ML20052B721
| ML20052B721 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Sequoyah  |
| Issue date: | 04/23/1982 |
| From: | Hudson F, Renfro D, Vehstedt K AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC., DUKE POWER CO., TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20052B713 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8205030498 | |
| Download: ML20052B721 (23) | |
Text
.. .
p, PARTII.
e e COMBUSTION STUDIES AT HIGH HYDROGEN CONCENTRATIONS AND THE EFFECT OF OBSTACLES ON COMBUSTION INTERIM PROJECT REPORT April, 1982 Prepared by:
K. J. Vehstedt, American Electric Power F. G. Hudson, Duke Power Company D. G. Renfro, Tennessee Valley Authority Project Conducted at:
Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment Iroject Sponsors:
American Electric Power Service Corporation Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Duke Power Company Electric Power Research Institute Tennessee Valley Authority ontario Hydro 4
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CONTENTS,
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST FACILITY AND INSTRUMENTATION 2.1 Test Facility 2.2 Instrumentation
- 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3.1 Preparation of the Mixture 3.2 Sampling 3.3 Turbulent Combustion Experiments
- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Combustion at Relatively Low Hydrogen Concentrations 4.2 Combustion at High Hydrogen Concentrations 4.3 Effect of Turbulence 4.4 Effect of Obstacles on Combustion
- 5. CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES TABLE AND FIGURES 5
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- 1. INTRODUCTION Combustion of hydrogen-steam- air mixtures is important in connection with the effect of loss-of-coolant type of accidents on nuclear reactor containment systems. During certain hypo- '
thetical events, hydrogen may be released in quantitites such that the resulting containment atmosphere is capable of sustaining a combustion wave propagating through the mixture.
Various experimental investigations have been made into the combustion of relatively low hydrogren concentration mixtures using glow plug igniters in support of the selection of a Distributed Ignition System for post-accident gas control.
Although the likelihood of formation of relatively high hydro-gen concentration mixtures inside reactor containment is considered remote, it was felt that investigation into the effects of combustion of rich mixtures would supplement existing knowledge of combustion phenomena while providing further evidence of the improbability of detonations.
Though combustion of hydrogen-air systens has been studied in the past in connection with burning velocity measurements, very little work appears to have been done with hydrogen steam-air systems, particularly in large volumes at high hydrogen concentrations.
Furno et al have done some hydrogen combustion experiments in a 3.66 metre diameter sphere. The experiments were concerned mainly with limit flames of hydrogen in air and concentrationsKumar et al( }
investigated were less than 15% hydrogen by volume.
have performed combustion experiments in a 2.3 m sphere with hydrogen-air-steam mixtures near the lower flammability limit.
The concentrations investigated were 4-10% hydrogen and 0- 30%
steam by volume. This appears to be the only large scale hydrogen combustion work reported so far.
Liu et al( kuive done experimencs in a 2-litre vessel with hydrogen-steam-air mixtures. The concentration range investi-gated included up to 15% steam and 10% hydrogen by volume.
The combined works of Furno, Kumar, and Liu appear to be the only published material involving the combustion of hydrogen-steam-air mixtures to date.
In view of the above, a series of experiments has been undertaken to improve our understanding of combustion of hydrogen-steam-air mixtures at high (10-42%) hydrogen concentrations in the 2.3 m sphere. Specific objectives include the comparison of the measured pressure transients with those calculated by simple
' adiabatic. combustion models using burning velocity correlations and the confirmation that detonations do not occur readily in relatively open volumes for mixture concentrations considered to be detonatable.
This report also includes some scoping experiments on the effects of obstacles in the flame path. These may be present in the reactor buildings in the form of equipment, machinery, gratings, steam pipes, etc., and may gpt as heat sinks and, as has been demonstrated by Moen et al , may also accelerate the flame.
In this study, obstacles in the form of gratings were placed in the sphere.
All experiments were performed using a spark ignitor as the ignition source.
- 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE TEST FACILITY AND INSTRUMENTATION 2.1 Test Facility The test facility consists of three units that may be interconnected: a sphere, a pipe and a vertical cylinder.
Their dimensions are given in Table 1. The sphere alone was used for the series of experiments reported here. The sphere (see Figure 1) has three large openings and several smaller ones. The smaller openings are used for mounting instruments and probes. The sphere is insulated and trace heated with steam and its temperature can be maintained at any desired value up to about 135 C. Steam may be injected into the sphere through one of the ports as required. Two fans driven by variable speed air motors are mounted dia-metrically opposite each other in the sphere as shown in Figure 2. Fan details are givan in Table 2.
2.2 Instrumentation A schematic of the instrumentation is shown in Figure 3.
Transient pressures in the sphere during conbustion were me.asured by four piezo-electric transducers with a rise time of 2 micro-seconds and by a Rosemount capacitance pressure transmitter with a response time of 0.2 seconds. Since, at high hydrogen concentrations, the combustion was complete in far less than 0.2 seconds, the Rosemount transmitter was used only for partial pressure measurements while introducing the gases into the sphere. Two of the four transducers were coated with an RTV compound and recess mounted. The other two transducers mounted flush with the surface were also coated with RTV. For a selected few erperiments a fine wire, E type, thermocouple of 0.001 in, wire diameter was used to measure the transient temperature of the gases close to the wall.
The ion probes previously used to detect flame front arrival did not perform satisfactorily and were discarded.
The signals from the transducers were processed by an ADC with a scan time of 1.5 millisecond per scan. A 2-channel transient recorder which could acquire 4800 data points with a faster scan rate was also used for recording of transient pressures.
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's s , o The gases in the sphere, before and after codaustion, were analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) employing a Hydrogen Transfer System. The details of the chromatograph, its calibration, and sampling technique are given in Reference (5) .
A schematic of the sampling loop is shown in Figure 4.
- 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 3.1 Mixture Preparation
- - First, the vessel was evacuated to a pressure of about 10 kPa.
Then hydrogen was introduced to the desired partial pressure followed by steam and air. To insure mixing,the fans were kept operating during the time in which steam and air was intro-duced. This procedure produced a uniform mixture.
3.2 Sampling Before any sampling, at least two calibration mixtures bracket-ing the test mixture concentrations, were run through the gas chromatograph. This was necessary because of the slight day to day shift in the calibration of the chromatograph. The sampling line from the sphere to the chromatograph was steam trace heated to preve'n t any condensation of water vapour in the line.
The sampling line was thoroughly flushed for at least five minutes with the mixture in the sphere to ensure a representa-tive sample. As many samples as required were analyzed until
- - two consecutive GC measurements agreed within specified limits.
The same procedure was followed when sampling the combustion products. Table 3 shows the precision of the chromatograph.
Since the GC was not calibrated for moisture content, the concentration of steam was inferred from the measured concen-trations of hydrogen and air. For some experiments, residual steam left over from the previous experiments contributed to the uncertainty in the estimated steam. concentrations. In general, the error in steam concentrations were O to +5%,
maximum.
3.3 Combustion Experiments Involving Turbulence In these experiments, the _ fans ~ were turned on for approximate-ly 1 minute before ignition and were kept operating during the-test. Though the fan speed is variable, the present serieslof experiments have been done at a constant fan speed of about 1500 rpm.
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- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Combustion at 10% Hydrogen Concentration All experiments were done at 100 C and slightly below atmospheric pressure, between 96 to 98 kPa.
Complete combustion of mixtures containing 10% hydrogen and 0-40% steam was observed by noting that all of the hydrogen was consumed. Figure 5 shows the pressure-time history for mixtures containing 10% hydrogen and various amounts of steam, under quiescent conditions. As the steam concentration is increased from 0 to 40%, the peak pressure decreases and the overall combustion time increases. The increase in combustion time is expected since the presence of steam reduces the burning velocity. Further, as the steam concentration is in-creased from 0 to 40%, the measured peak pressure rise decreases from 214 kPa to 110 kPa whereas the adiabatic theory predicts only about.25 kPa decrease in peak pressure. Several explana-tions are possible.
First, the radiation heat lossen during combustion are higher with steam due to its large emissivity. This not only reduces the peak pressure but also decreases the flame speed due to cooling of the burnt gas. Second, since the burning velocity is reduced at higher steam concentrations, the longer time available for heat losses further decreases the peak pressure. Third, with slower burning velocities, buoyancy effects may become important which may make the fireball asymmetric, touching the top surface before the bottom surface.
This can result in rapid conduction heat transfer to the wall while combustion is still proceeding, again decreasing the peak pressure.
The shape of the curves of pressure-time history in Figure 5 changes as the steam concentration is increased from 0 to 40%.
This may be due to the increased effects of buyoyancy at re-duced burning velocity. Complete combustion was observed at all concentrations of steam up to and including 40%.
4.2 Combustion at Higher Hydrogen Concentrations Figure 6 shows the peak combustion pressure plotted as a function of hydrogen concentration for various amounts of steam. For a given steam concentration, the peak pressure increases as the hydrogen concentration is increased, reach-ing a maximum at nearly stoichiometric composition. Beyond this, the peak pressure drops. Below stoichiometric composi-tion all of the hydrogen is consumed; above stoichiometric composition all of the oxygen is consumed. Thus, combustion proceeds until one of the reactants is completely consumed for steam concentrations up to 30%.
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Figure 7 shows the fraction of hydrogen burned as a function of initial hydrogen concentration. As can be seen, beyond a certain low (N 7%) hydrogen concentration, the burn fraction rapidly increases and stays at 100% until the stoichiometric composition is reached. As expected, beyond this concentration the burn fraction decreases linearly with hydrogen concentra-tion since all the oxygen present is consumed.
Figure 8, 9, 10 and 11 show the theoretically ( ' predicted peak pressures compared with the measured values. The discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental values increases as the hydrogen concentration is increased. For example, in Figure 8 the dash line is for a simple adiabatic combustion model without accounting for disssociation and the chained line includes dissociation effects. Dissociation is most important near stoichiometric compositions due to the high temperature reached.
As mentioned earlier, there is some uncertainty in the con-centrations of steam present in the mixture, the largest discrepancy occurring at or beyond stoichiometric composi-tions. This is due to large amounts of stean produced by prior experiments with high hydrogen concentrations which may not have been fully removed when evacuating the vessel.
For example, after a 24% hydrogen and 30% steam burn, nearly 65% steam is present in the products. The effect of any uncertainty in steam concentration is more pronounced for rich mixtures than for lean mixtures. This is because there is less oxygen available for combustion when extra steam is present and thus less hydrogen is burned.
Figures 12 and 13 show temperature-time and pressure-time histories for 20% hydrogen concentration. The thermocouple was mounted close to the vessel wall, in a cavity. As the flame propagates from the center outwards, the unburned -
gases ahead of the flame front are compressed nearly adia-batically, increasing the temperature of the unburned gases.
When the flame reaches the thermocouple, the temperature increases rapidly. Though the increase is more gradual than expected, due to response of the thermocouple, the instant at which the front reaches the thermocouple is clearly discernable.
Since combustion is complete at the instant the flame reaches the themocouple and the flame arrival time of 0.13 seconds agrees well with the time for peak combustion pressure, it demonstrates that .001" thermocouples can be used as flame front detectors.
At all concentrations investigated, it was found that the combustion was smooth and regular. There was no detonation.
The highest mean flame speed was of the order of 20 m/s and was observed for a stoichiometric, dry hydrogen air mixture.
Figure 14 shows pressure tice histories for 29.5% and 41.7%
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hydrogen but, in fact, the peak pressure is reached slightly earlier at 29.5% hydrogen than that at 42%. The reasons for this are not clear.
4.3 The Effect of Turbulence Earlier investigations in the Containment Test Facility at low hydrogen concentrations near lower fla mability limits nave revealed that turbulence significantly affects combus-tion. It not only increased the extent but also the rate of codaustion. The effect of turbulence at a high hydrogen concentration is shown in Figure 15. For this case, the combustion was complete even without turbulence. The fan-generated turbulence accelerated the combustion only slightly.
Without turbulence the combustion was complete in 0.09 seconds and with turbulence the combustion was complete in Moout 0.065 seconds. The ratio of combustion times is only 1.5 as compared to 6 ac 5.5% hydrogen (not shown here). This marginal effect of turbulence is understandable because, at high concentrations, the burning velocities are already high and turbulent intensities less than the burning velocity itself may not significantly accelerate the combustion.
4.4 Effect of Gratings on Combustien Two gratings of the type shown in Figure 16, were placed horizontally at one third elevations in the vessel as shown in Figure 17. The sheets are perforated with 2.54 cm (1 inch) diameter holes. The holes occupy approximately 50% of the grating area. The experiments were done at 100 C. -
Figure 18 shows the pressure-time historf with and without gratings for a mixture with 6% hydrogen in air with bottom ignition. It is seen from the figure that combustion is accelerated as the flame passes through the gratings. Gas chromatographic measurements indicated that nearly 60% of the hydrogen was burned when gratings were present as compared to 30% without gratings. When the fire ball passes through the gratings, it splits up into several smaller flame balls, effectively increasing the conical volume burnt. On the other hand, gratings also act as heat sinks due to their large surface area and mass.
Figure 19 compares the pressure-time histories at a hydrogen concentration of 20% with central ignition. Although gratings accelerate the rate of combustion slightly, the quenching effect
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is very pronounced. The measured peak pressures with gratings is slightly lower ( 5 Psi) thar. without gratings. Further, ;
the accelerating effect of gratings is small.
Figure 20 shows the effect of fan turbulence on combustion with and without gratings at 7% hydrogen. The peak pressure is smaller with grates as is the rate of pressure rise in the early stages. This is probably because the turbulence is confined to the central region between the gratings. The strength of the eddies may be considerably reduced when they penetrate through the perforation. Further, turbulence en-hances the rate of heat transfer to the gratings and vessel wall thus reducing the peak pressure.
- 5. CONCLUSIONS From the experiments, the following conclusions can be made for mixtures with hydrogen concentration between 10% and 42%.
- 1. Detonations did not occur for mixtures considered to be detonable.
- 2. Combustion proceeds until one of the reactants is completely consumed.
- 3. The measured peak pressures are lower than theoretically predicted by current Whiteshell models.
- 4. The effect of fan induced turbulence is considerably less for rich mixtures than that for lean mixtures. For the cases investigated, combustion with turbulence was only 50% faster than with quiescent cases with no significant effect on the peak pressure.
- 5. The addition of steam consid,erably reduces the peak pressures
- attainable in the system. This effect is more pronounced for fuel-rich than for fuel-lean mixtures.
- 6. Combustion time is shortest for dry stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixture.
Some tentative conclusions that can be made for the effect of -
gratings are as follows:
- 1. At low hydrogen concentrations without fan induced circula-tien, around 6%, gratings increase the degree of combustion and to a lesser extent the rate.
- 2. At high hydrogen concentrations (> 10%) , gratings .ct like heat sinks, reducing the peak pressure.
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- 3. In tha prssenca of fan turbulence, gratings not only rsduca the rate of combustion but also the peak pressure.
The conclusions on the effects of gratings are tentative due to the scoping nature of the experiments. An insufficient number of tests were performed to allow for quantification of grating effects .
., or. formulation of general conclusions as the effects observed !
may be specific to the grating chosen. If wever, the data reported herein does not reflect a dramatic effect of gratings on peak pressure developement or pressure rise time.
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REFERENCES
- 1. A. L. Furno, E. B. Cook, J. M. Kuchta and D. S. Burgess, "Some Observations of Near Limit Flames", 13th Symposium (International) on Combustion, 593, 1971.
- 2. R. K. Kumar, H. Tamm, W. C. Harrison, J. Swiddle and G. Dkeet,
" Combustion of Hydrogen-Steam-Air Mixtures Near Lower Flammability
~
Limits", Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, (in preparation)
- 3. D. D. S. Liu, etal., " Canadian Hydrogen Combustion Studies Related to Nuclear Reactor Safety Assessment", Western States Section/The Combustion Institute, 1980 Fall Meeting, Oct. 20-21, 1980.
- 4. T. Moen, etal, Combustion and Flame, Vol. 39, pp. 21-32, 1980.
- 5. T. Howe, and M. E. Myers, "On-Line Gas Analysis for-the Containment Test Facility", WNRE Report-217 (1981).
S. D. D. S. Liu and R. MacFarlane, "The Burning Velocity of Hydrogen-Air-Steam Mixtures", Submitted to Combustion and Flame.
S. Mulpuru and G. B. Wilkin, "A Model for vented Deflagration of 7.
Hydrogen in a Volume", AECL-6826 (1982).
- 8. S. Gordon and B. McBride, NASA SP-273.
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ACD30WLEDGC4DITS The support of this work by Ontario Hydro and the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California through joint funding with AECL-WIIPI is gratefully acknowledged.
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- ATTACEMENT 2 STATUS AND COMPLETION SCHEDULE OF PIMAINING TESTS The only remaining research activities to be completed are the combustion behavior study of a Tayco igniter and the Containment Test Facility (CTF) Phase 4 pipe-sphere geometry tests at Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment (WNRE) and the durability proof-testing of a Tayco ignitor by TVA at our Singleton Laboratory. These activities are underway. Our schedule for completion of testing and, submittal of reports is provided in the following table:
Test Cceplete Utility EPRI Report Date Report Submitted Submitted Completed 1/22/82
- Acurex I 1/22/82
- FM Completed Completed 1/22/82
- HEDL WNRE-CTF Phases 1,2 Completed 1/22/82
- Completed 4/15/82
- Tayco Igniter 5/7/82 5/28/82 Singleton-Glow Plug Completed - 12/1/81 Tayco 5/7/82 -
5/28/02 1 Factory Mutual Research 2 Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory 8 Publication date of final EPRI report on these tests is not presently available.
Shakedown tests preparatory to the CTF Phase 4 tests have just been completed and took longer than anticipated due to new equipment (e.g.,
unequal gas concentration diaphragm) being installed and personnel being unavoidably shifted to higher priority work associated with a WNRE research reactor outage. Phase 4 testing will begin the week of April 12. Minor modifications have recently been made by Tayco to the prototype igniter being developed for the Permanent Hydrogen Hitigation System (PHMS). The delay in unavailability of the final igniter model has prevented the WNRE and Singleton Tayco tests from being completed as originally scheduled. However, both facilities are currently conducting the testing.
DE05;E72105.50 l
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