-5 G01 G02 2.3 1.5 2.1 0.2 0.00 0.2 0.9 0.1 6.3 4.3 2.0 3.0 4.7 0.0 7.0 3.1 0.4 0.0 1.9 0.2 0.0 2.5 0.3 0.0 2.2 0.7 0.1 2.5 0.7 0.2 2.5 0.6 1.9 Ii G03 - - - - - 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.1 1.1 0.9 G04 - - - - - 4.6 1.9 3.8 4.0 1.3 3.1 Mean G01-4 Mean G01-4 1.8 0.1 3.2 2.5 3.5 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.7 NJ and S01-5 2.1 0.2 1.8 3.6 4.2 2.3 1.3 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.1 11 i~

Page 2-4 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report Ii

Table 2-1. Preoperational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class (cont.)

CLASS: All TOTAL SITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 MEAN Sol 69.4 56.6 2.5 100.0 39.0 61.2 80.2 56.7 64.9 56.0 58.7 S02 49.9 57.2 13.1 95.0 51.0 65.4 66.0 40.7 56.3 53.7 54.8 S03 61.8 52.0 12.5 100.0 33.0 74.8 99.7 62.7 61.7 62.8 62.1 S04 - - - - - 75.1 61.7 44.8 51.0 55.4 57.6 S05 - - - - - 72.4 89.2 39.1 57.4 51.0 61.8 Mean S01-5 60.4 55.3 9.4 98.3 41.0 69.8 79.4 48.8 58.2 55.8 57.6 GO1 78.6 87.5 10.9 101.0 81.0 100.3 113.1 63.4 71.0 83.4 79.0 G02 63.6 63.4 20.0 77.0 55.0 146.8 121.8 61.7 64.2 85.7 75.9 G03 102.6 105.9 57.0 73.5 81.4 84.1 G04 48.4 93.4 62.1 53.7 43.8 60.3 Mean GOI-4 71.1 75.5 15.5 89.0 68.0 99.5 108.6 61.1 65.6 73.6 72.8 Mean GO 1-4 and S01-5 64.7 63.3 11.8 94.6 51.8 83.0 92.3 54.2 61.5 63.7 64.1 Page 2-5 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 2-2. Operational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class CLASS: Annual Grass Average Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 Sol 2.1 17.5 28.9 13.8 21.9 36.8 40.3 30.3 27.7 23.3 31.8 58.0 40.5 49.4 45.6 53.6 57.0 47.9 34.8 S02 2.2 2.0 10.0 5.1 12.5 16.8 15.3 30.2 34.7 11.0 9.3 24.4 19.0 14.4 8.9 16.3 20.5 10.1 14.6 S03 14.6 7.2 7.8 8.1 12.5 17.5 40.1 42.6 53.5 28.4 25.8 52.6 53.2 46.7 37.2 46.7 57.7 48.7 33.4 S04 5.0 11.5 19.1 13.8 10.3 32.4 38.6 56.0 58.3 21.2 36.2 54.4 51.1 38.1 36.2 47.9 43.7 34.7 33.8 S05 27.1 13.1 33.4 10.2 32.9 53.4 45.2 51.6 48.2 35.5 46.8 69.3 58.4 46.8 56.7 55.7 69.1 61.0 45.2 Average SO 1-S05 10.2 10.2 19.8 10.2 18.0 31.4 35.9 42.1 44.5 23.9 30.0 51.7 44.4 39.1 36.9 44.0 49.6 40.4 32.3 S06 15.0 12.9 17.9 23.9 23.7 5.4 4.0 16.0 16,8 21.1 12.9 28.7 38.6 21.1 18.4 S07 47.7 5.5 5.9 15.2 58.0 9.7 1.1 50.8 63.7 78.4 70.4 83.2 83.3 80.4 46.6 Average All S 10.2 10.2 19.8 10.2 21.8 25.0 29.0 35.7 43.4 19.2 22.1 46.5 43.2 42.1 38.2 47.4 52.8 43.4 31.1 Go0 8.0 9.4 23.9 23.0 22.5 18.6 26.2 48.7 46.9 47.5 78.7 81.7 77.3 81.4 72.9 69.4 73.2 67.2 48.7 G02 8.1 4.7 9.5 10.1 13.2 7.8 20.8 64.3 68.7 61.9 70.6 82.6 74.5 75.7 62.9 76.6 79.0 67.6 47.7 G03 18.3 13.3 51.7 16.8 65.9 61.6 65.5 53.2 43.4 27.5 55.5 72.4 47.7 39.1 39.5 56.7 63.3 34.8 45.9 G04 7.3 7.4 4.7 4.8 3.1 13.7 18.9 34.2 29.2 9.1 4.8 22.1 19.7 29.8 21.5 23.1 28.9 11.2 16.3 Average GOI -G04 10.4 8.7 22.4 13.7 26.2 25.4 32.8 50.1 47.0 36.5 52.4 64.7 54.8 56.5 49.2 56.4 61.1 45.2 39.6 G05 22.4 23.8 37.0 46.0 38.4 6.4 11.1 24.2 33.1 29.1 29.6 29.8 40.8 17.8 27.8 G06 35.1 35.5 37.3 41.8 28.9 17.2 27.7 40.2 24.4 31.9 23.8 32.6 69.7 33.3 34.2 G07 38.1 36.6 48.3 66.2 68.9 42.4 53.7 67.3 52.4 48.4 41.7 50.1 83.0 67.9 54.6

, G08 12.1 19.8 38.3 55.2 59.6 51.2 60.2 71.1 70.5 69.3 49.8 48.4 44.3 37.6 49.1 A Average All G 10.4 8.7 22.4 13.6 26.5 27.1 36.5 51.2 48.0 32.9 45.3 57.7 49.9 50.6 42.7 48.3 60.2 42.2 37.5

"* Average Sand G 10.3 9.5 21.0 11.7 24.3 26.2 33.0 44.0 45.9 26.5 34.5 52.4 46,8 46.6 40.6 47.9 56.8 42.7 34.5 6% Average S01-5, G01-4 10.3 9.5 21.0 11.7 21.6 28.7 34.5 45.7 45.6 29.5 39.9 57.5 49.0 46.8 42.3 49.5 54.7 42.5 35.6 CLASS: Perennial Grass Average Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 m

0 Sol 1.1 2.2 3.6 1.8 8.3 3.3 7.6 3.3 7.2 2.7 17.6 10.5 4.3 7.7 4.9 13.8 10.7 19.2 7.2 0 S02 4.7 10.8 21.9 8.4 29.6 12.9 32.1 15.7 22.1 17.0 38.8 36.4 26.2 35.7 27.1 36.9 33.9 33.3 24.6 S03 17.9 17.3 42.7 12.0 64.0 18.4 26.4 11.4 16.3 5.7 30.0 12.2 7.2 14.2 20.1 12.3 9.0 17.7 19.7 c0 S04 2.4 9.9 19.6 9.4 13.0 12.7 14.5 5.4 12.9 3.8 8.6 14.6 3.7 11.2 10.7 16.5 20.6 26.7 12.0 S05 1.9 1.3 2.3 3.4 1.3 0.1 2.3 2.4 4.0 2.2 2.3 3.7 2.7 3.0 2.3 3.4 3.0 3.3 2.5 Average 0 S01-S05 5.6 8.3 18.0 7.0 23.2 9.5 16.6 7.6 12.5 6.2 19.5 15.5 8.8 14.3 13.0 16.5 15.4 20.0 13.2 S06 30.4 18.4 38.4 31.3 46.1 11.2 54.6 53.5 24.4 34.6 31.8 39.2 33.3 44.1 35.1 S07 37.5 17.6 60.6 33.8 23.2 9.6 12.7 14.2 3.8 5.7 10.4 5.5 2.8 8.9 17.6 Average All S 5.6 8.3 18.0 7.0 26.3 11.9 26.0 14.7 18.8 7.4 23.5 20.7 10.3 16.0 15.3 18.2 16.2 21.9 15.9 Lý't._.1"  !" ý" T

m m m m m - - - - - m Table 2-2. Operational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class (cont.)

CLASS: Perennial Grass (cont.)

0 Average 0~ Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 G01 9.2 19.9 32.5 17.9 60.4 18.7 41.8 25.6 48.3 5.5 10.2 13.1 1.1 3.3 5.9 15.8 17.0 16.9 20.1 OQ G02 18.0 38.7 58.8 21.7 59.6 0.0 50.6 20.0 23.4 4.3 18.0 11.6 0.2 7.1 8.6 13.1 13.3 24.4 21.7 CD G03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 1.4 0.0 2.0 0.6 4.0 3.6 0.7 1.9 1.4 2.3 1.6 4.1 1.3 G04 13.9 260 46.0 30.2 49.6 30.0 38.7 32.2 46.1 34.3 64.9 41.9 32.1 36.8 30.6 39.0 44.2 48.0 38.0 Average GO 1-G04 10.3 21.1 34.3 17.5 42.4 12.2 33.1 19.5 29.9 11.2 24.3 17.5 8.5 12.2 11.6 17.5 19.0 23.3 20.3 G05 36.8 11.9 23.6 18.6 31.4 9.6 47.5 37.2 17.0 32.1 23.2 25.0 18.4 16.9 24.9 G06 16.2 10.7 12.8 10.2 15.4 16.7 4.4 14.9 22.8 19.9 23.5 16.9 8.5 10.0 14.5 G07 32.1 9.3 18.9 5.7 12.3 2.2 16.8 9.6 3.9 13.0 9.7 12.7 11.3 17.2 12.4 G08 49.0 12.1 22.9 8.8 16.4 7.2 22.9 10.4 3.3 8.0 7.9 27.0 28.3 24.5 17.7 Average All G 10.3 21.1 34.3 17.5 37.9 11.6 26.3 15.2 24.4 10.0 23.6 17.8 10.1 15.2 13.8 18.9 17.8 20.2 19.2 Average S and G 7.7 14.0 25.2 11.6 32.5 11.7 26.2 15.0 21.8 8.8 23.5 19.1 10.2 15.6 14.5 18.6 17.0 21.0 17.4 Average SO1-5, G01-4 7.7 14.0 25.2 11.6 31.7 10.7 23.9 12.9 20.2 8.4 21.6 16.4 8.7 13.4 12.4 17.0 17.0 21.5 16.3 CLASS: Annual Forb Average Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002

'-* S01 0.7 25.4 12.6 6.1 12.5 8.0 36.3 13.6 13.0 8.1 31.5 6.4 7.6 13.0 7.0 13.8 6.1 8.0 12.7 o S02 1.4 16.7 8.5 5.3 7.0 2.6 15.1 5.7 8.7 2.7 7.7 4.9 3.9 7.8 1.5 6.2 3.1 1.6 6.1 S03 9.4 38.1 10.8 3.6 13.1 8.2 16.8 12.0 12.9 7.4 26.3 4.5 13.1 21.3 10.1 11.9 8.0 6.7 13.0

- S04 2.3 10.3 6.6 3.1 6.5 4.6 37.3 16.5 14.8 3.3 49.6 7.5 8.1 7.9 8.1 11.8 6.1 8.0 11.8 S05 4.8 16.7 11.4 4.0 11.1 8.9 21.6 13.6 13.3 7.7 14.7 6.4 3.7 17.8 9.1 13.6 5.2 8.1 10.6 Average SO 1-S05 3.7 21.4 10.0 4.4 10.0 6.4 25.4 12.2 12.5 5.8 25.9 5.9 7.3 13.5 7.1 11.4 5.7 6.5 10.8 S06 0.9 0.1 4.6 4.7 2.2 0.2 14.3 2.1 2.0 4.2 0.2 0.8 0.6 1.3 2.7 S07 5.2 0.0 0.7 23.1 9.9 2.9 102.1 72.5 10.3 13.7 7.4 5.7 2.3 5.4 18.6 Average All S 3.7 21.4 10.0 4.4 8.0 4.6 18.9 12.7 10.7 4.6 35.2 14.9 7.0 12.2 6.2 9.1 4.5 5.6 10.7 0

G01 18.2 27.7 10.3 6.3 12.9 7.8 0.3 13.3 13.5 4.1 23.8 7.6 10.2 9.8 8.3 6.2 4.4 8.2 10.7 G02 8.2 34.2 11.3 16.2 5.9 2.4 4.2 8.2 6.0 1.9 27.2 7.7 11.0 16.9 5.3 7.1 6.0 6.7 10.3 G03 7.6 25.5 14.0 7.6 42.2 15.7 13.4 15.1 22.6 18.2 23.5 5.5 14.2 21.5 13.7 10.8 7.4 26.3 16.9 0

G04 3.1 8.7 3.3 1.8 2.9 3.4 1.9 7.3 10.2 2.5 9.2 8.5 5.8 13.6 7.9 12.1 2.6 5.1 6.1 Average GO 1-004 9.2 24.0 9.7 8.0 16.0 7.3 4.9 10.9 13.1 6.7 20.9 7.3 10.3 15.4 8.8 9.0 5.1 11.6 11.0 00 G05 8.9 2.8 5.9 8.6 10.9 2.2 26.3 10.3 4.8 10.4 5.8 9.0 3.5 6.4 8.3 C, G06 13.6 6.9 6.9 10.2 16.5 6.7 3.8 4.9 5.4 9.4 9.3 12.5 3.2 6.9 8.3 0

G07 13.1 9.0 34.7 16.7 13.5 11.4 30.9 6.3 11.6 18.8 8.9 21.2 11.2 20.8 16.3 G08 14.0 7.0 19.8 17.4 9.0 2.3 20.7 5.1 8.1 13.0 5.9 10.4 18.5 9.2 11.4 0

Average All G 9.2 24.0 9.7 8.0 14.2 6.8 10.9 12.1 12.8 6.1 20.6 7.0 8.9 14.1 8.1 11.2 7.1 11.2 11.2 Average S and G 6.2 22.6 9.9 6.0 11.3 5.8 14.6 12.4 11.8 5.4 27.4 10.7 8.0 13.2 7.2 10.2 5.9 8.6 10.9 Average SOI-5, GOI-4 6.2 22.6 9.9 6.0 12.7 6.8 16.3 11.7 12.8 6.2 23.7 6,5 8.6 14.4 7.9 10.4 5.4 8.7 10.9 0

Table 2-2. Operational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class (cont.)

CLASS: Perennial Forb 0

Average 0~ Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 r_ -S01 0.0 1.2 5.0 11.6 4.5 0.4 4.5 9.2 13.7 2.3 2.3 0.4 4.4 5.1 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.1 3.7 S02 1.4 5.4 6.0 15.8 14.5 9.6 6.4 10.7 12.7 7.2 0.5 6.8 7.9 11.0 13.5 11.0 7.8 10.8 8.8 S03 1.2 2.3 2.0 2.1 4.4 1:8 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.6 9.4 0.4 1.9 1.5 0.6 0.4 1.2 1.0 2.2 CD 3.0 9.2 10.4 4.9 8.2 3.9 2.4 4.3 8.7 4.5 3.7 6.4 7.5 12.0 5.9 4.8 3.6 7.5 6.1 S04 0.3 1.3 1.8 3.3 0.6 0.1 0.4 1.1 7.4 7.5 8.8 8.2 8.6 1.8 0.4 1.9 1.4 1.l 3.1 S05 3.8 5.0 7.5 6.4 3.1 3.1 5.5 9.0 5.0 4.9 4.4 6.0 6.2 4.2 3.8 2.9 4.1 4.8 Average SO 1-S05 1.2 S06 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 1.3 4.3 0.0 0.1 1.00 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.6 S07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 6.5 6.5 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.2 3.8 5.0 7.5 4.6 2.2 2.2 4.0 6.5 4.7 5.0 3.2 4.5 4.6 3.0 2.8 2.1 2.9 3.9 Average All S 0.8 1.8 0.9 0.2 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.5 G01 0.1 2.0 1.9 2.0 1.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 G02 G03 2.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.8 11.3 0.5 1.8 3.4 20.0 4.5 6.5 1.0 0.6 3.0 G04 0.9 2.6 1.6 4.4 3.0 1.2 0.9 0.8 2.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.5 1.5 0.4 0.2 1.0 1.2 1.3 Average GO 1-G04 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.7 2.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.1 3.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 5.4 1.2 1.7 0.5 0.4 1.3 6.5 4.0 3.4 2.0 5.9 5.3 7.2 5.7 6.4 7.7 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.5 4.1 G05 G06 10.4 8.6 12.2 12.6 8.9 11.1 1.5 0.3 10.0 9.5 12.6 11.2 6.2 10.3 8.9 12.9 0.1 0.1 1.4 1.6 0.8 4.3 0.2 1.6 6.0 1.7 3.2 1.0 0.1 2.5 G07 10.6 0.2 1.7 3.9 4.5 2.8 2.9 0.1 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.4 2.2 G08 CD 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.7 6.0 1.8 2.4 2.6 3.1 4.0 2.2 1.0 2.7 5.8 2.5 2.8 1.5 1.6 2.5

¢ Average All G 1.1 2.8 3.3 4.9 5.4 2.0 2.3 3.3 4.7 4.3 3.5 2.0 3.6 5.2 2.8 2.8 1.8 2.2 3.2 00 Average S and G Average SOI-5, G01-4 1.1 2.8 3.3 4.9 4.5 1.9 1.9 3.2 5.5 4.1 2.9 2.7 3.8 5.9 2.9 2.9 1.8 2.5 3.2 CLASS: All Forb and Grass Average Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 M

0 61.5 36.3 83.1 75.3 56.7 75.0 58.0 82.2 74.4 75.1 58.4 Sol 3.9 46.2 50.1 33.2 47.1 48.5 88.6 56.3 0

S02 9.6 34.7 46.4 34.5 63.5 41.8 68.7 62.3 78.2 37.8 56.2 72.4 56.9 68.8 50.8 70.3 65.2 55.7 54.1 43.0 64.9 63.3 25.8 93.9 45.8 85.1 68.2 85.2 45.1 91.5 69.6 75.4 83.6 67.9 71.3 75.9 74.1 68.3 S03 S04 12.7 40.7 55.6 31.2 37.9 53.6 92.7 82.1 94.6 32.8 98.1 82.8 70.3 69.1 60.7 80.9 73.9 76.8 63.7 S05 33.9 32.3 48.9 20.8 45.8 662.4 69.4 68.6 72.9 52.8 72.5 87.6 73.4 69.3 68.5 74.5 78.6 73.4 94.7 20.6 43.8 52.8 29.1 57.6 50.4 80.9 67.5 78.5 41.0 80.3 77.5 66.5 73.1 61.5 75.8 73.6 71.0 61.2 Average S01-S05 S06 46.3 31.4 60.8 60.6 72.0 18.0 77.2 71.6 43.3 60.9 45.0 69.0 72.8 66.5 56.8 90.3 23.0 67.2 72.1 91.0 28.6 122.3 137.4 79.1 97.7 88.5 94.3 88.4 94.6 83.9 ro S07 El, 20.6 43.8 52.8 29.1 60.7 43.8 76.1 67.1 79.3 35.9 85.8 85.2 65.0 74.9 62.7 77.5 75.6 73.7 61.6 Average All S n = m m = m n = = n m m = m m = m- m

m - m - m m mm - m m - - l Table 2-2. Operational Herbaceous Cover (%) by Class (cont.)

CLASS: All Forb and Grass (cont.)

Average C-) Station 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 1985-2002 0

CD Got 36.2 58.7 67.5 47.3 99.6 45.1 68.2 87.7 110.1 57.3 112.7 102.5 88.6 94.5 87.1 91.3 94.7 92.2 80.0 G02 34.3 79.4 81.5 50.0 79.8 10.2 75.7 92.7 98.0 68.1 116.5 101.9 85.7 99.8 76.8 96.7 98.3 98.6 80.2 G03 28.2 38.8 65.8 24.4 108.2 77.3 80.8 68.5 68.8 57.5 83.4 83.2 65.9 82.4 59.0 76.3 73.2 65.8 67.1 G04 25.1 44.6 55.4 41.2 58.5 48.2 6Q.4 74.4 87.7 46.5 79.6 72.7 58.0 81.6 60.3 74.3 76.7 65.4 61.7 Average GO1-G04 10.4 55.4 67.5 40.7 86.5 45.2 71.2 80.8 91.1 57.3 98.0 90.0 74.5 89.5 70.8 84.6 85.7 80.5 71.1 G05 74.4 42.4 69.8 75.2 86.5 23.4 92.0 77.4 61.2 79.2 59.5 64.8 64.0 41.6 65.1 C- G06 75.3 61.6 69.2 74.8 69.6 51.6 37.3 60.1 62.5 70.5 69.1 73.2 87.5 60.3 65.9 G07 96.1 54.9 102.0 90.2 96.1 56.7 105.5 83.3 69.4 86.0 61.9 87.2 106.4 105.9 85.8 G08 85.6 39.1 82.6 85.2 89.5 63.5 106.6 86.6 82.2 91.7 63.7 86.2 92.1 71.7 80.4 Average Ail G 31.0 55.4 67.5 40.7 84.7 47.3 76.1 81.1 88.3 53.1 91.7 83.4 71.7 85.7 67.2 81.2 86.6 75.2 70.4 Average S and G 25.2 48.9 59.4 34.2 73.5 45.7 76.1 74.6 84.1 45.1 89.0 84.3 68.6 80.7 65.1 79.5 81.4 74.5 66.1 Average S01-5, G01-4 25.2 48.9 59.4 34.2 70.5 48.1 76.6 73.4 84.1 48.2 88.2 83.1 70.1 80.4 65.4 79.7 79.0 75.2 66.1 (5Q CA (5D CQ 0

70" 30 )

404 60" 2

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1%5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1 201 YEAR Precip. -. o-- Avg. AD S ---- Avg. All G .... Normal Precip.

Figure 2-2. Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 120 50 49 110-48 100" 47 80 " - 45 C)43 50 "

41 40 -

40 39 38 20 .3 10 36 0

35 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR Avg. Temperature --- Avg. All S -- Avg. All G .... Normal Temperature Figure 2-3. Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 Page 2-10 ,

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

+40-30.0 2D2

/ .3 II 10 0 0I 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 191 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 199D1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20D01 YEAR Precip. --- o Avg. AU S -) Avg. All G .... Normal Precip. I Figure 2-4. Annual Grasses Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 40 111 10 35 9

308 7

25

~20 15 4

".3 II 0 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 198 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR Precip. -o- Avg. A U S -- a- Avg. AllUG .... Normal Precip.

Figure 2-5. Perennial Grasses Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 Page 2-11 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

10

.9

.7

'6

~20

.5 0

2

.4 3

2 1

0 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR Precip. -- Avg. All S ----- Avg. All G .... Normal Precip.

Figure 2-6. Annual Forbs Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 11 10 9

8 7

I 6

5 0

2 0 0 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 19831984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 200D 20I 2002 YEAR E Precip. -o-- Avg, All S -- c-- Avg. All G . . . . Normal Precip.

Figure 2-7. Perennial Forbs Percent Cover vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 Page 2-12 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

49 48 47 46 45

~40 30-4 0 40 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982198 19841985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 199 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997/1998 1999 200 2001 2002 YEAR 49 r"-nAvg. Tenilerature -c Avg. All S -0O-Avg. All G ... Normal Temperature Figure 2-8. Annual Grasses Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 35 48 4t7 36 197/5 1976 1977 1978 1979 198D1986119821983194 1985 1986 19987198 1989199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 200 0 35 YEAR 40 r-Avg. Temperature --- Avg. All S o-Avg. All G . . .. Normal Temperature Figure 2-8. Pernnual 30 Grasses Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 39 145 41 25 44 436 10 1973 19761977 19781979 19801981 198219831984 19851986 1987198819891990 19911992 199319941995 19961997 199819992000 2DD200 YEAR

-- 'Avg. Temperature -- <>-Avg. A~llS -o- Avg. All G . . . Normal Temperature Figure 2-9. Perennial Grasses Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 Page 2-13 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

48 47 30-46 43 25-

.44

8. 43

~20 42~

41 139 10 36 0 35 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1%951986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR Avg. Temperature -- Avg. All S -- 0-- Avg. All G . . . . Normal Temperature Figure 2-10. Annual Forbs Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 8 50

'49

.47 646 45 5

44 C) 43 41 3

40 239 38 36 0 35 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1990 19811982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR Avg. Temperature -- o- Avg. All S ---- Avg. All G .... Normal Temperature Figure 2-11. Perennial Forbs Percent Cover vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 Page 2-14 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 3 SHRUB COVER AND DENSITY I

Iu~

m ._* L,.... - m. m

• m -}%

3.0 SHRUB CANOPY COVER AND DENSITY Measurements of shrub canopy cover are conducted on shrub species in a manner similar to the measurements of herbaceous cover (Section 2). Shrub density is simply based on shrub counts per unit area. These field measurements were included in the terrestrial program until they were terminated in 1992.

3.1 Methods and Materials Five 50-meter lines were used to measure shrub canopy cover in each of the seven shrub sites (Figure 3-1). Whenever a tape stretched between the end posts crossed a shrub, its species and the distance (cm) at which it intercepted the line were recorded. For each shrub site, intercept distances of each species along all five lines were summed to give a total intercept distance.

From this, a shrub canopy cover value in percent was obtained by dividing the total intercept distance by total line length.

4 50m

'Herbaceous transect Shrub Intercept transect Shrub Intercept transect Shrub Intercept transect 20 m Shrub Intercept transect Shrub Intercept transect Phytomass sampling plot (not to scale) 110 m Figure 3-1. Shrub Cover and Density Sampling Transects Quality assurance verification for shrub cover consisted of twice sampling one major species along a randomly selected shrub transect. Resampling was conducted if intercept lengths differed by more than 10 percent.

Shrub density was determined by counting live individual shrubs. These were recorded by species within each of the four strips delineated by shrub intercept transects. The number of shrubs per strip was summed to obtain shrub density by species for the entire 1000 square meter plot. Sampling was done concurrent with cover sampling.

Quality assurance verification for shrub density consisted of resampling one randomly selected species within one strip. Resampling was conducted if the count difference exceeded one individual.

g ubGnanStngoc3-1al e oog SmrRo Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

3.2 Results and Discussion In the summer of 1984, a range fire destroyed nearly all shrubs at Sites SOl, S02 and S04. Mean I shrub cover fell from 12.9% in the spring of 1984 to 5.0% in the spring of 1985. The lowest mean shrub density came in 1991, with 1.4%. Mean shrub cover results for 1975 to 1992 are listed in Table 3-1 and graphically shown in Figure 3-2.

11 Shrub density also shows the effect of the 1984 fire. Density at sites S01 and S04 fell from 1200 and 2010 shrubs per hectare (shrubs/ha) to zero in 1985. During the same period, shrub density at site S02 declined from 2340 to 110 shrubs/ha. Site S03 was not burned and showed increased I.

density during the study. Site S05 also escaped the 1984 fire but was recovering from a 1981 fire. Table 3-2 lists the shrub density at the fives stations for 1980 to 1992. Figure 3-3 graphically shows the density at each of the shrub sites from 1980 to 1992.

N N

N 11 I]

U Ii N

II

'-, Page 3-2 -*

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 3-1. Mean Shrub Cover (%), 1975-92 1975 13.4 1984 12.9 1976 14.4 1985 5.0 1977 11.9 1986 2.2 1978 25.6 1987 1.7 1979 14.0 1988 1.8 1980 19.1 1989 1.6 1981 15.9 1990 1.6 1982 12.5 1991 1.4 1983 12.8 1992 2.1 Table 3-2. Shrub Density (shrub/hectare) at Five Shrub Sites, 1980-92 Station 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

$01 1080 1016 1060 1310 1200 0 100 90 140 140 130 70 90 S02 2100 1823 1770 2060 2340 110 0 12 20 12 20 20 10 S03 476 376 500 550 540 520 530 640 570 580 570 660 570 S04 2073 1897 1820 1950 2010 0 0 50 100 100 90 60 60 S05 619 568 60 40 100 110 100 90 110 120 160 140 150 Page 3-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

30 25-20+

15 10+

5 0

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR Mean Shrub Cover Figure 3-2. Mean Shrub Cover, 1975-1992 2500 2000 1500 I 0 .

.0 .

..

0 o.-.

• • _ .0.--- *20'

-- -- ,...- _.. o-:-

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Year

- - O1 -- O-S02 O 6 S03 -- ,)< -S04 - S05 Figure 3-3. Shrub Density at Five Shrub Sites, 1980-1992 Page 3-4 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 4 HERBACEOUS PHYTOMASS i iU

-F7[~T ~L~Lj~tU~ ".11 W t w w o w

4.0 HERBACEOUS PHYTOMASS Herbaceous phytomass is a measure of the amount of vegetative matter per unit area in the same plant communities for which cover measurements were made (Section 2). The results are compared over the period of the study for trends that may indicate potential impact from cooling tower operation.

4.1 Methods and Materials Phytomass sampling was conducted concurrently with herbaceous cover sampling. Phytomass sampling plots were randomly located within an area adjacent to the permanent transects or plots (Figure 2-1). At each site, live herbaceous vegetation rooted in five microplots (20 x 50 cm) was clipped to ground level and placed in paper bags. Each bag was stapled shut and labeled with site code, plot number, and date.

Sample bags were transported to the laboratory, opened and placed in a drying oven until a consistent weight was obtained. Following drying, each bag was removed from the oven and the contents immediately weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. Laboratory quality assurance consisted of independently reworking 10% of the phytomass samples to assess data validity and reliability.

4.2 Results and Discussion Herbaceous phytomass, like herbaceous cover, is influenced by the climate during the growing season. As illustrated in Figure 4-1, the 1977 and 1994 periods of low precipitation correspond to low phytomass at both shrub and grass sites. During 1977, the average phytomass at shrub sites was six grams per square meter (gm/rnm 2) and 16 gm/rnm 2 at grass sites. In 1994, the average phytomass was 24 gm/rnm at shrub sites and grass sites averaged 40 gm/m 2 .

Other periods of low phytomass relate with periods of low temperatures. In 1979, when the average growing season temperature was 4.60 F below the norm, the average phytornass decreased at shrub sites to 21.7 gmrnm 2 from the 138.7 gm/in 2 in 1978. Average phytomass at 2

grass sites was 50.5 gm/m , a decrease of 113.5 gm/rn 2 from the 1978 average. Low temperatures combined with recovery from the devastating 1984 range fire may have contributed to the low phytomass observed in 1985. The average growing season temperature was 3.80 F below normal seasonal temperatures. Phytomass during 1985 was 21 gr/rm 2 at shrub sites and 36.5 gm/m 2 at grass sites. Figure 4-2 shows the relationship between growing season temperature and phytomass.

Preoperational phytomass averaged 105.1 gm/mr2 and ranged from a low of four gm/mr2 at S01 in 1977 to 359 gm/m 2 observed at GOl in 1975. Operational phytomass ranged from one gm/m 2 at S02 in 1985 to 438.5 gm/m2 at GO0 in 1996 and averaged 79.5 gm/rnm2. Table 4-1 presents the site and annual comparison of preoperational herbaceous phytomass. Table 4-2 shows the comparison of herbaceous phytornass during the operational period.

Columbia Geertig.aPage 4-1M Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

0 0~

C)

Table 4-1. Herbaceous Phytomass (gm/rnm2 ) during the Preoperational Period

~1 TOTAL SITE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 MEAN 0

Sol 126.0 137.0 4.0 173.0 21.0 36.0 180.0 98.0 171.0 104.0 105.0 S02 144.0 98.0 7.0 128.0 28.0 63.0 115.0 24.0 232.0 57.0 89.6 S03 88.0 177.0 7.0 115.0 16.0 43.0 31.0 22.0 54.0 95.0 64.8 a

(b S04 S05 Mean Shrub Sites 119.3

-

-

137.3

-

-

6.0

-

-

138.7

-

-

21.7

-

-

78.0 71.0 58.2 52.0 81.0 91.8 39.0 184.0 73.4 68.0 136.0 132.2 93.0 43.0 78.4 66.0 103.0 85.7 G01 359.0 108.0 21.0 166.0 64.0 160.0 200.0 90.0 77.0 94.0 133.9 G02 302.0 258.0 11.0 162.0 37.0 68.0 255.0 60.0 137.0 116.0 140.6 G03 - - - - - 53.0 261.0 62.0 64.0 133.0 114.6 0

0 0

G04 - - - - - 79.0 159.0 113.0 82.0 67.0 100.0 0

Mean 0

Grass Sites 330.5 183.0 16.0 164.0 50.5 90.0 218.8 81.3 90.0 102.5 132.7 Mean 0

~1 All Sites 203.8 155.6 10.0 148.8 33.2 72.3 148.2 76.9 113.4 89.1 105.1 0

low as a* 4w r-)

Table 4-2. Herbaceous Phytomass (gm/m 2) during the Operational Period TOTAL SITE 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 MEAN 0*

S01 5.0 34.8 62.4 59.5 53.9 32.8 225.1 49.2 80.2 27.3 76.5 65.6 42.7 49.0 61.2 77.8 60.2 43.8 61.5 o01 S02 1.0 111.8 143.6 73.4 72.8 78.3 58.2 147.5 84.1 13.4 84.6 231.1 43.5 40.7 32.2 72.4 106.4 38.2 79.6 S03 27.0 25.3 48.3 15.2 67.0 28.2 87.6 90.7 91.7 20.5 53.8 110.3 75.2 66.8 48.0 42.6 55.2 51.0 55.8 S04 11.0 176.5 108.0 24.4 39.8 30.9 185.2 80.3 261.4 19.8 244.1 45.5 33.6 79.6 37.2 55.4 94.4 42.0 87.1 SOS 61.0 24.3 144.6 18.6 103.7 43.4 111.3 110.8 173.1 60.8 113.9 63.8 39.4 41.1 85.8 86.6 83.0 38.4 79.0 UQ S06 - - - - 72.7 34.0 225.1 101.3 93.5 7.0 73.5 54.2 31.0 41.5 41.8 24.9 78.4 24.2 64.5 S07 - - - - 149.5 6.1 226.0 187.3 330.3 19.1 214.5 281.3 159.9 183.3 181.8 248.0 157.6 144.0 177.8 Mean Shrub Sites 21.0 74.5 101.4 38.2 79.9 36.2 159.8 109.6 159.2 24.0 123.0 121.7 60.8 71.7 69.7 86.8 90.7 54.5 82.6 GOI 70.0 50.4 83.1 34.0 174.3 13.6 87.7 142.4 146.0 45.7 208.5 438.5 46.0 100.9 86.8 84.8 128.0 85.2 112.5 G02 27.0 61.5 76.6 14.1 65.7 4.1 97.2 109.4 156.6 48.8 174.5 183.4 48.9 93.9 73.4 90.8 133.8 54.4 84.1 G03 12.0 31.6 133.6 16.0 105.1 64.0 161.6 82.7 70.3 49.2 33.5 78.8 17.5 56.9 69.2 64.4 97.4 46.6 66.2 G04 37.0 35.1 89.9 61.4 49.5 73.2 67.6 60.0 109.8 15.6 65.5 50.2 37.7 46.9 67.6 131.2 77.8 45.4 62.3 0 G05 - - - - 43.2 36.8 171.8 54.4 75.3 13.2 35.5 49.2 28.2 42.6 43.4 87.4 64.6 11.1 54.1 G06 - - - - 61.0 39.8 101.4 49.4 162.0 60.1 92.4 75.5 51.2 53.9 49.0 130.0 103.8 52.0 77.3 (IQ G07 - - - - 113.1 29.1 168.4 101.4 150.7 41.5 107.0 44.1 22.5 75.2 66.2 66.8 138.4 82.6 86.2 G08 - - - - 112.3 10.0 137.3 74.3 100.3 44.1 139.3 316.6 58.8 66.3 50.4 112.6 55.8 47.0 94.7 Mean Grass Sites 36.5 44.7 95.8 31.4 90.5 33.8 124.1 84.3 121.4 39.8 107.0 154.5 38.9 67.1 63.3 96.0 100.0 53.0 76.8 Mean AllSites 27.9 61.3 98.9 35.2 85.6 35.0 140.8 96.1 139.0 32.4 114.5 139.2 49.1 69.2 66.3 91.7 95.7 53.7 79.6

200 175 150-r 7

125 4Z 100 75 50 25 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 19831984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997'1998'1999 20002001'2002 YEAR Precip. ---- Mean Shrub -- a- Mean Grass . . . Normal Precip.

Figure 4-1. Phytomass vs. Precipitation, 1975-2002 350 50 325 300 275 250 225 p200 175 150 125 100 75 25 0

1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 19811982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19881989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 199920002001 2002 YEAR Avg. Temperature ---- Mean Shrub - Mean Grass - - - Normal Temperature Figure 4-2. Phytomass vs. Temperature, 1975-2002 Page 4-4 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 5 SOIL CHEMISTRY

_mm m m*m m m m- Inmmm wm~~ w, w

5.0 SOIL CHEMISTRY The concentration of chemical constituents in the cooling tower drift should be very similar to concentrations in the circulating cooling water. Due to the evaporative process, concentrations of cations, anions, and metals will be elevated as compared to rainwater. The accumulation of one or more chemical constituents in the soil surrounding the plant can be an indicator of a potentially adverse impact.

5.1 Methods and Materials At each of the grassland and shrub sites, soil samples were collected at two locations from the top 15 cm of soil with a clean stainless steel trowel. The soil sample locations were randomly selected and taken from the phytomass sampling plot. The samples were placed in 250-ml sterile plastic cups with lids, labeled and refrigerated at 4VC. Each sample was analyzed for pH, bicarbonate alkalinity, carbonate alkalinity, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, copper, zinc and sodium. Aliquots of soil for trace metal analyses were microwave digested according to Gilman (1989). Preservation times and conditions followed Environmental Protection Agency procedures (EPA 1991).

Laboratory quality control comprised 10%-20% of the sample analysis load for soil chemistry.

Routine quality control samples included internal laboratory check standards, reagent blanks, and prepared EPA or National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) controls.

5.2 Results and Discussion Soil chemistry analyses results are presented in Tables 5-1 and 5-2. Comparison of the preoperational and operational results for sulfate and chloride is difficult due to several factors.

The methods used for determining the amount of sulfate and chloride in soil have changed and been refined such that there is less error introduced into determining the quantity of the element present. Also, the number of sites increased from a total of nine shrub and grass sites during the preoperational phase to fifteen in 1989.

The pH in soil ranged from a low of 6.22 standard units (STU) at site S03 in 1995, to a high of 8.79 STU at Site S02 in 1983. During the preoperational phase, the site with the highest average pH was S02 with 8.07 STU. The site with the lowest pH during the preoperational phase was S04, with an average of 6.92 STU. The average pH for the five shrub sites was 7.34 STU and for the four grass sites, the average pH was 7.44 STU. During the operational phase, site S07 had the highest average pH at 7.62 STU. The site with the highest single pH reading during the operational phase was S07 with a pH of 8.50 in 1995. The shrub sites averaged a pH of 7.10 during the operational phase of the program, while the grass sites averaged 6.87 STU. Soil ph results from 1980 to 2002 are shown graphically in Figure 5-1.

The conductivity of soil ranged from a low of 8.5 microsiemen per centimeter (pS/cm) at site S03 in 1981 to a high of 345 pS/cm at S07 in 2002. The site with the highest average conductivity during the preoperational phase was G02, with an average of 49.1 pS/cm. Site S04 had the lowest preoperational average conductivity at 28.3 pS/cm. Site S07 had the highest average conductivity during the operational phase at 115.4 p.S/cm. The lowest average conductivity was at G06, with an average of 33.1 p.S/cm. The average conductivity at shrub

....

................. Page 5-1 ... " r1%...

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Ii sites during the preoperational phase was 33.7 4S/cm and averaged 55.8 *tS/cm during the operational phase. Grass sites averaged 42.6 pS/cm during the preoperational phase and 48.7 pS/cm during the operational phase. In 2002, eleven of the fifteen sites showed a marked increase over previous years. Only sites S03, G01, G02 and G08 had a conductivity result that was not the highest result for that site. The high conductivity readings may be the result of the leaching of ash deposited during the large range fire that occurred in the summer of 2000.

Figure 5-2 graphically shows the soil conductivity from 1980 to 2002.

Sulfate in soil ranged from less than detectable at several stations to 188.5 micrograms per gram (pLg/gm) at S05 in 1980. The site with the highest preoperational average was S05, with an average sulfate concentration of 50 ptg/gm. Site S04, with an average of 10.7 pg/gm, had RI the lowest preoperational concentration. During the operational phase of the program, the site with the highest average sulfate concentration was 10.3 pg/gm at G03. The lowest average NU sulfate concentration for the operational period was at 3.4 ptg/gm at G05. The average sulfate concentration at shrub sites was 23.5 pg/gm during the preoperational phase and 3.7 p.g/gm during the operational phase. Grass sites averaged 18.2 ptg/gm during the preoperational phase and 4.8 pg/gm during operation. Sulfate results from 1980 to 2002 are graphically shown in Figure 5-3. Ii The chloride in soil results ranged from below detection level to 26.4 pIg/gm in 1991 at site G07. Site G01 had the highest average preoperational concentration at 9.2 pg/gm. The lowest preoperational average was 6 pg/gm at G03. Site S07 had the highest operational average of 4.3 pig/gm and site G08 had the lowest operational average at 1.8 pg/gm. Shrub sites averaged 7 ptg/gm during the preoperational phase and grass sites average 7.3 ptg/gm. During i the operational phase, both shrub and grass sites averaged 3 ptg/gm. Chloride results for 1980 to 2002 are illustrated in Figure 5-4.

Copper in soil ranged from a low of 0.2 ptg/gm at sites S03 through S06 in 2001 to a high of j 19.9 pg/gm in 1992 at S07. Grass site G02 had the highest preoperational average concentration at 12.5 ptg/gm. Site S02 had the lowest preoperational average at 8.9 pg/gm. eD Grass sites overall averaged 11.4 pg/gm during the preoperational phase. Shrub sites during the preoperational phase averaged 10.3 pg/gm. During the operational phase, site S07 had the highest average copper concentration at 12.8 ptg/gm and site G05 had the lowest operational U average at 7.5 ptg/gm. Overall, shrub sites averaged 9.2 ptg/gm of copper annually during the operational phase and grass sites averaged 8.9 ptg/gm. A general decline in copper in soil has been noted. This trend has also been shown to be occurring in the plant's circulating water.

In 1994, copper in the circulating water averaged 75.9 ,ug/l. By the end of 2001, copper in the circulating water was averaging 16.2 pug/l. The copper in soil results from 1980 to 2002 is graphically shown in Figure 5-5.

The results for zinc in soil ranged from 15.2 pg/gm at S02 in 1995 to 82.5 pg/gm at S05 in 1980. The highest preoperational average was at 55.9 ptg/gm at G02. The low preoperational average during the preoperational phase was at 29.9 ptg/gm at S02. Grass sites averaged 51.6 ptg/gm during the preoperational phase and shrub sites averaged 46.2 pIg/gm. During the operational phase, site S07 had the highest average zinc concentration at 52.1 ptg/gm. Site S02 had the lowest average at 27.2 ptg/gm. Grass sites averaged 43.3 pg/gm overall during the operational phase. Shrub sites averaged 42.3 ptg/gm annually during the operational phase.

Page 5-2 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

The mean concentrations of zinc at grass and shrub sites from 1980 to 2002 are graphically shown in Figure 5-6.

Sodium in soil ranged from a low of 0.001 percent by weight (%wt) at site S05 in 1999 to a high of 0.170 %wt in 1980, also at S05. Site G02 had the highest preoperational average concentration of sodium at 0.059 %wt. The lowest preoperational average was at site S02 with an average of 0.042 %wt. Overall, grass sites averaged 0.055 %wt during the preoperational phase and shrub sites average 0.049 %wt. Site S02 had the lowest average concentration during the operational phase with an average of 0.022 %wt. The site with the highest average during the operational phase was G02, at 0.042 %wt. Grass sites averaged 0.034 %wt during the operational phase and shrub sites averaged 0.030 %wt. Figure 5-7 graphically shows the sodium results at grass and shrub sites from 1980 to 2002.

Bicarbonate in soil results ranged from a low of 0.002 milliequivalents (meq) bicarbonate per gram (meq/HCO3 /gm) at several sites during the preoperational phase and at site S04 in 1997 and 2000, to a high of 0.0200 meq/HCO3Igm at site G07 in 2001. The sites with the lowest preoperational average were S04, S05, G02, and G04, with an average of 0.0004 meq/HCO 3 /gm. The highest preoperational average was 0.0011 meq/HCO3 /gm at site S02.

Overall, grass sites averaged 0.0006 meq/HCO3 /gm during the preoperational phase and shrub sites averaged 0.0007 meq/HCO3 /gm. During the operational phase, grass sites averaged 0.0021 meq/HCO3 /gm and shrub sites averaged 0.0027 meq/HCO3 /gm. The site with the highest average concentration during the operational phase was S07 with an average'of 0.0070.

Site G06 had the lowest average, averaging 0.0011 meq/HCO 3/gm during the operational phase. Shrubs sites averaged 0.0027 meq/HCO3 /gm during the operational phase and grass sites averaged 0.0021 meq/HCO3 /gm. Bicarbonate results for 1980 to 2002 are shown in Figure 5-8.

The soil chemistry data from 1980 to 2002 for each element were grouped by site type and as upwind or downwind of the plant. The upwind sites, as determined by the long-term meteorological data were G02, G05, G08, SO1, and S03. The mean and standard deviation for each year and site type was calculated and the data compared. Results between upwind and downwind sites showed a good overlap of the standard deviations and no statistical difference over the years. These results are presented graphically in Figures 5-9 through 5-24.

Page 5-3 Columbia. Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

IL Table 5-1. Preoperational Soil Chemistry Results pH (STU)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean S01 6.90 7.10 7.50 7.00 6.82 7.17 S02 7.70 8.10 7.70 8.79 8.04 7.83 S03 6.90 7.50 7.80 7.40 7.30 7.40 S04 S05 S06 6.80 7.20 7.30 7.60 7.45 7.30 6.61 7.37 6.43 6.95 7.18 7.37 IT S07 G01 7.30 7.70 7.40 7.35 7.47 7.47 G02 7.40 7.60 7.70 7.50 7.30 7.57 G03 7.20 7.30 7.60 7.31 7.36 7.37 G04 7.30 7.30 7.80 7.69 7.20 7.47 G05 G06 G07 ELI

'-'no

%3UO Mean S Mean G 7.10 7.30

-

7.52 7.48

-

7.55 7.63

-

7.43 7.46

-

7.11 7.33

-

7.39 7.47

-

ELI Mean All 7.19 7.50 7.58 7.45 7.21 7.42 Ii Conductivity (tS/cm)

Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Pre-op Mean I]

Sol 19.0 10.0 67.0 27.0 22.0 29.0 S02 S03 S04 29.0 32.0 17.0 11.0 8.5 8.6 92.0 66.0

- 45.0 44.0 25.0 40.0 26.0 25.0 31.3 40.5 28.3 12 S05 15.4 9.4 117.0 24.0 30.0 39.2 S06 - - - - - -

S07 - - - - - -

GO1 22.0 26.0 104.0 45.0 25.0 44.4 G02 17.5 23.0 140.0 34.0 31.0 49.1 G03 35.0 8.9 110.5 30.0 34.0 43.7 G04 21.0 12.0 73.0 32.0 29.0 33.4 G05 - - - - - -

G06 G07 G08 Mean S 22.5 9.5

-

85.5

-

33.0

-

28.6

-

33.7

- 'U Mean G 23.9 17.5 106.9 35.3 29.8 42.6 Mean All 23.1 13.0 96.2 33.9 29.1 37.8 It Ir Eu Page 5-4 a Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 5-1. Preoperational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

Sulfate (gg/gm)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean Sol 29.00 12.00 14.00 2.50 1.00 18.33 S02 68.00 6.00 16.50 2.50 1.50 30.17 S03 56.00 22.00 40.00 7.50 5.50 39.33 S04 16.00 9.50 20.00 7.40 <1.00 15.17 S05 188.50 13.00 36.00 7.40 5.00 79.17 S06 S07 GO0 64.00 <5.00 21.00 3.00 3.00 42.50 G02 39.00 <5.00 16.00 3.00 3.00 27.50 G03 60.00 26.00 16.00 7.50 7.00 34.00 G04 52.00 9.50 20.00 5.00 4.25 27.17 G05 G06 G07 fUO - - - - - -

Mean S 71.50 12.50 25.30 5.46 3.25 36.43 Mean G 53.75 17.75 18.25 4.63 4.31 32.35 Mean All 63.61 14.00 22.17 5.09 3.78 34.80 Chloride (pg/gm)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean So1 17.00 6.00 <5.00 2.00 5.80 11.50 S02 12.00 7.00 7.00 2.10 7.50 8.67 S03 17.00 8.00 <5.00 2.60 6.20 12.50 S04 7.30 <5 14.00 2.70 4.60 10.65 S05 12.00 8.00 8.00 2.80 8.60 9.33 S06 - - - - - -

S07 - - - - - -

GO 17.00 13.00 <5.00 7.50 6.00 15.00 G02 12.00 11.00 6.00 1.80 7.00 9.67 G03 12.00 7.00 <5.00 2.50 6.20 9.50 G04 12.00 8.00 <5.00 2.30 6.10 10.00 G05 - - - - - -

G06 - - - - - -

G07 - - - - - -

G08 - - - - - -

Mean S 13.06 7.25 9.67 2.44 6.54 10.28 Mean G 13.25 9.75 6.00 3.53 6.33 10.89 Mean All 13.14 8.50 8.75 2.92 6.44 10.54 I. v W. Page 5-5 f . . .I .. . . ... ... .

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 5-1. Preoperational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

Ii Copper (p.g/gm)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 12.0 10.3 S01 S02 S03 11.0 13.0 10.0 8.0 11.0 10.0 7.7 9.2 9.6 11.0 10.0 8.0 9.5 10.7 8.9 11.1 ii S04 11.0 10.0 11.0 10.6 10.9 10.7 S05 13.0 10.0 9.8 10.8 9.5 10.9 'F' S06 S07 G01 G02 G03 12.0 15.0 12.0 12.0 13.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 9.7 13.5 12.5 10.8 10.4 11.1 9.5 12.0 13.0 10.6 I]

G04 11.5 8.6 9.8 14.4 8.7 10.0 G05 G06 G07 Ik.U Mean S Mean G 12.0 12.6

-

9.8 10.9

-

9.5 10.6

-

10.5 12.8

-

9.6 9.9

-

10.4 11.4

-

N Mean All 12.3 10.3 10.0 11.5 9.7 .10.9 Zinc (tg/ggm)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean S01 56.0 41.5 51.3 58.0 42.8 49.6 S02 S03 S04 38.0 64.5 54.0 26.5 46.3 54.7 28.6 47.1 48.3 31.0 54.0 47.0 25.6 41.6 41.0 31.0 52.6 52.3 ID S05 82.5 39.9 50.3 43.0 42.7 57.6 S06 - - - - - -

S07 - - - - - -

G01 60.3 48.9 49.4 60.0 42.9 52.9 G02 73.5 46.7 56.3 58.0 45.1 58.8 G03 57.0 37.3 47.1 50.0 41.0 47.1 G04 59.7 50.3 50.5 59.0 39.5 53.5 G05 G06 G07

-

-

- - - - -

Ii G08 Mean S Mean G 59.0 62.6

-

41.8 45.8

-

45.1 50.8

-

46.6 56.8

-

38.7 42.1

-

48.6 53.1

-

IL Mean All 60.6 43.6 47.7 51.1 40.2 50.6

'I

= . .. . . Page 5-6 . - I V_

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 5-1. Preoperational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

Sodium (wt%)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean S01 0.123 0.019 0.026 0.021 0.032 0.056 S02 0.060 0.039 0.071 0.015 0.026 0.057 S03 0.130 0,022 0.017 0.017 0.044 0.056 S04 0.150 0.019 0.073 0.021 0.034 0.081 S05 0.170 0.016 0.036 0.012 0.032 0.074 S06 S07 G01 0.043 0.039 0.108 0.022 0.033 0.063 G02 0.113 0.035 0.102 0.015 0.031 0.083 G03 0.163 0.040 0.052 0.017 0.033 0.085 G04 0.129 0.014 0.066 0.018 0.031 0.070 G05 G06 G07

.. 8 - - - - - -

Mean S 0.127 0.023 0.045 0.017 0.034 0.065 Mean G 0.112 0.032 0.082 0.018 0.032 0.075 Mean All 0.120 0.027 0.061 0.018 0.033 0.069 Bicarbonate (meq/HCO 3/gm)

Pre-op Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean Sol 0.0002 0.0011 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0007 S02 0.0004 0.0021 0.0019 0.0006 0.0006 0.0015 S03 0.0007 0.0010 0.0009 0.0005 0.0006 0.0009 S04 0.0003 0.0009 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0005 S05 0.0002 0.0006 0.0002 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003 S06 - - - - - -

S07 - - - - - -

G01 0.0002 0.0014 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 G02 0.0002 0.0014 0.0002 0.0002 0.0002 0.0006 G03 0.0002 0.0012 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0006 G04 0.0002 0.0009 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0005 G05 - - - - - -

G06 - - - - - -

G07 - - - - - -

G08 - - - - - -

Mean S 0.0004 0.0011 0.0008 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 Mean G 0.0002 0.0012 0.0005 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 Mean All 0.0003 0.0012 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0007

, , Page 5-7 - - V Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 5-2. Operational Soil Chemistry Results 0 pH (STU)

E Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean Sol 7.12 6.81 6.55 6.86 6.23 7.19 6.81 6.93 6.82 6.84 7.14 6.89 7.16 7.03 6.46 7.08 7.30 6.49 6.87 S02 7.83 7.94 6.91 7.20 7.17 7.65 6.82 7.35 7.53 7.22 7.62 7.66 7.63 7.56 6.69 7.95 7.37 7.23 7.41 S03 7.26 7.29 6.69 6.77 6.68 6.78 6.46 6.96 7.13 6.72 6.22 6.85 6.71 6.90 6.47 6.72 7.04 6.66 6.79 S04 7.44 7.22 6.41 6.75 6.75 6.93 6.77 6.84 7.17 6.84 7.16 7.12 6.72 6.79 6.23 7.07 7.14 6.43 6:88 S05 6.86 7.02 6.80 6,99 6.55 7.00 6.68 6.73 7.01 6.79 7.03 7.16 7.23 7.05 6.48 7.07 6.87 6.91 6.90 S06 6.87 7.13 6.82 6.98 7.19 7.47 7.91 7.73 7.75 7.86 7.26 7.95 7.92 7.30 7.44 S07 7.36 7.20 6.73 7.64 7.84 7.34 8.50 7.81 7.97 7.99 8.21 7.29 7.42 7.33 7.62 G01 6.83 7.17 6.84 6.92 6.60 6.86 6.71 6.87 7.11 6.87 6.91 7.15 7.06 6.64 6.81 6.98 6.91 6.71 6.89 G02 6.73 7.18 6.81 6.99 6.24 6.92 6.58 6.82 6.91 6.65 7.21 7.15 6.94 6.78 6.89 6.88 7.18 6.84 6.87 00 G03 7.12 6.97 6.86 6.71 6.50 6.95 7.02 7.14 6.80 7.05 7.13 7.20 7.26 6.99 6.75 7.18 7.18 6.74 6.97 CD G04 7.32 7.01 6.61 6.78 6.27 6.94 6.60 6.75 6.69 6.48 6.84 7.05 6.83 6.76 6.34 6.90 6.82 6.66 6.76 G05 6.83 6.77 6.65 6.77 6.88 6.83 6.94 6.94 6.71 7.48 6.44 7.57 6.98 6.96 6.91 G06 6.35 7.02 6.65 6.83 7.14 6.71 6.85 7.04 6.75 6.75 6.56 7.09 6.70 6.56 6.79 G07 6.54 7.12 6.77 6.83 6.91 6.82 7.08 7.07 6.75 7.16 6.58 6.97 6.88 6.80 6.88 2

I

/.U'4 I' /.3 0.00 01.01) /.11 D0. /A.1 .1/ I 0.0U (.0.) 0.1to 0.140 /.IV 0.00 0.00 Mean S 7.30 7.26 6.67 6.91 6.80 7.13 6.73 7.06 7.24 7.03 7.37 7.32 7.31 7.31 6.83 7.30 7.29 6.90 7.10 S. Mean G 7.00 7.08 6.78 6.85 6.55 6.96 6.71 6.86 6.94 6.75 7.01 7.09 6.86 6.95 6.64 7.00 6,96 6.76 6.87 Mean All 7.17 7.18 6.72 6.89 6.67 7.04 6.72 6.95 7.08 6.88 7.18 7.20 7.07 7.12 6.73 7.15 7.13 6.83 6.98 0

Conductivity (pS/cm)

Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean S01 56.6 21.0 46.0 23.2 24.6 27.8 49.6 24.0 23.0 60.5 33.7 43.0 17.9 33.2 28.0 39.0 - 150.0 41.2 R. S02 42.5 26.1 36.5 61.4 23.4 32.2 14.6 74.5 21.5 28.0 19.1 46.0 43.2 51.1 23.1 58.0 270.0 51.2 S03 118.3 13.7 42.2 43.8 21.4 39.4 48.3 23.0 20.0 29.0 131.0 44.0 17.5 29.0 24.2 88.5 91.5 48.5 S04 38.6 24.2 29.6 49.9 52.6 29.9 21.2 25.5 19.0 50.5 18.6 52.0 25.6 28.0 17.7 49.5 113.5 38.0 0 95.0 37.4 S05 25.9 13.6 55.0 40.5 15.8 21.9 28.0 29.5 30.5 63.0 23.9 41.0 32.7 26.1 37.2 56.5 S06 - - - - 32.2 55.2 25.8 28.5 31.5 71.0 43.7 112.5 39.7 95.2 74.6 155.0 245.0 77.7 S07 - - - - 43.8 65.8 44.4 63.0 89.0 79.0 212.0 142.0 71.6 83.6 100.9 160.0 345.0 115.4 G01 69.9 37.8 52.3 35.3 21.2 46.3 43.5 24.5 26.5 51.5 29.9 38.5 22.9 35.5 43.2 122.0 98.5 47.0 0"0 G02 97.2 28.1 42.2 46.6 18.0 54.6 39.5 65.0 24.5 47.5 36.3 40.5 25.1 37.9 48.5 106.0 99.0 50.4 G03 98.0 25.8 50.6 125.6 19.6 96.8 63.5 77.0 45.0 109.0 71.8 82.0 32.6 42.9 77.0 108.0 195.0 77.7 G04 15.3 50.8 24.8 21.2 16.2 28.8 20.6 18.0 13.5 35.0 15.4 28.0 18.3 29.8 23.3 48.0 54.5 27.1 e/Q G05 - - - - 28.4 14.4 13.6 26.5 18.5 33.0 19.2 68.0 17.9 48.8 29.4 87.0 300.0 54.2 G06 12.8 19.0 42.2 24.0 19.0 73.5 16.6 21.0 22.5 27.6 18.2 50.0 84.0 33.1 G07 19.2 53.2 28.7 38.0 30.0 63.0 61.1 47.5 29.4 39.9 35.6 125.0 220.0 60.8 G08 25.6 38.0 20.7 24.0 13.5 25.5 28.1 30.0 12.0 32.4 44.1 122.0 98.5 36.7 Cd Mean S 56.4 19.7 41.9 43.8 30.5 38.9 33.1 38.3 33.5 54.4 68.9 68.6 35.5 49.5 43.7 86.6 187.1 55.8 Mean G 70.1 35.6 42.5 57.2 20.1 43.9 34.0 37.1 23.8 54.8 34.8 44.4 22.6 36.9 39.9 90.6 144.5 48.7 Mean All 62.5 26.8 42.1 49.7 25.0 41.6 33.6 37.7 28.3 54.6 50.7 55.7 28.6 42.7 41.7 88.6 165.8 52.1 V, LO-1I J!M-  ! W-1

Tamb O S C R ( nt. m Table 5-2. Operational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

n-~ Sulfate (gg/gm) 0 Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean Sol 1.48 2.84 2.64 1.44 1.82 6.78 3.20 10.28 1.30 1.73 1.15 1.82 1.05 0.45 1.68 < 01 5.95 19.50 3.83 S02 1.68 2.80 9.90 3.72 0.99 6.80 3.28 9.66 1.38 0.99 0.33 0.63 2.29 0.75 0.85 0.18 2.00 19.50 3.76 S03 0.44 2.16 2.18 3.82 1.35 6.88 2.49 10.32 1.10 0.98 2.01 0.90 1.00 2.18 1.31 0.21 4.85 18.00 3.45 S04 3.08 2.84 2118 4.06 7.97 12.95 3.22 10.20 1.28 1.40 0.32 0.77 1.69 1.06 1.32 <0.1 9.10 2.90 3.90 CD) 4.26 0.58 6.78 3.10 10.18 1.96 1.65 0.37 0.77 1.67 2.35 2.29 <0.1 3.20 20.00 3.78 S05 0.88 0.88 3.34 S06 - 0.84 6.81 3.08 9.81 1.35 1.78 0.39 0.94 0.83 1.28 2.26 0.38 2.48 16.15 3.46 S07 - 0.75 6.62 3.28 9.01 1.59 1.53 5.85 1.67 1.31 2.52 4.27 <0.1 6.90 2.80 3.70 Got 3.38 4.88 2.82 0.40 1.21 6.62 3.00 10.01 5.16 2.43 1.01 1.06 1.04 1.00 1.50 0.20 3.10 22.00 3.93 G02 2.80 3.04 3.72 3.54 0.75 6.87 3.11 9.59 3.09 1.59 0.94 0.90 0.85 0.76 2.77 0.39 10.50 26.00 4.51 G03 30.26 5.44 0.64 18.56 2.31 14.29 2.44 10.13 3.99 8.52 6.43 4.45 5.94 0.72 26.67 0.35 9.80 34.50 10.30 G04 0.44 7.96 1.28 0.84 0.51 7.07 3.08 10.37 2.10 1.69 1.34 0.67 1.22 0.54 1.46 0.35 4.75 20.50 3.68 G05 - 1.15 6.80 2,42 10.13 2.20 1.40 0.86 0.72 1.38 1.07 1.38 <0.1 1.57 13.45 3.43 G06 - 045 6.77 3.06 9.98 2.04 1.36 0.63 0.74 1.86 1.97 1.60 <0.1 2.55 11.70 3.44 G07 - 0.68 5.77 3.20 9.85 2.33 2.61 0.83 1.47 2.25 0.88 2.27 0.20 2.75 23.00 4.15 G08- - - - 0.0I D. I .3-10 I U.U .OU I.4L U.03 V.D.) .I / I U.4y L.LZ.// V. 1 4.l4

. z J .).IU Mean S 1.51 2.30 4.05 3.46 2.04 7.66 3.09 9.92 1.42 1.44 1.49 1.07 1.41 1.51 2.00 0.25 4.93 14.12 3.70 Mean G 9.22 5.33 2.12 5.84 0.97 7.62 2.96 10.02 2.81 2.60 1.61 1.33 1.94 0.93 4.98 0.28 4.93 21.52 4.81 Mean All 4.94 3.65 3.19 4.52 1.47 7.64 3.02 9.97 2.16 2.06 1.55 1.21 1.69 1.20 3.59 0.27 4.93 18.07 4.28 Chloride (fig/gln)

Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean SOl 3.04 4.56 7,92 0.96 0.72 1.44 12.00 4.00 9.00 1.04 0.28 0.50 0.35 0.52 0.31 0.19 0.39 0.94 2.67 S02 2.56 5.76 704 1.44 0.56 1.28 6.00 1.00 12.00 2.11 0.20 0.13 0.389 1.36 0.22 0.71 0.89 1.01 2.48 S03 2.32 4.80 6.64 1.84 0.78 1.04 18.40 6.00 9.00 0.80 0.53 0.30 0.38 1.47 0.25 0.57 0.50 0.85 3.14 S04 2.88 5.92 14.64 2.40 1.57 0.96 12.40 5.00 5.00 2.06 0.21 0.42 0.43 2.01 0.19 0.27 1.76 2.45 3.36 0 S05 2.40 4.56 9,52 1.28 0.32 0.32 17.60 2.00 1.00 1.11 0.14 0.29 0.50 0.50 0.51 0.41 0.36 0.78 2.42 S06 - - - - 0.41 0.64 11.60 5.00 9.00 0.89 0.21 0.33 0.46 3.78 0.53 1.32 0.31 1.19 2.55 C) S07 - - - - 1.08 0.88 21.20 5.00 12.00 1.00 2.51 2.41 0.91 2.80 5.47 1.95 1.89 1.35 4.32 G01 6.95 4.80 13.60 1.20 0.71 1.12 16J00 3.00 4.00 0.46 0.21 0.14 0.66 2.14 0.98 1.26 0.66 1.95 3.32 G02 4.62 4.48 11.68 1.44 0.25 0.56 17.60 4.00 3.00 0.64 0.33 0.22 0.62 0.62 1.01 0.91 0.60 0.93 2.97 0

G03 4.40 5.92 13,28 2.48 0.62 1.76 13.20 4.00 9.00 2.71 0.61 1.79 1.35 3.15 2.43 1.85 0.76 2.35 3.98 o G04 1.60 4.56 16.64 0.48 0.47 0.24 15.20 10.00 2.00 0.59 0.16 0.16 0.33 0.45 0.49 0.39 0.30 1.00 3.06 G05 - - - - 0.56 1.04 20.00 3.00 4.00 1.08 0.22 0.04 0.35 0.71 0.29 0.27 1.54 0.85 2.42 C,) 0.17 0.39 1,80 0.24 0.17 0.47 0.64 2.43 G06 - 0.26 0.80 18.80 7.00 2.00 1.15 0.16 G07 - 0.42 1.12 26,40 <1.00 4.00 1.14 0.21 0.63 0.63 0.74 0.57 0.57 3.73 1.85 3.23 G08 - 0.32 0.48 13.20 4.00 2.00 0.55 0.25 0.29 0.32 0.71 0.70 0.89 0.71 1.29 1.84 32 5.12 9.15 1.58 0.78 0.94 14.17 5.00 8.14 1.29 0.58 0.62 0.49 1.78 1.07 0.77 0,87 1.22 2.96 Mean S 2.64 Mean G 4.39 4.94 13,80 1.40 0.45 0.89 17.55 4.38 3.75 1.04 0.27 0.43 0.58 1.29 0.84 0.79 1.09 1.36 2.96 Mean All 3.42 5.04 11.22 1.50 0.60 0.91 15.97 4.50 5.80 1.16 0.41 0.52 0.54 1.52 0.95 0.78 0.99 1.29 2.96

Table 5-2. Operational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

Copper (gg/gm)

Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean S01 11.3 14.5 17.3 10.6 8.7 7.6 15.8 12.5 7.0 8.0 9.9 5.1 9.3 8.7 6.6 7.1 0.5 6.6 9.3 S02 10.4 14.3 13.7 9.5 6.0 6.8 7.8 10.0 6.0 4.0 3.1 4.9 8.6 9.2 6.5 6.7 3.2 6.4 7.6 S03 11.6 12.9 15.0 12.3 7.5 8.8 10.4 14.6 8.0 6.0 10.0 6.0 10.2 9.8 6.9 8.6 0.2 6.9 9.2 S04 12.0 17.1 13.1 14.0 7.0 7.9 10.7 9.9 8.0 8.0 9.0 6.2 10.0 9.0 6.5 8.0 0.2 6.6 9.1 S05 10.9 10.7 12.0 9.7 6.3 7.2 12.1 9.1 8.0 8.0 7.8 6.3 8.9 8.1 6.5 8.3 0.2 6.7 8.2 S06 7.3 9.5 17.9 11.0 7.0 10.0 8.7 4.7 9.0 10.3 7.4 7.9 0.2 10.5 8.7 S07 11.6 13.1 16.6 19.9 15.0 14.0 13.1 9.1 13.9 14.1 12.5 12.5 5.8 8.4 12.8 GO0 14.6 14.3 13.2 12.0 8.2 11.1 13.7 11.4 12.0 11.0 8.9 8.1 12.1 10.8 8.2 10.3 4.3 6.8 10.6 G02 12.1 16.9 12.7 12.9 8.3 9.2 11.4 10.1 10.0 9.0 10.9 7.9 11.7 10.9 8.0 8.9 2.6 7.8 10.1 G03 12.6 10.6 11.6 11.1 7.2 9.6 11.8 12.0 10.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 10.5 9.9 6.9 8.4 2.1 6.4 9.3 G04 10.9 13.9 10.4 10.0 6.5 6.9 9.3 8.9 8.0 6.0 8.1 6.3 10.5 7.9 6.5 7.0 0.2 6.4 8.0 G05 7.7 7.4 8.5 11.4 9.0 8.0 7.8 3.8 9.5 9.3 7.9 6.5 1.0 7.6 7.5 G06 7.4 8.2 10.4 11.2 9.0 6.0 8.1 6.6 11.4 10.0 6.4 6.7 0.2 6.4 7.7 G07 7.2 8.5 9.8 16.8 11.0 7.0 12.7 6.5 10.7 9.7 6.9 6.9 1.4 7.1 8.7 G08 7.5 8.1 12.4 9.6 7.0 7.0 12.8 5.5 8.9 9.6 7.9 7.6 2.2 7.6 8.1 Mean S 11.2 13.9 14.2 11.2 7.8 8.7 13.0 12.4 8.4 8.3 8.8 6.0 10.0 9.9 7.6 8.4 1.4 7.4 9.2 Mean G 12.6 13.9 12.0 11.5 7.5 8.6 10.9 11.4 9.5 8.0 9.8 6.6 10.7 9.8 7.3 7.8 1.7 7.0 8.9 cr7 Mean All 11.8 13.9 13.2 11.3 7.6 8.7 11.9 11.9 9.0 8.1 9.3 6.3 10.3 9.8 7.4 8.1 1.6 7.2 9.0 Zinc (pgIgm)

Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean 0Q Sol 52.7 50.5 51.0 47.8 39.7 33.5 78.7 51.6 37.0 38.0 33.5 37.5 47.7 42.2 44.9 40.0 51.0 31.0 44.9 S02 35.5 37.5 31.4 28.1 21.0 21.6 27.8 32.3 25.0 16.0 15.2 36.6 28.3 27,2 28.6 24.5 32.0 21.0 27.2 S03 57.1 56.4 60.6 47.0 36.0 37.9 52.4 49.0 44.0 32.0 53.9 45.9 51.6 42.0 44.7 44.5 54.5 33.0 46.8 0

S04 51.0 56.6 44.4 48.5 29.8 31.9 45.6 42.3 40.0 32.0 43.4 59.5 43.1 38.9 41.4 46.0 50.5 30.0 43.1 0

S05 52.1 56.2 47.0 44.5 30.5 30.4 51.4 45.4 40.0 39.0 42.6 59.7 45.8 35.3 41.5 36.5 49.5 27.0 43.0 S06 34.1 38.6 62.6 44.5 38.0 42.0 41.3 28.5 39.7 41.4 36.1 36.5 40.0 54.0 41.2 S07 43.4 47.3 61.2 57.5 56.0 55.0 59.2 50.7 50.7 54.0 55.9 56.0 53.0 29.5 52.1 GO0 62.6 54.0 50.3 48.7 38.1 40.6 54.8 49.7 55.0 48.0 46.7 47.5 56.4 49.2 51.2 49.5 59.5 34.0 49.8 G02 55.3 51.2 50.6 50.6 36.9 37.9 68.0 49.0 52.0 48.0 53.7 42.9 53.1 50.4 49.6 41.5 57.0 33.5 49.0 G03 54.3 44.0 43.4 47.2 35.4 37.3 50.6 49.3 50.0 41.0 46.4 49.0 51.6 41.0 43.1 38.0 55.5 32.5 45.0 p

G04 51.3 51.6 43.1 45.3 31.8 29.3 43.5 37.6 46.0 30.0 46.4 36.0 49.6 37.1 40.8 37.5 51.5 30.0 41.0 W G05 30.4 26.5 33.8 46.6 40.0 31.0 38.3 40.4 39.6 33.3 40.2 32.0 43.5 26.5 35.9 0

G06 32.0 30.0 46.2 45.2 41.0 30.0 43.1 28.1 51.0 41.3 42.3 36.0 53.5 27.5 39.1 G07 35.0 38.4 47.4 50.5 50.0 38.0 47.6 40.8 53.1 45.5 48.8 49.5 55.5 33.0 45.2 G08 32.8 31.6 44.0 40.8 36.0 33.0 42.8 33.1 45.4 40.5 42.9 41.5 39.5 31.5 38.2 Pa Mean S Mean G Mean All 49.7 55.9 52.4 51.4 50.2 50.9 46.9 46.9 46.9 43.2 48.0 45.3 33.5 34.1 33.8 34.5 34.0 34.2 54.2 48.5 51.2 46.1 46.1 46.1 40.0 46.3 43.3 36.3 37.4 36.9 41.3 45.6 43.6 45.5 39.7 42.4 43.8 50.0 47.1 40.1 42.3 41.3 41.9 44.9 43.5 40.6 40.7 40.6 47.2 51.9 49.7 32.2 31.1 31.6 42.3 43.3 42.8

- m - m m m m m - m m m

Table 5-2. Operational Soil Chemistry Results (cont.)

Sodium (wt%)

0 Operational 0~ Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean S01 0.023 0.017 0.065 0.054 0.010 0.028 0.037 0.035 0.026 0.032 0.049 0.051 0.061 0.039 0.010 0.010 0.028 0.009 0.032 S02 0.019 0.008 0.046 0.030 0.010 0.021 0.020 0.025 0.021 0.015 0.032 0.037 0.039 0.027 0.011 0.010 0.018 0.010 0.022 S03 0.019 0.018 0.084 0.089 0.010 0.033 0.027 0.033 0.038 0.029 0.057 0.057 0.060 0.026 0.010 0.012 0.025 0.008 0.035 CD.

S04 0.020 0.017 0.064 0.067 0.010 0.031 0.026 0.032 0.040 0.031 0.051 0.059 0.057 0.026 0.011 0.012 0.026 0.009 0.033 Cn S05 0.017 0.017 0.080 0.081 0.010 0.033 0.029 0.030 0.029 0.042 0.051 0.063 0.056 0.025 0.001 0.010 0.027 0.010 0.034 S06 0.010 0.032 0.027 0.026 0.020 0.031 0.042 0.038 0.043 0.022 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.009 0.024 S07 0.010 0.042 0.036 0.033 0.034 0.034 0.056 0.068 0.055 0.026 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.004 0.031 G01 0.030 0.018 0.092 0.110 0.010 0.037 0.028 0.027 0.035 0.043 0.047 0.055 0.062 0.045 0.012 0.008 0.030 0.007 0.039 G02 0.029 0.020 0.096 0.150 0.010 0.038 0.031 0.026 0.034 0.043 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.043 0.011 0.011 0.031 0.009 0.042 G03 0.019 0.013 0.068 0.108 0.010 0.033 0.026 0.027 0.027 0.035 0.046 0.059 0.059 0.040 0.010 0.007 0.032 0.009 0.035 G04 0.017 0.013 0.054 0.111 0.010 0.029 0.025 0.026 0.030 0.028 0.053 0.053 0.064 0.040 0.009 0.008 0.041 0.011 0.035 G05 0.010 0.026 0.024 0.033 0.023 0.030 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.036 0.011 0.009 0.029 0.011 0.027 G06 0.010 0.031 0.026 0.032 0.025 0.029 0.054 0.054 0.067 0.044 0.010 0.010 0.029 0.011 0.031 G07 0.010 0.035 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.034 0.056 0.057 0.062 0.041 0.011 0.009 0.027 0.009 0.031 o - - - - .0vU U0.21 Um.U.U U.U02I/U0.4 U.JjU U.Uq0 U.U045 U.U04 U0.3 O 0.110.U (6 I U.U0I09 0.UU0 0.026 Mean S 0.020 0.015 0.068 0.064 0.010 0.031 0.029 0.031 0.030 0.031 0.048 0.053 0.053 0.027 0.009 0.011 0.021 0.008 0.030 Mean G 0.024 0.016 0.078 0.120 0.010 0.032 0.027 0.028 0.029 0.034 0.050 0.053 0.059 0.041 0.011 0.009 0.030 0.009 0.034 Mean All 0.021 0.016 0.072 0.089 0.010 0.032 0.028 0.029 0.029 0.032 0.049 0.053 0.056 0.034 0.010 0.010 0.026 0.009 0.032 3

Bicarbonate (meq/H1C0 /gm Operational Site 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Mean Sot 0.0020 0.0007 0.0015 0.0009 0.0012 0.0010 0.0022 0.0048 0.0022 0.0022 0.0010 0.0008 0.0006 0.0021 0.0013 0.0003 0.0052 0.0011 0.0017 S02 0.0030 0.0024 0.0019 0.0035 0.0027 0.0013 0.0013 0.0044 0.0026 0.0020 0.0010 0.0026 0.0011 0.0038 0.0018 0.0009 0.0091 0.0029 0.0027 S03 0.0012 0.0010 0.0018 0.0022 0.0014 0.0014 0.0028 0.0026 0.0026 0.0016 0.0006 0.0012 0.0005 0.0017 0.0010 0.0004 0.0054 0.0012 0.0017 S04 0.0012 0.0006 0.0010 0.0016 0.0023 0.0009 0.0017 0.0022 0.0018 0.0030 0.0008 0.0018 0.0002 0.0017 0.0005 0.0002 0.0046 0.0011 0.0015 S05 0.0017 0.0006 0.0025 0.0025 0.0007 0.0009 0.0015 0.0026 0.0028 0.0034 0.0007 0.0013 0.0008 0.0017 0.0012 0.0003 0.0033 0.0011 0.0016 0

S06 - - - - 0.0020 0.0023 0.0027 0.0030 0.0034 0.0054 0.0030 0.0055 0.0019 0.0091 0.0040 0.0031 0.0047 0.0061 0.0040 0

S07 - - - - 0.0060 0.0027 0.0042 0.0092 0.0136 0.0056 0.0054 0.0090 0.0044 0.0112 0.0095 0.0013 0.0086 0.0076 0.0070 G01 0.0015 0.0021 0.0019 0.0014 0.0018 0.0015 0.0022 0.0026 0.0020 0.0036 0.0011 0.0013 0.0009 0.0018 0.0018 0.0003 0.0039 0.0012 0.0018 G02 0.0027 0.0025 0.0018 0.0023 0.0011 0.0020 0.0039 0.0050 0.0026 0.0028 0.0010 0.0013 0.0013 0.0021 0.0020 0.0005 0.0047 0.0015 0.0023 0 G03 0.0032 0.0015 0.0015 0.0018 0.0012 0.0014 0.0038 0.0052 0.0030 0.0044 0.0018 0.0020 0.0016 0.0027 0.0017 0.0005 0.0048 0.0013 0.0024 G04 0.0011 0.0014 0.0010 0.0009 0.0005 0.0009 0.0016 0.0020 0.0014 0.0016 0.0005 0.0012 0.0008 0.0013 0.0010 0.0002 0.0035 0.0008 0.0012 0

G05 - - - 0.0025 0.0006 0.0010 0.0028 0.0018 0.0026 0.0007 0.0020 0.0006 0.0051 0.0018 0.0005 0.0079 0.0020 0.0023 G06 - - 0.0008 0.0008 0.0012 0.0024 0.0018 0.0018 0.0005 0.0007 0.0004 0.0018 0.0008 0.0003 0.0019 0.0008 0.0011 G07 - 0.0011 0.0017 0.0019 0.0040 0.0028 0.0034 0.0014 0.0130 0.0006 0.0024 0.0015 0.0015 0.0200 0.0015 0.0041 G08 - 0.0032 0.0015 0.0016 0.0022 0.0014 0.0016 0.0009 0.0009 0.0003 0.0018 0.0023 0.0006 0.0040 0.0013 0.0017

~0 Mean S 0.0018 0.0011 0.0017 0.0021 0.0023 0.0015 0.0023 0.0041 0.0041 0.0033 0.0018 0.0032 0.0014 0.0045 0.0028 0.0009 0.0058 0.0030 0.0027 Mean G 0.0021 0.0019 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0013 0.0022 0.0033 0.0021 0.0027 0.0010 0.0028 0.0008 0.0024 0.0016 0.0006 0.0063 0.0013 0.0021 Mean All 0.0020 0.0014 0.0017 0.0019 0.0019 0.0014 0.0022 0.0037 0.0031 0.0030 0.0014 0.0030 0.0011 0.0034 0.0021 0.0007 0.0061 0.0021 0.0024

/.W.1 7.70o 7.60.

7.50.

7.40.

7.30-7.20-7.10-7.00-6.90-a.6.80-6.70 -

6.60 -

6.50-6.40-6.30-6.20.

6.10-0.181 I- i I I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1969 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 197 1998 1999 2IM 2001 2m YEAR

,-- Mean Shrub -- Mean Grass Figure 5-1. Mean pH in Soil, 1980-2002 190 U 180 170 160 150 S

140 I

130 120 110 100-9D.

80-(-I 70-60-50-40.

30-20.

10 I I I I I 198D 1981 1982 1983 1984 1983 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 199 199 199 197 19 1999 2ODD 2001 2002 YEAR Mean Shrub -- Mean Grass Figure 5-2. Mean Conductivity in Soil, 1980-2002 Page 5-12 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

so 70 60 50,

~40 30 20 10 1980 1981 1982 1963 1984 1985 1986 1981 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2 YEAR

-Mean Shrub  : Mean Grass Figure 5-3. Mean Sulfate in Soil, 1980-2002 18 16 14 I12 1 10 8,

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR U-Mean Shrub 4-Mean Grass Figure 5-4. Mean Chloride in Soil, 1980-2002 Page 5-13 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

5-1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1996 1997 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1 1996 1997 199 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR

-U-Mean Shrub -,O-Mean Grass Figure 5-5. Mean Copper in Soil, 1980-2002 70 60-50-40.

N30' 20+

10+

I I I I I . I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR

-U-Mean Shrub ManGrass Figure 5-6. Mean Zinc in Soil, 1980-2002 Page 5-14 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

0.12-0.10-0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1980 1981 1982 1963 1984 1985 1986 1997 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 YEAR

-U1-- Mean Shrub - Mean Grass Figure 5-7. Mean Sodium in Soil, 1980-2002 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.004 Z 0.003 0.002 0.001, AI . I

. . . . . . . . . . . I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 202 YEAR

-& Mean Shrub - Mean Grass Figure 5-8. Mean Bicarbonate in Soil, 1980-2002 Page 5-15 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

7.50 7.00 6.50 6.00 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR

--- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. - DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-9. Upwind vs. Downwind pH in Soil at Shrub Sites 300 250

• W 15ID 0

10D.

30 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 198 1999 20D1 2*32 YEAR

--o- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. -o- DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-10. Upwind vs. Downwind pH in Soil at Grass Sites Page 5-16 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

I I

I I

• 1 I

U I

I I

1980 1981 1962 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 UPWIND MEAN an ST.DEV.

YEAR DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. I Figure 5-11. Upwind vs. Downwind Conductivity in Soil at Shrub Sites I

I I

I I

I I

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 I988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR I

--- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. - DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-12. Upwind vs. Downwind Conductivity in Soil at Grass Sites I Page 5-17 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report I

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. -C0- DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-13. Upwind vs. Downwind Sulfate in Soil at Shrub Sites 70 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. - DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-14. Upwind vs. Downwind Sulfate in Soil at Grass Sites Page 5-18 Col-Lunbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

25 20 10-1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR

--- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-15. Upwind vs. Downwind Chloride in Soil at Shrub Sites 25 15 10

-5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR

- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. -o-- DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-16. Upwind vs. Downwind Chloride in Soil at Grass Sites Page 5-19 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

0 0

-5 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 19896 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-17. Upwind vs. Downwind Copper in Soil at Shrub Sites 16-14-12

- 10 10 U 6 4

2

-2 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. -l- DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-18. Upwind vs. Downwind Copper in Soil at Grass Sites Page 5-20 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

I 90)

I 80+

I 70 60 I

I

~40 30 I

20 I

I 10 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1998 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002

-o- UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

YEAR DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. I Figure 5-19. Upwind vs. Downwind Zinc in Soil at Shrub Sites I

110) 70 I

60 I 50 i

40 I

30 20+

I 10+ I

. . . .

I

-o-

. . .

UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

. . . i i i i 1980 1981 1982 1993 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

I Figure 5-20. Upwind vs. Downwind Zinc in Soil at Grass Sites I

Page 5-21 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report I

(0.20.

0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 I I I I I i I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2082 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-21. Upwind vs. Downwind Sodium in Soil at Shrub Sites 0.20 0.28 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 I I I I I I I I I I I 1980 1981 1992 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-22. Upwind vs. Downwind Sodium in Soil at Grass Sites Page 5-22 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

I I

I I

0 0

I I

I I

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 3988 3989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 201 2002 UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

YEAR

- DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. I Figure 5-23. Upwind vs. Downwind Bicarbonate in Soil at Shrub Sites I

I I

0 U I I

I I

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2001 2002 YEAR UPWIND MEAN and ST.DEV. DOWNWIND MEAN and ST.DEV.

Figure 5-24. Upwind vs. Downwind Bicarbonate in Soil at Grass Sites

. Page 5-23 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report I

SECTION 6 VEGETATION CHEMISTRY m- - -mm m - m - - m m - -

6.0 VEGETATION CHEMISTRY Studies of vegetation chemistry were conducted in parallel with soil chemistry studies until 1992.

Vegetation was collected and analyzed for copper, extractable chloride and sulfate. The studies were discontinued because no impacts were observed and because the soil results would provide a primary indicator of an incipient trend.

6.1 Methods and Materials Samples of Bromus tectorum, Poa secunda, Artemisia tridentata and Purshiatridentatawere collected at each site. Two species were substituted at some of the sites due to an absence of one or more of those listed above. Substitute species were Phlox longifolia and Sisymbrium altissimum. Samples were collected at the same time as soil samples and as close to the soil sampling site as possible. Sufficient quantities of leafy material of each species were collected to yield at least five grams of dry weight. The clipped material was sealed in a plastic bag, labeled and refrigerated at 4°C until analyzed.

In the laboratory, the clipped plant tissue was oven dried to a constant weight, ground in a Wiley mill and digested according to Gilman (1989). Sulfate was analyzed by nephalometry and chloride by mercuric chloride titration according to EPA methods (1991). Copper was analyzed by graphite furnace or ICP according to EPA methods (1991).

6.2 Results and Discussion The results for the analyses of copper, extractable chloride and extractable sulfate in vegetation samples are shown in Tables 6-1 through 6-18. Figures 6-1 through 6-18 graphically present the results of each analyte in each species.

Results for copper in vegetation were generally consistent between the preoperational and operational periods for all species. Artemisia tridentatahad the highest average concentration for both periods, with 8.6 rtg/gm during the preoperational period and 7.1 ýtg/gm during the operational period. Poa secunda had the lowest average concentrations during the preoperational and operational periods, with 3.6 kg/gm and 3.4 [tg/gm respectively.

Extractable chloride results were also consistent in four of the six species. The preoperational period averages in Bromus tectorum, Phlox longifolia, Poa secunda and Purshiatridentata ranged from 0.08% in Purshiatridentata to 0.15% in Bromus tectorum and operational averages ranged from a low of 0.10% in Phlox longifolia and Purshia tridentatato 0.19% in Poa secunda.

Sisymbrium altissimum and Artemisia tridentatahad higher concentrations during both periods than the other species and showed the largest increase between the preoperational and operational periods. Sisymbrium altissimum averaged 0.25% during the preoperational period and 0.45% during the operational period and Artemisia tridentata averaged 0.30% and 0.55%

respectively during those periods.

Extractable sulfate declined in all species between the preoperational period and the operational period. This observation is contrary to what would be expected from cooling tower operation as the water has a higher level of sulfate in it due to the addition of sulfuric acid for pH control.

Results during the preoperational period ranged from 0.034% in Poa secunda to 0.395% in Sisymbrium altissimum. During the operational period, averages ranged from 0.013% in Purshia tridentatato 0.215% in Sisymbrium altissimum.

Page 6-1... . .. ..

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

U Table 6-1. Copper (ýtg/gm) in Poa secunda 1980 to 1992 3 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.6 3.4 4.4 2.5 5.4 4.3 0.8 2.8 4.0 3.6 3.5 G02 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.4 4.2 3.6 3.9 8.3 2.6 3.5 1.0 3.0 4.0 3.4 3.7 G03 3.2 3.2 4.0 5.8 6.9 4,6 7.0 4.9 4.7 - 1.0 4.2 4.0 3.4 4.2 G04 3.2 3.2 - 4.6 8.9 5.0 3.8 7.8 3.6 4.4 0.9 2.8 2.0 0.0 3.2 G05 - - 0.9 2.2 8.0 0.0 2.8 G06 0.9 2.6 2.0 3.2 2.2 G07 0.9 4.4 4.0 3.4 3.2 G08 1.0 2.6 2.0 3.2 2.2 S01 3.6 3.6 3.3 3.6 2.5 3.3 5.5 3.4 2.1 4.3 0.7 2.6 2.0 3.6 3.0 S02 2.6 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.3 3.0 3.4 9.1 1.8 - 0.8 2.8 4.0 3.6 3.6 S03 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.3 4.0 2.5 3.9 0.7 3.2 8.0 5.8 3.9 S04 3.7 3.7 2.8 3.8 3.4 3.5 6.2 5.1 2.8 - 1.1 3.6 2.0 5.8 3.8 SOS 3.0 3.0 3.8 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.8 5.4 3.9 4.0 1.2 3.6 2.0 5.8 3.7 S06 - - - - - - - 0.9 3.8 2.0 8.4 3.8 S07 - - - - - - - - - - - 3.2 2.0 - 2.6 Mean 3.2 3.2 3.7 4.5 5.9 4.1 4.8 5.9 4.1 4.0 0.9 3.1 3.8 2.5 3.3 Grass Mean 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 4.4 5.4 2.6 4.0 0.9 3.3 3.1 5.5 3.6 Shrub Table 6-2. Copper ([tg/gm) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Pre-Op Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Operational Mean I

G01 4.0 3.5 4.5 3.4 6.2 4.3 7.2 4.1 6.9 6.0 1.0 4.8 14.0 3.6 5.9 G02 4.0 3.7 5.0 3.6 5.9 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.7 5.8 1.5 5.0 10.0 3.6 5.0 l G03 4.4 3.9 3.8 4.0 7.1 4.6 9.7 14.6 6.6 4.8 1.4 6.6 4.0 3.6 6.4 G04 5.5 4.2 - 4.5 6.0 5.1 5.0 10.1 5.2 4.8 1.2 4.0 4.0 0.0 4.3 G05 - - 1.2 4.8 4.0 0.0 2.5 G06 1.2 4.2 4.0 3.6 3.2 G07 1.1 5.2 4.0 3.4 3.4 G08 1.0 4.8 2.0 3.2 2.8 Sol 4.9 4,2 4.8 3.5 4.3 4.3 5.0 6.8 5.4 5.0 1.1 4.0 2.0 3.8 4.1 S02 3.9 2.6 2.8 3.0 4.1 3.3 5.5 4.5 4.0 5.4 0.9 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.0 S03 3.5 4,3 5.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 5.4 5.5 4.8 5.1 1.2 5.0 6.0 6.0 4.9 S04 4.0 4.0 6.8 4.0 3.4 4.4 9.5 6.2 5.1 5.8 1.3 4.8 4.0 6.0 5.3 S05 5.0 4.4 4.5 4.4 3.8 4.4 4,3 6.3 6.3 4.4 1.0 4.6 4.0 8.6 4.9 S06 - 1.0 6.4 6.0 8.8 5.6 S07 - 1.2 6.0 4.0 8.4 4.9 Mean Grass Mean 4.5 4.3 3.8 3.9 4.4 4.7 3,9 3.8 6.3 3.9 4.6 4.1 6.7 5.9 8.4 5.9 5.8 5.1 5.4 5.1 1.2 1.1 4.9 5.0 5.8 4.3 2.6 6.5 4.6 4.7 I

I Shrub I

Page 6-2 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 6-3. Copper (gg/grn) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G00 4.0 3.0 5.4 3.8 2.8 3.8 5.1 5.2 4.9 6.8 1.1 6.6 4.0 3.8 4.7 G02 5.0 3.3 5.0 3.4 7.3 4.8 4.8 4.1 6.1 6.0 0.9 3.6 4.0 3.6 4.1 G03 5.6 2.0 4.1 3.4 6.7 4.4 5.6 7.9 3.5 4.6 1.1 3.6 4.0 0.0 3.8 G04 7.5 2.8 - - 6.7 5.7 4.2 16.0 4.5 - 1.1 3.4 4.0 0.0 4.7 G05 - -

G06 G07 - - 4.0 4.0 G08 0.9 3.4 2.0 4.0 2.6 J S01 4.3 3.1 6.1 4.4 1.3 3.2 2.0 3.8 3.5 S02 - - - - - - 3.8 3.8 S03 3' S04 3.8 3.8 7.6 6.3 5.2 5.1 0.9 3.4 4.0 5.8 4.8 S05 - - - - - - 3.2 - - 3.2 S06 S07 Mean 5.5 2.8 4.8 3.5 5.9 4.5 4,9 8.3 4.7 5.8 1.0 4.1 3.7 2.3 4,1 Grass Mean

- 3.8 - - 3.8 6.0 4.7 5.6 4.7 1.1 3.3 3.0 4.5 4.1 Shrub Table 6-4. Copper (jig/gm) in Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 4.0 3.0 4.3 3.8 7.0 4.4 4.7 4.9 4.8 6.2 1.0 4.2 4.0 3.6 4.2 G02 3.5 4.0 4.3 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.9 4.5 2.8 4.5 3.2 3.6 4.0 3.6 3.9 G03 5.0 2.0 5.0 4.8 6.8 4.7 5.5 - - 4.9 - 4.4 4.0 - 4.7 G04 5.5 2.6 2.7 5.1 7.8 4.7 3.3 6.4 5.1 4.2 1.1 4.0 4.0 0.0 3.5 G05 - - - - - - - - - 2,6 - - 2.6 G06 - -

G07 - - 4.0 4.0 G08 - 1.0 4.0 2.0 4.0 2.8 Sol 5.2 8.3 4.0 4.9 1.2 3.4 4.0 3.8 4.3 S02 4.0 4.5 5.2 5,5 4.8 4,8 3.1 3.6 3.8 0.8 4.0 - 3.8 3.4 S03 3.6 4.8 4.0 4.9 4.3 4.3 12.0 4.0 4.7 1.2 4.2 4.0 5.8 5.0 S04 3.5 4.8 - 4.4 4.2 8.1 7.4 6.2 4,5 1.2 3.6 2.0 5.8 4.8 SOS - - - - - - - - - -

S06 S07 Mean 4.5 2.9 4.1 4.3 6.4 4.4 4.6 5.3 4.2 4.9 1.6 3.8 3.7 2.8 3.8 Grass Mean Shru - 3.7 4.7 4.6 4.9 4.5 5.6 7.7 4.4 4.4 1.1 3.8 3.3 4.8 Shrub 4.4 Page 6-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 6-5. Copper (gg/gm) in Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Ii Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean 00GOI G02 - - -

---

- - -

- -

- - -

I]

G03 8.5 6.4 6.5 1.1 4.6 5.4 G04 G05 3.4 3.4 - - 4.9

- 3.2

- 4.4 3.6 4.0 4.7 3.6 11 G06 G07 G08 11

- - -

Ii Sol 6.0 4.6 3.8 4.4 4.2 4.6 - - - -

S02 - - - - 4.7 4.7 3.7 4,7 4.0 5.8 0.9 3.8 4.0 3.8 S03 S04 S05 4.5 4.8 4.2 8.7 4.3 5.3 5.2 4.0 5.4 4.2 1.3 5.0 4.0 9.0 4.7 S06 S07 Mean Grass - - - 3.4 - 3.4 - 8.5 6.4 5.7 2.2 4.2 4.0 - 4.7 Mean Shrub 5.3 4.7 4.0 6.6 4.4 4.9 4.4 4.4 4.7 5.0 1.1 4.4 4.0 9.0 4.3 Table 6-6. Copper ([tg/gm) in Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 - - - - - - - -

G02 G03 Ii G04 G05 G06 2.8 2.0 7.2 10.0 8.0 8.4 0.0

-

4.5 6.8 U]

G07 2.0 8.2 - 4.0 4.7 G08 - 9.2 9.2 Sol S02 S03 8.5 9.3

-

9.5 9.0

-

9.5 8.6 7.3

-

6.9 10.3

-

8.4 9.1

- -

11.0 6.8

-

10.0

- 5.4 11.0 2.4

- 8.2 10.2 2.0 8.0

-

6.0 5.2 8.2 11 S04 9.5 7.4 10.1 8.5 10.9 9.3 - - - 25.5 - 9.0 - 0.0 11.5 S05 7.4 7.6 9.6 6.3 6.8 7.5 9.0 6.4 9.2 16.6 2.3 9.2 8.0 6.2 8.4 S06 - - - - - - - 1.8 8.0 4.0 9.0 5.7 S07 Mean Grass Mean 1.7 2.3 6.2 8.7 8.0 8.2 8.8 2.0 6.2 5.6 UJ Shrub 8.7 8.4 9.7 7.7 8.7 8.6 10.0 6.6 9.6 14.6 2.0 8.5 6.0 6.0 7.7 U]

olumbia GnrtPage 6-4 E Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 6-7. Extractable Chloride (%) in Poa secunda 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean Go0 0.11 0.08 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.16 0.32 0.13 0.27 0.27 0.20 0.21 0.15 0.10 0.21 G02 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.24 0.10 0.13 0.20 0.47 0.15 0.25 0.16 0.21 0.26 0.07 0.22 G03 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.28 0.18 0.15 0.20 0.33 0.34 - 0.09 0.29 0.28 0.11 0.23 G04 0.04 0.07 0.24 0.14 0.12 0.21 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.32 0.19 0.11 0.20 G05 - - - 0.17 0.25 0.12 0.09 0.16 G06 0.26 0.22 0.20 0.08 0.19 G07 0.22 0.24 0.20 0.11 0.19 G08 0.15 0.28 0.18 0.10 0.18 Sol 0.11 0.05 0.12 0.29 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.14 0.14 0.19 0.15 0.25 0.09 0.03 0.15 S02 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.21 . 0.18 0.14 0.25 0.14 0.11 - 0.20 0.25 0.22 0.11 0.18 S03 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.13 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.27 0.20 0.30 0.11 0.12 0.19 S04 0.11 0.08 0.09 0.20 0.15 0.13 0.20 0.14 0.26 - 0.21 0.32 0.15 0.10 0.20 S05 0.07 0,08 0.11 0.24 0.17 0.13 0.24 0.19 0.27 0.22 0.16 0.32 0.07 0.09 0.20 S06 - - 0.11 0.16 0.19 0.09 0.14 SU0I - UIo - U.I Mean Grass 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.24 0.16 0.14 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.19 0.25 0.20 0.10 0.20 Mean Shrub 0.09 0.08 0.10 0.23 0.16 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.19 0.23 0.17 0.25 0.14 0.09"". 0.18 Table 6-8. Extractable Chloride (%) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.29 0.13 0.15 0.38 0.28 0.23 0.28 0.22 0.29 0.21 0.13 0.25 G02 0.12 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.24 0.18 0.23 0.16 0.18 0.30 0.06 0.24 0.23 0.14 0.19 003 0.09 0.07 0,04 0.34 0.28 0.16 0.36 0.15 0.39 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.07 0.04 0,23 004 0.04 0.04 0.22 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.15 0.07 0.17 0.22 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.14 G05 - - 0.15 0.18 0.08 0.03 0.11 G06 0.14 0.26 0.15 0.11 0.17 007 0.25 0.24 0.17 0.08 0.19 G08 0,17 0.12 0.14 0,09 0,13 Sol 0.09 0.14 0.13 0.27 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.10 0.15 0.27 0.21 0.21 0.22 0.09 0.18 S02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.16 0.09 0.09 0.23 0.12 0.11 0.17 0.10 0.19 0.13 0.08 0.14 S03 0.07 0.14 0.14 0.26 0.18 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.19 0.42 0.08 0.18 S04 0.21 0.17 0.03 0.29 0.15 0.17 0.55 0.40 0.13 0.23 0.31 0.18 0.17 0.17 0.27 S05 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.11 0.22 0.13 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.21 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.10 0.15 S06 - - - - - - 0.11 0.10 0.19 0.11 0.13 S07 - - - - - 0.18 0.20 0.28 0.11 0.19 Mean Grass 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.27 0.20 0.15 0.29 0.19 0.22 0.25 0.19 0.22 0.15 0.09 0.19 Mean Shrub 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.22 0.16 0.14 0.25 0.19 0.13 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.22 0.11 0.18 6-5 . M

.Page .

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

C Table 6-9. Extractable Chloride (%) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational N

Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean GOI G02 0.28 0.18 0.14 0.10 0.19 0.26 0.40 0.37 0.32 0.50 0.27 0.28 0.63 0.50 0.75 0.49 0.28 0.41 0.54 0.90 0.58 0.34 0.57 0.78 0.31 0.39 0.17 0.20 0.48 0.88 N

N G03 0.36 0.09 0.15 0.24 0.40 0.25 0.54 0.45 0.56 0.64 0.78 0.62 0.28 0.20 0.51 G04 0.30 0.08 - - 0.29 0.22 0.49 0.51 0.38 0.49 0.26 0.43 0.30 0.13 0.37 G05 - - - - - -

G06 G07 G08 0.01

-

0.04

- 0.28 0.73 0.14 0,28 0.23 Ii So0 S02 0.56 0.31

-

0.67

-

0.50

-

0.59 0.68 0.18 0.12 0.45 N

Ii S03 - - - -

S04 0.08 0.08 0.80 0.53 1.13 0.57 0.41 0.38 0.15 0.36 0.54 S05 - - - - - - 0.34 - - 0.34 S06 S07 Mean 11 Grass Mean Shrub 0.28

-

0.10

-

0.20 0.08 0.34

-

0.38

-

0.26 0.08 0.54 0.68 0.55 0.42 0.41 0.90 0.64 0.54 0.39 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.38 0.17 0.17 0.24 0.44 0.49 N Table 6-10. Extractable Chloride (%) in Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational El Site G01 G02 1980 0.08 0.08 1981 0.11 0.05 1982 0.10 0.06 1983 0.11 0.09 1984 0.16 0.17 Mean 0.11 0.09 1985 0.13 0.13 1986 0.16 0.14 1987 0.09 0.07 1988 0.12 0.14 1989 0.09 0.07 1990 0.12 0.07 1991 0.12 0.12 1992 0.08 0.06 Mean 0.11 0.10 31 G03 G04 G05 0.04 0.07

-

0.05 0.06

-

0.10 0.08

-

0.12 0.14

-

0.14 0.13 0.09 0.10

-

0.10 0.12

-

0.14

-

0.10

-

-

0.16 0.10

-

0.08

-

-

0.08 0.06 0.09 0.28 0.30

-

0.06

-

-

0.16 0.12 0.09 31 006 G07 G08 0.09 0.05 0.08

-

0.09 0.09 0.04

- 0.07 0.08 II Sol S02 S03 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.05 0.20 0.06 0.14 0.17 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.13 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.10 0.09 0.09 NJ S04 S05 S06 0.13

-

0.08

-

0.15 0.12 0.14 0.11 0.08 0.13 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.09 I]

S07 Mean Grass 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.1-2 0.15 0.10 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.08 0.17 0.06 0.11 NI Mean Shrub - 0.09 0.07 0.13 0.15 0.11 0.12 0.15 0.08 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.06 0.07 0.09 NI Ni a I ýV,*'* a- ... A* Page 6-6 a9-0"Pae6-M Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report Ii

Table 6-11. Extractable Chloride (%) in Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean GOI - - - - -

G02 G03 0.17 0.09 0.12 0.22 0.17 0.03 0.13 G04 0.16 0.16 - 0.11 - 0.11 - 0.11 Gos - - 0.09 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.08 G06 - - - - -

G07 G08 - -

SOl 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.15 0.07 0.06 S02 0.09 0.02 0.03 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.19 0.04 0.12 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.08 S03 - - - - - - - - - 0.06 - 0.06 S04 - - - 016 0.16 - - - - - - -

S05 0.03 0.02 0.02 0:13 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.09 0.07 0.14 0.06 0.18 0.05 0.05 0.09 S06 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

S07 Mean Grass 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.09 0.12 0.16 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.11 Mean Shrub 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.14 0.10 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.06 0.13 0.05 0.14 0.06 0.04, 0.09 Table 6-12. Extractable Chloride (%) in Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 - - - - -

I G02 G03 i G04 GO5 0.47 0.92 0.48 0.28 0.54 3 G06 G07 G08 0.49 0.03

-

0.90 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.19 0.19 0.55 0.30 0.63 SOl 0.39 0.27 0.54 0.35 0.39 S02 - - - - - - 0.75 - 0.95 0.30 0.67 S03 0.25 0.31 0.18 0.28 0.30 0.26 0.82 0.85 0.61 0.50 0.56 0.78 0.35 0.24 0.59 S04 0.22 0.17 0.15 0.55 0.40 0.30 - - - - 0.91 - 1.15 S05 0.22 0.14 0.24 0.47 0.26 0.27 0.53 0.85 0.48 0.84 0.50 0.89 0.40 0.22 0.59 S06 - - - - - - - 0.57 0.73 0.41 0.28 0.50 S07 0.36 0.59 0.66 0.20 0.45 Mean Grass 0.33 0.78 0.54 0.22 0.49 Mean.

Shrub 0.27 0.22 0.19 0.46 0.33 0.30 0.68 0.85 0.55 0.70 0.50 0.81 0.42 0.24 0.58

.....ýým . . Page 6-7 .. . ...

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

I Table 6-13. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Poa secunda 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational I

Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 19888 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 G02

- - 0.020 0.022 0.020 0.067 0.045 0.032 0.028 0.040 0.011 0.010 0.000 0.170 0.023 0.026 0.0119 0.0119 0.004 0.004 0.020 0.019 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.013 0.034 I

G03 0.028 0.019 0.033 0.027 0.077 0.000 0.023 - 0.005 0.023 0.044 0.011 0.026 G04 G05 0.035 0.032 0.096 0.054 0.024 0.000 0.023 0.005 0.003 0.020 0.019 0.012 0.036 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.018 1

G06 0.008 0.018 0.012 0.012 0.013 G07 G08 0.004 0.003 0.018 0.000 0.015 0.012 0.011 0.012 0.0 12 0.007 I

I S01 0.036 - 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.027 0.019 0.000 0.023 0.01 8 0.005 0.019 0.011 0.012 0.013 S02 0.034 0.044 0.028 0.026 0.033 0.000 0.037 0.024 0.003 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.0 16 S03 - 0.019 0.036 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.026 0.021 0.02 0 0.004 0.026 0.012 0.011 0.018 I

S04 0.023 0.030 0.045 0.033 0.029 0.000 0.027 . 0,144 0.019 0.014 0.014 0.035 S05 0.047 0.045 0.028 0.038 0.040 0.027 0.000 0.028 0.01 8 0.003 0.019 0.014 0.011 0.015 S06

• 0.004 0.024 0.062 0.010 0.025 S07 Mean Grass Mean

- - 0.026 0.035 0.052 0.037 0.031 0.043 0.024 0.019 0.005 0.018 0.017 0.061 0.019 0.012

- 0.040 0.018 I

Shrub 0.042 0.034 0.031 0.029 0.031 0.032 0.020 0.013 0.025 0.019 0.027 0.021 0.027 0.012 0.021 I

Table 6-14. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Bromus tectorum 1980 to 1992 Site G01 1980

-

1981

• 1982

-

1983 0.119 1984 0.051 Pre-Op Mean 0.085 1985 0.090 1986 0.068 1987 0.028 1988 0.018 1989 0.006 1990 0.041 1991 0.049 1992 0.013 Operational Mean 0.039 I

002 G03 0.081

-

0.025

-

0.013 0.006 0.044 0.052 0.041 0.029 0.022 0.177 0.294 0.026 0.023 0.093 0.019 0.019 0.005 0.004 0.029 0.036 0.037 0.045 0.012 0.012 0.055 0.052 I G04 0.012 0.038 0.032 0.027 0.048 0.078 0.023 0.020 0.003 0.021 0.047 0.011 0.031 005 G06 -

- - - - - - 0.007 0.003 0.018 0.018 0.042 0.044 0.011 0.012 0.020 0.019 I

G07 0.005 0.023 0.032 0.012 0.018 G08 Sol 0.106 0.032 0.069 0.062 0.019 0.026 0.018 0.003 0.004 0.022 0.020 0.037 0.032 0.014 0.012 0.019 0.024 I

S02 0.056 0.026 0,041 0.101 0.176 0.022 0.022 0.004 0.019 0.012 0.014 0.046 S03 S04 0.088 0.031 0.019 0.022 0.031 0.028 0.034 0.027 0.043 0.020 0.160 0.094 0.000 0.023 0.025 0.019 0.021 0.006 0.003 0.027 0.017 0.015 0.021 0.012 0.011 0.027 0.032 I

U S05 - - 0.076 0.043 0,060 0.000 0.079 0.023 0.017 0.003 0.030 0.012 0.010 0.022 S06 0.006 0.025 0.036 0.011 0.020 S07 0.009 0.029 0.062 0.010 0.028 Mean Grass Mean Shrub 0.081

- 0.088

- 0.019 0.025 0.044 0.058 0.045 0.033 0.043 0.046 0.084 0.069 0.117 0.074 0.042 0.024 0.019 0.019 0.005 0.005 0.026 0.024 0.042 0.027 0.012 0.011 0.036 0.029 I

U I

.. . . .... Page 6-8 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report I

Table 6-15. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Sisymbrium altissimum 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean GO] 0.040 0.150 0.580 0.640 0.073 0.297 0.527 0.596 0.162 0.115 0.141 0.084 0.013 0,043 0.210 G02 0.350 0.470 0.410 0.640 0.097 0.393 0.490 0.793 0.148 0.103 0.079 0.073 0.013 0.011 0.214 G03 0.470 0.480 1.050 0.680 0.065 0.549 0.593 0.822 0.532 0.115 0.225 0.125 0.221 0.060 0.337 G04 0.450 0.230 - - 0.049 0.243 0.343 0.524 0.231 0.086 0.079 0.055 0.175 0.069 0.195 G05 G06 G07 - 0.161 - 0.161 G08 S- - - - 0.139 0.097 0.153 0.040 0.107 Sol 0.454 0.564 0.198 0.121 0,083 0.063 0.104 0.039 0,203 S02 0.000 0.000 S03 S04 - 0.590 0.590 0.602 0.671 0.267 0.086 0.129 0.049 0.075 0.038 0.240 SOS 0.047 - - 0.047 S06 S07 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Mean Grass 0.328 0.333 0.680 0.653 0.071 0.385 0.488 0.684 0.268 0.105 0.133 0.087 0.123 0.045 0.223 Mean . .

Shrub 0.590 0.590 0.528 0.618 0.233 0.104 0.106 0.053 0.090 0.026 0.199 Table 6-16. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Phlox longifolia 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 - - 0.034 0.075 0.040 0.050 0.017 0.000 0.025 0.117 0.004 0.023 0.015 0.012 0.027 G02 0.150 0.023 0.043 0.032 ,0.062 0.062 0.000 0.026 0.018 0.008 0.018 0.029 0.011 0.022 G03 - 0.056 0.042 0.030 0.043 0.059 - - 0.020 - - 0.012 - 0.030 G04 0.027 0,024 0.027 0.034 0.028 0.000 0.000 0.023 0.018 0.005 0.012 0.011 0.010 G05 - - - - -

G06 - -

G07 - 0.015 0.015 G08 0.003 0.025 0.018 0.011 0.014 Sol - - - - 0.031 0.096 0.023 0.018 0.003 0.021 0.015 0.011 0.027 S02 0.027 0.072 0.049 0.049 0.060 0.018 0.025 0.018 0.005 0.018 - 0.012 0.022 S03 0.026 0.019 0.024 0.023 0.028 0.026 0.023 0.020 0.005 0.026 0.016 0.011 0.019 S04 0.038 - 0.019 0.029 0.195 0.036 0.023 0.020 0.005 0.018 0.012 0.012 0.040 S05 -

S06 S07 -

Mean Grass 0.027 0.150 0.034 0.047 0.034 0.046 0.035 0.000 0.025 0,043 0.005 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.020 Mean Shrub - 0.030 0.046 0.031 0.034 0.079 0.044 0.024 0.019 0.005 0,021 0.014 0.012 0.027

.. ..

... Page 6-9 - - .4 I.......................

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

C Table 6-17. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Purshiatridentata 1980 to 1992 Pre-Op Operational II Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Mean G01 G02

- - - - -

II G03 0.000 0.021 0.021 0.005 0.041 0.012 0.017 G04 G05 0.098 0.098

- -

0.021

- 0.004 0.015 0.023 0.021 0.012 0.018 0.015 11 G06 G07 G08 E

0.011 0.019 0.019 0.016 - - -

Ii Sol S02 0.229 0.019 0.056 0.061 0.091 0.013 0.000 0.013 0.021 0.004 0.019 0.017 0.012 0.012 S03 - - - - - - - - - -

S04 0.034 - 0.034 - - - - - - -

S05 0.008 0.028 0,018 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.018 0.004 0.018 0.013 0.013 0.010 S06 - - - - - - - - - -

S07 Mean Grass Mean 0.098

-

- 0.098 0.000 0.021 0.021 0.005 0.026 0.021 0.012 0.016 L

Shrub 0.229 0.015 0.029 0.036 0.048 0.007 0.000 0.014 0.020 0.004 0.019 0.015 0.013 0.011 11 Table 6-18. Extractable Sulfate (%) in Artemisia tridentata 1980 to 1992 Site 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Pre-Op Mean 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Operational Mean U

G01 - - - - - - - - - - -

G02 G03 El G04 G05 G06 0.003 0.004 0.020 0.018 0.012 0.039 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.018 Ii G07 0.004 0.016 - 0.012 0.011 G08 Sol 0.070 0.065 0.047 0.070 0.063 -

0.020

- -

0.020 U

S02 0.120 0.120 0.018 0.024 0.01.7 0.020 Ii

- - - - - - -

S03 0.323 0.040 0.024 - 0.129 0.021 0.000 0.025 0.024 0.001 0.021 0.016 0.012 0.015 S04 0.045 0.020 0.051 - 0.039 - - - 0.022 - 0.020 0.021 I]

S05 - 0.075 0.020 0.021 0.100 0.054 0.021 0.050 0.023 0.024 0.002 0.021 0.012 0.011 0.021 S06 0.004 0.037 0.062 0.010 0.028 S07 0.001 0.018 0.054 0.010 0.021 II Mean Grass 0.004 0.019 0.026 0.011 0.014 Mean Shrub 0.146 0.070 0.027 0.036 0.097 0.073 0.021 0.025 0.024 0.022 0.002 0.024 0.032 0.011 0.020 11 El Page 6-10 .

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report Ii

I 0

(.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-O-Mean-POSA + High - Low Figure 6-1. Copper in Poasecunda, 1980-1992 I

0

(.3 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

'-0-Mean-BRTE + High - Low Figure 6-2. Copper in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992

-rg E aPage6-ll my-Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

10 6

4 2

0 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR 0-*Mean-SIAL + High - Low Figure 6-3. Copper in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 13 12 II 10 9

8 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-ý-Mean-PHLO + High - Low Figure 6-4. Copper in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992 Page 6-12 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report Ii

In 9.

8.

7.

-6 0

4.

3.

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1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-- <Mean-PUTR + High - Low Figure 6-5. Copper in Purshiatridentata, 1980-1992 24-22 -

20-18.

16-V14 82.

0 10 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-,--Mean-ARTR + High - Low Figure 6-6. Copper in Artemisia tridentata,1980-1992 Page 6-13 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

0*50.

0.50 0,45 0.40 0.35-S0.30.

0.25 0.20.

S0.15-0.10+

0.05 0.00 I I I I I I I I I I I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-O-Mean-POSA + High - Low Figure 6-7. Extractable Chloride in Poa secunda, 1980-1992 0.60 ti 0.50

, 0.40 0.30 8.m S0.20 0.10 1980 1981 1982 1983 1904 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

---

Mean-BRTE + High - Low Figure 6-8. Extractable Chloride in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992 Page 6-14 ; --

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Sumnnary Report

0.7 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 I I " I I I II I I ' I I I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-,--Mean-SIAL + High - Low Figure 6-9. Extractable Chloride in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 ,*

0.00 I I I I I I I I 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-Mean-PHLO + High - Low Figure 6-10. Extractable Chloride in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992

-. -......

--. -.. . -- I...

..... Page 6-15 '- -- -- ............

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Ii 0.25 IA 0.20 N 0.15 11 0.10. Ii ii 0.05.

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

--- Mean-PUTR + High - Series3 Figure 6-11. Extractable Chloride in Purshiatridentata,1980-1992 Iii I"

ii II 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

--- Mean-ARTR + High - Low Figure 6-12. Extractable Chloride in Artemisia tridentata,1980-1992 Page6-16o a rr r I1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report 12

OAR.

0.14 0.142 0.12 0I0~

0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 r

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-10Mean-POSA + High - Low Figure 6-13. Extractable Sulfate in Poa secunda, 1980-1992 r- 0.20 U-.1S.

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992

- YEAR

• Mean-BRTE + High - Low Figure 6-14. Extractable Sulfate in Bromus tectorum, 1980-1992

. -. - . r.-.

. . ----

. .,

• Page 6-17 ----- -....... *- . .... ..

Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

1,2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 S0.6 0.5 0.4 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

-Mean-SIAL + High - Low Figure 6-15. Extractable Sulfate in Sisymbrium altissimum, 1980-1992 II 0.14 0.12 0.10 0o081 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

---¢Mean-PHLO + High - Low Figure 6-16. Extractable Sulfate in Phlox longifolia, 1980-1992 Page 6-18 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report NJ

0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991, 1992 YEAR

- 0Mean-PUTR + High - Low Figure 6-17. Extractable Sulfate in Purshiatridentata, 1980-1992 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.24 0,22 0.20 u 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 YEAR

• O'-Mean-ARTR + High - Low Figure 6-18. Extractable Sulfate in Artemisia tridentata,1980-1992 CubGeriPage 6-19 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 7 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY amM-M m m' - -M m m m m 4,m m," -

7.0 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY PROGRAM The aerial photography program was initiated in June of 1988 to monitor the vegetation surrounding Columbia Generating Station for impact due to cooling tower operation. Aerial photographs taken with color infrared (CIR) film allow large areas to be monitored and provide the opportunity to detect signs of possible vegetation stress before it becomes visible to the human eye. In addition to examination for stress, the photographs were compared with those taken in previous years to look for changes in vegetation patterns and evidence of cumulative damage.

This program was developed using guidelines published in NUREG/CR-1231 (Shipley, 1980),

which outlines the basic requirements for an aerial monitoring program and suggests types of film, photograph scales, frequency of photograph acquisition, and the size of prints. Dr. Philip Jackson of the Geosciences Department at Oregon State University performed interpretation of the flightline data.

7.1 Methods and Materials Five flightlines (Figure 7-1) were planned to cover the areas of greatest anticipated cooling tower drift deposition according to the drift model constructed by Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories (Droppo et al., 1976). A sixth high level flightline was added in 1997. Two flightlines (medium elevation # 1 and 2), each approximately 7 miles (11.2 kin) in length, run in a general north-south direction. These flightlines run between the two areas of greatest deposition according to the prediction model. The other three flightlines (#3, 4, and 5) each approximately 5 miles (8.1 kin) in length, run in an east-west direction and were placed to cross gradients of deposition. The five flightlines were flown at an altitude of 1,550 feet (477 m) above mean sea level, resulting in a photo scale approximating 1:6000. The high level flightline (only for 1994 and 1997) was flown at an altitude of 5100 feet (1550 m) above mean sea level, with a resulting photo scale of approximately 1:19,000. The flightline coordinates were stored in the long-range navigation (LORAN) system in the photo contractor's airplane. This allowed similar lines to be photographed in subsequent years. The suggestion for a higher altitude flightline at a smaller photo scale resulted from the observation that photo scenes were not accurately repeated from year to year. In this particular study area, strong southwest winds in excess of 30 mph at the flight levels used are common in early summer. Winds of this velocity affect the flightline bearing and, thus, the photo track of the light aircraft used for photo missions. If monitoring sites are to be compared from one flight season to the next, a smaller scale must be used to provide a margin for spatial error. Such a trade-off results in reduced ground detail, but increases the probability of capturing a particular site with photo coverage.

Interpretation and comparison of the color infrared films was conducted visually and with digital image enhancement and analysis equipment. The 70-mm positive transparency film was visually evaluated on a light table, with a 30X magnification stereo viewer. Monitoring sites were digitally scanned with an Eikonix Digital Scanner, and subsequently analyzed with the aid of Idrisi Digital Classification and Signature Comparison software. Factors that affected the accuracy of year-to-year comparisons of vegetation patterns, and plant health and vigor included loss of photo coverage due to flightline misalignment; extreme differences in film contrast; and dissimilar dates of overflight coverage. Year-to-year climatic variability also affected vegetation photo observations as well. Within the Columbia Basin, natural vegetation ground coverage and plant vigor is highly related to soil moisture levels.

Page 7-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Wet years favor enhanced ground coverage by grasses and forbs with generally strong photosynthetic vigor; in dry years, greater expanses of active sand dunes, and sandy soils with NJ weakly photosynthetic and dormant vegetation are more likely to be observed. Precipitation in months preceding overflights was both above and below monthly precipitation norms for the U observation years. In 1994, the precipitation total for the growing season of October through April was 2.41 inches, 2 inches below normal. In 1997, precipitation totaled 10.03 inches for the growing season. Thus the vegetation in the flightlines has been observed after the extremes in precipitation.

The photography overflights discussed here, were made annually in the months of April, May, or June from 1988 to 1994, then triennially beginning in 1997. Kodak Aerochrome 2443 Color Infrared positive transparency film was used in a Hassleblad ELM 70-mm camera with a Planar IT 80mm focal length lens and a No. 12 Wratten haze filter attached. The 70-mm positive transparency film was chosen over the larger nine by nine inch prints for ease of handling and -*

storage for over 300 photo scenes per overflight.

7.2 Results and Discussion Aerial photos of selected ground sites were scanned using the Eikonix Digital scanner. Each frame was scanned with a red, blue, and green filter to extract multispectral information. U Using the near infrared and red reflectance information, a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image was created. Actively photosynthetic vegetation strongly reflects near infrared light and absorbs red light. Higher NDVI values indicate greater photosynthetic activity and a greater mass of photosynthetic vegetation. These normalized images allow comparisons both spatially (upwind to downwind sites) and temporally (year to year). This method of mJ interpretation was used on the 1988-1991 results when Dr. Jackson did a reevaluation of those photographs in 1999 and to the photographs taken in 2000.

7.2.1 1988-1991 Results 11 The overflights were performed on June 14, 1988; May 13, 1989; June 18, 1990; and May 15, 1991. The interpretation by Oregon State University staff of these four years of photographs was performed in July 1999 and confirmed the results in the 1988 to 1991 annual reports (Supply 17 System 1988-1991). Three sites (A, B and E) were evaluated from both 1988 and 1991.

Average NDVI output values were evaluated for each of five land cover/vegetation types: dead vegetation, barren areas, weak grasses, healthy grasses and shrubs. The actual average NDVI I

values were quite comparable for the land cover/vegetation types for all three sites for both 1988 and 1991. NDVI values within a given year showed nearly equal histograms for all three sites.

Histogram shape differed only slightly between 1988 and 1991, with the 1991 sites showing a 1]

greater NDVI variance between shrubs and dead vegetation. A general histogram shift was also noted, with lower values occurring in 1991. In each case, the specific order of NDVI values were retained, with dead vegetation producing the lowest values, while shrubs maintained the I

highest values. The lone exception was Site B in 1991, which had some shrubs that fell into the dead vegetation category.

7.2.2 1992 Results The 1992 overflights were taken on April 23 and were compared with the photos taken in 1991.

Overall, vegetative patterns appeared to be unchanged from the 1991 overflights. However, no clear distinctions could be made due to the poor quality of the 1991 photographs.

Comparisons I

-. Page 7-2 9 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report W

of the upwind and downwind sites revealed no significant differences in the vegetative cover characteristics and no significant vegetative health differences existed.

7.2.3 1993 Results The 1993 overflights took place on May 17. Photosynthetic reflectance characteristics for range plants and plant associations were compared temporally, from 1992 to 1993, and spatially, from downwind to upwind sites. The interpretation showed no spatilly significant vegetative health differences relative to photosynthetic activity (PSA). That is, comparable plant associations in downwind sites appeared to have similar reflectance properties as plant associations in upwind sites. Noticeable differences in overall PSA were observed between 1992 and 1993, but is likely attributable to a later photo acquisition date rather than cooling tower precipitate.

7.2.4 1994 Results The aerial photographs for 1994 were taken on May 5. The area surrounding the plant had already encountered its peak PSA values for the year and the values were declining. Contrast of the film was poor and made interpretation difficult. Upon visual inspection, the overall pattern of spectral reflectance seemed considerably different between 1993 and 1994. There was a generally lower range of reflectance values for photosynthesizing vegetation, which was influenced by two factors, one of which was somewhat mitigated by digital image processing.

The first factor was that there was an overall shift in photosynthetic values. The second factor was an overall trend downward from the green to blue spectral bands recorded on filni due to underexposure. A comparison of the blue band reflectance values shows a 6% decrease in overall light intensity in 1994 from those in 1993. A 6% correction factor added to the 1994 blue light intensity makes the overall reflectance patterns between the red and blue bands similar to that observed in 1993. Red band intensity remained fairly constant from 1993 to 1994. The spatial comparison between sites in 1994 revealed no changes that could be attributed to cooling tower drift.

7.2.5 1997 Results The overflight for 1997 was conducted on April 25. The photosynthetic reflectance characteristics for range plants and plant associations were compared temporally from 1993 and 1994 to 1997. It was noted that there were differences in the spectral reflectance between the 1994 photographs and the 1997 photographs. These were attributed to the poor contrast noted in the 1994 film and to the later acquisition time in 1994. Overall, no spatially significant vegetation health differences relative to PSA were noted.

7.2.6 2000 Results The 2000 overflight was conducted on April 10. The photographs were examined digitally and the NDVI used to evaluate the health of the vegetation at two sites. The NDVI evaluation for the two sites peak nearly at the same reflectance values and indicates an abundance of actively growing range grasses. Spatially, no significant vegetation health differences relative to PSA were noted.

Page 7-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

7.3 Conclusion I[

Comparisons of the 1988-2000 aerial.photographs show little differences in vegetative patterns.

Within years, no significant differences between sites located upwind and downwind of the plant could be determined. Differences noted in the PSA between years are more likely the result of hi variations in precipitation, as well as the quality of the film and date of photo acquisition.

Overall, no vegetative changes attributable to cooling tower drift could be detected on the photographs.

Ii 11Ž lh U

Ii NZ62amw Page 7-4 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Figure 7-1. Aerial Photography Flightlines Page 7-5 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 8 COOLING TOWER DRIFT DEPOSITION STUDY

- - m m - m - m - - ~ m , - m m

8.0 COOLING TOWER DRIFT DEPOSITION STUDY This study was conducted between 1989 and 1990 to measure the levels and the rate of airborne salt deposition originating from the Columbia Generating Station cooling tower condensate plume. The year-long study was designed to verify the predicted areas of maximum and minimum deposition as modeled by a Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories study (Droppo et al, 1976).

The condensate plume is the result of the Columbia Generating Station heat rejection system.

This system consists of a steam condenser, six mechanical draft cooling towers, and the interconnecting piping. The operation of the cooling tower fans results in the emission of droplets of circulating cooling water to the atmosphere. The drift droplets are produced mechanically inside the towers and contain similar concentrations of chemicals as the circulating water. The presence of these chemicals in the drift may have an effect upon the environment.

Data gathered for this study involved surface deposition measurements. These measurements were used to determine bulk mineral mass deposition. Sample collection was based upon criteria set forth in the American Standard Test method (ASTM) D1739-70 for the collection and analysis of dust fall.

8.1 Sample Locations The sample locations were laid out in such a manner as to transect the areas of greatest deposition as predicted in the Battelle model. Sixteen sites were initially included in the study and their locations are shown in Figure 8-1. The sixteen sites included one located at the center of the six cooling towers and one located at the old Hanford townsite that was used as the control. Figures 8-2 and 8-3 graphically represent the deposition patterns from the model as published by Battelle. The directions and approximate distances from the center of the cooling towers are listed in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1. Cooling Tower Drift Study Sample Site Locations Sample Distance Direction Sample Distance Direction Site # (miles) (0° North) Site # (miles) (00 North) 1 3.1 165° 9 0.4 2940 2 2.6 167.50 10 0.9 3060 3 2.1 1700 11 1.3 3120 4 1.6 172.50 12 1.8 3140 5 1.2 1750 13 2.4 3150 6 0.7 1800 14 2.8 3140 7 0.2 2050 15 3.4 3120 8 0 - 16" 7 2870

• Control Site As can be seen in the deposition model, the predicted areas of maximum drift deposition were to the northwest and south-southeast direction from the plant. The sampling sites were chosen to lie along a northwest radial transect and an approximately south-southeast radial transect.

"VAXAMPage 8-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

II 8.2 Methods and Materials The sample collection vessel consisted of an open topped linear polyethylene cylinder with vertical sides and a flat bottom. The cylinder was six inches in diameter and eighteen inches high. A support stand positioned the cylinder such that its bottom was eighteen inches above grade. The top of the container was three feet above grade which deviates from the ASTM recommended minimum and maximum heights of eight and fifty feet. This was to more closely i' monitor drift deposition at the typical height of local vegetation. Positioned above the cylinder was a metal bird ring to prevent interference from birds. A screen covered the cylinder to prevent sample contamination from bird droppings and insects. A pair of samplers was placed at each of the sampling locations. Figure 8-4 shows the configuration of the sampler.

11 Samples were collected every 30 days when possible. The cylinders were thoroughly washed and rinsed in the laboratory, filled with four liters of deionized water and covered. They were mi then transported out to the sampling sites and placed in the stands. During the summer months, the water level in the samplers was checked periodically and additional deionized water added to maintain an adequate level. Initially, isopropyl alcohol was added as antifreeze during the winter months, but was discontinued due to its ineffectiveness and to eliminate a potential source of contamination. After 30 days, the samplers were covered and exchanged for clean samplers and transported back to the laboratory. Any evidence of contamination, such as insects or bird droppings was noted and recorded. The total volume of water was measured; a 500-milliliter aliquot taken for analysis and the remaining sample was discarded. m-j The sample aliquots were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, sulfate and chloride. The analytical techniques utilized ion chromatography for sulfate and chloride. A Dionex Series 40001 ion chromatograph equipped with an AS4A anion separation column was used. Calcium, n]

magnesium and sodium were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission techniques using a Perkin-Elmer P40 Model ICP.

The average ion masses for each of the analytes were summed to give a monthly bulk deposition for each of the 16 sampling sites. The 12 monthly depositions for each site were then totaled to 11 give a yearly bulk deposition in milligrams. Based on the surface area of the sampler, the mass was converted to pounds per acre per year. The deposition rates were corrected for background by subtracting the control site deposition rate from the rate of each sample site.

8.3 Results and Discussion Based on the predicted drift patterns, the greatest deposition was expected to occur adjacent to the cooling towers and to decrease as a function of distance from the towers. This was verified by the sampling program, showing a maximum deposition rate of 52 lbs/acre/year at 0.2 mile south of the towers (Site 7), decreasing to a deposition rate not significantly higher than background at a distance of 3 miles. 11 The model also predicted deposition rates would increase during the winter months due to higher humidity and lower temperatures that would permit the larger diameter drift droplets to intersect the ground surface. In the winter, the drift falls as wet deposition in more highly concentrated I

EA areas while in the summer, drift is more widely dispersed because droplet size is reduced by evaporation. This prediction was verified by the study. As an example, drift accumulated at Site 7 during the months of November, December and January accounted for almost 70 percent of the total drift mass deposited during the twelve-month sampling period. Site 8, located in the MPage 8-2 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

center of the towers, had drift deposition during the same three-month period that accounted for almost 60 percent of the total mass accumulated.

For areas of maximum deposition, the model predicted that maximum salt deposition would be directly proportional to the wind direction frequency. From this, and the site-specific wind frequency percentages from 1984-90, one would expect the maximum areas of deposition to be found to the north and southeast of the plant, correlating with the maximum wind direction frequencies of 10.9 percent from the south and 10.6 percent from the northwest. This was in direct contradiction to the isopleths in the model showing the predicted areas of deposition. The isopleths (Figures 8-2 and 8-3) show areas of maximum deposition in a northwesterly and nearly southwesterly direction. The Battelle reports states that, "the maximum wind direction frequency at Columbia Generating Station was 9 percent from the south. The measurement elevation was seven meters (23 feet). At an elevation of 122 meters (400 feet) at the Hanford Meteorological Station, the maximum direction frequency was 20 percent from the northwest."

Further investigation confirmed that the isopleths, as originally presented, had been inadvertently rotated a full 1800 and, therefore, incorrectly predicted the locations of maximum deposition.

Field data from the transformer yard drift study further substantiated this. At the transformer yard, 0.25 miles to the north of the cooling towers, samplers experienced an average rate of 112 lbs/acre for the nine-month period that coincided with the original sample collection. This rate is more than twice the maximum twelve-month rate determined by the samplers placed along the two radial transects.

Since the samplers were not placed along transects in line with the directions of maximum deposition, it was difficult to verify the predicted extent of the drift plume, or the distance at which the cooling tower drift deposition is no longer distinguishable from background drift. The isopleths from the model predict that at approximately 0.5 miles from the towers, drift deposition would diminish to a rate of 1 lbs/acre/year. The sampling from that approximate distance determined rates of 8 to 22 lbs/acre/year, significantly higher than that predicted by the model.

This indicates that appreciable amounts of drift may be deposited beyond the 0.5-mile radius at higher rates than predicted.

The maximum rates predicted by the model were 400 lbs/acre/year and 300 lbs/acre/year at 0.25 miles from the towers. These estimates are high as compared to the highest rate of deposition determined by the field sampling which was 112 lbs/acre for a nine month period, in the transformer yard 0.25 miles to the north of the towers. The efficiency factor for the drift collectors used was not determined and thus made it difficult to compare the predicted absolute rate with the experimentally determined relative rate of deposition. However, if an efficiency rate of 100 percent is assumed, the measured rates are still within the same order of magnitude as those that were predicted. Sources of error, which may have biased the experimental results, include the fact that only five constituents were analyzed to determine the amount of drift deposited. The plant cooling water system was also operating at reduced cycles of concentration from mid-January 1990 through the end of sampling period because of a condenser tube leak.

Consequently, the circulating water dissolved solids concentrations were about half the normal concentration. Drift deposition rates by site is listed in Table 8-2 and shown graphically in Figures 8-5 and 8-6.

Page 8-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 8-2. Drift Deposition Rates (Gross and Background Corrected) U Corrected for Background Site lbs/acre-year (lbs/acre-year) 1 11 3 U 2 9 1 3 10 2 4 14 6 5 12 4 U 6 17 9 5 7 60 52 8 2998 2990 1 9 16 8 10 11 3 11 9 1 12 9 1 1 13 8 0 14 8 0 3 15 8 0 16 8 , 5

• Control Site P

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Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Surnmary Report

880851 MARCH 1989 S SAMPLE LOCATIONS WITH REPLICATE SAMPLES ST. 16 CONTROL SAMPLE LOCATION AT OLD HANFORD TOWNSITE Figure 8-1. Cooling Tower Drift Study Sample Sites Page 8-5 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

N w

S Colmbi Gnertig Saton coogial ontorngSumar Reor Figure 8-2. Predicted Salt Deposition Patterns out to 0.5 Mile (lbs/acre/yr)

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Figure 8-3. Predicted Salt Deposition Patterns out to 6.9 Miles P

Gienerating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report Coiumbia

690317 Figure 8-4. Cooling Tower Drift Sampler Page 8-8 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

60 50 40 530 20 10

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I 2 3 4 6 S ite Figure 8-5. Deposition Rate at South Sites I

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 SITE Figure 8-6. Deposition Rate at Northwest Sites Page 8-9 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

SECTION 9

SUMMARY

I 1 im -m M- m wme mmm -am,- m so W-m ms

9.0

SUMMARY

Analysis of the results from monitoring programs summarized in this report reveals no impact that can be attributed to the operation of Columbia Generating Station. Studies of soil and vegetation chemistry, shrub and vegetation cover, and phytomass suggest that fire and weather have substantially more influence on the surrounding environment than drift from plant cooling towers. This conclusion is corroborated through the aerial photography portion of the monitoring program. Overall, the Ecological Monitoring Program has determined that cooling tower operation has not affected the surrounding plant communities since Columbia Generating Station became operational in 1984.

The analysis of herbaceous cover and phytomass show no measurable direct or secondary effects from cooling tower drift. When the results are plotted against the amount of precipitation or temperature during the growing season (October through April), climate can be seen to have a much greater impact on the environment surrounding the station.

Shrub density and cover were most influenced by the 1984 range fire. Shrub cover declined in 1985 and was showing the beginning of recovery when the study ended in 1992. Shrub density also declined greatly at sites S01, S02 and S04 after the fire. Site SOS had burned in 1981 and was recovering from that fire. There were no effects on shrub density or cover that could be attributed to cooling tower drift.

Herbaceous phytomass results are also related to the climate during the growing season. Periods of low phytomass have occurred during years with low precipitation and below average temperatures. There were no observable trends apparent in the herbaceous phytomass that can be attributed to cooling tower drift.

Soil chemistry was generally consistent between the preoperational and operational periods and annually between sites. The operational period average pH showed a decrease of 0.44 STU from the preoperational period, but displays a general upward trend toward preoperational norms.

Sulfate also shows a decrease between the preoperational and operational periods however, results from 1983 and 1984 are closer to those observed during the operational period. The operational average bicarbonate result for all sites increased from the preoperational result, but the individual results for the sites were generally within the ranges seen during the preoperational period. Overall, there is no apparent impact to the soil chemistry from the cooling tower drift.

Copper and extractable chloride results were the most consistent in the vegetation chemistry between the preoperational and operational periods. All species showed a decline in extractable sulfates when compared with the preoperational period, but were generally consistent between sites on an annual basis. There was no apparent effect from cooling tower drift on vegetation chemistry.

The chemical analyses of soil and vegetation performed for the Ecological Monitoring Program revealed no measurable direct or secondary effects caused by the plant's cooling tower drift. The decrease in sulfate in soil and vegetation is contrary to what would be expected from cooling tower operation as the water has a higher level of sulfate in it due to the addition of sulfuric acid for pH control. Other chemical analyses generally remained consistent throughout the studies.

Page 9-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

I Comparisons of the 1988-2000 aerial photographs show little differences in vegetative patterns.

Within years, no significant differences between sites located upwind and downwind of the plant could be discerned. Differences noted in the photosynthetic activity between years are more likely the result of variations in precipitation and temperature, as well as the quality of the film I and date of photo acquisition. Overall, no vegetative changes attributable to cooling tower drift could be detected on the photographs.

A year-long cooling tower drift collection study determined that the maximum rate of deposition was less than predicted but within the same order of magnitude. The study confirmed that the greatest deposition occurred adjacent to the cooling towers and decreased as a function of distance from the towers.

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SECTION 10 REFERENCES

-0 04 we m nI m m m , m M m - -

10.0 REFERENCES

ASTM D1739-70, Standard Method for Collection and Analysis of Dustfall.

Beak Consultants, Inc. 1981. Terrestrial Monitoring Studies Near WNP-1, 2 and 4, May through December 1980. Portland, OR.

Beak Consultants, Inc. 1982a. Terrestrial Monitoring Studies Near WNP-l, 2 and 4, May through December 1981. Portland, OR.

Beak Consultants, Inc. 1982b. Terrestrial Monitoring Studies Near WNP-l, 2 and 4, May through August 1982. Portland, OR.

Daubenmire, R. 1968. Plant Communities. Harper and Row, New York, New York.

Droppo, J.G., C.E. Hane and R.K. Woodruff, Atmospheric Effects of Circular Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers at Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Plant Number Two, B2311200735, November, 1976.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1991. Methods for the Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples. EPA/600/4-91-010.

Gilman, Lee B. 1989. Microwave Sample Preparation. CEM Corporation.

Hanford Meteorology Station. 2002. Monthly Climatological Data. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, WA.

Hoitink, D.J., K.W. Burk and J.V. Ramsdell. 2002. Hanford Site Climatological Data Summary 2001 With Historical Data. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Richland, WA.

Klemmedson, J.O. and J.G. Smith. 1964. Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum L.) Bot. Rev. 30; 226-262.

Northstrom, T.E., J.L. Hickam and T.B. Stables. 1984. Terrestrial Monitoring Studies for 1983.

Washington Public Power Supply System. Richland, WA.

Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1976. Terrestrial Ecology Studies in the Vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress Report for the Period July 1974 to June 1975. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland, WA.

Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1977. Terrestrial Ecology Studies in the Vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress report for 1976. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland, WA.

Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1979a. Terrestrial Ecology Studies in the Vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress Report for 1977. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland, WA.

Page 10-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

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Rickard, W.H. and K.A. Gano. 1979b. Terrestrial Ecology Studies in the Vicinity of Washington Public Power Supply System Nuclear Power Projects 1 and 4. Progress Reports for 1978. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories. Richland, WA.

Schleder, L.S. 1982-1984. Preoperational Animal Studies near WNP-1, 2 and 4. Annual Reports for 1982-1984. Washington Public Power Supply System. Richland, WA.

Shipley, B.L., S.B. Pahwa, M.D. Thompson and R.B. Lantz. 1980. NUREG/CR-1231. Remote Sensing for Detection and Monitoring of Salt Stress on Vegetation: Evaluation and Guidelines.

Final Report, September 1976-March 1979. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Washington D.C.

State of Washington. Site Certification Agreement Between the State of Washington and the Washington Public Power Supply System for Hanford No. 2. May 1972. Olympia, WA 3

State of Washington Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council. Resolution No. 266. May 1993.

Olympia, WA Washington Public Power Supply System. Operational Ecological Monitoring Program for Nuclear Plant 2. Annual Reports for 1985-2001. Richland, WA.

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Page 10-2 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

[F~ qil SECTION 11 ERRATA 1I~ -I M I" omit

11.0 ERRATA The following errors were noted in the 2000-2001 Operational Ecological Monitoring Program Annual Report. The corrected pages are included.

Page 27, Table 2 "Herbaceous Cover for Fifteen Sampling Sites (%) Observed in 2000".

The total annual grass cover mean for sites GO0 through S07 should be 47.9% instead of 48.9%.

Page 29, Table 4 "Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species at Each Sampling Site for 2000".

Total species per site for GO 1 should be 7 instead of 6; G07 should be 15 instead of 14; S04 should be 12 instead of 11; S07 should be 8 instead of 7.

Page 11-1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table 11-1. Herbaceous Cover (%) for Fifteen Sampling Sites Observed in 2000 (Corrected)

MEAN GOI G02 G03 G04 G05 G06 G07 G08 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 G01-S07 Annual Grasses 0 Bromus tectorum 69.40 76.55 56.70 23.05 29.65 32.45 50.10 48.35 53.55 - 16.30 46.70 47.90 55.65 28.70 83.15 47.88 Festucaoctoflora 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 CD Total Annual Grass Cover 69.40 76.55 56.70 23.05 29.80 32.60 50.10 48.35 53.55 16.30 46.70 47.90 55.65 28.70 83.15 47.90 Perennial Grasses Agropyron spicatum 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.20 0.00 0.00 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.88 Oryzopsis hymenoides 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.70 0.00 0.23 Poa sandbergii 15.75 13.05 2.25 14.20 25.00 2.15 12.65 24.95 13.75 22.20 12.30 15.70 0.35 37.45 5.45 14.48 Stipa comata 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.80 0.00 14.75 0.00 2.00 0.00 2.75 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.00 Total Perennial Grass Cover 15.75 13.05 2.25 39.00 25.00 16.90 12.65 26.95 13.75 36.85 12.30 16.45 3.35 39.15 5.45 18.59 Annual Forbs Amsinckia lycopsoides 0.10 0.00 2.90 0.20 2.05 0.05 3.00 0.00 1.95 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.95 0.05 0.10 0.77 Cryptantha circumscissa 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Descurainiapinnata 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 Drabaverna 2.85 2.65 3.20 5.20 3.65 4.70 6.40 3.70 3.90 1.65 2.95 5.20 3.50 0.30 0.20 3.34 Franseriaacanthicarpa 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 Gilia sinuata 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.01 Holosteum umbellatum 2.35 3.50 3.25 6.00 3.10 5.25 8.50 6.15 6.15 3.15 3.95 4.40 6.80 0.25 4.25 4.47 Mentzelia albicaulis 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 Microsterisgracilis 0.00 0.55 1.20 0.00 0.05 2.50 0.45 0.05 1.25 0.45 0.70 0.20 1.85 0.00 0.00 0.62 Phacelialinearis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 Plantagopatagonica 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 3.55 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.10 0.29 Salsola kali 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sisymbrium altissimum 0.45 0.35 0.05 0.20 0.10 0.00 1.15 0.45 0.50 0.25 0.60 1.55 0.15 0.15 0.30 0.42 Tragopogon dubius 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.70 0.10 Total Annual Forb Cover 6.15 7.10 10.80 12.05 9.00 12.50 21.20 10.40 13.75 6.15 11.85 11.80 13.60 0.80 5.65 10.19 0o 0 Perennial Forbs Achillea nmllefolium 0.00. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0 Aster canescens 0.00 0.00 6.50 0.05 0.00 0.00 1.45 0.00 0.35 2.95 0.00 1.55 0.30 0.35 0.00 0.90 Astragalussclerocarpus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Balsamorhiza careyana 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.90 1.25 0.00 0.00 0.34 W Comandra umbellata 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Crepis atrabarba 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 Cymopterus terebinthinus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 Oenotherapallida 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.12 Phlox longifolia 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.40 0.05 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 Rumex venosus 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 Total Perennial Forb Cover 0.00 0.00 6.50 0.20 1.00 11.20 3.20 0.50 1.15 10.95 0.40 4.75 1.85 0.35 0.00 2.80 Total Herbaceous Cover 91.30 96.70 76.25 74.30 64.80 73.20 87.15 86.20 82.20 70.25 71.25 80.90 74.45 69.00 94.25 79.48 6ý=

M " " " " " " Ow "-i -ni 1-i 6""6 Table 11-2. Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species at Each Sampling Site for 2000 (Corrected)

GOI G02 G03 G04 G05 G06 G07 G08 S01 S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 Annual Grasses 0

Bromus tectorum 100 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 76 100 96 100 96 100 Festuca octoflora . 6 6 Perennial Grasses Agropyron spicatum 26 14 0

z Oryzopsis hymenoides 2 10 Poa sandbergii 94 100 12 90 80 26 54 74 58 52 90 54 4 78 50 Stipa comata 78 44 12 6 2 Annual Forbs Amsinckia lycopsoides 4 32 8 14 2 50 30 4 4 18 2 4 Cryptanthacircumscissa 2 Descurainiapinnata 2 Draba verna 94 96 98 98 96 98 96 98 96 36 98 98 80 12 8 Franseriaacanthicarpa 4 2 .20 2 4 Gilia sinuata 4 Holosteum umbellatum 84 100 100 100 94 100 100 96 96 56 98 96 92 10 80 a Mentzelia albicaulis 4 6 Microsterisgracilis 12 18 2 60 8 2 20 8 18 8 24 Phacelia linearis 2 2 18 Plantagopatagonica 2 14 2 82 10 4 Salsola kali 2 Sisymbrium altissimum 8 4 2 8 4 8 18 10 10 24 42 6 6 12 Tragopogon dubius 6 2 4 8 Perennial Forbs Achillea millefolium 2 Aster canescens 48 2 18 4 22 14 2 4 0 Astragalus scderocarpus 2 0 Balsamorhiza careyana 6 2 20 2 Comandra umbellata 4 Crepis atrabarba 4 0

Cymopterus terebinthinus 24 18 Oenotherapallida 4 6 2 2 Phlox longifolia 2 8 6 2 2 0

Rumex venosus 2 4 AD Total Species per Site 7 7 10 13 11 11 15 10 10 15 10 12 13 9 8 0

APPENDIX A 2002 TERRESTRIAL RESULTS I IE~

rn j ,J: - ,, --m1ýw

A. 2002 TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGRAM

• LU Sampling of soil and vegetation for 2002 was done from May 13 to May 23. The samples for 2002 were collected beginning on May 2 and completing on May 10. During the 2002 season, 62 plant taxa were observed in the study areas. Plants observed during 2002 are presented in Table A-1.

A.1 Herbaceous Cover I Total herbaceous cover averaged 74.5% in 2002, compared to the 2001 average of 86.6%.

Bromus tectorum continues to be the dominant annual grass with an average cover of 42.4% in 2002. The average cover for Bromus tectorum during 2001 was 56.8%. Vulpia octoflora continued to have a negligible contribution to the total annual grass cover. The total perennial grass cover in 2002 was 21%, compared to the 17% cover in 2001. The dominant perennial grass was Poa secunda, which increased from an average cover of 13.1% in 2001 to 17.6% in 2002. Total cover for annual forbs was 5.9% in 2001 and 8.6% in 2002. Perennial forb cover for 2001 was 1.8% in 2001 and 2.2% in 2002. Total cover in 2002 for each site is shown in Il Table A-2.

Bromus tectorum, Poa secunda, Drabaverna and Holosteum umbellatum were present in all 15 of the sample sites during 2002. The percent frequency in 2002 for Bromus tectorum increased at site G04 decreased at sites G02, G05, G07, S01, S02, S04 and S06 compared to the 2001 values. During 2002 Poa secunda percent frequency increased at twelve sites and decreased at

.two sites when compared to 2001. Only S05 remained the same between the 2001 and 2002.

Drabaverna frequency increased at nine sites during 2002. Holosteum umbellatum increased over the previous year at all sites except G03, G07, and S02.

Twenty-nine species were observed within the plots during 2002, the same amount as observed in 2000. The number of species observed during 2002 decreased at eight of the sample sites and

.3 increased at four sites when compared to 2001 data. The greatest decrease occurred at G07, which had eleven species observed in 2001 and seven species in 2002. Site S02 increased by two species. Table A-3 shows the mean frequency (%) values by species for each sample site.

A.2 Herbaceous Phytomass During 2002, grassland and shrub site herbaceous phytomass 2 production averaged 53 g/m 2 and 54.5 g/m 2 respectively. This is a decrease of 47 g/m from 2001 at the grassland sites and of 36.5 g/m 2 at the shrub sites. The mean herbaceous phytomass in 2002 decreased at all of the sites by an average of 44% from 2001. The largest decrease in 2002 occurred at site G05 where it decreased from 65 g/m2 to 11 g/m2, a decrease of 83%. Phytomass at S03 decreased 8%, from 56 g/m2 in 2001 to 51 g/m 2 in 2000. As with herbaceous cover, herbaceous phytomass shows a relationship with the amount of precipitation and the mean temperature in a growing season.

Mean herbaceous phytomass measurement at grassland and shrub sites is summarized in 3l Table A-4.

A.3 Soil Chemistry I Copper concentrations in the 2002 samples at all sites were at levels seen in previous years.

Sulfate was higher than seen in prior operational years, but is within levels observed during the preoperational phase of the program. The data was checked and no problems were found with the chemical analyses. The data from 1985 to 2002 for each soil chemistry parameter was m ~ Page A-I1 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

N grouped by site type and as upwind or downwind of the plant. The upwind sites, as determined by the long-term meteorological data were G02, G05, G08, S01, and S03. The 3]

mean and standard deviation for each year and site type was calculated and the data compared.

Results between upwind and downwind sites showed no statistical difference over the years.

The difference noted for sulfate is most likely due to variations caused by weather or other environmental factors rather than caused by cooling tower operation. Soil chemistry results are presented in Table A-5.

A.4 Conclusions 33 The analysis of the herbaceous cover, phytomass, and soil chemistry shows no measurable direct or secondary effects from the operation of the cooling towers. The concentration of soil sulfate measured in 2002 are within the range observed in the preoperational phase of the program.

Other factors, such as climate or range fires, appear to have had a much greater impact on the 3]

vegetation in the study area to date. 3]

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Table A-1. Vascular Plants Observed During 2002 Scientific Name Common Name APIACEAE Parsley Family Cymopterus terebinthiinus (Hook.) T.&G. var.

terebinthinus Turpentine Cymopterus ASTERACEAE Aster Family Achillea millefolium L Yarrow Antennaria dimorpha (Nutt.) T.&G. Low pussy-toes Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush Machaeranthera canes cens (Pursh) Gray (former Aster canesceins) Hoary aster Balsamorhizacareyana Gray Carey's balsamroot Ericamerianauseosa (Pallas ex Pursh)

(former Chrysothamnu*s nauseosus) Gray rabbitbrush Chrysothamnus viscidiiflorus (Hook.) Nutt Green rabbitbrush Crepis atrabarbaHell er Slender hawksbeard Franseriaacanthicarpa Hook. Bur ragweed Layia glandulosa (Ho()k.) H.&A. White daisy tidytips Tragopogon dubius Sc op. Yellow salsify BORAGINACEAE Borage Family Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. Tarweed fiddleneck Cryptanthacircumscis'sa (H&A) Johnst. Matted cryptantha Cryptanthaleucophae,a (Dougl.) Pays NA Cryptanthapterocaryc(Torr.) Greene Winged Cryptantha BRASSICACEAE Mustard Family Descurainiapinnata ('Walt.) Britt. Western tansymustard Drabaverna L. Spring draba Erysimum asperum (N utt.) DC. Prairie rocket Sisymbrium altissimunn L. Tumblemustard CACTACEAE Cactus Family Opuntiapolyacantha]law. Starvation cactus Page A-3 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table A-1. Vascular Plants Observed During 2002 (cont.)

Scientific Name Common Name CARYOPHYLLA4CEAE Pink Family ArenariafrankliniiDougl. var.franklinii Franklin's sandwort Holosteum umbellcztum L. Jagged chickweed CHENOPODIACE *AE Chenopod Family Chenopodium lepte?phyllum (MOQ.) Wats. Slimleaf goosefoot Grayiaspinosa (H ook.) MOQ. Hopsage Salsolakali L. Russian thistle FABACEAE Pea Family Astragaluspurshii Dougl. Wooly-pod milk-vetch Astragalus sclerocearpus Gray Stalked-pod milk-vetch Psoralealanceolata Pursh. Lance-leaf scurf-pea GERANIACEAE Geranium Family N

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Filaree, storks-bill 11 Waterleaf Family HYDROPHYLLACEAE Phacelia hastataDougl. Whiteleaf phacelia Ii Phacelialinearis (Pursh) Holz. Threadleaf Phacelia LILIACEAE Lily Family Brodiaea douglasiiWats. Douglas' brodiaea CalochortusmacrocarpusDougl. Sego lily Fritillariapudica (Pursh) Spreng. Chocolate lily LOASACEAE Blazing-star Family N Mentzelia albicaulisDougl. Ex Hook. White-stemmed mentzelia N

MALVACEAE Mallow Family Sphaeralcea munroana (Dougl.) Spach Ex Gray White-stemmed globe-mallow Page A-4 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report t]

Scientific Name Common Name ONAGRACEAE Evening-primrose Family Oenotherapallida Lindl. var. pallida White-stemmed evening primrose PLANTAGINACEAE Plantain Family PlantagopatagonicaJacq. Indian-wheat POACEAE Grass Family Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. Crested wheatgrass Agropyron dasystachyum (Hook.) Scribn. Thick-spiked wheatgrass Pseudoroegneriaspicata (Pursh) A. L6ve (former Agropyron spicatum) Bluebunch wheatgrass Bromus tectorum L. Cheatgrass Vulpia octoflora (Walt.) Rydb.

(former Festucaoctoflora). Six-weeks fescue Koeleria cristataPers. Prairie junegrass Oryzopsis hymenoides (R&S) Ricker Indian ricegrass Poa secunda J.Presl (former Poa sandbergii) Sandberg's bluegrass Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) Smith Bottlebrush squirreltail Hesperostipacomata (Trin. & Rupr.)

(former Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.) Needle-and-thread POLEMONIACEAE Phlox Family Gilia minutiflora Benth. Gilia Gilia sinuata Dougl. Shy gilia Leptodactylon pungens (Torr.) Nutt. Granite gilia Microsterisgracilis(Hook.) Greene var.

humilior (Hook.) Cronq. Pink microsteris Phlox longifolia Nutt. Long-leaf phlox POLYGONACEAE Buckwheat Family Eriogonum niveum Dougl. Snow buckwheat Rumex venosus Pursh. Wild begonia Page A-5 Columbia Generating Station Ecological Monitoring Summary Report

Table A-1. Vascular Plants Observed During 2002 (cont.)

I Scientific Name Common Name I

RANUNCULACEAE Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. ex Walpers Buttercup Family Larkspur I

I ROSACEAE Rose Family Purshiatridentata(Pursh.) DC Antelope bitterbrush I SANTALACEAE Sandalwood Family I Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard toad-flax I

SAXIFRAGACEAE Saxifrage Family Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden current I SCROPHULARIACEAE Figwort Family I Penstemon acuminatus Dougl. Sand-dune penstemon I

VALERIANACEAE Valerian Family Plectritismacrocera T&G Longhorn plectritis I 1

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Columbia Generating Station Page A-6 Ecological Monitoring Summary Report 1

m m m mC m m o f m -

Sapn mS Table A-2. Herbaceous Cover (%) for Fifteen Sampling Sites Observed in 2002 G01 602 G03 G04 G05 G06 G07 G08 Sol S02 S03 S04 S05 S06 S07 MEAN 0

GO-S07 Annual Grasses Bromus tectorum 67.15 67.55 34.80 11.20 17.80 27.65 67.85 37.60 47.85 10.05 48.70 34.65 60.95 21.10 80.35 42.35 Vulvia octoflora 5.60 5.60 Total Annual Grass Cover 67.15 67.55 34.80 11.20 17.80 33.25 67.85 37.60 47.85 10.05 48.70 34.65 60.95 21.10 80.35 42.72 Perennial Grasses tj~

Hesoerostioacomata 23.45 3.60 5.20 10.05 0.30 8.52 Orvzoois hvmenoides 2.90 0.70 1.80 0 Pon secunda 16.90 24.40 4.10 24.50 16.90 6.35 17.15 18.55 19.20 18.45 17.65 26.35 0.60 43.40 8.85 17.56 Pseudoroevneriasoicata 0.75 1.85 2.70 1.77 Total Perennial Grass Cover 16.90 24.40 4.10 47.95 16.90 9.95 17.15 24.50 19.20 33.25 17.65 26.65 3.30 44.10 8.85 20.99 Annual Forbs Amsinclda Ivconsoides 0.10 16.45 0.50 0.85 4.75 0.85 0.75 0.05 1.05 0.05 0.30 2.34 DescurainiaDinnata 0.05 0.10 0.08 Draba verna 4.10 2.25 3.90 2.20 2.20 2.85 0.80 2.65 2.25 0.25 1.95 1.75 2.25 0.95 1.00 2.09 Erodium cicutarium 0.05 0.05 0.30 0.05 0.11 Franseriaacanthacarva 0.05 0.10 0.08 Holosteum umbellatum 3.95 4.25 5.90 2.20 3.20 3.95 15.25 5.30 4.80 0.90 2.85 4.75 3.75 0.25 3.90 4.35 0* Mentzelia albicaulis 0.30 0.30 0.30

,>

¢ Microsteris Pracilis 0.05 0.05 0.40 0.17 Phacelialinearis 0.05 0.05 0.05 Plantae'oDatevonica 0.05 0.15 1.45 0.05 0.05 0.35 Plectrifismacrocera 0.05 0.05 Sisvmbrium allissimum 0.05 0.10 0.35 0.10 0.40 1.40 0.05 0.35 TraPoDorondubius 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.08 Total Annual Farb Cover 8.15 6.65 26.30 5.10 6.40 6.85 20.80 9.20 7.95 1.55 6.70 8.00 8.10 1.30 5.40 8.56 0

0 Perennial Forbs 0

Astravolus sclerocarnus 0.30 0.30 0

w Balsamorhiza carevana 0.05 1.00 4.95 1.05 1.76 Comandra umbellata 0.05 0.05 0.05 0 CreDis atrabarba 0.35 0.35 Cvmonterus terebinthinus 8.30 0.05 8.20 5.52 0 2.55 1.90

-l Machaerantheracanescens 0.30 0.05 1.20 Oenotheravallida 0.30 0.50 0.05 0.60 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.24 Phlox lonvifolia 0.60 0.30 0.25 0.05 0.10 0.60 0.30 0.31 Psoralea lanceolata 0.10 0.10 Rumex venosus 0.15 0.15 Total Perennial Forb Cover 0.00 0.00 0.60 1.15 0.45 10.25 0.10 0.40 0.05 10.80 1.00 7.45 1.05 0.00 0.00 2.22 Total Herbaceous Cover 92.20 98.60 65.80 65.40 41.55 60.30 105.90 71.70 75.05 55.65 74.05 76.75 73.40 66.50 94.60 74.50 0

Table A-3. Mean Frequency Values (%) by Species at Each Sampling Site for 2002 GO G02 G03 G04 G05 G06 G07 G08 S0o S02 S03 S04 SOS 0*6 S07 Annual Grasses Bromus tectorum 100 98 100 100 88 100 96 100 94 44 100 90 100 98 100 Vuhvia octoflora 4 Perennial Grasses Hesoerostioacomata 88 20 18 26 2 Orvzovis hvmenoides 10 8 Poo secunda 94 100 18 96 90 34 72 76 76 48 86 80 4 86 60 Pseudoroee'neriasoicata 2 6 12 Annual Forbs Amsinckia lvcoosoides 4 54 10 14 26 4 20 2 22 2 12 Descurainianinnata 2 4 Drabaverna 88 80 96 88 88 94 30 96 70 10 68 70 80 28 40 Erodium Cicutarium 2 2 12 2 Franseriaacanthacamra 2 4 Holosteum umbellatum 98 100 96 88 88 98 80 86 92 36 94 90 90 10 66 Mentzelia albicaulis 2 2 Microsteris Pracilis 2 2 6 Phacelialinearis 2 2 Plantaoo oatevonica 2 28 2 2 00 Plectritismacrocera 2 Sisvmbrium altissimum 2 4 8 4 6 18 2 Travoroon dubius 2 2 6 Perennial Fnrbs Astravalus sclerocarous 2 Balsamorhiza carevana 2 4 16 4 Comandra umbellata 2 2 Crenis atrabarba 4 0

Cvmovterus terebinthinus 26 2 18 S 16 0 Machaerantheracanescens 12 2 8 0 Oenothera Dallida 2 10 2 4 6 2 2 Phlox Ionvifolia 4 2 6 2 4 14 2 Psoralealanceolata 4 Rumex venosus 4 a1 2002 Total Snecies ner Site 6 7 8 11 II 12 7 13 8 13 10 12 11 7 9 0

fIQl o5 m mn--- -mn m m m m m m m

0Table A-4. Herbaceous Phytomass for 2002 a- 2 2 2

DATE SITE PLOT WT.g) WT./m DATE SITE PLOT WT. (2 WTjm DATE SITE PLOT WT./M DATE SITE PLOT wT./m 5/22/02 G01 12-3 6.8 68 5/23/02 G02 12-3 5.8 58 5/22/02 003 12-3 3.0 30 5/23/02 G04 12-3 3.2 32 CD 5/22/02 GOI 19-7 14.0 140 5/23/02 G02 19-7 4.8 48 5/22/02 G03 19-7 5.2 52 5/23/02 G04 19-7 5.6 56 5/22/02 G01 2-7 3.0 30 5/23/02 G02 2-7 5.4 54 5/22/02 G03 2-7 9.9 99 5/23/02 G04 2-7 6.8 68 CD 5/22/02 G01 36-9 11.0 110 5/23/02 G02 36-9 5.7 57 5/22/02 G03 36-9 3.2 32 5/23/02 G04 36-9 3.9 39 5/22/02 G01 41-9 7.8 78 5/23/02 G02 41-9 5.5 55 5/22/02 G03 41-9 2.0 20 5/23/02 G04 41-9 3.2 32 AVG 8.5 85.2 AVG 5.4 54.4 AVG 4.7 46.6 AVG 4.5 45.4 STD 3.7 37.5 STD 0.3 3.5 STD 2.8 28.2 STD 1.4 14.3 2

WT./m, DATE SITE PLOT Wr./m 2

DATE SITE PLOT WT. (a) WTJm DATE SITE PLOT WT. . WTJm' DATE SITE PLOT WT..(1) 5/20/02 G05 12-3 1.3 13 5/20/02 G06 12-3 4.0 40 5/23/02 G07 12-3 4.3 43 5/22/02 G08 12-3 4.4 44 5/20/02 G05 19-7 0.5 4.6 5/20/02 006 19-7 7.8 78 5/23/02 G07 19-7 7.6 76 5/22/02 G08 19-7 5.8 58 5/20/02 G05 2-7 1.7 17 5/20/02 G06 2-7 3.1 31 5/23/02 G07 2-7 5.4 54 5/22/02 G08 2-7 4.9 49 5/20/02 G05 36-9 1.1 11 5/20/02 G06 36-9 6.1 61 5/23/02 G07 36-9 13 130 5/22/02 G08 36-9 7.1 71 5/20/02 G05 41-9 1.0 9.8 5/20/02 G06 41-9 5.0 50 5/23/02 G07 41-9 11 110 5/22/02 G08 41-9 1.3 13 AVG 1.1 11.1 AVG 5.2 52 AVG 8.3 82.6 AVG 4.7 47 STD 0.4 4.1 STD 1.6 16.4 STD 3.3 32.9 STD 1.9 19.3 "0

2 DATE SITE PLOT WT/m' DATE SITE PLOT WTJm DATE SITE PLOT WTdm 2

DATE SITE PLOT WTdm1 5/23/02 S01 12-3 3.3 33 5/21/02 S02 12-3 3.1 31 5/23/02 S03 12-3 4.6 46 5/20/02 S04 12-3 2.6 26 5/23/02 S01 19-7 2.7 27 5/21/02 S02 19-7 4.6 46 5/23/02 S03 19-7 4.0 40 5/20/02 S04 19-7 11 110 5/23/02 S01 2-7 8.6 86 5/21/02 S02 2-7 1.7 17 5/23/02 S03 2-7 9.4 94 5/20/02 S04 2-7 2.1 21 5/23/02 S01 36-9 3.6 36 5/21/02 S02 36-9 3.2 32 5/23/02 S03 36-9 2.7 27 5/20/02 S04 36-9 3.7 37 5/23/02 SOI 41-9 3.7 37 5/21/02 S02 41-9 6.5 65 5/23/02 S03 41-9 4.8 48 5/20/02 S04 41-9 1.6 16 AVG 4.4 43.8 AVG 3.8 38.2 AVG 5.1 51 AVG 4.2 42 STD 2.1 21.4 STD 1.6 16.2 STD 2.3 22.7 STD 3.5 34.7 0

C,,

2 2 DATE SITE PLOT WT./m2 DATE SITE PLOT WT. (a) Wr.im DATE SITE PLOT WT./m Phytomass Summary 0 2.4 24 5/13/02 S07 12-3 11 110 5/21/02 S05 12-3 8.6 86 5/13/02 S06 12-3 Mean G01-G08 53 g/m2 5/21/02 S05 19-7 2.3 23 5/13/02 S06 19-7 2.5 25 5/13/02 S07 19-7 17 170 0

5/21/02 S05 2-7 3.7 37 5/13/02 S06 2-7 2.8 28 5/13/02 S07 2-7 18 180 Mean S01-S07 54.5 g/m' 5/21/02 S05 36-9 2.6 26 5/13/02 S06 36-9 2.1 21 5/13/02 S07 36-9 13 130 5/21/02 S05 41-9 2 20 5/13/02 S06 41-9 2.3 23 5/13/02 S07 41-9 13 130 AVG 3.8 38.4 AVG 2.4 24.2 AVG 14.4 144 STD 2.4 24.5 STD 0.2 2.3 STD 2.7 26.5 0o

Table A-5. Summary of Soil Chemistry for 2002 Station/ Conductivity Sulfate Chloride Copper Zinc Sodium Bicarbonate*

Parameter pH (/uS/cm) (jg/g) (Ag/g) (ug/g) (ug/g) (jtg/g) (meq/HCO 3/g)

G01 6.71 98.5 22 1.95 6.8 34 0.0069 0.0012 G02 6.84 99 26 0.93 7.8 33.5 0.0091 0.0015 G03 6.74 195 34.5 2.35 6.4 32.5 0.0087 0.0013 G04 6.66 54.5 20.5 1.00 6.4 30 0.0108 0.0008 G05 6.96 300 13.5 0.85 7.6 26.5 0.0109 0.0020 G06 6.56 84 11.7 0.64 6.4 27.5 0.0105 0.0008 G07 6.80 220 23 1.85 7.1 33 0.0088 0.0015 I G08 6.80 105 21 1.29 7.6 31.5 0.0077 0.0013 Sol 6.49 150 19.5 0.94 6.6 31 0.0087 0.0011 0o S02 7.23 270 19.5 1.01 6.4 21 0.0098 0.0029 t(11Q CD S03 6.66 91.5 18 0.85 6.9 33 0.0080 0.0012 S04 6.43 113.5 2.9 2.45 6.6 30 0.0085 0.0011 S05 6.91 95 20 0.78 6.7 27 0.0099 0.0011 S06 7.30 245 16.2 1.19 10.5 54 0.0091 0.0061 S07 7.33 345 2.8 1.35 8.4 29.5 0.0045 0.0076

• All alkalinity was measured as bicarbonate.

minmm nmmmn m mmmmmmm mm mm

End. B2 Chasse, James P.

From: Welch, Richard E.

Sent: Tuesday, August 18, 2009 10:01 AM To: Chasse, James P.

Cc: Northstrom, Terry E.; Schleder, Lana S.

Subject:

Avian Species List Attachments: CGS Avian Species List (AugO9).xls

Jim, Per your request, Lana Schleder and I searched our collective memory to compile the attached list of birds we have observed in the vicinity of the CGS site over the last 20 years or so. As you know, our operational phase environmental monitoring program did not include proceduralized bird surveys after spring 1987, so our list of sightings comes from observations that are incidental to our other field work. It should be noted that most of the waterfowl and shorebirds included on the list have been sighted along the Columbia River and at the Sanitary Waste Treatment Facility, where the lagoons provide resting/feeding opportunities and limited breeding habitat for a few species.

Rick Welch Environmental Services 509-377-8324

Birds Sighted on the CGS Site Common Name Scientific Name Passerines horned lark Eremophila alpestris western meadowlark Sturnella neglecta loggerhead shrike Lanius ludovicianus black-billed magpie Picapica brewer's blackbird Euphagus cyanocephalus red-winged blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus yellow-headed blackbird Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus common raven Corvus corax barn swallow Hirundo rustica bank swallow Riparia riparia cliff swallow Hirundo pyrrhonota white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichialeucophrys lark sparrow Chondestes grammacus savannah sparrow Passerculussandwichensis house sparrow Passerdomesticus sage sparrow Amphispiza belli dark-eyed junco Junco hyemalis eastern kingbird Tyrannus tyrannus western kingbird Tyrannus verticalis say's phoebe Sayornis saya American robin Turdus migratorius house finch Carpodacusmexicanus Eurasian starling Sturnus vulgaris northern flicker Colaptes auratus common nighthawk Chordeiles minor Bullock's oriole Icterus bullockii golden-crowned kinglet Regulus satrapa brown-headed cowbird Molothrus ater western tanager Pirangaludoviciana American crow Corvus brachyrhynchos mountain chickadee Poecile gambeli house wren Troglodytes aedon Raptors sharp-shinned hawk Accipter striatus ferruginous hawk Buteo regalis Swainson's hawk Buteo swainsoni red-tailed hawk Buteo jamaicensis rough-legged hawk Buteo lagopus bald eagle Haliaeetusleucocephalus golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos American kestrel Falcosparverius northern harrier Circus cyaneus prairie falcon Falco mexicanus turkey vulture Cathartesaura barn owl Tyto alba great horned owl Bubo virginianus western screech-owl Megascops kennicottii burrowing owl Athene cunicularia osprey Pandion haliaetus Compiled Aug '09 Page 1 by RE Welch and LS Schleder

• 1 Birds Sighted on the CGS Site Waterbirds great blue heron Ardea herodias long-billed curlew Numenius americanus sandhill crane Grus canadensis common loon Gavia immer california gull Larus californicus killdeer Charadriusvociferus belted kingfisher Ceryle alcyon great egret Ardea alba pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps eared grebe Podiceps nigricollis western grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis American white pelican Pelecanus erythrorhynchos double-crested cormorant Phalacrocoraxauritus green heron Butorides virescens black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax American coot Fulica americana black-necked stilt Himantopus mexicanus American avocet Recurvirostraamericana spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia Wilson's phalarope Phalaropustricolor Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia Forster's tern Sterna forsteri lesser yellowlegs Tringa flavipes Waterfowl redhead Aythya americana mallard Anas platyrhynchos snow goose Chen caerulescens canada goose Branta canadensis tundra swan Cygnus columbianus American wigeon Anas americana blue-winged teal Anas discors cinnamon teal Anas cyanoptera northern shoveler Anas clypeata northern pintail Anas acuta green-winged teal Anas carolinensis canvasback Aythya valisineria gadwall Anas strepera ring-necked duck Aythya collaris lesser scaup Aythya affinis bufflehead Bucephala albeola common goldeneye Bucephala clangula Barrow's goldeneye Bucephala islandica ruddy duck Oxyura jamaicensis common merganser Mergus merganser Upland Gamebirds california quail Callipeplacalifornica ringnecked pheasant Phasianuscolchicus chukar Alectoris chukar gray partridge Perdix perdix Doves morning dove Zenaida macroura rock dove Columba livia Compiled Aug '09 Page 2 by RE Welch and LS Schleder

Encl. B3 Rare Plant and Vegetation Survey of the Columbia River Riparian Zone at the Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA Steven 0. Link, Ph. D.

Environmental Solutions 4604 E. Robin Ct.

West Richland, WA 99353 Introduction The purpose of this work was to document the vascular plants found in the riparian zone along the Columbia River on property leased by Energy Northwest from the U.S. Department of Energy. Energy Northwest leases approximately 2060 acres on the Hanford Site for the operating Columbia Generating Station and two terminated nuclear power plant projects. The contiguous parcels are a generally rectangular area that is roughly 1.7 km (north-south) by 6.2 km (east-west). The eastern boundary is the Columbia River west shoreline at river mile 352 where the lease area width (north-south) is about 870 meters. Emphasis for a vegetation survey was placed on the riparian zone because this area is most likely to have plant species that are relatively rare.

Methods The project area (Figure 1) was surveyed on May 29*, June 24*, July 8, and October 7, 2008.

The length of the survey is approximately 2.1 km. The survey occurred in the riparian zone that was up to about 90 m from the river's edge depending on the elevation of the river and proximity to the steep riverbank. This included most of the area to the west of the river shoreline, but not all the way to the edge of the upper soil zone or toe of the stabilized sand dunes that form the riverbank. The entire area was surveyed to find all vascular plant species.

The survey was done by walking and meandering along the shoreline midway between the shoreline and the toe of the stabilized dunes, and, lastly, along the upper edge of the area nearer the toe of the stabilized dunes. A few areas were densely covered by tumbleweed making it difficult to enter and view the ground.

Most plants were identified in the field; some plants were placed in plastic bags for later identification in the laboratory. Identification was done using Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973) and applying current naming conventions (USDA NRCS, 2008).

• Assisted by T.E. Northstrom, PhD, Environmental Services Supervisor, Energy Northwest

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Figure 1. Survey area along the Columbia River. The road to Energy Northwest's river pumphouse is in the center of the figure. The length of the survey is approximately 2.1 km.

Rare Plant Surveys Plants of concern (rare and watch list) that may occur on the property are listed in Table I and were taken from the Washington Natural Heritage webpage lists for Benton County (http://www I .dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/lists/plantsxco/bent.html), Franklin County (http://wwwl.dnr.wa.'gov/nhp/refdesk/lists/plantsxco/franklin.html), and from the Washington State Watch List (http://www I .dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/lists/watch.html). Table I does not contain all species possibly occurring in the two counties, but does list those that may occur near the Columbia River and adjacent dry lands.

Page 2 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Table 1. Potential rare and watch list plants that may occur within the survey area.

State Federal Historic Scientific Name Common Name Statu StatusRord Status Status Record Ammannia robusta Grand Redstem T Artemnisia lindleyana Columbia River wormwood W Astragalus inisellus var. pauper Pauper Milk-vetch S H Astragalus sclerocarpus Woodypod milkvetch W Astragalus succumbens Columbia milkvetch W Calyptridiumn roseum Rosy Pussypaws T Camnissonia minor Small flower Evening primrose S Camnissoniapyginaea Dwarf Evening-primrose S Centunculus ininimus Chaffweed RI Chaenactisdouglasii var. Douglas' dustymaiden W glandulosa Chrysothainnusnauseosus ssp. Rubber rabbitbrush W nanus Cryptantha leucophaea Gray Cryptantha S SC Crvptantha scoparia Miner's Candle S Cryptantha spiculifera Snake River Cryptantha S Cuscuta denticulata Desert Dodder T Cyperus bipartitus Shining flatsedge W Erigeronpiperianus Piper's Daisy S Gilia leptomeria Great Basin Gilia T Hierochloe odorata Common Northern Sweet Grass RI H Hypericum majus Canadian St. John's-wort S Lipocarpha aristulata Awned Halfchaff Sedge T Mimnulus suksdorfii Suksdorf s Monkey flower S Nicotiana attenuata Coyote Tobacco S H Oenothera caespitosa ssp. Cespitose Evening-primrose S H caespitosa Rorippa columbiae Persistentsepal Yellowcress E SC Rotala ramosior Lowland Toothcup T Spiranthes diluvialis Ute Ladies' Tresses E LT Page 3 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Description of Table 1 Codes:

Historic Record:

H indicates most recent sighting in the county is before 1977.

State Status:

State Status of plant species is determined by the Washington Natural Heritage Program.

Factors considered include abundance, occurrence patterns, vulnerability, threats, existing protection, and taxonomic distinctness. Categories include:

E = Endangered. In danger of becoming extinct or extirpated from Washington.

T = Threatened. Likely to become endangered in Washington.

S = Sensitive. Vulnerable or declining and could become endangered or threatened in the state.

RI = Review group 1. Of potential concern but needs more field work to assign another rank.

W = Watch status is assigned to each vascular plant taxon that is more abundant and/or less threatened in Washington than previously assumed. Although the Washington Natural Heritage Program does not focus on these taxa, some information about them is still gathered and stored in our information system.

Federal Status:

Federal Status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (USESA) as published in the Federal Register:

LT = Listed Threatened. Likely to become endangered.

SC = Species of Concern. An unofficial status; the species appears to be in jeopardy, but insufficient information to support listing.

Plant Survey Results The sensitive species, Rotala ramosior,Cyperus bipartitus,and Arteinisia lindleyana were found in the survey area (Table 2). Rotala ramosioris a state listed threatened species and C.

bipartitusis on the state watch list along with A. lindleyana (Table 1). Rotala ramosiorand C.

bipartituswere found together in fine soils near the water's edge at low flow. They were observed in the October 7 survey near the south end of the survey area (Figure 1) well outside the Energy Northwest lease area. Artemnisia lindleyana was found closer to the water throughout the survey.

A total of 84 vascular plant species (Table 2) were identified during the survey. Of these, 26 of the plant species are non-native, accounting for 31% of the total.

Page 4 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Table 2. Plants of the Columbia River riparian zone at the Columbia Generating Station.

"Code" is the letter plant code as shown on the USDA PLANTS database. "Alien" species that are not native to the area are indicated with an "A."

Code Scientific Name Common name/ Family Alien

_______________________Synonym_______

ACMI2 Achillea millefolium L. common yarrow Asteraceae ACRE3 Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Hardheads; Russian Asteraceae A I__ knapweed I AGSC5 Agrostis scabraWilld rough bentgrass Poaceae ALSC Allium schoenoprasum L. wild chives Liliaceae APCA Apocynumn cannabinumn L. Indianhemp Apocynaceae ARCAS5 Artemnisia campestrisL. ssp. Borealis field sagewort Asteraceae (Pall.) H.M. Hall & Clem. var.

scouleriana(Hook.) Cronquist ARLI2 Artemisia lindleyana Besser Columbia River Asteraceae wormwood ARLU Artemisia ludovicianaNutt. white sagebrush Asteraceae ASSP Asclepias speciosa Torr. showy milkweed Asclepiadaceae ASOF Asparagus officinalis L. garden asparagus Liliaceae A BRTE Bromus tectorum L. cheatgrass Poaceae A CADO2 Carex douglasii Boott Douglas' sedge Cyperaceae CEDI3 Centaureadiffusa Lam. diffuse knapweed Asteraceae A CESTM Centaureastoebe L. ssp. mnicranthos spotted knapweed Asteraceae A (Gugler) Hayek CHGL 13 Chamnaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small ribseed sandmat Euphorbiaceae CHSES Chamnaesyce serpyllifolia (Pers.) Small thymeleaf sandmat Euphorbiaceae ssp. serpyllifolia CIIN Cichorium intybus L. chicory Asteraceae A CIAR4 Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canada thistle Asteraceae A CIUN Cirsium undulatumn (Nutt.) Spreng. wavyleaf thistle Asteraceae COAR4 Convolvulus arvensis L. field bindweed Convolvulaceae A COTIA Coreopsis tinctoriaNutt. var. Atkinson's tickseed Asteraceae atkinsoniana(Douglas ex Lindl.) H.M.

Parker ex E.B.

Sm. I CYDA Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermudagrass Poaceae A CYBI6 Cyperus bipartitusTorr. slender flatsedge Cyperaceae CYER2 Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhi. redroot flatsedge Cyperaceae CYSQ Cyperus squarrosusL. bearded flatsedge Cyperaceae DRVE2 Draba verna L. spring draba Brassicaceae A ELAC Eleocharisacicularis (L.) Roem. & needle spikerush Cyperaceae Schult.

ELOV Eleocharis ovata (Roth) Roem. & ovate spikerush Cyperaceae Schult. I I Page 5 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Code Scientific Name Common name! Family Alien

_______________________Synonym __

ELPA3 Eleocharispalustris(L.) Roem. & common spikerush Cyperaceae Schult.

EQHY Equisetum hyeinale L. scouringrush horsetail Equisetaceae ERNAIO Ericamnerianauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) rubber rabbitbrush Asteraceae G.L. Nesom & Baird ERCOI2 Eriogonurn composituin Douglas ex Northern buckwheat Polygonaceae Benth.

ERN12 Eriogonumn niveumn Douglas ex Benth. snow buckwheat Polygonaceae ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H~r. ex redstem stork's bill Geraniaceae A Aiton EUOC4 Euthamia occidentalisNutt. western goldentop Asteraceae GAAR GaillardiaaristataPursh common gaillardia Asteraceae GNPA Gnaphaliumn palustre Nutt. western marsh Asteraceae cudweed GRNE Gratiolaneglecta Torr. clammy hedgehyssop Scrophulariaceae GRCO Grindelia columbiana (Piper) Rydb. Columbia River Asteraceae gumweed HEAU Helenium autumnale L. common sneezeweed Asteraceae HYPE Hypericumn perforatum L. common St. Johnswort Clusiaceae A JUAC Juncus acuininatusMichx. tapertip rush Juncaceae JUTE Juncus tenuis Wilid. poverty rush Juncaceae JUSC2 Juniperusscopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Cupressaceae juniper LOGR Lomnatium grayi (J.M. Coult. & Rose) Gray's biscuitroot Apiaceae J.M. Coult. & Rose LOUNU Lotus unifoliolatus (Hook.) Benth. var. American bird's-foot Fabaceae unifoliolatus trefoil LUPU Lupinus pusillus Pursh rusty lupine Fabaceae LUSE4 Lupinus sericeus Pursh silky lupine Fabaceae LYAM Lycopus ainericanusMuhl. ex W. American water Lamiaceae Bartram horehound MACA2 Machaerantheracanescens (Pursh) A. hoary tansyaster Asteraceae Gray MEOF Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweetclover Fabaceae A (white flower)

MEAR4 Mentha arvensis L. wild mint Lamiaceae MOAL Morus alba L. white mulberry Moraceae A MYSP2 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Eurasian watermilfoil Haloragaceae A OEVIS Oenothera villosa Thunb. ssp. strigosa hairy evening primrose Onagraceae (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & P.H. Raven OPPO OpuntiapolyacanthaHaw. plains pricklypear Cactaceae PASM Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love western wheatgrass Poaceae PHAR3 PhalarisarundinaceaL. reed canarygrass Poaceae A Page 6 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Code Scientific Name Common name/ Family Alien

______________________Synonym __

PLLA PlantagolanceolataL. narrowleaf plantain Plantaginaceae A POBU Poa bulbosa L. bulbous bluegrass Poaceae A POCO Poa compressa Canadian bluegrass Poaceae A POSE Poa secunda J. Presl Sandberg bluegrass Poaceae Polygonum sp. knotweed Polygonaceae POBAT Populus balsamifera L. ssp. black cottonwood Salicaceae trichocarpa(Tort. & A. Gray ex Hook)

_Brayshaw RIAU Ribes aureum Pursh golden currant Grossulariaceae ROIS2 Rorippa islandica(Oeder) Borbas Northern marsh Brassicaceae yellowcress ROWO Rosa woodsii Lindl.. Woods' rose Rosaceae RORA Rotala ramosior(L.) Koehne lowland rotala Lythraceae RUCR Rumnex crispus L. curly dock Polygonaceae A RUSA Rumex salicifolius Weinm. willow dock Polygonaceae SAEX Salix exigua Nutt. narrowleaf willow Salicaceae SATR12 Salsola tragus L. prickly Russian thistle Chenopodiaceae A SCTA2 Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani softstem bulrush Cyperaceae (C.C. Gmel.) Palla SEPUP2 Setariapumila (Poir.) Roem. & yellow foxtail Poaceae A

_Schult. ssp. pumila SIAL2 Sisymbriumn altissimum L. tall tumblemustard Brassicaceae A SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray sand dropseed Poaceae SYCAC Symphyotrichum campestre (Nutt.) western meadow aster Asteraceae G.L. Nesom var. campestre TRDU Tragopogon dubius Scop. yellow salsify Asteraceae A ULPU Ulmus pumila L. Siberian elm Ulmaceae A VETH Verbascum thapsus L. common mullein Scrophulariaceae A VEBR Verbena bracteataCav. ex Lag. & bigbract verbena Verbenaceae Rodr.

VIAM Vicia americanaMuhl. ex Willd. American vetch Fabaceae XAST Xanthium strumariumL. rough cocklebur Asteraceae Noxious Weeds Observed plants that are categorized as noxious weeds are listed in Table 3. Species that are listed as B Designates have prevention of new infestations as the primary goal for Benton County. Class B species are already abundant and control is decided at the local level.

Containment of these weeds is the primary goal so that they do not spread into uninfested regions. The Class C status allows a county to enforce control if it is beneficial to that county.

Page 7 of 8

Vegetation Survey Col. R. Riparian Zone December 2008 Table 3. Noxious weeds found in the study area. Classes are defined by the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (www.nwcb.wa.gov).

Species Common name Class Acroptilon repens Hardheads; Russian B knapweed Centaureadiffusa diffuse knapweed B Centaureastoebe spotted knapweed B Designate Cirsium arvense Canada thistle Convolvulus arvensis field bindweed C Hypericuin perforatumn common St. Johnswort Myriophylluin spicatuin Eurasian watermilfoil B Designate Phalarisarundinacea reed canarygrass C References Hitchcock, C.L. and Cronquist, A., 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA, 730 pp.

USDA NRCS, 2008. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov), National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA.

Page 8 of 8

I Encl. B4 Rare Plant and Vegetation Survey of the Uplands at the Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA Steven 0. Link, Ph. D.

President of Environmental Solutions: Technology and Service 4604 E. Robin Ct.

West Richland, WA 99353 Stevenlink123@vahoo.com 509-948-0054 Introduction The purpose of this work was to document all the vascular plants found in the dry upland zone on the property of the Columbia Generating Station. Plants are grouped into native, invasive alien, Federal threatened and endangered, Washington State rare plants, and Washington State noxious weeds. Plant associations were defined to prepare a plant association map of the area.

This work complements a 2008 survey of the riparian zone at the Columbia Generating Station (Link 2008).

The site area is located in the shrub-steppe of the south-central Columbia Basin along the Columbia River. The soils are sands to gravels in stabilized dune formations. Much of the site has been disturbed and the vegetation in the disturbed areas is now largely dominated by Bromus tectorum and other invasive species. Throughout the site area the vegetative cover is composed of annual grasses, perennial bunchgrasses, forbs, and shrubs.

Methods The project area (Figure 1) was surveyed on April 23 and 27, May 4 and 22, and June 9, 2009.

The area was surveyed to find all vascular plant species. The survey was done by walking and driving along tracks (Figure 1).

A few tracks were not recorded and occurred south of the road on the way to and near the river plus in and around the industrial area with the mothballed infrastructure. A Garmin Etrex Vista HCx was used to record waypoints and tracks. Waypoints were recorded for federally and state recognized species. Pictures were taken of some plants and a number of locations during the survey. These pictures were used to define some plant associations. Waypoints and track location data are recorded in a separate appendix.

Plants were identified in the field and in the laboratory. Some plants were placed in plastic bags for later identification in the laboratory. Identification was done using Hitchcock and Cronquist (1973) and applying current naming conventions (USDA NRCS, 2008). Plant associations were defined after Daubenmire (1970) and NatureServe (2009).

Rare Plant and Vegetation Surveys Upland Area at Col. Gen. Sta.

July 2009 Figure 1. Survey area in the uplands at the Columbian Generating Station, Richland, WA. The road to the river is in the center of the figure. Tracks and waypoints are the dark lines and white points.

Page 2 of 12

Rare Plant and Vegetation Surveys Upland Area at Col. Gen. Sta.

July 2009 Rare Plant Surveys Plants of concern (rare and watch list) that may occur on the property are listed in Table 1 and were taken from the Washington Natural Heritage Webpage for Benton County list http://www I.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/lists/plantsxco/bent.html) and from the Washington State Watch List (http://www l.dnr.wa.gov/nhp/refdesk/lists/watch.html).

Table 1. Potential rare and watch list plants that may occur within the survey area.

State Federal Historic Scientific Name Common Name Statu Statu sRord Status Status Record Aliciella leptomeria Great Basin gilia T AIlium robinsonii Robinson's onion W 4stragalusmisellus var. pauper Pauper Milk-vetch S H Astragalus sclerocarpus Woodypod milkvetch W 4stragalussuccumbens Columbia milkvetch W Calyptridiuniroseum Rosy Pussypaws T Camissoniaminor Small flower Evening primrose S Camissoniapygmaea Dwarf Evening-primrose S Cistanthe rosea rosy pussypaws T Cryptanthaleucophaea Gray Cryptantha S SC Crptanthascoparia Miner's Candle S Cr.yptanthaspiculifera Snake River Cryptantha S Cuscuta denticulata esert Dodder T Erigeronpiperianus iper's Daisy S linmulus suksdorfii Suksdorf's Monkey flower S Oenotheracaespitosa ssp. Cespitose Evening-primrose S H iaespitosa Description of Codes Historic Record:

H indicates most recent sighting in the county is before 1977.

State Status State Status of plant species is determined by the Washington Natural Heritage Program. Factors considered include abundance, occurrence patterns, vulnerability, threats, existing protection, and taxonomic distinctness. Values include:

Page 3 of 12

Rare Plant and Vegetation Surveys Upland Area at Col. Gen. Sta.

July 2009 E = Endangered. In danger of becoming extinct or extirpated from Washington.

T = Threatened. Likely to become Endangered in Washington.

S = Sensitive. Vulnerable or declining and could become Endangered or Threatened in the state.

R I = Review group 1. Of potential concern but needs more field-work to assign another rank.

W = Watch status is assigned to each vascular plant taxon that is more abundant and/or less threatened in Washington than previously assumed. Although the Washington Natural Heritage Program does not focus on these taxa, some information about them is still gathered and stored in our information system.

Federal Status Federal Status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (USESA) as published in the Federal Register:

LT = Listed Threatened. Likely to become endangered SC = Species of Concern. An unofficial status, the species appears to be in jeopardy, but insufficient information to support listing.

Results There were no federally listed species in the survey area. The Washington State listed species found in the surveys were Astragalus sclerocarpus and Erigeronpiperianus (Figures 2 and 3).

Astragalus sclerocarpusis on the state watch list and E. piperianusis a state sensitive species (Table 1). Both species were only found in a few locations. Astragalus sclerocarpuswas found on open sand. A population was found on top of a stabilized dune or constructed sand hill.

There were several individuals in the population. Only two plants of E. piperianus were observed. They were in a flat area with a sand and gravel surface. GPS locations for these species are noted in the appendix.

A total of 66 vascular plant species (Table 2) were identified during the survey. Of these, 18 of the plant species are non-native, accounting for 27% of the total.

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July 2009 Figure 2. Astragalus sclerocarpus.

Figure 3. Erigeronpiperianus.

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July 2009 Table 2. Plants of the upland zone at the Columbia Generating Station. "Code" is the letter plant code as shown on the USDA PLANTS database. "Alien" species that are not native to the area are indicated with an "A".

Code Scientific Name Common name/ amily lien Synonym Family_ Alien ACMI2 Achillea millefolium L. common yarrow Asteraceae ACHY Achnatherumr hymenoides Indian ricegrass Poaceae (Roem. & Schult.) Barkworth

_

AGCR gropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. crested wheatgrass Poaceae A AMAC2 Ambrosia acanthicarpaHook. flatspine bur ragweed Asteraceae AMLY Amsinckia lycopsoides Lehm. tarweed fiddleneck Boraginaceae ASSP Asclepias speciosa Torr. showy milkweed Asclepiadaceae ASOF Asparagus officinalis L. arden asparagus Liliaceae A ARPUL Aristida purpureaNutt. var. longiseta Fendler threeawn Poaceae (Steud.) Vasey.

ARDR4 Artemisia dracunculus L. tarragon Asteraceae ARTRT Artemisia tridentataNutt. ssp. tridentata basin big sagebrush Asteraceae ASCA 12 Astragalus caricinus(M.E. Jones) Barneby buckwheat milkvetch Fabaceae ASSC6 Astragalus sclerocarpusA. Gray woodypod milkvetch Fabaceae BACA3 Balsamorhiza careyanaA. Gray Carey's balsamroot Asteraceae BRTE Bromus tectorum L. heatgrass Poaceae A CEDI3 Centaureadiffusa Lam. diffuse knapweed Asteraceae A CESO3 CentaureasolstitialisL. yellow star-thistle Asteraceae A CEST8 Centaureastoebe L. spotted knapweed steraceae A CHJU Chondrillajuncea L. rush skeletonweed steraceae A CLPE Claytoniaperfoliata Donn ex Willd. Miner's lettuce ortulacaceae COUM Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. bastard toadflax Santalaceae CRAT Crepis atribarbaA. Heller slender hawksbeard Asteraceae CRPT Cryptanthapterocarya (Torr.) Greene wingnut cryptantha Boraginaceae DAOR2 Dalea ornata (Douglas ex Hook.) Eaton & Blue Mountain prairie Fabaceae J. Wright clover DENU2 Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. ex Walp. twolobe larkspur Ranunculaceae DEPI Descurainiapinnata (Walter) Britton western tansymustard Brassicaceae DRVE2 Draba verna L. spring draba Brassicaceae A ELEL5 Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey squirreltail Poaceae ELLAL Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J.G. Sm.) thickspike wheatgrass Poaceae Gould ssp. lanceolatus ERNAIO Ericamerianauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) rubber rabbitbrush Asteraceae G.L. Nesom & Baird ERPI3 ErigeronpiperianusCronquist Piper's fleabane Asteraceae ERPU2 Erigeronpumilus Nutt. shaggy fleabane Asteraceae ERNI2 Eriogonum niveum Douglas ex Benth. snow buckwheat Polygonaceae ERCI6 Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'H6r. ex Aiton redstem stork's bill Geraniaceae A Page 6 of 12

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July 2009 Code Scientific Name Common name/ amily lien Synonym Family__ lien EROC3 Erysinumn occidentale (S. Watson) pale wallflower Brassicaceae B.L. Rob.

GISI Gilia sinuata Douglas ex Benth. rosy gilia Polemoniaceae HECO26 Hesperostipa comnata (Trin. & Rupr.) needle and thread Poaceae Barkworth HOUM Holosteum umbellatum L. jagged chickweed Caryophyllaceae A LAGL5 Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. whitedaisy tidytips Asteraceae LELA2 Lepidiumn latifolium L. broadleaved pepperweed Brassicaceae A LIDA Linaria dahnatica(L.) Mill. Dalmatian toadflax Scrophulariaceae A LOMA3 Lonatium inacrocarpum(Nutt. ex Torr. & bigseed biscuitroot Apiaceae A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose LUSE4 Lupinus sericeus Pursh silky lupine Fabaceae MACA2 Machaerantheracanescens (Pursh) A. hoary tansyaster Asteraceae Gray MEOF Meliotus officinalis (L.) Lam. yellow sweetclover Fabaceae A MIGRH Microsterisgracilisvar. hurnilior slender phlox Polemoniaceae OEPA Oenothera pallida Lind]. pale evening primrose Onagraceae OPPO Opuntia polyacantha Haw. plains pricklypear Cactaceae PEAC Penstemon acumninatus Douglas ex Lindl. sharpleaf penstemon Scrophulariaceae PHHA Phaceliahastata Douglas ex Lehm. silverleaf phacelia Hydrophyllaceae PHLI Phacelialinearis(Pursh) Holz. threadleaf phacelia Hydrophyllaceae PHLO2 Phlox Iongifolia Nutt. longleaf phlox Polemoniaceae PLPA2 PlantagopatagonicaJacq. woolly plantain Plantaginaceae POBU Poa bulbosa L. bulbous bluegrass Poaceae A POSE Poa secunda J. Presl Sandberg bluegrass Poaceae POMI Polemonium micranthum Benth. annual polemonium Polemoniaceae PSLA3 Psoralidiumlanceolatumn (Pursh) Rydb. lemon scurfpea Fabaceae PTTET Pteryxia terebinthina (Hook.) J.M. Coult. turpentine wavewing Apiaceae I&Rose var. terebinthina PUTR2 Purshiatridentata(Pursh) DC. antelope bitterbrush Rosaceae RUVE2 Ruinex venosus Pursh veiny dock Polygonaceae SATRI2 Salsola tragus L. prickly Russian thistle Chenopodiaceae A SIAL2 Sisymbrium altissimum L. tall tumblemustard Brassicaceae A SPCR Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Gray sand dropseed Poaceae TRDU Tragopogon dubius Scop. yellow salsify Asteraceae A TRGRG2 Triteleia grandifloraLindl. var. grandifloralargeflower triteleia Liliaceae VUBR Vulpia bromoides (L.) Gray brome fescue Poaceae A VUOC Vulpia octoflora Sixweeks fescue Poaceae Page 7 of 12

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July 2009 Noxious Weeds Species that are listed as B-designates have prevention of new infestations as the primary goal for Benton County. Class B species are already abundant and control is decided at the local level. Containment of these weeds is the primary goal so that they do not spread into un-infested regions. The Class C status allows a county to enforce control if it is beneficial to that county.

Centaureadiffusa was found scattered throughout the survey area, but were more common near roads and other disturbances. Chondrillajuncea was also found throughout the survey area and was common in patches. These patches were apparently not related to human disturbances making this species a high risk for degrading the condition of relatively undisturbed areas.

Linariadalmatica was most common near roads and other disturbances and appears to be moving into undisturbed areas. Lepidium latifolium was only in a small swale near a parking lot.

These few plants may easily be controlled.

Table 3. Noxious weeds found in the study area. Classes are defined by the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (www.nwcb.wa.gov).

Species Common name Class Centaureadiffusa diffuse knapweed B Centaureasolstitialis yellow star-thistle B Centaureastoebe spotted knapweed B Chondrillajuncea rush skeletonweed B Lepidium latifolium broadleaved pepperweed B inariadalmatica Dalmatian toadflax B Page 8 of 12

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July 2009 Plant Associations Plant associations (Table 4) are typical of those in sandy soils in the Columbia Basin. In Table 4 relative cover is a value that indicates how abundant a particular association or habitat is in the entire surveyed area. Much of the area has experienced varying degrees of disturbance that creates the Bromus tectoruin semi-natural herbaceous alliance. This type is common throughout the area. Areas dominated by A. cristatum are common where revegetation occurred after construction activities. These areas are found near power lines, roads, the water lines from the river, borrow pits, and other revegetated disturbances. A plant association dominated by A.

cristatum is not recognized (NatureServe 2009). Areas with A. cristatum are associated with other native bunchgrasses. The three Artemisia tridentatassp. tridentata communities (Figs. 4 and 5) occupy relatively small areas because the Artemisia tridentatassp. tridentata is killed after fires and is slow to recover. Areas dominated by Ericamerianauseosa are small and grade into Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentataareas. The Eriogonum niveum/ Poa secunda association is common (Figs. 5 and 7) and grades into areas with Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentataand Hesperostipacomata. The Eriogonum niveum community is almost a monoculture and is found in one area. The Hesperostipacomatal Poa secunda type occurs in patches throughout the area.

Dune ridges have unique plant associations usually dominated by Eriogonum niveumn, Hesperostipa comata, and other forbs (Figs. 6 and 8). These plant associations are all found in varying amounts throughout the upland portion of the property. The riparian habitat is near the Columbia River and exists up to edge of the sand dune faces, but with fewer riparian species with distance from the water line.

Table 4. Plant associations and habitats after Daubenmire (1970) and NatureServe (2009) with relative landscape level cover (1 = low, 4 = high).

Primary associate Secondary associate Relative cover Agropyron cristatum 2 Artemisia tridentatassp. tridentata Hesperostipa comata 2 Artemisia tridentatassp. tridentata Poa secunda 2 Artemisia tridentatassp. tridentata Ericamerianauseosa 2 Bromus tectorum Semi-natural Herbaceous 4 Alliance Ericamerianauseosa 2 Eriogonum niveun Poa secunda 3 Eriogonum niveum I Hesperostipacomata Poa secunda 3 Riparian I Dune ridges 3 Page 9 of 12

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July 2009 Figure 4. Artemisia tridentata/Ericamerianauseosa association with Eriogonuin niveum.

Figure. 5. A mix of Artemisia tridentata(dark shrubs) and Eriogonum niveum (low gray sub-shrubs) community types.

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July 2009 Figure 6. Dune ridge with Hesperostipa comata, some shrubs, and forbs including Astragalus sclerocarpus.

Figure 7. Eriogonum niveum community types with inclusions of P. tridentataand 0. pallida.

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July 2009 Figure. 8. Dune ridge with Eriogonum niveum association with other forbs. The yellow flowered forb is Pteryxia terebinthinaand the white flowered forb is Oenothera pallida.

References Daubenmire, R. F. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Washington State University Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin No. 62. 131 pp.

Hitchcock, C.L. and Cronquist, A., 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle, 730 pp.

Link, S. 0. 2008. Rare Plant Vegetation Survey of the Columbia River Riparian Zone at Columbia Generating Station, Richland, WA. Environmental Solutions. December 2008.

NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application].

Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: June 22, 2009).

USDA, NRCS. 2009. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 9 June 2009). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.

Appendix Separate Excel file with GPS data.

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