ML19319D358
| ML19319D358 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crystal River  |
| Issue date: | 09/30/1971 |
| From: | FLORIDA POWER CORP. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8003160081 | |
| Download: ML19319D358 (109) | |
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TO: RECIPIENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS REPORT. Florida Power Corporation is pleased to present to you its Quarterly Environmental Status Report covering the period July-December,1971. Due to exigencies in the preparation of the Crystal River Unit #3 Environmental Report, the July-September,1971, Quarterly Report was postponed for inclusion with the October-December, 1971, Quarterly Report. Included is discussion and technical information regarding environmental work at the Crystal River Nuclear Plant site, and the Anclote Plant site during the July-December period. We trust that this report will continue to be useful in supplementing your understanding of our environmental efforts, and we encourage you to contact us should you have any questions concerning the scope or direction of these activities. Very truly yours, J. T. Rodgers Asst. Vice President JTR/iw Enclosure. r General Office 32o1 inuty.rourtn street soutn . P.O. Box 14042. St. Petersburg, Fionda 33733 813--866-5151 t
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~M Q O[f DPnJCnN ibr {l u U! Vth hid LJ Page 5 i GENERAL Il SITE METEOROLOGY PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER) lli MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER)
IV MARINE THERMAL PLUME PROGRAM (CRYSTAL RIVER) V PRE OPERATIONAL RADIOLOGICAL SURVEY (CRYSTAL RIVER) A. Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services B. University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering VI CHLORINATION STUDY (CRYSTAL RIVER) Vil ANCLOTE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 9 Vill APPENDICES 12 A. University of South Florida Thermal Discharge Plume Report. Data Report 005 38 B. University of Florida Chlorination Study 62 C. University of Florida Radiological Reports 76 D. Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Radiological Survey Reports 94 E. Pinellas County Health Department Radiation Surveillance Reports 98 F. University of South Florida Environmental Investigation at the Anclote River Plant Site 104 IX DISTRIEL'~.lON LIST
florid 2 p0tyer C0rpora"10n i 6 QUARTERLY ENVIRONMENTAL STATUS
. REPORT e
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5 environmental commitment of Florida Power ! IGENERAL
.The publication of this issue of the Environ-Corporation towards effectively balancing mini-mum environmental impact with the overall mental Status Report incorporates the environ- public interest.
mental activities of Florida Powar Corporation Presently, Generation Environmental and from July to December,1971. Oue to exigen- Regulatory Affairs is assembling the 1978
- cies from the development and publishing of Crystal River Unit 4 Construction Stage Envi-the Crystal River Unit 3 Environmental Report, ronmental Report. This 910 MWPWR Nuclear the July August September,1971 Quarterly is- plant was announced in September,1971.
sue was therefore postponed for faciusion with Concurrent s ith the development of a re-the October November December,1971 Quar- sponsible Environmental basis for nuclear gen. i terly issue to provide a composite of the en- eration, Florida Power has been involved with vironmental programs and activities for the establishing similar understanding for its fossil-
- l. 'second half of 1971. fired generating plant at the Anclote site. Under i On September 9,1971, the U. S. Atomic the guidelines of the National Environmental
! Energy Commission issued a new policy govern- Policy Act of 1969 and the U. S. Army Corps of j ing the National Environmental Policy Act Re- Engineers, the Company will submit an Environ-i view of nuclear plant projects and their environ- mental Report for the Anclote Plant as an inte-j mental impact: show cause why the construction gral aspect of its licensing responsibilities, project should not be stopped until the A.E.C. In the interest of utilizing the talents of the reviews the enviconmental impact; submit an academic, scientific and concerned conserva-environmental impact report or revisions within tion community toward developing responsible 60 days; and expand the environmental report environmental understanding, Florida Power to consider a wider spectrum of accidents and Corporation joined (in May 1970) with Conser-total environmental impact. On October 15, vation 70's Inc. and the Florida Defenders of. Florida Power Corporation filed the show cause the Environment in forming an Environmental
- letter. On November 5, the A.E.C. Informed Advisory Group under the leadership of Mr.
Florida Power that the new Environmental Re- Lyman Rogers, past president of Conservation port already in preparation on September 9, 70's. The Environmental Advisory Group is com-would be allowed to be submitted in early posed of respected scientists and engineers January,1972. On November 23. the A.E.C. from the State University system and concerned notified Florida Power Corporation that con- individuals interested in participating in the struction would not be halted. On January 4, interchange of ideas, concerns and philosophies 1972, the Crystal River Unit #3 Environmental and in initially directing a responsible review of 4 Report was submitted to the A.E.C. as part of the design plans for the construction and opera-the -licensing requirements of the Operating tion of the Anclote Power plant from an environ-License Stage. mental-ecological perspective. The Crystal River Unit 3 Environmental Re- Within this objective the Advisory Group, port was assembled by the Generation Environ- after considerable study and interaction with mental and Regulatory Affairs Department and - the Company, published its review and com-Incorporates such information as: Project De- ments on the plant design in an " Interim Re-scription, Site and Area Description, Environ- port to Florida Power Corporation t:y Conserva-mental Approvals and Consultations, Environ- tion 70's Inc. and the Florida Defenders of the mental impact of the Proposed Facility, Trans- Environment" dated July 27, 1971. portation of Radioactive Material, Environmen- In response to the concerns addressed by tal Effects which Cannot Be Avoided, Alterna- the Advisory Group, Florida Power presented an tives, and a Cost Benefit Analysis. The 668 " Interim Report to Conservation 70's Inc. and j page, three volume report reflocts the serious the Florida Defenders of the Environment" at a i
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l l public meeting on October 15,1971. Principal Application was made to the U. S. Army among the alternatives considered in the plant r'orps of Engineers on December 15,1971, for aesign were the concepts for fuel delivery mini- maintenance dredging of the ship channel at mizing environmental alteration. the Paul L. Bartow Plant. Incorporated in the
/t the meeting, Florida Power Corporation dredging application were advanced Water announced the use of a pipeline to deliver fuel Quality Program controls which reflect increased oil to the Anclote Plant. The pipeline will trans- assurance of environmental integrity during the port fuel from the P. L. Bartow Plant on Tampa construction of this project. The program will Bay and thus minimize the er vironmental im- be aimed at minimizing turbidity and siltation pact associated with other fuel delivery alterna- due to dredging by the utilization of controls, tives. The pipeline plan represents a reduction silt retaining curtains, and a large system of f 'm 161.1 to 22.2 acres or (158.9 acres) of upland spoil retaining areas for minimum en-submerged land dredging which was to be re- vironmental impact.
quired under the use of a deep-draft barge delivery plan. I SITE METEOROLOGY PROGRAM Limited dredging is required for the con-struction of the intake and discharge canals to (CRYSTAL RIVER) make available the use of the Gulf of Mexico as j jl increased importance on a cooling water resource and minimize the teorological data has verified the value of this impact of cooling water discharge on the bio- aspect of our environmental monitoring. The logical communities of Anclote Anchorage. meteorological information received from the Florida Power Corporation sincerely believes respective program is pertinent to the research that the responsible control of the dredging programs as well as to the effective develop-process will result in minimal environmental ment of the operative procedures of the nuclear impact and thus can be most beneficial in the plant. Results of the meteorology program are design to provide adequate and reliable electric documented in previous issues of the Environ-power in the public interest. mental Status Report. Correlation of data results Anclote and Florida Power Corporation's indicates little fluctuation from those obtained environmental commitment received public at- and presented in previous issues. Reference tention on February 1,1972, as a public hear- is made to the January February March,1971 ing resulted in county commission approval for Environmental Status Report, pages 10-22. the dredging of cooling water intake and dis-charge canals. The unanimous decision of the MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRAM i Pasco County Board of County Commissioners came as a result of an open and honest inter- (CRYSTAL RIVER) i change of the totdl consideration of the plan As stated in the previous issue of the Environ-and its environment between the public, the mental Status Report (April May-June,1971) Advisory Group, conservation groups, environ- research activities at the Crystal River Plant mental researchers, government and the site by the Florida Department of Natural Re-Company. sources were terminated following completion On December 21,1971, Florida Power Cor- of the July sampling. Present activities are poration signed the Memorandum of Agreement directed toward publishing of manuscripts pre-with the Florida Division of Health regarding senting the results of data analysis from sam-radiological assistance at the Crystal River nu- pies obtained under this program. To date, the ( clear plants. The memorandum, initiated by the following publications have been made and are l ! Division of Health, satisfied Florida Power available from Florida Power upon request: Corporation's responsibilities for off site Lyons, William G., et al.1971. " Preliminary emergencies. Inventory of Marine invertebrates collected near I
the Electrical Generating Plant, Crystal River, levels observed with those expected at sea level. Florida in 1969." Professional Paper Series No. Appendix C presents the report of progress to 14 Florida Department of Natural Resources, date. Marine Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, Florida. .; CHLORINATION STUDY l MARINE THERMAL PLUME PROGRAM To document the effects of the use of sodium hypochlorite as a means of inhibiting the growth l The University of South Florida,. Marine Science of fouling organisms within power plant con- ! Institute, has continued to document and ana- denser tubes, the University of Florida Depart-lyze the thermal plume characteristics. Improve- ment of Environmental Engineering is continu- < ments to the Oceanographic Data Acquisition ing its study of the effects of power plant chlo- l System have been made by Electronic Com- rination on the marine microbiota at Crystal l munications Inc., St. Petersburg, Florida, to River. improve data collection reliability. The computer Progress Report II, included as Appendix B, model of the plume activity in the estuary nas presents the results of the three latest studies been programmed, " debugged," and is pres- conducted at the Crystal River Site over the ently providing a valuable method for analyz- period, from July 8,1971 to January 11,1972. ing various thermal plume characteristics, in- These studies were performed during periods of corporated in Appendix A is the progress report chlorination of the condenser units. which covers the time period from the previously Results can be compared to the baseline published Report 005. studies which were presented in the previous issue of the Environmental Status Report, April-May-June,1971. pf RADIOLOGICAL PRE-OPERATIONAL SURVEY d ANCLOTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT A. Florida Department of Health Rehabilitative Services in providing Florida Power Corporation with a The Department of Health and Rehabilitative complete environmental consideration study of Services is continuing to document the radio- a newly created power plant site, the University logical ecology around the Crystal River Site. of South Florida, Marine Science Institute, is During the present period from July to Decem- continuing its study of the Anclote estuary and ber 1971, analysis and comparison of radio- adjacent Gulf of Mexico. logical data results are presented in Appendix The Progress Report is attached as Appen-D. Increased capability of the Division of Health dix F, and covers the period from July,1971 to Radiological Laboratory is enabling sophisti- January,1972. cated analysis of present samples. B. University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering The Department of Environmental Engineering is continuing to perform sampling of marine areas and marshlands. The expanded system of freshwater sampling, including the Crystal River and Withiacoochee River, has provided valuable l information in this area of the environmental I survey. Likewise, tv TLD sampling network is providing necessary :nformation in relating
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a 's NO. 005 AN INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THEF1 MAL EFFECTS OF POWER PLANT DISCHARGE University of South Florida Marine Science Institute Principal Investigator Dr. Kendall L. Carder Graduate Assistants Ronald H. Klausewitz Steven L Palmer Student Assistant Bruce A. Rodgers
l I 13
SUMMARY
was at a very high level and increased during the afternoon. Correspondingly the plume is l This data report covers the period from mid- very large and the highest temperatures are far summer to the end of 1971. Included in the above ambient as in past summer surveys. The work were summer and fall S.T.D. (salinity tem- influence of the oyster bars on plume dissipa-perature depth) surveys, a bathymetry, dye, and tion is evident in Figures 1 and 3 and will be current survey of the spoil areas adjoining the discussed in the section on modeling. Cross Florida Barge Canal to determine fresh Salinities ranged from 24.6 o/oo to 10.4 water input to the mathematical hydraulic model o/oo and showed a high gradient between the of the Crystal River discharge area, and three discharge canal and the waters to the north. Millipore filter surveys to aid in classifying the August was a paak rainfall month and this may origin of particulate matter in the discharge account for the large area of low salinity waters area. A short surnmary of progress in the in Figure 2. ' modeling effort is also presen'ed. CRYSTAL RIVER S.T.D. SURVEY NO.10 CRYSTAL RIVER S.T.D. SURVEY NO. 9 At 0945 E.D.T. on October 2,1971, a forty-At 1140 E.D.T. on August 26,1971, a fourteen three station S.T.D. (salinity-temperature depth) station combined S.T.D. (salinity temperature- survey was begun during a flood tide. Sea sur-depth), and Millipore filter survey of the dis- face temperatures ranged from 31.5*C (88.7* charge basin (see Figure 11, Data Report No. 3 F) to 26.7'C (80.1*F). Surface salinities ranged for boundaries) was begun during a flood tide. from 24.9 o/oo to 8.0 o/oo. The skies were The intent was to correlate particle measure- clear and wind light. ments, temperature, ar:d salinity data. Filtration Table 2 shows the environmental and plant on 0.8 g filters was used to determine total conditions pertinent to the S.T.D. survey. The particulate load (T.P.L.), ashing of the filters results of the survey are portrayed in Figures gave an estimate of the organic inorganic ratio 5 and 6 showing surface temperature and sa-in T.P.L.; and a CM2 S.T.D. measured salinity linity contours north, west, and south of the and temperature. All of these indicators could discharge canal, and in Figures 7 and 8 show-then be used in an attempt to trace the origin of ing temperature and salinity for the same area particles. The discussion of Millipore Filter Sur- at a depth of three feet. vey No. I will reference the S.T.D. data given The temperature contours (Figures 5 and here and the discussion below will be limited to 7) show a pattern of temperatures that is not the S.T.D. run itself. similar to any observed before. A pocket of Table 1* shows the environmental and heated water has been pushed into the shallows power plant conditions prevailing during the in a long band west of Drum Island. A separate S.T.D. survey. The results of the survey are body of hot water was found at the mouth of presented in Figures 1 and 2 which show sur- the discharge channel. There is no continuous face temperature and salinity contours north pattern to the plume as was apparent in pre-and west of the discharge canal, and in Figures vious surveys. The most likely cause for this is 3 and 4 which show temperature and salinity shown in the Power Generation section of Table for the same area at a depth of three feet. 2. A highly irregular loading on Unit 1 is evident Sea surface temperatures ranged from with a peak level from about 0900 to 2400 hrs 36.0*C (96.8*F) to 30.7*C (87.3*F). The sur- E.S.T. In addition Unit 2 was not operating; face temperature contour map (Figure 1) shows presumably its condenser pumps were off. If a typical early flood situation. The plant output only half the normal flow of water was issuing from the plant, the pocket of hot water may then
- Tables and Figures are shown on pp 20 through 36. represent the previous day's peak discharge
14 not yet flushed out due to the lowered head at -hown as a contour drawing in Figure 9. the outfall. The tongue of heated water emerg- .ie depths are corrected by power plant tidal ing from the discharge canal is probably from record to mean sea level. the increased loading of Unit I which com-menced at least forty five minutes prior to the RHODAMINE DYE SURVEY NO. 3 survey. These conclusions are supported by the salinity contours. (Figures 6 and 8). Low salin. Date: October 3,1971 ity Withlacoochee River water from the Cross Tide: (plant record) Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) Florida Barge Canal has pushed further into the 0710 E.D.T. -1.4 discharge basin than on any previous S.T.D. 1330 " -F3.2 survey. This is most probably due to the lack 1940 " - 1. 2 of head from the plant which would ordinarily Weather: Skies clear. maintain high salinity in the region near the Wind negligible. outfall canal it may also be due to high rainfall Time of Survey: Begin work 0945 E.D.T. for previous months. Complete work 1325 A system using two boats. the barge and a small outboard, to get better resolution of con- At 0945 on October 3,1971, the third dye run tours showed itsell to be of great value. The to study tidal movement in the discharge basin two salinity probes used were calibrated against was begun. From previous ci rrent and S.T.D. a laboratory salinometer to assure continuity. surveys (see Data Reports Ns. 002 and 003) This system will be used in future surveys where of the gaps between the Cross Florida Barge possible. Canal spoil banks to the north of the basin, it was theorized that current movement in the BATHYMETRY SURVEY NO. 2 Cross Florida Barge Canal and immediate area worked as follows: 1) On ebb tide the water 4 Date: September 21,1971 from the Withlacoochee River, which is being Tide: (plant record) Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) diverted into the Cross Florida Barge Canal, 0854 E.D.T. +0.3 flows out along the surface of the Cross Florida 1524 " +3.7 Barge Canal following, generally, the course of 2100 " + 1.4 the barge canal channel west and not ebbing Weather: Skies clear, through the south spoils; 2) On flood tide the Wind negligible. fresh water flow from the Cross Florida Barge Time of survey: Begin work 1235 Canal is diverted by the incoming flood tide Complete work 1540 which arrives near shore earlier at the barge canal due to the greater depth in the channel. On September 21,1971 the second bathymetric The dye release was therefore planned to begin survey of the discharge basin was begun. This just before the turn of tide from ebb to flood. survey concentrated on the spoil areas to the The point of drop was at the point shown as 1 north of the basin which until this time have in Figure 10. The dye, with specific gravity of been treated in the Crystal River model as a 1.12 sank almost immediately in the fresh solid boundary. It is evident from previous water. a problem anticipated but not to the S.T.D. surveys that fresh Withlacoochee River extent that it occurred. The still visible sub-source water is entering the basin from this merged dye then proceeded up the barge canal. boundary and must be coasiccred in the model. Drift vanes put out simultaneously with the dye input to the model is in terms of volume, so a release moved about 300 yards up the channel current measurement (see Withlacoochee Input with the dye in a period of 25 minutes. Current Survey No.1, this report) must be as- At 1000 a second dye release was attempted sociated with a depth. The results of this survey at point 2 on Figure 10. At 1045 the dye and I l
i l 15 vanes had moved to point 1 on Figure 10. At This is vuified by the still water line in Buck-1025 the vanes were placed at 3 in Figure 10. ford Creek when southerly flow and northerly The vanes moved due east and were picked up at flow meet at 6 on Figure 10. The inlet at A in 1055 350 yards down the outside of the spoil Figure 10 will be given little further attention bank. The vanes were again deployed at 1100 at as a possible fresh water input to the Crystal 5 in Figure 10. After moving swiftly south along River Model and the area marked E in Figure Buckford Creek the vane stopped at the point 10 will be investigated in future dye and current shown in Figure 10 at 1220 even though flood surveys. tide was still strong. To confirm the possibility that this was the meeting place of north and south flow on flood tide a second vane was WITHLACOOCHEE INPUT CURRENT deployed at 6 m, Figure 10. The vane moved SURVEY NO. I north into Buckford Creek and stopped. Date: November 13,1971 g Tide: (plant record) Time (hrs. Ht. (ft.) Since dye and vanes proceeded directly east up 1110 +2.3 the barge canal on flood tide t' , theory of 1655 -0.1 diverted flow of the Cross Florida Barge Canal / Weather: Skies clear Withlacoochee River water during flood tide Wind must be discarded. An explanation of flow more Time of survey: Begin work 0935 E.S.T. consistent with observed data would involve a Complete work 1555 E.S.T. phenomenon in two depth layers. The fresher, lighter Withlacoochee River water draining from On November 13.1971 at 0935 a survey of the Cross Florida Barge Canal and small sloughs flood current in the Cross Florida Barge Canal to the north floats on top of the more saline inter spoil area north of the discharge basin was tidal Gulf water and is moved out by the inter- begun. The purpose was to find a realistic forc- !ayer friction on ebb. The layering has been ing function to be used in the Crystal River established by S.T.D. surveys (see Data Report Model to simulate the fresh water flow evident Nos 003 and 004). During flood tides the heavy in all S.T.D. (salinity temperature depth) sur-saline water moves up the deep Cross Florida veys made to date. Barge Canal and the fresher water propelled The barge was positioned at a point just by inter layer friction moves more slowly but west of the English Bars (extreme left, Figure in the same direction in the center of the canal. 11). This corresponds to the tidal input posi-This layer turbulance is visually evident along tion on the model. At this location tide was the sides of the canal where silt eddies occur recorded on the Tide Measuring System (OAR at tide change. The filling and ebbing mode for WMS 803) to determine the phasing of our this area north of the spoils and east of the other measurements relat!t; t; tNs point. All true mouth of the Withlacoochee includes a inputs in the model are referenced to tN tidal heavy flow through the inter spoil area at B forcing function. Current measurements ware (See also Withlacoochee Input Current Survey then taken at intervals at stations correspono-No.1, this report). The inlet to the northeast ing to S.T.D. salinity contour centers or sources of Lutrell Island marked A in Figure 10 fills the for the fresh water. These measurements were grass marsh east and south of the inlet and taken with a current vane and are presented as flows found here (see Withlacoochee Input Cur- a vector sequence in Figures 11, 12, 13, 14, rent Survey No.1, this report) are associated 15, and 16. High water level was recorded at more with these grass marshes (USGS chart, the reference station west of English Bars at Red Level, Fla.) than with the discharge basin. 1049 E.S.T.
16 , CONCLUSIONS: with 100 ml of distilled water. The pads were ; then removed, air dried in the petri dishes, Station No. 9 shows the most orthodox be- and then placed on ice until they could be havior with respect to tide. During the end of refrigerated. flood tide, water flows into the Withlacoochee/ To obtain total particulate load (T.P.L.) it Barge Canal complex (see Figure 10). On ebb, was first necessary to heat the filter pads to water in this area drains south through the pass 50'C to evaporate excess moisture. After the occupied by Station No. 9. T.P.L.'s were recorded the filter pads were Station No.10 shows negligible current placed in crucibles and heated at 550'C for flow for most of the initial ebb period. This is three hours. The ashed samples were then probably due to an unfortunate choice of loca- weighed again to obtain the inorganic particu-tion for measurement as the deep areas are to late load. The weight loss was taken as an either side of the pass (see Bathymetry Survey estimate of the organic traction. No. 2, this report). Station No.12 acts independently and was MILLIPORE FILTER SURVEY NO. I the subject of more intensive study in Rhoda-mine Dye Survey No. 3 (this report). The con- Date: August 26,1971 clusions rec.ched in that section serve to explain Tide: (tide tables, Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) the current patterns shown here. corrected) For purposes of the Crystal River Model, it 0454 E.D.T. +3.7 is most likely that Stations 9 and 10 will be 1226 " +0.6 grouped into one fresh water input function. 1754 " +3.1 Volume flow and phasing with respect to the 0008 " + 1.7 tide generating function are still to be deter- Time of survey: Begin work 1145 E.D.T. mined. Complete work 1508 FILTRATION PROCEDURE The total particulate load contours (Figure 17) show a high concentration of suspended par-Filtration through Millipore membranes was pri- ticles at point "B," the end of the north spoil marily used to determine areas of high sediment bank adjacent to the discharge canal. This was transport and to determine whether these the due to the visible emergence of the more saline sediments were primarily of organic or inorganic discharge water from under the considerably origin. These data should help locate strong fresher Withlacoochee/ Cross Florida Barge tidal flows and help plan the location of future Canal water. Although low salinity, darker With-Brice Phoenix transects. lacoochee water has seldom reached this far The following is a description of the Milli- south, it was visibly evident by water color at pore filtering process used on the Crystal River this time. Such a large volume of low salinity Millipore Filter Surveys #1,2,3. Each Millipore water was no doubt caused by the increased filter pad (diameter 47 mm, pore size 0.8 g ) discharge of the Withlacoochee due to summer was numbered on its outer border and weighed rainfall. to the nearest microgram on a Metler balance The organic particulate load (Figure 18) Gype H15). The filter pads were then placed shows only minor similarities to previous salin-h; *terile petri dishes with numbers correspond- ity contours. The plant discharge has a higher ing to the numbers on the filter pads. 500 ml organic load than that of the Barge Canal, but samples were collected from the upper foot of this is due to the increased population of dia. the water column and i imediately filtered at toms which break away from the limestone walls 5 psi vacuum. To remove salts it was net assary of the discharge canal. to wash each filter pad three consecutive times, A sample of heavily organic loaded water
17 was collected and returned to the laboratory Contours of total particulate load (Figure for biological analysis. It was found to contain 20) indicate a homogenous distribution of st.s-pennate diatoms and ciliate protozoans both pended sediment throughout the plant discharge indicative of a benthic habitat (Gibson,1971). area. However, high gradients of total particu-Other detritus was heavily organic, providing late load (T.P.L.) are associated with the area attachment substrates for the diatoms, and adjacent to the Cross Florida Barge Canal. The some silt. No planktonic diatoms were found. highest T.P.L. was found approximately 300 The inorganic particulate load (Figure 19) yards south of the Barge Canal while the lowest - demonstrates similarities to the salinity con- total particulate load was measured 1.3 miles tours as well as the total particulate load. Again west of the Barge Canal. The wedge of decreas-there is a turbid area at point "B" indicating ing sediment concer.trations south cf the Barge the emergence of the plant effluent. The in- Canal demonstrates a pattern similar to that of organic loading of the plant effluent is almost flood tide salinity contours, but opposite in equivalent to that nf the Barge Canal discharge. slope (see S.T.D. Survey No. 8, Data Report No. 4). This was possibly due to the unusual CONCLUSION; tidal condition of this particular day. There was essentially no ebb tide until 0936. When ebb The bulk of the suspended particles are of in- tide did occur, it was over such an extended organic origin. The nature and composition of period of time (9 hours) that the ebb flow effect these particles have not yet been determined. had not characterized itself in the area. The organic particles are primari;y derived from The organic particulate load (0.P.L.) (Figure the banks of the discharge canal. The warmer 21) demonstrates some characteristics of a flood waters in the discharge canal seem to cause a tide by the presence of an increasingly concen- 1 diatom population increase of great proportions, trated contour as less saline water moves south I this being a major contribution factor to the from the Barge Canal. The O.P.L. high is located I higher organic concentrations. In contrast to approximately halfway between the Barge Canal the results of the Light Scattering Survey con- and the discharge. This is due to the diato-ducted on July 1,1971 (see Data Report 004), maceous particles being transported northward it is evident that under the conditions of this during flood tide. As the more saline discharge run the water containing high T.P.L. is origin- water made contact with the less saline Barge ating from the plant discharge. Canal water, the former submerged leaving a visible concentrated band of diatoms and other MILLIPORE FILTER SURVEY NO. 2 organic debris. Because there was only a 0.2' change in sea level for the first ebb tide, it was Date: August 31,1971 possible for the dense concentration band to Tido: (tide tables, Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) be slowly dispersed among the surrounding corrected) water, more so to the south, in the direction of 0047 +2.8 tidal flow, than to the north. When the second 0438 + 2.6 flood tide of the day arrived, the water was 0936 +3.5 homogenous in salinity and temperature, thus 1838 + 0.5 there was no reconcentration of the diatoms Time of survey: Begin work 1000 E.D.T. and organic debris. The second ebb tide was a Complete work 1430 " 3.0 foot change over an extremely long tide cycle of 9 hours. Thus, velocities were low The procedure for filtering on this particular enough to prevent high gradients of particulate survey was identical to survey number 1. The matter concentration. stations were concentrated in the northeast por- The inorganic particulate load (Figure 22) tion of the basin. demonstrates similarities to the flood tide sa-
18 linity contours and the T.P.L. contours. Again, The organic particulate load (Figure 24) as in the total particulates the inorganic high indicates two local concentrations of organic is approximately 300 yards south of the Barge debris, one near a coastal marsh north of the Canal and the I.P.L. Icw is one mile west of discharge, and another between Lutrell Island the shore in the Barge Canal. Because the in- and Captain Joe Island south of the Cross organic contours are almost identical to those Florida Barge Canal, for T.P.L.. it is reasonable to assume that their The inorganic particulate load (Figure 25) shape and gradient was also determined by the is quite homogenous throughout the basin. The unusual tidal conditions. Iow sediment concertrations occur in the coast-al marshes north of the discharge and between CONCLUSION: points A and B. The majority of the T.P.L. has been derived CONCLUSION: from suspended inorganic particles. It is as-sumed that this material consists of resuspended The bulk of the suspended sediments are of sediments from the shallow area directly south organic origin in contrast to Millipore Filter of the Cross Florida Barge Co..al channel (see Surveys 1 and 2. The unusual distribution of Dye Drop #3). The organic particulate loads suspended sediment when compared with Milli-were not as high in Millipore Filter Survey No. pore Filter Surveys 1 and 2 could be due to 2 as in Survey No.1. This may be due to a any of the following reasons: decrease in the diatom population in the dis- 1) Large influxes of fresh water discharge charge canal between surveys, the unusual tidal from the Barge Canal, which appear to have condition, or a combination of these factors. peaked duMg the later weeks cf September. The data from this survey are complementary to 2) The seasonal or cyclical increase in the those of the Light Scattering Survey No. 4 of discharge diatom population.
. July 1,1971 (see Data Report No. 004) which 3) Unit 2 condenser pumps being shut indicated high concentrations of sediment enter- down causing a decrease in volume, tempera-ing the discharge basin through tidal pass west ture, salinity, and velocity of the discharged of LutrellIsland and scouring up the sitty bottom water.
sediments. The original intent in particle study was to classify types of particulate matter in the dis-MILLIPORE FILTER SURVEY NO. 3 charge basin with particular regard to unique constituents of the thermal plume. This would Date: October 2,1971 give a means of tracing water which has passed Tide: (tide tables, Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) through the condensers even after it has cooled corrected) beyond distinction from background and would 0102 + 3.6 give further insight into the flushing pattern of 0740 +1.1 the basm. It has been ,mpossible,i however, to 1306 + 4.0 obtain an accurate account of particulate matter 2014 +0.7 added by the plant in its normal operation, and Time of survey: Begin work 1015 E.D.T. this contribution appears large enough to render 4 Complete work 1556 , any indirect tracing technique unreliable. As a The proceJure for filtering in this survey was result no further work will be invested in this iderdical to that used in Surveys 1 and 2. The effort. total particulate load (Figure 23) was high at the point of discharge and decreased rapidly MODEL PROGRESS towards point B which is the low total particu-late load (T.P.L.) point. The basic numerical hydraulic model which 1
19 produced the vector outputs shown in Data effect is also evident at maximum ebb flow Report No. 003 has been modified to accept (Figure 30) where outgoing water is trapped the conditions at the Crystal River discharge by the bars. basin and other flat, shallow, obstructed estu. The dispersion model is now written and aries typical to the Gulf coast. A wind force ready for calibration. The magnetic tape linkage generator, important in shallow water areas, between the hydraulic model and the diffusion was added so that wind from any direction and model is operational. The heat budget portion, any speed can be accommodated. The program which accounts for natural sources and sinks of ' now will also accept mud flats which are ex- non conservative ct nstituents (such as heat), is posed at low tide and covered at high water. still being tested. In addition, and most important for the model at Crystal River, capability has been added to REFERENCES modify flow as a result of obstseles with one or more dimensions smaller than a grid interval. Carder, Kendall L.,1970a, An Independent En. Figure 26 represents the base plan configura. vironmental Study of Thermal Effects of Power tion for boundaries and blockages. This base Plant Discharge, Data Report No. 001. Univer-map is drawn from an aerial photograph taken sity of South Florida, Marme Science Institute. during low tide conditions. The bars were inves-tigated in detail by ground surveys and are Carder, Kendall L.,1970b (as above), Data represented in the model at their true depth Report No. 002. with respect to sea level. The presentation in Figure 27 is O' into the tidal sinusoid or maxi- Carder, Kendall L.,1971a (as above), Data mum flood flow. The plant outfall overcomes the Report No. 003. flood tide at the end of the north bank of the discharge channel (point 1, Figure 27). This is Carder, Kendall L.,1971b (as above), Data consistent with current meter data taken over Report No. 004. several tidal cycles. Near the end of the south bank of the discharge channel (Point 2) the Gibson, R. Personal Communication. tide does overcome plant outflow and the re-sultant flow is northward. This is verified by Tide Tables,1971. East Coast North and South current meter data at Point 2 and thermal plume America, Coast and Geodetic Survey, ESSA, contours (Carder et al.,1970a,1970b,1971a, U. S. Department of Commerce. Withlacoochee 1971b). The effect of blockages is evidenced Riv r Entrance No. 3117. by turning at points 3 and 4 and overflow at j points 5, 6, and 7. ' Figure 28 shows near maximum ebb tide i conditions. Flow directly out of the discharge I canal (point 1) has increased and follows a path I southwestward along points 2, 3, and 4. This j is consistant with S.T.D. field data contours. 1 Tidal flow vectors show marked flow deflection at points S,6, and 7, and reduced flow directly over barriers at 8. Figure 29 shows tidal' heights across the ! basin at maximum flood fl.ow. Note the " bunch- { ing" of contour lines where the oyster bars have j held back incoming water and lead to high I gradients of the cea surface. This damming j l l
20 Table 1 CRYSTAL RIVER S.T.D. SURVEY NO. 9
' Date: August 26.1971 Arrbient Air Temperature:
Times of Measurements: Begin work 1140 Time (hrs.) Temp. (* F) Complete work 1504 1100 81 Tides: (tide tables. corrected) Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) 1200 82 0454 +3.7 1300 83 1226 +0.6 1400 83 1754 +5.1 1500 85 Weather: Skies clear. Average Barometric Pressure (inches of Hg): 29.99 Wind: (fifteen minute average) Acreage involved in Plume: Time Surface 7 MO' Surface Temperature Acreage Direction Velocity ('C) (decimal hrs.) (* from N) (MPH) Direction Velocity Above 36.0 44.10 1100 216.5 3.7 35.5 36.0 59.91 1150 170.1 3.2 35.0 35.5 91.84 1200 230 2.5-3.5 177.1 3.2 34.5-35.0 34,67 1250- 220.7 3.2 34034.5 64.78 1300 260 5.0-5.5 234.8 4.2 33.5 34.0 95.49 1350 250.2 5.6 33.0 33.5 26.21 1400 275 7.C-8.0 246.0 7.0 32.5-33.0 347.73 1450 247.4 8.4 32.0.32.5 301.68 1500 261.5 8.9 31.5 32.0 243.29 31.0-31.5 1018.17 Power Generation: Time (hrs.) Unit 1 (MW) Unit 2 (MW) Total (MW)- Three Feet 2300 239 417 656 Temperature Acreage 0000 229 416 645 (*C) 0100 178 356 534 0200 150 311 461 0300 150 281 Above 36.0 46.83
, 431 35.5 36.0 81.81 0400 150 250 400 0500 35.0-35.5 97.71 151 250 401 0600 34.5-35.0 44.25 151 252 403 0700 34,0 34.5 52.78 152 267 419 0800 33.5 34.0 81.20 151 320 471 0900 33.0-33.5 72.38 192 425 617 1000 32.5-33.0 111.91 229 428 657
-1100 359 32.0-32.5 209.23 423 782 318.10 1200 360 31.5 32.0 423 783 31.0,31.5 1227.28 1300 359 424 783 1400 30.5 31.0 608.23 358 425 783 1500 362. 424 786 TOTAL 3001.71 Condenser inlet Temperatures:
Time (hrs.) Temp. (* F) 1100 86 1200 86 1300 86 1400 86 1500 86 I t
~ , . . . . . .
21 Table 2 l CRYSTAL RIVER S.T.D. SURVEY NO.10 Date: October 2,1971 Condenser inlet ~/emperatures: Times of Measurements: Begin work 0945 Time (hrs.) Temp. ('F) Complete work 1348 0900 81 Tides: (tide tables, corrected) Time (hrs.) Ht. (ft.) 1000 81 0730 E.D.T. 1.1 1100 81 1 36 3.9 1200 82 1300 82 Wind. (decimal hrs.) (fifteen minute average) 1400 82 150' Direction Velocity Ambient Air Temperature: Time (* f um N) (MPH) Time (hrs.) Temp. ('F) 0950 1f18.4 3.3 1000 135.6 2.8 0900 75
'1050 212.3 1.9 1000 79 1100 #03.9 i 3.8 1100 81 1150 275.6 4.2 1200 82 1200 237.6 2.8 1300 83 1250 233.4 5.6 1400 83 1300 222.1 6.6 1350 222.1 6.6 Average Barometric Pressure (inches of Hg): 30.15 1400 226.4 6.6 Acreage involved in Plume:
Gross Power Generation: Surface Time (hrs.) Unit 1 (MW) Unit 2 (MW) Temperature Acreage (*C) 2100 389 D 2200 389 O Above 29.5'C 10.95 2300 360 W 29.0 29.5 187.02 0000 357 N 28.5 29.0 322.04 0100 17? 28.0-28.5 219.86 0200 150 0 TOTAL 739.87 0500 151 Three Foot Temperature Acreage 0800 178 ( 0900 358 1000 360 Above 29.0*C 62.04 1100 326 28.5.29.0 256.36 1200 396 28.0-28.5 264.57 1300 345 1400 345 TOTAL 582.96
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38 a - a 10 1 EFFECTS OF POWER PLANT O V! PI! k
; 5. i I ON MARINE MICROBIOTA CRYSTAL RIVER SITE University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering Principal investigator Dr. Jackson L. Fox Graduate Student M. S. Moyer ADDENDUM REPORT Dr. J. B. Lackey
39 INTRODUCTION in this report are the results of three of the gallons) which automatically discharges the latest studies conducted at Florida Power Cor- chlorine solution to each of the eight coridenser poration's Crystal River Plant to determine the units. It takes 15 minutes for the feed drum to direct and indirect effects of chlorinated cooling empty and about 30 seconds to refill. Thus, the water on the microbiota of the receiving waters. entire operation takes about two hours to com-The studies were performed on days when chlo- plete. With this design only one eighth of the rine was being added to the condenser units. total cooling water volume is being chlorinated The results can thas be compared with the at any point in time. results of the two baseline studies presented in The chlorination procedure was begun 21 a previous report (Environmental Status Report, June 1971 and has continued to date. Chlorina-April-June,1971). The stations tested and pro- tion takes place each morning. During chlorina-cedures followed remained essentially the same tion, Florida Power Corporation personnel have as those of the baseline studies. The only altera- been monitoring residuals in each condenser tions made were the elimination of chlorophyll unit immediately prior to discharge. Since chlo-a and weight determinations at Stations 2,4. rination has been initiated, residuals of 0.1 to and 6 of the last study. Reasons for :uch action 1.0 ppm have been found. The average chlorine are discussed later in the report. Table l* shows residual found was 0.64 ppm. An effort is being the dates of the three studies, the number of made to keep the residual below 1 ppm - at sample runs performed, and the times of each about 0.8 - 0.9 ppm. run. As in the baseline studies, some time over- As previously noted, chlorine was applied lap was necessary in order to make more than only in the mornings when the chlorination one run in a day. studies were conducted. At the time the after-noon runs we, $ made on these days, no chlorine Chlorination Procedure was being added to the discharge canal. Such a Figure 1 is a schematic diagram showing one procedure allowed for the comparison of data of the eight condenser units and the path of on morning runs with the data of the afternoon f'ow of both the water and the chlorine through runs (no chlorine). the system. The chlorination procedure used by Florida Power is an important factor in deter- LITERATURE REVIEW mining the amount of chlorine which can be expected in the discharge canal. While innumerable studies have dealt with the There are a total of eight intake pipes, one effects of thermal effluents, some of which were feeding each condenser unit. Each condenser mentioned in the last report, the ecological ef-unit consists of about 4,000 stainless steel or fects of chlorine addition have not been exten-copper nickel one inch internal diameter pipes. sively documented. The following summary will The fouling organisms grow within these pipes. not be limited to effects on microbiota alone. After passage through the screens on the intake Although brief, the studies presented were side, Gulf water is separated by passing through compiled after an extensive review of the the eight condenser units. No mixing occurs literature. until the water reaches the discharge canal. In a recent study at Chalk Point (Patuxent Chlorine, in the form of a sodium hypochlorite River, Maryland) by Hamilton et af. (1970), solution, is added to one condenser unit at a investigators showed that the primary produc-time. A storage drum (approximately 1.100 gal- tion of cooling water may be reduced by as lons) is used to fill a srnaller feed drum (25 much as 91 percent by chlorination. They also found that bacterial densities and co.acentra-
- Tables and Figures are shown on pp. 45 through 53. tions of chlorophyll were reduced. In the absence
40 of chlorination, they found that productivity was 0.1 mg/l) have a minimal effect on the en-sometimes stimulated. vironment. W.G. James (1967) has expressed in an effort to determine the mortality rate the most optimistic opinion concerning the ef-of copepds passing through condenser pipes, fects of power plant chlorination. He states that also at the Chalk Point power plant, Heinte at Carmarthen Bay Power Station, where warm (1969) noted that on one date when no copepod effluent water is being used to propagate sea mortalities were observed, chlorine was being fish, no deleterious effects of chlorinated water applied at relatively high rates. He stated that on fish have been found. Furthermore, the "one cannot conclude that chlorination alone growth rates of the fish have been found to be was responsible for the copepod mortalities." greater than expected and it has been thought in an earlier British study, Markowski(1959) that the chlorine kills certain bacteria which collected material from the inflowing and out- have a retarding effect on fish growth. flowing cooling water of a number of power plants for both qualitative and quantitative Standard Deviation Studies studies. Markowski listed the total number of in order to determine the significance of the animals from nine freshwater and ten marine data obtained, it is necessary to know the reli-animal groups, including protozoans, nema- ability of the various procedures used. todes, crustaceans, rotifers, annelids, and mol- A statistical analysis was run on the primary luscs. He found that when these groups were productivity procedure on June 4th. Six bottles exposed to chlorine, they were found to be not filled with water from the intake canal were only alive but able to reproduce. He further incubated at Station 1 for four hours. The re-stated, however, that chlorine does have a harm- sults indicated a relative standard deviation of ful effect on sedentary non planktonic organisms less than eight percent. This compares favorably when exposed to relatively high concentrations with the results obtained by Strickland and for long continuous periods of time. Parsons (1968). In an experimental investigation, Hirayama Chlorophyll a and ATP standard deviation and Hirano (1970) cultured two marine phyto- figures were obtained from the literature. Using plankters, Chlamydomonas sp. and Skelefonema the same procedures as given in the " Materials costatum, and exposed each to various concen- and Methods" section of the first progress re-trations of chlorine in culture media for exactly port, Browne (1971) performed statistical analy-five and ten minutes. By daily measurements ses for these two parameters. The tests were run of the optical density of the culture, the growth at the Environmental Engineering Department at rate of the organisms treated with chlorine was the University of Florida on the same instru-compared with that of the control. The investi- ments used for this study. Relative standard gators found that S. costatum is so severely deviations of less than six percent and less than damaged by a chlorine concentration of 1.5 - five percent were obtained for the chlorophyll a 2.3 ppm wher exposed for five or ten minutes and ATP procedures, respectively. that its growth could not recommence even on the 30th day after treatment. Ch!amydomonas RESULTS AND DISCUSSION sp., on the other hand, can survive chlorine concentrations of 20 ppm or more. After nine As in the baseline studies report, results are days of exposure at this concentration, Chlamy- presented in two sections. The sections and the domcnas sp. can regrow. subjects covered under each are as follows: Nicholas Holmes (1970) feels that low A. Physical level continuous chlorination is a very effective 1. Temperature way of controlling mussel fouling in cooling sys- 2. Dissolved Oxygen tems and that the low concentrations of the 3. Total Solids residual chlorine at the outfall culvert (less than 4. Suspendei Solids
l 41 . 't i 4
- 5. Secchi Disc Readings study values. As in the two baseline studies, the B.' Biological water cooled somewhat as it passed out the
, 1. Primary Productivity canal, but in no instance did the level return to
. 2. Chlorophyll a that of the intake water. This phenomenon is 3.ATP partially due to the natural warming of the water
- 4. Bacteria during the daylight hours.
The inverse relationship between tempera-Chlorine Residual Results ture and dissolved oxygen was not as apparent Before discussing the physical and biological during the chlorination runs as it was in the
! data, the results of the chlorine tests will be baseline studies. This pattern was observed presented, only during the afternoon of November 15th.
- Since chlorine was being applied in the More instances of increased temperature ac-i morning only, residual chlorine analyses were companied by an increase in D.O. were noted.
; run at these times only. The results showed that Dissolved oxygen increased from Stations 1 to by the time the chlorinated water from one con- 2 during both runs of the September 13th study ,
- l. denser unit mixed with the unchlorinated water and on the morning of November 15th. In all
! from the seven other units and reached Station other instances, D. O. decreased. In general, the 2, no residual chlorine was present. Sea water . changes were slight, except in the morning of has a fairly large chlorine demand and active November 15th when an increase of 2.1 mg/l chlorine disappears from 'the system rapidly._ was noted, in most cases, if the influent water Chlorine and its products are readily adsorbed had a D.O. of above 8.0 mg/l, a loss in oxygen and absorbed by suspended particles and by occurred from Station 1 to 2. If the influent D.O.
- dissolved sulphides and organ!c matter. As the was below 7.0 mg/l,a gain in oxygen values water from the outfall culverts mixes with the was noted at Station 2. As in the baseline ambient sea water with its fresh supplies of
~
studies, D.O. values never reached dangerously suspended materials, any remaining chlorine low levels as the water passed out the canal. rapidly disappears. As was expected, chlorine addition did not [
~
. appear to alter either temperature or dissolved Physical Results oxygen.
j Temperature and dissolved oxygen values for The results of the weight determinations and the three chlorination studies are shown in Secchi disc readings are shown in Table 2. No Figures 2 4. The morning and afternoon tem- obvious trends were noted during the baseline peratures of the intake water during the July studies, but it now appears that one does exist. run (27.5 and 29.5'C, respectively) were the Of the 11 runs made (including the baseline highest recorded during any of the studies, in- studies), total solids increased 82 percent of ciuding the baseline runs. Influent water tem- the time from Stations 1 to 2. The increases
- peratures during the September run were ap- were generally less than 1000 mg/l except dur-prox mately one degree cooler (26.5 and 28'C) ing chlorination of July 9th when an increase of
. thar }ose recorded during July. However, the 2,358 mg/l occurred. The turbulence of the out-temperatures at this time were not as cool as flow canal and material washing out of the con-those of the two baseline runs. The temperatures denser tubes is expected to cause such an in-at Sta*lon 1 were the coolest during the Novem- crease. Secchi disc readings again decreased berr. .(17.5' and 19'C). The sharpest rise in from Stations 1 to 2 (with one exception on the . temperature (7.5'C) from Stations 1 to 2 was afternoon of September 13th). Again..the tur- ; noted during the chlorination studies (Septem- bidity of the water at Station 2 causes the
, ^ ber 13th). Other increases during the chlorina ; decrease in Secchi disc readings. It should be .
. tion studies were relatively. constant (5.5, 5.5, noted that although the changes are slight, a 5.5,5.0 and 4.5'C) and similar to the baseline definite trend appears to be developing.
1
- . . . . - - ._,,,n. ; ., ,-.,. ; -, ,.- - _ ,,, ,,,--- ,_,- , , i , ,, , , --.i,,
42
- 1. Biological Results two observations, it appears that the chlorina-Chlorination primary productivity values are tion process is having a definite effect on the shown in Figures S 7. A recording pyrheliometer productivity of the w ter as it is being passed (Belfort Instrument Company) was used during through the condenser tubes.
the chlorination studies to measure variations The drops in the afternoon (when the water in the amount of sunlight available for -photo- temperature is above 27'C) when chlorine is synthesis. By using the gm cal /cm2 striking the not being applied supports the hypothesis that water surface, onu can determine any variations heat alone can cause a decrease in the produc-in the productivity of the cample due to increased tivity of the water. However, the statement made energy availability. The recorder printouts concerning the results of these earlier studies, showed that the total amount of energy (gm- i.e. that the primary productivity continues to cal /cm2/hr) available during the morning and drop as long as the temperature remains above afternoon runs did not differ to any great degree. 32'C, did not apply to the chlorination data, in Hence, any large variations in productivity values five instances during the four runs of the July have not been attributed to changes in solar and September studies, station to station in-radiation. creases in productivity occurred when the tem-As noted during the baseline studies, pri- perature remained above 32*C. This fact may mary production decreased as a result of con- be explained by the acclimation of the organ-denser tube passage in the majority of cases. isms to the warmer Gulf water which is present Drops were noted in five of the six runs made at this time. Since the organisms are accus-during this study. The one instance of an in- tomed to the slightly warmer temperatures of crease (9.47 percent) occurred during the after- the Gulf, the shock effect of increased tempera-noon run of November 15th. The baseline results ture is lessened. showed that when the temperature of the intake By the time the chlorinated water mass had water was 27*C or warmer, a reduction in pri- reached Station 5, productivity values were con-mary productivity occurred as a result of con- sistently above those recorded at Station 2. The denser tube passage. Such was the case in the values at Station 5, however, remained below i morning and afternoon runs of July 9th and those of Station 1 in July and September,13.9 September 13th (in one instance the intake and 25.3 percent, respectively. The November temperature was one-half degree below 27'C). value at Station 5 was 105 percent above the l From the graphs on these two dates, one can intake value recorded. The values at Station 6 I see that the drops in productivity from Stations were above Station 1 in all cases-whether l 1 to 2 were greatest _ during the mornings of chlorinating or not. l both runs-when chlorine was being applied. The chlorophyll a results are shown in The decreases of 65 (morning, July 9th) and 67 Figures 8-10. No significant pattern is apparent (morning, September 13th) percent are quite during chlorination. From Station 1 to 2 during significant. These drops were almost twice as the morning runs, chlorophyll a decreased in great (37 and 36.9 percent) as the drops during July and November and increased in September, the afternoon runs when chlorination had ceased During the afternoon runs, chlorophyll a de-and more than twice as great than the average creased in September and November and in-decrease of 25.9 percent during the baseline creased in July. The largest drop (32.7 percent) runs. On the November 15th study, when the did occur when chlorination was taking place. water temperature had fallen considerably be- However, the significance of this occurrence is low 27'C, we would normally expect a rise in questionable since the largest increase (39.7 productivity. Such a rise was apparent in the percent) also occurred during chlorination. In afternoon of this day, but in the morning, when general, the chlorophyll a values seemed inde-chlorine was being injected.into the water, a pendent of the intake water temperature, the decrease of 33.3 percent was noted. From these temperature rise, or the presence or absence
43 4 of chlorine it is generally quite difficult to esti- Quite a drastic drop in ATP (58.6 percent) mate the standing biomass of water based on occurred from Station 2 to 3 during the after-chlorophyll results. The turbulence within a noon run of July 9th. It was also during this body of water in an estuary, caused by waves, run that the temperature of the water at Sta-can cause a natural patchiness of the phyto- tions 2 and 3 were also the highest recorded
- plankton. The turbulence of the discharge canal, during the chlorination studies (35 C). Although plus the fact that the concentration in intake ATP increased through the condenser pipes water changes constantly throughout the day, during this run, the prolonged exposure (20 would tend to increase the varia* ion present. minutes) at this high temperature resulted in Flemer et al. (1968) observed such variations a reduction of the ATP values by the time it from an anchored station in the upper Chesa- reached Station 3. ATP values continued to be peake Bay. He found that chlorophyll a concen- low through Station 5 during this run.
trations in five meters of water varied from 24 Diurnal ATP fluctuations were again appar-to 44 mg/m3 during two tidal cycles. In open ent during the chlorination studies with the ocean work, chlorophyll a concentrations have afternoon values at each station generally higher shown marked diurnal variation (Yentsch and than the morning values. The higher afternoon Ryther,1957). Such variations are evident in values could also be due to the fact that chlo-the chlorophyll a data. Flemer (1969) feels that rination was occurring during the morning runs. phytoplankton are able to synthesize their pig- ATP concentrations fluctuated as the water mass ment at different rates over a 24 hour period. passed out the canal. Although the afternoon Sampling problems are encountered even within run of July 9th, mentioned earlier, did show the same water mass. some correlation between temperature and ATP, it is felt that the test is not sophisticated similar cases were difficult to distinguish in all enough to monitor the changes, however great, other runs. caused by heat and/or chlorine. For this reason, As in the baseline studies, the bacteria ex-the number of stations where this parameter is hibiied the largest fluctuations as the water tested were cut in half during the November mass passed through the condenser tubes and runs. If no correlations become evident in the out the canal. Figures 1419 show the Millipore future, the test will be eliminated completely. filter results. The discussion will include only Figures 11 to 13 show the ATP fluctuations this data for reasons previously mentioned. The recorded during the chlorination studies. In the spread plate results (Figures 20 25) are in-baseline studies, ATP values increased from cluded in the appendix. It is difficult to distin-Stations 1 to 2 during four of the five runs (the guish any drastic changes in the bacterial popu-only drop being slight). This was not the case lation while chlorination is occurring. In the during the mornings of chlorine addition. Dur- mornings, the number of organisms per ml at ing these three runs. ATP values at Station 2 Station 1 w'ere 130,41, and 53. After passage were 375, 289, and 534 percent below the through the condenser units, the bacterial popu-Station 1 values. These are significant decreases lation at Station 2 was higher than at Station 1 and indicate that ATP is being destroyed by the on all three days - 7.7,26.8, and 17.0 percent, addition of chlorine to the water. The trend of respectively. These bacterial increases were the increasing ATP values from Stations 1 to 2 three lowest recorded ai Station 2 of all runs noted in the baseline studies was apparent in made. Since chlorine was present, it is con-the afternoon runs of July and September (26 cluded that the growth pattern of the bacteria and 110 percent). The reason for the decrease has been hindered. During the baseline runs, in the afternoon of November, the first time by the time the water had reached Station 2 such a large drop occurred, is unknown. Such a the bacteria had increased an average of 116 similar future occurrence will warrant more percent in the mornings and 316 percent in the consideration. sfternoons. In the afternoons of.the July and
44 November runs, bacteria increased 77 and 103 is killing organisms. The bacteria results show percent, respectively. Heat alone has again ap- that the growth of these forms is being inhibited. parently caused an increase in bacterial popula-tions. One interesting feature can be seen from BIBLIOGRAPHY the graph of the B run of September. This was the first time (not including the late afternoon Browne. F.X.1971. ATP measurements in lab-run of April when conditions were not similar oratory cultures and field populations of phyto-to the B runs) that bacteria decreased as a plankton. Ph.D. Thesis University of Florida. result of condenser tube passage. It can be seen Flemer, D.A., W.L. Dovel, H.T. Pfitzenmeyer, from Figure 17 that the temperaturen recorded and D.E. Ritchie, Jr.1968. Biological effects of during this run in the canal averageo 33.25'C. spoil disposal in Chesapeake Bay. J. Sanit. Eng. Since the bacteria were exposed to higher tem- Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. SA4, 94:683-peratures during the July run (34.1 C average) 106. and still showed an increased growth rate. the reasons for the September drop are unknown. Flemer, D.A.1969. Chlorophyll analysis as a method of evaluating the standing crop phyto-plankton and primary productivity. Ches. Sci.
SUMMARY
10(3,4):301 306. From the results of the three chlorination studies Hamilton, D.H., Jr., D.A. Flemer, C.W. Keefe, and the two baseline studies, it is felt that and J.A. Mikursky.1970. Power plants: effects definite preliminary conc!usions can be made of chlorination on estuarine primary production. before the final two studies. It appears that Sci.169:197 98. condenser tube passage (heat alone) and chlo. Heinle, D.R.1969. Temperature and zooplank-rination both have an effect on the marine ton. Ches. Sci. 10(3,4):186-209. organisms present. The effects are most pro- Hirayama, K. and R. Hirano.1970. Influences found immediately after the organisms have of high temperature and residual chlorine on been " shocked" by passage through the tubes marine phytoplankton. Mar. Bio. 7:205 213. (measured at Station 2). Of the seven runs Holmes, N.1970. Marine fouling in power sta-made thus far, when chlorine was not being tions. Mar. Poll. Bull., 7:105 106. applied (the C run of April 28th is not included James, W.G.1967. Mussel fouling and use of because it was the only run made in the late exmotive chlorination. Chem and Ind. p. 994-afternoon and is not considered representative) 996. primary production dropped in 71 percent of the cases. This indicates that heat alone is Markowski, S.1959. The cooling water of power hindering the ability of the organisms to assimi-stations: a new factor in the environment of late and fix carbon. During chlonnation, primary marine and freshwater invertebrates. J. Anim. production values always decreased from Sta- Ecol. 28. 243 58. tion 1 to 2. The decreases measured averaged Parsons T.R. and J.D.H. Strickland,1963. Dis-55 percent. The large drops in productivity cussion of spectrophotometric determination of during chlorination are paralleled by an average marine plant pigments, with revised equations drop of 40 percent in ATP concentration. Again, for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids. J. drops in ATP occurred in all cases during chlo- of Mar. Res., 21(3):155 71. rination. The drop in ATP values indicates that Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons,1960. A organisms are being killed and the drop in pro. manual of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish Res. ductivity indicates that some of these organisms Brd. Com., 125:153 63. are phytoplankton The fact that ATP increased Yentsch, C.S. and J.H. Ryther.1957. Short term very little, if at all, down the canal during chlori- variations in phytoplankton chlorophyll and their nation runs supports the premise that chierine significance. Limncl. Oceanogr. 2:140-142.
45 Table 1 CHLORINATION STUDIES Sample Runs Time Juy 9 A 8:40 A.M. - 1:30 P.M. B :.' 40 P.M. - 4:45 P.M. September 13 A 9:1J A.M. - 1:10 P.M. B 12:iO A.M. - 3:45 P.M. November 15 A 8. 20 '..M. - 11:30 P.M. B 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M. Table 2 WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS AND SECCHI DISC READINGS Sus-Total pended Volatile Secchi Solids Solids Solids Disc Date Station (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (meters) July 9 A1 24,692 9.4 0.6 1.6 A-2 27.050 10.6 0.4 1.5 A.3 27,154 12.8 1.0 1.4 A4 27,200 11.4 1.4 1.3 A.5 26,396 18.6 3.6 1.0 A-6 24,868 8.2 0.4 1.3 81 25,644 6.4 0.8 - B2 26,694 13.2 0.8 1.05 B3 27,736 14.4 2.8 1.0 B-4 27.110 19.0 2.6 1.1 B-5 27,786 19.0 3.8 1.1 8-6 23.870 10.0 1.4 - ept.13 A-1 23.812 3.6 2.2 2.2 A2 24,580 3.8 0.8 1.6 A-3 24.952 3.0 0.6 1.85 A-4 24,284 7.2 4.0 1.3 A5 24,750 4.4 2.0 1.1 A-6 14.072 4.8 1.2 1.0 B1 24,804 13.8 2.8 0.6 B-2 24,592 10.6 3.0 1.0 B-3 24,960 11.4 3.6 1.9 B4 24,846 11.4 4.8 1.0 B5 24,646 7.2 1.8 0.8 B-6 12.924 5.4 2.0 0.7 Nov.15 A.1 27,965 26.2 9.2 1.5 A2 27,948 22.8 5.8 1.25 A-5 27,500 19.0 2.8 1.0 B.1 28,118 14.8 3.0 1.75 B2 28,140 15.8 4.0 1.0 B5 28,213 25.5 7.0 1.0
46 NaOC1 Solution Screen
)
intake e' Condenser Pipe ^ pipe - - - - - - - - - - - - - ^ -- -- {.;} I outflow Cana1 Figure 1 Schematic Diagram Showing Path of Water Through Plant nun a Run A 2:40 P.M.*4:45 P.M. 10.0 - 8:40 A.M. 1:30 P.M. 37 10.0 - "37 4 Y e
,.0 . .n j i E.0 -
,2 i
.0 .
. 2, j
e s i
.0 -
v,....._..-
-n j i '
? 7.0 - * 25 7.0 g
.3 o h -
-25 2 0 4.0 . , . 21
- 6.0 21 8 8 8 ' ' ' , , , i i d 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 gg,gga, Station Temperature
====-- Dissolved oxygen Figure 2 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Values, July 9,1971 aun A Run 8
, ell A.M.-11:00 P.M. 12:10 A.M. - 3:54 P.M.
10.0 - 37 10.0 - -37 4 4 1
.0 _,, 1 g
,.0 .
.,, i:
h S.0 - -2, k o 5.0 - 4. "
.0 - -25 0 o
7.0 - p . .# '
*^s 'g.. ys' J
JS O o j _. .. j 2 .,,,,_*~.., *
* '8 21 6.0 'l
. i i i i i i i e i . i 1 2' 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 8tation Statton Temperature
= = = - - - Dissolved oxygen Figure 3 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Values, September 13,1971 l
i l
47 Run A Run S 8:20 A.M.-11:30 P.M. 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M. 10.0 - - 37 10.0 * - 37 k
, s < . .0_ _ , , i , .0- -u j a g , , g i s.0 A, ,
e.0
- w. - .q' - 2e
- g o
b v ,e v - 2, ,, g g i I , 3 7.0 . ,#
- 25 - ?8 - - 25 g o
a 3 88 # 21 a 88 21 5 . , , , , i , , . . .
$ 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 $ 6 station station Tenperature
-==~~~ Dissolved oaygen Figure 4 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Values, November 15,1971 Run A Run a es40 A.M. - 1:30 P.M. 2:40 P.M. - 4:45 P.M.
6C - 40 - 40
- 40 -
2 E
'iu -E a ,-
I ' I 20 - 20 - , 8 i i i i . . 0 . . . . . i 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station Station Figure 5 Primary Productivity Values, July 9,1971 y 75.2 8 Run A Ilun B 9:18 A.M. - 1:10 P.M. 12:10 A.M. 48 - 60 - - 3:54 P.M','8
, j f
e C 40 - 40 - ,' s
,.,' . s E '
E u u
- I T 20 - T 20 - 8 8 8 .
i i i . . . . . . , , 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 station Station Figure 6 Primary Productivity Values, September 13,1971 L
5 . Sua A Rua B 8:20 A.M.
- 11:30 P.M. 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M.
60 " 60 - 40 - 40 - E 5 J : E E g 20 - t 20 - 8
. . . . i
- i . . . .
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 k 2 3 4 5 6 station station Figure 7 Primary Productivity Values, November 15.1971 Run A 88 E .: 4:40 A.M.
- 1830 P.M. 2:40 P.M."- 4:45 P.M.
8.0 8.0 . m 6.0
- s' 6.0 -
I I 6 6 I 4.6 - I 4.0 -
\
2.0 , , , , , , 2.0 , , , , , . 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 , station station 3 Fieste 8 Chlorophy" c Values. July 9.1971 Run A Run B 9:18 A.M.
- 1:10 P.M. 12:10 A.M. - 3:54 P.M. ,
0.0 - 8.0 = 6.0 - - 6.0 - i 4 6 6 I 4.0 - I 4.0 - 3** . 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 station station Figure 9 Chlorophy!I a Values. September 13,1971
-i,
~ *= '%
W' - m&ewAen
49 aun A aun a 0.0 - Se20 A.M. = 11:30 P.M. 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M. 0.0 -
= 4. 0 . 6. 0 -
he
, E.i 6 2 o
I 4. 0 - F 4.0 2.0 , , 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station station Figure 10 Chlorophyli e Values. November 15.1971 aun A aun a 3,,_ Oa40 A.M. - 1:30 P.M. '4 P*n* 414$ P'n' 3.0 = t
< F I *
. 2.0 p.0_
8 5 5 g i.0. 31.0_ 0.0 0.0 ) i i . i . . . 1 2 i 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station Station Figure 11 ATP Values. July 9.1971 mun A aun a 9:10 A.M. - 1:10 P.M. 12:10 A.M. = 3.54 P.M. O _ 5 t *
- 2.0 . 2.0 .
8 g 1. 0 . u 1.0 . 5 o
$ I e
0.0 . 0.0 i i . . . . . . . . . 1 2 3 4 3 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Station station Figure 12 ATP Values. September 13.1971
4 50 kn D shna A 11:57 A.M. - 2:30 P.M. es20 A.M. = 11:30 P.N. 3.0 - 3.0 . O C I I j 2.0 . (2.0 . 10 . 1.0 4
=
1 1 $ i l i
~
l j i i 5 i station ag gg,, ATP Values. November 15.1971 im . a-k I i .. ....... ,
's, let a les "
a== = n= im m
. . . . .. n in
.----* i.emn.
se
.m..
i,
,t e a a s .
8 s e Figure 14 Figure 15 Total Bacterial Counts. Millipore Filter Method Total Bacterial Counts. Millipore Filter Method July 9.1971. 9:00 A.M. July 9.1971. 2:40 P.M.
- h) . , , , ,
51
- i. im .
i k i , i
,/ ' a' u.. . ,
- u. .
,,'s . . .s
/ ,'
.. -.._..../
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Figure 20 Figure 21 Total Bacterial Counts. Spread Plate Method Total Bacterial Counts. Spread Plate Method July 9,1971. 9:00 A.M. JL:ly 9,1971. 2:40 P.M. l l
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$5 ADDENDUM REPORT JUNE, JULY SAMPLES FROM WATERS ADJACENT TO CRYSTAL RIVER PLANT FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION J. B. LACKEY INTRODUCTION The same reasoning obtains for the zooplank-ton, which was taken by straining 200 liters The Crystal River Power Plants samples from through a plankton net. In addition, copepods, the intake and discharge canals of the Florida the major component of such samples, are a Power Corporation, are being qualitatively and prime food for larval finfish, crabs and shrimp. It quantitatively analyzed for a variety of reasons. has been stated that the zooplankton is heavily The nannopfankton or phytoplankton should be penalized by entrainment in the cooling system known as to existing species and their numbers, of a plant such as the Crystal River instaliation, and whether, under usual plant operating but this will be commented .pon later.
schedules, they persist, or whether some are it has also been stated that benthic micro-wiped out and others take their place. An area organisms suffer from such entrainment. Since such as this will normally have about 400 en- this group is greatly different from the nanno-demic species which appear during a year's plankton, but since they occasionally are found cycle one or more times in as little as 1 ml of in the plankton, glass slides have been used as water. Of course with a larger sample-a liter a benthic substrate upon which they either crawl for example-the number of endemic species or to which they attach. Diatoms are predomi-would be greatly increased since the plankton nant in this group and when they come into algae and protozoa of salt water are cosmopoli- contact with a slide hanging in the water, they tan !n aistribution to a great extent. The oc- attach or cling to it. Since the slides are left currence of potential bloom. producing species / suspended for two or more days, organisms on should a'so be known, since massive blooms them have a chance to be exposed to whatever can affect plant operations. Finally, such an variations exist in the water during this time analysis tells a great deal about the ecology of Actually, the first organisms on such slides are the waters-whether nutrient rich or not, bacteria, often ferming a zoogleal covering. whether supporting a " normal" population or Next appear sms!! colorless flagellates such as not and so on. Comparison of nannoplankton Bodo. Even if a diatom attaches at the end of here, at Hutchinson Island (Florida Power and the first day. ';u progeny can number 16 within Light), Turkey Pc it (Florida Power and Light), 24 hours, and in practice it is often impossible and Hillsborough Bay (Tampa Electric), indi- to count a three day slide because it is so densely cates that only the last might have plant prob- populated. fems from excessive blooms, that Hutchinson Originally it was proposed to follow these Island has so little nannoplankton as to be neg- three lines of study for the Crystal River plant. ligible, and that Crystal River and Turkey Point But the proceoures are time-consuming and waters support a very limited plankton. it was found too expensive to follow all through.
56 The slide work has accordingly been dropped, up. Table 1* shows this. If it is resumed, it should be done at least The total nnnber of species for both months during July. September, when temperatures may was 73 which is considerably higher than pre-adu to stress conditions. Hcwever, the initial viously recorded. The number of species at results rather closely paralleled similar work at each Station: Turkey Point, which is being centinued and will Station I ll Ill IV V VI be commented upon below. June 24 16 27 28 19 22 July 18 21 29 19 20 30 NANNOPLANKTON Diatoms have increased in number of species it was not feasible to bring fresh material from and so did dinoflagellates. Numbers per mi, Crystal River and study the organisms alive at however, were somewhat lower in June, when Gainesville. Therefore, when a sample was no Station showed 500 plankters per ml, and taken, it was preserved with 3 5% formalin. only Station I reaching 450 per ml, and Station This could then be centrifuged, anc all organ- 5,446 per ml. isms which were present in numbers from as These analyses show that there is a reason-few as .5 per ml of raw water were idemified and able amount of nannoplankton. Protozoa are counted. Six Stations, shown on a map in Dr. few in species and number and I infer from the Fox's report, were sampled. Initially 3 series, paucity of ciliates and zooflagelletes that bac. A. B, and C were taken, in the first sampling teria are low. Most of the catch consists of (April 28,1971) the A series showed: algae cells, with diatoms being dominant. This is like the area around the Port Sutton plant of Sulfurbacteria 1 species Dinoflagellida 2 species Tampa Electric on Hillsborough Bay, except Green algae 2 species Bacillarieae 20 species that diatoma are so numerous there as to form Volvocida 1 species Rhizopodea 1 species heavy blooms. It is unlike the Turkey Point area Cryptophysida 3 species Mastigephorea 3 species where diatoms are second to dinoflagallates. Chrysophysida lspecies Ciliphorea 4 species it cannot be definitely said these plankters were alive when the sample was taken, but judg-Only at Station I were there more than 500 cells ing from their morphology and organization this per ml. Station VI had only 368 per ml. The is a reasonable assumption. Examination of maximum number of species was 38, with the fresh unkilled samples would go far towards lowest,18, at Station 1. Diatoms dominated the answering, especially if cultures were set up for organisms with 20 species. Actually the species subsequent examination. number is not accurate because in some cases, A partial answer is obtained from suspend-Navicula and the zooflagellates for example, a ing slides at these stations for 48 hours or single genus represented several species, in longer. the C series of this date results were almost identical-41 species or genera, most of them USE OF SUSPENDED SLIDES the same as in the A series. No Station had 500 plankters per ml. Station I had only 20 species. In the beginning, it was anticipated that slides The B series was in between-31 species, no would be suspended for 48 hours or more at Station exceeding ~00 per ml, and 21 species each of the Stations, and that they would be - of diatoms. Regardless of what variables of brought in unkilled, and examined alive. Logis-plant operation, sampling and manipulation were tics of funds available, manpower, and distance present, these three sets of samples were di. from the laboratory ruled this out. However, rectly comparable. slides were put in at two locations in April and June brought a drastic change as far as species indicated, and in July numbers went
- Tables are shown on pages 58 and 59.
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57 July. They were fixed in formalin on April 30 ana shrimp larvae and harpacticord copepods, and June 6, and qualitatively and quantita- the chances of a catch would be one in 4 liters. tively analyzed. Actually only 9 of the 22 groups could be re-If the question of death on entrainment be- garded as of common occurrence. There is no comes critical here, I would recommend this available explanation as to why harpacticord be used as one way to answer it. Table 2 shows copepods are missing in the B and C samples, the organisms on 156mm2 of grass slide after or crab larvae and tornaria larvae were not 48 hours of immersion. Here, as at Turkey recorded in the A series. However the only really Point, overgrowth, including hydroids, renders em Wn, and certainly the most important counting after 48 hours difficuit or impossible. g. a consisted of copepods, which far out-At Crystal River also, for these samplings at nu; W the otle:, and the gastropod veligers least, large quantities of debris accumulated. and barnacle larvae. Table 4 gives an idea of the Table 2 is quite restricted as to species, but discrepancy in numbers. the species present are fairly abundant. While Generally the highest numbers were at Sta-the species lir is not nearly as long as those tion I with a decrease thereafter. This is not for Turkey Pot. t. the density of organisms is always true-the densest copepod population directly comparable. Probably more intensive was in the B series at Station V, and this was study at the Crystal River site would bring the also true for barnacle larvae. Gastropod veligers two situations more into line. At any rate, Table in the B series were higher at Station ll than at 2 shows that a very substantial flora and fauna I, copepods were higher at V than at I in the passes along the canal, and that they are A series and this was true for barnacle larvae healthy enough to lodge, and to multiply in that in series A. But the general trend was for a environment. This is readily seen in colony for- Iower number per liter from I towards VI. mation in Frustulla and Vorticella. There is no apparent reason for Station V to be highest in these four instances. Normal ZOOPLANKTON STUDIES variation in numbers per liter, personal varia-tion in handling from one sample to another in these stuaies a Wisconsin plankton net was and such variables enter the. picture. But the used and 200 liters of water were strained. The most acceptable explanation lies in the well catch was preserved and counted at the labora- documented patchy occurrence of such plank-tory. It may not be assumed that these organ- ton, especially the swarming of copepods. isms were alive when taken, because even if The important thing shown by Tables 3 and dead, they would have been swept into suspen- 4 is that there is substantial zooplankton pres-sion by the current. Vita! steining with neutral ent, which can serve as an intermediate step red and rose bengal has been tried to no avail. in the fish food chain. This Crystal River popu-It appears that on the-spot counting of unkilled lation is higher than i have found at Turkey samples, plus ATP determination, will give the Point (lower Biscayne Bay and Card Sound) and only answars here. in Escambia Bay and the estuary of the Black-The ana!yses show that a very substantial water River. zooplankton exists. On April 28,1971, three How much of it is killed in passage through runs, A, B and C were made. Table 3 shows the the Florida Power Corporation plant cannot be composition and numbers per liter of the var- ascertained from these samplings. It is neces-ious organisms caught. It is noted that for 5 of sary that samples be taken, analyzed at the the groups, viz., unidentified ciliates, chautog- plant, unkilled by preservatives, to determine naths, Peridinium (large), fish eggs and rotifers this. But from experience at Turkey Point i ex-the average occurrence would be one in 8 liters, pect a kill no greater than 20%. And the shape, and for lobsters (?), coelenterates (medusae), organization and general appearance of the the ciliate Codonella, nematodes, chaetognaths, organisms so indicates.
58 Table 1 COMPOSITION AND NUMBERS PER MLOF PLANKTON GROUPS IN JUNE AND JULY 1971. A SERIES. Organism Group June Maximum Sta. July Maximum Sta. No. Species No.mi No. Species No.mi Sulfur bacteria 1 4 Ill Blue green algae 4 1 Ill Green algae 1 32 V 1 320 V Volvocida 3 8 IV 4 120 i Englenida 1 1 V 1 2 VI Cryptophysida 1 4 1 2 24 1 Dinoflagellida 9 4 VI 8 4 11 Bacillariese 23 92 1 24 16 V Rhizopdea 1 1 IV Mastigophorea 3 80 1 3 32 111 Cillphorea 4 4 11 7 6 VI Total Species 50 51 Table 2 ORGANISMS ACCUMULATING ON 156 MM2 OF SUSPENDED GLASS SLIDES AT 2 CRYSTAL RIVER LOCATIONS IN 1971. Organism 42871 6471 4-30.71 6-10-71 Stationt i 11 1 11 l ll l 11 Blue Green Algae Melosira monita'a 39 12 Anabaenopsis sp. 1 Melosira sp. 4 2 Borzia trilocularis 4 Navicula sp. 16 40 10 38 Lynagbya limnetica 2 Nitzchia sp. Oscillatoriae 4 1 2 Nitzschia sp. 6 Schizothrix 12 7 12 Rhizosolenia sp. 1 1 Synedra ulna 1 Green Algas Unidentified 4 79 54 Unidentified 32 124 Zoomastigophorea Volvocida Zoomastigophorea Chamydomonas sp. 6 24 Monosiga ovata 2 Pyramidomonas gr. 4 Ciliophorea Euglenida Acineta sp. 2 1 48 Anisonema lineata 2 48 Cyclidium sp. 2 Dysteria monostya 6 Diatoms Folliculina sp. 1 Coscinodiscus sp. 1 1 Pleurotricha sp. 1 Cyclotella sp. 48 4 Podophrya fixa 33 Diplonels sp. 4 Vorticella sp. 6 59 28 Frustulla sp. 7 204 46 Zoothamnium sp. 36 Gyrosigma sp. 4 Unidentified 1 2 Licmophora sp.1 1 26 28 Licmophora sp. 2 TOTALS 109 721 134 236
Table 3 ZOOPLANKTON IN NOS. PER L;TER AT 6 STATIONS, FLORIDA POWER CO. CANAL, 4-28 71. SERIES A, B. C. Statson Series A Series B Series C Organisms 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Caianoid 373 30.2 20.7 27.0 54.7 8.7 113.0 70.0 62.0 32.0 100. 32.0 110. 63.4 45.0 63.8 50. 35.9 copepods Harpacticoids .12 .25 .18 .06 .06 Gastropods 9.3 ~ 3.2 2.4 2.2 3.8 .12 23 8.8 23 .25 2.0 1.8 12.5 6.6 3.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 Bivalves 4.6 3.2 .12 .06 .12 .25 2.0 .75 .25 .5 1.5 1.0 .12 38 .12 .63 Barnacle 5.6 3.60 3.7 5.7 7.0 3.5 10.0 3.8 5.4 33 18. 1.5 5.6 2.8 2.9 4.4 4.5 2.4 larvae Shrimp .25 Polychaetes .75 .9 .24 .7 .9 3.8 1.0 13 .25 1.8 4.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 Chaetognaths .12 Tunicates .25 .25 .25 .25 .12 Eggs 2.1 2.9 .6 1.2 1.6 .9 3.0 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.5 .75 3.7 6.6 1.9 .88 .76 2.9 (Jnid. larvae .62 .9 .18 .5 .6 .5 1.5 .25 .25 3.7 3.0 .12 .75 .63 2.7 Nematodes .06 .06 .25 .12 Ciliata .06 Codonella .12 .25 Rotifera .06 .12 .12 .12 Cri *a larvae .5 4.0 1.5 2.8 3.5 1.5 2.5 6.6 4.4 7.3 2.5 .88 Tornaria 1.0 1.0 1.0 .5 .5 .37 .62 .38 .12 3.8 1.0 Peridinia .12 Fish egg .12 Gammarid .5 .5 .12 .12 Medusae .25 .12 Lobster .25 Table 4 NUMBERS OF THREE ORGANISM GROUPS AT STATIONS I .VI, 4 28-71 Number per liter Copepods Stations i 11 111 IV V VI
/ Series 37.3 30.2 20.7 27.0 54.7 8.7 8 Series 113.0 70.0 62.0 32.0 190.0 32.0 C Series 110.0 63.4 95.0 63.8 50.0 35.9 Gastropod veligers A Series 9.3 3.2 2.4 2.2 3.8 .12 B Series 2.3 8.8 2.3 .25 2.0 1.8 C Series 12.5 6.6 3.0 2.5 1.3 2.0 Barnacle larvae A Series 5.6 3.6 3.7 5.7 7.0 3.5 B Series 10.0 3.8 5.4 3.3 18.9 1.5 ,
C Series 5.6 2.8 2.9 4.4 4.5 2.4 e
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61 80,i 00ndlX C i I 4 l l l
62 a 1 enVironmen;:al SURVEILLANCE FOR RADIOACTIVITY IN THE VICINITY OF THE CRYSTAL RIVER NUCLEAR POWER PLANT: AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering Principal investigator Dr. W. Emmett Bolch Co investigators Dr. William E. Carr Dr. Nils J. Diez Dr. Jackson L Fox Dr. John F. Gamble Dr. Charles E. Roessler Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker Graduate Assistants Clay A. Adams Francis S. Echols Allan H. Horton Boyd B. Welsch Frank Markwell Student Assistant Tom Gerry Laboratory Staff Effie Galbraith Roger King Buford C. Pruitt _ _ _ _
1 63 INTRODUCTION bilities and emphasis, however, three principal ecosystems in the vicinity of the Crystal River Crystal River Nuclear Power Pim Plant were oefined: the marine, the marshland, l The nuclear power plant is under construction and the terrestrial. I by the Florida Power Corporation some 55 miles The marine ecosystem will be defined as l southwest of Gainesville. The site currently sup- that portion of the Gulf which comes under the l ports two fossil fueled conventional generating influence of the discharge and intake of the ! plants. The nuclear plant will be a Babcock and cooling water. It includes habitats such as the ! Wilcox pressurized water reactor having an out- general game fishing areas, the oyster bars, l put of 855 megawatts electrical. Known as the the grassbeds and extends into the saltmarsh Crystal River Plant Unit 3 (Docket No. 50 302), tidal flat. The second ecosystem is terrestrial, construction is well underway and is scheduled located in the land areas ir; and around the for completion in time for fuel loading to begin Crystal River Plant. For convenience of sam-about August,1972 for earliest commercial pling and reporting a sub-ecosystem, the fresh-operation by December,1972 and latest com- water environment has been defined. In be-mercial operation by June,1973. The Environ- tween these two principal ecosystems lies a ! mental Report was submitted by Florida Power third, the marshland ecosystem. Marshlands Corporation to the AEC January 4,1972. form an interface between the marine and ter-restrial environments. Here, many of the im-Brief Description of Project portant coupling pathways occur. Broadly, the objective of the project is to per-form a preoperational investigation of the levels PROGRESS REPORTS of radioactivity in the vicinity of the Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant. In recognition that Marine and Marshland Sampling there are numerous and complex pathways by Sampling areas were the same as those estab- 1 which radionuclides may cause exposure to plant lished and shown in the previous Progress Re- , life, animals and man, the study will be per- ports. Table 1* summarizes the materials col- I formed with due regard to ecological aspects. lected during the Summer Quarter. A total of < The specific objectives of the project are as 70 samples were collected and processed from follows: (1) To gather extensive and accurate the Crystal River site. These samples included 1 Information on the preoperational levels of radi- several species of food and game fish which ation and radioactivity existing in the environ- have not been included in prior collections. In ment; (2) To obtain information on the critical addition to gamma analyses, many of the marine nuclides, critical pathways, and critical biologi- and marshland samples are being prepared for cal groups associated with the uptake of radio- stable element analyses. activity into the human food chain: (3) To develop, test and exercise the methods and Cedar Key Sampling procedures that will be used in later opera- Three days were spent at the University of tional radiological surveys; (4) To gather base Florida Marine Laboratory on Seahorse Key for line data that will provide a basis for compari- the purpose of obtaining representative samples son with future levels of radioactivity in the from the marine environment in the vicinity of environment; (5) To assess the principal eco- Cedar Key. This important fishing community is systems within or nearby the plant site. located approximately 20 miles northwest of the Crystal River site. Samples gathered and ana-The Ecosystems of Crystal River lyzed at this time from this location are felt to it is difficult to set boundaries upon a macroeco- add additional scope to the current study since system since media and biota cross large geo-graphical areas. In order to divide responsi-
- Tables and Figures are shown on pp. 67 through 73.
I e
I M I it is anticipated that water borne radioactive must first generalize on the fate of the isotopes wastes from the nuclear plant will be trans- in the regional system to define the ecological ported in the direction of Cedar Key. Table 2 material budgets. This generalization is illus-contains a list of the 25 samples which were trated in Figure 1. The source, the nuclear facil-collected and processed for gamma analyses. ity, is shown in the center of the schematism ) releasing isotopes into the environment via at- ' Freshwater Sampling Program mospheric and marine pathways. Because the The spring samples were collected on March 19 nuclear facility is not the sole source of isotopes and April 9. The summer collections were made into the regional system, external inputs are on August 3 and 4. Both the Withlacoochee and also indicated. Once in the environment, the the Crystal River were sampled on these dates. isotopes may become incorporated in active Sampling was made possible through the co- biogeochemical cycling er may be sequestered operation of the Florida Game and Freshwater for some period of time in a regional sink. Losses Fish Commission, who provided electro-shock- to the regional isotope budget occur over atmo-ing equipment, nets, a boat, and personnel. The spheric, physical (primarily surface water) and Withlacoochee River was sampled in the vicinity biological pathways. Becaule concentration fre-of Yankeetown. Samples from the Crystal River quently occurs in biological material, this path-were taken near the main boil (Buzzard Island) way is so indicated relative to the others. A and near Christmas Island. Samples obtained major objective of this study should be the included: creation of a regional isotope budget to account Largemouth Bass for all inputs and losses. The marshland and Killifish terrestrial study team is focusing on the intra-Eels regional biogeochemical cycles and biological Suckers export out of the system, particularly as it relates Yellowtails to the health and well being of man. . Water The ecosystems of specific interest to this Hyacinths study team are the terrestrial, marshland and Water snake estuarine, with major emphasis being placed on Blue Crab the marshland. A dominant characteristic of the Spotte'd gar physical world is the fact that mobile materials Mullet tend to work their way to lower and lower eleva-Shellcrackers tions and eventually into water bodies. Biologi-Pinfish cal systems tend to slow this process through Bluegills tight mineral cycling and in some instances, by Sediment reverse transport. For instance, terrestrial ani-Hydrilla mais which feed on aquatic organisms, actively Stingray transport material to higher elevations. Thus, at Sailer's Choice the Crystal River site, this study team is attempt-Sunfish ing to quantify this upland transport mechanism in addition to its other objectives. Figure 2 sum-Marshland and Terrestrial Sampling marizes what are considered, at this time, to be introduction: The operation of a nuclear power the major pathways of transport among the generator at Florida Power Corporation's Crystal three contiguous systems. River site will result in the introduction n! n.iio- Biological transport of materials occurs in isotopes into the environment. These isotopes bulk through the trophic web of any system. will eventually be incorporated into the natural Thus, in addition to defining and quantifying the biogeochemical cycles of the regional ecosys- physical processes, a large effort is currently tem. To project the impact of this action, one underway to quantitatively describe the trophic
65 webs characteristic of the regional ecosystem. and interconnecting pathways. Thus, distribu-Illustrated in Figure 3 is a generic food web tion parameters may be evaluated in terms of showing the pathways linking biological com- the characteristics of material transport along ponents. Generalized food webs, such as this identified pathways and its accumulation and are well known even though few efforts have turnover in storages. The mechanics of this ever been directed to quantitatively describe distribution process have been described in more than just a few of the relationships. In other reports to the Florida Power Corporation. our efforts to give consideration to all compo- The primary objective of the marshland and nents and interrelationship, a broad brush liter- terrestrial study team has been to identify trans-ature search was made to define the dietaries port pathways and quantify their gross flux of some 700 organisms known, or thought, to characteristics. Together with quantitative infor-be components of the regional system. This mation on the sizes of the related storages it information was quickly collated for immediate should be possible to construct predictive use and future reference. The search, plus field models for the Crystal River systems describing observations, also provided an insight into which the distribution characteristics of material with-organisms could be considered for immediMe in and among the ecosystems of interest. Once attention, based on their dietaries, a predictive model(s) has been prepared and Figure 4 shows an outline of the quantita- tested, the flux and storage values of specific tive methodology being used to quantify biologi- elements, stable and non stable, may be incor-cal storades and trophic pathways. The symbols porated in the model and the distribution phe-are those used in the energy language of Odum nomena simulated. The firct year objective has (1967 and 1970) who has described their quan- been to accumulate as much field data as pos-titative characteristics. In this example, plants sible which can be used in the construction of are shown as producer populations dependent ecosystem models. In a qualitative sense, much l on abiotic resources for the bulk of their nutrient is known about the general structure and func-requirements and as direct incorporators on tion of ecosystems, but in qualitative detail and non required materia!s. In a quantitative sense, very.little is known. In terms of species and numbers, plants are Thus, our effort has been directed to generating more '!umerous than the animals they support. specific qualitative and quantitative information Herbivores are shown deriving materials from which will: (1) satisfy the requirements of the plants and through predation, passing along a institutional contract (2) provide an ecological portion to the higher trophic level consumers, bs:is for evaluating the impact of a nuclear the carnivores. Materials from each of the dia- power plant operation, and, (3) make a signifi-grammed components are recycled by decom- cant contribution to our knowledge of ecosystem posers to become available for subsequent re- structure and function. uptake by product s. Whereas a considerable wealth of data was collected over the past year, only examples are Research Effort: T te introduction of anomolous summarized in this report in constructing the materials into the environment may present a Crystal River food webs, the initial emphasis spectrum of problems related to their interac- has been on defining and quantifying vertebrate I tions with specialized components of natural dietaries. Dietaries for nine resident vertebrates systems, outlined in the introduction. Funda- have been worked up for this report to illustrate , mental to all studies and ,eculations concern- our approach in deriving predictive models. For ing specific interaction effects is a knowledge reporting purcoses, the data are expressed in of how these materials are distributed in both percent dry weight of total stomach contents. space and time. Natural systems, including Part of continuing effort is devoted to refin-those in which man is a component, may be ing the taxonomic identifications of dietary quantitatively described in terms pf storages components. This permits the contributing spe-i
66 cies compartments to be identified and, thus, lect to further refinement, outlines the ecosys-sampled individually or by groups. In the model- tems of interest and will eventually permit ling and interpretation of the data, the dry stable and non element budgets to be calcu-weight values, expressed in terms of area and lated on an area basis. Identifications permit time are used. The dietary summaries for the selected species to be compartmentalized for example -species are presented in Tables 3 separate analyses. The generalized procedures through 11. It should be noted, that each of the to be followed in dissecting an ecosystem are reported species, except Natrix, are consumed in Appendix l of this report. occasionally by man. Thus, in addition to their Data tables are being assembled in a man-contributions to the internal element cycling ner that will produce the most efficient compari-within the regional ecosystem, these species son between various types of media or different also represent potential direct inputs into locations. During the first year of sampling the humans. following total numbers of media samples were The trophic dyna nics studies provide quan- obtained: titative information on the flow of materials Station Number through an ecosystem. They also help to focus on which food resource compartments require Nearshore marine, area A 76 the most intensive study. These leads will be Nearshore marine, area B 79 Nearshore marine, area C 48 followed up during the next study year as a continuation of the present effort and in con. Marshland, area A 47 Marshland, area B 47 junction with the harvesting and determination of biomass standing crop in the representative Marshland, area C 29 Cedar Key 26 ecosystems. This intensive effort will gene ate much of the background data necessary to tie Terrestrial and Freshwater 165 together the various sub studies this team has TOTAL 517 undertaken as well as quantifying the major organic storages. To prepare for the field work to determine These totals do not include air filters, deposition standing crop, an ecosystem type map has been samples, TLD monitors, tritium network sam-qualified and checklist of ruderal plant species ples, or other items sampled for non radioassay (Table 12) partially finished. The type map, sub. . procedures. I 1 l l 1 1 l i l l
67 GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES k EXTERNAL SOURCES PHYSICAL EXPORT ((Y}f S10 LOGICAL % EXPOR g ATMOSPHERIC EXPORT
% 2
% ){J S10LO61 CAL CYCLES Figure 1. Generalized isotope Budget for the Crystal River Site l g
ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT LY p BIOLOGICAL TRANSFER MECHANISMS m eMEA V RUN0FF
, LEACHING AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE Figure 2. Net Movement among Three Contiguous Ecosystems I _
a-A
/DETRITIV0RkV CARNIV0RES
/ T i,2, p
\
\ HERDIV0RES OMNIV0RES -
[ - PROPUCER a GRANIV0RES
*/
PECOMPOSERS T ABIOTIC (RESOUTCES p 6Tyc H s" Figure 3. Generalized Ecosystem
*2 4
M HER & g
> "ua ) \ /\ A CARNIVORE 3 3 : sm-v 9 stagvm en
% TERj-
) j' v Figure 4. A Producer-Herbivore-Carnivore Food Chain
E 69 l Table 1 Table 2 MARINE AND MARSHLAND COLLECTIONS SUMMER QUARTER,1971, COLLECTIONS FOR SUMMER QUARTER,1971 FROM THE CEDAR KEY AREA
- Offshore Sampling Sites: 1. Water
- 2. Sediment from turtlegrass bed ITEM AREA A AREA B AREA C 3. Sediment from oyster reef Water X X X Submerged vegetation Sediment X (2) X X Algae 4. Red algae - mixture of Laurentia and Spyridea Sargassum sp. X X X 5. Shoalgrass Caulerpa sp. X X 6. Turtlegrass Grass X X X Plankton X X _ Shellfish and other invertebrates Oysters X X X Pink Shrimp -
X - 7. Blu'.s crabs Blue Crabs X X X 8. Oysters Stone crabs X X - 9. Pink shrimp Pinfish X X - 10. Quahogs (hard sheli clam) Gafftopsail catfish X X - 11. Sand dollars Mu!Iet X X X 12. Sea urchins Ladyfish X X - 13 Stone crabs Halfbeaks X - - 14. Whelks Spottall pinfish X - - Spotted sestrout X X - Fish Stingrays X - - Blacktip shark - X - 15. Killifish Mangrove snapper X - 16. Molarra Grass porgy X - _ 17. Mullet Needlefish X - - 18. Pigfish Black sea bass X - - 19. Pinfish Crevalle jack X - - 20. Redfish
- 21. Sheepshead minnow Marshland Sanspling Sites: 22. Silver perch
- 23. Silversides ITEM AREA A AREA B AREA C 24. Spotted seatrout
- 25. Stingray Water X X X Sediment X X X *All samples collected in vicinity of Seahorse Key, Oysters X X X 7/30 - 8/1/71.
Mullet X X X Sargassum X X - Blue crabs X X X Spot X X - Killifish X X - Pinfish X - - Silversides X - - Silver perch X - - X - sample collected
70 Table 3 Table 4 Trionyx ferox - soft shelled turtle Gophorus polyphemus - gopher tortoise mean dry wt. = 269.0 gm; N = 7 mean dry weight = 281.0 gm; N = 2
% Dry Weight of */ Dry Weight of Stomach Contents Stomach Contents Fish 32.9 Graminae leaves 73.1 Fine algae 32.4 Inerts 8.8 Lepomis 13.3 Un-ID feaves 6.9 Un ID plant 5.5 Urtica sp. leaves 4.4 Un-ID seed 4.3 Quercus sp. wood 3.8 Pomacea paludosa 2.4 UnID wood 3.0 Sabel palmetto 2.3 Dendropogon usneoides T Un ID insecta 1.9 Un-ID Pelecypoda T Hydrophiloidae (Super family) 1.7 Un ID Gastropoda T Hemiptera 0.8 Cocoons 0.6 Un ID flesh 0.5 Graminae leaves 0.3 Bones - Vertebrata 0.3 Inerts 0.2 Niads 0.1 Table 5 Cicindetidae T Natrix sipedon pictiventris - Florida Water Snake Gastropoda T mean dry weight = 78.9 gm; N = 7 (3 empty)
Blattidae T Diptera larvae T af. Dry Weight of Stomach Contents Rana sphenocephala 90.2 Inerts 4.9 Un ID plant 2.7 Un ID insecta 1.6 Orthoptera 0.52 Chilopoda 0.1
71 ' i Table 6 Table 8 Rana grylio - Southern Pig Frog Didelphis marsupialis - Opossum mean dry weight = 28.3 gm; N = 20 (3 empty) mean dry weight = 272 gm; N = 6
% DryWeight of of Dry Weight of Stomach Contents Stomach Contents Hydrophilidae 39.8 Hair 69.2 Un-lO flesh & stomach lining 22.4 UnID 13.9 letalurus sp. 8.1 Stylommatophora 4.8 Diplopoda 6.0 Un ID leaves 3.2 Odonata 5.9 Andropogon sp. 2.8 Gastropoda 5.4 Matacostraca Decapoda (crab) 1.4 Un ID plant 3.0 1.2 Un-ID Aves (bones & feathers)
Hirudinea 2.5 Anolis c. carolinensis 0.8 Tenorionidae 2.1 Inerts 0.7 Hemiptera 1.5 Quercus sp. leaves 0.7 Araneida 1.0 Un ID animal 0.4 Elateridat 0.9 Un ID insecta 0.3 Heterandria formosa 0.5 Pinus sp. 0.2 Un lO Insecta 0.4 Juniperus sp. 0.1 Homoptera 0.2 Dendropogon usnecides 0.1 Carabidae 0.2 Un-ID wood 0.1 Dryopidae 0.1 Sabal palmetto T Tabanidae farvae T Gastropoda T Un ID Amphibia T Table 7 Rana sphenocephala - Southern leopard frog mean dry weight = 7.4 gm; N = 32 84 DryWeight of Stomach Contents Orthoptera 41.6 Scarabaeldae 13.3 Un lO Insecta 9.8 Un-ID flesh 8.5 Un lO plant 6.9 Araneida (family- spiders) 4.7 Un.1D vertebrates 3.7 Oligochaeta 3.5 Gastrophryne carolinensis 2.0 Lepidoptera larvae 1.9 Isopoda (sowbug) 0.8 Diptera 0.8 Staphyfinidae 0.6 Hemiptera 0.5 Odonata 0.3 Cicindelidae 0.3 Formicidae 0.3 Hydrophilidae 0.2 Gastropoda 0.2 Circutionidae 0.1
72 Table 9 Table 10 Dasypus novemcinctus - Armadillo Procyon fotor- Raccoon mean dry weight = 1,076.9 gm; N = 5 mean dry weight = 914.4; N = 10 (+ 9 intestines)
% Dry Weight of % Dry Weight of Stomach Contents Stomach Contents Lepidoptera larvae 18.2 Un ID crab 47.2 Un ID Insecta 15.3 Un lO fish 21.3 Formicidae 12.6 Uca sp. 15.6 Cicadidae a.0 Eurypanopens depressus and/or Un-!D flesh 4.4 Neopanopeus texanasayl insect feces 4.0 Ocupode quadrata (ghost) 1.8 Diplopoda 3.9 Sabal palmetto berries 1.4 Camponotus 3.3 Un-ID leaves 1.3 Gryllidae 3.1 Un-ID animal 0.9 Dirt 2.9 Soil 0.6 Carabidae 2.3 Un ID Aves 0.5 Gryllotalpinae 1.8 Oligochaeta 0.3 Un '7 leaves 1.8 Inerts 0.1 Acris gryllus 1.7 Un ID insecta 0.1 Rocks 1.7 Un-ID wood T Elateridae 1.5 Gastropoda T Chilopoda 1.5 Hair T Aranelda 1.4 Tabanidae larvae 1.2 Un-ID plant stems 1.1 Astacidae -Cambarus genus .9 Mollusca .9 Scarabaeidae .8 Andropogan sp. .8 Orthoptera eggs .7 Formicidae pupae .7 Staphyllnidae .6 Opheodtys nestivus .6 Un ID vertebratos .5 Hymeneptera (wasps) .4 Isopoda (sowbug) .3 Un ID animal .2
' Un-ID seeds .2
- Quercus sp. leaves .2 Un lO roots .1 Diptera - suborder Nematocera (Un-ID gnats) .1 Un-ID cocoons .1 Juniperus sp. .1 Blattidae .1 Curcutionidae .1 Cydnidae T Un ID hair T Annelide -Oligochaeta T
- c. .
I e 73 Table 11 Mergus serrator- Red Breasted Merganser mean dry weight - 252.4 g; N = 22
*/ Dry Weight of Stomach Contents Mugli cephalus 31.3 Un ID fish 21.9 Poecilia latipinna 15.3 Cyprinodon variegatus 11.1 Fundulus simills 10.3 Opsanus beta 9.3 Un-ID animal 0.3 Un fD plant 0.2 Panopeus herbstil(mud crab) . 0.1 Aves - feather T Table 12 A Partial Checklist for Ruderal Plant Species at the Crystal River study site Polygala Baldwinil Chloris glavca Ampelopsis arborea Cacalia lanceolata Setaria geniculata Pluchea rosen Juncus biflorus Pterocaulon pycnostachyum Cyperus polystachyes Erigeron quercifolius Galactla volubilis Clematis Baldwinil -
Rudbeckla hitta Penstemon multiflorus Juncus megacephalus Ascleplas lanceolata Lepidium virginieum Teucrium nashii Chloris glavca Eryngiurn yuccifolium Dichromena colorata Cnidoscolus stimulosus Coreopis leavenworthil Eupatorium coelestinum Sabatin grandiflora Eryngium Baldwinii Ptilimnium capillaceum Cladium lamaicense Melilotus alba Polygala Baldwinil Pontederia cordata Cirslum horridulum 4
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; i f $1[d SURVEILLANCE OF THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE OF THE FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION, CRYSTAL RIVER SITE STATE OF FLORIDA Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Emmett Roberts, Secretary Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Dr. Chester L Nayfield, Administrator Radiological and Occupational Health Section Staff Wallace B. Johnson '
Benjamin P. Prewitt Jerry C. Eakins Rc bert G. Orth ; Paul E. Shuler M. Melinda Geda ; l Lois F. Godwin ,
77 PRE-OPERATIONAL An examination of the data for potassium 40 RADIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE - shows the following distribution: CRYSTAL RIVER THIRD QUARTER - 1971 Runs above the mean 4133 -1 The following report of radiological surveillance 4750 +1 by the Radiological and Occupaticnal Health 3850 -1 Section, Division of Health, Department of 4960 +1 Health and Rehabilitative Services, is submit- 4740 +1 ted. This report covers the period July 1 Sep- 3820 -1 tember 30,1971. During this period the follow- 4840 +1 ing samples were collectad: 5240 +1 4510 -1 Vector No. Sites Sampled No. Samples Vegetation 10 30 Mean 4538 Food Crop 0 0 Soil 10 10 number above 5 number be!ow 4 rine Biota The data for gross beta are: Seawater 7 7 4435 -1 Surface Water 3 3 5250 -1 Drinking Water 6 6 4672 -1 TLD 5 15 Air Particulates 6479 +1 5 22 6350 +1 Silt 4 4 6521 +1 ; 6749 +1 TOTAL 100 5822 +1 Recapitulation of data relating to vegetation is included herewith as Table 1 on the following Mean 5717 page. The difference between gross beta levels Utilizing the runs test for trend data (p. 628 and potassium 40 levels are listed in Table 2 Biometry, Sokol and Rohlf) we must conclude (next page), together with the tntal of cesium that the potassium 40 data is random in varia-137 plus zirconium 95 levels: A plot c! these tion above and below the mean. while the gross i data is included as Figure 1 (page 79). beta data show a decided treed. It appears, in view of the fact that cesium 135 and therefore, that the trend in the gross beta data zirconiem 95 constitute the only important cannot be attributed to a similar trend in potas- , source of activity in the sampies there should sium 40 0ata. The cesium 137 zirconium 95 data l be no significant difference in the means or the on the other hand shows a trend which is in a l distribution of these data. time reference identical with the gross beta data. Because no assumption can be made that The conclusion is that the seasonal trend of these data are a normal distribution, Man. elevation in gross beta levels is not the result Whitney y test is utilized to test the hypothesis of a similar seasonal trend in potassium 40 that there is no significant difference between levels but rather of a seasonal increase in levels the two sets of data. The calculation of -1.96 of cesium 137-zirconium 95. Figure 1 clearly <0.48 <+ 1.96 indicates that no significant indicates that this is the result of an increase in difference exists. the levels of cesium 137.
78 Data on precipitation sampling for the St. service at the Crystal River Site and future pre-Petersburg station of the Florida Radiation Sur- cipitation data will be specific to the Crystal veillance Network are included in this report. River location. Two precipitation samplers have been placed in Ae 1 COMPARISON OF MONTHLY MEANS . STATIONS FOR VARIOUS RADIONUCLIDES pC4, .,4 Wet Weight ANALYSIS Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sept. MEAN Gross Beta 4435 5250 4672 6479 6350 6521 6749 5822 5177 5717 Gross Alpha 474 561 525 917 903 794 836 ND ND 716 Cesium 137 649 404 374 708 1504 1188 1032 563 615 782 Potassium 40 4133 4750 3850 4960 4740 3820 4840 5240 4510 4538 Zirconium 95 136 232 268 718 602 661 554 688 416 475 Table 2 Month Gross Beta - K 40 Cs 137 plus Zr 95 Jan. 302 785 Feb. 500 636 Mar. 822 642 Apr. 1519 1426 May 1610 2106 June 2701 1849 July 1909 1581 Aug 582 1251 Sept. 667 1031 MEAN 1179 1256
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> -7 FLORIDA DIVISION OF HEALTH RADIOLOGICAL SAMPLING SITES-CRYSTAL RIVER
81 GAMMA BACKGROUND VEGETATION TLD (mrem / hour) GROSS BETA (pCi/ kg Wet Weight) Sampling Sampling Location 71471 9-9-71 10-6-71 Mean Site July Aug. Sept. Mean C04 .020 .019 .020 .020 C01 5280 6145 5323 5583 C07 .020 .018 .024 .021 CO2 6235 4674 4128 5032 C08 .020 .018 .025 .021 CO3 6126 6463 4996 5862 C18 .023 .023 .020 .022 C04 6846 5352 4349 5516 C26 .035 .034 .024 .031 C05 6352 5284 4050 5229 Mean .024 .022 .023 C06 7461 5491 4947 5966 C08 5448 6025 4850 5441 C09 7621 5832 4969 6141 C11 9297 8020 7844 8387 C12 6769 4939 6310 6006 AIR PARTICULATES Sampling Mean 6749 5822 5177 Location 7171 71371 7.27 71 8-03 71 C04 <1pCi/m3 <1pCl/ m3 <1pCl/ m3 <1pC1/ m3 CESIUM 137 (pCi/ kg Wet Weight) C07 <1pCl/m3 <1pC1/ m3 C08 * <1pCl/ m3
- 230
- C01 380 190 267 C18 <1pCl/m3 <1pci/ m3 <1pCI/ m3 <1pCi/ m3 CO2 850 200 760 603 C26 * <1pC1/ m3 *
- 310 CO3 260 280 283 C04 840 1000 790 877 8 16-71 83071 9-8 71 9 22-71 C05 2000 1900 2100 2000 CO6 590 540 490 540 C04 <1pCl/m3 <1pCl/ m3 <1pC1/ m3 - C08 130 80 80 97 C07 <1pCl/m3 <1pCi/ m3 <1pCl/ m3 <1pCI/ m3 C09 110 ND ND 110 C08 * * * <1pCi/ m3 C11 5100 210 6800* 4037 C18 * * * <1pCl/ m3 C12 160 500 230 297 C26 * * * <1pCi/ m3 Mean 1032 563 614
- stranger
- Equipment failures K 40 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight)
C01 4200 4800 5400 4800 CO2 3600 4000 3100 3567 C03 5400 6600 5500 5833 C04 4500 4700 4200 4467 COS 4600 5400 1900 3967 C06 4900 2700 3600 3733 CO8 4600 6700 4900 5400 C09 6000 6100 5700 5933 C11 4600 6000 4100 4900 C12 6000 5400 6700 6033 Mean 4840 5240 4510 (continued on next page) l l 1 i l
82 VEGETATION SILT (concluded) GROSS BETA (pCi/ kg) ZIRCONIUM 95 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) Site July Aug. Sept. Site July Aug. Sept. Mean C01 ND C09 ND C01 680 840 180 567 C13 ND CO2 1200 610 430 747 C14 ND C03 150 330 110 .197 C04 510 750 320 527 Mean ND C05 470 480 580 510 C06 690 1200 760 883 C08 420 300 300 340 GROSS ALPHA (pCi/kg) C09 540 410 250 400 C11 700 1500 850 1017 Col ND C12 180 460 380 340 C09 ND C13 ND Mean 554 688 416 C14 ND Mean ND RUTHENIUM 106 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) C01 270 410 ND 340 K 40 (pCi/ kg) CO2 360 750 290 467 C03 ND 200 ND 200 C01 ND C04 ND 480 570 525 C09 390 COS ND ND ND ND C13 ND C06 ND 6GO 660 660 C14 490 C08 ND 320 450 385 C09 ND 400 530 475 Mean 440 C11 ND 770 ND 770 C12 ND ND 420 420 CERIUM 144 (pCl/kg) Mean 315 499 490 Col 640 C09 880 GROSS ALPHA (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) C1., ND C14 370 C01 616- ND ND CO2 887 ND ND Mean 630 C03 592 ND ND C04 942 ND ND COS 816 ND ND C06 856 ND ND C08 825 ND ND C09 868 ND NO C11 1315 ND ND
- C12 836 ND ND l
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83 SOIL SOIL GROSS BETA (pCi/ kg) CERIUM 144 (pCi/ kg) Site July Aug. Sept. Site July Aug. Sept. C01 ND C01 830 CO2 ND CO2 710 CO3 ND C03 900 C04 ND C04 580 C05 10688 C05 1400 C07 ND C07 780 C08 7990 C08 1100 C09 3168 C09 520 C11 2826 C11 920 C12 4730 C12 950 Mean of detect. observ. 5880 Mean 869 GROSS ALPHA (pCi/kg) ZlRCONIUM 95 (pCi/ kg) C01 ND C01 160 CO2 ND CO2 180 CO3 ND CO3 180 C04 ND C04 100 C05 9178 C05 310 C07 ND C07 130 C08 5346 C08 370 C09 ND C09 150 C11 ND C11 310 C12 ND C12 200 Mean of detect. observ. 7262 Mean 209 CESIUM 137 (pCi/ kg) RUTHENIUM 106 (pCl/ kg) C01 5^ C01 190 CO2 1E J CO2 230 CO3 1200 CO3 290 C04 1300 C04 ND C05 1100 C05 520 C07 1300 C07 240 C08 640 C08 670 C09 ND C09 240 C11 '20 C11 400 C12 i40 C12 400 Mean 703 Mean 353 K 40 (pC1/ kg) C01 ND CO2 ND C03 410 C04 ND COS ND C07 ND i C08 ND l C09 ND ' C11 ND C12 460 l Mean of detect. observ. 435 1
84 WELL WATER SEAWATER GROSS BETA (pCill) GROSS BETA (pCill) Site July Aug. Sept. C01 54 C08 20 C07 6 C09 146 C10 ND C11 90 C18 ND C12 21 C22 ND C13 390* C23 ND C14 314
*K 40 260 TRITIUM (pCill)
Above samplin2 cites Gross Alpha Non Detectable C07 < 200 pCI/1 Gamma Scan C10 " Tritium C18
" Co 58-60 C22 C23 C24 MILK COBALT 58-60 (C25) (pCl/1)
C07 ND Nuclide July Aug. Sept. C10 ND C18 ND Cs 137 41 C22 ND K 40 159 C23 ND 1131 ND . C24 ND Sr 90 10.3 SURFACE WATER MARINE BIOTA Site July Aug. Sept. (C12) BLUE CRAB #1 SAMPLE CIS C16 Non Detectable for all Gross Beta 3338 C17 radionuclides including H 3 Gross Alpha 1384 C* 137 50
. 40 1600 (C21) BLUE CRAB #2 SAMPLE Gross Beta 3203 Gross Alpha 978 Cs 137 ND K 40 1700 1
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85 PltECIMTATION (Data are shown on the fol!owing pages)
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B p Plot Monthly Total Deposition pci/m2 st. Petersburg - g cross aeta 1970-1971 5 d R 5 s sooo = 5 a 4000 A S _b t
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86 1970 PRECIPITATION DATA St. Petersburg Activity No. Deposition Activity No. Deposition (pCl/I) Uters (pCi/ m2) (pCill) Uters (pCl/ m2) 1270 18 1.86 83.7 7170 51 0.60 76.5 1570 ND 10.01 - 7670 48 3.20 384.0 1.7 70 ND 12.81 - 7-8 70 45 2.56 288.0 1 16-70 28 2.39 167.3 71370 18 20.30 913.5 1 26-70 35 0.93 81.4 72270 18 3.87 174.1 72470 17 0.55 23.4 MEAN 16.2 TOTAL 332.4 72970 31 1.50 116.2 MEAN 32.6 TOTAL 1975.7 2470 ND 24.72 - 21870 16 11.55 462.0 2-27 70 20 7.73 386.5 8370 16 4.42 176.8 8 10-70 10 24.40 610.0 MEAN 16.2 TOTAL 848.5 82170 25 1.67 104.4 82470 ND 1.34 - 8 26-70 ND 1.50 - 3670 22 16.12 886.6 83170 11 3.68 101.2 3970 11 15.82 435.0 31370 33 14.59 1203.6 MEAN 10.3 TOTAL ' 992.4 32370 36 3.43 308.7 32770 15 28.48 1068.0 33070 45 1.89 212.7 9-7 70 22 1.21 66.5 91470 ND 8.67 - MEAN 27 TOTAL 4114.6 91670 13 5.26 170.9 91870 ND 1.36 - 92370 13 1.80 58.5 4370 20 1.47 73.5 92870 ND 6.39 - 4 6-70 45 3.32 373.5 9-30-70 ND 2.33 - MEAN 32.5 TOTAL 447.0 MEAN 6.8 TOTAL 295.9 52070 84 7.44 1562.4 10670 ND 2.13 - 52570 ND 14.74 - 10770 17 2.90 123.2 5 29-70 24 3.76 225.6 10 10 70 ND 3.42 - 10-16-70 11 1.79 49.2 MEAN 36.0 TOTAL 1788 10-21 70 97 3.96 960.3 MEAN 25 TOTAL 1132.7 6-1 70 27 6.48 437.4 6 3-70 43 2.88 309.6 6-5 70 48 3.07 368.4 11 2-70 36 1.13 101.7 61570 98 0.78 191.1 11 4-70 36 8.16 734.4 61770 20 17.47 873.5 11 11 70 25 3.37 210.6 6-26-70 31 11.50 891.2 11 13 70 NA 6.70 - 11.16-70 24 3.91 234.6 MEAN 44.5 TOTAL 3071.2 MEAN 30.2 TOTAL 1281.3 12 18-70 17 2.32 98.6 12-28 70 16 1.71 68.4 MEAN 16.5 TOTAL 167 GRAND MEAN 24.1 MEAN OF TOTALS 1370.6
l 87 1971 PRECIPITATION DATA St. Petersburg Activity No. Oeposition Activity No. Deposition (pCi/ 0 Liters (pCl/ m2) (pCl/l) Liters (pCl/m2) 1 6-71 13 1.06 34.4 7771 32 6.88 550.4 1871 ND 2.60 - 7971 27 19.8 1336.5 11871 32 1.14 91.2 71271 35 1.049 91.8 71471 23 18.120 1041.9 MEAN 15 TOTAL 125.6 72171 16 11.160 464.4 72371 20 2.150 107.5 72671 30 4.420 331.5 2171 41 1.06 108.6 72871 21 9.540 500.8 2-8-71 13 31.50 1023.7 73071 23 5.200 299.0 2 10-71 ND 9.15 - ? 15 71 16 6.42 256.8 MEAN 24.1 TOTAL 4723.8 22471 NA 0.395 - MEAN 17.5 TOTAL 1389.1 8-2 71 11 60.600 1666.5 8 6-71 19 21.800 1035.5 8-11 71 14 2.850 99.7 3571 34 2.62 222.7 81371 9 38.800 873.0 3 8-71 28 2.81 196.7 81671 ND 66.000 ND 31571 74 1.02 188.7 81871 4 9.820 24.5 31771 14 1.38 48.3 8-23 71 7 8.808 141.4 3 26-71 27 2.30 155.2 82571 23 2.500 143.7 33171 53 3.19 422.7 82771 10 12.160 304.0 8 30-71 10 6.420 160.5 MEAN 38.3 TOTAL 1240.6 MEAN 10.7 TOTAL 4448.8 4 5-71 126 9.28 2923.2 4771 86 3.22 692.3 9171 7 7.900 138.2 42671 NA 0.23 - 9 3-71 5 14.950 168.8 9-6 71 9 2.500 56.2 MEAN 106 TOTAL 3615 9-8 71 ND 13.530 ND 91071 ND 39.600 ND 9-13 71 5 24.400 305.0 51471 110 1.840 506.0 9 15-71 13 1.240 40.3 51771 17 20.730 881.0 9-20-71 12 6.830 204.9 5-26-71 230 0.824 473.8 9-22 71 10 2.990 74.7 MEAN 119 TOTAL 1860.8 MEAN 6.78 TOTAL 988.1 MEAN OF TOTALS 2540.7 6-7 71 66 11.010 1816.6 6-9 71 22 10.110 556.0 6.14 71 40 4.380 438.0 62171 NA 0.450 NA 025-71 35 4.370 382.4 6 30-71 24 21.370 1282.2 MEAN 37.4 TOTAL 4475.2
1 l sa i 1 PRE-OPERATIONAL cAuuA sAcnonouno RADIOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE - TLD (mrem / hour) na CRYSTAL RIVER samnilon tocat 11 os-71 12 1s.71 1-o7 72 uean Fourth Quarter-1971 C04 .019 .022 .022 .o21 The report included herein constitutes the radio, c . . j21 j23 logical surveillance conducted at Crystal River cis .023 .020 .026 .023 during the period October 1 December 31,1971. c2s .035 .031 .040 .035 During this period the following samples were Mean .023 .022 .o26 collected and analyzed: Vector No. Sites Sampled No. Samples Vegetation 10 32 Food Crops 1 1 AIR PARTICULATES Soil 0 0 sampling Location 10-06-71 10 12 71 10-26-71 11 04 71 0 0 Marine Biota 8 8 co4 1pci/m3 1pcl/m3 1pcilm3 1pci/ms Seawater 5 5 co7 1pci/ m3 1pcilm3 1pcilm3 1pci/ ms Surface Water 4 4 Co8 1pCi/ m3 1pCi/ m3 1pCi/ m3 1pCl/ m3 C18 1pCi/m3 1pCiIm3 1pCi/m3 1pCl/m3 Drinking Water 6 6 C26 1pci/m3 1pcl/ m3 1pcl/m3 1pcl/m3 TLD 5 15 Air Particulates 5 40 11 16 71 11 24 71 12 13 71 12 29 71 Silt 4 4 co4 1pcilm3 1pcl/ m3 1pCl/ m3 1pCi/ m3 Precipitation 2 2 co7 1pci/ ms 1pcilm3 1pcilm3 1pci/ ms Co8 1pCi/ m3 1pCi/ m3 1pCi/ m3 1pCi/ m3 c18 1pci/m3 loci / m3 1pci/m3 1pCi/ m3 TOTAL 117 c26 1pcilm3 1pci/ m3 1pci/ m3 1pCi/ m3 l l l l l l
89 VEGETAT!ON GROSS BETA (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) RUTHENIUM 106 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) Sampling 3ampling Site Oct. Nov. De Mean Site Oct. Nov. Dec. Mean C01 5500 4600 4500 4800 C01 - - - CO2 5200 . 6300 5700 CO2 370 CO3 5300 4300 4500 4700 C03 - - - C04 6500 5600 3900 5300 C04 - - - C05 5500 6700 4300 5500 C05 - - - C06 4700 4100 4500 4400 C06 320 390 - 355 C08 5800 5700 4800 5400 C08 360 - - C09 7300 6500 5800 6500 C09 610 - - C11 6700 5400 3800 5300 C11 520 540 - 530 C12 5500 5800 4400 5200 C12 - - - Mean 5800 5400 4700 Mean 436 465 CESIUM 137 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) GROSS ALPHA (pCi/ kg Wet Weight) C01 140 230 210 193 C01 - - 420 CO2 780 630 705 CO2 - - C03 250 310 270 276 CO3 - - - C04 930 900 1500 1110 C04 - - 300 C05 1500 2900 2300 2233 C05 - - 430 C06 540 410 360 436 C06 - - - C08 - 70 - C08 - - - C09 140 100 130 123 C09 - - - C11 160 190 170 173 C11 - - - C12 400 390 410 400 C12 - - - Mean 540 610 680 - MDA K 40 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) p C01 5300 4000 3400 4230 CO2 3300 4900 4100 Nuclide Oct. Nov. Dec. C03 5500 4600 4300 4800 C04 6300 5300 2400 4670 Gross Beta 8600 C05 5200 6600 2100 4630 Cs 137 180 C06 2600 2500 3700 2930 K 40 8700 C08 6500 6100 4700 5770 C09 6400 6200 6600 6400 (C01) SARAGASSUM (pCi/kg) C11 5200 4500 4000 4570 C12 5900 6600 3800 5430 Gross Beta 5800 Gross Alrha 3400 Mean 5220 4740 3990 K 40 6100 Zr 95 120
- MDA (CO2) SAW PALMETTO (pCl/ kg)
ZlRCONIUM 95 (pCl/ kg Wet Weight) Gross Beta 3400 C01 80 190 170 150 Cs 137 200 CO2 320 200 260 K 40 2600 CO3 70 70 50 64 Zr 95 250 C04 - 80 170 130 C05 100 170 230 170 (C19) ORANGE (pCI/ kg) C06 470 320 110 300 C08 130 100 - 115 Gross Beta 2000 C09 380 50 - 215 Gross Alpha 210 C11 550 450 90 360 K 40 1800 C12 200 90 80 120 Sr 90 85 Mean 255 170 130
90. SILT WATER GROSS BETA (pCi/ kg) PRECIPITATION Oct. Nov. Dec. Site Oct. Nov. Dec. Site C01 - C07 Non Detectable for all radionuclides C09 - C18 including Hs C13 - C14 - X - SURFACE WATER GROSS ALPHA (pCi/kg) GROSS BETA (pCl/ kg) C01 - C09 8200 C12 16 C13 - C15 - C14 5400 C16 - C17 - X 6800 All other radionuclides were below the minimum K 40 (pCi/ kg) detectable activity C01 - C09 - C13 - C14 - WELL WATER X - C07 All radionuclides were below the C10 minimum detectable activity CERIUM 144 (pCi/ kg) C18 C22 C01 570 C23 C09 670 C24 C13 390 C14 1100 X 683 SEAWATER - MDA GROSS BETA (pCl/ kg) Site Oct. Nov. Dec. C08 74 C09 130 C11 200 C13 340 (1) C14 330 (2) (1) K 40 280 (2) K 40 200 All other radionuclides were below the minimum detectable activity
~ ~ -
91 MARINE BIOTA OYSTERS (C21) BLUE CRAB GROSS BETA (pCl/ kg) (pClIkg) C12 900 Nuclide Oct. Nov. Dec. C14 1900 C20 930 GrodMa 2300 Gros; alpha 1600 X 1243 K 40 1300 K 40 (pCi/ kg) C12 600 C14 1400 FISH C20 750 GROSS BETA (pC1/ kg) X 917 Site Oct. Nov. Dec. All other radionuclides were below maximum detectable activity C01 3600 COS 4000 C11 4600 C13 3700 X 3975 GROSS ALPHA (pCl/kg) C01 450 C08 1100 C11 1200 C13 1200 X 988 K 40 (pClIkg) Col 2600 C08 2500 C11 2700 C13 2200 X 2500 SR 90 (pCl/kg) Site Oct. Nov. Dec. C01 13 COB 7 C11 5 C13 9* X 9
- Sr 89 21
- i
92 4 m-e
93 i
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94 i n p a W , ,ik, .W "N"1 lO 'O-b 2 b SURVEILLANCE REPORT PINELLAS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT George R. McCall Staff Mrs. Russell Hobbs The following data are a summary of air monitor-ing results and rainfall col'ections taken in St. Petersburg, Florida, for the second half of 1971. The approximate air volume on which the deter-minations are based was 2100 cubic meters for the 48 hour sampling periods and 3100 cubic meters for 72-hour periods. The counting equip-
. ment consists of a thin end window (2mg/cm2)
. Geiger-Mueller tube coupled with a Packard Mod. 410A scaler timer system. On each occa-sion, the instrument is standardized against a 32,000 pci Strontium 90 calibration source of dimensions identical to the air filters. e
95 PINELLAS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT RADIATION SURVEILLANCE QUARTERLY REPORT July 1 - Sept. 30,1971 DATE AIR RAINFALL REMARKS (1971) Gross Beta Activity (mm) (pC1/ m3) 7/2 0.298 0 7/5 0.272 0 7/7 0.199 1.72 mm 7/9 0.242 0 7/12 0.334 2.62 mm 7/14 0.182 45.30 mm 7/16 0.225 0 7/19 0.286 0 7/21 0.22 27.90 mm 7/23 0.158 5.375 mm 7/26 0.167 11.05 mm 7/28 0.238 23.95 mm 7/30 0.18 13.00 mm 8/2 0.194 151.5 mm 8/4 0.175 0 8/6 0.162 54.5 mm 8/9 0.14 0 8/11 0.143 7.12 mm 8/13 0.061 97.00 mm 8/16 0.135 168.00 mm 8/18 0.084 24.8 mm 8/20 0.099 0 8/23 0.139 0 8/25 0.067 30.4 mm 8/27 0.11 6.25 mm 8/30 0.073 16.00 mm 9/1 0.11 7.25 mm 9/3 0.103 37.4 mm 9/6 0.045 6.25 mm 9/8 0.1 33.8 mm 9/10 0.091 99.0 mm 9/13 0.031 61.0 rr.m 9/15 0.18 3.1 mm 9/17 0.065 0 9/20 0.15 17.1 mm 9/22 0.1465 7.48 mm 9/24 0.082 Trace
'9/27 0.137 0 9/29 0.093 0 Public Health Physicist, Division of Radiological & Occupational Health 10/8/71 Irh
96 PINELLAS COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTkTNT RADIATION SURVEILLANCE QUARTERLY REPORT Oct.1 - Dec. 31,1971 DATE AIR RAINFALL REMARKS (1971) Gross Beta Activity (mm) (pcilm3) 10/1 0.177 0 10/4 0.113 0 10/6 0.151 0 10/8 0.142 0 10/11 0.177 50.8 mm 10/13 0.167 0 10/15 0.058 2.0 mm 10/18 0.0836 6.55 mm 10/20 0.079 0 10/22 0.156 0 10/25 0.212 3.25 mm 10/27 0.145 0 10/29
- 0 *No sample brushes worn out
?I/1 0.0604 0 11/3 0.071 15.45 mm 11/5 0.1435 4.92 mm 11/8 0.132 0 11/10 0.166 16.5 mm 11/12 0.215 0 11/15 0.192 0 11/17 0.239 0 11/19 0.247 0 11/22 0.192 0 11/24 0.22 0 11/26 0.012 0 11/29 0.136 40.7 mm 12/1 0.316 13.62 mm 12/3 0.198 13.68 rnm 12/6 0.0678 10.65 mm 12/8 0.1065 Trace 12/10 0.149 0 12/13 0.1.M 0 12/15 0.09A 0 12/17 0.192 0 12/20 0.13 1.75 mm i 12/22 0.157 0 12/24 0.0689 0 12/27 0.0946 0 12/29 0.089 0 12/31 0.0146 0 N
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Public Health Physicist. Division of RLdiological & Occupational Health
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INVESTIGATION AT THE ANCLOTE POWER PLANT SITE University of South Florida, Marine Science Institute Principal investigators Dr. Ronald C. Baird Dr. Kendall L Carder Co-investigators Dr. Thomas L Hopkins Dr. Thomas E. Pyle Marine Science Institute Staff D. Wallace P. Archer J. Smyth V. Maynard L Wasiluk S. Franklin N. Smith Students D. Ballantyne B. Causey J. Davis W. Fable J. Feigt R. Gibson W.Gunn
. J. Johnson
. R. Klausewitz J. McCarthy D. Milliken M. Proctor K. Rolfes W. Weiss K. Wilson R. Zimmerman
99 INTRODUCTION C. Seagrasses, Algae and Bacteriology Two MA theses have been completed and are With the exception of a continuation of certain being modified for presentation in the annual on going sampling programs most of the effort report. The first study involves primarily the this quarter has been involved with preparation epiphytes associated with seagrass beds and of the annual report. Additional personnel have will include a wealth of data on species and been temporarily employed in an effort to reduce isonal abundance. The second thesis concerns the mass of data accumulated over the year. The ..a luminescent bacteria in the Anclote area. computer services at both the Florida Power Several forms new to science have been de-Corporation and the Marine Science Institute scribed as well as results leading to better under-have played a vital role in this regard. standing of the abundance, diversity, and sea-In addition to the annual report, the Marine sonal variation of this group in nearshore envi-Science Institute is preparing a series of papers ronments. A more refined picture of the distri-to be presented at the spring meeting of the bution and species composition of seagrass beds Florida Academy of Science. These papers are will also be included. all concerned with aspects of the Anclote Envi-ronmental Study and will contribute significantly D. Geology to the future conduct of environmental surveys The geological effort has been concerned with as well as to our knowledge of environmental reducing turbidity measurement dah for presen-processes in general. The abstracts for these tation. Ana!ysis of sediment cores is complete papers are included on the following pages. and computer reduction of this data is essen-tially ready for presentation. Acrial survey pho-SUB DISCIPLINE REPORTS tographs in conjunction with soundings have been correlated fur bathymetry studies. A. Physical Data reduction and numerical model runs are E. Benthic Invertebrates nearing completion for the annual report. A Additional personnel have been added here in rather detailed summary of circulation in the order to complete the sorting of the extensive Anclote An:horage and river mouth under a collections made in the Anclote area. Species variety of f.dal conditions has been completed lists, abundances, and major distributional fea-and will be t Major contribution from the model- tures of the invertebrate component of the ben-ing program. thos is nearing completion. The invertebrate fauna associated with seagrasses is being B. Water Quality-Plankton stressed. The water quality-plankton program has been concerned with the reduction of vast qualtities F. Fishes of data. Computer reduction and data presenta- Data reduction for the roughly 17,000 individ-tion have been extreme ly time consuming. Due uals from 200+ samples repressing better to the data load most of the effort has gene into than 100 species of fishes has bee. narticularly reduction of water quality data which should time consuming. Computer programming and give adequate baseline values for this study. data punching are complete and the first suc-This will allow a reduced water qualits; sampling cessful run has been made with the IBM 360. program for next year. Most of the plankton Data presentation for the annual report will in~ biomass and species corng~ition studies will clude abundance, distribution, diversity, and appear in next year's report and in several forth- seasonal variability of Anclote fishes especially coming techrEal rept *. in areas adjacent to the plant construction site. d
l i 100 l l l ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS TO BE PRESENTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE FLORIDA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, APRIL 6 8, 1972 ; Aerial Mapping of Seagrass Bedst J. FEIGL, T.E. Predicting Thermal Effluent Movement in the PYLE, R. CLINGAN, R. ZIMMERMAN, Univ. of Anclote Anchoraget R.H. KLAUSEWITZ, Univ. of South Florida.-The extent of seagrass beds in South Florida.-This paper describes the study estuaries and shallow coastal waters can be ef- of the hydraulic movement in St. Joseph Sound / fectively and economically determined by using Anclote Anchorage prior to installation of a power hand held 35mm cameras in light aircraft. Beds plant there. Research includes synoptic current of Thalassia, Diplanthera and Syringodium in An- measurements. salinity distribution, nutrient dis-clote Anchorage and St. Joseph Sound have been tribution, particulate distribution and the posi-mapped by this method prior to construction of tioning of recording current and depth meters a power plant at the mouth of the Anclote River. A hydraulic model developed by the staff has infra red Ektachrome film has been used to re- been employed to study the flow by computer. cord the distribution of Wal channels, borrow The model is being calibrated by field current areas, sand flats and seagrac beds. This photog- measurements, range ratio measurements, raphy will provide the basis fc: Stermining sea- phase lag, and overflight dye drops. This hy-sonal fluctuations in the boundailes of these draulic model has capability to accommodate units and additional changes, if any, resulting wind stress additions, mud flat run-on and run-from power plant construction and operation. off, and blockages in the path of water flow such as oyster bars or spoil banks. The output of the The Makingof a Power Plant,1: Environment and hydraulic model will be used in a dispersion Designi, T.E. PYLE, R.C. BAIRD, K.L. CARDER, model to predict areas which will be affected T.L. HOPKINS, D.W. WALLACE, Univ. of South by the thermal effluent. Florida. - In late 1970 the Marine Science Insti-tute began a long range study of the Anclote Role of Historical Bathymetric Data in Resolu-River and Anchorage near Tarpon Springs prior tion of an Ecological Problemt J.C. McCARTHY, to construction of a power plant at the river T.E. PYLE, Univ. of South Florida.-In 1970 it mouth. Within a few months university scientists was proposed that a shoal south of Anclote Key made Mitial recommendations for changing de- near Tarpon Springs, Fla., be used as a spoil sign of the p! ant. Supporting statements from island in connection with the dredging of a chan-conservation groups and an economic analysis nel for fuel barge deliveries to Florida Power by industry led to the adoption in mid-1971 of Corp's. Anclote generating plant. As part of a the major recommendation that an overland study of this area, soundings made by the U.S.C. pipeline be substituted for the dredging of a &G.S. in 1884,1926, and 1953 were used to channel for oil barges. The critical problem now prepare bathymetric charts and, by means of facing researchers, conservation groups and in- overlays, to derive a net sedimentation / erosion dustry concerns the proposed degree of cooling map. Results indicated that the proposed site and method of discharge of heated water. Al- was not accreting or "becoming an island any-thcugh some significant design changes have way" but that it had been in long term dynamic been made as a result of environmental informa- equilibrium. This finding and negative biological tion, it should be emphasized that others have comments eventually led to adoption of an al-not and that ecologists had no input to the initial ternative method of fuel delivery. The use of and probably more fundamentally important de-sign stage, site selection. tResearch supported by Florida Power Corporation.
101 such reilable and widely available data from a Recent Changes in Seagrass Dominants of An-Federal agency should be encouraged in all clote Anchorage.2 R.J. ZIMMERMAN, Univ. of studies of effects of power plant construction. South Florida. Certain seagrass beds in Anclote Anchorage near Tarpon Springs, Florida have Reconnaissance Mapping of Turbidity in Estu. changed from a dominance of Thalassia, re-aries 2 T.E. PYLE, J.C. McCARTHY, Univ. of South ported in 1959,8 to present dominance of Syrin-Florida, G.M. GRIFFIN, Univ. of Florida.-Knowl. godium. The change is believed largely due to a edge of the distribution of turbidity and sus- general increase in turbidity of anchorage waters pended sediments in estuaries is important to during that time. This view is supputed by pre-a multitude of biological, geological, and techno- sent seagrass zonation and present and past logical studies and projects. Transmissometers reports on water clarity. measure the % transmittance of light over a Im, or 10cm path and can be towed at speeds Research supported by Florida Power Corporation, up to 5 knots from a small boat to provide a 2Research supported by Florida Pcwer Corporation synoptic picture of turbidity over a large area. 'hr 8h the Un ' h " "da t e u 3g,C."Ph p,, g Bd. Cons' Po , oj,. At the same time water samples can be taken 77 pp. (1960). to determine total suspended load, the ratio organic / inorganic particles tad other parame-ters. For more detailed studies the light source or photocell can be changed to compensate for water color effects and the instrument calibrated with formazin to give readings in JTU or FTU. Problems of Quantitative Sampling in Relation to Near Shore and Estuarine Fishes K. ROLFES, B. CAUSEY, D. MILLIKAN, W. FABLE, and R. BAIRD, Univ. of South Florida.-Unlike many marine organisms fishes present a variety of difficulties in quantitative sampling due to their size and mobility. The problem is particularly critical in relation to site surveys where adequate quantitative sampling is essential for providing base-line data for evaluation of environmental impact. To date most surveys have had serious quantitative drawbacks and have often been in-adequate fo: environmental evaluation. A sam-pling stiategy employing a variety of methods is beir.g developed for the Arclote Environmental Study 2 by the Department of Oceanography of the University of South Florida. The resuits to date, sampling bias, and the multi gear approach to site surveys are discussed.
102
103 IX 015:Fl0Li:100l.lS: I
104 FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION QUARTERLY ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT DISTRIBUTION LIST STATE GOVERNMENT Mr. Vincent D. Patton Executive Director Mr. William Beck, Jr. Department of Pollutio**f Sntrol Chief Biologist Suite 300, Tallahassee tsuilding Bureau of Sanitary Engineering 315 South Calhoun Department of Health and Rehabilit-tive Services Tallahassee, Florida 32303 P. O. Box 210 Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Mr. David H. Levin, Chairman Department of Pollution Control Mr. Sidney A. Berkowitz, Director Governor's Office Bureau of Sanitary Engineering Capitol Building Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Tallahassee, Florida 32304 P. O. Box 210 8:Usonville, Florida 32201 Mr. W. E. Linne Chief. Bureau of Permits Dr. O. E. Frye, Jr., Director Department of Pollution Control Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission 9uite 300. Tallahassee Building Farris Bryant Building 315 South Calhoun 620 South Meridian Street Tallahassee, Florida 32303 Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Mr. K. K. Huffstutler Mr. Randolph Hodges Chief. Bureau of Surveillance Executive Director Department of Pollution Control Department of Natural Resources Suite 300, Tallahassee Building Larson Building 315 South Calhoun Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Tallahassee, Florida 32303 Mr. Robert M. Ingle. Director Representative A. S. " Jim Robinson Bureau of Marine Research and Technology Florida House of Representatives Division of Marine Resources 1600 Park Street North Department of Natural Resources St. Petersburg, Florida 33710 Larson Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Senator Jerry Thomas First Marine Bank and Trust Company Mr. David H. Scott Riviera Beach, Florida 33404 Director, Division of Planning Department of Pollution Control Mr. Allen G. Burdett Suite 300 Tallahassee Building Marine Biologist Tallahassee, Florida 32303 Survey and Managemem Department 9 Natural Resources Mr. Wallace P. Johnson Room 540 Division of Health 525 Mirror Lake Dr. Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services St. Petersburg Florida 33701 P. O. Box 6635 Orlando, Florida 32803 Mr.1,arry R. Shanks l , Division of Game and Fresh Water Fish i Mr. Edwin A. Joyce, Assistant Director Department of Natural Resources l Marine Research Laboratory P. O. Box 1840 l Bureau of Marine Research and Technology Vero Beach, Florida 32960 l Division of Marine Resources ) Department of Natural Resources Mr. A. Scnkevich P. O. Drawer F Regional Engineer l St. Petersburg. Florida 33731 Department of Pollution Control 1017 N. Highland Dr. C. L Nayfield, Administrator Orlando. Florida 32803 Radiological and Occupational Health Service Department of Health and Rehabi:itative Services Mr. Dale Walker P. O. Box 210 Fishery Biologist Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission P. O. Box 1840 Vero Beach, Florida 32960
105 Mr. Phil Edwards. Chemist Representative Jack Murphy Fisheries Research Laboratory P. O. Box 4239 P. O. Box 1903 Clearwater, Florida 33518 Eustis, Florida 32726 Representative John J. Savage Mr. James K. Lewis P. O. Box 8063 Directcr of Staff St. Petersburg. Florida 33738 Environmental Pollution Control Committee House of Representatives Representative Roger H. Wilson ' Room 217, HoHand Building 17 37th Street South Tallahassee, Florida 32304 St. Petersburg, Florida 33711 Senator Ray C. Knopke Representative Donald R. Crane, Jr. 4207 E. Lake Avenue Suite 112,3500 Building Temps, Florlds 33610 3530 First Avenue Nortti Senator W. D. Childers P. O. Box 3327 Representative Dennis Mcdonald Pensacola, Florida 32506 Suite 636 300 31st Street North Senator Warren S. Henderson St. Petersburg, Florida 33713 P. O. Box 3888 Sarasota, Florida 33578 Representative William H. Fleece P. O. Box 13209 Senator W. E. Bishop St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 28 East Duval Street Lake City, Florida 32055 Representative Guy Spicola 725 E. Kennedy Boulevard Senator C. Welborn Daniel Tampa, Florida 33602 P. O. Drawer 189 Clermont, Florida 32711 Representative Robert C. Hector 110 N.E.179th Street Senator John L Ducker Miami, Florida 33162 205 East Jackson Street Orlando, Florida 32801 Representative Joseph F. Chapman,111 412 Magnolla Avenue Senator Bob Saunders Panama City, Florida 32401 P. O. Box 849 Gainesville, Florida 32601 Representative Jack Burke, Jr. P. O. Box 697 Senator D. Robert Graham Perry, Florida 32347 14045 N.W. 67th Avenue Miami Lakes Florida 33014 Representative John R. Forbes 341 E. Bay Street Senator Frederick B. Karl Jacksonville, Florida 32202 501 North Grandview Daytona Beach. Florida 32020 Representative Harry Westberry P. O. Box 1620 Senator Low Brantley Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Brantley Sheet Metal Company 422 Copeland Street Representative Ray Mattox Jacksonville, Florida 32204 P. O. Box 917 Winter Haven, Floride 33881 Senator Edmond J. Gong 1117 First National Bank Building Representative Edward J. Trombetta Miami, Florida 33131 1990 E. Sunrise Boulevard Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33304 Senator Henry B. Saylor 333 31st Street North Representative Walter W. Sackett, Jr. St. Petersburg, Florida 33713 2500 Coral Way Miami, Florida 33145 Senator Richard J. Deeb 5675 5th Avenue North Representative Tom Tobiassen St. Petersburg. Florida 33710 811 Woodbine Drive Pensacola, Florida 32503
' Senator John T. Were Secarity Federal Building Representative Lewis S. Earle 2600 9th Street North 255 N. Lakemont Avenue St. Petersburg. Florida 33704 Winter Park, Florida 32789 Senator Harold S. Wilson Representative Mary R. Grfule 607 Court Street Room 505. Coachman Building Clearweter, Florida 33516 503 Cleveland Street Clearwater, Florida 33515 t
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106 Representative Ed S. Whitson, Jr. Mr. James A. Berkstresser 309 S. Garden Avenue Assistant to the Executive Director Clearwater, Florida 33516 Board of Trustees, Tiff Elliott Building Representative F. Eugene Tubbs 401 S. Monroe Tallahassee, Florida 32304 925 Barton Boulevard Suite 1 Mr. Joel Kuperberg Rockledge, Florida 32952 Executive Director TilF Representative Joel K. Gustafson Elliott Building 1636 S.E.12th Court 401 S. Monroe Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33316 Tallahassee. Florida 32304 Representative Tommy Stevens Mr. James Apthorp 405 E. Church Avenue Senior Executive Assistant to Governor Dade City, Flor!de 33525 The Capitol Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Representative John R. Culbreath Route 4, Box 70 Mr. John Ketteringham Brooksville, Florida 33512 Acting Regional Engineer 4441 Emerson Street Representative Richard S. Hodes Jacksonville, Florida 32207 620 Stovall Building 305 Morgan Street Mr. Giles L Evans. Jr., Manager Tampa, Florida 33602 The Canal Authority of the State of Florida 803 Rosselle Street Representative Ted Randell Jacksonville, Florida 32204 P. O. Box 1668 Representative W. L Gibson Fort Myers, Florida 33902 1432 Knellwood Cir. Representative A. H. Craig Orlando, Horida 32804 P. O. Drawer 99 St. Augustine, Florida 32084 Mr. J. E. Burgess Staff Director, Committee on Natural Resources Representative W. E. Fulford House of Representatives P. O. Box 1226 Room 222. Holland Building Orlando, Florida 32802 Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Representative Richard A. Pettigrew 740 Ingraham Building FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Miami, Florida 33131 Commissioner Mr. Dale Twachtmann, Executive Director Fish and Wildlife Service Governing Board of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Southwest Florida Water Management District Washington, D. C. 20240 P. O. Bsx 457 Brooksville, Florida 33512 Regional Director National Marine Fisheries Services Mr. Harmon Shields Federal Building Director, Martrk. Stesources St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 Department of hJtural Resources Room 526, Larson Building Mr. Yates Barber Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Staff Assistant Office of Environmental Quality Mr. J. V. Sollohub, Director Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Division of Interior Resources U. S. Department of the Interior Larson Building Washington, D.C. 20240 Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Mr. C. Edward Cirison Mr. Ney Landrum. Director Regional Director Florida Copertment of Natural Resources Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Recreation and Parks Room 833 Room 613, Larson Building Peachtree-Seventh Building Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Atlanta, Georgia 30323 Mr. John DuBose, Director Land Management Mr. David Dominick Board of Trustees.TilF Assistant Administrator CategoricalPrograms Elliott Building U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 S. Monroe 633 Indiana Avenue N.W. Tallahassee, Florida 32304 Washington, D. C. 20240
107 Mr. W. S. Eisenberg. Jr., Chief Mr. Jack E. Ravan Navigation Section, Engineering Division Director, Region IV U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville U. S. Environmental Protection Agency P. O. Box 4970 Suite 300 Jacksonville, Florida 32201 1421 Peachtree Street. N.E. Atlanta, Georgia 30309 Mr. Charles H. Kaplan U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Lee Tebo Suite 300,1421 Peachtree Street N.E. Federal Water Quality Administration Atlanta, Georgia 30309 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Southeast Water Laboratory Mr. David Harwood Athens, Georgia 30601 Director Division of Technology Assessment U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Mr. Parker E. Miller Room 18 74 Prealdent's Water Pollution Control Advisory Board Parklawn Building 301 Redington Reef 5600 Fishers Lar a 16400 Gulf Boulevard Rockvilte. Maryland 20852 Redington Beach, Florida 33708 Colonel Emmett C. Lee Jr. Chief Dr.J. Kneeland McKnuity U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville Biological Laboratory P.O. Box 4970 National Marine Fisheries Services Jacksoriville, Florida 32201 75 33 Avenue St. Petersburg Beach, Flonda 33706 Dr. Raymond E. Johnson. Assistant Director Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Mr. L Manning Muntzing U. S. Department of interior Directorof Regulation Washington, D. C. 20240 United States Atomic Energy Commission Mr. Reinhold W. Thieme ' Office of Assistant Administratorfor Director Standards and Enforcement and General Counsel Division of Environmental and Radiological Protection U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Atomic Ener Washington, D. C. 20460 Washington, D.C.20545gy Commission Mr. Gail G. Gren Director Chief of Operations Division of Reactor Licensing U. S. Army En inoer District. Jacksonville United States Atomic Energy Commission P. O. Box 407 Washington, D. C. 20545 Jacksonville, Florida 32201 Nuclear Facilities Branch Dr. Joseph A. Lieberman Division of Environmental Radiation Assistant Administrator, Office of Radiation Programs U. S. Public Health Service U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 1901 Chapman Avenue Washington, D. C. 20204 Rockville, Maryland 20853 Mr. John T. Middleton Mr. Roger O. Olmstead Air Pollution Control Office Regional Shellfish Consultant U. S. Environmental Protective Agency PHS-FDA-Shellfish Sanitation Branch Washington, D. C. 20204 60 Eighth Street Northeast Atlanta, Georgia 30309 U. S. Representative C. W. Young 1721 Longworth House Office Building Mr. H. Richard Payne Washington, D. C. 20515 Office of Water Programs U.S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Senator Lawton Chiles 1421 Peachtree St.. N.E. Senate Office Building Attonta. Georgia 30309 Washington, D. C. 20510 Mr. Stan Reither Mr. Gordon Beckett ADXP Armament Development and Test Center Coordinator U.S.D.I. Eglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542 Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Hudson River Fishery investigations Dr. Theodore R. Rice. Director P. O. Box J Center for Estuarine and Menhaden Research Cornwall, New York 12518 National Marine Fisheries Service Beaufoet, North Carolina 28516 Mr. Clyde S. Conover District Chief United States Department of interior Geological Survey Water Resources Division 903 W. Tennessee Street Tallahassee, Florida 32304
106 Dr. A. G. Everett UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA U. S. Environmental Protect:on Agency GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA 32601 Washington, D. C. 20460 Dr. W. Emmett Bolch Mr. Frank T. Carlson Department of Environmental Engineering U. S. Department of the Interior Washington, D. C. 20240 Dr. William E. Carr Department of Biology U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Programs Dr. Charles E. Roessler Reference Library Department of Radiology Research Triangte Park, North Carolina 27711 University of Florida Medical Center Mr. Natbaniel P. Reed Dr. Morton Smutz. Dean of Research Assistant Secretary College of Engineering U. S. Department of the Interior Washington. D. C. 20240 Dr. Robert E. Uhrig, Dean Mr. Charles Weaver Director, Surveillance & InspecGon Dr. E. E. Pyatt U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Department of Environmental Engineering 1901 Chapman Avenue Rockville, Maryland 20852 Dr. Howard T. Odum Department of Environmental Engineering CITY AND COUNTY GOVERNMENTS Dr. O. I. Eigerd Department of Electrical Engineering Honorable George C. Tsourakis Mayor Dr. Jackson L Fox City of Tarpon Springs, Florida 33589 Department of Environmental Engineering Honorable Leonard A. Damron Dr. Ariel Lugo Mayor Department of Botany City o' Crystal River, Florida 32629 Dr. David Anthony Chairman. Citrus County Commissioners Department of Botany Courthouse Square Inverness, Florida 32650 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA Chairman, Pinellas County Commissioners ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA 33701 Coun Office Building 315 von Street Dr. Ronald C. Baird Clearwater, Florida 33516 Marine Science institute Chairman, Pasco County Commissioners Dr. Kendall L Carder County Courthouse Marine Science Institute 14 East Meridian Avenue Dade City, Florida 33525 Dr. Thomas L Hopkins Honorable William F. Gray Marine Science Institute Mayor New Port Richey Dr. Harold J. Humm, Director 117 West Main Street Marine Science instituto New Port Richey, Florida 33552 Dr. Thomas E. Pyle Honorable John H. Durney Marine Science Institute Mayor Port Richey Mr. Dave Wallace P. O. Box 127 Marine Science Institute Port Richey, Florida 33568 Honorable Everett Hougen UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
$8foy,, TAMPA, FLORIDA 33620 City of Clearwater Dr. Linus A. Scott P. O. Box 4748 College of Engineering Clearwater, Florida 33518 Dr. John Betz Mr. George R. McCall Department of Biology Health Physicist Pinellas County Health Department Dr. Joseph L Simon P. O. Box 3242 Assistant Professor St. Petersburg, Florida 33731 Department of Biology
109 Dr. hmard E. Ross Mr. Nelson Poynter Department ot Structures, Materials and Fluids Chairman of the Board College of Engineering St. Petersburg Times P. O. Box 1121 UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI KEY BISCAYNE, FLORIDA 33149 Mr. George Bopp, General Manager New Port Richey Press . Dr. Donald P. de Sylva 117 Missouri Avenue Rosentiet School of Marine and Atmospheric Science New Port Richey, Florida 33552 Dr. Martin Roessler New Port Richey Chronical Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science General Manager P. O. Box 875 Professor Arthur Marshall New Port itichey, Floelda 33552 Center for Urban Studies Environmental Sciences Tarpon Springs Leader 5225 Ponce de Leon Mr. David Carpenter, Publisher University of Miami 11 East Orange Street Coral Gables. Floride 33149 Tarpon Springs, Florida 33589 Mr. John Michel Suncoast Sentinel Rosentiet School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Mr. William H. Dyer, Publisher Crystal River, Florida 32629 Dr. Harding B. Owre Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Citrus County Chronical Mr. David Arthurs, Editor Dr. Michael R. Reeve Inverness, Florida 32650 Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Tarpon Springs Herald Mr. George Raynard, Publisher FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY 27 East Orange Street TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA 32306 Tarpon Springs, Floride 33589 Dr. Paul A. LaRock Department of Oceanography INDUSTRY Dr. Shirley Taylor ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS INCORPORATED Office of Environmental Affairs BOX 12248, ST. PETERS 8URG, FLORfDA 33733 Dr. Robert J. Livingston Mr. Donald C. Colbert Department of Biological Sciences Manager Space Instrumentation Dr. Anthony Uewellyn Mr. Paul G. Hanset, Vice President Acting Dean Research and Engineering School of Engineering Sciences Mr. M. S. Klein Mce President, Marketing PRESS Mr. Thad Lowry INDUSTRY Radio Station WGUL Mr. R. J. Gardner New Port Richey, Florida 33552 Executive Assistant Florida Power & Light Company Mr. Jim Ryan P. O. Box 3100 St. Petersburg Times Miami, Florida 33101 Box 1121 St. Petersburg, Florida 33733 Dr. Perry W. Gilbert Executive Director Mr. James Walker Mote Marine laboratory Staff Writer 9501 Blind Ps.ss Road Tampa Tribune Sarasota, Florida 33578 507 East Kennedy Boulevard Tampa, Florida 33601 Dr. Morton 1. Goldman Vice President, NUS Corporation Mr. J. L Beardsley 2351 Research Boulevard Editor Rockville, Maryland 20850 Clearwater Sun 301 South Myrtle Avenue Mr. J. D. Hicks, Vice President Clearwater, Florida 33517 Tampa ElectrP Company P. O. Box 12 s Tampa, Florida 33601
110 Mr. Sten Lewis Mr. Nsrman W. Arnold District Manager Project Manager General Telephone Company South Florida Regional Airport Site Selection Study Tarpon Springs, Florida 33589 Howard N9edles. Tammen and Bergendoff Consulting Engineers Mr. E. L AdditDn P. O. Box 2095, AMF Branch Vice President Miami, Florida 33159 Gulf Power Company P. O. Box 1151 Mr. Hendrik P. Konig Pensacola, Florida 32505 Philadelphia Electric Company 9th ard Sansom Street 4 Dr. J. H. Wright, Director Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 Environmental Systems Department Westinghouse Electric Corporation-Power Systems Mr. Frank Blandford, AIP P. O. son 355 Vice President Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 Candeub. Fleissig and Associates 3151 Third Avenue North Dr. R. H. Brooks, Manager Room 525 Aquatic Systems Group St. Petersburg, Florida 33713 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Power Systems P. O. Box 355 INDIVIDUALS Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15230 Mr. William Crown Mr. J. H. Gibbons, Director Suncoast Active Volunteers for Ecology Environmental Quality Study Project P.O. Box 4881 Oak Ridge National Laboratory Clearwater, Florida 33518 Union Carbide Corporation Nuclear Division Mrs. Harold Dubendorff P. O. Box X Suncoast Active Volunteers for Ecology Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830 P. O. Box 4881 Clearwater, Florida 33518 Mr. D. C. Zensen Assistant to Vice President and Mrs. Marty Farman Director New Venture Management Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters Seminar Ralston Purina Company 1965 Sunset Point poad Checkerboard Square Clearwater Florida A 115 St. Louis, Missourl 63199 Mr. Lyman E. Rogers Dr. T. E. Owen, Manager Conservation 70's Earth Science Applications c/o Rogers Sharpe Associates Department of Electronic Systems Research P. O. Box 421 Southwest Research Institute Ocala, Florida 32670 850 Culebra Road San Antonio, Texas 78228 Mr. R. P. Bender /Mr. D. L. Payne State of Texas Water Quality Board Mr. Walter M. Stevens 3801 Kirby Road Georgia Power Company Houston, Texas 77006 270 Peachtree Street Atlanta, Georgia 30303 Dr. John Hopkins University of West Florida Mr. W. L Reed. Vice President Pensacola, Florida 32504 Southern Services, Inc. Birmingham, Alabama 35226 Mr. Milo A. Churchill, Chief Water Quality Branch Mr. G. J. Neumaler, President Tennessee Valley Authority Ecology and Environment, Inc. Chattanooga, Tennessee 37402 1122 Union Road West Seneca, New York 14224 Dr. Joseph A. Mihursky Natural Resources Institute Mr. Charles L. Steel University cf Maryland Directorof Public Affairs Hallowing Point Field Station, Maryland Arkansas Power & Light Company Little Rock, Arkansas 12203 Dr. B. J. Copeland Department of Zoology Mr. Kenneth E. Roach North Carolina State University Souther Nuclear Engineering, Inc. Raleigh, North Carolina 27504 P.O. Box 10 Dunedin, Florida 36628 Dr. E. Gus Fruh Assistant Professor - Engineering Laboratory, Building 305 University of Texas Austin, Texas 78701
111 Mr. P. J. Purcell Mr. C. R. Collins Marine Science Station Division Manager P. O. Box 1258 Suncoast Division Crystal River, Florida 32629 Dr. Frank Juge Mr. E. E. Dearmin Division Manager Assistant Dean Central Division College of Natural Sciences Ocala, Florida Florida Technological University Box 25000 Mr. H. E. Dunphy Orlando, Florida 32816 Executive Assistant for Public Affairs Colonel D. M. Jacques Mr. D. f. Flynn 211 Harbor View Lane Superintendent-Crystal River Plant Harbor Bluffs Largo, Florida 33540 Mr. Lee H. Scott Vice President, Customer Operations Chairman, Joint investigative Committee Box 1172 Mr. B. L Griffin Tarpon Springs. Florida 33589 Assistant Vice President Dr. Richard W. Englehart Mr. H. F. Hebb, Jr. P. O. Box 1498 Vice President-System Research and Development 525 Lancaster Avenue Reading. Pennsylvania 19603 Mr. Andrew H. Hines. Jr. Executive Vice President Mr. Will Becker Tenth District Environmental improvement Chairman Mr. L D. Hurley Clearwater Florida Jaycees District Manager 2420 U. S.19 North Inverness, Florida Clearwater, Florida 33515 Mr. W. C. Johnson Mr. E. C. Keller, Jr. Public Information Officer Department of Biology West Virginia University Mr. N. G. Karay Morgantown, West Virgina 26506 District Manager " Tarpon Springs, Florida Mr. Roy B. Snapp Attorney at law Mr. G. W. Marshall Bechhoefer. Snapp & Trippe Production Superintendent Suite 512 1725 K Street N.W. Mr. H. E. Milton Washington, D.C. 20006 District Manager New Port Richey, Florida Mr. Guy Christ President Mr. A. J. Ormston PICA ' Vice President-Power 10 Treasure Lane Treasure Island, Florida 33706 Mr. A. P. Perez President i FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION $i,tr c't M'aNr P. O. BOX 14042 St. Petersburg. Florida ) ST. PETERSBURG, FLORIDA 33733 ) Mr. R. E. Raymond Mr. a. A. Brandimore Senior Vice President { 1 Vice r8 resident and General Counsel System Engineering & Operations Mr. H. L Bennett Mr. J. T. Rodgers Director of Generation Construction Assistant Vice President Generation Engineering and Construction Chief Medical Director ) Mr. R. L Sirmons Mr. S. R. Coley Director-Public Affairs District Manager Mr. O. H. Ware Clearwater, Florida General Superintendent-Crystal River Plant
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