ML20138D256
| ML20138D256 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Harris  |
| Issue date: | 10/18/1985 |
| From: | Kryter K ACOUSIS CO., STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20138D190 | List: |
| References | |
| OL, NUDOCS 8510230223 | |
| Download: ML20138D256 (34) | |
Text
o CF.1ATED CUHHIMWml>+MC?
m\ \?LIim ,
' ^
l' <
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA t NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [i o ,ne }[ 'Q BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD h Dh. $$$
v3 d
af h f "V
In the Matter of ) c/'[gg gi #
. . .y CAROLINA POWER AND LIGHT COMPANY AND l' NORTH CAROLINA EASTERN MUNICIPAL ) Docket Nos. 50-400 OL POWER AGENCY ) 50-401 OL
)
(Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, )
Units 1 and 2) )
TESTIMONY OF KARL D. KRYTER REGARDING EDDLEMAN CONTENTION 57-C-3 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE WITNESS Q.1. Dr. Kryter, where do you live?
A.I. I reside at 21357 Heron Drive, Bodega Bay, California, 94923.
-Q.2. What degrees do you hold?
A.2. I have a B.A. Degree (1939) from Butler University, and a Ph.D. Degree (1943) in Psychology, with a minor in Physiology, from the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
Q.3. What teaching or research positions have you held?
A.3. My principal work has been done as a Research and Teaching _ Fellow at the Psychoacoustics Laboratory, Harvard University (1943 - 1946);
Assistant Professor in Experimental Psychology, Washington, University (1946 - 1948); Director, Human Resources Research Laboratories, USAF, (1948 - 1957); Head, Department of Psychoacoustics, Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. (1957 - 1965); 1965 and 1976 as Director, Sensory
! B510230223 851018 PDR ADOCK 05000400 T pg -
Sciences Research Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI) and 1976 to present as Staff Scientist. I also presently serve as President of the Acousis Company.
Q.4. What research have you done which is pertinent to the contention before this Board?
A.4. I have served as the principal investigator, or as the supervisor of investigators, of research on a broad range of problems concerned with basic auditory system functions, with the relations between the acoustical characteristics of sound and physiological, psychological, and social reactions to sound and noise. This work has been conducted under contracts and grants from the military services, the National Institutes of Health, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Sonic Boom Office of the President's Office of Science and Technology, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ), as well as industrial organizations and other governmental bodies.
I have conducted research on and developed procedures and models for the assessment of the effects of sound and noise on sleep and annoyance.
Recently,1984, I prepared an " Analysis of Laboratory and Field Data on Awakening from Noise" (P.O. L607448, NASA Langley Research Center);
and under sponsorship of NASA, EPA, and U.S. Department of Transportation authored "The Effects of Noise on Man, 2nd. Edition",
Academic Press (1985).
Q.5. What professional societies or organizations do you belong to?
A.S. I am a member of: Acoustica'l Society of America (Fellow, and former President); Society of Engineering Psychologists (Fellow, and former President); The American Psychological Association (Fellow, and former Council Member); Human Factors Society; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Sigma Xi (honorary scientific research society).
I have been active in a number of technic;l :t:rderds and advisory organizations including: the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Naticns; National Research Council's Committee on Bioacoustics and Biomechanics (former chairman of the Executive Council); American National Standards Institute (former chairman, Section on Bioacoustics);
the International Standards Organization (U.S.A. Representative to various working Groups on Noise; present Chariman of working Group on MeasuremJnt of Speech Intelligibility); and the Aircraft Noise Committee of the Society of Automotive Engineers. I have served as Advisor to the President's Aircraft Noise Conmittee of the Office of Science and Technology; the Committee on Noise Legislation of the State of California, and to the City of San Francisco. I have served as an expert witness in legal proceedings and trials f
pertaining to problems in communities in California and New York due to aircraft and other sounds and noises.
i Q.6. What work have you done in connection with Eddleman contention 57-C-37 A.6. I have been retained by International Energy Associates Limited (IEAL) to prepare testimony on the arousal of people from sleep in response to the operation of the siren system for the Shearon Harris Nuclear
Power Plant EPZ. I participated in discussions and conferences on this matter in Washington, D.C. on July 15 and 16, 1985, with staff and consultants of IEAL and the Federal Energency Management Agency (FEMA).
Q.7. What written material did you refer to in preparing your testimony?
A.7. I have read or reviewed the following documents furnished to me by IEAL.
- 1. Eddleman contention 57-C-3
- 2. Affidavit of M. Reada Bassiouni on Eddleman 57-C-3
- 3. Affidavit of Thomas I. Hawkins on Eddleman contention 57-C-3
- 4. FEMA staff response to Edd1(man 57-C-3
- 5. Affidavit of H. Doug Hoell on Eddleman 57-C-3
- 6. Memorandum and Order (ruling on 11 summary disposition i motions)
- 7. Affidavit of Jesse T. Pugh, III on Eddleman 57-C-3 l
l 8. Affidavit of Dennis S. Mileti on Eddleman 57-C-3
- 9. Applicants' motion for summary disposition of Eddleman 57-C-3
- 10. Applicants' statement of material facts as to which there is no genuine issue to be heard on Eddleman 57-C-3
- 11. Wells Eddleman's Response to Summary Disposition Motions on Contention 57-C-3 (Ale,rting/ Notification during normal sleeping hours 1 a.m. .6 a.m.).Dec. 21, 1984
- 12. Hearing in the matter of: Duke Power Company, et al.
(Catawba Nuclear Station Units 1 and 2) May 11,1984 4
- 13. Shearon Harris Power Plant, Circle Around-Census Household Details, Donnelloy Marketing Information Services. 06/26/85
- 14. Outdoor Warning Systems Guide, CPG 1-17, Federal Emergency Manage nent Agency, March,1980 s
- 15. Standard Guide for the. Evaluation of Alert and Notification Systems for Nuclea,r Power Plants, FEMA-43, Sept.1983, i
Federal Emergdocy Management Agency l
- 16. Evaluation of the Prompt Alerting Systems at Four Nuclear Power Stations,-NUREG/CR-2655, PNL 4226, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ,
1 l
l
- l. - ._
- 17. Procedures for Analyzing the Effectiveness of Siren Systems for Alerting the Public, NUREG/CR-2654, PNL-4227, U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
- 18. Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant Site-Specific Offsite Radiological Emergency Preparedness Alert and Notification System Quality Assurance Verification. International Energy Associates Limited, Washington, D.C., June 12, 1985 I also referred to the texts-listed in the Appendix to this testimony.
INTRODUCTION Q.8. Dr. Kryter, what specific issue does your testimony address?
A.8. This testimony discusses the probability that a member of a household within the Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant EPZ would be aroused from sleep by the sounding of the alerting sirens.
Q.9. What are the major factors which determine whether a sound will arouse a sleeper?
A.9. The primary determiners of the arousal of normal persons from sleep by sound or noise are:
- 1. The audibility of the sound. This is a function of how far the intensity of different sound frequencies exceed their threshold intensity in the quiet;
- 2. The temporal duration of, or energy in, the sound; i
- 3. The stage, from light to deep, of sleep which an individual is in at the time the sound occurs; and
- 4. The age of the individual. ;
It has been generally surmised that whether persons are habituated, or "used", to certain sounds, and whether certain sounds have special meanings (such as a warning of danger) are also important factors in determining how arousing a particular sound may be. However, it has ,
been found (Ref.1), that these factors of habituation and meaning appear to be more significant'in determining how strongly a person reacts to a sound after the sound has become audible to the person ,
when asleep. Physiological data indicate that when a sound is of sufficient energy to exceed the threshold of audibility for a given '
stage of sleep it will always cause some incipient arousal in an individual regardless of its meaning or familiarity, but that behavioral actions, including going back to sleep, will depend on I
the nature of the information conveyed by sound or noise.
Fig. IA shows the cyclic variability in sleep stages during normal sleep, ranging from deep sleep, characterized by little rapid eye l movement (REM) to light, dreaming sleep characterized by higher REM levels. -
l l ., _ _ _ _ , _ . . _ .
TOtag e, mass %
a see 27 a 9 2 REM u $6 82 J p .JT T 'E
e, 33 5
- 4. 3
"'") _J 'In.L_U_,l,'
- t ,
s ,,;]
. L .: .o I A9 a' C Q
[ e ! 3 8
!"'y,, as
- F A aw'.l. l..l l
I 4 L' ica re
- ] g "I C
. 3 O.
REM. ) We 34 23 I
I E2 II L J 10 ist 3a 3 LU 45 ei 1
1
_ J rt;, ,, ,,
" *: i2w ceau caso osso osso osso osso Tsent Or seeGMT Figure 1 A Mect of smep kms on the dismbution of EEG mages of seep for one subsect. B, and B; are basehne nights when subpect is not deprwed of swp and R, and R3 are nights after sisep depmarian of 64 hours7.407407e-4 days <br />0.0178 hours <br />1.058201e-4 weeks <br />2.4352e-5 months <br />. (From ref ( 2).
I
O It is found that when a person is in deep stages of sleep, sounds, to be awakening, must be at least 30 dB or so above the levels required for arousal by the same sound when the person is in a light stage of sleep. As the figure and research studies indicate, nearly all people go through nearly all stages of sleep at least once every 45 minutes or so.
Research Results Q.10. Has there been any scientific research on the question of sleepers being awakened by sound?
A.10. A relatively large number of research studies of sleep have been conducted. Because of the many variables involved it is difficult to interpret most of the results as being directly relatable to the problem at hand. However, a study by Horonjeff, et al., has considerable face validity with respect to sleep arousal by sound under real-life conditions and provides fundamental data suitable as a basis for predicting sleep arousal by siren alerting signals.
as used in the Shearon Harris EPZ.
Q.11. Please describe that study.
A.11. Horonjeff, et al., exposed 6 females and 8 males (ages 20-59, average age of 42 years) to 4 different steady-state and transient noises when ,
sleeping in their homes. The sounds were presented via loudspeaker,
_ remotely controlled by telephone circuits, and the subjects when :
! awakened pressed a button-switch next to their bed. The subject's responses were also transmitted by telephone circuits back to a
central laboratory location. Each of the subjects participated in the study for 21 consecutive nights. All subjects resided in single-family residences. Four different noises were used, each in the two different temporal patterns shown in figure 2A.
Only.three of the 8 possible signals (4 different noises at 2 temporal patterns each) were presented to a subject during any one night. A noise was always first presented at a level below the ambient level of the bedroom and increased in 10 dB steps until an awake response occurred, or the level reached 50 dBA. The one-third octave band spectra (i.e., intensity as a function of frequency) of each of the four noise patterns as well as that of a Federal Signal Model 1000 siren are shown in Fig. 3A. The temporal pattern of the rotating alerting siren would be somewhat similar to i
that called " transient" in Fig. 2A except repeated at a constant peak intensity level.
Three of the noises used by Horonjef 7, et al., were predominately low frequency " hum" type of noises (from distant road traffic, an air conditioner, and a -simulated electrical power transformer). Their 1/3 octave band spectra fall off, as shown in Fig. 3A, at the rate of 10-12 dB per octave above 125 Hz or so. As seen in Fig. 3A, one of their noises, the test transmission line (a very high voltage electric transmission line giving off a " frying" corona discharge noise because of moisture in the air) has a 1/3 octave band spectrum similar to the
- signal from the Federal Signal Model 1000 siren in the mid-to-high l
frequency region.
i l . .
Rise / Decay Rote = 20 dB/ Min. Subject Presses Button 50 :: ;
e -+ 15 min. +-
" 40 l -e 15 min.
- Ambient 3 30
~
/
0
/ \/ \/ /
Time Progression of Steady-State Stimulus 60 Subject Presses Rise / Decay Rote = 2 dB/Sec.
50
\
_ N
~ 40 1
8
^
30 Ambient
/
0 Time Progreuion of Transient Stimulus Figure 2 A Tec: poral patterns for presentation of noise stimuli, in Horonjeff et al (Ref.3,l.) study of sleep arousal:
l I
1 1
- 12 -
- \
se - se -
\ SIMULATED TRANSFCRMER TEST TRANSMISSION LINE
.se
- .,) / e. .
/
a .. \
s 7 *
. \ s
,7e * ' .N % 7e""- =\ \
g N
p.- \
%w -
. ww./
'.,e
}se, .
'...*.- se -
, i*
1 4., _
., _ S I REN . . .
i A-Weighting i -
se -
as - D2 -Weighting..,....,.
t ! f ' '
29.53 st* Ese see IK 2K <K st to.83 w its tse see 1K 2r est ez FREQUENOT (x2) reEQUEMOY (x2) 32 -
se -
AIR CONDITIONER DISTANT TRAFFIC
[
isa l . \ g$s\ \[v /
- se -
a a
,e7e !-
l
'(
s s
N
\
Ng 7e. -
s\
g s
g
\
G8 -
's % Ee -
\g /
]
,se -
s
.. se -
- ~
N . . . , ,. -
I
<e -
! <e -
l 3a -
as -
gg i ! ' f f 8 f 8 t t t
.sa ses ese see in g 1 1 t e e ! t e ec += en g3 its ese see in ax ex ex recourn:v (x2) recautnty cx23 Figure 3 A E.xamples ef one-third octave band and overall dM sound pressure levels present at head, sty.s 11,12. From HeronJeff et al, Ref.3,4. Also sholm are one-third octave band spectra of siren signal.
I I
l 1
~"
13 -
ISS - Se -
SIMULATED TRANSFORMER TEST TRANSMISSION LINE
. A SG - 88 -
. \
t %
a s s k 1
~ 70 -
NN 88 -
\
I Ns e %
8' ' 38 -
SIREN-- -
1 4 5. - 4. -
1 I 44 w 38 -
I t t i t t t t t t t I t t t
.53 125 258 500 IK RK 4K SK .53 125 254 See IK RK 4K en w w FREQUENT.Y (NZ) FRE7JENCY (NZ) 180 -
100 -
AIR CONDITIONER DISTANT TRAFFIC 90 - 90 t
a
~
,80 - 'g 80 % \
s ks 1-se - As 7e - ss ;
'N % '% %
1s -
- s. -
1 I
d58 -
58 -
1 2 -
og -
40 -
3, s ! t ! I t t t i 3g t I f f ' t t ii [
a63 125 254 See IK tz *K SK a53 125 254 500 IK RK 4K en '
w w retourney ex:) retourncv '<wz)
P Figure 3 A (Continued) Subjects 13 and 15, Horonjeff et al study.
i l
Se - ee
$1MULATED TRANSFORMER TE TRANSMIS$1ON LINE N
se - 78 -
's
- '% s a
yet
\s se -
I \s n- , se -
I -
4
} se L es -
SIREN -- --
}
I e 4e - 3e -
E se - te -
f t ' ' ' ' ' ' ' f ' ' ' ' ' '
te.s3 set tse see in en 4< ex le s'3 its ese see tu tz 4x en rREQUEMOY (Mz) FREQUENCY (Hz) se - se -
AR CONDITIONER DISTANT TRAFFIC t
es / ee -
/
$= \ .
\N g 70 - % 7e -
g 1 N N' jse- N- se -
d se - se -
3 I '
I
- .e l- 4e -
e i
se - 3e -
to te
, s3 125 25e See 1K EK 41 SK as 125 tse see 1N RE 4K et s t3 retovEn:v (wz) reEcuEncy (sz) i Figure 3 A (Continued) Subject 19, Horonjeff et al study.
l l
l l
The ear has its greatest sensitivity to sound in the mid-to-high frequency region, as is shown by the A-weighting function (presumably reflecting equal loudness for the different frequency bands) on the first set of graphs in Fig. 3A.
1 It is seen that the spectra of the simulated transfonner, air conditioner, and distant traffic fall considerably below the relative loudness or audibility shown by the A-weighting curve in the mid-to-high frequencies; at the same time, for these noises, their low-frequency band levels were about equal in loudness, accord to A-weighting. However, the test transmission line and siren noise spectra more or less parallel the A-weighting function
- in the mid-to-high frequency region.
- The fact that the siren noise is lacking in components below the 500 Hz band is probably of little consequence, for arousability, in 4
view of the relatively great strength (and audibility) in its
) mid-to-high frequency bands. This is attested to by the fact that i for the low frequency content of the four noises used by Horonjeff et al., all had fairly similarly strong and similarly shaped spectra below 500 Hz, when at a given equal overall level in dBA.
However, the test transmission line noise, as will be shown, was the only one of the four noises with greater sleep arousal effects.
I This occurred when all four noises were of about equal overall level in dBA and must be attributed, it would appear, to the greater audibility and arousability of the mid-to-higher frequency
energy than is predicted by A-weighting. Indeed, there is a substantial amount of research showing the ear to be about 10 dB more sensitive in regards to loudness and noisiness of sound in the region of about 1000 to 4000 Hz than is reflected in the A-weighting function- (Ref.1); this noisiness-loudness function is indicated by the dotted curve on the first graph in Fig. 3A.
The three very low frequency spectra noises should be equal to each other in these regards because of the similarity of their respective spectra. However, these latter three noises might be expected to be less audible and arousing than the corona noise and siren not only because of the generally greater audibility of tonal and varying spectra noises at mid-to-high frequencies, but also because 1/3 ,
octave band levels at low frequencies, below about 500 Hz, over-estimate the effective sound energy as far as the ear is concerned.
This occurs because the so-called critical (equal) bandwidths of the ear remain about constant below 500 Hz, whereas, of course, the 1/3 octave bandwidths used for the spectra levels in Fig. 3A l progressively decrease in width at lower frequencies.
These considerations are borne out by the results of the sleep arousal data obtained by Horonjeff, et al. As is seen in Fig. 4A, the very low frequency noises (air conditioner, distant traffic and simulated transformer noises) are similarly less arousing than the test transmission line corona noise. Because of their similarly in spectra, the sleep arousal effect.iveness for the test transmission I
- 17 -
.s0 , j i g g i 70 TRA NSIENT TEMPORAL PATTERN T e Twihon 60 - Li"* '
~
g Air Conditioner
.50 09
~
s 5
a
.40 ~ '* ,
qi e
/ Distone TraffiI
- g
,g O'O Simuleved Troroformer 1-
~
/
/ O,** . -
- b. 20
.= ~
o -
o .10 O s C
.a r~
l / O E /-
- ~
01 SEI 37 47 57 ' 67 87 97 10-f i e i e I i 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Menimven A-Weighted Sovmt level
. 30 j
, i ; i i j 70 -
$7EADY-STATE TEMPCRAL PATTERN fut Trommission Li[
e* Air Cortfitioner - ~
- 60 Distone ireffic
~
o,s g5 ;mulated Trorsformer _
, .50 ,4 go=
f.40 g -
e O [ ~
x - O -
/
- 20 - A --
g
. /~
F* $
m a .10 - ~
.T 1 O Simvloted Transformer A Tear fronsmission Line i
' C Air Conditioner
. Distent Trofrie
.01 l SEl.
i 60 70 80 90. 100 11 0 120 t ! ! I ' ' '
l 40 30 50 60 70 80 90 l
M onimum A-Weighted Sound Level Figure 4 A Probability of arousal from exposure to four different noises at two different temporal patterns. From Horonjeff, et al, Ref. 3, 4. The dashed line is estimated average for the three low-frequency type noises (Distant Traf fic. Air Con- <
ditioner, and Simulated Transformer). '
l
line noise is to be equated, in terms of dBA level, to that to be expected from the siren signals. Figure 4A plots the probability of arousal for both the transient and steady-state temporal patterns as a function of maximum A-weighted (i.e. dBA) sound level and single event sound energy level (SEL). The curves were obtained as a least square fit of the points, with the value of r-(the coefficient of correlation) indicating the goodness of fit, and with r=1 indicating a " perfect fit".
SEL (Energy) 0.12. Did the Horonjeff study present any other pertinent findings?
A.12. The results of the Horonjeff, et al., study also demonstrate that sound energy, rather than peak dBA level, of an exposure should be used for estimating the arousability of sounds or noises of different durations.
Q.13. What is the significance of sound energy in arousing a sleeper?
A.13. As Figure 4A shows, the steady-state temporal pattern is more i effective than the transient temporal pattern in arousing sleepers, for a given maximum A-weighted sound level, because of it's longer duration. Thus in analyzing the effectiveness of a particular sound in arousing individuals, it is useful to have a measure of the combined effect of sound level and duration. The appropriate measure turns out to be the single event level (SEL) sound energy in dBA.
l
- _ _ - . . ~ _ - - _ .
4 The A-weighted SEL of the Horonjeff, et al., noises have been calculated from the temporal patterns shown in Fig. 2A. Because the transient signals were increased ~in 10 dB steps until a response was obtained and then immediately stopped, the SEL nf the single transient, of the transient causing arousal, was taken as j representing the effective SEL for that sequence; that is to say, that the lower level transients preceding the one causing an arousal ;
were not contributory to the effective energy, because they were at-a minimum 10 dB below the transient causing the arousal. In general, the single event level sound energy in dB is given by:
10 log ).(t/t )] where "p" is the average ;
pressurd0[(p/pinPasc81s, "pU" is 20 micro pascals, "t" is the time in seconds, and "t " is one second. Thus the SELforthe15minutestead9-statenoisescanbe calculated by adding 30 dB to the peak dBA level. (15 minutes = 900 seconds.)
In Fig. SA, the probability of sleep arousal data are plotted against '
SEL. As the figure shows, the steady-state and transient temporal pattern sounds are, for a given SEL, approximately equally effective in arousing an individual from sleep. I It is also seen that for each of the two types of noises involved.
I (the very low frequency spectra noise and the more intense, higher !
frequency test transmission line corona noise) SEL, or equal energy, provides a unifying measure for predicting sleep arousal from different temporal patterns of exposure. The difference between these two types of noises reflects the inadequacy of overall I
A-weighted sound pressure level for assessing the arousability from l
f
6 sleep by very low frequency sounds, as compared to mid-to-high frequency sounds, as mentioned earlier. It is concluded that low 4
frequency, broad band noises, whose 1/3 octave band spectra fall
, off at the rate of 10 dB or more per octave above 125 Hz through 2000 Hz or so, are approximately 15 dB or so less effective in causing arousal from sleep (see Figs. 3A and SA),
i i
Age Factor in Arousability Sensitivity Q.14. What effect does age have on arousability from sleep?
A.14. It has been consistently found that younger people are more resistant j to being awakened by sounds or noise than are older persons. Fig.
} 6A shows the general relation that has been found between age and I
awakening, and non-awakening, by noise. For present purposes, curves reprcsenting the arousability from sleep of the age group I 18-34 years, the age group 35-54 years, and the group over 55 years, (estimates average 65 years) are derived from the Horonjeff, et al., data. This is done by accepting the Horonjeff, et al., data i
to represent the 35-54 year olds, and adjusting those data downwards, in accordance with the function shown on or in Figure 6A, by 5 4
l percentage points, and upwards by 10 percentage points to represent the 18-34 year group and the 55 year and older group respectively.
It is to be noted that in houses with windows closed, the siren signal ;
in the 60 to 70 dBA areas will be inaudible to some percentage of persons in the age range above about 55 years. This occurs because the sensitivity, or threshold, of hearing declines with aging: so-called l 4 l
1 1
l i
P l
t r
i i
r
- . i u i w
- 1 !-
1 ,00-0- ,
E !
7 80 -
$ 70- i
- l T 5 TRANS. LINE :
E X = 15 MIN. i
< 50 , e x g e= 10 SEO., 10 dB DOWNPOINTS i O 50 t-
> I !
d !
"_: AG~ 5
= "
$ 30;
- CTHER NOISES, AYERAGE f E 20 l a o= 15 MIN. l 9 A= 1D SEO., 10 dB ;
- 10 - .
00WNPOIXT3 -
W E e t " .
- a
~
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 SEL in Bedroom !
l l
t Figure 5 A Shoving that:(a) SZ:. cf transient er steadv duration ncises ,
predicts sleep arx. sal; arxi (b) Test Tranmission 'm noise (which has a spec.r.st shape similar to the stran signal) is mere effective in causing sleep arousal than are the lor-frequency type noises (see Tig. 3 A). .
I 1
i f
i f
t l
I e
3 L ' ' '
- I AWAKENING REACTIONS
, 80 v - 7.1 - t .43, . 0.02s,2 0.0002 2 g
- l i
i i l l
- u l l ' l
< AC
- 5 l l l l 2: .
i g 0
- g ' I ! l g 0 10 20 30 40 50 80 70 30 AGE - yeen 2
f l
1 Figure 6 A Sles; 6mchance W by noise as a fune:1on c 2e age of 11eeper, yr" Griefe aM Janse., h.$'.
I I
i i
l l
' ~- -x-- . . - _ _ . _. , _,_ __
l l
presbycusis. Table 1A shows the relation between the sound pressure s levels, indoors with windows closed, of the siren when at 60 and 70 dB outdoors. Also shown are the levels required for audibility for the 50th percentile (median) and 90th percentile of the U.S. population at i the ages of 50 to 70 years.
Generalized Functions of. Sleep Arousal Q.15. Do any of your exhibits (Figures or Tables) show the relationship between SEL and the probabilities of slee,p arousal?
I A.15. The general results of this analysis of sleep arousal data are presented I
in Fig. 7A. It is believed Fig. 7A depicts, in so far as the present state of research knowledge permits, the probabilities of sleep arousal from sounds and noise measured in terms of SEL and having spectra whose loudness is determined primarily by sound energy in the mid-to-high 4 frequency region, such as the test transmission line corona noise and l the siren alerting signal.
APPLICATION OF MODEL TO SLEEP AROUSAL IN SHEAR 0N HARRIS EPZ.
Q.16. How do these findings relate to the siren system in the Shearon Harris EPZ?
i i A.16. In order to predict, on the basis of Fig. 7A the effectiveness of the siren alert system for sleep arousal in the Shearon Harris EPZ l
it is necessary to take into account a number of house sound j attenuation and demographic conditions present in that area.
1 l l l
l 1
Table 1A d 1AltF. M .1hrentwilil asi Aspillillit y of Sles se liensil lemlense n ley 501 neal 901 of gw! noem 'pH ys m n g; E"n i7 N, l 11x,e WrJ We 11 x, rd
~~n. .i .,i,i.,. .
_.f__ ___ z _(,o_yenen .Z_ _Z.Z
. j,p; 3 R
gf3 50 yenen 70 yciian N ds ! 0; iY r o 'id 50 I 90 1 , 50 % 90 1 50 1 ')H I aisa'le0** g a l (O L im i m l 'a m 'i m.l 'a im i n l 'a miiL_lfa l .m a su m n.n .m n 4).n n.n is.O . .
x0 . . n.0 . . i.i.0 . - u.0 . -
in . -
IIII1 _
61.8 M )!.8 21.8 14.5 e *. M.5 + -
18.5 *
- 41.5 --
21.5 e -
idl.5 -
atti 57.8 M 11.8 21.8 19.5 , e 48.5 - -
25.5 * -
51.5 - -
12.5 - - H1.5 - -
El 21.8 17.8 'm.0 - -
&).O - -
J).O - -
Ks.O - -
W1.0 - - Ire.0
'd s 0 _ _55.8 lwili I wide h p Fairi nesas t hg .essel * !31. at 11ervisitel :( liss kg of II.S. In genlad ha: IIef.__} s , ,
I)inien Inwis (!31.) les A serlddal ** liva ebH lowls ( niinismyrsoul endelsen.
- laillades nins %
Iswin: "AllIF.-3.1 em; NIIIF.0 im; 3ID niene, seal-letsse tier tierristlit <f Ineleg les tier spelet les 8 IV., t_ I.2 sk, IdIll IF.,
- 1.0 im 91 I soil 'l01 of tier ll.S. Itpelat Isn Ehoactrle tral H L. Ihrcolenlil ofhearlug of II.fi. l'opolntInei set , t2 asal 1 B"P"'Y ACE Factor i or 50 yeara fiO yeara ~ ~70 : rent s - Eev~iI ing 50 1 N3 _50 3 . _'l0_3 ._503_ _"O 1 ! lido _SibJick
-' 300 ist. 7 24 1: 30 12 30
-- 10ix) ~8 ~24 12 --- ~M - ~1 F 42 f,3 1
.i o
- 20Dil ~11 -~40 17 - ~4T- 24~ ~ T,0 e5 Z4UUU 213 TU T 38--- ~7J-~ _4E W ~T 9,6-- -
- ta le splileil Io Ill. (llentieg level se sinullennetric rero) t o give nettial S11..
t . .
4 m
6 u
4 i
,- , g g y. .. ,
r age, ,_.
r i
'^
i fgRG G ,
Q EEg .u. .;
ibo- -
- ~ - -
- '.; ~
p n; ~~'~~,Y -
s ... . .. ... , ,.
- 5. . gg
- 1.i ;6_ ._.':_. '
.!... ___j._ .
a tw * ;
g w i
~, ,
. . a. ,. .
s ,
,e. ,
E 3 .,
. . 30 .._
l!.___..._r_.___..' . - . _ _ ..
-_. .,[ '
+. o m
O' s we - ..mi.. ; l. ,- .,
sg< p g m
.x....
. t
..i
. f,
-R _.g:._yn_ ..
/ f. '.... . . .-
o,, gg* E * :m -- -
. /. '
E
.. ,_ t f ... , i
-- - -j g gRg -q- -- -- i.~fi,i-- ? ,-f' ----pL -
' ~
._-io-
---Z l . [. ,
rt e
in O h -
- y
,r.. '
r- ;
8 6 ,
.i
, e,. o,,
- l. <. . _5_0 - - _ - - . ...- . - .
. lH5 -----
' , ,/,/ .-.!'--- . - - %. l. . .- . .,
i ;i. . , ! : _ .. .2- / 3 I~ . '
{.h.1,shE&
! i:
p is q ,g _;__45,. f _..- _ . _ . _ -
___ g ,_:: 4o _
- .c
" *cg~E m i r.il-ore: .:: ,"-
. ~!
_'};s!.. .due to
_.:l.),/-;,e, I
. n,. .. _ :- ! .
l {" p,- l-( P 5 g m . 3o - - pr..dyco.. -......_- .. ;. --
.g. s5 .
g =::a. - - - l ; .-
g, g g ** .5, a l.: . .. .,
1'-
9 7"c
- - a ,R . .< 1 . . ... .. . ... . ...
T'l *'.-
.. .. .. ..., .... .-i. . .. . ...
. . o.
- t. i . .. ...
m., .
4, .. .
_ . ... .. ... .. ,. ...i .t.. .. . .. 4.... . . . ,,.. ....
, ,_. e, , 3o. -
n
. .;::. p ;j;;l::.. *: ! ;;h :,:. .: - -
1:1; t:r: !;:: ;; ;;;;
3 o ** -
- 6d g
=
- - *l l;;d
- ../: I. : u
- 0#,.':: :: :--:t : :l:';l _ :- - :' "'
- :.*!::: :n:-1lh im i: ' ,;:!!
4 0. . .s., s...
og 45.35 j4 I* I...8 [ .4 5. .i ;15
. - 5. . - -
..t36 .. .
.. - 1 . l .E . . ; .I l...
t: -- . -. I l.105 8
.I .. .
-.125 of -. + p- o
.;te.i ...' .
' t .6'. .5.
n . .-
. , !,7 5, , 4,a l ,.a. ss t. ..d. i 95, r ! ,'-
.2 . ,
l is.t .-' . ,
, p 'l E p .
t t ill yl.. ;l l 3 {:,1Adoiteersonnou.cwoma-I i,,
,,staru, set, yn, acomo'on, i l
+
t'T t L il ll'
+t i'
ut' l ri :.'._: . '2n ,
- 'L .. 1. .t illiL11H111111titut
- I ft L :1_ _ _ ._ 2 n
.. 1'ML l;jit 4'
i l
k
- . = - - _ - .
I House Attenuation Q.17. How is the sound level inside the residences in the EPZ different from the sound level outside?
l A.17. Obviously, the arousability of the siren signal will depend on the
- degree to which its intensity is reduced by a house during outdoor-to-indoor transmission. Attenuation, or reduction, of sound
~
4 levels is measured in decibels. Figure 8A presents some of the data 1
available on the attenuation of sound levels during the passage from outdoors to indoors.
It is noted that this data from Young, (Ref.7), are for houses at Wallops, Virginia, an area probably similar in climate and housing to that present in the Shearon Harris EPZ. In any event, for 4
purposes of this analysis it is taken that with all windows closed there will be 27.5 dB sound attenuation afforded by a typical house in the Shearon Harris EPZ, 15 dB when a bedroom window 'is open, and if the bedroom windows are partly open, the attenuation is j approximately 21.25 dB.
Calculation of SEL's from Siren dBA Levels
- Q.18. How do you translate the dBA level of the siren into indoor SEL? ,
A.18. The SEL can be calculated from the siren dBA levels as follows:
4 The time period between 10 dB downpoints of a siren rotating at 4 RPM
- is 4.2 seconds. Dividing this by two to average the rising and falling sound pressure gives an equivalent operating time of 2.1 i
i
, , ~ . , -- -. . - . - - -, - - - - . - - - - - - - , . - - . , . - - , . , . , , - - - -
I I I I I l I I I I I l l I I I I i l l l l x -
-0 S
I I 25 -
se -
l ,,"
5 m -
5 -
g -
-_q l
s 5
g 1$ l
=
0 E
' ~
C O Sro veaser House. Aversy of 4 Roeau ex.131. W.noows Cesse ~
O O Yvood $4deng Howse, Anrege of 4 Roope (Mat ti, W.m Qesed
@===C Average Date From AIR 1(M1, Wineows Qesse t ' ' ' i i i f O P ! f ' t I ' ' I ' ' '
l k
khhhk_k _ _ f! ,
1/3 OCTAVE SAND CENTER FREQUENCIES - Ha TA=4352 7 ,
Figure 8 A . AVERAGE AIRCRAFT NOISE ATTENUATION OF TWO HOUSES AT WALLOPS STATION, VA. Compared to everage data from l SAE Document AIR 1081.From Young, Ref. 8 i
i i
l I
seconds / revolution. Thus during the first 3 minutes that the siren is ca, it has an equivalent operating time of 25.2 seconds, equivalent to 14 dB of energy. This yields the following results for the three siren activations expected to take place during the 15 minutes after activation is initiated.
Indoor SEL, 1st Activation = Outdoor peak dBA + 14 dB -
House Attenuation Cumulative Indoor SEL, 1st & 2nd Activation = Outdoor peak dBA + 17 dB - House Attenuation Cumulative Indoor SEL, all 3 Activations = Outdoor peak dBA- 1
+ 19 dB - House Attenuation l Probabilities of Arousal From Sleep Q.19. What do you conclude regarding the probabilities of arousal from sleep?
A.19. Figure 7A indicates the probability of arousal for an individual in the age groups 18 - 34 (indicated as 25), 35 - 54 (indicated as 45), and 55 years and older (indicated as 65) as a function of the SEL of the siren signal level inside the bedroom. The curve for i
the average 45 year-old group is based upon data from Horonjeff, et l al., for their test transmission line corona discharge noise; the l
age factor adjustment is derived from the analysis of Griefahn and Jansen(Figure 6A). The threshold of hearing of the 65 year-old l.
l group becomes a factor in reducing the.arousability of that group at lower levels of sound. Percent arousal probability for other age groups can be derived using the relationships presented in Figure 6A. In combination with demographic data and the method for esti-
- - _ _ _ _ _ ~ _ _ _
!~
1 - 29 mating the effects of social networking, presented in Dr. Nehneva,isa's J
testimony, these probabilities provide a basis for estimating the percentage of the households in the Shearon Harris EPZ that would be aroused from sleep during the hours of I am, to 6 am. by the sounding of the alerting sirens in the EPZ.
I Comparison with Present NUREG Prediction Procedures i Q.20. How do the findings you have presented compare with the information i
j contained in technical report, NUREG/CR-2654, PNL-4227?
j A.20. NUREG/CR-2654, PNL-4227, presents graphs showing probability (chance) of awakening fram the siren alert signal when at different outdoor i levels. The source of their graphs is given as " National Roadway Noise Exposure Model", U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, draft Report (1980). Figure 9A shows the relationship of probabilities of arousal, as a function of single event energy level as 1) derived from Horonjeff, et al. (References 3 and 4) for transmission line [
. noise (themostsimilartosirennoise);2)presentedinNUREG/CR-2654;
- and 3) derived from Horonjeff, et al. for other (predominantly low ;
) frequency) sounds. In addition to these three curves, the figure i
f also presents a scatter plot of the results of a laboratory study j
! of various noises (with varying predominant frequencies) reported I by Lukas (Reference 13). It appears from Fig. 9A that the general P
l sleeparousalfunctioninNUREG/CR-2654(Fig.9.3oneperson, adult) !
I t
- is based on, or at least is similar to, the average of the arousal l
r i data found by Horonjeff, et al., for the three low frequency noises !
l (distant traffic, air conditioner and simulated transformer hum) 7 f ;
I L J
. i i a i i c D C -
300 .
C LABOR ATORY STUDIES, VARIETY OF NOISES. LUKAS 1977 af
$Y - TR ANSFORMER TR ANSMISSION LINE.
. STE ADY STATE tin namel y,. INDOW AIR CONDITIONER, AND DISTANT
= !. 90 e TR ANSIENT (Ir. nome) TRAFFIC NOISE. HORONJEFF, et al.
- 70 - e9 -
85 o "5 p"b p
$ [y so Only 4* -
. Test Trans. Noise.. g.c .
c
- EE 2 -
(HighFreq.y[-
c
<E . .
"c c 40 -
- r. .'* c* %0nly
'8
- Low Freq.
tE . -
E$ * *i8es
~
o o ez 8 gg 20 -
e *
- e o c< .
- / ,
E ! tc, o , oy ,
. o c2 ? ** ' ' **
- 48 58 68 78 88 98 108 118 SEL, in Bedroom Figure 9 A Comparison of probabilities of arousal of an adult as found in a number of laboratory and home studies.
Based on Horonjeff, et al, Ref. 3, 4 Lukas, Ref. 13.
l
[
plus the test transmission line corona noise. No attempt is made in the NUREG/CR-2654 report to account for age effects on arousability or hearing sensitivity. As discussed above, the great dissimilarity between the siren alerting signal and these low frequency type noises, and the strong similarity between the siren signal and the corona noise in the mid-to-high frequencies (where hearing sensitivity is the greatest) indicate that only the Horonjeff, et al., sleep i arousal results for the corona noise are suitable as a basis for estimating sleep arousal from the siren signal.
Further indication of the controlling influence of the sound energy in the mid-to-high, as compared to that in the low, frequency region is that the greater arousability of the corona discharge noise over the low frequency noises is equivalent to about 15 dB in sound pressure level (see Fig. 5A). It is seen in Fig. 3A, that when i equated with respect to overall level in dBA, the corona noise, and the siren signal, exceed by 15 dB or more the band sound pressure levels above 1000 Hz or so. It is concluded that it is the difference l
in the sound energy in this frequency region that accounts for the greater arousability of the corona discharge noise, and presumably, the siren signal.
The NUREG/CR-2654 curves for sleep arousal should be valid, it would t
appear, for the prediction of these effects from common broad-band i
low frequency noises such as distant traffic, air conditioners, [
electric transformer hum, etc. These are, of course, the types of noises presumably of primary. concern in the development of the aforementioned Draft EPZ Report on a " Roadway Noise Exposure Model".
L
APPENDIX REFERENCES
- 1. Kryter, K.D.: The Effects of Noise on Man, Academi: Press, New York-London (1970)
- 2. Williams, H.L.; Hamack, J.T.; Daly, R.L.; Dement, W.C.; and Lubin, A.:
Responses to Auditory Stimulation, Sleep Loss, and the EEG Stages Of Sleep. Electroencephalogr. & Clin. Neurophysiol., vol. 16 19 M , pp.
269-279.
- 3. Horonjeff, R.D.; Bennett, R.L.; and Teffeteller, S.R.; Sleep Interference, EA-1240, Vol. 2 Project 852, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304(1979).
- 4. Horonjeff, R.D.; Fidell, S.; Teffeteller, S.R.; and Green, D.M.:
Behavioral Awakening as functions of Duration and Detectability of Noise Intrusions in the Home. J. Sound & Vib., Vol. 84, no. 3, 1982, pp.
327-336.
- 5. Griefahn, B.; and Jansen, G.: EEG-Responses Caused by Environmental Noise During Sleep--Their Relationships to Exogenic and Endogenic Influences. Sci. Total Environ., vol. 10, 1978, pp. 187-199.
- 6. Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant Site Specific Offsite Radiological Emergency Preparedness Alert and Notification System Quality Assurance Verification. International Energy Associates Limited, Washington, D.C.
June 12, 1985.
- 7. Sutherland, C.; Braden, H.; and Colman, R.: A Program for the Measurement of Environmental Noise in the Comunity and Its Associated '
Human Response, Volume I--A Feasibility Test of Measurement Techniques.
00T-TST-74-5, Dec. 1973. (Available from NTIS as PB 228 563.) [
- 8. Young, J.R.: Attenuation of Aircraft. Noise by Wood-Sided and i Brick-Veneered Frame Houses, SRI Project 6362, NASI-23369 Contract, Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23365, March 1970.
- 9. Donnelley Marketing Information Services, Shearon Harris Power Plant, American Profile 06/26/85, Update Report.
- 10. Keast,D.N.; Towers,D[A.; Anderson,G.S.;Kenoyer,J.L.andDesrosiers, A.: " Procedures for Analyzing the Effectiveness of Siren Systems for Alerting the Public." NUREG/CR-2654 PNL-4427, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C., 20555 (1982).
- 11. Acoustics-Standard Reference Zero for the calibration of Pure-Tone !
Audiometers. 150-389-1975, International Organization of Standards. i
- 12. Rowland, M.: - Basic Data on Hearing Levels of Adults, 25-74 Years.
- DHEW Publ. No. (PHS) 80-1663, Series 11, No. 215, U.S. Dep. Health, ;
Educ., & Welfare, Jan. 1980.
[
I
- 13. Lukas, J.S.: Measures of Noise Level: Their Relative Accuracy in Predicting Objective and Subjective Responses to Noise During Sleep.
EPZ-600/1-77-010. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Feb. 1977.
l