ML20096B828
| ML20096B828 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Harris  |
| Issue date: | 08/31/1984 |
| From: | Dakin T, Miller R CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT CO., WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, DIV OF CBS CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20096B797 | List: |
| References | |
| OL, NUDOCS 8409040365 | |
| Download: ML20096B828 (21) | |
Text
-
n, 3
'(_
r o
-Tli.L , o a- lwmy August- 31,-1984' C0CKETED U W .C UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ,oa SEp -4 ni :i5-NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSIdN'.
BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the' Matter of )
)
' CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY ) Docket No. 50-400 OL and NORTH CAROLINA EASTERN )
MUNICIPAL POWER AGENCY )
)
(Shearon Harris Nuclear Power )
Plant) )
APPLICANTS' TESTIMONY OF RICHARD B. MILLER AND -
l THOMAS W. DAKIN IN RESPONSE TO EDDLEMAN CONTENTION 9C (THERMAL AGING OF RTDS)
~8409040365 840831 -
PDR ADOCM 05000400
- T PDR
rm s %
, s
', ' (
a j
g .. A i Q.1 Please state your names.
A.1 ' Richard B. Miller an'd Thomas ,W. Dakin. l 4
Q.2 Mr. Miller,lare your address, presenteoccupation,' em-ployer, educational background and professional work experience described elsewhere in the record of this proceeding?
r . ~
.A.2 (RBM) Yes. The ' rel'evant informatgon' is provided in
~
" Applicants' Testimony of Robert W. Prunty; Peter M. Yandow and Richard B. Miller in Response'to'Iddle an Contention 9A
-(ITT-Barton Pressure'Tranamitters)." -*
Q.3 Please elaborate on youh professional experience that s
is-directly relevant to the testimony which'you are presenting regarding thermal aging of.RTDs at*the Shearon Harris Nuclear .
Power Plant ("SHNPP"). 5 A.3 (RB ) I have participated directly in the develop -
ment of Westinghouse testing methodology which includes accel-erated thermal aging. This involved discussions with research facilities and other industry sources to determine which method of accelerated thermal aging would be most appropriate for our programs.
Q.4 Dr. Dakin, please state your address, present occupa-tion, educational background, and professional experience, including that directly relevant to the testimony which you are presenting regarding thermal aging of RTDs at the SENPP.
A.4 (TWD). My business address is Westinghouse Research and Development Center, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15235. I am retired, but still serve as a consultant to Westinghouse. My advanced education led to an A.B., summa cum laude, in Chemistry at the A
.9-
-University of Minnesota'in 1935, an M.S. in Physical Chemistry
-from Michigan State University in 1938, and a Ph.D. in Physical-Chemistry in 1941 at Harvard University. I started as a re-search fellow in the field of electrical insulation at the Westinghouse'Research Laboratory in 1941, advancing to a group leader-in 1946, section manager about 1950, and Department Man-ager about 1965.
My research activities and the research activities of those reporting to me at Westinghouse concentrated on the elec-
, trical behavior and electrical and thermal aging of insulation both in service and in laboratory tests simulating service en-i vironment conditions.
My first important paper relating to insulation: aging was published in 1948 in the Transactions of the American In-stitute of Electrical Engineers ("AIEE") under the title "Elec-trical Insulation Deterioration Treated as a Chemical Rate Pro-cess." That particular paper has been very widely referenced in the electrical journals. Starting about 1950 I participated in a variety of working groups and committees in the AIEE -
(later to become the IEEE), to formulate accelerated aging test standards. I also presented and published papers relating to accelerated aging tests. Moet if not all of the precautions regarding application of accelerated aging mentioned in the
'Sandia Report referenced in Contention 9C (NUREG/CR-1466, SAND 79-1561) and other precautions also were discussed in my pa-pers. A partial listing of my publications, including papers l
'0 6
m i
. l l
dealing with thermal' aging and accelerated life testing, is at-l tached hereto as Attachment A.
I was elected a Fellow of the IEEE in 1968, received the Westinghouse Order of Merit in 1979, was awarded the first distinguished Technical Achievement Award of the IEEE Electri-
- cal Insulation Society-in about 1980, and this year received an IEEE Centennial Medal of the Society. From 1968 to 1980 I was the principal U.S. representative-in electrical insulation to CIGRE, the Conference International Grand Reseaux Electrique'.
~
Q.5 What.is the purpose of this testimony?
A.5 (RBM, TWD) The purpose of'this testimony is to re-spond to Eddleman Contention 9C, which states:
It has not been demonstrated that the RTDs have been qualified in that the Arrhenius thermal aging methodology em-ployed is not adequate to reflect the actu-al effects of exposures to temperatures of normal operation and' accidents over the times the RTDs could be exposed to those temperatures. (Ref. NUREG/CR-1466, SAND 79-1561, Predicting Life Expectancy of Com-plex Equipment Using Accelerated Aging Techniques.)
Q.6 Mr. Miller and Dr. Dakin, how is your testimony.orga-nized?
A.6 (RBM, TWD) Our testimony describec RTDs and their functions at SENPP, and the Westinghouse R:(- qualification pro-gram. It includes a discussion of the Arrhenius thermal aging methodology as applied in the environmental qualification of SHNPP IGNhs. ~Our testimony also reviews the Sandia Report ref-erenced in Contention 9C, NUREG/CR-1466, and presents our 4
um- -
7~-
.,~
conclusions as to the applicability of that Report to the CHNPP RTDs.-
Q.7 Mr. Miller, what is an RTD?
.A.7 (RBM) An RTD, a resistance temperature detector, is an instrument used-to measure temperature in which the primary element,-a resistance wire, has a well-defined resistance-temperature relationship. The primary. element in the RTDs used at SHNPP is a platinum wire. Signal conditioning equipment is used to detect and_ amplify changes in the resistance of the
-platinum element which correspond to changes in temperature.
These RTD signals are used in plant instrumentation systems.
Q.8 What types of RTDs are used at SHNPP, how many.of each type are used, and where are they located?
A.8 (RBM) 'The RTDs.used at SHNPP are manufactured by the RdF-Corporation. Eighteen Model 21204 RTDs are directly-immersed in bypass lines to the reactor coolant system. There are three coolant loops at the SHNPP and these eighteen RTDs-are used to measure the " hot leg" and " cold leg" temperature in each' loop. These RTDs are directly immersed to provide rapid-time response measurements for use in the reactor protection
-and control systems.
.Six Model 21205 RTDs are installed in wells located-in the reactor coolant system piping to provide measurement of the hot and cold leg temperature in each loop for use in moni-toring plant conditions.
4
., c The. construction of these two types of RTDs is almost identical. The primary difference is in the. length'of the sheath inserted-into the piping system. (See Figures 1-and 2 attached hereto.)
Q.9 What safety functions do the RTDs perform?
A.9 -(RBM) Six Model 21204 RTDs provide signals to the
. reactor. protection system used for reactor shutdown functione.
A setpoint based on a loop average temperature is compared to the difference in temperature between the hot and cold leg-in
'.the same loop to determine if a low Departure from Nucleate Boiling Ratio-(DNBR) or overpower situation could be developing which requires corrective action. Six Model 21204 IEDDs. are in-stalled sp es for the reactor protection system. The re-maining six RTDs are used for control functions.
The six Model 21205 RTDs. provide the control room op-erator with information on plant conditions, such as those used in maintaining. pressure-temperature relationships during plant cooldown.
Q.10 Describe briefly the construction of the RTDs,
' including any sge-sensitive materials in the RTD assemblies.
A.10 (RBM) The complete RTD assembly, illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, consists of a platinum element contained in-side the tip of a sheath, and the necessary wire and supports which allow-connection to a cable syr. tem through which signals
'are? transmitted outside the containment building. A stainless steel sheath protects the element and wire over that portion 9
- - - _ - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - . _ _ . - . - m
x - .
s, r
.- ; r .
inserted in the pipe. ALstainless steel bellows-hose ~ protects-Jexternal: wires from! moisture _ penetration'and physical-damage.
- (ALhelium"leakitest assures the adequacy.of the moisture barri-
~
er?provided by the: bellows hose.)
The portion'of'the RTD inserted in the-primary: system
~
piping'contains'no age-sensitive materials.- The' organic mate-rials'in the external cable ~and' cable interface are epoxy potting' material and silicone varnish cable coating. The epoxy.
potting material is located to.the right of.the Swagelok nut in Figure 1 and to the right.of the adapter 4and Inconel spring in Figure 2.
- Q.11 Does the silicone varnish on the.RTD cable lead per-
' form a safety function?
A.11 (RBM) No. The. silicone varnish is only used in.the manufacturing process to prevent the fiberglass insulation on-the cable from fraying during the manufacturing process. It is not required for.the RTD to-perform its. safety function.
Q.12 Does the epoxy potting at the cable-probe interface
. perform a safety function?
A.12.(RBM) Yes. The safety function that the epoxy potting material at.the cable-probe interface provides is that
.of mechanical support and-insulation for the wires.at this !
l _ point.
Q.13'Ehat.is thermal aging?
A .13 ' ~ ( RBM ) ' Thermal aging involves a temperature dependent j L
chemical process that can lead to changes in properties of Lorganic materials over a-period of time.
-l P
L e
, , ?- ~ ---r - m.+_., n * , , , ,- A
,s 1
LT ' l a
v ..*
Q.14.What is accelerated thermal aging, and why is it'nec-zessary?
A.14f(RBM) Since real time' aging is not practical.over o -the long time periods for which most electrical equipment must L
- be environmentally qualified for nuclear power. plant applica-tion, accelerated' processes have been developed to simulate a-defined life over a much shorter period'of time.
- ) Q.15 Is accelerated thermal aging addressed by current regulatory requirements?
A.15 (RBM) Yes. 10 C.F.R. 50.49(e)(5) requires that
"[e]quipment qualified by test must be preconditioned by natu-ral or artifical (accelerated) aging to its end-of-installed .
life condition."' (Emphasis added.)
Q.16 Dr. Dakin, what is the Arrhenius methodology of ther-mal aging?
A.16 (TWD) The Arrhenius methodology is based on the premise that deterioration of materials in service is due to chemical reactions. These reactions occur internally, some-times between components of the material and sometimes with compounds in the environment such as oxygen or water vapor. It is widely-known that chemical reactions occur more rapidly at increased temperature. Arrhenius in the last century showed theoretically that the temperature dependence of chemical reac-tions followed an exponential equation:
raterwexp (-E/kT)eva constant / time l
1 l
4 N
l
- . l l
l l
I where T is the. Kelvin ~ temperature (degrees C-+273);
E is'the' activation energy of.the chemical reaction
.(electron volts); and k is the Boltzmann gas constant (electron volts /
degrees Kelvin). ,
The activation energy is characteristic of the material and the significant chemical change. This equation provides the theo-retical basis for accelerated aging tests.
It is' postulated-that there is a consistent correla-tion between the amount of physical change and the amount of chemical reaction. Therefore the time to reach a selected amount of physical change will vary 1according to the Arrhenius equation, rearranged as follows:
time to reach a specified changerwexp (-E/kT) .
Usually this equation is changed to the logarithmic form:
Ln(time)-w(-E/kT) = (-E/k)/T and the logarithms of times to change are graphed versus recip-rocal Kelvin temperature, as illustrated by Figure 3 (attached hereto), which is based on electrical tests of an epoxy resin-laminate after aging. The quantity, E/k, is the slope of the-graph. The value of E, the activation energy, ranges between-about 0.5 to 1.5 electron volts depending on the material and the significant chemical reaction of interest. The times to reach a specified level of deterioration (in this example 50%
of the original dielectric strength) are graphed. Such data are extrapolated down to expected continuous service n
t <
temperatures to-predict the' time to reach the specified level of deterioration.
Other than actually testing materials and systems for the expected years of actual service, this.is the most logical scientific-way of predicting that they will be. reliable. Usu-ally accelerated type tests of materials are made extending up to one or two years. After the linearity of the Arrhenius graph.is confirmed for a material, then short time more accel-erated tests are acceptable to evaluate small changes in mate-rials or application condition.
The electrical power industry has been very diligent in pursuing this type of testing to ensure reliability of new or improved materials and systems, and generally the experience has been excellent in confirming the predictions.
Q.17 Mr. Miller, has the NRC Staff approved the Arrhenius method for environmental qualification of electrical equipment in nuclear power plant applications?
A.17 (RBM) Yes. The NRC Staff, in Section 4(4) of NUREG-0588, " Interim Staff Position on Environmental Qualifica-tion of Safety Related Electrical Equipment," states: "The
. Arrhenius methodology is considered an acceptable method of ad-dressing. accelerated aging." Most recently, in Regulatory Guide.l.89 (Rev. 1), " Environmental Qualification of Certain Electric Equipment Important to Safety for Nuclear Power Plants" (June 1984), the Staff-endorsed the use of this method.
In addition, the Westinghouse qualification methodology
_g_
l 1
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d
p
- c described in-WCAP-8587, " Methodology for Qualifying Westinghouse WRD Supplied NSSS Safety Related Electrical Equip-
. ment," has:been accepted by the NRC. " Safety Evaluaton Report of Westinghouse-Equipment Qualification Documentation WCAP
'8587,JWCAP 8587 Supplement 1, WCAP 8687 Supplement 2, and WCAP 9714: Seismic and Environmental Qualification of Safety Relat-ed Electrical Equipment" (November 10, 1983). The accelerated thermal aging techniques discussed in WCAP-8587 are based on Arrhenius methodology.
Q.18 Describe briefly how and forlwhat period of time the RTDs for SHNPP were environmentally qualified.
A.18 (RBM) The overall RTD qualification program includes thermal aging, thermal cycling, irradiation aging', and vibra-tion aging, as part of the preconditioning process. In addi-i tion to and following the normal thermal aging, the RTDs are temperature cycled to account for the effects of expected plant heatup and cooldown cycles. They are also exposed to radiation simulating normal operation and accident conditions as well as vibration simulating the effects of pipe and flow vibration.
This generic preconditioning process simulates a minimum 20 year life for the RTDs installed in the bypass lines and a minimum 10 years for the RTDs installed in the wells. After this preconditioning the RTDs are subjected to the effects of a seismic event and a high energy line break environment.
Q.19 Please describe how the Arrhenius method was applied in the environmental qualification of the RTDs for SENPP.
1
..- j
__ n
y 4- l s
ni l A.19 (RBM) Since the epoxy is the only. safety-related age i 1
sensitive material used in the RTDs, the. activation energy for
.this material was selected. Using the Arrhenius equations and
~the ambient-temperature at the cable interface, an aging tem-perature was calculated which would simulate the desired life at an accelerated rate and not inadvertently degrade the mate-rial due to the high temperature alone.
Q.20 What is the ambient temperature at the cable interface to which-the RTDs will be exposed during normal op-erating conditions, and how was it determined?
A 20 (RBM) The ambient temperature at the cable interface is equal to the normal ambient. temperature in this region plus the expected temperature rise associated with heat transfer to this interface from the reactor coolant system. The normal ambient temperature surrounding the cable interface portion of the RTD assembly was determined by Carolina Power & Light Com-pany to be 120 F (approximately 50*C). FSAR $ 3.11.4.4. In addition, Westinghouse performed heat transfer calculations to determine the temperature rise expected at this interface which accounts for. heat transfer from the reactor coolant system.
The temperature rise will be limited to 50 C as long as a mini-mum air velocity is maintained. Therefore, using a normal
. ambient temperature of 50 C and the expected temperature rise of 50'C, the temperature to which the RTDs will be exposed-is 100 C.
i .'
E - ~
7-Q.21: What was the activation energy used to calculate the
' temperature to which the equipment was exposed during qualifi-cation testing and to calculate the time duration of the test?
'A.21 (TWD) Since the epoxy performs structural and insu-
'lating functions, an activation energy of 0.98. electron volts was selected, which is consistent with these parameters. This.
selection of 0.98 electron-volts was a conservative choice based on an examination of'a large amount of test _ data on epoxy resin systems.
Q.22 Was the Arrhenius method used to simulate accident' conditions as well as normal operating conditions?
A.22-(RBM). Yes, but only in the post-accident period.
The first day following a high energy line break is simulated
-in real time and temperature. Following the first day of testing the remaining post-accident period is simulated by ac-celerated thermal aging. Westinghouse employs a standard acci-dent profile which uses a conservative 0.5 electron volt activation energy to calculate the time / temperature relation-ship during this period. The RTDs were subjected to this ge-neric profile.
Q.23 What were the results of the accelerated thermal aging portion of the qualification testing for SHNPP RTDs? ,
A.23 (RBM) After the accelerated thermal aging portion of the qualification test was completed, certain tests were per-formed. These tests were calibration checks at 32 F, 525 F and 625*F as well as insulation resistance measurements. No degradation of the RTDs was detected during these tests.
1
~
~
1 Q.24 Has the NRC Staff accepted Westinghouse's qualifica-
' tion' testing of the RTDs used at SENPP?
A.24 (RBM) Yes. As I indicated in response to Q.17, the Westinghouse qualification programs for electrical equipment, including safety-related RTDs, have.been accepted by the NRC Staff on a generic. basis. The NRC Staff specifically approved the qualification of'RTDs. This generic testing envelopes the environmental conditions, including temperatures, for which the SENPP RTDs must be qualified.
Q.25 Dr. Dakin, are you familiar with NUREG/CR-1466, enti-tied " Predicting Life Expectancy and Simulating Age of Complex Equipment using Accelerated Aging Techniques," first published by Sandia National' Laboratories as a consultant's report to the NRC ("Sandia Report")?
A.25 (TWD) Yes.
Q.26 Flease briefly summarize the Sandia Report.
A.26 (TWD) The Sandia Report discusses the application of the Arrhenius relation of temperature to aging much as I have outlined in answering Q.16. This report discusses the useful-ness cf the Arrhenius relation in accelerated aging tests but also discusses possible conditions which would invalidate the use of this relation for extrapolation from accelerated aging tests. The report points out the need for a single chemical reaction to control the aging of the material over the whole temperature range from accelerated test temperatures down to service temperatures. If, for example, moisture diffusion were 1
I l
l i
k
Econtrolling at lower temperatures, this would change the slope of the Arrhenius type graph to a lower slope and predict a shorter failure time than predicted by extrapolating high tem-perature tests. I have cautioned against such effects in sev-eral of my own papers from the first one on this subject in
'1948 and later ones up to about 1960.
Q.27 Which type of testing does the Sandia Report primari-ly address,-qualification testing or materials testing?
A.27 (TWD) This Sandia Report discusses primarily materi-als testing.
Q.28 In the materials testing of the epoxy used in the SENPP RTDs, did the epoxy exhibit an Arrhenius dependence on temperature?.
A.28 (TWD) Yes.
Q.29 What implications does this have for qualification testing of the RTDs?
A.29 (TWD) It indicates that the qualification test is a satisfactory confirmation of the long ':erm useful life of the epoxy resin.
Q.30 Do any of the " predictive difficulties" discussed in the Sandia Report apply to the epoxy used in the SHNPP RTDs?
A'30 (TWD)
. None of the predictive difficulties discussed in the Sandia Report applies because the insulation system of the RTD connector.and cable is sealed against moisture, so that diffusion of moisture is, prevented. Moisture diffusion is the only potentially invalidating condition, referred to in the 0
-, -, -~ . r, . . , O
Sandia Report, that could apply to the accelerated thermal' aging of RTDs. Further, epoxy resins are not known to be sen-L .sitive to moisture effects as was the polyurethane cited in the Sandia Report.
Q.31 Dr. Dakin, in your opinion, does the.Sandia Report support in any way the allegation in Eddleman Contention 9C that the "Arrhenius thermal aging methodology is not adequate to reflect the actual-effects of exposure to te:aperatures of normal operation and accidents over the timas the RTDs could be exposed to those temperatures"?
A.31 (TWD) No. Indeed, the Sandia Report (at page 47) concludes that "(a]ccelerated aging techniques offer the best opportunity for predicting lifetimes or simulating life of com-plex equipment."
Q.32 What is your conclusion concerning the application of the Arrhenius method to the qualfication of the SHNPP RTDs?
A.32 (TWD) My conclusion is that the Arrhenius method is satisfactory for simulating the thermal aging of the organic materials in the qualification of the SHNPP RTDs.
6
_ _ _ _ . . . . ----A
k Attachment A 207
[18] The Absolute Dielectric Constant of Cellulose Fibers. T. W. Dahin. Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1950; Conf. Paper Am. Chem. Sec.,
Sept., 1950.
[19] Dielectric Properties of Organic Coatings T. W.
Dakia, Official Digest of Paint 8 Varnish Pro-duction Clubs, p. 42, Jan.,1952.
[20] !apulse Dielectric Strength Characteristics of )
Liquid Impregnated Pressboa.d. T. W. Dahin and C. W. Works. Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., 71, 1 Pt. I, 321-28 (1952).
[21] Corona Erosion Breakdown, T. W. Dahim and H. M.
,, ...... Philofsky', Ann. Report NBC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,
1952.
, PUBt! CATIONS OF T. W. DAKIN [22] Dielectric Strength of SP in a Non-Uniform Field, C. M. Works and T.SW. Dakia Ann. Report
[1] ' Thermodynaales of the Mercurous Broeide. Silver NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1952.
tromide Ce!!, T. W. Dahin and D. T. Ewing, J. [23] Dielectric Breakdown of Sulphur Hexafluorida in Am. Chee. Sec. (1940). Non.Unifore Fields, C. N. Works and T. W. Dakin.
[2] Viscosity of Electrolyte Solutions, T. W. Dakia, Trans. As. Inst. Elec. Eng., H. Pt. I, 642 47, Ph.D. Thesis, Harvard University, 1941. (1953).
[3] The Electrical Properties of Polyvinyt Acetate. [24] , Factors Affecting Corona Breakdown of Solid In-T. W. Dahin, Trans. Electrochemical Soc., ~83, sulation T. W. Dakin and H. M. Philofsky, Ann. .
175 185 (1943). Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1953.
[4] A Resonant Cavity Method for Measuring Dielectric [25] Physics of Electrical Insulation T. W. Dakin, Properties at Ultra.high Frequencies. C. N. lerks. Westinghouse Engineer,14,,120 (May,1954).
T. W. Dahin and F. W. Soggs. Trans. Am. Inst. - [26] Effect of Electric Dischargen on the Breakdown of Cloc. Eng., 63, 1092 94 (1944); also in Proc. Solid Insulation, T. W. Daki , H. N. Philofsky Inst. Radio Eg., 33, 245 53 (1945). and W. C. Divens. Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng.,
[5] Dielectric Heating. Application of Dielectric 73, Pt. I, 153 62 (1954).
Measurements to Cellulose and Cellulose. Filled [27] Eservations on Corona in Restricted Caps, T. W.
Phenotic Laminating Materists, T. W. Dakin and Dakin and D. M. Dplinger Ann. Report NRC Conf.
on Elec. Ins., 1954. -
, [6] R. W. Ahzier, tesolution of aInd. Eng. Chee.,
Rotations! LineTf the DCS Mole-37, 264-75 (1945).
- [28] Significant Factors in Thermal Aging Tests on cute and its Stark Effect, T. W. Dahin, W. E. Flexible Sheet Insulation T. W. Dakin, H. M.
70, 560 (1946). Philofsky and W. C. Divens, Trans. As. Inst.
[7] Good andAbsorption Selective D.K. Coles, Phys. Rev., Tby Polar of Microwave Elec. Eng., 7,4,, Pt. I, 289 92 (1955).
Vapors, T. W. Dakin and W. E. Good, Ann. Report [29] Investigation of Corona Discharges in Cases with NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins. ,1946. a Maltiplier Phototube, D. Berg and T. W. Dakin.
[8] Dielectric Measurement in the 3 cm Wave Length Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1955.
Region, T. W. Dahin and C. N. Works, Ann. Report [30] Characteristics of Corona Discharges in Liquid NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1946. Dielectrics. T. W. Dakin and D. Berg, Conf. Paper
[9] Simplified Method of Calculation of Microwave AIEE Mtg. , Jan.,1955.
Dielectric Properties from Wave Guide and Co.As * [31] Measurement of Thereat Aging of Insulation over Standing wave Measurements. T. W. Dakin, Ann. Varying Teeperature Cycles, H. M. Philofsky, F.
[ Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins., Div. of Engtg. A. Sattler and T. W. Dakin, Conf. Paoer AIEE Mtg.,
I and Ind. Res., 1946. Jan. 1955.
[10] Bond Distances in DCS from Microwave Absorption * [32] Guiding Principles in the Thetus! Evaluation of Lines. T. W. Oshin W. E. Good and D. K. Coles, Electrical Insulation L. J. Berberich and T. W.
Phys. Rev., E , 640 (1947). Dakin, Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., E, Pt. !!!,
[11] Microwave Dielectric Measurements, T. W. Dakin 752 61 (1956).
and C. N. Works, J. Appl. Phys. , 18,, 789-96 [33] Electron Attachment in SF *6 D. Berg and T. W.
(1947). Dakin, J. Chem. Phys., 25, 179 (1956).
[12] Microwave Phenomena in Cases,'t. W. Dahin, Chap- [34] Corona Measurement and Interpretation. T. W.
ter IV in the Digest of Literature in Dialec. Dakin and J. Liu, Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng.,
trics, VJ1. II. Natt. Res. Council, Washington, 76, Pt. !!!, 1059 65 (1957).
D. C., 1947. *[35] Gesical Rate Phenomena in the Deterioration of
! [13] Insulation Deterioration Tests Interpreted in Ele;trical Insulation, T. W. Dakin, Conf. Paper, Terms of Chemical Rate Theory, T. W. Dakin, Ann. Electrochemical Soc. Mtg., Washington, D. C.,
Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins., 1947. May, 1957.
i
- [14] Electrical Insulation Deterioration Treated as [36] Dielectric Properties of Cyanoethylcellulose, D.
s Cheetcal Rate Phenomenon. T. W. Dakin, Trans. H. Hogle, M. M. Rutter and T. W. Dahin, Ann.
Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., 6_7,, 113 18, (1948). Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1957.
I
[15] Instrumentation and Measurements of Dielectrics, [37] Test for a Deleterious Contaminant in Alkaret T. W. Dahin Chapter !! in the Digest of Liters- Liquids. P. P. Byrne and T. W. Dakin, INSURATIDN, i
ture in D! electrics, Vol. III, Matt. Res. July, 1954.
I Council, Washington, D. C., 1948. [38] taminous Spots on Electrodes in Insulating Dit l [16l General and Theoretical Research in Dielectrics, Cape, T. W. Dakin and D. Berg, NATURE,1,84,, 120 l T. W. Dahin and C. W. Lewis, Chapter I in the (July 11,1959).
Digest of Literature in Dielectrics, Vol. I!!!, [39] The Relation of Capacitance facrease with High Natt. Res. Council, Washington, D. C.,1949. Voltages to Internal Electric Discharges and Dis.
[17] Ionic Polaritation Phenomena in Aroctor Paper charging Vold Volume. T. W. Dakin, Power Appara.
Capacitors. T. W. Dakin and H. C. Craig, Ann. tus 4 Systems. Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., M,,
Repet NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1949. 790 (1959).
- Papers dealing with thermal aging and accelerated life testing.
e
_ _ . - _ . . _ . . _ . - . , _ _ . . _ _ ., _ , f%
.e' 20s IEEE Trana. Electr. Insul, Vol II-13 No 4. August 1973 5
[40] ' Electric Strength of Gaseous Insutstion, P. Nar- [59] Gas Discharges in Insulating Systems at Pressures but. D. Berg, C. N. Werks and T. W. Dakin, Power Between Atmospheric and High Vacuum, T. W. Dakin, Apparatus 6 Systems Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., Collected Papers of 1963 Dielectrics in Space 78-III, 59-74 (1959). Symposium, Westinghouse Research Laboratories.
[41] 755 H'akdown Discharges in Liquid Dielectrics, [60] Electric Breakdown of Long Caps in Transformer T. W. Dakin and D. Berg, Conf. Paper, Electro- Oil, A. M. Sletten and T. W. Dakin, IEEE Trans.,
chemical Soc. Mtg., Philadelphia, May, 1959. Power Apparatus 4 Systems, 8_3_, (1964) .
[42] Corona Charge Transfer Measurement with a [61] High Voltage Testing of Polymers T. W. Dakin, Capacitance Bridge TechniJue. T. W. Dakin and Section of Book: Testing of Polymers, Edited by P. J. Malinaric, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. J. V. Schmitz. Intersesence Press New York, Ins., 1959. 1964.
[43] Preparation of Sintered Alumina and Boron Nitride [62] The Relation of Corona Pulse Measurement to the 1 with Low Loss. High Temperature Dielectric Pro- Site of Internal Voids or Other Origin. T. W.
perties, P. Tierney, D. W. Lewis, W. C. Divens. Dakin and C. N. Works, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on R. N. Wenzel and T. W. Dakin, Ann. Report NRC Elec. Ins., 1964 Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1959. [63] Anodic oxide Films on Binary Alloys of Niobium,
[44] High Temperatute Dielectric Properties of Recon- L. Mande! corn and T. W. Dakin, Conf. Paper, stituted Nicas D. H. Hogle, W. C. Divens and Electrochemical Soc. Mtg., Spring, 1965.
T. W. Dakin, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins., [64] Life Testing of Electronic Power Transformers, 1959. T. M. Dakin and E. N. Henry, Collected Papers of
- [45] Comparison of Test Procedures for the Thermal 1965 IEEE Electronic & Components Conf., April.
Life Testing of Varnished Glass Cloth. C. J. 1965.
Straka, G. W. Hasitt, E. W. Lindsay and T. W. [65] Low Pressure Breakdown Between Metal-Insulator Dakin, Conf. Paper, AIEE Winter Gen. Mtg.,1959. and Insulator-Insulator Surfaces. T. W. Dakin.
[46] A Capacitance Bridge Method for Measuring In- Conf, Paper Presented at Natl. Aeronautics and tegrated Corona-Charge Transfer and Power Loss Space Administration Conf. on Voltage treakdown Per Cycle, T. W. Dakin and P. J. Malinaric, in Electronic Equipment at Low Air Pressures.
Trans. Am. Inst. Elec. Eng., 79, Pt. III, 648-52, August, 1965.
(1960). [66] Electrical Breakdown of Liquid Insulation - A
[47] Insulation Matesials for Space Technology, R. N. Status Report, T. W. Dakin, Conf. Paper, IEEE Evans and T. W. Dakin, A!EE Special Publication Winter Power Mtg., Jan., 1966. -
T-126. Conf. on Space Technology, 1960. [67] Thermionic Emission from Conductors in Relation
- [48] Electrical Insulation Deterioration. T. W. Dakin, to Electrical Insulation Systems Above 600'C, Science & Engtg. Series. Electro-Technology, T. W. Dakin and C. N. Works, Ann. Report NRC Dec., 1960. Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1966.
[49] Metal-to. Water Discharges on Insulation Surface - [68] The Effect of Test and Abnormal System Voltages A Differential Wet Tracking Test, L. Mandelcorn on Transformer Insulation, P. S. Young, T. W.
and T. W. Dakin, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Dakin and H. R. Moore, IEEE Trans., Power Appa-Ins. 1961. ratus and Systems, 86, 1057 (1967).
[50] Electrical Properties of Boron Nitride, P. A. [69] Utilization of PeakTeading Voltmeters and Re-Tierney, W. C. Divens T. W. Dakin and D. Bera, corders for Corona Measurement, T. W. Dakin, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1961. C. N. Works and R. L. Miller, IEEE Trans., Elec.
[51] Corona Discharges and Their Effects on Insulaticet. Ins. , EI-2, 75-80 (1967).
T. W. Dakin, Collected Ppaers of AIEE-NEMA 1962 [70] Measurement of Corona Discharge Behavior at Low Conf. on Elec. Ins., Washington, D. C., p. 87. Pressure and Vacuum. T. W. Dakin and C. N. Works,
[52] Wet Surface Tracking of Insulation - A Differen. ASTM Special Tech. Publication No. 420, p.18, tial Test with Controlled Short Discharges to a 1967.
Water Electrode, L. Mande1 corn and T. W. Dakin. [71] The Significance of Corona Measurements on Elec-IEEE Trans., Power Apparatus 4 Systems, 81, 291, trical Insulation Systems. T. W. Dakin, Proc.
(1962). of the 7th IEEE-NEMA Elec. Ins. Conf., Chicago,
[53] Theory of Gas Breakdown. T. W. Dakin and D. Serg, 1967.
Chapter of Book: Progress in Dielectrics, p. 4, [72] Application of Dielectric Principles to the De-Heywood 4 Col, tendon as.d John Wiley, New York, sign of High Voltage Power Supplies. T. W.
1962. Dakin, Conf. Paper Natl. Electronic rackaging
[54] Electric Breakdown of SP6 at High Pressures up to Conf. , West Long Beach, Calif. , Feb. ,1967.
Liquid State, C. N. Works. T. W. Dahin and R. W. [73] Thermionic Emission from Conductors in Relation l Rodgers, Ann. Report NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins., to Electrical Insulation Systems above 600*,
1962. T. W. Dakin and E. Jones, Ann. Report NRC Conf.
[55] A Study of Conductor Edge Cerons on Insulating on Elec. Ins., 1967.
Surfaces Under High Temperature Variable Gas (74] Several Sections on Electrical Insulation: (Gene-Pressure and Ionising Radiation Conditions, T. W. ral Properties. Insulating Gases. Insulating oils Dakin, G. W. Hewitt and L. Mande! corn, Ann. Re- and Liquids, Mica and Mica Products), T. W. Dakin, port NRC Conf. on Elec. Ins.,1962. 10th Ed., Std. Handbook for Elec. Engrs., McGraw-
[56] Corona Pulse Detection Circuits and Their Calibra- Hill, New York, Sec. 4, p. I'4, et seq., 1968.
tion. T. W. Dakin, conf. Paper 62 260 AIEE Mtg., [75] The Molecular and Crystal St icture of 6-Methoxy i 1962. Beta-Nitro.$(1H) Quinoline ans. its Dielectric
[57] Voltage Endurance Tests of Insulating Materials Properties. T. W. Dakin with M. Sax and R.
Under Corona Conditions, G. W. Hewitt and T. W. Desiderato (Univ. of Pittsburgh), Submitted to
'. Dakin, IEEE Trans., Power Apparatus & Systems. Acta Crystallographica, 1968.
82, 1033 (1963). [76] Life Testing of Electronic Power Transformers --
[58] Es Generation and Its Relation to the Dielectric II T. W. Dakin, G. A. Mullen and E. N. Henry, Strength of 011. T. W. Dakin and T. K. Sloat. IEEE Trans.. Elec. Ins., El-3,13 (1968).
Collected Papers of 1963 IEEE NEMA Elec. Ins.
Conf., Chicago.
l *Papars dealing with thermal aging and accelerated life testing, L_ A
a -
d
.n
=
j Swiss: . 7. W. Dakin 209 9 LP
.'[7717 Corone Discharges in DC and Partially Rectified [94) Dielectric treakdown Problems in Electric-AC Insulation Systems, T. W. Dahin, Proc. of the Energy Transmission and Storage. T. W. Dakin, 8th IEEE.W14 Elec. Ins.' Conf., pas. 82-85, IEEE Conf. Paper, Am. Inst. Phys. Conf. , Proc. No.19, Publication No. 60C6.EI, Dec.,-1968. ' Physics and the Energy Probles, Chicago, Feb..-
[78] tohavior and Effects of Individual Conducting . ~1974.
Particles in Electric Fields T. W. Dakin with [95} Analysis of Treeing Type treakdown. T. W. Dakin
,. John msghes,~ Ann. Report NBC Conf. om Elec, Ins., with G. Sahder (General Cable Co.) and J. H.
Oct., 1968. Lawson (Pacific Gas 6 Electric Co.), Paper 15-05,
, [79) .An Electromagnetic Probe for Detecting and 14- 1974 CIGRE General Session Paris, Aug., 1974.
cating Discharges in iarse totating Machine [96] Series Surface ~and Air Gap Flashower and the Stators, T. W. Dahin, J. . $. Johnson and C. N. ' Apparent Voltage Drop in Streamers, S. A.
Works, IEEE Trans., Power Apparaus 4 Systems, Studniar and T. W. Dakin Ann. Report NRC-NAS 88, 251 (1969). Conf on Elec. Ins. 6 Diel. Phen.,1974
[80] Grona Measuring Techniques for Power Trans- [97] Rapporteur's Summary of Papers on Treeing ~ in formers, T. W. Dakin with H. R. Moore and V. L. Polyethylene T. W. Dahin. Ann. Report NRC-NAS Seas, IEEE Conf. Paper 34, Winter Power Mtg., Conf. on Elec. Ins. 6 Diet. Phen.,1974 Jan., 1969. [98] , On Predicting the Life of Polyethylene Soacer.
-[81) Diagnosis of Partial Discharges in Insulating - Cable Eroded by Surface Discharges in het
, ' Systems. T. W. Dakin, Conference Record Supple. Weathet R. T. Harrold and T. W. Dakin, IEEE ment Special Technical Conference on Underground Trans. Paper F-75 532 2, July, 1975; IEEE Trans.
Distribution, Anaheim, Calif., IEEE Power Group on Power Apparatus 4 Systems PAS-95. (1976),
Publication: 69Cl-PWR (Sup.), May, 1969. p. 821.
3 -[82) A Study of Tracking and Erosion Behavior of [99] Development of a 138-kV Superconducting Cable
.Llectrically Stressed Epoxy Formulations, R. A. Teretnation. T. W. Dakin with S. F. Mauser R.
2 Eurs, A. I. Keto, T. W. Dahin and G. A.
- 11en, R. Surghardt, M. L. Fenger Ofestinghcusel, and
- Proc. of the 9th IEEE. NEMA Elec. Ins. Conf., R. W. Meyerhoff (Union Carbide Corp.) IEEE
- p. 33. IEEE Publication No. 69C33.EI, Sept 1969. Trans. Paper F-76-081 01 IEEE Trans. on Power
- *[83] Whitehead Memorial Lecture, Dielectrics in Apparatus 6 Systems, PAS-9_5, 5 (1976), p. 909.
Time," T. W. Dahin, Presented to NRC Conf. on [100] Voltage Endurance of Epoxy Resins with Micro-l Elec. Ins., Buck Hill Falls, Pa., Oct., 1969, cavity Type Defects, Proc. of the IEEE Int!.
(not printed). Symposium on Elec. Ins., Montreal, Canada, *
- [84] Theory of Aging in Electrical Insulating Materi- June 14 16, 1976, T. W. Dakin and S. A.
- als T. W. Dakin, IEEE Conf. Paper 70.CP.236.PWR. Studniert.
. Winter Power Meeting, Jan 29, 1970. [101] Special Report for Group IS (Insulating Matts.)',
1, [85) The Relattunship Between the Picocoulomb and Proc. Intl. Conf. on Large Electric Systems Microvolt for Corona Measurements on HV Trans. (CIGRE), Paris, August, 1976, T. W. Dakin.
formers and other Apparatus, R. T. Harrold and [102] Oreakdown of Gases in Unifore Fields. Paschen T. W. Dahin, IEE Trans. Paper 72.D86 2. Curves for Hydrogen,' Carbon Dioxide and Helius,
- [86) The Endurance of Electrical Insulation T. W. H. Winkelnkeeper Z. Erasucki, J. Gerhold and Dahin, Proc. of the 4th Symposlue on Electrical T. W. Dakin (CIGRE Working Group), Electra, E ,
insulating Matls., Japanese IEE (Special In- May, 1977, p. 67 vited Paper), Sept., 1971. [103] The Voltage Endurance of Cast and Molded Resins,
!; [g7) Continuous Recording of outdoor Insulator Sur. T. W. Dakin and S. A. Studniarz, Proc. 13th j_ face Conductance, T. W. Dakin and G. A. Mullen. IEEE-NEMA Elec. Ins. Conf., Chicago, Sept. ,19*7.'
a Proc. of the 10th IEEE. NEMA Elec. Ins. Conf., IEEE Publication 77CH 1273.
pgs. 285-89 Sept., 1971. [104) Accelerated Salt Fog Testing, T. W. Dakin and G.
[88] Calculation of Sensitivity Requirements for Rapid A. Mu!!en, IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus & Sys.
! Measurement of Insulation Deterioration Rates, tems, Winter Power Meeting, New York, Feb., 1978.
T. W. Dakin, Proc. o,' the 10th Elec. Ins. Conf. , [10$] Ultrasonte Sensing of Partial Discharge within j Chicago Sept., 1971, (Conf. Paper only Abstract Microfarad Value AC Capacitors, R. T. Harrold,
! published). T. W. Dakin and G. E. Mercier, IEEE Trans. on j [89] Application of Cast and Molded Resins in High Power Apparatus & Systems Winter Power Mtg.,
Voltage Apparatus, CIGRE Paper 15 04 Ed. and New York. Feb., 1978.
coauthor with representatives of sia nations. [106) The Voltage Endurance of Cast Epoxy Resins. T. ,
4
' 1972. W, Dakin and S. A. Studniarz, IEEE Inti. Sye. *
[90] Dielectric treakdown of Insulation Materials on posium on Elec. Inn., Philadelphia, June, 1978.
i i
the Front of Cycle and a Small Number of Cycles [107] Special Report for Group 15 (Insulating Matts.),
of 60 Hs Voltage, T. W. Dahin. S. A. Studnierz Proc. Inti. Conf. on Large Electric Systems l and G. T. heaert Ann. Report NRC.NAS Conf. on (CIGRE), Paris, August, 1978. T. W. Dakin.
, Elec. Ins, and Dielec. Phen., 1972. [108] Partial Discharges with DC and Transient Volt.
[91) Outdoor Insulator furface Conductance and Sur. ages, T. W. Dakin. Natt. Aerospace 6 Electronics face Arcing, T. W. Dakin with G. A. Mullen, T. E. Conf. , Dayton, May,1978. Proc. of NAECON '78.
,Chenoweth and J. J. Dodds, Proc. of thcr lith 3
i Elec. Ins. Conf., pas.157 61, Sept. 30,1973.
[92] _ treakdown of Cases in Unifore Fields - Paschen Turves for Nitrogen Air and SF6, T. W. Dakin
' with German and French authors, (members of CIGRE Group 15 03), Electra, (published by CIGRE, Paris). No. 32, pgs. 61 82, Jan..'1974
[93) Application of Epony Resins in Electrical Appara.
i tus. 7. W. Dakin, IEEE Trans. Elec. Ins. E!.9, j 121 (1974). I l:
! *Pcpers dealing with thermal aging and accelerated life testing. .
4 e
f 1
.'--- ,- ~ . ,e , - --n, , , e., -v---. ,m.- - n-n.,,,---.,_.,..,,,n.__.. , n, , , , _ _ - - .,,ng,--,w,n dr ,--r,,.--
\1 1) ;,1 ;lll l
h
- v3 # M
~ f D. a1
_ d~p f.C- s -
T2 R *.. s W
l
,te . . Sm . :
-. t .
n u.
. OT Q S .
W T C A) I E
PM t.~ a A
. l 4
ER
, r ,.
UT YU 0 &
. .owM S d 0u e . BN 2 1
(
A .
- T 2 Ma h
a i XnwM AGa.o B
0p 2aH.
05 S
E 4
t L
1C
(
Nf D
D L
E H
n m
a, a
n ,,
e ,, ..
s e.
- g m T A NL A
L(
P
- s. E Q
]
g
%. 2.d>i gy
.M 4 n L u
, 6 ,
. . O o c
0 M,<T 2 ie a
t E A
S% n o%
. R O eoo f 0 S gA ., . C e ;7' o m. o /
T , I siuo i
,i 0 C
B A.l .:j i g g
. .2 e
u 1
. --=
_g t Ws. a.
A R
D*
i
- m. 0 t w n EEowMir
) !I l !ll a i:.
7., * :;
fg l ,
e m e meru 1
n O O -
y( g ~
e M.
$~ s 74K 2Ba s
O O- $_
g
=
. i 0,T 2 n/ - .
. u F I I .
o
.e * - '
m .
l =
- A T N I s fN c O t
pnl l
=.
. nMM y
p M
~ -
f G g A O. roi fu B '
=
. ~.~
C i, uSU '8-l .
.. = ~
. 4 g
C 4
~
d Rn e l u.
i
- f. Z 5 : g X - iAa D . .
E 1 2 T x
g f 6 ~
fI a/ ) rD g
- SW , ', _
_ A D
.M 3
c-0 -
[ ,
L 1 t
fS S U
- '.0 7" . . . .~ .
.~~Z.
_u o
fE . - h 3 D .
LMA E Rl . .
E AN M0
. i TTt SSR t 0 0 5 6 D
E e
- 4. Hv 5T .
0 N. STO 8
1 t.
M 5C .
I SML AET YS LR s.
2 6 E t Et M O 6 D 3 E
P6O
.L ic.
. n m.
R ,.
tee ATv _4(5 >Ei ASS m O E AEP TP m
m cCo TO d .
uAH $ SH 6ag T AS - .
O ATI (RSA N CaALE .
u OHS r CA _ E uCBO i
is RMAA O _. N . E m.
I RDK S E .C. 8 R A
T C(O ,[ I0T Ps R EOH 6 OAEME -
LTP ,
C8C V DRJAO H EEA .
. 8 5
T Et E
A
- TvRH AOVl ET
- Ow t
S LT P
T S F L S ES
. SDE M.
S Ct
- E4TO 6a e
sA. 2 M0AH 4 3 O 3
~
. 3 i C3GS os E 6.D M T N .EW s.
E I u.
C N U A N 01P0RO 3 01 A L -
F Y S B s A t ML -
A 0 oRB HIEB i -
T . 7 8 T NN.%d' 8 3 L 5 t
A$
F. P R s
I 8 a
$A 1 R $ l.SL f W 7D T
C t E f 3 OA $t. SA. A ET 2 QA T
T O 2 VS 4 .
A0 R P 0 Mn
. S ._
- l C GO # H S jT _
T 8 S 2 TCS N J g. F. ROE O W L E I
NE- t s E A
A0 1
5 0 R EC T DstN"C I
r A KR 4 5 i NA CuEa tA A M
]
" OsI L i f R L T N T oAl.TS PE T T -
I_4 A ( 5 0rLa0 D MN GA C4 AHPT D$
4 E 0SRY LA A C C
An WnS E R 4$ NB8 A L
O 604 SvA 8
S ) i 8 I 1i .
E 2 3 4 O 20 I 1
S'. 2
- p . o N n.
- m .
[i6
_ i t
l
. 1 T ,
/ / ,J J - I ,
/,
g
. h ,
4 g ti, - N-a I
N: 8, ! "
l $ I
$5*g E:g !
WJ4l E
- .'.x 8
H =a:
1 ., i l \ 1 0 3al" < l i g- C itip! 8 C. i
- -a ,
- P3 % #z r
I
, o <
2 s
% M.! .
- d. ' c !.. I s a "Tt <$ ,- I f
,5 l l (g**"I,l.
g 4 j$
os Noo b o f
[
I 8
g$
u UU
(*
- ;s1 ' -
h
-F iN 5
f
- $.,Fjk
..wl oi n I- =
,e t.. .___.....I
,a
- 1l
- 4 aa
, I g- a
- Ia , L g
g
'" cy iyF= f _ _
-'",j'r "]
l
~
3
I 3a*I ita
- 0 0 .
a ol '
j
= i
' ~
lt;:4$',""2 30 'l .
! . f t o .. o .J g
((
s.
-l
- - 7 .
i i ' a . . .. i 3.,
. e t
l ]= -,<-o:1 i m3, ..e .a r l l
, gg -
g i g
I, y7 "
Iw 4 ,45 ** 43 h, i sj
~ .%1:
Ih 12 $ ,I I
- 9.
- iil 1 5 1I.!- /;
e I I. I {Id l-l i
gg .
a l a 1.(, 3 J ..
--m h .it 3 y -!, i l1 !!n .s w I - 3., '11j.il g :
- s ,-
a- a . ..
o 4' % S
- a u .-. ..
m '! l idye QN a.;<v +
-- w - = -
g ~
i ~
i d!
~
il
' Sf kk t 8 Q N y k n-I'l1 - M is * $i k.C ,
i d y ?
.$ t i! 9 3 55N R gi i
h J 5i $. b i .. , k i isi!! !si n n ss.g
' ,~
+
/ n. << g .
fia 26 % , s ~
5 og 4
" "q m <' ' M t ..
j 7
i '. ;,:, )
g3s !
w
$a $'pq 3
.1' "
I s w- 0. g ,
- (,
s, - 3 -
atS so= gg<o, 1
N., s y- o i
{ w (
w
.- }5 -i -kf:.:
4 L
m $.DOoww E o 6N
= g gg.o -
E a k }h k.2ow a.p $
. 4 .
53o-.1 '
,N - '
e .. 3
- 4aw -
- a
- gis To s g :.:.q g 3, a, , I ,
y:a $3 - g<..a: og - 4
_ 'F %g -)
.. {
- 0 Slify5
~
~*' 4 M5 C i 'si M 5 [
N l, . '
M5 3 $ W 3G t "
U I ..
2 - * * ~ .
.t ' . . +
d,, j i
@ . 0 0 85 v
~
-~ '81 l- .
- J+ $l 1
ttsf* _
- - , - -- ~ % \
?
e
6 10 .
8 6 l I 4
2 5 l 10 g , ;
8 ;x , ,
6 . x '
4 i % ,
-\ i
\ l l 4
10 N L,
8 6 ,
'x ,t i , !
$ 4 ' '
\ l j 2
3 10 8 \-
6 li 4 \'
I I
2 -
2 10 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 Temperature. *C (- 1/*K Scale)
Figure 3. Titre to Reach 50% Dielectric Strength of an Epoxy Laminate (Grade FR4,1/16")
Data from UD-NEMA Report 821 O
6 9
_ _ A