ML20079N276

Final Rept Crystal River 316 Studies,850115

ML20079N276
Person / Time
Site:	Crystal River
Issue date:	01/15/1985
From:	STONE & WEBSTER ENGINEERING CORP.
To:
References
RTR-NUREG-1437 AR, NUDOCS 9111110141
Download: ML20079N276 (565)

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FINAL REPORT CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES January 15, 1985

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1 FINAL REPORT CRYSTA1. RIVER 316 STUDIES Januar y 15, 1965 l

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stone & Webster Engineering Corporation 0;o  ;

SUSColffRACTOR Mote Marine Laboratory-  ;

Prepared for

, Florida Power Corporation f)0

TA312 0F CONTENTS O Section Title h

... .... ................ 1- 1 1.0 INTIODUCT ION.

2.0 CRYSTAL RIVER UNITS le 2 AND 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 2-1 2.1 INTAKES . . . .. . . . ..... ........... 2-1 2.2 DISCHARGES. . ..... . ................. 2-3

3.0 DESCRIPTION

OF CRYSTAL BAY. . ............... 3-1 4.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES. . .... ................ 4-1 5.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE P!AN OF STUcY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 6.0 RENricS . . . ... .... ................ 6-1 6.1 WATE R QU AL ITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1 6.1.1 Sempting and Laboreto Anal ys i s . . . ........... 6-1 6.1.2 Resul ts . . . ..... ................. 6-3 6.1.3 Di s cu s s i on . . . . . . . . . . ............... 6-15 6.2 510frHIC INFAUNA . . ........... ......... 6 18 6.2.1 Saspling and Laboratot y Analysis . . ............ 6-18 6.2.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 - 20 6.2.3 Impact Assessment . .......... .......... 6-33 6.3 MACROPHYTES . . . . . ... ................ 6-43 6.3.1 tempting and Labora tory Analysis . . ............ 6-43 O 6.3.2 6.3.3 Results . . . ...... .................

Impact Assessaant ..... ................

6-44, 6-48 3.4 SALT MARSH. .. .... ................. 6-53 6.4.1 Sampilug and Laboratory Analysis. . ............ 6-53 6.4.2 Re s ul t s . . . . . . . . . . ................ 6-54 6.4.3 Impac t - Ass essment ..... ..-.............. 6-68 6.5 OYSTER REEFS AND ASSOCIATRD FAUNA . ............ 6-72 6.5.1 Sampitag and Laboratory Analysis . . . . . ......... 6-72 6.5.2 Raoults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 0-73 6.5.3 Impact Ass essaant ........... .......... 6-79 7.0 IMP IN GEME NT . . . . . . . . ................ 7-1 7.1 SAMPLIRJ AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS. . ............ 7-1 7.1.1 Sampling Procedures . . . ................. 7-1 7.1.2 Laboratory Analysis ........... ....... . 7-2 7.1.3 f,tatistical Analysis. . . . ................ 7-2 7.2 RESULTS . . . . . . . . . ................. 7-4 7.3 IMPACT ASSESSh2NT . . . ......... ......... 7-6 8.0 ENTR4INMENT . . . . . . . . ................ 8-1 8.1_ SAMPLING AND LABORATCAY ANALY3IS. . . ........... 6-1 8.1.1 Sampling Procedures . . . ................. 8-1 8.1. 2 Laboratory Analysis ........ ............ 8-1 8.1.3 Statistical Analysis . . . ................. 8-2 8.2 RESULTS . . . ..... . ................. 8-3 8.2.1 Sampling at Stations A-K. ................. 8-3 8.2.2 Sampling at S t a t i ons L, M, N , and P . ........... 8-6

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S ec tion Titta Page 8.3 INP ACT AS 3E S S ME Kr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S-8 8-10

. () 8.3.1 8.3.2 Impac t of 110 Entrainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - . .

Entrainment Conclusions .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 - 20 9.0 FI S KE RI ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 SAMPLINC AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1

. 9.1.1 Sampling Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1.2 Laboratory Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 9-2 9.2 RESULTS . ....... . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 9 -4 9.2.1 Trawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9.2.2 Seine .. ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 9.2.3 Drop Net . ...... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 9-6 9.2.4 Creek Trav. ..... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 9.2.5 C r a b Tra pe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 9.2.6 Special Studies of SIO. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9-9 9.3 INFACT ASSESSMENT . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13 9.3.1 Thermal Dis char ge . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13 9.3.2 Intake Spoll. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-16 10.0 PHYSICAL STUDIES. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10-1 10.1 FIELD COLLECTION. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 10-1 10.1.1 The rmo gra phs . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 10-1 10.1.2 Meteorological Station. .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 10-1 10.1.3 Ba t hym et r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10-2 10.1.4 Short-term Physical Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10-2

, . 10.1.5 Thermal Plume Delineation . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.2 RESULTS OF FIELD 00LLECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10-4 O 10.2.1 T he rmo gr a ph s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meteorological Data .

10 -4 10-5 10.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .

10.2.3 Ba t hym et r y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 10.2.4 Short-term Physical Studies .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 10-6 10.2.5 Ther -si Plume Delineation . .. . . . . . . . . . ... . . 10-7 ,

10.3 MODI a DESCRIPTIONS. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 10-9 l 10.3.1 Far-field Modela. . . . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . 10-9 10.3.2 N ea r - fi el d M od e l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 14 10.4 MODEL CALIBRATION AND VERIFICATION. . . .. . . . . .. . . 10 -20 10.4.1 CAFE - 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 - 20 '

10.4.2 DI S P E R- 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 10 - 21 10.5 THERMAL ANALYS IS. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 10-13 10.6 SOURCE WATER BODY ANALYSIS. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . 10-26 11.0 SUMHARY . . . ................ . .. . . . . 11-1 Appendices Appendix I - ' Program Participants Appendix II - Water Quality Data Appeniin III -

Benthic Inf aunal Data Appendix IV - Macrophyte Data Appendix V -

Oyster Reef Data 1 Appendix VI - Thermal Toleranen Inf ormation f or SIO Appendix VII - Fis heries Data Appendix VIII - _Thermogra po Data

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

In response to requirements of Part III-H, NPDES Permit No. PL0000159 dated l July 9,1979 for Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3 Florida Power Corporation (TPC) has conducted an ecological monitoring program for the area adjacen. to the Crystal River Power Station site. The sampling prograss was designed to

-addreso the effects of plant operation including: 1) thermal impacts on water quality, benthos, macrophytes, salt marsh and fisheries and 2) intake effects in the form of plankton entrainment and adult impingement. Thermal considerations are based prluarily on comparison of control and thermally l affected areas. Hydrodynamic and hydrothermal modeling vers conducted to  ;

sineinte offshore temperature increases under known plant operating i conditions. lapingement and entratament effects are quantified and coupared to relevant 'opulation statistics. The elements of the program were grouped into four categories lenthos, Impingssent ard Entrainment, Fisheries, and Physical Studies. These headings will be used in subsequent sections to provide specific Informat.on on field and laboratory procedures, results and impact assessments. ,

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, 2.0 CRYSTAL RIVER UNITS 1, 2, AND 3 The Crystal River Power Station is located in Citrus County, Florida, about i 13.7 km north of the town of Crystal River (see Figurs 2.0-1). The site l contains five units arranged as shown in Figure 2.0-2. Units 1 and 2 are i coal-fired and Unit 3 is nuclear. These units utilise once through condenser cooling with water drawn from the Gulf of Mexico. Units 4 and 5 are coal-fired and have closed cycle cooling using natural draf t cooling towers. Unit 4 vent into operation shortly before initiation of fleid collections for the pretent program. Unit 5 became operational in October 1984, after data collection ended. Makeup for Units 4 and 5 is drawn from and blowdown is discharged to the alscharge :. anal serving Units 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the physical and chemical environment of the discharge cenal is related to operation of all operating units. However, neither the conditions of the discharge permit nor the plan of study (POS) included any separate consideration of Units 4 sad 5. Therefore, the environmental descriptions and i impact assessments are addressed solely in terna of Unita 1, 2, and 3. l Construction at the site began 'in 1964 and has continued to date. Majw offshore construction was completed in 1966, although dredging of the intake canal to increase the depth took place in 1979-1980. S po '.1 from initial j offshore co6.struction was used to create dikes adjacent to the intaka and  ;

discharge channels.

Startup of Unit 6 1, 2, and 3 spanned 12 years as shown in Teile 2.0-1. Rated CJ lso a given in the table. Actual operating conditions, however, exhibit considerable ' variation. Table 2.0-2 includes weekly average values of negawatts generated and temperature rise for each unit. Cooling water flows vary similarly. This variatio: occurs despite the units being operated to maximise operational efficier.cy within permitted limits. Planned or unplanned time of fline is kept to a minimum. During the periods of field collection, Units 1, 2, and 3 were only offline for 72,66, and 87 days, respectively. The. units were of fline for periods of a week and more at the times shown in Table 2.0-2.

2.1 IFfAKES

, Water for all three units is drawn through a commion canal located south of the units and extending generally westward into the Gulf of Hexico as shown on Figure 2.1-12 The canal has been dredged to -20 feet at MLW and is used to bring coal barges into the site. The barges dock on the south side of the cans 1 just west of the intakes for Units 1 and 2. The dredged channei is confined between two dikes for about 5.5 km, at which point the southern dike terminates. The northern dike parallels the channel for another 8.5 km with-the first openin$ at Fisherman's Pass occurring 2.3 km past the southern dike.

Other openings occur at Irregular intervals. Water flows eastward in the canal. Current velocities at the mouth of the canal were measured in August 1983 end January 1984 and ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 meters /second. Much of this range is accounted for by tidal rather than seasonal variation, however.

, Current velocities measured over a tidal cycle in August 1983 ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 meters /second.

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Units 1 and 2 v

The intakee for Units 1 and 2 are very similar in construction and are &

limnediately adjacent on the northern bank of the canal. They are located at the head of a slight embayment with the Unit 2 screenwell to the west as shown in Figure 2.1-2. A floating barrier and a coarse mesh wire fence extend

, across the embayment to keep floating or partially submerged debris away f rom l the intakes. The combined intakes are about 43 meters across with external bar racks. The racks have 10.2 cm spacing between bars and are continuous from the slab of the screenwell to above the surface of the water. Esth intake has four bays with a circulating water pump and travelieg water screen in each bay.

The traveling water screens are the same in Unita 1 and 2. Screen trays are  !

3 meters wide and are equipped with standard 9.5 nas (3/8 inch), square l opening, wire mesh. The screens generally are operated once every 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> to l l keep the screens clean. When operating, the screens are cleaned by an I l internal spray wash directed at the front surf ace of the screens. Debris and

! any impinged organisms are washed from all screens of each unit into a coammon trough and directid to sumps located adjacent to he intakes. Tne Unit 1 trough is aboot 30.5 cm deep and slopes to the east the Unit 2 trough is about 61 cm deep and slopes to the west. The troughs can be connected but were divided by a eolid barrier throughout the present program. Screen carryover was uunitored during impingement sampling and was found to be minimal.

Unit I has four c.irculating water pumps each rated as 4.9 cas (77,500 gpuh the four pumps in Unit 2 are rated at 5.2 cas (82,000 spm). In general, tho h

units operate with all pumps in operation, although operation with three pumps 3, i s not unusual. Rarely a unit will operate with two pumps or one pump in operation, but this is usually under circumstar. css when the unit is being shut down or coming back online. Also, in rare instives, pumps may be ruaning without any heat rejection.

Unit 3 The intake structure for Unit 3 is separate from the intates of Units 1 and 2 as indicated in Figure 2.1-2. A chain link fence extends across the entire width of the intake canal upstri.am of the intakes for Units I and 2. The fence both restricts access to the Unit 3 intake and collects floating debris.

l This intake is about 36 meters across and has external bar racks. The racks l have 10 cm spacing between bars and are continuous f rom above the surf ace of the water to the stab. There are 4 pump bays and seven traveling screen bays l separated f rois the pump bays by a comunon plenum. An eighth traveling screen I bay provides service water.

l l The traveling water screens are similar to those in Units 1 and 2. The screen trays are 3 meters wide and have 9.5 mm mesh. They are generally operated once every 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br />, and they are cleaned by a front wash system. The scret.nwash trough slopes to the west where material is collected in a sump.

The trough receives combined eash water from all screens.

Unit 3 operates with four circulating water pumps, each pump is rated at 10.7 cas (170,000 gpm) . As with the other units, four pumps are generally in g operation, three pumps are used occassionally, and rarely only two or one will l

be in use.

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2.2 DISCHARCES The cousson discharge canal for all units is located just north of Units 1, 2, and 3. The canal extends WIN for almost 2.6 km to the point-of-discharge (POD) at the shoreline, where the canal opens into a bay. The dredged channel, bordered to the south by a spoil bank, continues for another 1.9 be. ,

Water depth in the canal is about 3 meters. '

The discharges of the three units enter the canst near the eastern end. They '

are located as shown in Tigure 2.1-2. The designs of the three discharges are '

all similar. Four circulating wate? lines enter an open, coner its discharge  !

chamber. The pipes turn downward, discharging the flew in a basin. The discharge exits the chamber over a short weir and mixes lammediately with water in the canal.

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i TA3LE 2.0-1 CRYSTAL RIVER UNITS 1, 2, AND 3 OPERATING DATA Cooling water Condenser We Flow (ems) AT Startup Unit 1 440 19.6 (310,000 spa) 8.3 C (14.9 F) 1966 Unit 2 524 20.7 (328,000 spa) 9.4'c (16.9 F) 1969 Unit 3 855 42.7 (680,000 spm) 9.7 C (17.5 F) 1977 9:

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1 O O O TA8LE 2.0-2 CRYSTAL RIVER FLANT DATA JUNE 1983 TO AUGUST 1984 MEAN VALUES FOR 7 DAY PERIOD 8 STARTING ON SUNDAY 4

Unit 2 Unit 3 FOD Dato Unit 1 A'_ MWe F AT We F _AT Temp.

MWe (10Ffow gps:) (#F) (10}ow gym) ( F) (10}owgpm) ( F) (#F) 301.12 13.73 458.14 322.02 14.11 170.00 94.04 C1JUN83* 346.61 93.28 352.75 306.31 11.93 433.52 300.10 12.98 170.00 1.07 05JUN83 91.43 362.32 308.62 11.80 423.52 322.14 12.01 181.13 1.20 12JUh83 1.07 94.20 358.91 310.00 13.17 480.03 328.00 13.*4 170.00 1CJUN83 297.93 12.85 466.81 326.53 13.71 208.68 0.68 95.29 26JUN83 330.07 369.,13 310.00 13.60 422.74 317.26 12.26 366.31 0.77 95.45 03JUL83 91.88 357.40 310.00 14.18 473.73 325.56 13.48 342.02 0.45 10JUL83 0.48 95.29

't59.63 310.00 14.08 453.46 328.00 13.11 443.21 17JUL83 4.66 95.00 24JUL83 334.98 290.16 14.39 459.07 325.07 14.40 274.51 629.40 352.08 310.00 14.42 425.44 328.00 13.30 539.75 620.30 12.83 97.35 31JUL83 309.40 14.53 429.54 14.14 616.50 678.99 13.25 99.18 07AUG83 357.42 14.50 344.47 16.72 637.76 600.00 13.47 99.89 14AUG83 356.48 15.03 374.76 13.56 549.74 579.22 12.35 100.09 21AUC83 326.03 305.69 14.61 455.18 328.00 13.44 616.81 622.32 14.57 99.54 28AUC83 04SEP83 345.41 309.08 14.66 447.45 328.00 13.95 631.21 642.56 13.37 98.46

! 11SEP83 341.52 292.47 15.16 413.99 321.17 14.43 536.24 614.23 13.54 96.31 348.06 310.00 15.27 129.83 646.10 680.00 13.26 92.73 18SEP83 324.87 293.85 15.67 135.69 626.59 5J1.73 13.65 85.78 25SEP83 349.06 306.77 14.52 454.66 291.88 12.20 474.83 1.47 85.51 C20CT83 090CT83 280.81 308.15 14.16 466.38 313.85 13.14 811.46 631.91 3.80 87.15 298.93 459.47 328.00 I?.04 753.02 656.73 7.96 86.81 160CT83 230CT83 307.31 452.59 328.00 12.33 863.18 680.00 16.62 87.E6 300CT83 310.00 426.33 325.56 11.91 885.32 680.00 17.30 85.08 06HOV83 356.15 309.54 16.81 452.46 327.02 13.03 826.19 643.57 16.18 83.83 13NOv63 317.21 289.24 16.41 445.87 328.00 13.10 823.29 6!7.74 16.80 80.26 20NOV83 283.89 268.48 15.85 395.05 328.00 12.69 817.95 637.50 16.35 78.13 27E0V83 311.83 305.39 15.26 335.36 327.02 10.09 899.8~ 680.00 17.28 78.65

04DEC83 276.94 306.77 14.38 337.84 328.00 9.35 894.74 680.00 17.39 79.09 11DEC83 282.75 289.24 14.91 347.27 291.27 10.62 808.00 626.37 17.06 75.C1 l

18DEC83 309.97 304.46 17.02 312.72 328.00 10.14 891.36 673.93 17.46 74.85 4

25DECS3 325,40 291.55 19.53 426.74 308.96 14.70 786.96 630.12 16.32 65.67

• 4 day average

TABLE 2.0-2 (Cont)

Date Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 POD MWe F *T We F AT MWe F AT Temp.

(10}owgpe) ( F) (10}ow gpm) ( F) (10}ow gps) ( F) ( F)

OlJAN84 *93.53

. 306.77 19.33 435.99 328.00 14.01 813.27 635.43 17.05 63.17

08JAH84 259.42 295.79 17.25 403.41 328.00 12.78 898.07 680.00 17.48 66.04 15JAN84 278.12 310.00 15.95 399.28 328.00 13.19 835.45 680.00 17.49 68.20 i 22JAN84 285.76 310.00 16.75 397.20 328.00 12.16 776.15 575.77 13.89 67.92 29JAN84 305.49 299.39 17.45 270.39 328.00 10.42 843.07 663.81 16.76 69.32 05FEB84 284.43 310.00 16.43 295.12 328.00 10.04 888.03 680.00 17.40 68.73 12FEBF4 282.30 310.00 14.79 325.46 328.00 12.31 877.29 680.00 17.45 73.69

19FEB84 302.42 310.00 14.14 359.61 328.00 16.C3 764.28 585.89 13.99 76.33 26FEB84 ~57.88 310.00 13.26 327.39 328.00 13.40 814.49 633.45 16.73 69.72 04 MAR 84 337.61 14.75 803.59 626.37 17.11 74.82 IIMAR84 316.45 13.95 872.61 680.v0 17.18 77.90 18 MAR 84 327.47 14.05 833.82 656.73 15.29 81.26 25 MAR 84 332.34 14.30 856.95 677.64 17.05 82.39 ClAPR84 292.61 285.78 13.03 393.64 301.16 11.13 845.97 648.63 10. f47 72.08 08AFRB4 196.49 400.19 328.00 12.33 809.33 680.00 11.89 76.75 15APR84 413.46 328.00 12.61 782.78 442.20 4.75 73.44 22AFR84 214.05 382.17 328.00 11.68 854.26 680.00 15.98 83.91 29APR84 327.65 310.00 .. 71 439.85 328.00 12.79 850.16 680.00 17.44 88.96 06MAY84 334. 64 310.00 15.40 400.40 328.00 12.18 761.14 634.46 17.07 90.24 4

13MAY84 304.63 310.00 15.16 368.61 328.00 11.16 852.35 680.00 17.00 88.81

, 20MAY84 300.19 14.63 363.15 11.99 840.71 680.00 17.37 90.21

! 27 MAYS 4 268.37 295.34 13.98 361.09 328.00 11.60 814.67 664.82 17.45 88.90 l 03JUN84 317.64 307.13 14.75 384.63 328.00 12.36 804.09 654.70 17.42 91.00 10JUN84 301.42 288.13 15.34 395.19 326.90 11.80 846.07 663.81 17.22 92.84 17JUN84 323.58 310.00 15.31 404.64 324.99 12.43 865.27 680.00 17.44 95.17 24JUN84 332.51 303.72 15.80 404.32 326.34 12.59 811.97 654.70 17.40 95.72 OlJULE4 313.49 301.50 15.21 393.30 316.57 11.95 821.48 648.63 17.23 93.73 08JUL84 321.83 265.64 14.37 419.84 328.00 12.80 861.71 680.00 17.15 96.92 153UL84 325.02 310.00 15.05 391.31 326.94 11.67 235.71 680.00 15.43 95.30 22JUL84 332.18 300.66 15.90 380.04 325.99 11.71 856.40 680.00 17.12 95.19 293UL84 321.39 310.00 14.24 380.01 327.02 11.5$ 837.07 678.99 17.09 95.47 05AUC84 328.88 310.00 14.10 404.22 304.43 12.42 822.32 673.93 16.97 99.42 12AUC84 325.70 310.00 13.24 412.03 299.80 11.25 791.75 645.60 17.03 98.90 19AUC84 339.28 301.17 14.86 280.93 190.75 10.25 808.62 654.70 16.69 96.30 26AUC84+ 33d.85 286.10 14.30 410.56 307.8a l' . 84 8'9.61 680.00 16.54 95.59

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3.0 DESCRIPTION

OF CRYSTAL BAY Navigation charts covering the area of the Culf of Mexico adjacent to the Crystal !tiver Power Station designate the waters of f the mouth of the Crystal River se Crystal Bay (see Figure 3.0-1). This term will be used here to refer to that same area as well as the inshore waters north of the intake spoil as f ar as the mouth of the Withlaco6chee River. The study ares encompasses all of Crystal Bef and extends of fshore about 16 km from the power plant as shown in Figure 2.1-1.

Crystal River enters Crystal Bay from the southeast. A navigation channel is asintained in the rivtr and for several kilometers offshore. The Withlacoochee River enters the Bay from the northeast. It is somewhat smaller than the Crystal River, but it is navigable, and an of f shore channel is maintained. About 1.6 km south of the Withlacoochee River lies the western terminus of the Cross Florida Barge Canal (CFBC). While the canal was never completed, the canal was dug f ar enough to the east to alter the local watershed and to permit drainage through the canal and into the Culf. Flows in the canal are regulated by locks.

Offshore of the CFBC, a deep channel was dredged extending WSW from the canal.

Dredge spoil was deposited south of the channel creating a serie. ! islands paralleling the channel. Several natural islands also occur in Crystal Bay; these are generally close to shore. Larger islands such as Thumb, Drum, and Lutrell are located north of the discharge and Negro Island, and a few small j islands, are fond near Cutoff and Salt Creeks, south of the intake. Shell i 4 1sland is located at the mouth of the Crystal River.

O Crystal Bay tends to be very shallow; depths rarely reach 3 m as far out as Fisherman's Pass, and depths of 6 e infrequently occurred at the furthest of fshore stations. The shallow inshore environment is dominated by oyster reefs or bars which are generally oriented parallel to shore at intervals from the shoreline. The reefs are composed of oyster shell with the bulk of the reef being composed of broken shell. C1tsups of shells are apparent on the surface. The rafs are exposed at low tide, but almost all are covered at high *,he. Sections of reef tend to be short with narrow passages between set',& s. When viewed from above, the pattern of reefs appears to define a seris: of basins with clightly deeper water in the center and the botton gently sloping up to the surrounding reefs. Previous reports-ou Crystal Bay have defined and numbered the basins as shown in Figure 2.1-1.

The coastal area of Crystal lay is characterisod by salt marsh dominated by Juncus roeserianus with bands of Spartina alta niflora. The marshes are fairly flat and extend inland for about 1.6 km in places. A number of small creeks drain the marshes. The creek systes adjacent to Basin 1 is particularly extensive.

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4.0 PREVIOUS STUDIES The pr.sm program is oce in a series of studies conducted at the Crystal

.. Riv'.c site. Host of the studies were intended to address the effects of power WT plant construction sad operation on the local ecosystem. C..r c e exceptions 4.; ,, ve.e Dawson'a (1955) early etudy of oyster biology and hydrology, Phillips'

.-Dv (r' i s *udy of marine plants, and the more recanc study conducted by CH2M a

h4 h5 %3) to provide data for the Withlacoochee Regiong1 Planning Council.

y. "- 4 Comprehensive studies relating to the power plants essentially began in 1969 j -A et whicn time Ue.i t 1 was in spration, Unit 2 was starting up, and a pt .d, construction sarmit had been issai for Unit 3. The studies were performed by r.be Florida Department of Natural Resources (DML) and a series of publications casulted (Crimes 1971; Lyons et al ":1; Quici 1971; Steidinger and van Breedveld 1971; Crimes and Mounts 19st; and Mountain 1972). The last bi data collection took place lei 1971. In approximately the same time f rame, the f University of South Florida initiated studies of thermal effects (Carder y 1970; Klausewitz 1972). Piume mappir; and modeling were emphasized.

Licensing activities relstad to Unit 3 resulted in initiation of further studies in 1972. Personnsi from the University of Floride performed a variety of studies; other participants were the University of South Florida, Gilbert a*

• Associates, and Damas ani. Moore. In 1973, the studies came under the f ices of a specially formed Interagency Research Advisory Coasmitt ee .

Study results were presented in a multiple volume report (IPPC 1974a) and several supplemental publications (Frc 1974b; FPC 1975; Osterling 1976).

h Predictive hydr, thermal modeling coatinued through 1975 and into 1976.

Results of the todeling addsessed the Effects of future operation of Unit 3 (Carder et al 1976).

Unit 3 began commercial operation in .t.a n h 1977, and an operatienal moultoring program required by the envivorsnent al. tuhnical specifications began at that time. Ieltial participants in the program w re the University of Florida, NUS and Connell, Metcalf and Eddy. Applien Biology h40 a 1 ccntract in the later stages. Although the scupe of the program varied over time, elements of the .t.udies continued through 1981. Results were reported in a serier of annual reports (FPC 197h: 197*by 1979a; iP9b; 1980; 1981;

_ 1982a) and sunsnarized in two publicattora (FPC 1982b; Applied Biology,1983).

The publications cited above report studies c ss trsially all components of the Cryetal Bay ecosystem; however, the rere d te tros als.or, t all of these s tudies. cannot be directly compared to tem from the present study.

Comparisons are limited because: 1) plant construction and operating conditions &! not approximste present conditions until 1981, 2) collection techniques :> particular blotic grovps varied, and 3) laboratory and analytical techniques varied. The uste from these previous studies were used in designing the present study.

O 4-1 1 _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ - .-

i REFERT.NCES FOR 4.0 Applied Biology, Inc. !?R3. Post operstit. sri ecological s.onitoring progr am.

0 Crystal #4=w Units 1, 2, :, 3 3, 1977-1982, Summary Report, Benthic Cocununity Stru .. Mdies, 45 p.

Carder, K. L. 1970. Data report no. 001 on independent environmental study of thermal ef f 6 cts of power plant discharge. Report to FPC. Inst. Mar. Sci. ,

University of South Florida, 23 p.

Ca: der, K. L. , 3. L. Palmer, 3. A. Rodgers, and P. J. Behrens. 1976.

Calibration of a thermal enrichment model for shallow, barricaded estuaries.

University of South Florida, Final Report to 04'RT.

CH2M L' . 1983. Withlacoochee Marine Biology Study, 1982. Report to Withiscouhee Regional Planning Council, 32 p.

' soon, C. E. 1955. A study of the oyster biology and hydrography at Crystal River, Florida. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci., University of Texas 4 (1): 279-302.

Florida Power Corporation. 1974a (reprinted 1977). Crystal River power plant, environmental considerations. Final Report to the Interagency Research Advisory Committee, 4 Volumes.

FPC. 1974b. Addendum I, Third Crystal River progress report. Federal Interagency Research Advisory Committee.

FPC. 1975. Summary analysis and supplemental data, report to Intersgency ,

Research Advisory Committee.

FPC 1978a. Annual environmental operating report, Vol. 1 nonradiological, 1/14f77-12/31/77, Suppl. 1.

FPC. 1978b. Environmental .whnical specificatione, Crystal River Unit 3, Impingement Report. March 13, 1977 to March 13, 1978.

PPC. 1979a. Post operational ecological monitoring program. Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report, 1978. Two voluces.

FPC. ?979b. Special surveillanc.e studies, Suppl.1, Crystal River, Unit 3.

Dochi. No. ' 3-302.

FPC. 1980. Post operational ecological monitoring program. Crystal River Unita 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report, 1979. Two volumes.

FPC. 198 *. . Post Operational ecological monitoring program. Crystal River.

Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report, 1980. Two volumes.

PPC. 1982a. Post operational ecological monitoring program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report, 1981. One volume.

FPC. 1982b. Post oporational ecological monitoring program, Crystal River, Units 1, 2, and 3.

Studies, 1977-1981. One volume.

Final Repor; on Estuarine and Salt Marsh Metabolisa. g 4-2

i

() Crimes, C. B.

electric station.

1971. Thermal Addition Studies of the Crystal River steam Prof. Pap Ser. No. 11, Florida Dept. Nat. Res.

Crimes, C. B. and J. A. Mountain. 1971. Ef fects of thermal ef fluent upon marine fishes near the Cryntal River steam electric station. ?rof. Pap. Ser.

No. 17, Flcrida Dept. Nat. Res.

Klausewitz, R. H. 1972. Independent environmental study of thermal ef f ects of power plant discharge at Crystal River. 'r PC Fourth Semi-Annual Rev.

Environm. Res. Prog., May 5, 1072.

Lyons , W. G. , S. P. Cobb, D. K. Camp, J. A. Mountain, T. Savage, L. Lyons , and E. A. Joyce, Jr. 1971. Preliminary inventory of marine invertebrates collected near the electrical generatirg plant, Crystal River, Florida, in 1969. Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 14, Florida Dept. Nat. Res.

Hountain, J. A.. 1972. Further Thermal Addition Studies at Orystal River, Florida, with an annotated checklist of marine fishes collected 1969-1971.

Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 20, Florida Dept. Nat. Res.

Oesterling, M. J. 1976 Population structure, dynamics, and movement of the blue crab (Callinectes s pidus Rathbun) at Crystal River, Florida. Thesis, Cniv. of Florids.

Phillips, R. C. 1950. The ecology of marine plants of Crystal Bay, Florida.

Quart. Jour. Florida Acad. Sci. 23(4): 328-337.

Quick, J. A., Jr., ed. 1971. A preliminary investigationt the effect of elevated temperature on the American oyst(; Crassostrea virginica (Cmelin).

Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 15, Florida Dept. Nat. Res.

Steidinger, K. A. and J. F. Van Bresdvald. 1971. Benthic marine algae from waters adjacent to the Crystal River electric power Plant (1969 and 1970).

Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 16,' Florida Dept. Nat. Res.

O 4-3

. . . .~. - . ~

5.0 DEVELOPMENI 0F THE PLAN OF STUDY Field sa.opling conducted at Crystal River is described for each program element in subsequent sections of this report. The program criginally was designed for FPC by a series of contractors and was described in the document entitled " Plan of Study, Crystal River 1, 7, and 3 NPDFS 316(a) and 316(b)

Ecological Monitoring Pregram." The Plan of Study (POS) was prepared in August 1979 and revised in Nov.nober 1982. It was submitted to the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for approval on November 15, 1982.

Subsequent to approval of the POS, Mote Marine Laboratory (MML) reviewed the program and proposed changes to the Benthos, Impingement and Entrainment, and Fisheries sections. The changes were presented in " Proposed Revisions to Plan of Study, Crystal River 1, 2, and 3 !!PDES 316." More limited changes were also proposed for wnter quality aspects of the Pnysical Studies section. FFC accepted the proposed revisions, obtained preliminary approval from regulatory personnel and submitted a request for proposal for the revised POS.

Stone & Webster Engineering Corporation's (SWEC) proposal was to implement the program as written with the exception of the hydrodynamic /hydrotnermal modeling which would accomplish the objectives using different models. Field collections remained unchanged. The proposed rev - - .nd the pertinent proposal material were submitted to the ".PA on Fabru, , 1983. In March 1983, SWEC was awarded the contract to implement the program. The field work and preparation of the Benthos section of the report were conducted by MML under contrast to SWEC. MML utilized personnel from Mangrove Systems, Inc. to work on the macrophyte component. Ptrsonnel responsible for specific program elements are listed in Appendix 1.

As the field program began in 'une 1983, some modifications to the sampling program were needed to accommodate local conditions or to enhance analysis of the resulting data. These changes were stammarized in the First Quarterly Prrgress Report (SWEC 1983) and presented orally sat the First Quarterly Progress Meeting held on October 27, 1983. All changes were discussed before implementation and written notice was provided to EPA and to the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation (DER). Formal approval of all changes

.in the program was received by FPC on April 17, 1984.

Throughout the program, quarterly reports have been issuud containing sumnary data tables for the field components and other related information (SWEC 1983, 1984a, b, , , d). These reports were submitted to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (FWS) National Marina Fisheries Service (NMFS), EPA, DER, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commaission (NRC). In addition to data tables, a tape of computerized data will be made available to EPA at the program's completion.

Quarterly progress meet.ngs have been held with state and federcl regulatory agency personnel invited to participate. Regular participants have included the EPA and the DER. As a result of the meetings, phone conversationi, correspondence or other discussions, any program changes initiated after the start of field sampling have been suoject to prior approval by the agencies.

FPC ri annarized the above information in " Crystal River 316 Study, ?lan of Stud 7 - Summary," to provide a single documant outlining the program in its final form. Table 3.0-1 sunmaarizes the field program and provides frr each v component the pertinent number of statiosa, replicatec, samples, sampling

( frequency, and period of study. Field collections were completed in Augut 5-1

1914.- The dat.6s of these collections were summar: sed in the Fif th Quarterly Progress Report (SWEC, 1984d).

After collection and laboratory analysis of samples and summarization in the quarterly reports, the data were analysed in a variety of ways for presentation in this report. Nearly all of the statistical summaries and analyses of data were done with Version 82.3 of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (SAS 1982). This system of fers a high level language of commands (c- led PROCs) which follow many of the standardized statistical procedures found in most statistical methods texts such as Snedecor and Cochran (1967).

The most frequently used SAS PROC for this study is the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) procedure. A linear sodel in this case could be represented ast Y=bIgg+bX22 =b133 where Y represents the dependent variable (such as surface temperature), I represents a discrete (such as station) or contingus (water depth) independentvariabgortreatment,andbrepresentsthei treatment mean or deviation of the i treatment mesa (for the discrete ca:se) or the slope of the least squares relation of Y on X (for the continuous casa).

This SAS procedure provides an analysis of variance type sussaa ry of the relative importance of the independent variables in the model. The procedure also provides escinates of the values of the b's in the model. For nearly all the GIR analyses a Tukey's Honestly Significent Differrace (RSD) test was provided. The anova type format confirms if at least one individual level, e.g., station, of an independent variable is statistically significantly g different troes at least one other level (station) of the same variable. The W HSD test identifies-which of the levels is different.

O 5-2

l

_^

N REFERENCES FOR 5.0 -

i SAS Institute Inc. 1982. SAS_ User's Cuide: Statistics, 1982 Edition. Cary, N.C., SAS Institute Inc., 584 pp.

Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1967. Statistical Methods, Sixth-  :

Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 593 pp. :l SWEC. 1983. First (4 arterly Progress Report. Crystal River Studies. Report to FPC, October 1983.

SWEC. 1984a. Second Quarterly Progress Report. Crystal River Studies.

• Report to FPC, January 1984.

SWEC. 1984b. Third Quarterly Progress Report. Crystal River 9tudies.

Report to FPC, April 19 4.

SWEC. 1984c. Fourth Quarterly Progress Report. Crystc1 River Studies.

-Report to FPC, July 1984.

SWEC. 1984d. Fif th Quarterly Progress Report. Crystal River Studies.

-Report to FPC, November 1984.

O

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TABl.E 5.0-1

SUMMARY

OF ECOIAGICAL PROGRAM CRYSTAL RIVs.R S MIES No. of Nc. of Total No. Study .,

Study Component Stations Eep. Frequency. Samples . Period Is," Benthos

-:p A. Rathic core 20 6(+2) Quarterly 600 15 mos 20 6(+2) 6 wks 1200 15 mos B. Macrophyte ,e ping 50 10 Quarterly + 3000 15 mos 1 Preliminary 9(intens.) 10' 6 wks 900 15 mos 9(inters.) 5 6 wka 450 15 mos 9(intens.) 3 6 wks 270 15 mos C. Aerial photographs 1 1 3 times 3 15 mos D. Oyster reef 9 90 Monthly & 14580 12 mos Bimonthly E. Salt marsh program 8 24 6 wks 1920 15 mos F. Physical

a. Chlorophyll 'a' 8 2 depths Weekly 1040 15 mos

b. Sediment 40 3 Quarterly 1200 15 mos

c. Photometry 40 1 profile Weekly 2690 15 mot

d. Turbidity, D.O., 40 multiple Weekly 5200 15 mos pH, Salinity, depth Temperature

e. Sediment Temp- 40 1 depth Quarterly 200 15 mon erature, Eh 20 1 depth 6 wks 200 15 mos O O O

~

O: O- .O TABLE 5.0-1 (cont)

No. of No. of Tots! Wo. Study Stedy Component Stations- Rep. Frequent.y Samples Feriod II. Impingement and Entrainment A. Impingement 3 4 Weekly + 660 12 moe 3 times

n. Entrainment 15 3 Biweekly 2880 15 mos

[

' day / night III. Fisheries A. Trawl 9 7 Monthly 756 12 mos (night)

B. Seines 4 2 Monthly 96 12 mos

, C. Drop net 2 2 Monthly 48 12 mos D. Creek trawls 4 '7 . Monthly 336 12 mos (day)

E. -Crab traps 120 1- 17 times 2040 4 mos F. Crab impingement 1 1 17 times 17 4 mos IV. Physical. Studies A. Suspended loads 4C 4 analyses Biweekly 5120 15 mos 4

B. Bathymetry I survey C. Short-tern 16 1 Variable 2 sos l D. Long-Tern 51 1 or 2 Continoous Variabl. 12 mos 3 E. Meteomlogy 1 1 Continuous Variable 15 cos F. ' Temperature profiles Variable 2 Variable Variable 2 mos i

6.0 BE!fflDS Tne benthos enmponent of the present study includes the f ollowing elements :

water quality, s edim e nt s , benthic infauna, macro phyt es , s alt marsh, and oyster reef s. Each of thes e element s was s ampled by unique .nethod s and these m e t hod s , as well as results from each type of sampling, will be described s epara t el y in subsequent s ec ti ons . For the biotic elements, impact assessment associated primarily with the station discharge will be addressed.

6.1 WATER QUALITY 6.1.1 Sampli ng and Labora tor, Analysis Water quality investigations during this s t udy included both in situ and laboratory determinations performed weekly at 40 stations over a period of a ppro ximately 15 months , f rom June 9, 1943 to August 27, 1984. Station locations are shown in Figure 6.1 -1. Sampling dates were selected to provide inf crmation f or both high and low tide conditions.

Actual sampling times on each day were designed around two temporal windows.

During a 90 mi nute interval centered on the predicted time of high or low tide, in situ t empe ratu re and conductivity data alone were collected at 27 s elected stations (4-30). The second window was a 4 hour4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> interval centered on local noon, during which measurements of water column depth, temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and light penetration were made at all 40 s t a tions . Salinities and corrected dissolved oxygen values we re later calculated f rna these data.

Water sospies for laboratory analysis were also collected f rom all stations during the 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> centered on local noon, the photumetry wi ndow.

Determinations of turbidity at the surf ace and bottom of each station were made weekly. Samples f or chlorophyll analysis were collected at a tradomly chosen eigh t of the 40 stations . On siternate weeks , s urf ace and bottom samples were collected for suspend ed load analysis (total and volatile nonfil terable residue).

Station locations were typically identified by the use of onboard Loran C (Sitex Koden C787). Water column depths were recorded with either calibrated f athometers or with marked leadlines.

In situ mec ourement s of temperature and conductivity cre made with Beckman RSS-3 inductive s alinomet'srs. Surfcce and bottom measureraents were made in depths less than 1 meter . For water column depths of 1-3 meters or less , surf ace, mid-depth, ami buttom readings were taken. Ia depths greater than 3 meters , data were recorded f rom surf ace , one-quarter depth, mid-depth, three-quarters, and bottom. Calcul ations of s alinity f rom these data were perf ormed later using equations developed by Coa et al (1%7), (TNESCO (1966) oceanographic tables , and the e alinity-conductivity relationships of Jaeger (1973).

Dissolved oxygen measurements were performed with YSI 57 dissolved o xygen p m ete rs and polarographic membrane electrodes. Measurement de pths were L/ surf ace and bottcm f or depths of 1 meter or le6s , and surf ace, mid-depth, and oottom for depths greater than 1 meter. These i ns trtssents we re ope rated l

6-1 kg LN@

wit hout the salinity correction function to minimise possibility of sampler error. Dissolved oxygen readings so obt ained were later cor rec t ed for g s ali nity and percent naturations were calculat ed using the polynomial W relationship developed by Weiss (1970, :ited in Riley and skirrow 1975).

Measurements of pH were performed with Martek Mark VII multiparameter meters and/or an Orion 201 pH meter. Measurement f requencies were at the same depths as previously described for dissolved orygen.

Quality assurance measures for these in situ parameters included: full bench calibration of meters before and af ter sampling; field calibration of salino-meters and D.0. meters; a repetition of all water column measurements at one station out of ten; verificatico of the temperature functico of the Beckman salinometers against thermometer readings or the temperature function of the Martek Mark VII meters; and collection of water tramples at a ra te of 1 f or every 10 seasurements for laboratory analysis of pts, dissolved oxygen, and conduc tivi ty. These water ameples were preserved appro priately and the analytical values obtained were compared to the recorded field values.

Photometry measurements , quantification of solar radiation and extinction, were made in situ using LiCor inte gr ating quantum radiometers. These ins ertasent s are sensitive in the photosynthetic spectrum of 400-700 nn and measurssenta, were made in air, j us t below tha wa, c's surface, at secchi depth, and/or at bottom. The secchi depth and percent cloud cover were also recorded. The deck and submersible censors for these ins trtssents were calibrated by the manuf ac turer on an annual basis and checks of the mechanical zero were performed at the beginning of each sampling elsode.

Surface water samples were collec ted f rom just below the s urf ace as grab ee s auples . Samples at depth were s ecured using a Niskin or Kemmerer type sanpler. Samples for pH and conductivity analysis were maintained at ambient temperature, those for dissolved oxygen dete rminations were fixed with manganous sulfate and alkaline azide lodide s olutions fcr later Winkler ti trati ons . All remaining samples for turbidity, chlorophyll, and suspended load analyses were iced on collection and maintained either on ice or at 4 C until analysis.

l Laboratory analyses were per f ormed within the EPA recoeraend ed , parameter j specific, holding times. Analytical methods employed were as follows:

I conductivity: Method 205, platintan electrode ( APHA 1980).

Dise<aved Oxygen: Method 360.2, azide modificatien of Winkler analysis, l

full bottle technique (EPA 1"79).

pH: Method 150.1, electrometric (EPA 1979).

Turbidity: Method 180.1, nephelcometric (EPA 1979) .

chlorophyll 'a's Met hod 1002G , s pec tropho tocetric determination of chlorophyll 'a' , correc ted f or pheophytin ' a' (APHA 1980).

Total and Volatile Nonfilterable Residue: Method 209D and 209G, total 3 nonfilterable residue driel at 103-105 C and volatile confilterable W residue ashed at 550 C (APHA 1980).

6-2

Water quality data were analyzed using the SAS CLM procedures. The specific analysis varied with -the p a ram et e r , howe ve r weekly values, either individually or averaged over depth, were most of ten evaluated by quarter and station. Other variables used included tide, depth, occurrence of storms , and barge traffic. Where a ppro pr i at e , variation based on cther water quality parameters was considered. For example , turbidity values were analyzed for variation with quarter, s t a t i on , de pt h , storms, barge traffic, total suspended solids , conductivity and chlorophyll a.

6.1.2 Res ul ts Sampli ngs were divided into five groups of thirteen episodes each. Mont hs we re divided as follows: Sunuser - Quarter I, June , July, August; Pall -

Quar ter . II, September , October, November , - flret week of December; Winter -

Quarter III, December remaining, January, Febr uary; Susser - Quarter IV, March, April, May; Quarter V, June , July, August . Tabular means of parameter values are presented in Appendix II for each quarter and for the project as a whole. It should be noted that project means (Quarters 1-v) cannot be used as annual averages , as they are biased by the inclusion of two summer quarters.

Tables of quarterly values were generated f rom the entire data base for all parameters except pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and total suspended load.

These ueans were computed during analyses of variance as a function of four or more independent va ri ables . Occasionally, when an independent variable was missing, the dependent variable was not included in either tha statistical analysis or the calculated mean.

The historical water quality data bases for the study site consist primarily of temperature and salinity observations collected either in conjunction with biological coussuni ty analys es (Grimes 1971; Applied Biology 1982) or for numerical model calibration and verific ation efforts (Klaus ewit s 1973).

E f f orts have been made to separate the t hensal ef f ec ts attributable to the power plant from t hos e produced by seasonal and daily insolation (Carder 1974). Modeling efforts have centered on prediction of the areal extent of the thermal pluee under a number of seasonal, tidal, and plant operation conditions cnd to accurately simulate interbasin finws forced by the dredged spoil islands and naturally occurring oyster reefs (Klausewitz 1979).

Dissolved oxygen and chloro phyll levels were f re quent ly recorded during previous studies of macropnytes ami of phytoplankton coassunities and produc tivi ty/re s pira tico ratios (FPC 1975; FPC 1980).

Subsequent to - the construction of the intake and dis ch1rge dikes and the redirection of Double Barrel Creek, mapping of bottom types indiented a highly depositional environment in the discharge vicinity and was attributed to the rapid erosion of new stream beds (FPC 1975; Cottrell 1974). With the concern

! over the offect of light attenuation and non-catastrophic . siltation on l attached macrophytes and sessile irf auna, turbidity, extinction coef fici ents l (s ecchi de pt hs ) , and s ediment ation rates were quantified (Cottrell 1978;

! Knight and coggins 1982; CH2M Hill 1983).

l The present study was designed to provide a detailed record of local water l

O 2 titF co 41 tic t en - s <c to be identified as possible sources of light attenuation.

er rataitF o P a a t a The effect of I

l 6-3 l

-- - e ._,.w.. . - - . . ~ , , ,,n. ,_ .,,s..-., .y%y.g., y.. . . , ,4, m gpy .pyw._wm.--, , , . , . , . , --%m-

i l

storms and plant related ac tivities (barge traf fic) on 'hese parameters was al so to be investigated. Chlorophyll concentrations were to be us ed as a g fi rst approximation of the distribution of phytoplankton (f or input to the W turbidity analyses.)

Temperature Temperature data and other water quality data presented below were subjected to analys es of variance (ANOVA) using a Generalized 1.insar Model (GU4) procedu re . These statistical precedures are designed for unbalanced data with more than one treatment variable. Comparisons of quarterly and station means were .nade wish Tukey's Studentized Range Test (honestly significant difference) and at a confidence level of 95% (alpha = 0.05). Results of the

t. NOVA's are provided in Appendix II.

Individual analyses of variance were performed on surf ace teuperatures (ST),

and bottots temperatures (BT) as a function of quartr4r, station, tide, st ation-tide int erac tion , and depth. If more than on 3bservation was made at a station during a sampling episode, only that te en closest to the time of predicted slack water was s elec ted f or analysis . The models generated f or both dependent parameters were highly significant.

For surf ace and bottom temperatures, both quarter and station terms accounted for a significant portion of the data variability. Seasonal dependence of all temperatures at the site were indicated. The contribution of the station term suggested a constant s patial distribution of temperatures once seasonal fluctuations had been removed. This areal pattern could be ;:he result of the thermal influence of the discharge, ins.olation and warming of shallow water bodies, or any other relatively constart heat source or sink in the study g'

area.

Seasonal changes in water. temperature resulted in quarterly mean surf ace and bottom values (ali stationa combined) that were significantly different from one ano t her . The two s tans er guarters were also significantly . dif f erent ,

although the absolute value of the difference between the means was only 0.70 and 0.56*C f or surf ace and bottom temperatures. Temperature plots during t hos e s easons with the lowest and highest mean bottom temperatures are presented in Figures 6.1-2 and 6.1-3.

Station by statice statistical ecaparisons of tidally averaged surf ace and bottom temperatures (Figures 6.1-4 and 6.1-5) were compiled and stations were grouped based on the patte,rn of significant dif f ersaces with other stations.

Stations are in order of decreasing temperature meaua as detensined by the GLM with Level A stations naving the highest ovarall temperatures , and prestanably the most direct eneraal impacts, Level B the next highest, etc.

The highest mean temperature s were recorded at Stati on 17, the station most proximate te the POD and cost likely to be directly influenced by the thennst dis char ge . Station comparisons produced a core group of four additional s t ations (13, 18, 19, 29) which are not dissimilar f rom Station 17. These five stations comprised Level A for both surf ace and bottom temperatures.

O 6-4

- Level B stations , the group with the next highest projec t temperature means ,

( were compris ed of slightly different s t a ti ons for surface and bottom obs erva t i ca s . In addition to Stations 14, 20-22, 28, and 30, Stations 23 and 27 were included for surf ace but not f or bottom temperatures , while St ations 4 and 5, near the CFBC, were included for bottom but not f or s urf ace .

Level C s t a ti o ns we re t hos e significantly diff erent from the three warmest (17,18 and 19) and were compris ed of Stations 5, 6, 7,15, and 16 f or surf ace temperatures , and 15, 23, and 27 for bottan values. Level D surf ace stations we re 4, 8, 9, and 24 ; bo t t om s e a t i ons we re 6, 7, a nd 16. These divisions are illustrf ted in Figures 6.1-6 and 6.1-7).

For the ST model and the BT model, depth did not contribute significantly. As the depth term waw applied last in the analysis , and as the station variable is not truly irdependent of the depth observed on station, it is possible that such phenon.ena as solar varming of shallow water masses were already evaluated by the station variation.

The re s ul ts o f t he ANOVA imply that as the tide term was not significant, there was no consistent fluctuation of t usperatures with tide over the study area as a whole. The station-tide int erac tive term also indicat ed no significant interaction or multiplicative effect between these two parameters once the variability due to station has been removed. However, despite the insignificant eff ect of tide in the GM procedures, isotheras of high and low tide means f or the dura tion of the proj ec t showed large dif terences in the areas enclosed by s elec ted isotheras (Yigures 6.1-8 and 6.1-9) and  !

O d

temperature diff erentials of up to 2 C were observed at several statiens (22, 23, 29, 30). A more continuous deseasonalization based on maximum daily air I temperature or isolation (Figure 6.1-10) or the inclusion of plant operations )

(Figure 6.1-11) in the statistical model might have prevented the masking of l t empera t ure fluc tuation due to tidal stage. Unf or t una tely, saps in the meteorological record decreased the utility of t his data bss e and the fluctuations apparently produced by plant discharges appeared to be less chan t hose due .;o seasonal clinsatie temperature changes.

As illustrated in Figures 6.1-8 and 6.1-9, during low tides the thermal pitane turns SW and includes Station 29 in the stations classified as Level A.

During high tides , a steeper thermal gradient was maintained in the immediate discharge area, and temperatures at s t a tions to the north (4, 5, 13) were elevated. These observations were compatible with the modeling and short term res ul t s (s ee S ec tion 10) .

Concern has been voiced previously (Carder 1974) that a large portion of the acreage of the userved thermal pitznes was an artif act of water flowing f rom the CFBC and enuring the study area, parti +chly on aa ebbing tide. This water would have been confined and subject te warming from solar radiation and the e f f ec t shoald have been most evident at S tations 4 and 5. This solar warming phenomena was not observed to be the most influential f actor on bottom t empera t ure s at S tat i ons 4 and 5 of the present study, although f reshwater inputs from the CFBC to the study area were apparent. During low tide samplings , when CFBC influence was highest (lowest salinities) and surf ace to m bottom s alinity gradients were most pronounced, Warmer, more s aline water was found at the bottom of the water column. More pronounced tempe ra ture dif fe rences (bottom higher) were observed at high tides. This pattern was 6-5

obs erved during all quarters of the s t udy , including Quarters I and V when ma ximum insolation and warmiog of the less s aline waters of the Canal was e xpec ted .

h Rad i. at i on absorptim and subsequent heat transfer to the water colunn by bottom s ediments was apparently not a factor in producing this t empe rat ure gradient at Stations 4 and 5, as only approximately 2% of the subsurf ace light reached the bottom on the average. St ations of comparable depths , south of the intake, did not develop thermal inversions to this extent even though 25%

of the subsurface light reached the bottom.

Surf ace temperatures did not show an obvious effect of heat input f rom the CFBC. Tidally averaged surf ace temperatures of Stationa 4, 3, and 6 during the stanser (Quarter 1 maximum insolation) (Figure 6.1-12) were cooler than adjacent stations (1, 7, or 14) and were comparable to Stations 31 and 38, nanc a hore stations south of the intake and less s t+j ec t to f res hwater influences. Finally, mean surf ace temperatures observe during low tidas at Stations 4 and 5, when salinity indicated maximum input f rom the CFBC, were again less than observations at high tide (Figures 6.1-13 and 6.1-14).

Thertsal stratification was investigated by an ANOVA ul DT, s urf ace temperature minus bottom t empe rature , as a function of quarter, station, tide, s t a ti on-ti de , and depth. Again quarter and station were the most significant f actors in accounting for the variation in observed data. For this model , however, the F value produced f er the quarter term, while still significant, was two ordern of magnitude less than for the models of ST and BT, indicating seasonal fluctuatiens are less statistically significant. The station-tide interactive te rin and depth (a function of s t ation) also g'

contributed aignificantly to ti variations obs erved.

Mean vertical gradients of temperature taere inverted (negative values of DT) in Basins 2 ar.d 3. This paviously observed (Grimes and Mountain 1971),

phenomenon was attributed to the withdrawal of waters from approximately 5.3 km offshore (salinity 23-24 o/oo) and discharge into a nearshore, less saline environe nnt. The warned discharge, however , was still dens er than the receiving waters , and higher temperatures were observed by the authors at the bottom of the water column until mixing produced a more nomogenous water mass.

During the proj ec t , re petitive temperature meas urement s made on a single station visit differed by an average of 0.06 C and the instrumental precision criterien that was generated allowed the detection of differing water masses when t empa rature differentials exceeded 0.22 C. Station means f or .the proj ec t showed thermal inversions of 0.22 C or more at Stations 4, 5, 13, 14, and 20 over the course of the proj ect. The maximum invertM gradient, -

t 0.68 C, was observed at Station 4. These stations were all considered Level A and B thermal stacions for bottom waters. Salinities at Station 17 indicated that both surf ace and bottom waters were relatively uniform and highly saline.

The station was also extremely shallow, and almost complete displacement of nearshore waters by the plume was asstrued to have prevented any large thertaal inversion f ecie occurring. Salinities at Station 19 indicated that scane mixing had occurred, again decreasing the thermal inversion.

O 6-6

Vertical temperature gradi ent s were positive in Basins 4 and 5 with the A maxistan (0.6A C) observed at Station 23. Isotherine of DI were ccaspressed in V the vicinity of the oyster bars separating Basin 3 f rom Basin 5, irdienting a tone of rapid change. The pitsee, approximately 4 km offshore, was in that area mixing with salinities comparable to its origin, although still several degrees warmer than the point of intake (Station 34). The resulting density gradi ent favored the wartner water on the s ur f ac e . This result was mos t prominent during lot water (Figure 6.1-15).

Salini ty Salinity patterne in the st udy area are complex, but are simplis t ically surmaarized as two f reshwater inputs to an estuary, with a saline input (the plant discharge) situated between. Aversge flows of the Crystal River and the Withlacoochee River have been re ported as approximately 785 and 1183 cfe, I I

respectively ( Applied Biology 1982). The flow in tese CFBC has been reported to vary betveen 100 and 3980 cfs (Carder 1974). The plant dischargt is soproximately 2937 cis.

The salinity data collected nearest the time of predicted tide during asch sampling e pis ode we re subjected to CLM procedures . Surface a:d bottom salinity (SC and BC), as well as the salinity gradient present (DC , s urf ace minus bottom values) were each analyzed as a function of quarter, s t ation , )

tide, s t ati on-ti de , and depth. All three salinity models generated were highly s igni ficant . Each independent term accounted for a significant i portion of the data variability with the single exception of the depth term in the model of DC.

g]

\"

Seasonal salinity diff erences , a typical re s pons e to variable f re s hwa ter flows end tidal heights, were strong enough for most quarters to be significently different f rom one another. Surface quarterly means were highest in fall, Quarter II (SC, 22.45 o/oo) and lowest in the spring, Qvarter IV (17.27 o/co). Mean botton salinities ranged between 24.21 o/oo during the second summer (Quarter V, Figure 6.1-16) and 18.31 o/oo in the spring (Quarcar IV, Figure 6.1-17).

The s ea sonal salinity variations obs erved had no close relationam y to rainfalls recorded either at the Crystal River Power Station (incoplete data) or in the Cryst al River /Inglis area (National Weather Service unof ficial monthly totals, Figure 6.1-18). Flows from the Crystal River, a spring'f ed river with a low piezametric elevation, have been reported to vary inversely with s e'asonal tidal heignes (Mann and Cherry, 1970). Maxistze dis chcrge from this system wiuld then be expected to have occurred during January and February. during, periods of lowest predicted tides. Minimum salinities in the study area, however, were observed in March, April, and May.

The variation in salinity during the spring, however, was more pronounced for ins hore stations, arguing a variable terragenic sou ee of fresh water. On April 12, 1984, and April 18, 1984, high tt.rbidi ties were recorded simultaneoucly with low s alinities and iedicat ed either storm conditions (when strong winds may alter times and heights of actual tidts from predicted) or pulses of runoff with high suspended solids. A more extensive compilation (l of watershed rainf all records, assessment of antecedent conditions and soil L' types , and flow and stage records of the 2reshwater inputs would be required 6-7

to fully relate the salinities observed in the study area to precipitation and tides.

The significance of the station term in the salinity ANOVAs illustrated that, O

cnce s eas onal va ri ations were r eso ved , a relatively constant gradient of s alinities existed ac ross the st udy area . This distribution across the study area was strongly aff ected by tidal etage, and a station-tide interactive term was significant for acd els of surf ace and bottom salinities.

The maximum tidal change was observed at Station 1 (near the Withlacoochee River), approximately 5-6 o/oo. Minimum tidal diff erences were observed in the region of the discharge can=1 at Stations 17,18, and 19 (Yigure 6.1-19).

- A compilation of station to station statistical comparisons showed a much more continuous distribution of salinities than of temperature in the study area.

G roups of similar stations based on the pattern of significant differences were theref ore smaller, and as there are two f reshwater inputs to this syctem, similar stations were not always contiguous , occas.* onally being divided by the i itake and discharge spoil dikes. l Maxima of verticti salinity grad.ients, DC, were observed near the regions of f reshwater input (Figure 6.1-20). Negative values re pres ent less saline lenses of water overriding denser, more saline wat.r. Station 17 exhibited i the least asot.ut of stratification during both high and low tide conditions.

Based on salinity observations , both surf ace and bottom waters at this station i were primarily comprised of discharge from the plant, the voluue of saline water dis charged by the plant (2937 cfs) apparently oversh.sdowing any less saline flow f rom the nearby marshes. gs Dissolved oxygen, _

Two diff erent selections of independent variables were used for ANOVA of the dissolved oxygen (DO) data base. Values f rom the surf ace (D01) and bottom (D03) of the water coltaan and the percant of dissolved oxygen raturation relative to equilibritsa conditions at surf ace and bottom (DSS and DSB) were 1 all tru s t ed s epara t ely. The first model type included quarter, station, j temperature and chlorophyll concentrationa as independent va riabl es . -The I relatively small nuabar of chloro;hy11 datt points limited the amount of DO J data subject to this treatment . Chlorophyll concentrations were found not to account for any significant variability in DO or percent saturation data. GLM procedures were repeated af ter elimination of the chlorophyll variable. The I quarter, station and temperature and salinity terms all accounted f or highly significant portiens of the variation in the diss61ved oxygen data.

Seasonal varisticsa in Do were related to those produced by temperatures. The j te-sperat ure dependence was to be expected from the thermodynamic lawa l governing the solubility of all gases in wate. and the inverse relationship of 1 absolute concentrations to temperature. Solubilicies at equilibritan )

conditions are also inversely related to salinity. Station : elated variables l affecting Do concentrations in addition to those addressed by the GIli could 1 havV been the presence of productive submerged grass beds or algal mats , or l unve get at ed bottom types exer ting a benthic oxygen denand . Seasons with j ministan ard maximum D3 means are illustrated in Figures 6.1-21 and 6.1-22. l 9'

l l

6-8 l

1

Spatial pattorns of dissolved oxygen were mixed f or surf ace and bottom waters.

Station 17, as may have been expected f rom the elevated temperature observed, (W) had the l owe s t m ean s ur f ac e DO , 6. 7 - ag/1. That value wad not significant1f different from those at stations in Basin 3 and the southern half of Basin 2.

These stations were all within Levels A and B of the thermal impar t stations.

Due to the nuber of s t ati ons that typically expe ri enc ed salinity s t ra ti fi ca t i ons , dissolved oxygen levels were e xpec ted to he less at the bottom of the water coltsan. In addition, this gradient would be exacerbated wherever thermal inversims occurred. TMee stations with low bottom DO conce nt r a ti ons , however, were not exclusively the Level A or 5 thermal l stations. Three stations in Basin 4 (7, 8 and 15) had low botton D0 values . '

Total organic- carbon, percent silt clay and f ree sulfide levels in sediments ,

at these stations imply 'a depositional-environment with low water velocities 1 and a potentially high benthic oxygen demaud.

Macrophyte aerial surveys confirmed that Level A and B Thermal Stations that

'did not have low D03 concentrations all had se. grass and algae acetasul ations.

Station 38, 'with highest mean DO levels, was also heavily vegetated.

Models of percent saturation of DO, using the s ame va riables of quarter, s t ati on', -- t empera t ure and s ali ni ty , were also highly signi fi cant . All independent variables ' rmsoved a significant portion of the stam of the squares with the exception of salinity for surf ace values. The dif f erence between surface and bottom s aturations was greatest and the overall percent of s at ura tion at bottom was the lea st (91 percent ) during the two summer quarters. This - is consistent with elevated benthic demands during warmer weather. Surf ace waters were closer to equilibrium for all quarters.

The spatial pceterne of percent saturation of DO also indicated. contributing f actors other than equilibrium solubilities as a function of temperature and s alinity. The highest percent saturation,100 and 103 percent f or surf ace and bottom,- was recorded at Station 38, where concentrations of seagrasses yere olecrved. The lowest saturations were observed on the bottom at Stations 3-9, 14 and 15, in general those stations immedi ately south of the = CFBC spoil islands and at the northern edge of the influnce of the thermal pitsee (Figure 6.1-23). Absolute DO concentrations , however , were little diff erent from the discharge. Saturation deficits were produced by the decrease in temperature between the discharge and these stations, or sediments producing an increase is theoretical solubility of Do with no change i_ the absolute concentration.

The : thermal and salinity - stratification also obs erved would reduce the reseration rates of bottoa waters.

8 2.'

Changes in temperature will aff ect %e distribution of carbon dioxide among its various species. With a constant total carbon dioxide concentration,. pH will f all - with increasing t empera t ure . Biological ' re s pi ration and photosynthesis that deplete the total concentration of carbon. dioxide present will also elevate pH values to daily maxima in late af ternoon af ter periods of high productivity. Seasonal trends in phi are generally apparent ' in open oceans. Lowest carbon dioxide- and highest pH values are obaerved in warmer months when productivity 'is high. This pattern is compilcated nearshore by O local weather conditions. The wet season in Florida typically occurs during 6-9

~

l l

the warmer months. and acidic runof f (Iow pH) is greatest when pH values are expected to be at a maximtsn. g Initial statistical analyses of pH data f rom Crystal Bay f ound N1orophy11 to ac count for an insignificant portion of the variability in pH values. The ANOVA's were s ubs equent ly re pea t ed after elimi nating chl oro phyll . Model s generated were highly significant f or surf ace (PH1) and bottom (PH3) values.

The quarter, s t ati on , and t empera t ure contributions to the model were all signi fic ant , and s alinity ras significant for PH3 but not for PHl.  !

l i

Over all stations , the highest pH values were recorded during Quarter I, the  :

first suasser quartor (Figure 6.1-24). Lowest pH values occurred in the f all l rather than durina the spring quarter when runoff was most apparent and low pH values would be expectM.

Based on the pattern of diff erences , two groups of stations were identified, * '

one with low values over the course of the proj ect , the other with high val ue s . Those stations with low values included nearshare stations north of the discharge dike, both thermal (Statiens 13,14, and 17) as well as those i mos t af f ected by the CFbC and the Withlaconchee River (Stations 1, 2, 4-7). i S t a tions with elevated pH values we re those nears hore in both thermal and nonthermal areas (Staticas 27-34, 38, and 39) . Al though both temperatura and salinity contribute to observad pH variations, the controlling influence on j pH values appears to be a biological system otner than phytoplanhon that aff ects the carbonate - bicarbonate - carbon dioxide equilibria.

l Pho tometr y l Extinction coefficients were compu ted f rom submersible photometer readings 9

( using the equation:

l K = ( in ( Is / Io ) ) / - Z where K = extinction coef ficient in f t" l

Io = light below the water surf ace Is = light at depth l

Z = depth in f eet Measurements made at secchi depth (12 inch diameter) and surf ace were used to i calculate a KS, and at bottom ar.d surface to c alculate a KB. When s ecchi de pt he were greater than the water coltaan depth, no KS was calculated.

Analyses of variance with independent variables of quarter, storm (quarter),

station, depth, and turbidity were performed. All input variables vere found to be highly significant.

S ea sonal growth patterns of phytoplankton are possibly responsible for the significance of the quarter term in the models generated. The mean KS and KB of all stations during Quarter III was the lowest of any of the five quarters s ampled (higheat clarity wate rs ) . This coincides with tempe rat ure and chlorophyll concentration minina.

6-10

The storms were ident i fi ed f rom the intermittent met eorol ogical da t a and defined as four consecutive days with wiM velocities averaging over 7 mph.

( The s hall ow waters of Cryst al Bay made re d us pens ion of unconsolidated s ediment s and erosion of the ntase rous spoil islands extremely likely during pericds of prolonged high wiMs and resultant wave action. Depth of the water coltunn also controlled the amount ot resuspension generated by any given wave he igh t . Since only 5 storms were identified, no attempt was made to weigbt storms f or vind direction, velocity aM variability.

The amount of light scattered or absorbed by suspended and dissolved materials in the water colunn (turbidity) will directly decrease the amount of light reaching a given depth. Turbidity accounted f or a highly significant amount of the variability of KB and KS, and the distribution of extinction coef ficients matched closely with turbidity isopleths.

The significance of the s t ation term indicated that a consis tent s p atial pattern of light e xtinction e xis t ed . The highest mean values of KB, and therefore, the waters of lowest clarity, were observed at Stat. ions 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, thos e s t ations nearest the CFBC and the Withlacoochee River (Figure 6.1-25). Lowest coef fici.ents were measured at the offshore stations and south of the intake dike.

The Cryst al River , with groundwater as its pritsary source , had much lower color values than a "bl ac kw ate r" river such as the Wit hlacoochee (MML, unpublisted data) in addition tc inuch lower flows. Suspended load data f rom the two rivers were quite comparable. The absorption of light by dissolv$d organics (humic acids), marsh export detritus , or erosional material f rom the CFBC spoil islands was believed primarily responsible f or the dif f erences in KB.

Dif f erences between KS and KB values were examined to dete mine if salinity or thermal stratification decreased penetrant light. No consistent pattern was observed in quarterly station means f or those statica:. closest to thermal or f res hwater sources.

Quarter I, the quarter with the highest mean value of KB, was further analyzed by back calculating from KB the depths to which 10, 5, aM 1 percent of the i ncident light would penetrate (Table 6.1-1). These deptha were then compared to the mean depths recorded on station u .~ing that quarter. ( Sun ner tides were among the highest predicted and unter column depths and e xtinction coef ficients during ' his quarter represent a wc-st case s it uation . ) During Quarter I, quite a nu,eber of stations had average water coltsan depths in excess of 2(10 percent ), the depth at whs d all but 10 percent of the incident light has been abts toed. None , however, had depths which exceeded Z( 1 percent). The average percent of surtace radiation th tt reached the bottom is illustrated in Figure 6.1-26.

Turbidity Initist '41.M procedure s on both surf ace and bottom turbidity data bases produced highly significant models using quarter, storm ( quarter) , J t ation ,

de pt h , s alini ty , total s us pended load , and chlor o phyll *s indspendut variabl es . The rationale f or including many of these parameters was en ti rely

.( anal ogous to their selection for the analysis of extinction coef ficients and I

6-11

)

I l

storm dates utilized were the s a:n e . Sus pend ed load s s houl d influence turbidity values directly and high chlorophyll concentrations would indicate g a phyto plankton population that would also produce considerabic li ght W sc attering and absorption.

Chloro phyll accounted for a significant portion of the variabil.ty in turbidity data but its inclusion in the model limited the number of turbidity values anal yzed . For this reason, GLM procedures were re peat ed after replacing chlorophyll with temperature as an independent variable. Waters of extreme temperatures, either high or low, might be expteced to have decreased biomass concentrations , and theref ore lower turbidities.

The s econd set of model s for turbidity were also highly signi fi cant .

Tempe rature (other than that cont ained in the quarter variable) did not account for a significant portion of the variation in either model. Sus pended load accounted f or the greatest portion of the variation in the model. As e xpec t ed , bottom turbidity values were highet overall than surf ace values ,

and more variability was observed at the bottom for a given station.

highest s urf ace and bottom turbidities were obs erved during the spring, Quarter IV, the period ot' lowest salinity and highest surf ace suspended loads.

Over half of the stations both north and south of the intake spoil had maxima during this quarter. This quarter marked the restsaption of rains af ter the dry season, and pulses of tu bidity were observed coincident with salinity minima.

The storm (quarter) variable was highly significant. Station means for the quarter (with storm events resoved) were c alculated and sub tri ct ed from s urf ace turbidities ec11ected during storms. The increa s e in turbidity g

attributable to storm conditions is illustrated for the two most severe storms (Figures 6.1-27 and 6.1-28) . Individual stations and the degree to which they were aff ectv. were obviously products of wind direction and strength. The oms 11 data base for storm conditions and the partial nature of ::he meteorological data, however, prevented a quantitative ass es sment of these contributions.

in general, surface turbidity distributions were inversely related to

'inity isopleths for the discharges f rom the CFBC and the Withlacoochee fer , decreasing ith increasing salinity (Figure 6.1-29) . Stations with the highest observed surf ace turbidities were 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8. A secondary group included 7, 9, and 17. Turbidity at these stations is most likely the res ul t of precipitation of htanic substances , export of si t marsh detritus, and erosim of CFBC spoil islands.

S ta ti ons lowest in surf ace turbidity included most of those south of the intake spoil. Thes e were sheltered from the s eve res t northerly winds aad s alinities were prestanably controlled by the lov humic waters of Crystal River. The marshes adj acent to Station 31 also appeared to have lower tidal 9xchange voltanes and lower flows with less scouring. Finer grained material witMn the marsh itself and acctenulated algal detritus also indicated more of a de posi tional environment than the area near Station 17. Less material appears to be exported from this southern marsh and sediment loads in the adj acent basics are correspondingly less (Cottrell 1974).

6-12

Suspended Solids O

V Suspended load analyses also included GLM procedures. Models were produced for surfae' and bottom total suspended load data as a function of quarter, storm (quar;4r), station, turbidity, tempera ture , and salini ty. Storm dates were the same as those described in the analyses of extinction coefficients and turbidity.

Model s generated were highly significant . ANOVA stranaries irrlicat ed that turbidity values could account f or a majority of the variation in the data.

Quar t er , storm (quarter), st a tion and turbidity terms were all highly significant for both data sets. Salinity was only significant for surf ace t urbi di ti es . Temperature (beyond the ef f ects accounted f or by the quarter and station terms) was insigniricant in accounting for s us pended load data variation.

The spring quarter had the highest overall surf ace suspended load recorded.

The lowest concentrations were recorded during the winter, Quarter III. This pattern, while compatible with the rainf all and salinity trends dis cus s ed earlier is much less clear cut than for turbidity. Bottom loadings were again more variable than surf ace and seasonal trends were olightly different from surface values. The lowest values recorded f or turbidity and e xtinc tion coefficients were also during Quarter III. The ef f ec t of s torms on s us pended load was comparable to the effects on turbidity and the individual stations mos t aff ected were again dependeat on wind strength and direction.

n Similar to turbidity distributions, stations with highest overall values of Q total suspended load were concentrated along the southern side of the CFBC (Figure 6.1-30) . Surf ace loads at Stations 1 arsi 6-9 were not significantly diff erent f rom Station 5, which had the highest load over the course of the proj ect . Those stations with the lowest observed surf act values are those south of the intake dike and acarshore (Stations 31-33, 46-40) as well as Station 28.

Due to the variability of botton TSS data, etat: o to station comparisons produced fewer significant differences des pite the vide s pread in mean s us pend ed l oad . Highest values were again observed at stations near the CFBC (1, 3-6, 8-10, and 15) and ranged frca 29 to 17 ag/1. Those stations with the lowest suspended loads included stations south of the intake (35, 39, 40),

offshore (24, 26), and'some Level A and 3 thermal stations (27, 28, 29).

Volatile sus pended solids were also analyzed by the GLM procedare.

Independent variables of quarter, station, and chlorophyll were applied to surf ace and bottom data sets. The models produced were highly significant.

Qearter and chlorophyll variables accounted for significant portions of data variability. The station tern was significant for bottom values but not for surface.

Seasonal distributions of volatile suspended load were comparable to the trends shown by overall chlorophyll data. The lowest levels of suspended volatiles were recorded during the winter, Quarter III. This period coincided with the lowest quartetty means for turbidity, total suspended solida , and O extinction coef ficients .

(_)

6-13

l I

(

Data variability permitted f ew significant dif f e.rences to be observed between  ;

St ation 8 contained the highest average volatile solids (7 ag/1) s t a ti ons .

t L

f or the proj ec t. This station also appeared to be a depositional area, as not caly volatile but al so tot al s us pended . solids we re high here. Percent h

i silt / clay, total organic carbon, and sulfide concentrations in the sediments I at this station were ruong the highest of those observed in t' e study area, l and the mean grain size was one of the small es t . Stations with volatile l suspended loads not significantly dif ferent f rom 8 included those icssediately south of the "FBC spoil islands and Level A and 3 thermal stations (13,17, 20, 21, and 2 9) . Values at Stations 3 and 33 were also high.

Barge Traf fle The ef f ec ts of berge traffic on s us pended load and turbidity were al so investigated throvgh GLM analyses. Surf ace and bottom data s ets f rom Stations 17, 34, 35, 36, and 37 were selected as being those most likely to show any increases as a result of sediment resuspension. Station 17 was included as it receives the most direct exposure to waters that have passed through the plant condensor. Independent variables included quarter, storm (quarter), station, and barge (quarter-station). The degree of barge influence at these stations was selected based on the length of time cince traf fic had passed or, in the case of 17, the length of time in which a disturbed water mass could be expected to reach that s t ation. 1 The models produced for surface and bottom turbidities were both highly

- si gni ficant . The quarter term accounted for most of the data variability in both models, and storm (quartet) was significant for the surf ace turbidities.

No e,ther varimbliss were significant. Barge ef fects were either not apparent '

at the selected stations during the times sampled or were overridden by those  ;

due to ' wind or wave ac ti on. Other obscuring f actors may be the t rans i ent nature of any disturbance. Velocities in tb intake cual would act to l rapidly disperse any elevated turbidities.

)

The model for bottom s us pended load data was not significant. In that produced for the surface values, however, again only quarter and storm I (quarter) accounted for any significant amount -f variability. Barge l influences were not apparent.

C_hlorothyll Surface and mid-depth chlorophyll concentrations were analyzed as a single

. data base by the GM procedure, using quarter, station, extinction coe f ficient (KS), secchi depth, salinity, temperature, and volatile suspended solids as independent variables. Of these only temperature and salinity were insignificant and qurter, station, and KS were highly significant.

Highest overall chlorophyll levels were = recordtd during the s econd s unsne r .

Winter, Quarter III, levels are lowsst. This is compatible with the expected season'.1 growth patterns of phytoplankton and cold weather reductions in photosynthetic setivity.

Station by station comparisons show few diff erences and data variability f or

' some stations is quite large compared - to s t ations with comparable me ans .

Those stations with the highest levels are generally centered around the CFBC 6-14

and the Withlacoochee River entrances to the study area (Stations 1, 3, 4, 5, 8,9,aM 15) (Figure ti . 3 -31 ) . 1, owe s t levels we re observed at of f s hore aM southerly stations .

As chlorophyll s amples were collected f rom eight randomly sel ected s t a t i ons l per week aM volatile suspended solids were only collected every other week, the data base f or this statistical analysis was limited. The conjunction of these p a ra:s e t e rs was mec for some s t a ti ons only once during the en ti re l proj ec t . When all weekly chlorophyll data was combined without regard to sampling de pt h , the seasonal a nd s pati al patterns dis cuss ed a bove were con fi rm ed .

6.1.3 Dis c us sion Water quality stations in the study area were statistically divided into five groups: four of decreasing t he rmal influence and those unaffected. The groupings were slightly different for s ur f ace and bottom waters, more station being included f or the af f ected surf ace waters. St ations 13, 17, 18, 19 and 29 in Bas i ns 1, 2 and 3 were t hos e m os t directly af f ected by themal discharge. Little input of heat was observed f rom either the Cross Florida '

Barge Canal or the Withlac.oochee River. The dis tributian of t he t he rmal j pitaae, as determined by station mean water temperatures , agreed well with that  !

predicted by the numerical isodels.

Spatial s ali ni ty patterns were complex as the Crys t al Aiver, the Wit hlacoochee River and CFBC, and the plant (dis char ging o f fs ho rc. water nearshore) all act as inputs to the study area. Seasonal salinity trends were V present but were not directly related to rainf all recorded either at the power plant or in the Crystal River /Inglis area. Minimum salinities were recorded during the spring quarter.

Dissuiced oxygen levels were strongly and inversely related to te.aperature; summer minima and wi nter ma xims were recorded. Percent s at u ration of dissolved oxygen was al so lowest during the s umaner. The station with the lowest mean oxygen level was that with the highest mean t empe r at ure .

Distr ibution of macro phyt e s af f ec ted both dissolved orygen and percent s aturation levels , aM appeared to be one of the controlling variables in accounting for pH dis tr ibuti ons . Chloro phyll levels displayed seasonal trends ( sinter minima) but did not control either DO or pH values.

Water clarin < was most reduced at st.ations near the Clr3C. High extinction coef ficients were apparently the product of dissolved htanics and particulate matter e xpor t ed f rom the Withlacocchee River, the C7BC, and adj acent s al t mars hes . Erosion of the spoil islands is also indicated. These s ese f ac tors also influenced the dis tributions of turbidity and total and volatile suspended loads . Waters of highest clarity were south of the intake spoil and o f % hore . Light was apparently not a ilmiting f actor at those stations most af .cted by the thermal discharge.

S torms produced elevated values of extinction coef ficients , t urbidi ty , and suspended load. The st a tions and the degree to which each was af f ected were t he p ec iuc t o f wi nd d i rec ti on s a nd s t r e n ge ns . Wave and current re s us pens ion of sediments also apparently contribute. The ef f ect of barge traf fic on these paramters was not apparent .

6-15

REFERENCES FOR 6.1 American Public Health Association ( APRA). 1980. Standard Methods for the Exe:Instion of Water and Wastewater,15th Edition.

Applied - Biology, Inc, 1982. Cryst al River Bent hic Ccmsnunity S tructure Survey. Report to Florida Power Corporation.

Carder , K.L. 1974. Technical Report #3 on Independent Envirorsnental Study of Thermal Effects of Power Plant Discharge, Natural Heating of Salt Marsh Waters in the Area of Crystal River Power Plant, Dept. of Mar. Sci., Univ. of So.

Fla.

CH2M Hill, Inc. 1963. Withlacoochee Marine Biology Study, 1982. Report to Withlacoochee Regional Planning Council.

Cottrell. 1974. Sediment Composition and Distribution at Crystal River Power Plants Erosion vs. Deposition. Final Report to FPC. Report C. Univ. of Fla.

Cottrell. 1978. Analysis of Suspended and Surficial Sediment in the Discharge Basins of Crystal River Power Gene.ratlag Facility, Crystal River, Florida, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Mimal, Florida.

O Submitted t o FPC , Nov. 1978, In FPC, 1979, Special Surveillance Studies, Suppl. 1. Crystal River Unit 3, Dockat No. 50-302.

Cox, R. A. , F. Culkin, J. P. Riley. 1967. The electrical conductivity / chlori-

, nity relationship in natural sea water. Deep Sea Research , Vol .14, 203.

l l-t Envirornmental Protection Agency. 1979. Methods f or Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes , EPA-600/4-79-020. Cincinnati, Ohio.

FPC. . 1975. Suunary Analysis and Supplasental Data. -Report to interagency Research Advisory Committee.

nc. 1980. Poet Operations 1 Monitoring Program. Crystal River Unita 1, 2, I and 3, Annual Report, 1979. Two Voluses.

l Crimes , C.B. 1971. Thermal Addition- Studies of the Crystal River S team l Electric Station, Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 11, Fla. De pt. Nat. Retour.

O 6-16

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Crimes , C.B. and J. A. Mountain. 1971. Eff ects of Thermal Effluent upon Marine f) Fishe. near the Crystal River Steam Electric Station. Prof. Pap. Ser. No. 17.

V Fla. Dept . Nat . Rea,,. r .

Jaeger, J.E. 1973. The det ermination of s alini ty from conduc t ivi ty ,

temperature and pressure measurenents, int Proceedings, Second S/T/D Conf erence and Workshop, San Diego, CA.

M aus ewi t z , R. H. 1973. Dif fusion model f o'. a s hallow barricad ed e s t uar y.

M.S. Thesis , Univ, of So. Fla.

Klausewitz, R. H. 1979. Thermal P1tese D=censination and Model Verification Daring Unit 3 Operation, in: FPC,1979, Special Surveillance Studies , Suppl.

1. Crystal River Unit 3. Docket No. 50-302.

Knight , R.L. and W.F. tc ggins . 1982. Record of estuaries and e alt uarsh me::abolism at Cryst al River, Flor ida , 1977-1981. Fisal Report to FPC.

Syaceas Ecology and Energy Analysis Group, Univ. of Fla.

Mann , J. A. and R.N. Cherry. 1970. Lar ge springs of Florida's " Sun Coast" Citrus and Hernando Counties. U.S. Geological Survey.

O Ritev. J.P.- and G. Ski rrow. 1915. Chemical Oce anogra phy . 2nd edition, Ac 2 *d t Press, London, Appendix Table 6.

UNESCO. 1%6. Int e.cna tional Oceanogra phic Tables, UNESCO Office of Ocescography.

O 6-17 l

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_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - . - - _ . . _ _ _ - - _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _J

Tabic 6.1 1 Penetrant light. Extinction coefficients K5 KB (f t'I); h station depths, 0 (f t); depth to which 1%, 5%,10% of surface radiation penetratt;, Z(1), 7(5), Z(10) (ft);

percent surface radiation at bottom,11a @ 8 (%).

KS KB D Z(1) Z(5) Z(10) %Io Station (ft'I) (ft'I) (ft) (ft) (ft) (ft) 9B 1 0.54 0.53 2.6 8.7 5.7 4.3 25.2 2 0.49 0.48 4.0 9.6 6.2 4.8 14.7 3 0.40 0.42 7.5 11.0 7.l* 5.5* 4.2 4 0.51 0.63 5.8 7.3 4.8* 3.7* 2.6 5 0.47 0.76 5.1 6.1 3.9* 3.0* 2.1 6 0.53 0.54 5.0 8.5 5.5 4.3* 6.7 7 0. 60 0.59 5.3 18 5.l* 3.9* 4.4 8 0.42 0.55 6.7 8.4 5.4* 4.2* 4.3 9 0.47 0.45 7.5 10.2 6.7* 5.l* 3.4 10 0.38 0.37 9.1 12.5 8.1* 6.2* 3.5 11 0.31 0.29 9.4 15.9 10.3 7.9* 6.5 12 0.23 0.20 14.4 23.0 15.0 11.5* 5.6 13 0.35 0.46 3.0 10.0 6.5 5.0 25.2 14 0.48 0.42 5.1 11.0 7.1 5.5 11.7 15 0.48 0.45 6.3 10.2 6.7 5.l* 5.9 16 0.37 0.39 7.2 11.8 7.7 5.9* 6.0 17 0.50 0.54 2.4 8,5 5.5 4.3 27.4 18 0.42 0.41 5.8 11.2 7.3 5.6* 9.3 19 0.45 0.41 4.8 11.2 7.3 5.6 14.0 &

20 0.36 0.41 7.4 11.2 7.3* 5.6* 4.8 W 21 0.43 0.43 8.5 10.7 7.0* 5.4* 2.6 22 0.45 0.39 8.4 11.8 7.7* 5.9' 3.C 23 0,39 0.34 10.6 13.5 8.8* 6.8* 2.7 24 0.29 0.29 9.8 15.9 10.3 7.9* 5.8 25 0.27 0.23 12.1 20.0 13.0 10.0* 6.2 -

26 0.24 0.23 14.4 20.0 13.0 10.0* 3.6 27 0.43 0,43 4.9 10.7 7.0 5.4 12.2 28 0.43 0.44 6,8 40.5 6.8 5.2* 5.0 29 0.36 0.36 6.2 12.8 8.3 6.4 10.7 30 0.41 0.40 6.4 11.5 7.5 5.8* 7.7 31 0.45 0.31 4.9 14.9 9.7 7.4 21.9 32 0.33 0.30 4.4 15.4 10.0 7.7 26.7 33 0.40 0.31 7.1 14.9 9.7 7.4 11.1 34 0.33 0.26 8.8 17.7 11.5 8.9 10.1 35 0.25 0.25 7.5 18.4 12.0 9.2 15.3 3G 0.27 0.23 11.5 20.0 13.0 10.0* 7,1 37 0.21 0.25 13,3 18.4 12.0* 9.2* 3.6 38 0.26 0.34 4.0 13.5 8.8 6.8 25.7 39 0.27 0.27 7.4 17.1 11.1 8.5 13.6 40 0.22 0.20 13.3 23.0 15.0 11.5 7.0

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l Li hr:tHIC INFAUMA 2.2.1 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis > 6.2.1.1 Fi eld Sampling procedures Benthic f aunal samples wre collected at 40 stations (Figure 6.1-1) once a quarter for five quarters , and at 20 of these stations once every 6 weeks f or five samplings , to provide quantitative information on the sof t botton macro-inf auna of the study area. Samples were collected using benthic f aunal box cores constructed af ter a design originally used by Saloman (1976). Inside core dimensions were 12.5 x 12.5 x 15 cm deep. Stations locations were established using Loran C. Cores were obtained at each st a tion by dive-e. The cores w re inse rt ed vertic ally into the substrate. The diver would then remove the sediments oa one side of the core and slide a hand across the open end. The core was tM Inverted and a close weave cotton bag placed over the entin core. A totsi or eight f aunal cores won collected for each station. Six of the cores were processed and two were archived f or use if needed. Af ter emptying the core contents into the cotton  : bas, each bag was submer ged in a solution of 15 percent ma gnesium sulfate j solution in seawater f or narcottaation (Russell 1963). 1 Af ter narcotiestion of core samples for e alnimum of 30 minutes, samplea were washed through a 0.5 se mesh sieve to remove the finer sediments, praserved in 10 percent formalin seawater and stained with rose bengal stato to f acilitate O rapid and accurate sorting (Mason and Yevich 1967: Korinkove and Sigmund 1968; Hamilton 1969: Williams and Williams 1974). Sediment samples were collected each quarter at tha 40 benthic f aunal stations and analysed to determine granulometric distribution, total organic carbon (TOC), aM f ree adfide content. sediment semples for sulfides were e.ollected f rom teu stations e och day for four consecutive days (40 statione). Samples wre rollected as 1arly as possible each day and immediately returned to the laboratory for processing. Because sulfides are easily oxidlaed, the trans-porting container excluded atmospheric orygen, was purged with nitrogen af ter each opening and the entire device was stored and transported on ice. For collection of the sulfide samples at each station three 3.81 cm (ID) by 15 cm PVC cores were utilised. Cores were collected by a diver. An unc o ped core was pushed into the substrate with one hand until the sediment within the core reached the top rim. Cores were then capped on the upper end, sediment was removed f rom around the outside of the core, the contents of the core wre retained by hand, the core was removed from the substrate and the open end ca pped . Cores were then returned to the support vessel and stored. P Concurrently with the f aunal con collection three sediment core samples were collected at- each station for granulometry and total crsanic carbon (TOC). Cores were collected using the method described above. On the surf ace vessel, t he s edim ent was extruded into a 500 mi plastic sample jar. Each jar was stored on ice until returned to the field facility, where samples we re inventoried and f rozen. Samples remained f rozen until processed. 6-18

Also in conjuctice with the benthic f aunal sampling, sediment temperature and th were measured with a Martek Mark VII multiparameter i ns tr tssent equipped with a s peci ali zed L edim ent probe . Eh readings we re t aken once every 3 minutes for 25 minutes , while temperature was read with the last th reading. h Eh and temperature measurements were made once every 6 weeks at the stations sampled f or f auna. 6.2.1.2 1,aboratory Procedures After a minimum of 48 hours in 10 percent f ormalin pres ervative , bent hic faunal s amples were transferred to 70 percent isopropyl alcohol. In < pre paration f or rough sorting, f aunal samples were decanted into light and heavy f ractions. The light f raction contained the majority of f auna and was sort ed under a Unitron ZSB stereoaoom binocular micros co pe . The heavy f raction, containing primarily molluses and larger animals , was sorted with the unaided eye in the white background pan. Each sample was rough sorted into four maj or gro :ps polychaetest crustseeanal sollus c al and als cellaueous . Taxonomic identifications were performed under various powers of the binocular stereosoon (.7-401) or i Nikon or Unitron compound micros cope ( 40-1000X ) . Identifications of taxa to the lowest practical level were accessplished with the ese of descriptive literature, comparison to ref erence collections, and the use of external consultants for verification of problem identific ation. Sulfide cores were analysed according to procedures described in Method 3-243 (EPA 1981), Method No.112-71W (Technicon 1973), and Method 427 ( APilA 1930). & W The methods are capable of detecting sulfide levels of 0-0.32 as/1. Three sulfide cores were analysed f rom each benthic station. Sample cores vert subsampled, placed onto a prepurged, distillation apparatus, and purged with nitrogen into a cadmius sulfate trapping s olution using constant, predet ermined purge times and rates and resgent voltsm es . Suspies were analysed usin g Technicon's Industrial Met hod 112.71W and a Techsicen AutoAnalyser 11. Sample concentrations were computed bas ed on original s ediment weight. Laboratory methods used for grain aise analysis follow the procedures of Folk (1974). In the laboratory, sediment samples were stirred thoroughly and subs amples removed f or TOC analysis . The remaining susple was then split into repitcate samples. Each aliquot was then washed with distilled water through a 0.063 na screen to remove as much of the allt/ clay f rac tion as possible. This f raction was collected and dried. The material greater than 0.063 mm was dried and then placed into .a Wentworth sieve series of 1 phi intervals (2.0 ass, 1. 0 inn, 0.5 ma, 0. 2d sun , 0.125 mm, 0.063 mm and less than 0.063 == catch pan). The material retained on each sieve was weighed (to 0.001 gS. Sediment f raction raw weights were then analysed to yield the f ollowings size clus percentage cumulative percentaget median phi value, gean grain size ( phi > ; sorting coefficient; gra phic skewness and gra phic kurtosis. The calculations use equations as cited in Folk (1974). Total organic carbon analyses were conducted using Method 1 (EPA 1981) and Oceano gra phy 1cternational (01) Cor pora ti on's Dry 0xidation Procedure (01 undated). The ef f ec tive ran ge of this procedure is 0.* to 40 mgC/g. h 6-19

subsesples were weighed and then dried to a constant weight at 70'c and O wei.hed aSain to eate tate re ee taSe sotids-Itorganic carbon was removed f rom the omsples by addition of RC1. Susples were then dried, treated with Cu0, purged with 0 and combusted. Samples were analysed with an 01 TOC anatyrer (nondispersive2 inf rared type) and quantified against standards and blanks prepared f rom known carbon concentrations. 6.2.1.3 Statistical Analys es All of the benthic core stmusary statistics were calculated af ter the data set had been purged of sp cles which were not representative 1y sampled by the core s aepl ers . SAS procedures were used to calculate 411 suussary statistics. The data are analyzed primarily with stmenary statistics which characterise the bent hic community. Species richness, diversity (as measured by Shannon- < Weaver, Pielou 1975), and evenness were calculated for each station and date of smopling. Morisita's index of f aunal similarly was also calculated for each pa t rwist e ernbi nation of s t ation and sampling date. Faunal density (ntamber per s ) uns the only non+ community type metric calculated. The hundreds of pairwise measures of Moris(ta's indes were summarised using the EAP package (Eco Ana1ysis 1964). The EAP package is a group of SAS style procedures which are serially complied with the SAb package. This package provided a dandogram display of a group-averaged sorting, cluster analysis. The inverse of the Mortsita's value was used as the distance metrie. The dendo grams ure produced for each s ampling pe riod and with the s pec i es-st ation date colla ps ed over all sampling pe riods to ess ess spatial sirsilarities among the st ations . They vers also produced f or each station to ass es s temporal clustering of the coussanity. Fi nally , cluster dendrograms were produced over all stations and periods to simultaneously assess spetlal and temporal siellarity clustering. Abiotic parameters relevant to benthic core smap1(og were also analysed using the SAS CW procedures. Sulfide and Eh valves were analysed relative to time, station, s edim ent t empe ra t ure , and mean and medi an grain size of the s ediment s . The analysis of sulfide concen t rations al so included total organic carbon as a coverlate. 6.2.2 Res ults Introduc tor y chapters to this re port have described the general characteristics of the study site. In terms of the subtidal benthic habitats, the study area may be classified as shallow and heterogeneous. Sediment types range from mud to coare s e ared and shell. The ares cont ains times tone out croppings and associated hard substrate, e mce pt in the discharge basin where the bottom consists primarily of fine sand and mud. satensive oyster reefs and patchy seagrasses south of the intake canal add to the heterogeneity of the substrate in the study area. Depthe ranged from less than one meter to slightly over four meters at t he f orty stations where benthic inf auna were sampled (Table 6.2-1) . Average depth at the s t ations was two meters. In general, depth increased gradually offshore. l O in order to eva1uate the ef f ects of the thermat r1<sse on the benthic com-sunities of the st udy area , t he influence of temperature and other abiotic l l 6-20 L , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ - _ . . _ _ -.__ __. ~. . _.__

                   - _ _ . --                       __ _ -. _     __ -_ __-          _ _m    __

1 i 1 parameters mus t be considered in evalua t i ng the dis t ribu tion of benthic l infauna. Section 6.1 provides a detailed description of all water quality parameters (on a quarterly basis) the same dat a were utill ed in this section g l but as six-week means of only bottom measurasents to provide direct l comparisons with the inf auna. j Abiotle paraseters Tempe ra t ure To compare with benthic inf aunal data, distribution of bottaa tesperature at the site was analyzed f rom f our types of informations

1. Weekly synoptic measurements at the 40 stations (collected in conjunc-  !

tion with photometry measurements); j

2. Cmtinuous thermograph measurements at or near the 40 stational

3. Sediment temperature measurements at the time of benthic saspling:

4. Hydrodynamic model projections of the thensal pitase under various tidal and seasonal conditions.

Since inf ounal sampling was conducted once every six weksi temperature data from synoptic sampling and thermographs were stammarised as six-week averages at each s t a ti on . In order to account for s hor t-term fluc tuations in temperature, the data were also examined as three-week means. The si x-week and three-week averages included the week of benthic suspling. Synoptic data was generally collec t ed on high and low tides during al te rnate wee ks . h There f ore , t he averages mas k tidal influence . Mea s urement s of s ediment temperature during the inf aunal sampling were not synoptic; in light of the shallow nature of Crystal Bay and solar-induced temperature variations within a particular day, sediment temperature data can be us ed only to des cribe seneral trends. Synoptic bottom temperature at the forty stations is summarised as six-week averages in Table 6.2-2. The three-week averages exhibited ( ssentially the same trend as six-week averages. Lowe s t temperatures were during January-February and highest temperatures during July-Se pt embe r . Spatial and temporal trends were essentially similar between the three-week and six-week ave ra ges . Certain st ations had consistently higher temperat ure s ; thos e staticos were 4 and 5 (northern control Transect): 13-15 (Thermal Transect A); 17-23 (Thermal Transect B); and 23-3g (Thermal Transect C). Bas ed on s i x-week averages, nics stations ex,eeded 32 C during September 11, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, and 29. The area enveloped by thene stations is s hown in Figure 6.2-1. Utilizing plant intake temperatures as ambient temperatua:: , bottom tempera-ture variation f rom ambient for the six-week averages is presented in Table 6.2-3. The f ollowing groups of thermal stations (Figure 6.2-2) can be recognized from the data: O 6 -21

_ _ _ . _ ~ . . - - _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - _ - - . - .-- l 1*C - 2"C: 4, 5, 14 , 2 2, 2 7, 2 6, a nd 30 (croup 1) .O 2'C - 3'C: 13, 20, 21, and 29 (Group 11) G re a t e r t han 3'C : 17,18, and 19 (Croup til) Group I stations may be considered marginally thermal stations (St ations 4 and 5 appear to be influenced by both the barge canal and the thermal ef fluent , as discussed in Section 6.1, and are not eff ective controls). Group 11 sad Group til stations can be considered thermal stations which are directly influenced by the ef flueo* . Group til stations can be considered maximally influenced by the ef fluent i nce average temperatures at these stations are substantially higher than it. .,ae tempe ratures . It is interesting to note that Group 11 and Group III st ati ons e xceed 32*C (avera ge tempera t ure ) during the hottest period of the year (Augus t-Se ptember). These groups were smewhat dif ferent f rom those identified with quarterly data in Section 6.1. Six-veek average temperature data from the rmog ra phs at or near the forty s t ations are pre s ent ed in Table 6.2-4. Courated to the synoptic data, the rmogra ph average temperatures we re lower since they included night, t empe ra t ure s , However, t he general trends relat ed to bottom tempera ture distribution at the study site wre similar to the trends exhibited by the synoptic data. Sediaant t empe ra t ure s are s ummarised in Table 6.2-5. Consistently higher temperatures were measured at Stations 13,14,17,18,19, 20, 21, 27, 28 and

/3    29. This grouping of highly thermal st a ti ons is similar to t hat derived V     through the analysis of synoptic and therwograph data.

Predicted thermal plume configurations are s hown In Chapter 10.6. The 2'c isotherm s imulated under full plant L ond , worst cas e conditions cice aly approximates the of fshore boundary of the thermal groups defined by the field temperature results (synoptic, therwograph, and sediment t emperat ures ) . This general agreemmt of the results obtained by diff erent neans confirme that the areas shown in yigures 6.2-1 and 6.2-2 are where thermal effects, if any, would most likely occur on the banthic communities. Salinity Bottom salinity information f rom the weekly synoptic surveys were analysed as six-week means for each station, sirellar to the analysis of temperature data. Summary data are presented in Table 6.2-6. yor a majority of the stations, temporal variation in salinity was minimal. In general, of f shore stations and Stations 17 and 18 near the point of thermal discharge had a higher salinity, whila stations near the two rivers (1, 2, 38) and the berge canal (4, 5, 6) had a much reduced ealinity. Turbidity Bottom turbidity data from the weekly synoptic surveys were averaged as six-week means for each st a ti oni re s ul ts are presented in l'able 6.2-7. In general, turbidity values exhibited considerable variation both temporally and spatially. Offshore stations were less turbid and stations near the berge canal spoil islands (Stationa 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10) and Stations 15 and 21 were moe t turbid. 6 - 22

Total Suspended Solids (T3S) TSS infonsstion f rom the biweekly surveys were averaged as six-week means and results are presented in Table 6.2-8. TSS values varied substantially both in h time and space, aM as with turbidity, were lower at of fshore s t ations a nd higher near the barge canal spoil islands. Dissolved Orygen (DO) Bottom D0 data f rom the weekly synoptic surwys were averaged as six-week means f or each statical results are presented in Table 6.2-9. In general, Do values were high in the study area. 1,ovest values were observed during July-S e pt embe r . Anozic conditions were not obs erwd at any station. Lower DO values were observed at Stations 3, 3, 7, 8, 9,15, 21, and 22 during Augus t-September (1983). Bas ed on the re s ul ts of the water quality parameters (six-week averages /botton) presented above, thermal station groups identified in Figure 6.2-2 can be subdivided as f ollows: Group 1 (1 C-2 C increase): As Stations 4 aM 3 (lower salinity and DO: higher turbl-dity and TSS) 5: Stations 14 , 22, 27, 28, and 30. Group II (2'C-3'c increase): S tations 13, 20, 21, and 29. Group III (greater than 3*C increase): As Stations 17 and 18 (higher ealinity) 5: Station 19. Sediment Characteristics G ranul cuset r y Mean grain siae at the f orty stations ranged f rom a low of -0.27 ph' f:oarse) at Station 29 to a high of 3.33 phi (very fine) at Station 8. Susanar.ced data for all stations is presented in Table 6.2-10. Based on mean grain else, the following groups of similar stations can be discerned: G roup I (coars e s and ): Stations 19, 29, and 35. Group II (medium sand): S tations 2, 3, 11, 12, 15, 23, 25, 26, 30, 32, and 36. Group III (very fine sand): S tationa 4, 5, 8, 21, and 40. Group IV (fine s and ): all other stations . Temporal va riations in mean grain slae were ganerally minimal exce pt at Station 29 where sedissents changed f rom coarse s end in June 1983 to fine sand in July 1984. g 6 - 23

siit/Cisv cont ent O percent of silt / clay content in the sediments at s t ations is s uusaa ri zed in Table 6.2 -11. In general, silt / clay content was high at the study site. Except f or Stations 1, 2,19, 29, and 30, all other nearshore st ations had a high content of elite and clays. Thi s wa s e s pec i all y t r ue a t S t a t i ons 4, 5, and 8. In general, of fshore stations contained less than 5 percent silt /elay content (e xc e pt S t a t i on 40), while nearshore s t at ions f requently exceeded , 15 percent silt / clay content. Redor potential (Eh) Measured s ediment th at the st ations la s tama ri zed in Table 6.2-12. In general, high negative values of th (reducing environments) were very coisson in the study ares, especially in the nearehore areas and areas near the barge canal and the two rivers. Tasporal variability of Eh values were high and did not exhibit any specific seasonal trends. Total _ Organic Carbon (TOC) Sediment TOC values at the e t ations are sumanarized in Table 6.2-13. TOC value s were generally high at the s t udy area with considerable t emporal va ri a ti on. Lowest values were observed at Stations 1, 3, 11, 16, 24, 26, 29, and 35-37 and during July 1984. Only Station 29 it in the churnal area. Sulfides Sediment sulfide content at the stations is sumanarised in Table 6.2-14. In general, values were low at most stations. Extremely high sulfide content was evident at Stations 8,17, sad 38, f ollowed by Stations 21 and 32. Moderately high vslues were observed at S tations 4, 5, 7, 37, and 39. Lowest sulfide values were observed at Stations 11,12,19, 25, and 26. Sulfide values were generally inconsist ent f rom station to station. Identification of Controls t hermal groups identifi ed in Figure 6.2-2 can be further s ubdivided as follows, based upon sediment characteristics: Group I (1 C-2"C increase): At 4 and 5 (very fine sand) 5: 14 and 27 (fine sand) C 22 and 28 (medium to fine sand) D: 30 (medhas sand) Group II (2*C-3'c increase): At 21 (very fine sand) 3: 13 and 20 (fine sand) C 19 (coarse sand) Group III (greater tnan 3 C A 17 and 18 ( fine s and ) increa s e) B: 19 (coars e sand) Stations 4 and 5 of Group 1 differ from similar sediment s t ations of other O ><o es and TSS. sr exhibitini a ch 1 wer satinitte . oo conte t and ht *e- turbidi t7 St ations 17 and 18 differ f rom Station 19 by exhibiting higher salinities al so. 6 - 24

T Bas ed on the s ediment type and seier.ted water quality parameters , the moet appropriats control station (s) for the sets of thermal statior.s (identified above) ares h IA: Stations 4 and S Control 1 15: Stations 14 and 27 Controls 6, 7, 33, aM 39 IC: Stations 22 and 28 Contro1st 2 and 38 ID: Station 30 controls: 2, 3,12, 25, 26, 32, aM 36 IIA: Station 21 Controls 8 eM 40

            !!3: Stations 13 and            20                     Controls: 6, 31, and 33 IIC: stations 29                                       Control    35 IIIA: Stattens 17 and           18                     Controls: 6, 31, and 33 1115: Station 19                                       Control    35 FaunsLPirem ote rs species composition A total of 918 taxa were identified from approximately 375,000 individuals collected kring this study. Melotsunal species such as ostracods, nematodes and copepods and species which were tanonomically lumped (o11gochastes.

neuertines) and colonial species, although sorted and identified, wre not included in t he data analys es . Numerous s pecies of polychaetes we re frequently conson and abundant. In terms of overall abundance, the following species contributed over fif ty percent of the total f auna (in order of rank abundance): Fabrici a sp. A; Stre blos pio benedictil Aricides phil binae ; Tharys cf. dorsobranchialis; Aricidea taylorig Medicusast us ambisetal Axiot hell a mucos a; Medi cusaa t us g. 8 _Myriochele oculata; 1,umbrineris g verrillip Raimyrapseudes ef. cubanensiel and Haptos coloplos f oli os us . All w of these species with the enception of 52 cf. cubanensis , a taneid, were polychaetes. Some spatial patterne of the abundant species were as follows: Fabricia sp. A occurred as a doednant species (in torus of temporally combined abundance) at over 50 percent of the stations. It was more abundant south and northwest of the intake dika (Figure 6.2-3). Numerical abundance of streblospio benedicti was limited to the nearshore areas between the barge canal and the discharge canal (Figure 6.2-4). Arleides ph!!binse was generally abundant nears hore (Figure 6.2-3). Tharys ef. dorsobranchialis was abundant in the nearshore areas adjacent to the discharge spoil and St ation 31 (Figure 6.2-6). Dominance of Aricidea taylori was limited to a f ew stations in Basins 3 and 4 and Station 17 (FigurIn 6.2-7). Medlemastus ambisets had a patchy distribution south of the barge canal spoil islands and the intake spoil (Figure 6.2-8), while wediomastus sp. vts abundant sos tly a: of fs hore st ations (Figure i 6.2-9). Myriochele oculate was numerla: ally abundant primarily at off shore l stations (Figure 6.2-10). 1,umbrineris verrilli was primarily abundant at aid depth stations (Figure 6.2-11). Azioths11a mucosa was consistently abundant only at Statione 27, 28, 23, 30, and 35 (Figure 6.2-12). The tanald,

Halmyrapeeudes ef. cubanensis was dominant only at Stations 1 and 4 (Figure

6. 2- 13) . Ha plos coloplos f oliosus was numerically dceinant at st ations near t the barge canal and the nearsbre stations at the plant discharge (Figure 6.2-

           - 14).

O 6-23

O o =8 4 -t == r t 85

• se
• e * **r 4 t = < t
• e t t = = 8 e 47-as follows: Aeteocina canalleulata was abundant in the thermal stations (18,  ;

19, 20, 21, and 28) and S tati ons south of the int a ka spoil (31, 32). Ampelisca helsest was abundant only at St a tions 2 and 13. Pa ra pri onoe pio p i nna t a , Ha pt os eol oples f ra gil t s and Mys ell a planulata exhi bi ted patchy dis t ribu ti ons . Leonereis culveri and Meanthes_ succines (Figures 6.2-15 and 6.2-16), both considered as thermally tolerant s peci es (Logan and Maurer , 1975) occurred in the the rssi areas. Polydors we bs t e rt a nd H e t e r os a s t_u_s filif ormis, also considered thermophilic, were abundant at nearshore thermal s t a tions . Temporal variations in the abundance of the dominant species listed . above wre considerable. ' The density and percent abundance of the ten most dominant species at each of the 40 stations during each sampling period are provided in Appendix III. Bas ed on s pecies domi nance al one , t he f ollowing four s omewhat dis cre t e communities can be recognized in the study areas Stations 1 and 4: Ralmyra ps eudes - Xenant hura - S tre bl os pio communityg Station 3: Brachidont es a Cre pi dul a community; St ations 2, 5-8, 13-15, 17-21, 27-33, 38, and 39: A rl ei dea - S tr o bl os pi o - Tha r yu - F a bri ci a O S t ations 9-12, 16, 23-26, 35-37 and 40: Med i om as t us - Myr t ochol e - con t ad i de s community. Each o f the s e coassunities a ppears to int ermix bu t still retain a distinct spatial pattern (Figure 6.4-17). Speci es com pos i ti on , es peci ally the domi nant s , changed t hrough the year.

          -During the hottest pe riod of the year (J uly-Oc tobe r) , analys es of distributional patterna of the numerically abundant s pec t ee (Appendia III) showed that Tharyx cf. dorsobranchi alis , Mediomastus ambisets, Arleides ghil binae and Arici dea taylori were abundant t hroughout the st udy area.

Streblospio benedicti was abundant at all thermal and northern stations east of Fis her1s an's Pass and at Station 31 sout h of the intake spoll. Paraprionospio pinnata was abundant at all nearshore stations except in the area of t her1 sal dis char ge (Figure 6.2-18). Myrt ochel e oculata and Lumbrinerie verrilli were abundant at all stations except stations nearshore. Hapl os coloplos f olios us and R,. f ragills were abundant in the sumauer only at St ation 1 and St ations 4 through 9 near the barge canal spoil islands. Thermal indicators Laeonorets culvert sad Neanthes succi nes were ' both abundant only at St ations 13 armi 17. In addition L. culveri was abundant at l S tati one 18 and N. s ucci nes wa s abunda nt at S tatlan - 6 (Figures 6.2-19 and 20). HeteraussetTa filif ormis , also considered a thermal indicator, was most

                                                     ~

abundant at only Station 17. Polyfora websteri, a thermally tolerant species, O

• da = = Seatto is. 19. s d 29. etraors wes e t is o ta= 4 teh j oyster reefs in the study are. (su Section 6.5); Stations 19 and 29 were near oyster reefs.

l 6 26

   .                                                                                            I M'iny of t he s peci es which were a bunda nt at a few st ations were present in small ntsobers at almost all of the sampled stations in the area.                 Howe ve r .

H almyra ps eude s ef . cubanensis did not occur at 17 of the 40 stations a nd Axiot hella mucos a did not occur at 8 of the 40 st ations. Also, ca pit e11 a g, capi tat a did not occur at 6 o f t he 40 s t at i ons (10, 11, 22, 25, 34, and 36). Other abundant species were ubiquitous and occurred at all or at a majority of the staticos (Tabis 6.2-15). Rart or uncoasson species were ntmoerous in the southern and of fshore areas; many of than did not occur in tt.e thermal areas. 011gonixity (dominance by one or two speeles) was generally high in the study . area except at the f ollowing stations (Figure 6.2-21): 2, 11, 12, aM 16 (Northern Control); 22, 24, 25, and 26 (Discharge trans ec t - o rf . ore ): 31 through 40 (Southern Control). All stations within the area most probably  ; enveloped by the thermal pitase (Figures 6.2-1 and 6.2-2) exhibited a high degree of oligomixity. In stannary, results of the species composition of the inf aunal coussunities in ' the study area show thatt

1. Although the study area was extremely diverse in t e rms of the total ,

riumber of species encoun te red , a few species d ominat ed in te rms of ' abundance.

2. Domi nance distributional patterns of the s peci es t hat were abundant ranged f rcan cosmopolitan to very endemic at a few stations. st reblos pio benedicti, an opportunistic species, appears to be most dominent in '

areas north of the intake dike, while Aricidea spp., Fabriels sp. A, and Tharvx cf. dors obranchi alis are widespread. M ed i an as t us sp. and Myriochele oculata exhibited highest dominance in the offshore areas. All other dominants were lialted in their abundance to a f ew stations , t

3. Four cosumunittee were defined from the area.

4. During the hottest period dominant specise were abundant in both thermal and non-thermal areas. Meanthes sueelnes, t,aone rais c ul ve ri, Heteromaatus filif arsis and Polydors websteri (thermal indicators ) were most abundant at the nearshore thermal stations. Paraprionospio pinnata was least abundant at the t hermal s t a t i ons .

5. A majority of the dominants occurred at almos t all ctations; however, abundance of these species varied considerably spatially and temporally.

Abundance and rank of dominant species changed at a majority of the st ations between the common sampling pe riods (June-July) of the ~ two years (1983-1984) indicating annual vari ati ons . Many of the rare species found in the southern area and offshore areas were not found in t he t hermal area s .

6. Oligonixity was generally high, especially in the nearshore areas north of the intaka dike.

Faunal Density Total f aunal density (organisms /m2 ) f or all st ations and sampling pe riods is stannarized in Table 6.2-16. Overall, lowest densities occurred durs.ng July- g 6-27

September and highest densities during April. Mean densities we re O considerably lower at St ations 5, 8,18, and 24. 1,ow densities were observed at S tations 2, 6, 7, 9,14, and 151 high densities were observed at Stations 28, 29, 30, a nd 35. All other stations had moderate densities; no clear patterns in density rel at ed to the t hermal areas were evident. Temporal variation in density was exceptionally high (over 200 percent change) at the f ollowing stations: 4, 5, 7, 8,11, and 12 (Northern Transect): 13, 15, 16, 23, 26, 28, 29, and 30 (Thermal Trans ect )t - 33, 35, 36, a nd 37 (Sout he rn Tra ns ec t ) . Stati on 28 exhibited a dramatic increasg in density between February and June, 1984 (34,059 to 113,387 organisms /m ) mainly caused by a super abundance of Fabricia sp. A. Comparison of June / July dt.ta between 1983 aM 1984 showed that considerable differences in density esisted both in thermal and non-thermal areas. Overall, density was higher in June / July 1984 ccespared to June / July 1983. Comparison of faunst density at thermal stations with control stations of similar sediment type with a ' t' test (95 percent significance level) is shown in Ta bl e 6.2-17. In general, t hermal st ations were not significantly different in densities f rom corresponding southern stations. Thermal Station 17 was significantly higher in density compared to Control Stations 6 (north) and 31 (south) and was not different in density from St a tion 33 (south). Thermal Stations 21, 27, and 10 were significantly higher in density compared to northern control stations but were similar in density to southern stations. When stations were grouped as Thermal (13,17,18,1), 20, 21, and 29), South Control (31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39 and 40) and Nort h control (6, 7, 8, 9,15 16, and 23), density was significantly dif f erent between the North Control and O' South Control S t ati ons . However, densi ties at both controls were not significantly dif f erent f rom density et the thermal stations. Since polychaetes, mollus co aM crust aceans we re the major groups that dominated the study area, densities of these groups are stannarlsed in Table 6.2-18 (Polychaeta): 6.2-19 (Mollusca); and 6. 2-20 (Crust acea) . Eace pt for S t ations 1 and 4 where crustaceans dominated, and Station 32 where solluses and crustaceans co-dominated, polychaetes overvhelmingly dominated the f aunal composition. Trend s in total faunal density, theref ore , were generally influenced by the patterne exhibited by the polychaete component. Species gichness The number of taxa collected at each station (species richness) during the various sampling periods is s tessarised in Table 6.2-21. Overall, highest species richness occurred during February and June 1984 and lowest during July and September 1983. Ccumparison of June / July data between 1983 and 1984 showed that considerable differences in species richness existed both in thermal and control- areas . Overall, species richness was higher in 1984. Spa t i all y , lowest species richness occurred at Stations 4 and 5 and highest at Stations 2, 11, 12, 16, - 25 , 30 , 32-37, 39, and 40. In general, species richness increased offs hore. Nearshore stations in the thermal area and near the barge canal had lower numbers of species than comparable nearshore stations south of the intake canal. Significant differences in species richness (' t'-test; 95% level) between compara bl e thermal and control st a tions are s tammari zed in Table 6.2-22. Thermal St ations 13,14,17,18, and 20 were not significantly dif f erent in species richness f rom corresponding northern control stations 6-28

but cont ai ned a significantly l ower number of s peci es when compared to southern control st ations . Thertsal St ations 21, 22, 27, 28, and 30 were hi ghe r (or similar) in species richness compared to corresponding northern control s t a ti ons but had a significantly lower n tsobe rs of s peci es when h compared to southern control st a t i ons . De rmal S t ations 19 and 29 were significantly lower in species richness when corspa red to s outhe rn control Station 35. Thermal Stations 22, 28, and 30 were higher in species richness compared to northern stations but not significantly diff erent from southern s t ati ons . Lcwer salinity thermal Stations 4 and 5 were not significantly dif f e rent f rom northern control Station 1. , The Thertaal, Northern and Southern station groupings (as for f aunal density comparis ons t s ee previous section), were significantly dif ferent from each other in species richness. Lowest species richness was encountered in thertaal , areast slightly higher values in the northern transect; and highest values on the southern transect. In general, ther1 sal stations were more comparable to the northern trans ect than to the southe rn t rans ec t (in te rms of species numbe rs ) . Species number for the three major components is suonarized in Tables 6.2-23 (P olycha eta ), 6.2- 24 (Mollus ca ), and 6.2-25 (crustacea). Unlike fsunal density, solluses contributed a much larger proportion to the total species richness; however, polychaetes provided the majority of the species. N tsabe rs of molluscan species were particularly low at Stations 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, arri 29. A majority of these s t a tions are in the thermal area . Lower utsabers of crustacean taxa were f ound at Stations 4, 5, 8,17,18, and 20. All these st ations , except 8, cre in the thermal area. All of the southern stations were rich in crustacean and molluscan taxa. Species Diversity and Equitability values of Shannon-Weaver diversity index and Pielou's equitability index are s tansarlsed in Tables 6.2-26 and 6.2-27, re s pectively. Lowest dive rsi ti er. (associated with both low equitability ar.d species richness) were observed at Stations 1 and 4. Lower diversities were aise obs erved at Stations 5, 6, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 and 29. A majority of these stations were in the t hermal area. In general, diversity and equitability exhibit ed similar spatial and temporal trends as those exhibited by species richness; ' t' tests of signtficance reveal ed the s ame dissimilarities between the compared stations , i.e., northern stations were y erally more similar to the thensat s t at i ons . Both thermal and northern staticos were dif f erent when compared to the southern stations. Lot-Normal Curves Individuals in natural benthic communities are generally distributed in a log normal f ashion among species. Variation from this distribution or f rom the slope of the straight line produced from a log-normal distribution has been re port ed to be indicative of stress (Gray and Hirza 1979). Polluted censaunities are purported to either show a break in the straight line or have angles to the x-axis lower than 35*. Log-normal distributiou of individuals per species was fitted and curves drawn f or each station and samp?ing period according to the method described by Cray and Mirza (1979). Angles to the x-axis were measured frois these curves armi data is stmssarized in Table 6.2-28. h 6-29

Utilizing mean an gl es , t he inf ormati on is portrayed gra phically in

 ,O Figure 6.2*22.

had the least Stations in the thermal area and the nearshore northern area i t s-no rmal angles (33-35') trulicating possible stress condi ti ons . Of fshore northern stagions and the southern stations had higher log-normal angles (greater than 40 ). Faunal Similar(tv Utilizing Morisite's index, f aunal similarity between stations for each of the saspilng pe riod s was computed and results are pre s ent ed as trellis di a graum . Also f or each of the periods, a clutter analysis was conducted (Morioita's I nd e x , group ave ra ge sorting) and re s ul ts are pre s ent ed as de ndrograms . Faunal stallarity trende during each of the smupling periodo can be suurnarlsed as follows: June, 1983 (Figures 6.2-23 and 24): Thermal stations 17, 18, 19, and 27 (Rocky Cove) and Statf on 6 were sin (1er to each other. Also, Thermal Stations 20 and 21 and Stations !$, 22, 28, and 30 wre similar to each other . Th(se groups of st ations were generally dis similar to all other s t a ti ons . Interestingly. Thermal Station 13 was similar to northern Stations 2 and 7, while Thermal Station 14 was similar to southern Stations 31 and 39. Of fs hore stations were general *ty sir'lar to each other, while Station 29 (thermal ares) was dissimilar f rom all nher stations.

• July, 1983 (Figures 6.2-3 dod 26): Theneal Stations 17 and 18 were similar O to northern Station 5. Al s o , The rm al S t a t i ons 20, 22, and 29 we re sialtar to each other and to 5 tatione 7 and 15. The rmal S tation 13 was simil ar to e Station 27 (Rocky Cove) and Station 31 (Southern). Of f s hore st ations wera similar to each other. Stations 9 (Northern) and 30 (Thermal) .sre s%iier to each other! Station 4 was dissimilar true all other stations.

S e pt embe r , 1,98J (Figures 6.2-27 and 28): Thensal Stations 13,14, and 17 and S t ations 20 and 21 were similat to each other. All - other thenna1 st ations , were similar to each other and to several s t ati ons in the northat.1 area. Southern nearshore areas grouped together in similarity, while most offshore stations were timilar to each other. 3tations 1 and 29 were dissimilar from all st ations. October,1983 (Figures 6.2-29 and 30): Noet Therwel Stations (13,17,18, 20, and 27)- grouped to get her in similarity with northern nearehore s t ati ons . Thermal Stations 15 and 22 were sinflar to each other at St. tion 7 (northern) and 33 (sout he rn) . O f f s hore s t a tions were similar to och other, while Stations 29 and 4 were dissimilar from all stations. November,1983 (Figures 6.2-31 and 32): Thermal Stations 13,14, and 18 were statlar to each other and - to several nor t he rn near s Mre s t at.i ons and the southern St r..on 38. Thermal Stations 17, 19, and 29 were eie.(16r co each other and to the northern Station 3 and southern Station 32. Thermal Stations 20, 21, 28, and 15 were similar to each other, while Thermal St ation 22 was similar to of f shore Stations 16 and 24 and to Stations 31 (southens) and 2 O ( ca *)- c ttr tr a - = et - - t tt - - a es - Station I was dissimilar f rom all other stations. 6-30

J anua r y , 1984 (Figures 6.2-33 and .%): Thermal St ations 13, 18 20, and 17 were similar to each cther aM sissilar to several northern stations. The nsal S tati on 17 was generally dissimilar f rom all s t a t i ons . Mos t northern and 3 of f s hore s t ations grouped together in similarity. Thennat St ation 22 was W similar to of fstere Stations 26 sad 37, while Thermal Station 29 was similar to of fshore St ation 12. gbr ua r y , 1984 (Figures 6.2 35 and 36): Thermal Stations 14 , 16 aM 21 were similar to each other and several nearehore northern s t a ti ons . The rmal Station 17 was similar only to Station 13 (thermal ) and 38 (s out hern nee rs hore ) . Thermal t!tations 19, 20, 22, 28, aM 29 were similar to each other and were stallar to Stations 23 (of f shore thermal) and 32 (southern neerd re). Thenna' Station 27 wu siellar to northern Station 3. Stations 1 and 11 were dissimilar f rom all other stations. Off shore stations generally grouped together in similarity. April,1984 (Figures 6.2-37 and 38): Thermal Stations 17, 18, 20, 22, and 29 were sinitar to severn northern and scree offshore stations. Thensal Station 13 was aimilar to of f store Statime 30 (thermal) and 35 (southern). Of f s hore S t ations 25, 26, and 37 grouped together in stW 1arity. St ation 12 was

                                                        ~

dissiallar f rom all other stationt. ,J,une ,1984 (Vigures 6.2-39 and 40): Thennal Stations 17, 20, 21, 22, and 27 were similar to each other and to Stations 16 (of fshore), 2 arsi 9 (northern). Thetsal Station 18 was s tallar to Stations 5, 7, 8 (northern), and 15 (of h. hors themal). Thensal Station 13 exhibited generally low similarity to all stations but grouped closer to Station 30 (southern nearshore). Of f s hore reations generally were similar to each other. St a tions 1 and 4 were rivilar to each other but dissimilar from all other statin. g July, 1984 (Figures 6.2-41 and 42): Thennal Stat i 17, 20, 22, 27, and 29 vere slalfar to each other and to Statim 31 (soud.,stn nearshore). Mrsal Station la war similar to northern Station 5 and 7, while Thensal Station 13 was similar to St. tion 30 (thermal of f shore). In general, of f shore stations grouped together. Station 4 was dissimilar f rom all other stations. Teap.,ral changes in similarity were examined at each of the 40 stations. Mean innat similarity between s. sapling periods at each station is simasarized in rable 6.2-29. In general, temporal variability in similarity was high at both thensai and non-thermal areas. Createst variabllity occurred at Stations 11 and 29. Comparis on of faunal similarity between June / July 1983 aM 1984 showed that spati at , f aunal affinities of thenemi and non-thermal stations were somewhat dif f erent between years indicating that annual fluctuations may have altered consnunities in the study arwa at Nth thermal and non-thermal s t ati ons . Althogh these changes caused by ann # fluctuations were evident, the groupings of st ati ons f or 1983 and 1984 Oe similar in that thernet st ati nos group *o get her and were similar ik several northern control s t a ti ons . A fauns 1 similarity analysis combining all quat 1rly data at each station (Figures 6.2-43 and 44) showed that Nrmal Stat: Jns 13, 14, 17, and 27 ve re siellar to each other and similar to Station 2 (naarsbore northern). Thermal St ations 18, 20, arrt 21 were similar to each other and to northern Stations 5, 6, 7, and 8 and to Statico 15 (thermal of f s hore ) . N rmal Station 28 was g 6-31

similar to Stations 23, 30 (of f shore thermal), 35 and 36 (of f shore southern), h Thernal St ations 19 a nd 2 9 we re s cun ewh at sinillar to northern St ation 3. Northern Stations 9 ard 22 were similar to southern Stations 31, 32, and 39. Station 1 and 4 near the berge canal were similar to each o'.her but dif ferent f rom all other s t a t i ons . Of f s hore s t a ti ons generally grouped to ge t he r la similarity. Utilizing six-veek sanpling data at 20 st ations , a bimilar analys es provided essentially the s atse renuits (Figures 6. 2-4 5 a nd 46) except that The rmal S tati ons 17 and 29 exhibited much lower similarities with other thermal and non-ther:nal at ations. Thertaat St ation 13 was similar to St ations 30 (offshore t he rmal ) and 35 (s out he rn o f f s tore ) . Thermal S t ati on 18 was simil ar to northern Stations 5 and 7 and of fs hore Thennal St ation 15, while Thermal Station 20 was similar to offshore Thermal Station 22 and northern Station 9. In eranining temporally uncombined data for all stations (i .e. , all pos sible combinations of time and space) with a f aunal similarity cluster analysis, the sane trends exhibited by the temporally combined data presented above were evident.

• In atmanary, f aunal similarity analyses showed that thermal stations were more of ten similar to each other and to the northern control st ations . Certain s t a t i cris (e.g., 29, 1, and 4) were dif f erent than all other s t a ti ons .

Offs hore stations were generally similar to each other. Thensal stations most of ten similar to each other were: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22. Biotic / Abiotic Relationships Potential correlations between various abiotic parameters and f aunal density, species richness and species diversity were examined with the use of linear re gre s s i ons . Faunal density appeared to be correlated with grain size and to a lesser degree with silt / clay and total organic carbon (significant F value at 95 percent level). Faunal density appeared unrelat ed to other shiotic f actors (temperature, s alinity, turbidity, TSS and sediment sulfides, sorting and Eh1 Table 6.2-30). Species richness appeared to be correlated rich temperatute a nd s alinity and to a lesser degree with sediment parameters (Table 6.2-31) . Similarly, species diversity appeared to be correlated with temperature and s ai'alty and to a lesser degree with s ediment par as et e rs (Table 6.2-32) . In terms of sediment pre f erence of the dominant s peci es in the study area , Fabricia sp. A was most abundant at stations with coarser sediments (11,13, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 36, and 38) at least during some times of the year. Streblospio benedicti was most abundant at st ations with silty sediments (4, 5, 6, 8, 15, 18, and 21 ) . However, S_. benedicti was most abundant at siltier st ations o f f s hore and in the southern trans ects . Arieldes philbinae was abundant in a variety of sediment types and was most a bunda nt in the tYensal areas. Other dominant species uid not exhibit any clear cut preference for sediments or other abiotic parameters. In s tann ar y , t empera t ure appears to a f f ec t s peci es richness and diversity while sediment parmaeters control f aunal density in the study area. O V 6-32 l _

   --          . _ . - - ._ - - _ _. -- -                                    - - . _ .~ . - - - . - -   -

t i l Annual Faunal Fluctuations Long-ters annual fluc t uations in bent hic conesunities have been obs erved by saveral investigators ( Pe a rs on 197$, Santos and S irson 1980: Dugan and Livingston 1982; Mahoney and 1.ivingston 1982). !Wtween June / July of 1983 and i 1984 considerable changes in snecies composition, f aunal density and species richness occurred in the study area irdicating that annual fluctuations may be i e xtremely important. Thensal effects on various coinnunity paraneters appear to be similar between the two years. Evaluat ion of the magnitude of diff erences in coamunity paraseters between thermal and control areas showed:

1) annual fluc t uati ons were clearly evident and 2) t hennal effects were exhibited in addition to the annual fluct uations.

6.2.3 Impact Assessment Insroduction The benthic coassunity is generally considered to be the best faunal group for assessing environmental stress due to les relative lack of mobility and varied sensitiviry to physiological stresses (Dille sad r.ogers 1972). In additico, the relatively long life histories of benthic organisms make them valuable indica tors of past and present water quality (Mackenthun 1966: McK ee 1966; i Cairns and Dickson 1971). ' Tempe ra t ure is a primary envi ronment al f ac tor in t he dis t r ibu tion and + survival of aquatic organisms. Sediment type is a specific f actor af fecting j t he zonation of bent hic organisme , particularly the infauna (Peterson 1913; 19151 1918: Thorson 1957 Sande rs 1958; Bloom et al 19721 Pea rs on 1975). Apart f rom other biological f actors (such as competition, predation , et c.), $'  ; temperature and sediment type seem to be the major f actors in benthic f aunst  ; dis t ribut i on . Since various speci es tolerate temperature increa s es to differing degrees and display tempe rature i nduced re produc tion , lucreased temperature could havn both "posi tive" and " negative" ef fec ts. In theory, when heated ef fluent is introduced into a bent hic envirorssent , the f ollowing species-specific processes would occurt

1. Sorse temperature " sensitive" (stenothermal) species would disappear.

2. Some new species would isemigrate into the now warm environment.

3. Some species (eurythermal opportunists) would increase in abundance.

4. Some temperature " sensitive" species would decrease in abundance.

Depending on the balance of (1) and (2), diversity (species richness ) of the heated envi ronment would eithe r incre as e or decrease. Dominance would probably be a prime f actor in response to changes in (3) and (4). Sea sonal changes _ would, of. course, complicate the process. In a na t ural euryt hermal envi ronment such as Crystal Bay, a s hallow s ubtro pical bay where tr.s-e is a high incidence of eurythermal s peci es , hea ted e f fl uent s (wi thi n let hal limits for individual s peci es ) may not have a pronounced or detectable eff ect on the benthic f auna. On t he ot he r ha nd , g syner gis tic ef f ec ts and biological changes in t he other components of the W 6-33

 -  - -              - - -             _ - .                    = -                   _ - - - - _ ~ _ - -_.      _             -       --       __ .

ecosystem (e.g., plankton) would indirectly affect the composition and structure of benthos. This has been recognized by various authors in the past O. (Markowski 1960 Pearen 1969; Mackenthun 1969 8 Virnstein 1972; Davis 1972). Rowe et al (1972) documented the effects of thermal pollution in the lower Mystic River. They identified tones of extreme stress characterited by low fauns 1 density, bicanase and species diversity. An interesting study by 1,ogan and Maurer (1975) on the diversity of marine invertebrates in a therreally aff ected area of the Indian River (Delaware Bay), identified an extremely high diversity zone in the inusediate vicinity of the thermal discharge caused by  ; the existence of " pioneer" coteaunitiea in a state of "non-active equilibrium"  ! (i.e., a community with low dominanc e , high equitability and low faunal density). Similar zones were reported earlier by Warinner and Brehmer (1966) and Nauman and Cory (1969). A few opportunistic speelee (e.g., Nereis succines, Heteramastus filiformis) have also been suggested by 1ogan and Maurer (1975) as indicators of thermal ef fects. Temporally, the most severe effects of the thermal effluent on the benthic f auna would be expected in the summer (Naylor 1965; Warinner and Brehter 1966; Pearce 199; Nauman and Cory 1969). However, disruptions in conmounities due to "co1J s tock" in winter (due to variability of power plant operation) cannot be ruled cut. Bamber and Spencer (1984) in a recent study of thermal ef fects on benthic comusun!.fies in River Medway tatuary showed that areas most influenced by the discharge ares (1) significantly depressed in species richness; (2) higher in densiv.es caused by a f ew s pecie s , i.e., oligonixity; and (3) dominated by opportunistic species that were tolerant of thermal stress (and not organic stress, such as Capite11a espitata). Overall, they concluded that thermal ef fects were limited to the discharge canal and where the thermal discharge impf.nged on the bottom. P;svious benthic f aunal studies at Crystal River are not directly comparable e t, the present d ir* in methodology and areas of investigation.study because of significantHistorical benthic tastion fromin(the ferences stuiy area appears to indicato that thermal effects in the form of depressed spe cies richness and abundance occur in the discharge barp. However, drawbacks in the methods used and the limited area of investigat toli nhibits any conclusion that can be comprehensive in terms of spatial and t7sporal thermal ef fects. From studies described in literature, some of the expected thermal effects on the benthic infaunal communities in the vicinity of the power plant at Crystal River can be susmaarized as follows.

1. Reduced species richness;

2. Increased or decreased total abundance (faunal density);

3. Increase in the abundance of some eurythermal and opportunistic species;

4. Inseigration and abundance of thermal pollution indicator species;

5. Emigration and/or decrease in the abundance of sense stenothermal l O s'aci e s ;

6-34 -

6. Decreased diversity and equitability

7. Increased dominance (i.e., oligomixity) of a f ew species l h

8. Alteration of basic coinmunity structuret

9. Faunal dissimilarity comparee, to adjacent natural or undisturbed c onsnuni ti e s .

To evaluate thermal effects in the study area the nine characteristics listed above are tested as hypotheses s tat ement s (below) leading to an itspac t assessment of benthic coursunities in the vicinity of the power plant. Species Richness In general, all thermal stations were lower in species richness than corresponding -southern control stations, but not the northern control stations. . Therefore, it appears that the thermal ef fluent in concert with silty conditions found in the northern areas reduces total species richness in an area bounded by Stations 17,13,14, 21, and 27. Ilowever, no statistically significant differences in species richness between thermal stations and northern control stations were noted. Examination of molluscan and crustacean species richness provider stronger evidence of thermal effects. Molluscan s pecies richness was considerably lower at Thertaal Stations 13, 14, 17-21, 28, and 29 and Stations 4 5 (low salinity-thermal regime), 15 (slight thermal), and 8 (northa a Control Station). Simil arly, crustacean species richness was lower at Thermal Stations 17-20 and Stations 4, 5, and 8. Stations 8 and ;) have slightly higher temperature s than plant intake t empe ra tt.res (Table 6.2-3). g Stations 4, 5, and 8 had a high silt / clay content probably causing the reduced molluscan and crustacean species richness. Therefore, it appears that the themal effluent reduces the species richness of molluses and crustaceans primarily in an area bounded by Stations 13,14,17, 21, and 29 (Figure 6.2-47). The cause of depressed species richness at Station 15 is unknown. Faunal Density In general, faunal density at the thermal stations was not statistically different fras densities at both southern and northern control stations. Thermal Stations 17, 21, and 27 were higher in densities when compared with northern control stations, while Station 18 was 'over in density compared to its corresponding southern control station. Using either increased or decreased abundaace as criteria of adverse thermal effects, it appears that the area bounded by Stations 17, 21, and 27 is adversely affected in terus of abundance (Figure 6. 2 -4 8 ) . The change in density does not encompass all stations within this area, and therefore the extent of the thermal ef fect is ' not clear. Eurythermal and Opportunistic Species Streblospio benedicti, a eurythermal and opportunistic s pe c ies , was most dominant in the northern nearshore areas, es pe cially at the stations with silty conditions. Thermal Stations 18 and 20 had a greater abundance of S. 6-35

benedicti than other t he rm a l and southern control stations. Aricidea philbinae was most abundant at Thermal Stations 13, 17, and 27. Tharys cf. dorsobranchialis 28, and 29 was most abundant et Thersal Stations 13, 14, 17, 20, 22, 27, and appears to prefer areas with a higher temperature regime. Aricidea taylori 22, and 2 7. exhibited increased abundance at Thermal Stations 17, 20, The species abundance patterns discussed above appear to indicate that the area bounded by Stations 13, 14, 17, 22, and 29 is affected by the themal ef fluent opportunists in the6.2-49). (Figure f orm of increased abundance of selected eurythermal Thermal Pollution Indicators Greatest sbundance of thermophilie opportunistic species,1,acenereis culveri and Neanthes sueelnea were at Stations 13, 17, 18, and 27. N. succines was abundant also at northern control Stations 2, 3, and 6. Thermal Stations 19 and 29 and southern control Station 32. Heteromastus filiformis, also considered e thermophilic opportunist, was most abundant at Station 17. Polydora websteri was most abundant at Stations 13,19, and 29. Based on the abundo.nce of indicator species, the area bounded by Stations 17, 13, 19, and 29 appears to be adversely affected by the thermal ef fL sut (Figure 6.2-30). Scenothermal Species Higher domi nance and lower species richness at the thermal stations and northern control stations appe a rs to have excluded several " rare" s pecie s found in the southern control areas. This exclusion of several species may be O v a response to higher temperatures in the thermal zone, especially during the oummer. However, habitat heterogeneity in the southern areas (presence of seagrass beds and less silty conditions) probably plays a much larger role than temperature in determining presence or absence of rare species. In tet1ns of dominant s pecies , Paraprionospio pinnata, was the only species that was widespread arsong nearshore different habitat types but was least abundant at Thermal Stations (especially during the su:mser) 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, and 29 (Figure 6.2-18). Mediomastus ambisets was most abundant at nearshore northern and southern Haploscoloplos foliosus and H. controls but not at the thermal stations (Figure 6.2-8). fragilis similarly appeared to avoid thermal areas, but were also not abundant in soethern control areas. The thermal effluent, therefore, appears to adversely affect the distribution of P. pinnata and M,. m. bis e t a and probably the distribution of H. foliosus, H, . fragilis, and several rare species. Species which were more abundant offshore, such as Mediossa s t us sp., Myriochele oculata and Coni a did e s carolinae are probably stenothensal but do not occur in abundance in either of the nearshore Fabricia sp. A) control areas. Since many of the other dominant species (e.g., remained unaffected, and since the study area is expected to primarily contain eurythermal species (subtropical and shallow), exclusion and reduction in abundance of stenothermal species can be considered minimal. Species Diversity and Equitability In general, species diversity and equitability values were lower at The rm a l Stations 14, 17-21, and 2 9 and a t Stations _ 5 (low salinity-thermal), 8, 15 (slightly therveal), and 6 (northern control). Southarn control stations were O much higher in these par ame t e rs than ,the northern and thermal areas. Therefore, it appears that the area bounded by Stations 17,14, 21, and 29 is 6-36

adversely affected in diversity and equitability by the t he rmal effluent (Figure 6.2-51). Similar low values were found at the northern control stations. h 011gomixity Dominance of few species (oligomixity) was a conson pheno:senon in the study area. This phenomenon was especially accentuated in the thermal areas and the northern nearshore control aress (Figure 6.2-21). The striking dissimilarity in oligomixity between the southern / offshore stations and the northern / the rtsat stations may be indicative of stress conditions imposed bv a combination of temperature and silty conditions in the northern and therual stations. Ccamsunity Struc ture The study area appears to be composed of four types of communities (Figure

6. 2-17 ) . Areas dominated by Halmyrapseudes and Brachidontes were small. The offshore coussunity dominated by Mediosastus, Myriochele, and Coniadides was distinct and widespread in both northern and southern areas. The nearshore coussunity dominated by Aricides, Tharyx, Streblospio, and Fabricia spanned themal, northern and southern areas, nerefore, it appears that the basic components of the couanunity remain unchtages by the ef fects of the thermal effluent. Evaluation of the log-normal dis ribution (Figure 6.2-22) among the comanunities at each station, however, shows that thermal areas bounded by Stations 17, 13, 21, and 29, the nearshore northern control stations (6 and 7), and the low salinity /high tersperature stations (4 and 5) have an altered intrinsic structure indicating stress conditions (Sensu, Cray and Mirza, 1979). It can be surmised that environmental stress in dif!erent forms (silty g conditions and/or temperature increases) change the basic log-normal dis-tribution of coussunities. It appears, therefore, that while stations in the thermal regiane are adversely affected by the ef fluent, stations in the north are adversely affected by silty conditions. The absence of such a change in the southern stations and the apparent gradient (Figure 6.2-22) in log-normal distribution with distance from the point of thermal discharge strengthens this conclusion. Other coussunity structure parame t e rs , such as faunal density, abundance of dominant species, diversity and equitability have been l discussed earlier and tend to confirm the alterations to structure caused by l

the thermal effluent (as shown by the evaluation of log-nornal distributions). Faunal Sirailarity ( Detailed descriptions of faunal similarities between stations are provided in

the results section. In general, the area bounded by Stations 17, 13, 14, 21,

[ and 28 exhibited f aunal homogeneity (Figure 6.2-52) wir.h sorse similarities to the northern control stations but was dissimilar f rom the southern control stations. During- September (1983), Station 17 contained a unique s pecies l ecapositions over 75 percent of the total abundance was contributed by three species, Aricidea taylori, A,. philbinae, and 1.aeonereis culveri, probably as

!    a response to elevated temperatures during the s unuse r period.                                            Similar i     dominance of few species occurred at Stations 18, 19, 20, 21, and to a lesser

, extent at Stations 13, 14, 15, 27, 28, and 29. Aricides caylori, A. philbinae, L. culveri, Tharyx cf. dorsobranchialis, and Streblospio benedicti 6-37

were domintat at the s e stations. In the wint er (January 1984), The rmal Station 17 was dissimilar to all stations by having a super abundance of A. philbinae, probably as a response to elevated temperatures that were optimal for A_. philbinae. Overall, the f aunal similarity analyses indicated that thermal ef f ects are limited to the area shown in Figure 6.2-52. However, similarity of many of the thermal stations to northern control stations indicate that s1though changes have occurred in the the rmal areas, the significance of the change is questionable. General Considerstions/ Summary As expected, two factors appear to play a major role in the distribution of benthic infauna in the study areat sediment type and temperature. While

               -sediment type seems to control density of organisms, temperature controls s pecies richness and diversity (see Results).          Therefore, in examining the ef fects of the thermal ef fluent, sediment type is the most important element to keep constant. Salinity pla> s a controlling role only at a few stations near the Withlacoochee River and the Berge Canal. To discern thernal ef fects, comparisons were made only between stations which were similar in sediment type. Utilising this strategy,         the examination of various cosesunity parsneters and hypotheses in relation to the thermal effluent suggests that adverse ef fects caused by the dischstge are generally minimal, because they have not enc ompa s s ed - lar ge areas or caused catastrophic changes.       However, there is strong evidence (as discussed earlier) to indicate that subtle adverse changes have occurred in the coussonities bounded by Stations 17, 13, 14, 21, and 29 (Figure 6. 2 -4 7 ) . A lesser degree of change seems to have
 .y             securred at Stations 4, 5, 22, and 30. The greatest degree of adverse thermal ef fects appears to be limited to the area bounded by Stations 13, 17 and 18 (Figure 6.2-53).

Overall, the study area (especially the northern areas) can be classified as a stressed habitat for benthic inf aunal coessunities. Natural perturbations in the fons of storms appear to affect bottoe ennditions because of the shallow nature of the study area. Presence of seagrasses in the southern areas probably limits the perturbation caused by storms. Considering the effect of the storms, and the silty conditions associated with the barge canal spoil is l and s , benthic infaunal coussunities in the study area are probably resilient and adapted to disturbances. Characteristic of such communities is . a preponderance of opportunists and species which have short lives and high reproductive rates, i.e., an 'r' selected community (sensu MacArthur and Wilson 1967 ; Pianka 1971). The effect of the thermal ef fluent on such a consnunity is to further modify its structure toward an even more opportunistic and resilient state until survival is affected. This shift is evident only at Stations 13,17, and 183 survivability does not seem to be affected. O 6-38

REFERENCES FOR 6.2 American Public Health Association (APHA). 1980. Standard methods for the 9' examination of water and wastewater,15th edition. Bamber, R. N. and J. F. Spencer. 1984. The benthos of a coastal power station thertaal discharge canal. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 64:603-623. Blooom, S . A. , J . L. S imon , and V. D. Hunter. 1972. Animal-sediment rela-tions and community analysis of a Torida estuary. Mar. Biol. 13(1):43-56. Cairns, J. and K. L. Dickson. 1971. A simple method for the biological assessment of the affects of waste discharge on the aquatic bottom-dwelling organisma. J. Water Poll. Ctr. Fed. 43(5):755-772. Davis, C. C. 1972. The affects of pollutants on the ?oproduction of marine organisms. In: M. Ruivo (ed.), Marine Po11utien and Sea Life - Fishing News (Books). London, p. 305-311. Dills, G. C. and D. T. Rogers. 1972. Aquatic-biotic cosesunity structure as an indicator of pollution. Ceol. Sury. Alabama Cire. 80, 21 p. Dugan, P. C. and R. J. Livingstor.. 1982. Long-tern - variation of macro-O invertebrate assemblages in Apalachee Bay, Florida. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci . 14 :3 91 -403. EcoAnalysis, Inc. 1984 Ecological Analysis Package. Ojai, California, Ecoanalysis, Inc. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1981. Procedure lor Handling and Chemical Analysis et Sedimente and Water Samples Technical Report EPA /CE 1, Butfalo,'NY. Folk, R. L. 1974 Petrology of Sedimentar e Rocks. Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, Texas. 182 p. Cray, J. S. and F. B. Miara. 1979. A possible method for the detection of pollution-induced disturbances on marine benthic c omsvuni ti e s . Mar. Poll.. Bull. 10(5):142-146. Hamil ton, - A. L. 1%9. A method of separating invertebrates from sediments using long wave ultraviolet light and fluorescent dyes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26:1667-1672. 6-39

          -                         _ . -           . - ..     -   -      .       = . - -              -.

_ __ ~ _ . _ . _ _ - _ _._. . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _. _ __ _ - . _ ._ s } Korinkova, J. and Sigmund. 1968. The coloring of bottom f auna saisples before e 4 sorting. 'lestn. Cesk. Spol. tool. 32 :300,

s. t l

, Logan, D. T. and D. Maurer. 1975. Diversity of serine invertebrates in a thermal effluent. J. Water Poll. Ctr. Ped. 47(3):515-523.

                                                                                                                                          \

MacArthur, R. H. and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ, 203 p. 4 j -Mackenthun, K. M. 1966. Biological evaluation of pollutcd streams. J. Water q Poll. Ctr. Ped. 38(2):241-247.  : Mackenthun, K. M. 1969. Temperature and aquatic life. Public Works 100:88-90. Mahoney, n. M. 5. and R. J. Livings ton. 1982. Seasonal fluctuations of

' benthic macrof auna in the Apalachicola Estuary, Florida, USAt The role of

predation. Mar. Biol. 69:207-214.

$ Markowski, S.1%0. Observations on the responses of some benthonic organisms to power station cooling. J. Animal Ecol. 29:249-257.

     ,O Mason, W. T. and R. D. Yevich.               1967.        The use of phloxine 8 and rose bengal stains to facilitate sorting benthic samples.-

Trans. Am. Microse. Soc. 86:221-223. McKee, J. E. 1966. - Parameters of marine pollution - an overall evaluation. i In: T. A Olson and P. J. Burgess (eds.), Pollution and Karine Ecology, p. 259-266. Interscience.

                      - Neuman, J. W. and R. L. Cory.1969. Thermal additions and epif aunal organisms at Chalk Point, M4ryland. Ches. Sci. 10:218-226.                                                              ,

Oce anography International (01). l Undated mimeo. Manuf acturer's operating procedure. Model 524, Total carbon system. Dry oxidation procedures. Pearce,'J. B. 1959. Thermal addition and the benthos, Cape Cod Canal. Ches. Sci. 10:227-233. s

!                       Pearson, T. R. . 1975. The benthic ecology of Loch Linnhe and Loch Eil, a sea-1 loch system on the west coast of Scotland. IV. Changes in the benthic fauna attributable to organic enrichment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol . Ecol. 20:1-41.                                           ,

6-40 _ - .- - ,. ..-,.- .-.._ w - . a - - - _ - -. . - .- - - :- -

Peterson, C. C. J. 1913. Fvaluation of tht sea II. The animal comrnunities of the sea bottom and - their importance for marine zoo geo gra phy. Rep. Danish & Biol. Sta. 21:110. W Petersen, C. C. 1915. On the animal comreunities of the sea bottom in the Scagerrak, the Christianna Fjord and the Danish waters. Rep. Danish Biol. Sta. 23:3-28. Petersen, C.C. 1918. T.se sea bottom and its production of fish food. A survey of the work done in connection with the valuation of the Danish waters from 1883-1917. Rep. Danish Biol. Sta. 25:62 p. Pianks, E. 1971. On R and K Selection. American Naturalist 100:592-597. Pielou, E. C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 165 pp. Rowe, C. T., P. T. Po11sni and J. I. Rows. 1972. Benthic coussunity paraceters in lower Mystic River. Inc. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 57(4):573-584. Russell, W. D. 1%3. Notes on methods for the narcotization, killing, s'ixing, and preservation of marine organisms. Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, Man . 70 p . Saloman, C. N. 1976. The benthic f auna and sedia nts of the nearshore to::e of f Panama City - Beach, Florida. MR76-10, U.S. Atwy, Corps of Engineers, e.castal Engineering Res. Ctr., Fort Belvoir, VA 22060. August. Sanders. H. L. l '- . Benthic studies in Buzzards's Bay. I. Animal-sediment relationships. u;.ol. Oceanogr. 3(3):245-258. Santos, S. L. and J. L. Simon.1980. Marine Soft-bottom consunity establish-ment following annual def aunation: larval or- adult recruitment? Mar. Ecol. , Prog. Ser. 2:235-241. i l i Technicon. 1973.. Industrial Method No.-112-71 w/ Tentative Hydrogen Sulfide

   . in Water and Seawater. Tarrytown, NY.

Thorson, C .- 1957. Bottom communities. Chpt. 17 In: Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology. J. W. Redgepeth (ed.) Vol.1, p. 461-534. O 6-41 l

(~} Virnatein, R. W. 1972. Effects of heated effluent on density and diversity v of bentaic inf auna at Big Bend, Tarapa Bay, Florida. M. A. Thesis, Univ. of So Fla., Tam pa . 59 p. Warinner, J. E. and M. L. Brehmer. 1966. The ef fects of therrsal effluents on marine organisms. Air Water Poll. Int. J. 10:277-289. Williams, D. D. and N. E. Williams. 1974 A counterstainding technique for use in sorting benthic sa:sples. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19(1):154-156. V

                     -                        6-42                                         r

lable 6.2-1 Station Depths, x s.o. x s.o. O Station (m) (m) Station (m) (m) 1 0.84 0.34 21 2.31 0.44 2 1.16 0.49 22 2.41 0.39 3 1.81 0.51 23 3.01 0.53 4 1.61 0.45 24 2.95 0.53 5 1.51 0.47 25 3.73 0.60 6 1.46 0.55 26 4.25 0.49 7 1.50 0.47 27 1.35 0.43 8 1.80 0.50 28 2.04 0.49 9 2.21 0.53 29 1.74 0.69 10 2.69 0.42 30 1.88 0.55 11 2.92 0.54 31 1.32 0.41 12 4.27 0.45 32 1.25 0.37 13 0.96 0.39 33 2.07 0.44 14 1.39 0.45 34 2.66 0.41 15 16 1.83 2.11 0.47 0.45 35 36 2.17 3.45 0.46 0.66 g 17 0.77 0.31 37 3.69 0.56 18 1.60 0.45 38 1.15 0.47 19 1.22 0.50 39 2,19 0.40 20 2.04 0.45 40 3.77 0.47 9

)

1 Table 6.2-2 Synoptic Bottom Temperatures in C --- 6 Wee k Me a ns . June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td. S ta , t 1983 1983 -1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev.

             ~1              28.58 30.17 30.43 26.70 21.47 14.81 15.23 20.21 27.03 29.05 24.37 5.99 2             28.02 30.25 30.40 27.08 21.29 14.36 14.07 19.46 26.88 29.50 24.17 6.38                   -

3 27.95 30.11.30.34 26.87 21.12 13.85 13.56 19.20 20.72 29.51 23.92 6.52 4 28.26 30.57.31.67 27.79 22.66 16.03 16.11 20.94 28.13 30.63 25.28 5.93 5 28.26 30.46 31.59 27'.70 23.05 16.10 16.11 19.52 28.00 30.47 25.13 5.98 6 -23.51 30.34 31.12 27.24 22.00 15.54 15.69 20.35 27.74 29.86 24.34 5.84 7 25.09 30.10 31.05 27.56 22.23 15.01 15.09 19.61 27.50 29.86 24.31 6.05 0 28.11 30.06 30.85 27.32 22.11 14.80 15.18 19.69 27.34 29.76 24.52 6.13 9 27.97 30.12 30.55.27.10 21.73 14.39 14.38 18.96 26.96 29.93 24.21 6.37 10 28.19 30.01 30.43 26.87 21.50 14.44 13.74 19.36 26.82 29.33 24.07 6.36

           -11               28.33 29.86 30.37 26.82 21.31 14.34 13.25 19.17 26.51 29.16 23.91 -6.45:

12 28.37 29.92 30.27 26.70 21.35 14.38 12.94 18.90 26.43 29.10 23.84 6.50 13 29.72-31.67 33.10 28.43 24,37 19.29 17.35 22.41 29.96 32.72 26.90 5.68-14 28.72 31.21 32.28 28.10 23.87 17.52 17.15 21.01 28.89 31.21 26.00 5.71 15 28.20 30.41 31.10 27.38 22.12 15.21 15.52 20.15 27.76 30.35 24.82 6.11 16 28.16 30.14 31.08 27.26 22.04 15.05 14.78 19.93 27.03 29.77 24.52- 6.16 17- 30.80 32.11 33.77 30.58 25.63 22.06 21.09 24.23 32.42 33.60 28.63 4.88 18' 30.74 32.56 34.03 29.20 25.25 18.67 17.83 22.78.31.24 32.74 27.51 5.98 (( })- 19' '30.44 32.30 33.64 29.56 25.23 17.46 18.01 22.88 30.56 33.19 27.33 6.08 20 129.48'31.47 32.33 28.32-23.91 16.40 18.28 21.27 30.12 31.91 26.35 5.93-21 29.03 30.98 32.25 28.41 23.85 16.54 17.62 21.07 29.49 31.60 26.09 5. 88 22- 33.20 30.48 31.09 27.99 23.39 16.47 16.81 20.07 28.34 30.08 25.79 6.15

           ~23               27.85 30.02 30.56 27.46 23.13 16.43 15.84 19.97 26.69 29.67 24.76 5.58 24               27.94 29.89 30.43 26.73 21.41 14.96 13.76 19.28 26.29 29.08 23.98 6.20 25               28.06 29.81 30.29 26.f 4 21.43 14.42 13.12 19.07 26.23 29.14 23.82 6.40 26               28.06 29.83 30.46 26.62 21.37 14.31 12.90 18.96 26.31 29.06 23.79 6.49 27-              28.65.30.36'31.62 27.35 21.97 16.14 15.95 21.21 28,11 30.01 25.14 5.87 28               28.76 31.16 32.15 27.79 23.04 16.80 16.25 22.35 28.84 31.04 25.82- 5.87 29               29.17 31.05 32.68 29.06 24.65 17.13 17.44 21.49 29.04 32.05 26.38 5.85
           -30               28.25 30,41 31.21 27.78 23.75.16.56 16.18 21.07 27.71 30.30 25.32- 5.64 31               27.67-29.97 30.37 26.45 20.58 13.65 14.11 19.60 26.57 29.31 23.83 6.38 32               28.04 30.09 30.38 26.40 20.72 13.66 14.18 19.60 26.56 29.35 23.89 6.39 33               27.78 29.95l30.39 26.46 20.93 13.68 13.72 19.16 26.61 29.39 23.81 6.47 34               27.76:30.08 30.26 26.45 20.91 13.84 13.47 19.52 26.05 29.26-23.76 6.42 35-            -28.38 29.84 30.24 26.35 21.18 13.96 13.43 19.32 26.10 29.18 23.80 -6.42-36               28.34 29.49 30.32 26.31 21.20 14.04 13.22 19.22 26.15 29.13 23.74 6.42 37-              28.40:29.77 30.30 26.35 22.38 14.38 13.11 19.15 26.17 29.17 23.92 6.38 38               28.38 29.90 30.06 26.90 21.18 14.88 15.23 19.10 26.34 29.49 24.21 5.97
           -39             -27.74 29.86 30.27 26.57 20.81 13.-76 13.88 19.27 26.20 29.17 23.75 6.37 40'              28.29 29.99 30.33 26.33 20.93 13.91 13.09 19.27.27.83 29.05 23.90 6.60 O

i

 . -         ~ _ . - - - - - _ . - - . - . - . . . - - . - - .

Table 6.2-3 Synoptic Bottom Temperature Variation from ' Ambient'--6 Week O Means. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td . S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 0.70 -0.03 0.30 0.06 0.04 0.19 0.56 0.64 0.70 -0.08 0.31 0.32 2 0.54 0.05 0.27 0.44 -0.14 -0.26 -0.60 -0.11 0.55 0.37 0. 11 0.39 3 0.07 -0.09 0.21 0.23 -0.31 -0.77 -1.11 -0.37 0.39 0.38 -0.14 0.50 4 0.38 0.37 1. 54 1.15 .1.23._1,41 _ 1.44. 1,37 1,80 1.50 1.22 0.48 5 0.38 0.26 1.46 1.06 1,62 1.48 1. 44 - 0. 05 1.67 1.34 1.07 0.63 6 -4.37 0.14 0.99 0.60 0.57 0.92 1.02 0.78 1,41 0.73 0.28 1.67 7 -2.79 -0.10 0.92 0.92 0.80 0.39 0.42 0.04 1.17 0.73 0.25 1.14 8 0.23 -0.14 0.72 0.68 0.68 0.18 0.51 0.12 1.01 0.63 0.45 0.35 9 0.09 -0.08 0.42 0.46 0.30 -0.23 -0.29 -0.61 0.63 0.80 0.15 0.45 10 0.31 -0.19 0.30 0.23 0.07 -0.18 -0.93 -0.21 0.49 0.20 0.01 0.41 11 0.45 -0.34 0.24 0.18 -0.12 -0.28 -1.42 -0.40 0.18 0.03 -0.15 0.53 12 0.49 -0.28 0.14 0.06 -0.08 -0.24 -1.73 -0.67 0.10 -0.03 -0.22 0.61 13 1.84 1.47 2.97 1.79 2.94 4.67 2.68 2. 84 3.63 3.59 2.84 0.98 14 0. 84 1.01 2.15 1.46 2. 44 2.90 2.48 1. 44 2.56 2,08 ? 94 0.70 15 0.32 0.21 0.97 0.74 0.69 0.59 0.85 0.58 1.43 1.22 ~ /6 0.38 16 0.28 -0. 06 0.95 0.62 0.61 0.43 0.11 0.36 0.70 0.64 0.46 0.30 17 2.92 1.91 3.64 3.94 4.20 7.44 6.42 4.66 6.09 4.47 4.57 1.67 3 18 2.86 2.36 3.90 2.56 3.82 4.05 3.16 3.21 4.91 3.61 3.44 0.77 W 19 2.56 2.10 3.51 2.92 3.80 2.84 3.34 3.31 4.23 4.06 3.27 0.67 20 1.60 1.27 2.20 1.68 2.48 1.78 3.61 1.70 3.79 2.78 2.29 0.87 21 1.15 0.78 2.12 1,77 2.42 1.92 2.95 1.50 3.16 2.47 2.02 0.76 22 5.32 0.28 0.96 1.35 1.96 1.85 2.14 0.50 2.01 0.95 1,73 1.42 23 -0.03 -0.18 0.43 0.82 1.70 1.81 1.17 0.40 0.36 0.54 0.70 0.67 24 0.06 -0.31 0.30 0.09 -0.02 0.34 -0.91 -0.29 -0.04 -0.05 -0.08 0.36 25 0.18 -0.39 0.16 0.00 0.00 -0.20 -1.55 -0.50 -0.10 0.01 -0.24 0.51 26 0.18 -0.37 0.33 -0.02 -0.06 -0.31 -1.77 -0.61 -0.02 -0.07 -0.27 0.59 27 0.77 0.16 1.49 0.71 0.54 1.52 1.28 1.64 1.78 0.88 1.08 0.54 28 0.88 0.96 2.02 1.15 1.61 2.18 1.58 2.78 2.51 1.91 1.76 0.64 29 1.29 0.85 2.55 2.42 3.22 2.51 2.77 1.92 2.71 2.92 2.32 0.75 30 0.37 0.21 1.08 1.14 2.32 1.94 1.51 1.50 1.38 1.17 1.26 0.64 31 -0.21 -0.23 0.24 -0.19 -0.85 -0.97 -0.56 0.03 0.24 0.18 -0.23 0.44 32 0.16 -0.11 0.25 -0.24 -0.71 -0.96 -0.49 0.03 0.23 0.22 -0.16 0.43 33 -0.10 -0.25 0.26 -0.18 -0.50 -0.94 -0.95 -0.41 0.28 0.26 -0.25 0.46 34 -0.12 -0.12 0.13 -0.19 -0.52 -0.78 -1.20 -0.05 -0.28 0.13 -0.30 0.42 35 0.50 -0.36 0.11 -0.29 -0.25 -0.66 -1.24 -0.25 -0.23 0.05 -0.27 0.46 36 0.46 -0.71 0.19 -0.33 -0.23 -0.58 -1.45 -0.35 -0.18 0.00 -0.32 0.53 37 0.52 -0.43 0.17 -0.29 0.95 -0.24 -1.56 -0.42 -0.16 0.04 -0.14 0.66 38 0.50 -0.30 -0.07 0.26 -0.25 0.26 0.56 0.13 0.01 0.36 0.15 0.30 39 -0.14 -0.34 0.14 -0.07 -0.62 -0.86 -0.79 -0.30 -0.13 0.04 -0.31 0.35 40 0.40 -0.21 0.20 -0.31 -0.50 -0.71 -1.58 -0.30 1.50 -0.08 -0.16 0.79 9

                                            -   -                      ~. .        __       .

Table 6.2-4 inermograph Tempera tures in C --- 6 Week Means. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td . S tt . # 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 28.42 28.28 26.37 20.87 13.65 15.17 18.42 25.00 26.60 22,53 5.68 2

• 28.42 28.28 26.37 20.87 13,65 15.17 18.42 25.00 26.60 22.53 5.68 3 28.72 28,83 23.73 20.3S 14.65 13.60 18.40 24,62 27.27 22.24 5.80 4 26.50 28.53 29.12 26.25 21.25 15.52 15.32 19.17 25.30 27.50 23.44 5.24 5
• 29.60 28.83 26.17 21.97 16.17 14.90 19.50 24.12 26.90 23.13 5.36 6 28.90 29.50 26.32 21.57 15.77 15.40 17.58 24.87 25.90 22.87 5.49 7
• 29,42 29.80 26.97 21.83 17.96 14.32 18.47 25.23 27.00 23.44 5.53 8
• 28.40 28.35 26.12 21.15 16.10 14.93 18.57 25.53 27.50 22.96 5.36 9 28.40 28.35 26.12 21.15 16.10 14.93 18.57 25.53 27.50 22.96 5.36 10 29.10 29.38 26.12 19.85 14.98
• 18.03 24.42
• 23.13 5.60 11
• 27.70 27.15 26.57 20.80 14.92 15.53 17.93 24.58 26.50 22.41 5.19 12 28.58 28.78 25.55 21.02 17.25 12.88 17.55 23.75
• 21.92 5.75 13 30.10 31.38 31.92 28.47 23.47 18.28 17.90 20.38 27.87 29.55 25.93 5.44 14 27.60 29.65 30.58 27.38 23.04 16.77 15.58 17.87 25.98 28.00 24.25 5.58

(; 15

• 29.42 29.80 26.97 21.83 17.96 14.32 18.47 25.23 27.00 23.44 5.53

(_) 16 -* 27.92 30.72 25.95 20.78 14.37 14.13 18.27 25.38 27,00 22.73 6.06 17 29.00 30.28 32.27 29.95

• 21.70 18.95 22.90 28.78 31.45 27.25 4.79 18 30.10 31.80 34.35 31.03 26.83 20.43 19.02
• 30.28 32.15 28.44 5.34 19 30.80 31.50 31.42 29.02 26.10 21.95 18.92 21.65 28.77 30.90 27.10 4.68 20 29.30 30.76 32.72 28.62 24.20 18.53 17.55 21.22 27,90 30.50 26.13 5,40 21 28.50 30.12 31.20 26.33 23.18 17.37 18.10 18.50 27.35 30.55 25.12 5.44 22 27.30 29.07 29.68 26.97 21.06 15.48 14.93 18.85 26,25 27.90 23.75 5.65 23 *

29. 04

• 25.78 21.52 15,90 14.98 19.65 24.92 26.67 22.31 5.15 24
• 28.63 28,98 26.20 20.72 15.48 14.17 17.78 24.27
• 22.03 5.84 25 *-

28.48 28.45 25.13 21.08 14.12 13,95 16.63 24.55 26.57 22.11 5.89 26 29.18 29.54 26.17 20,72 14.65 13.62 18.00 24.85 27.07 22.64 6.10 27 * * * * * * * * * * *

• 28 28.40 29.75 30.70 27.52 22.53 16.28 16.18 20.40 26.82 28.80 24.74 5.49 29 28.90 30.10 30.97 25.87 22.58 16.80 16.23 19,13 26.12 28.60 24.53 5.52 30
• 30.07 29.93 27.42 21.28 16.35 15.53 18.78 24.43 25.45 23.25 5.54 31 29.42 26.22 19.90 14.18 14.83 18.92 24.67 26.53 21.84 5.69 32 *
• 29.42 26.22 19.90 14.18 14.83 18.92 24.67 26.53 21.84 5.69 33 29.42 26.22 19.90 14.18 14.83 18.92 24.67 26.53 21.84 5.69 34
• 28.82 29.04 26.57 19.76 14.18 14.60 17.88 24.85 26.50 22.47 5.93 IS 28.97 29.32 26.15 20.23 14.43 13.27 17.62 24.50 26.10 22,29 6.10 36 28.75 29.08 24.23 21.25 14.25 13.55 16,33 25.28 26.75 22.16 6.10 37
• 28.35 29.63 25.63 20.30 14.55 13.28 17.52 24.27 26.13 22.20 6.03 38 29.42 26.22 19.90 14.18 14.8S 18.92
• 26.53 21.43 6.02 39 28.83 25.50 19.72 14.35 13.23 18.28 24.55 26.05 21.31 5.76

{} 40

• 28.83
• 25.50 19.72 14.35 13.23 18.28 24.55 26.05 21.31 5.76 s

           * = Mi s si ng da ta .

                                                                                                 - . . ~ - . .   - -

i Table 6.2-5 Mean Sediment 7emperature in CO . June ' Sept Nov Feb June S td. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 27.99 27.17 19.57 17.01'26.28 23.60 4.97' - 2 27.57 27.92 18.48 17.22 26.68 23.57 5.26 3 27.44 27.77 18.30 17.52 26.55 23.52 5.14 4 27.60 29.83 19.70 17,78 28.84 24.75 5.58 5 27.49 29.90 18.B4 18.96 28.63 24.76 5.42 6- 27.08 28.81-18.67 17.86 28.52 24.19 5.45 7 27.70 29.36-19.66 18.15 27.35 24.44 5.14 8 27.60 29.19 19.24 18.06 26.92 24.20 5.15 9 27.46 28,96 18.99 17.78 26.73 23.98 5.19 10 27.39 28.83 18.65-17.67 26.09 23.73 5.18 11 27.48 28.81-18.16 17.65 25.58 23.54 5.27 12 27.52 28.95 17.73 17.42 25.58 23.44 5.49

13 27.18 31.61 23.38.19.18.31.12 26.49 .5.27 14 28.11 31.25 19.08 19.87 30.09 25.68 5.78 15- 27.82 29.49.20.48-18.35 27.60 24.75. 4.98 16 27.44 29.08 19.38 18.05 26.64 24.12 5.03 .

17 29.21 35.49 *

20.26'31.79 29.19. 6.49 n ---

18 28.62 31.48 22.76 20.37 30.74 26.79 4.96 W 19 28.65 32.69'22.43 22.43 30.62.27.36 .4.73~ 20 28.46 30.34 22.93 19.96 32.34 26.81 5.19 21 28.38 30.03 22.52 21.01 31.12 26.61 -4.56 22 27.54129.27 21.70 18.04 216.86 24.68 4.66-

23. 27.52 29.21 18.83 17.66 26.30 23.90 5.28 24 27.45.28,97 17.97 18.92 25.89 23.84 5.06 25 '27.58 29.00 17.72 17.84-25.66 23.56 5.41

. 26 27.58 28.89-17.73 17.43 25.55 23.44 5.48 27' 28.01 30.82 20.49 18.76 28.89 25.39 5.40 28 28.54 30.58 18.99 19.07 30.25L25.49 5.94

29. 27.69 30.02 21.75 19.49 30.44 25.88 4.98 30 27.26 29.38 20.23 18.45'26.38 24.34 4.73

                   -31        26.51'28.96'18.72 17.57 25.90 23.53 5.07 32        26.63 28.05 18.26 17.34 26.14 23.28 5.07 33        27.33 28.83 18.14 17.20 25.98 23.50 5.42 34-       27.53 28.50 17.81 17.27 26.15 23.45 5.46 35        27.01 28.30 17.47 17.15 25.69 23.12 5.39 36        27.12 28.43 17.50 16.67 25.68 23-08 .5.57      .

37 27.35 28.21 17.45 16.74-25.50 23.05 5.53 38 27.13 28.52 18.30:18.28 26.16 23.68 4.99 39 27.12 28.58 17.63 17.45 25.47 23.25 5.33

                   .40        27.11 28.47 17.45 16.55 25.52 23.02 5.60
   * = Missing data, g

O Table 6.2-5 Bottom Salinity in o/oo -- 6 heek Means. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td. Sta . # 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 14.31 13.48 12.00 12.76 12,88 11.35 8.56 8.70 8.04 12.39 11.45 2. 23 2 16.E5 18.11 19.67 21.27 18.84 14.38 14.78 13.53 14.30 18.88 17.03 2.68 3 21.01 22.88 22.89 21.82 21.69 18.59 19.32 16.28 17.45 23.77 20.57 2.53 4 19.25 18.46 16.86 19.00 18.80 18.04 17.00 13.28 14.83 19.83 17.54 2.09 5 19.40 19.36 17.77 18.27 19.25 17.87 16.25 12.33 15.15 18.89 17.45 2.28 6 20.51 19.35 16.85 18.04 18.16 16.01 16.35 12.42 15.76 18.89 17.24 2.29 7 23.10 21.13 20.26 22.00 22.50 18.73 19.93 15.17 17.07 20.81 20.07 2.48 8 21.32 21.93 22.09 21.06 21.95 18.69 19.58 16.19 17.35 22.42 20.26 2.20 9 22.06 23.26 21.93 20.98 22.53 20.57 19.21 17.15 18.48 23.55 20.97 2.12 10 24.12 25.92 25.84 24.53 24.91 22.55 23.70 20.02 20.22 25.19 23.70 2,14 11 24.81 26.68 27.00 25.82 26.68 24.29 24.02 21.80 23.22 27.10 25.14 1.81 12 25.29 29.91 28.79 28.37 28.39 26.05 26.12 22.85 25.12 28.53 26.94 2.19 13 20.88 23.22 22.33 23.31 24.01 24.15 21.09 17.21 19.48 24.10 21.98 2.30 14 19.95 22.97 22.10 21.42 22.81 21.92 19.42 14.27 18.18 21.33 20.44 2.65 15 21.30 24.92 22.92 22.69 22.43 20.23 19.05 15.73 18.82 22.64 21.07 2.66 16 23.58 25.01 24.98 24.27 24.57 22.46 20.44 18.85 20.66 24.84 22.97 2.24 r- 17 22.63 26.07 24.87 26.01 26.33 24.79 23.47 19.90 21.27 25.18 24.05 2.18 ( 18 22.32 23.86 24.04 25.49 25.86 23.50 22.83 18.56 20.81 24.35 23.16 2.19 19 22.41 24.71 23.65 25.12 25.38 23.43 21.80 18.23 20.02 23.60 22.84 2.29 20 22.35 24.93 23.85 24.68 24.57 22.74 22.19 18.12 20.20 23.85 22.75 2.18 21 20.06 24.70 24.63 24.71 24.52 23.56 22.02 18,04 20.17 24.08 22.65 2.43 22 20.90 25.27 25.41 24.47 24.64 23.40 21.72 19.22 20.63 24.73 23.04 2.23 23 22.96 25.34 26.10 25.97 25.35 24.17 22.17 19.91 21.14 2E.03 23.81 2.16 24 21.49 26.74 27.23 26.50 26.19 25.03 20.55 21.30 22.87 26.90 24.48 2.64 25 25.31 28.17 28.53 28.07 27.85 25.63 25.53 22.87 24.39 28,11 26.45 1.96 26 26.35 30.56 29.12 28,62 28,80 27.22 25.99 23.07 25.42 28.92 27.42 2.22 27 20.60 24.67 22.76 24.10 23.56 22.78 21.90 18.59 19.39 22.27 22.08 2.02 28 21.47 24.44 23.31 24.32 24.57 23.51 22.31 18.59 19.71 24.05 22.63 2.09 29 22.36 25.14 24.29 25.81 25.22 23.87 22.13 19.24 19.87 24.13 23.21 2.26 30 22.18 25.17 25.13 25.20 25.13 23.20 22.16 19,85 20.76 24.68 23.35 2.02 31 20.77 21.73 20.02 22.75 22.24 19.86 21.21 15.83 15.86 20.82 20.11 2.42 32 20.53 22.57 21.04 22.57 23.59 21.00 20.93 16,92 16.54 21.14 20.69 2.30 33 22.64 24.39 23.95 25.07 25.16 22.49 23.14 18.66 18.52 24.57 22.86 2.44 34 24.24 25.94 25.57 25.81 26.47 23.51 23.42 19.90 21.18 26.62 24.27 2.29 35 24.67 27.64 26.78 26.71 27.45 25.49 24.23 22.01 23.10 27.23 25.53 1.97 36 25.11 28.41 28,13 27.73 27.83 26.26 24.71 22.64 24.08 28.01 26.29 2.04 37 26.41 29.07 29.14 28,52 28.07 25.61 25.64 23.04 25.35 28.79 26.97 2.06 38 16.14 18.85 16.22 15.10 17.18 14.97 12.90 12.96 12.28 17.30 15.39 2.16 39 21,87 24.00 21.94 22.78 22.26 19.38 20.01 15.98 18.96 24.18 21.14 2.55 40 26.53 28.14 25.77 27.84 27.21 24.29 24.63 22.05 23.55 28.01 25.80 2.10

I Table 6.2-7 Bottom Turbidity in N.T U 's --- 6 Heek Means. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July Std. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1954 1984 Mean Dev. 1 8.10 7. 87 8.33 8.07 7.38 7.30 4.53 13.53 12.28 9.93 8.73 2.59 2 4.95 7.85 8.27 5.95 8.13 3.78 3.03 13.82 6.77 8.78 7.13 3.06 ' 3 - 10.00 9.77 10.68 9.40 4.85 4.88 3.82 20.63 9.00 9.52 9.23 4.65 4 15.55 8.63 22.82 15.82 8.55 8.98 4.55 13.63 13.73 22.50 13.48 6.02 5 9.90 7.70 13.33 28.73 9.78 26.58 5.72 19.10 13.22 9.98 14.40 7.89 6 10.40 9.37 36.08 20.92 11.24 7.88 4.13 12.72 9.40 9.37 13.1; 9.12 7 9.90 8.43 11.27 16.37 9.03 6.52 3.83 13.92 6.18 13.07 9.85 3.87 8 7.70 10.93 15.45 14.72 11.95 7.70 4.30 14.18 11.30 11.62 10.99 3.52 9 15.55 8.00 11.00 9.82 5.65 8.07 4.43 42.02'11.60 16.97 13.31 10.83 10 8.50 18.02 10.42 9.65 5.08 5.38 4.48 23.32 10.92 17.58 11.33 6.33 11 5.05 5.53 7.75 7.53 5.53 5.10 4.86 20.93 7.38 6.13 7.58 4.82 12 5.30 5.58 5.02 6.08 4.52 4.20 5.30 14.43 7.98 4.25 6.27 3.07. 13 6.35 6.47 8. 88 8.30 6.25 4.85 4.83 9.18 8.12 7.70 7.09 1.57

   -14       6.00 7.98 10.97 9.53 7.30 5.98 5.25 10.13 7.12 8.90 7.92 1.92 15       6.80 11.12 11.37 11.87 9.70 10.30     5. 70 ~ 17. 88 14.38 17. 33 11.64 3.99 16     12.00 8.38 10.77 9.85 4.40 4.40 3.15 14.83 10.17 8.95 8.69 3.71 17    .10.50 8.08 9.97 6.52 5. 37 5.78 4.75 10.28 16.10 8.15 -8.55 3.38-
   ~18     12.95. 6.42 8.73 7.00 11.02 4.95 4.45 9.38 8.22 6.80 7.99 2.64                      '

19- 9.35 5.18 10.23 7.60 4.48 3.92 3.62 9.93 7.12 5.65 6.71 2.51 llll 20 9.95 8.37 16.15 8.77 5.05 5.53 4.45 11.57 12.45 9.63 9.19 3.64 21 13.00 8.85 31.73 8.85 30.77 5.62 5.38 14.13 12.77 12.27 14.34 9.41 22 - 6.75 10.28 13.45 8.12 5.50 7.38 2.65 14.83 8.67 9.50 8.71 3.59 23 8. 85 8.60 23.50 8.00 - 4.47 4.28 3.83 10.93 7.68 6.23 -8.64 5.70 - 24 5.90 6.33 5.08 6.92 4.78 4.75 2.97 14.02 9.07 5.87 6.57 3.06 25 5.25 6.95 6.96 8.18 5.28 5. 30 3.83 16.58 10.05 6.32 7.47 3.65 26 3.60 5.03 3.90 6.20 4.27 4.00 3.33 17.22 7.05 3.48 5.81 4.19 27 8.70 9.53 11.42 9.58 5.23 3.57 2.27 6.60 3.82 7.88 6.86 3.05 28 9.20. 9.25 8.47 10.17 4.20 3.23 2.65 11.08 4.78 5.02 6.80 3.13 29' 8.10 4.68 6.80 13.45 4.45 3.67 3.27 13.55 6.97 6.18 7.22 3.91 30 8.00 8.90 10.03. 8.18 4.50 3.99 3.47 12.02 7.13 10.78 7.70 2.94

   -31       7.20 14.55 2.90 5.17 3.18 3.93 4.28 6.97 3.53 26.78 7.85 7.49 32      .5.75 5.22 2.82 4.15 4.10. 2.43 3.93 9.22 3.32 6.83 4.78 2,06 33     14.95 10.27 5.88 23.52 5.73 5.58 2.88 13.32 4.90 8.40 - 9.54 6.24 34      8.90 5.98 5.22 6.50 4.80 4.33 2.08~12.65 17.33 5.13 7.29 4.54
   -35       5.50 4.58 -5.05 5.85 5.20 3.75 2.68 13.18 7.07 5.18 5.87 2.84 36      5.10 3.29 5.47 5.03 5.45 3.03 2.72 15.53 7.98 5.55 5.92 3.71 37       4.80 S.49 6.87 7.10 5.27 3.33 3.00 17.30 9.33 5.08 6.76 4.14 38      3.50 5.43 4.93 3,25 3.50 5.33 2.82 6.78 4.22 9.23 4.90 1.95 39      7.15 3.02 4.58 23.90 4.62 3.48 3. 33 9.17 5.75 7.88 7.29 6.19 40      4.35 3.61 6.08 6.78 4.22 2.70 2.38 12.43 8.03 4.43 5.50 3.01 0

Table 6.2-8 Mean Total Suspended Solids in mg/1. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td . S ta . # 1983 1933 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev. I 10.00 11.00 13.67 14.00 11.33 10.00 6.67 14.67 18.00 25.00 13.43 5.12 2 8.00 11.00 9.00 7.33 5.67 7.00 5.33 10.00 7.00 9.67 8.00 1.88 3 16.00 59.67 15.00 9.33 5.33 10.33 5.67 27.00 8.33 17.00 17.37 16.22 4 19.00 15.67 38.33 15.00- 9.00 11.67 9.67 18.67 33.00 15.00 18.50 9.73 5 23.00 38.00 17.00 23.00 19.33 13.00 17.67 15.00 29.67 13.33 20.90 7.89 6 16.00 29.33 18.00 23.33 20.67 14.33 6.33 12.67 10.00 13.00 16.37 6.74 7 36.00 13.00 12.00 16.67 9.67 23.33 6.00 15.33 9.00 10.00 15.10 8.80 8 247.00 15.67 31.00 14.67 17.00 10.67 6.00 16.33 14.33 14.67 38.73 73.45 9 55.00 18.67 15.33 9.33 8.33 10.33 7.67 16.67 12.33 20.33 17.40 13.93 10 127.00 23.67 14.33 14.00 7.33 9.33 8.33 21.67 13.67 25.00 26.43 35.89 11 11.00 10.00 10.00 11.33 8.00 12.00 7.00 33.33 10.33 10.33 12.33 7.53 12 13.00 6.00 9.00 12.67 10.33 9.33 8.00 23.67 10.67 9.33 1.1.20 4.84 13 10.00 10.00 13.67 15.67 9.33 8.33 6.67 10.33 9.67 13.33 10.70 2.71 14 9.00 8.00 22.33 11.00 7.67 9.00 13.00 12.33 11.00 11.00 11.43 4.22 15 26.00 11.67 13.00 15.00 13.00 20.33 7.00 27.33 23.33 19.67 17.63 6.72 16 24.00 15.33 15.33 15.00 7.33 8.67 7.00 11.67 16.33 11.00 13.17 5.16 17 10.00 9.67 14.00 11.00 8.33 11.00 7.33 17.33 17.33 12.67 11.87 3.46 , r~) 18 10.00 10.67 16.67 11.00 12.00 9.33 8.67 13.00 10.57 10.00 11.20 2.29 (_/ 19 15.00 11.00 11.33 13.00 8.33 8.67 7.33 14.33 11.00 9.00 10.90 2.61 20 15.00 13.00 19.67 12.00 7.67 10.00 11.67 14.00 11.00 33.33 14.73 7.28 21 18.00 17.33 52.33 13.33 8.00 13.00 9.67 12.33 16.33 10.67 17.10 12.81 22 10.00 17.33 16.00 14.67 9.00 15.33 7.33 15.00 11.33 11.00 12.70 3.38 23 ,19.00 9.00 18.00 10.00 7.00 10.00 6.00 11.67 21.33 13.00 12.50 5.25 24 13.00 12.00 10.33 10.33 6.00 11.00 6.00 14.67 11.00 9.67 10.40 2.74 25 15. 00 8.67 11.33 14.33 7.33 12.33 7.67 13.33 12.33 9.67 11.20 2.74 26 7.00 8.33 10.67 9.00 6.00 10.00 6.67 18.67 10.33 9.00 9.57 3.57 27 28.00 8.33 12.33 13.00 6.67 6.67 5.67 9.33 6.67 9.67 10.63 6.58 28 41.00 18.00 14.33 9.00 7.00 6.00 6.33 9.67 6.33 9.33 12.70 10.67 29 13.00 9.00 10.00 22.33 10.00 8.33 6.67 9.33 10.33 10.67 10.97 4.32 30 17.00 16.67 17.00 12.67 5.67 7.67 10.00 11.67 9.00 9.67 11.70 4.07 31 12.00 78.33 11.67 7.33 4.67 7.33 8.00 10.00 6.00 7.33 15.27 22.28 32 12.00 28.67 10.33 8.00 7.00 5.67 7.00 8.33 6.67 6.00 9.97 6.86 33 12.00 24.67 11.00 8.67 10.00 6.00 7.33 14.33 8.33 9.67 11.20 5.29 34 14.00- 9.67 12.00 12.67 5.67 7.33 6.00 13.33 78.33 9.00 16.80 21.83 35 12.00 7.00 11.67 11.33 7.33 7.00 8.33 17.67 14.67 8.33 10.53 3.60 36 12.00 8.00 12.00 8.67 10.00 7.00 9.33 20.67 10.00 9.67 10.73 3.83 37 15.00 11.67 15.67 9.00 7.33 7.67 7.67 25.00 15.00 9.33 12.33 5.53 38 7.00 14.00 5.33 6.67 9.33 4.50 12.67 11.00 7.67 14.00 9.22 3.53 39 16.00 10.00 12.33 6.67 9.67 7.33 7.67 11.67 13.67 11.33 10.63 2.97 40 7.00 9.33 18.67 14.33 8.00 6.33 6,33 14.00 9.67 8.00 10.17 4.14 O

O Table 6.2-9 Dissolved Oxygen in mg/l --- 6 Week Means. June July Sept Oct Nov Jan Feb Apr June July S td. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 7 00 6.55 5.80 7. 20 7.45 9.55 9.70 9.17 6.95 6.02 7.54 1.43 2 6.80 6.50 5.18 6.33 7.02 9.58 9.23 8.53 7.12 6.18 7,25 1.42 3 5.70 5.88 4.95 6.03 7.20 9.18 8.90 8.12 6.83 6.33 6.91 1.42 4 6.05 5.35 5.15 5.48 6.68 9.18 8.60 8.67 6.28 5.25 0 '.? 1.56 5 5.95 6.07 5.00 5.85 6.57 9.53 8.88 8.67 6.28 5. 50 6.83 1.59 6 5.95 6.05 5.33 6.18 7.12 9.28 8.82 8.58 6.77 5. 88 7.00 1.41 7 5.60 6.05 4.55 5.95 7.'S 9.18 8.90 8.02 6.58 5.82 6.78 1.51 8 5.15 5.82 4.38 5.93 7.08 9.10 8.70 8.22 6.67 5.98 6.70 1.56 9 6.15 5.78 5.05 6.42 7.23 8.90 8.63 9.12 6.78 6.15 6.92 1.28 10 5.55 5.77 5.45 6.33 7.33 8.97 8.50 8.03 6.65 6.33 6.89 1.25 11 6.35 5.88 5.63 6.30 7 . 03 8.78 9.13 7.67 6.83 6. 37 7.00 1.18 12 6.40 5.83 5.62 6.13 6.98 8.60 9.13 7.85 6.68 6.37 6.96 1.19 13 6.05 5.90 5.73 5.53 6.72 8.32 8.55 7.72 6.23 5.33 6.61 1.18 14 6.75 6.10 5.20 5.93 6.78 8.08 8.28 8.17 6.23 5.97 6.75 1.08 15 6.65 5.72 4.75 5.57 6.58 8.78 8.72 7.70 5.93 6. 08 6.65 1.35 16 6.50 6.03 5.37 6.25 7.05 8.78 9.03 8.02 6.93 6.28 7.02 1.21 17 6.00 5.90 5.55 5. 88 6.36 8.30 8.17 7.73 6.52 5.78 6.62 1. 04 18 19 6.50 6.35 5.98 5.88 6.67 8.53 8.40 7.57 6.15 5.67 6.77 1.04 6.35 6.20 6.02 6.00 6. B4 9.50 8.00 7.65 6.10 6.08 6.77 0.93 g 20 6.35 6.00 5.38 5.75 7.03 8.48 8.03 7.50 6.12 6.18 6.68 1.03 21 6.65 6.07 5.00 5.90 6.95 8.53 8.12 7.62 6. 17 6.18 6.72 1.09 22 6.65 5.50 4.88 6.03 6.95 8.26 8.37 7.72 6.32 6.03 6.67 1.16 23 0.00 6.18 5.37 6.18 7.02 8.52 8.83 7.90 6.25 6.32 6.95 1.20 24 6.30 6.02 6.05 6.47 7.00 8.52 9.22 8.03 6.78 6.40 7.08 1.12 25 6.50 6.02 5.73 6.35 7. 08 8.53 9.18 7.80 6.40 6. 30 6.99 1.15 26 6.70 5.88 5.57 6.32 7.12 8.38 9.12 7.87 6.53 6.33 6.98 1.14 27 7.10 6.07 5.98 6.45 7.22 9.22 8.53 8.35 7.23 5.93 7.21 1.16 28 6.45 6.13 5.70 6.33 7.10 8.65 8.43 8.10 7.10 5.98 7.00 1.07 29 7.10 6.10 6.10 6.43 7.17 8.62 8.45 8.15 6.67 6.10 7.09 0.99 30 7.00 6.07 5.75 6.55 7.12 8.47 8.62 8.26 6.88 6.77 7.10 1.03 31 32 7.60 6.70 6.20 6.18 7.37 9.55 8.52 8.20 7.12 7.62 7.50 1.05 7.45 7.08 6.45 6.17 7.37 9.37 8.52 8.32 7.73 7.18 7.56 0.S6 33 7.35 6.43 6.30 6. 30 7.22 9.08 8.50 8.18 7.35 7.12 7.38 0.95 34 7.00 6.68 5.88 6.42 7.22 9.00 9.17 8.18 6.88 6.48 7.29 1.12 35 7.15 6.47 6.02 6. 48 7.17 8.80 8.85 8.03 7.05 6.67 7.27 0.98 36 7.25 6.52 5.98 6.40 7.13 8.83 8.92 8.03 6.83 6.62 7.25 1.02 37 7.05 6. 28 5.92 6.10 6.95 8.53 8.93 8.02 6.52 6.67 7.10 1.05 38 8.65 7.15 6.60 6.27 8.22 9.50 8.95 8.67 7.43 7.33 7.88 1.07 39 8.35 6.37 5.98 6.60 7.27 9.03 8.63 7.95 7.13 6.57 7.39 1.05 40 6.70 6.55 6.27 6.27 6.92 8.63 8.53 8.03 6.52 6.32 7.07 0.95 O

(~)) Table 6.2-10 Mean Grain Size in Phi Units. Feb June 5td. June Sept Nov S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 2.65 2.51 2.75 2.71 2.61 2.65 0.09 2 2.71 1.61 1.49 2.59 1.47 1.97 0.62 3 1.03 1.17 1.03 1.70 1.52 1.29 0.30 4 3.05 2.97 3.29 3.25 3.12 3.14 0.13 5 3.27 3.13 3.21 3.08 3,19 3.18 0.07 6 2.56 2.58 2.74 2.98 2.27 2.63 0.26 7 3.01 2.91 1.68 1.52 2.95 2.41 0.75 8 2.91 3.53 2.57 3.14 3.12 3.05 0.35 9 2.06 1,72 2.78 3.00 1.42 2. 20 0.68 10 2.80 2.91 2.37 2.60 2.50 2.64 0.22 11 2.21 2.21 1.94 1,71 1. 83 1.98 0.23 12 1.77 0.78 1.70 1.45 1.28 1.40 0.40 13 2.97 2.86 2.52 2.31 1.51 2.43 0.58 14 2.56 2.06 2.67 2.61 2.14 2.53 0.22 15 1.57 1.32 1. 80 1,91 3.19 1.96 0.73 r-s 2.37 2.31 1.84 1.97 2.08 2.11 0.22 () 16 17 18 3.09 3.07 1.87 2.87 2.06 2.59 0,58 2.79 2.58 2.72 2.44 2.36 2.58 0.18 19 1.38 0.24 0.82 0.97 0.38 0.76 0.46 20 2.71 2.76 2.62 2.09 2.68 2.57 0.27 21 3.33 3,05 3.11 2.91 3.15 3.11 0.15 22 2.27 2.55 2.64 0.85 2.51 2.16 0.75 y 23 1,74 1.96 1.41 3.08 1.32 1.90 0.71 24 2.74 2.19 2.51 2.57 2.57 2.42 0.19 25 1.73 1.72 1.30 1.96 1.10 1.56 0.35 26 1.36 1,62 1.30 1.88 1.74 1.58 0.25 27 2.50 2.41 1.97 2.44 2.91 2.45 0.33 28 2.58 1.60 2.87 1.45 1.95 2.09 0.62 29 -0.46 -0.00 -0.27 0.61 2.30 0.32 1.20 30 1. i 4 1.63 1.89 1.01 2.00 1,69 0.41 31 2.86 2.72 2.35 2.95 1.97 2. 57 0.41

 -                                                 32                                                    1.04         1.89 2.03 2.20 2.36                               1.90 0.51 33                                                    3.00 2.78 2. 54 2.30 2.69                                      2.66 0.26 34                                                   2.40 1.65 1.88 2.45 1,71                                       2.02 0.38
 ,                                                  35                                                   1.18         0.94                            0.81  0.81  0.76 0.90 0.17 36                                                   2.50         2.28                            1.73  0.63  2.72 1.97 0. B4 37                                                  2.06         2.47                            2.14  2.69  2.12 2.30 0.27 38                                                  2.22         2.01                            2.80  2.38   1.41  2.16 0.51 39                                                 2.16          2.18                           2.55  2.R5  2.94   2 . 54 0.36 40                                                  3.03          3.06                           3.05  2.62   3.02  2.95 0.18 r~s 1

 -                           -             .                  - . ~       ... .   - --  =-

llh Table 6.2-11 Percent Silt and Clay in Sediment, , June Sept Nov Feb June S td. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 2.19 3.97 4.86 4.49 2.13 3,53 1.29 2_ 8.32 5.65 6.61 4.25 4.52 5.87 1,66 3 2.54 3.30 3.33 2.13 1.71 2.60 0.71 4 20.03 23.63 35.92 29.71 21.80 26.22 6.54 5 27.60 30.92 41.70 20.72 20.81 31.15 6.10 6 23.16 17.30 21.42 18.05 8.48 17.68 5.68 7- 18.34-16.40 3.35 3.69 12.88 10.93 7.04'

• 8 30.17_44.02 23.71 27.03 22.68 29.52 8.62 9 14.79 13.08 28.78 30.77 10.90 19.66 9.36 10 14.32 17.63 8.92 26.52 6.30 14.74. 7.94 11 4.69 5.37 4.33 4.31 3. 06 -4.35 C '4 12 10.33 7.32 8.18 4.41 4.26 6.90 2.u 13 11.72 10.36 4.74 5.65 17.74 10.04 5.23 14 8.54 7.73 17.58 7.82 9.42 10.22 4.17 15 12.48 7.88 14.71 30.75 27.83 18.73 10.00 16 5.96 6.15 3.83 3.87 2.80 4.52 1.47 17 19.44 17.58 13.62 9.94 9.49 14.01 4.45 18' 17.26 14.43 17.30 14.00 12.88 15.17 2.00 19 8.721 3.88 7.06 6.75 13.61 6.00 2.20 20 15.66 20.85 17.44 18.60 15.54 17.62 2.21 21 26.60 21.96 21.10 21.56 22.t.3 22.73 2.22 22 15.14'17.51 20.68 13.61 15.24 16.44 2 .75 23 12.88 .9.94 13.30 20.12 7. 34- 12.72 4.79 24 3.13 6.22 4.41 3.24 7. 54 _ 4.91 1.93 .

25 11.96_12.14 8.39 11.30 5.26 9.81 2.96 26 6.55 5.52 4.71 4.60 5.08 5.29 .0.79 27 16.25 15.01- 5.71 15.20 11.61 12.76 .4.31 28 11.21 -9.84 10.01 8.57 13.85 10.70 2.00

               -29       1.46 3.25J 6.32 7.80 9. 88 5.74            3,40

30. 8.03 12.23 10.61 5.64 4.85 8.27 3.16,

, 31 10.61 17.01 15.68 10.31 14.90 13.70 3.06 32 13.23 10.97'13.44 12.69 11.68 12.40 1.05 33 19.64 17.64 13.'39 16.62 23.24 18.11 3.65 34 -15.88 13.92 12.03 14.91 7.86 12.92 3.17 35 2.96 3.37 2.15 2.48 2.71 2.73 '0.46 36 4.87 3,74 6.93 3.62 5.43 4.92 1.36-37 5.55 4.12 7.12 7.04 4.74 5.71 1.35 38 6.98 10.79 13.48 16.79 9.63'11.53 3.75 39 7.12 -8,50 9.18 14.92 16.35 11.21 4.13

               -40      13.35 14.53 10.43 7.10 12.95 11.67 2.96 O

Table 6.2-12 Sediment Eh Levels in millivolts. June Sept Nov Feb June Std. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 -177 -113 -171 189 -147 45 2 -131 -32 -3 -98 -49 -63 51 3 146 52 -16 -29 -35 71 4 -208 -255 -315 -167 -185 -226 60 5 -242 -265 -279 -190 -235 -242 34 6 -214 -201 -209 -191 -213 -206 10 7 -105 -328 27 -174 -260 -168 138 8 -235 -345 -205 -191 -238 -243 61 9 -122 26 -209 -195 109 100 10 205 -;43 -123 -203 -145 64 11 87 -187 76 136 -26 17 128 12 80 21 73 92 34 60 31 13 -229 -169 -163 18 113 106 14 -249 -126 -221 -167 162 81 15 15 -220 -145 -206 -337 -179 129 ( 16 17 34 -145

                             -293 -167 46    -21
                                               * -101
                                                             -3  -18
                                                          -251 -162 76 117 18       -131        8 -170     -69    -42    -81    71 19           89    11     33    -79    -32       4   64 20       -156 -298        108    -215 -157      109 21       -207 -262 -179 -137          -213 -200      46 22       -240 -144 -131           18   112      96 ,

23 68 -3 77 - -141 23 5 88 24 130 -21 63 20 -148 9 104 25 67 -158 64 -145

• 34 110 26 11 -111 76 -171 -9 41 99 27 -336 18 22 17 -241 -104 172 28 -103 168 25 3 -63 79 29 -15 35 -8 10 -120 -20 59 30 -166 8 25 28 -79 -37 84 31 -266 -261 112 -189 -181 86 32 -47 -5 -19 * -29 -20 19 33 -223 -302 -9 2 -181 -143 134 34 -146 -184 37 -83 21 -71 98 35 106 -139 72 46 79 33 98 36 68 -294 106 7 25 -18 159 37 85 -270 81 -53 -79 -47 145 38 -110 -242 -163
• 107 100 39 -115 -250 -187 -151 -231 -187 56 40 163 -30 -37 -99 -82 54 l ()

l 1 l

Sediment Total Organic Carbon in mg/g. O Table 6.2-13 June Sept Nov Feb June S td. S ta . # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 1.87 2.97 4.17 5.30 2.07 3.28 1.45 2 5.50 4.80 6.70 3.53 2.13 4.53 1.77 3 3.80 3. 00 3.43 4.90 1.40 2.51 1.28 4 15.43 10.93 14.03 10.67 4.83 11.18 4.09 5 17.50 13.67 19.53 27.40 6.63 16.95 7.64 6 15.47 8.17 12.27 16.33 2.57 10.96 5.68 7 7.17 7.60 3.87 11.37 3.80 6.76 3.13 8 20.43 19.73 11.73 13.13 5.57 14.12 6.15 9 8.73 5.40 13.70 13.67 5.10 9.32 4.23 10 6.60 7.87 5.13 5.43 3.17 5.64 1.75 11 3.97 3.53 3.77 3.80 2.07 3.43 0.78 12 6.77 4.47 5.00 6.53 3.33 5.22 1. 44 13 6.40 5.37 2.87 4.57 6.43 5.13 1.48 14 2.30 4.83 4.13 11.57 2.47 5.06 3.80 15 6.73 5.13 5.50 24.23 9.00 10.12 8.03 16 3.97 5.23 2.23 3.60 1.37 3.28 1.51 17 8.23 11.40 2.37 6.07 2.93 6. 20 3.76 18 11.23 7.03 2.90 9.33 4.27 6.95 3.45 llk 19 6. 30 4.23 2.57 7.23 2.57 4. 58 2.13 20 6.27 8.93 4.87 8.37 5.73 6.83 1.74 21 15.03 9.57 10.37 12.43 7.50 10.98 2.87 22 10.17 5.80 10.13 11.97 3.90 8.39 3.39 23 8.00 6.07 5.63 9.37 3.60 6.53 2.23 24 0.93 4.27 1.53 1.10 2.13 1.99 1.36 25 4.23 5.27 4.97 6.47 2.60 4.71 1.43 26 2.87 3.73 3.10 3.67 1.80 3.03 0.78 27 8.80 10.10 3.07 10.43 2.93 7.07 3.76 28 5.40 4.73 3.57 6.83 5.07 5.12 1.18 29 4.43 3.53 5.03 2.90 2.67 3.71 1.00 30 3.10 7.80 7.27 3.13 2.43 4.75 2.57 31 3.50 8.53 5.40 11.93 7. 17 7.31 3.20 32 11.03 7.43 4.93 14.63 3.60 8.32 4.52 33 10.07 8.43 4.70 11.97 4.30 7.89 3.34 34 7.77 5.47 6.23 10.20 3.33 6.60 2.57 35 2.50 3.30 2.83 6.27 2.03 3.39 1.68 36 2.13 2.50 6.63 2.87 0.60 2.95 2.23 37 4.60 1.97 3.57 4.30 1.67 3.22 1.34 39 5.63 7.37 9.87 11.50 4.97 7.87 2.78 39 5.90 5.57 4.90 11.40 4. 40 6.43 2.84 40 6.07 5.70 6.90 8.53 3.60 6.16 1.80 0

Table 6.2-14 Sediment Sulfide Levels in u9/g. June Sept Nov Feb June S td. Sta. # 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 Mean Dev. 1 0.001 0.008 0.028 0.026 0.013 0.015 0.012 2 0.013 0.042 0.080 0.016 0.036 0.037-0.027 3 0.003 0.047 0.008 0.018 0.000 0.015 0.019 4 0.234 0.172 0.022 0.045 0.029 0.100 0.097 5 0.117 0.245 0.034 0.031 0.024 0.090 0.095 6 0.012 0.045 0.026 0.077-0.039 0.040 0.024 7 0.197 0.072 0.026 0.014 0.112 0.084 0.074 8 0.240 0.780 0.185 0.029 0.051 0.257 0.305 9 0.007 0.144 0.058 0.021 0.080 0.062 0.054 10 0.052 0.050 0.017 0.035 0.080 0.047 0.023 11 0.001 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.000 0.004 0.004 12 0.000 0.008 0.018 0.004 0.003 0.007 0.007 13 0.068 0.031- 0.011 0.024 0.031 0.033 0.021 14 0.061 0.078 0.013 0.037 0.005 0.039 0.031 15 0.167 0.260 0.015 0.097 0.089 0.125 0.093 16 0.004 0.039 0.016 0.010 0.002 0.014.0.015 17 0.423 0.361 0.350 0.086 0.139 0.272 0.149 18 0.001 0.180 0.036 0.019 0.019 0.051 0.073 19 0.000 0.021 3.004 0.002'O.000 0.005 0.009 20 0.031 0.045 0.009 0.022 0.042 0.030 0.015-21- 0.018 0.003 0.559 0.038 0.188 0.161 0.234 22 0.015 0.096 0.135 0.012 0.000 0.052 0.060 23 0.011 0.102 0.021 0.032 0.005 0.034 0.039 24- 0.031 0.069 0.019 0.019 0.000 0.028 0.026 25 0.012 0.006 0.018 0.010.0.000 0.009 0.007 26 0.013 0.003 0.006 0.001 0.000 0.005 0.005 27 0.430 0.021 0.011 0.027-0.111-0.120 0.178 28 0.077 0.007 0.008 0.042 0.009 0.029 0.031 29 0.019 0.008 0.028 0.008 0.000 0.013 0.010 30 0.084 0.006 0.018 0.004 0.009 0.024 0.034 31 .0.043 0.127 0.043 0.011 0.068 0.058 0.043

                           -32     0.044 0.171 0.137 0.067-0.360 0.156 0.125 33   '0.042 0.004 0.041 0.028 0.022 0.027 0.016-34    0.034 0.164'0.005 0.022 0.013 0.048 0.066

! 35 0.038 0.005 0.006 0.002 0.062 0.023 ~ 0.026 ! 36- 0.044 0.108 0.008 0.004 0.161 0.065 0.058 L 37 0.037 0.421 0.001 0.003 0.012 0.095 0.183 l 38 0.052 0.892-0.147 0.120 0.045 0.251 0.361 j 39 0.090 0.121 0.100 0.064 0.028 0.081 0.036 40 0.053 0.046 0.003 0.012 0.043 0.031 0.022 O

Table 6.2-15. Abundant species occurring at all or at a majority a of stations. W SPECIES OCCURRING AT ALL STATIONS Tharyx cf. dorsobranchialis Aricidea philbinae Aricidea taylori Lumbrineris verrilli Haploscoloolos foliosus Acetocina canaliculata SPECIES OCCURRING AT ALL BUT ONE STATION STATION WHERE ABSEN_T Tabricia sp. A 18 Mediomastus ambiseta 35 Mediomastus E. 38 knoelisca holmesi 19 Mysella planulata 1 Chone americana 1 Scolelepis texana 40 g Mitrella lunata 4 Scoloplos rubra 1

                                                           .iTATIONS SPECIES OCCURRING AT ALL BUT FOUR OR LESS STATIONS      WHERE ABSENT Paraprionospio pinnata                                   1, 35 Streblospio benedicti                                    4, 25 Myriochele oculata                                       (, 6, 14, 33 Sphaerosyllis taylori                                    1, 8 Grandidierella bonneroides                               4, 5 Erichthonius brasiliensis                                18, 24, 38 Haploscoloolus fragilis                                  1, 34 Cirrophorus cf. furcatus_                                1, 6, 32 Ampelisca abdita                                         19, 20, 21 Spiophanes bombg                                         1, 5: 13, 32 Paracaprella tenuis                                      1, 8, 38 O

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Table 6.2-17 Faunal density comparisons between . thermal and' control stations .(* t' ; test; 95". t significance . level ). - C,0NTROL. STATIONS

                -1        2       -3    6--      7 8    12   '25         26 31-         32  33-   35- -36        38     39 40                 ,

4 -- q 5 -- 13 --

     -14                             --       --                                            --                          --

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                                                                                                                                        -[

28 -X -- 29 -- 30 -- -- X X X - -- -- i Key: 'X = Thermal = station significantly higher (95% level of certainty). 4 o = Thermal station significantly lower.

                  = No significant difference.                                                                                               7 i

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              'm    mm@mmmOmemo-@mwe*moommeveNeomNNmO@N*@Oov                                                                 T@

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                           , confidence level).

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                                    --                                o        o
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1*b:e t,1 29 Mean f aunal similarity (Morisita's Index) for each Station. Mean of Mean of Station 10 Periods Station s 5 Pe r i__o d s, 4 .38 1 .52 5 .61 2 .37 7 .61 3 .37 9 .33 6 .55 12 .29 8 .62 13 .50 10 .45 15 .54 11 .19 17 .66 14 41 18 .48 16 .37 20 .54 19 .32 22 .55 21 .58 25 .57 23 .26 26 27 40 42 24 28

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f. Table 6.2-30 Linear regression (R values) for Faunal Density as the dependent var'abl9 (Y). June July Sept. Oct. Nov. Jan. Feb. Apr. June July , Independent Variable (X) 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 Synoptic Temperature .0225 .0004 .0254 .0025 .0019 .0071 .0170 .0459 .0019 .0361 Thermographs .0043 .0925 .0238 .0563 .0123 .0081 .0162 .0162 .0003' .0177 Sediment Temperature .0002 .0461 .0005 .0329 .0082 .0272 .0331 .3440 .0100 .0067 Salinity .0164 .1247 .0065 .1894 .1308 .1004 .0972 .0963 .0141 .0897 Turbidity .0070 .0575 .0190 .0455 .0471 .0980 .0608 .1134 .0690 .0916 - Total Suspended Solids .0351 .0200 .0041 .0437 .0464 .0491 .0007 .0260 .0004 .0003 Mean Grain Size .2939 .2884 .5548 .2946 l .0723 Median Grain Size .3658 .2898 .5525 .2669 l.0368 Strting Coefficient .0066 .0622 .0918 .1186 .1498 Sil t-Clay .0604 .0252 .2300 .1064 .0146 Total Organic Carbon .0082 .0168 .0821 .0459 .0026 Sulfide .0092 .0377 .0502 .0768 .0086 . Eh .0000 .0040 .0631 .0809 .3067 .0530 .2464 .0598 .1252 .0000 , r i 1  ! 4

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Table 6.2-31 Linear regressions (R2 values) for Species Richness as the dependent variable (Y). June July Sept. Oct. Nov. Jan. Feb. Apr. June July Independent Variable (X) 1983 1983 1983 1983 1983 1984 1984 1984 1984 19J4 Means Syr. optic Temperature .0084 .5101 .3754 .3516 .2389 .2807 .3772 .2289 .3394

                                                                                                                                          .249% .2727 Therinographs                            .0026  .3405  .1503  .3149 .2016   .3843   .2598    .3337   .1809  .2240  .2935 B

Sediment Temperature .1950 .4559 .2377 .4751 .2547 .4113 .2199 .2858 .2589 . 26_% .3110: Salinity .3219 .1514 .2249 .5533 .3711 .4402 .3931i .6082 .3657 .4090 .0996: 1 I Turbidity .2057 .0026 .2947 .1596 .1296 .2762 .18281 .0777 .0534 .1216l .3150m Total Suspended Solids .0817 .0616 .1706 .0848 .2012 .1001l.0572' .0226 .0120 .0922 .1185 Mean Grain Size .2086 .1569 .2792 .2805  !.2456 .2636!

                                                                                                                       '                I Median Grain Size                        .1592         .0766        .1581           .2115            .2057         .1805j Sorting Coefficient                      .1895         .1597        .0761           .0708     _
                                                                                                                                          .1341         .0846!

Silt-Clay .1926l .1611 .3272 .2293 I .2217' .3361 Total Organic Carbon .2019 .1761 .1496 .1602

                                                                                                                                          .1566         .3157.

Sulfide .0586 .0520 .0823 .1662 .0124' .1559 Eh .2140 .4024 .0228 .5039 .5704 .0213- . 3'166 .3974 .3225 .2153 .5179l 9 O' 9

O O O 2 Table 6.2-32 Linear re9ressions (11 salues) for Species Diversity (Shannon's Index) as the dependent variable (Y). Sept. Oct. flov . Jan. feb. Apr. June July June July 1933 1984 1984 1984 1984 1984 1983 1983 1%3 1983 Independent Variable (X) .2983-

                                                             .4715    .1613 .2643  .1977   .2579   .3512
                                        .0184   .3965  4315 Synoptic Temperature                                                                              .1653, .3274
                                        .0040   .1151 .1986  .2494    .1401 .4115  .0879 .2647 Thermographs
                                                                      .1715 .3368  .0494   .2011     4361 .2817
                                        .1851   .2749 .2039  .5266 Sediment Temperature                                                                                            !
                                                             .3567     4327 .3471  .2156   .2488I .1943   .3053 Salinity                               .3201   .3526 .2420
                                                             .1119'   .1571 .2152  .217]   .0354   .0373  .0772 Tu rbidi ty                            .1174   .0036 .3004
                                                             .2034    .2500 .0898  .1302   .0062f .0002    .1758' Total Suspended Solids                 .0093   .0162 .2547                                      *
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                                        .0138         .0785           .1191 Hean Grain Size
                                                      .C286           .0561        .0451            .03%

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                                                      .0671           .0270        .0160           .0124l Sorting Coefficient                    .0722
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                                                      .2380           .17S6        .165c           .0837l Total Organic Carbon                   .1389
                                                      .0216           .0273        .0873            .0061 5.41fiae                               .0387 ,
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CLUSTER DENDR 0 GRAM FOR NOVEMBER 1983 DISTANCE

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                  .195                .391              .586                   .782                        1.0
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O CLUSTER DENDROGRAM FOR APRll 1984 DISTANCE

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                                                             - CLUSTER 0ENOROGRAM FOR JUNE 1984 DISTANCE
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                                               . CLUSTER DENDROGRAM FOR' JULY 1984 DISTANCE
                                             .196          .391                 .587      .782                  1.0
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                                                                                                                       -4 FIGURE 6.2-42.                                                   S.

CLUSTER DENDROGRAM FOR JULY 1984. CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES T10RIDA POWER CORPORATION

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CLUSTER DENDROGRAM FOR ALL QUARTERLY DATES COMBINED DISTANCE

                         .20        .39        .39       .78         1.0
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LUSTER DENDROGRAM FOR ALL QUARTERLY TND SIX WEEK SAMPl.ES COMBINED.

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.I , ,. == - l 6.3 KACROFHYTES 6.3.1 Sampling and 1.aboratory Analysis Three areas were selected to study the submergent macrophyte communities in Crystal Bay. The area between the CTBC and the intake spoil was defined as the therustly affected area. Two control areas were also sampled - one located off the Withlacoochee River and the CTBC and one off Crystal River. Fifty stations on 10 transects were established (Figure 6.3-1) for ground truthing. Of these stations, nine were designated as intensive monitoring (IH) stations and were subjected to a more extensive sampling program. Quarterly overflights to shoot 1:18,000 (1 in. = 1,500 f t) scale vertical color aerial photographs were planned to map the distribution of the seagrass and macroalgae in the study area over the course of 15 months. However, conditions at the site prevented successful aerial photography as scheduled. Photographs which ct ald be used for ground truthing were obtained only three times during the study (October 1983; February and April 1984). These photo-graphs, siong with others obtained frow variouc sources were then ground-truthed each quarter by teams of divers. Ground trujhing was performed at each of the 50 stations using 10 randomly placed 1-m quadrats. Quadrats were surveyed by divers who estimated percent cover for each species of seagrass and thisophytic alga observed. An estimate of the percent bare bottom was also made duries the latter part of the study. ( gatinates of parcent coverage were facilitated by dividir. each quadrat into 25 subunits (a
• x 5 grid) and estimating percent cover in each subunit.
Of the nine stations selected (Figure 6.3-1) for intensive monitorb' g three ( A, D, and C) contcined Halodule wrlahtli as the dominant seagrasai 3 (B, E, and B) contained Syrinnodium illiforme as the dominant seagrassi and 3 (C, F, and I) contained Thal as si a testudinum as the dominant seagrass. These stations were sampled at 6 week intervals between June 1983 and July 1984, for a total of 10 sampling episodes. In addition to percent cove r es timat es , biomass and productivity samples were collected during each sampling episode. Above ground biomass of sesgrass and algae was sampled using a plexiglass clip box sampler (25 x 25 cm). The box was inserted into the sediment and all plant *.satorial was clipped at the sediment surf ace. The clipped material was retained in the box. Six replicates were collected in this fashion at each IM station during each sampling episode. Samples were preserved in the field in 5-10 percent formalin in seawater. Five replicates were analyzed by sorting the plant material to species ; drying to constant weight at 70 C1 and weighing. The sixth replicate was saved, principally in case of loss or damage to one of the first fits; however, the sixth replicates were examined to identify the algal epiphytes present. Estimates of seagrass productivity (af ter Zieman,1975) were based ou quadrat sampling. Quadrats me as uring 10 cm x 10 cm were employed at Halodula 4 stations ( A, D, and C); 10 rm x 20 ce quadrats were used at all other IM stations. Three quadrats were placed at the time the clip box samples were taken- After placement, all seagrass blades within the quadrats were clipped off level with the top of the quadrat and discarded. Two weeks later the undrats were revisited and all new growth was harvested and preserved in 5-10 percent for malin/ seawater. Sa. ples were returned t ., the laboratory, sorted, dried to constant weight, and weighed. Shoot counts were made both at the time of quadrat plac etsent and at harvesting using i,even randcxuly placed 10 x 10 cm quadrats at Holodule s t ati ons and four 10 a 20 cm quadrats at g Syringodime and Thalas sia stations. SAS was used to provide sum: nary tables of percent cover, growth rates, total standing biomass, and total shoot density by time and station. The SAS CLH procedure was used to provide an analysis of covariance for the above four measures of teacrophyte abundance. Tukey's HSD test was reed to contrast means of main ef fect variables of station and time period. These analyses were also conducted by species to compare differences acrces stations for each species. 6.3.2 Results Five species of sesgrastes were observed in the Crystal Bay ares during the course of this study: Ruppia maritima L., Halophila engelmannil Ascheral and Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Koenig, and Syringodium filiforse Kuetting and Halodule wrightii Aschers. Seagrass diversity (number of s pecies ) at the nine intensive monitoring stations over the course of this study is su::nnarized, in Table 6.3-1. The three southern stations (A, B, and C, south of the intake canal) and the two central stations (E and F) usually contained the highest nursber of sesgrass species, although in the last two sampling periods one or more of the three northern stations (G, H, or 1) contained the greatest nueber of species. Station D (in Basin 1) routinely cont aine d only 'one s pee les of seagrass, l Halodule d htji_i,. Parameters of the sesgrass cotusunities which were measured were biomass (above ground standing crop), shoot density, productivity and percent cover. Table 6.3-2 summarises the results of the ANOVA analyses on the seagrass data. Time (campling date) and station were the two parameters which consistently had a significant ef fect on seagrees biomass, productivity, shoot density and percent cover. In most cases, the effect was highly significant (P less than 0.01, see Table 6.3-2) . The other parasaters tested showed no clear pattern. Tem perat ure , salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and the extinction coefficient (light pene t r at ion), all measured at the bottcas, had a signifi-cant effect on the diff erent species of seagrasses, but in a sporadic f ashion, affecting various species differently (e.g., biomass in some cases, productivity in others, etc.). The envirorusental factors used in the ANOVA analyses are, of course, linked with the time of year and station location, and the relationship between these factors is examined in Section 6.1. For all seagrasses combined, one or more of the three southern stations ( A, B, and C) consistently had significantly higher biorsas s , shoot density and productivity than the other intensive monitoring stations. Appendix IV contains the results of the ANOVA analyses on the total seagrass data. There were some variations in this general pattern depending on the s pecies of seagrass, i.e., Halodule stations tunded to have higher shoot densities than Syringodium or Thalas sia stations, sinct the f ormer species is smaller, and thus has more shoots per unit area. Halodule stations had lower biomass and productivity compared to Thalassia and gr_ingodium stations, since the latter k two species have larger blades than the former. Stations E and F typically h 6-44 O *isit d i=t = edt t St - 6t< h e d ici Stations C, H, I, and D usually displayed significantly lower sesgrass #4 er de civiet - parameters than the other stat ions. Tempe r a t ur e , salinity, pH and D0 were envirornent al factors which significantly influenced the measures of abundance of total seagrasses. The f ollwing paragraphs discuss the anstytical results f or each species of seagrass separately. H al odu l e .rr i gh t ii The ANOVA analyses perforned on the Halodule percent cover, biots as s , shoot density, and productivity data are presented in Appendix IV. Table 6.3-3 s umma ris es annual means for each of these items. Station A exhibited significantly higher biomass, ** $t density and productivity than the other two Halodule intensive monito'eng e.'tlons ' ') and C). Stations D and C did not differ significantly with e s;e c t u e sse or productivity, but Station G had a significantly greater d oot Me si; (number per area) than Station D. All three Halodule sta'.lons were N}ry 'sith respet.t to percent cover (areal coverage). This is centrary to the MvrA results, which indlear. A that station differences do exist for percent ccver: however the multiple comparison test used (Tukey's test) is very con.ervative. In addition, Ziessac, (personal coursunication) has questioned the value of percent cover data as as indicator I of thermal effects of sesgrasses. Typically, productivity, biomass, shoot density and percent cover of Halodule were all significantly higher during the late spring -s unase r - e a r l y fall sampling periods. Salinity, pH, Do and light levels were envirotusent al f actors which significantly influenced one or more of the Halodule measures of abundence. Appendix IV contains s unumary tables on H al odul e b iorna s s , productivity and shoot density by safspling date and station. Syringodlurs fi1if ortae The ANOVA analyses perf orued on Syrintodium percent cover, bicmaas s , shoot density, and productivity are presented in Appendix IV. Station B had significantly higher biomass, productivity, shoot density and percent cover than the other two Syrinsodium intensive monitoring stations. Station E had significantly higher biomass, shoot density and percent cover than Station R. but these two stations did not dif fer with respect to productivity. The suasser months typically exhibited significantly higher Syrinne 'ium bi cusas s , shoot density, productivity and percent cover. However, percent cover tended to be significantly higher during the vinter months relative to the other three parameters examined. Tempe r a ture , light, salinity and DO vere the envirorsnental f actors which significantly influenced Syrintodium paraseters. Syrintodium bicanass, productivity and shoot density by station and month are susanarized in Appendix IV. Annual means by station and sampling date are shown in Table 6.3-4. Thalas sia tes tudinum The ANOVA analyses performed on Thalassia percent cover, bicxma s s , shoot density, and productivity data are presented in Appendix IV. Station C e xhibited significantly higher Thalassia bicxnase, shoot density, and 6-45 productivity than Stations T and 1, which did not dif fer for any of these permaeters. Thalassia percent cover among stations was not tested, since in two cases (Stations E and F and Stations 8 and C), a Thalassia and a Syrinrodium station were located in the s ame grassbed and saispling results g were f or a mixed seagrass bed. For the four Thalassia parameters tested, significantly higher values were observed during the sunuser sampling periods, but the wint er values for Thalassia tended to place relatively higher in the rank order, corspared to the winter values of Syringodium and Halodule. Tempe r a t ur a , light and pit were environmental factors which significantly influenced the Thalassia measures of abundance. Thalassia biomass, productivity and shoot density by station and month are summarized in Appe. dix IV. Annual means by station and sampling data are shown in Table 6.3-1. Macroalgae_ Rhizophytic Algae Table 6.3-6 lists the species of thizophytic (attached) algae observed during the cotirse of this study. More stations south of the power plant discharge (Stations 32 and higher) supported rhizophytic algae, compared to the northern stations, and the southern stations usually exhibited higher thizophytic algal percent cover than the northern stations (see quart erly date tables). Percent cover was higher during the stasser/ f all - pe riod . Rhizophytic algal diversity is sumanarised in Table 6.3-7. More species of thizophytic algae were found at the three southern intensive monitoring stations (A, 5, and C) throughout the study period, compared to the other intensive monitoring stations. Rhizophytic algal biornass was significantly correlated to time (sampling O date), station and bottos D0. Results of the ANOVA analyses are found in Appendix IV. Station E had significantly higher biomass compared to the other stations. Other than for this station, however, no clear station trend was evident. Rhizophytic algal biomass was significantly higher during the sunseer/f all sampling periods. Drift Ainse A number of species of drift algae were collected during the course of this study. These are listed in Table 6.3-6. Percent cover was the only drif t algal parameter measured and statistically analyzed. Time, station, temperature and salinity at the bottom had significant ef fects. Station B had the significantly highest drift algal percent cover, but no other clear trends were evident. Drift algal percent cover tended to be significantly higher during winter and sunsser conths. Typically, a species of Gracilaria (C. tikvahise or C. verrucosa) tended to dominate the drif t algae throughout the year in the northern half of the study area (the discharge area and north), with Sarrassum filipendula locally docsinant in areas with rocky bottom. Gracilaria debilis and/or G. sjoestedii dominated the drift algae in the southern part of the study area in the winter. Drift algae appeared to form a lesser proportion of the total macrophyte cover during the surumer months in the south part of the study area. Red algae, as a group, were the dominant component of the drif t algae in the study area throughout the period of study. 6-46 h Total Macrophyte percent Cover An estimate of the percent bare substratum was made when estimating percent cover of the different species of macrophytes, in order to obtain an estirstae of total macrophyt e cover. Time, s t a t i on , bottom t e spe rat ure and Do had significant effects on total macrophyte cover (see Appendix IV). The southern intensive monitoring Stations A and 47 (B and C) had the significantly highest total macrophyte coverage. Stations 33 (E and F) and I were int e nse d i a t e , and Stations D, H, and C had significantly lower total submergent macrophyte cover. Station D exhibited the lowest total macrophyte cover. Total macrophyte cover tended to be significantly higher during the sunser months. Drift algal cover and occurrence in the thermal areas was lower during the summer than it was in other parts of the study area. Macrophyte maps of the area show much higher total macrophyte cover in the south part of Crystal Bay (south of the intake canal and dike) compared to the northern region. Figures 6.3-2 to 6.3-10 show macrophyte distribution in Crystal Bay in February 1984 Syringodium was not videly distributed at many of the stations in the northern half of the study area, but occurred frequently at many southern stations throughout the s tudy period. This was not the case for the other species of seagrasses observed. These species typically occurred at similar numbers of southern and northern stations. Thalassia and Syringodium occurred at the fringes of Basins 1 and 3, but were not found within these basins at the P hottest areas of the discharge. Hal odul e and Halophila engelmanni were the only species of seagrasses which occurred in the thermal area, occurring in Basin 3 and portions of Basin 1. Seagrass or sesgrass/rhizophytic algal assemblages dominated the sacrophyte cover in the southern part of the study area. Thalassia and Syringodium were dominant offshore and Ruppia maritima and Halodule were dominant inshore. Dense patches of thtr.ophytic algae (generally Caulerpa sp.) were found locally in inshore areas of the southern part of the study area. Seagrasses formed a lesser proportion of the macrophyte cover in the northern half of the study area. Algae, particularly drif t algae, were dominant there. Seagrasses and algae in the northern part of the area existed as small patches, while larger, more continuous areas of cover were found in the southern area. An histerical trend analysis of submergent sacrophyte communities was compiled from seven sets of vertical serial photography, dating back to October 1950. Trend analysis focused on the Basin 1 area. When available, data from past Crystal River monitoring reports were also us td in compiling this sunenary. Analysis of the early(1950 and 1960) photography indicated a general absence of strong signatures of submergent sacrophyte communities in the Basin 1 area. Scuse seagras s and algae appear to be present; however, the quality of the black and white photography does not allow conclusive i nt erpret ation . Historically, the Basin 1 area appears to have been subjected to freshwater m inundation fran Rocky Creek, a tidal drainage creek of the type found throughout the study area. ne flow of Rocky C re ek was subsequently interrupted by construction of the Crystal River discharge canal. The obstruction of the f resavater flow may have permitted seagrasses to invade the 6-47 _ _ - _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ -__ - _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ - - - - - - - .a Basin I region, due to higher salinities. No field data are available to support the above, and thus it must be regarded as s pe c ul a t ive . The 1972 g serial photography (color) shows the presence of photographic signatures w consistent with relatively dense autmergent sacrophyte c onssuni ti e s . FPC (1974) confirmed the presence of extensive beds ol! Halodule (= Diplanthers) wrightii in Basin 1. FPC (1978; 1979) also depicted extensive ( > 50 percent coverage of the botton) Halodule cover in Basin 1. The 1981 photography reveals a slight decrease in submergent sacrophyte coverage, supported by percent cover data from FPC (1981). Current (1983-84) photography reveals further declines in macrophyte cover in Basin 1, a trend confirmed by the field verification and sampling program conducted in the present study. Although Halodule may be sparsely distributd throughout Basin 1 (as suggested ' by the aerial photography), field inspection indicated this was not so, Halodule being confined to the northeast portion of the basin. Other areas of Basin 1 were unvegetated mud bottom, sometimes associated with a blue grsen algal mat. These sats, along with areas of benthic diatom concentrations, could be re s ponsible for the " green mud" signatures visible in the recent photography of Basin 1. 6.3.3 Impact Assessment Seagrasses The effects of the effluent from the power plant discharge on seagrass received much attention in past studies (Van Tine 1977; FPC 1978; 1979; 1980; 1981) at Crystal River. It is known that the effluent from the plant results in a lower number of species of seagrasses in the area affected by the discharge. This was seen in the present study. Halodule wrightli, the most eurytherinal of the seagrass species in the area (Phillips 1960; Zieman 1982), h was the only species of seagrass found at Station D, the station most exposed to the power plant 41scharge. More seagrass species were observed at Stations E and F further offshore. These stations appeared to be only moderately impacted by the effluent pitane. The greatest number of seagrass s pe cie s throughout the period of study were seen at these two stations and at the three southern statione ( A, B, and C). The three northern stations (C, H, and I) generally had a lower number - of sesgress species throughout the s tudy period. The intensive monitoring stations (D, E, and F) located in the discharge area routinely es;hibited significantly lower seagrass biomass, for all three s pec ies , et,mpared to the three southern unimpacted stations ( A, B, and C). Thalassia and Halodule biomass did not differ between thermal and northern stations (F and I; D and C, re s pe c tively), but Syringodium biomass was significantly higher at the impacted Station F than at the northern Station H. Previous monitoring studies at the Crystal River complex have not considered biomass of each species of seagrass separately (e.g., ITC 1978; 1979), or only considered biomass of Halodule, since it is the only species of seagrass found in the discharge area (FPC 1981). The past Crystal River monitoring reports, however, show the samt - general trends seen in this study: lower seagrass biomass in the discharge area compared to the southern area (the region south of the intake canal). All three species of seagrass chosen for intensive monitoring displayed the g same type of annual biomass trendt suneser maxima and winter minima. The W 648 thermal e*fects from the sffluent plume are likely to be more pronounced during the sunner when the organisms are nomally exposed to natural water temperatures closer to their thermal tolerance limits. 1.ike biomass , sesgress productivity was significantly lower in the discharge area than in the southern area. All three species of sesgrass showed highest productivity at the three southern stations. None of the ther nal stations differed from any of the re s pec tive northern s t at i one , suggesting that thermal effects alone are not entirely responsible for the depressed productivity. None of the previous monitoring studies conducted at Crys t al River specifically examined sesgrass productivity. Zieman and Wood (1975) showed that Thalassia productivity (ga/s 2 / day) decreased linearly with increasing temperatures above 32'C. Thalassia has a temperature optimum for productivity of 28-30 C (Zieman and Wetzel 1980). Seagrass productivities in the present study exhibited sunner maxima and wint er minima for all three species of sesgress. Prodvetivities during the winter were more similar in the thermal area and in the northern and southern control areas suggesting that thermal ef fects of the plant discharge are more pronounced during the summer. Shoot densities of all three seagrass species were significantly higher at the three southern intensive monitoring stations ( A, B, and C). The northern Halodule Station G had a significantly higher shoot densit/ than the thermal Station D. Shoot density of Syrintodium at the thermal Station E was significantly higher than at the northern Station R, while Thalassia shoot densities at thermal and northern stations (F and I) did not differ. Shoot densities did not show as pronounced an annual trend se biomass and productivity. Percent cover of Halodule did not dif fer among the three intensive monitoring stations ( A, D and C), while cover of Syringodium was significantly higher at Station B than at Station E, which in turn was significantly higher than cover at H. Thalassia percent cover was not tested among stations. Previous monitoring reports at Crys tal River have principally used pe rcent cove r es timat es to monitor the seagrass and macroalgal communities in the area. These reports (FPC, 19783 1979; 19803 1981) indicate that Halodule cover is reduced in the area imediately adjacent to the mouth of the discharge canal, but that in general Halodule cover does not differ between impacted and control areas. Syrintodium and Thalassia, however, were generally not found in the inner discharge area (vs
• Tine 1977, " Basin 1") and typically exhibited higher cover south of the intake canal. Similar trends were seen in the present study.
The sesgrass coverage depicted in the sacrophyte maps generally support the quantitative data, seagrass cover being greater in the southern part of the Crystal Bay area. The area impacted by the the rmal plume was devoid of macrophytes, along with the area around the mouth of the Cross Florida Barge Canal. Seasonally, percent cover tended to be significantly higher during the summer months for the three species of seagrass. FPC (1980) reported winter cover O maxima (December) in the southern control and discharge areas of the Crystal River Plant, while FPC (1981) reported f all (Septevaber) cover maxima in the southern area, with no appreciable seasonal cover changes of seagrasses in the discharge area. 6-49 Macroalgae Algae may be better indicators of thermal stres s than seagrasses, since the buried thizuses of seagrasses may be protected from themal efects by the sediment (Zieman and Wood 1975). In particular, Zieman (pers. c om . ) has noted that the rhizophytic green algae (members of the orders Siphonales and Dasycladales) are especially susceptible to thermal stress. In tte present study, rhizophytic algal diversity (number of species) was lower at all the theriaal stations (0, E, and F) compared to the southern station ( A, B, and C). However, the northern stations also supported few species of these algae, once again supgesting that other f actors, in addition to thermal stress, are regulating submergent macrophyte c onsnunities in the area. Rhizophytic algs1 biomass (g dry wt/m ) at the nine intensive monitoring stations was tested statistically. Station E had significantly higher algal biomass than any other station. No other clear station trend was evident. Rhizophytic algal biomass was significantly higher during the summer / fall pericd. Van Tine (1977) noted that very few species of siphonaceous green algae (Caulerpa spp., tidotes spp.) were found in the discharge area of the Crystal River Plant. Other monitoring studies at this site did not consider thizophytic algae (TPC 19781 19791 1980), but FPC (1981) reported that siphonaceous algae did not occur in the discharge area of the plant. Zieman and Wood (1975) noted at Turkey Point that, in areas most severely impacted by thermal addition, the sesgrass/macroalgal coussunity was replaced by a blue-green algal mat. This phenomenon was also seen at Crystal River in the Basin I section of the discharge canal. h Drift algal diversity and biomass were not measured in the present study. A general impression was that a greater number of species of desit algae were found south of the intake canal. Drif t algal percent cover was highest in the southern part of the Crystal Bay study area (Station B), but no other clear percent cover trends were evident f rom the percent cover analyses. Steidinger and Van Breedveld (1971) showed that the discharge area of the Crystal River Plant supported fewer species of algae than the rest of the Crystal Bay area. Van Tine (1977) also showed that the thermally impacted area of Crystal Bay supported a lower number of species of all three divisioas of algae l khodophyta (red algae); Chlorophyta (green algae) and Phaeophyta (brown algae). He also showed that algal biomass was lower in the impacted area. FPC (1981) showed that drift red and brown algae were excluded from the Crystal River Plant discharge area. In summary, the data and observations collected in the present study suggest that the thermal effluent from Crystal River exerts a negative effect on the seagrass and macroalgal comesunities in the inner part of the discharge area (Basin 1). The thermal effects appear to be more moderate in the outer parts of the discharge area (Basin 3). However, other factors are influencing the submergent macrophyte conssunities in the study area and the data gathered in the present study cannot distinguish between these dif ferent factors. Thus, the observed trends in sacrophyte biom as s , percent cover, etc, cannot be attributed solely to the effects of thermal addition. Increased turbidity and sedimentation, s case of which may be due to the outflow current from the discharge canal, may be exerting a negative effect on the macrophyte g' 6-50 -- - .-. - . - . ~ - - . 1 1 coussunitie s in the discharge area. The selection of the three northern intensive monitoring stations (C, H, and I) in the region of the Cross Florida ' Barge Canal (CFBC) represented an attempt to distinguish between potential turbidity and s ediment loading effects and any thermal effect, but the statistical analyses of the data failed to differentiate between stations located in the thermal and northern areas. Decreased light levels (associated with increased water turbidity) and increased sedimentation are suspected of causing declines in seagrass coverage (Zieman 1982). Other factors  ; influencing the seagrass and macroalgal cosusunities in the study area are nutrient concentrations in the water column, sediment type and depth and salinity changes associated with freshwater influx. O O 5-31 REFERENCES for 6.3 O Florida Power Corporation (FPC). 1974. Crystal River Power Plant Environ-mental Considerations. Final Report to the Interagency Research Advisory Committee. Voltsae II. Octobar 1974 Florida Power Corporation. 1978. Crystal River Unit 3. Annual Environmental Operating Report. Vol.1. Non-radiological. Fla. Power Corp., Sept. 1978. Florida Power Corporation. 1979. Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report. Vol. 1. Submitted March, 1979. Florida Power Corporation. 1980. Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report. Vol. 1, Pt. 1. Submitted March, 1980. Florida Power Corporation. 1981. Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal river Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report. Vol. 1, Pt. 1. Submitted March, 1981. Obserystions on the ecology and distribution of the Phillipe,R. C. 1960. Florida seagrasses. Prof. Pap. Ser. F1s. Bd. Conserv., No. 2, 72 pp. Steidinger, K. A. and J. F. Van Breedveld. 1971. Benthic marine algae from O water adjacent to the Crystal River power plant (1969-1970). Prof. Pap. Ser. Fla. Bd. Conserv. , No. 16, 46 pp. Van Tine, R.F. 1977. An ecological comparison of the benthic macroflora of a power plant impacted estuary and an adjacent estuary. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Fla. 140 p. Zieman, J.C. 1975. Quantitative and dynamic aspects of the ecology of turtit. grass, Thalassia testudinum. Estuar. Res. 1:541-562. Zieman, J.C. 1982. The ecology of the seagrasses of south Florida: A cosununity profile. U.S. Fish & Wildt. Ser., Off. Biol. Serv., Wash., DC, FWS/08S-82/25. 158 p. Zieman, J.C. and R.C. Wetzel, 1980. Productivity in sesgresses: Methods and rates. pp. 87-116, In: R.C. Phillips and C.P. McRoy (eds.). Handbook of Seagrass Biology. Academic Press. t Zieman, J.C. and E. J. F. Wood. 1975. Effects of thermal pollution on tropical-type estuaries, with emphasis on Biscayne Bay, Florida, pp. 75-98, . In: E. J. F. Wood and R.E. Johannes (eds.). Tropical Marine Pollution. ! Elsevier Oceanography Ser. No. 12. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., New York. i 6-52 ---e -r .-- -y -g+---- -'t-' ' - " <'W = ***:D' '-'w- w 'r - - r7 "rr-1 . o L O . TABLE 6.3-1 O i t' SEACRASS DIVERSITT (leistBER OF SPECIES) AT THE INTEllSIVE MDIIITORING STATIOUIS j' APR. MAT JULY AUG. OCT. DEC. JAN. MAR. AUG. SEPT. 1984 1984 1984 1983 1984 1984 1984 STATION 1983 1983 1983 i

1. 1 1 2 4 4 2 2 1 A (40) 3 3

1 1 1 2 3 2 i

3 4 3

j. E & C (47) 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i D (27)* 1 1 4 ~4 3 3 i

4 4 4 4 4

g. E & F (33) 4 2 '2 2 4 1 3

. C (3) 3 1 2 1 i 4 3 2 4 3 2 2 2 2 O (9) 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 3 I (4) 2 0 i A-I Intensive Monitoring Station l' l (40) Corresponding Ground-truthing station l I s b. TABLE 6.3-2 . SIDetARY OF THE ANOVA ANALYSES OF TME SEAGRASS DATA Bottom Bottoe I , Time Botton Extinction Bottom Botton Dissolved (Sampling Date) Station Temperature Coefficient Salinity pH Oxygen Halodule BN ** ** MS NS * ** MS SD ** ** NS NS MS MS NS PR ** ** NS NS MS
• MS PC **
• NS
• MS MS **
Thalassia f BM ** ** MS
• NS NS MS i SD ** **
• MS MS ** MS [
PR ** ** MS NS MS NS NS  ! PC ** - - - - - - i t Syringodium BM ** ** MS NS MS MS MS SD ** **
• MS MS MS MS i PR ** ** NS ** NS MS MS
.PC ** ** ** MS ** MS * , i

All Seagrasses  ;

i ! BM ** ** NS MS *
• MS SD ** ** ** MS NS MS **  !
) PR ** ** MS MS NS NS NS ! PC - - - - - - - 2
• t

BM = biomass (g dry weight /m )

l SD = shoot density (#/m ) l 2 PR = productivity (3 dry weight /m / day) ' PC = percent cover q * = significant at P 0.05 j ** = significant at P 0.01 ' NS = not significant - = arameter not tested > I I s - - _ _ - - _ . - . _ - - _ - - - _ - _ - - _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ - - - - - . _ _ . - _ _ - - - . _ _ _ . - . _ _..__--.-2 I TABLE 6.3-3 ANNUAL MEANS, BY STATION AND SAMPLING DATE, FOR THE RA14bULE DATA l BIONAS FRODUCTIpTY (gdryvt/m)) (g dry vt/m / day) MEANS HEANS
• SD N STANDRIO SD N AVECROW 2 10 12.4800000 2 9 0.30952381 3 15 12.0960000 3 9 0.08974359 4 10 9.2480000 4 5 0.04285714 5 15 0.6986667 5 9 0.08241758 ,
6 15 0.7893333 6 9 0.02941176 7 5 0.5120000 7 6 0.05416667 8 15 2.7840000 8 9 0.08547009 9 15 4.0213333 9 9 0.10101010 10 15 12.5013333 10 8 0.38025210 STATIor N - JTA&DRIO STATION N AVECROW A 40 12.8400000 A 26 0.19884049 0.08899460 O D C 45 30 2.8373333 2.3973333 D G 26 23 0.10800504 PERCEIC COVER SHOOT DEgSITT (No./m ) MEANS MEANS' SD N PC SD N 3 DEN 2 30 47.3666667 2 21 790.47619 3 21 35.9523810 3 21 633.33333 4 15 51.0000000 4 14 1371.42857 ' 5 21 28.0000000 5 21 647.61905 6 17 17.8823529 6 21 709.52381-7 13 10.7692308 7 21 509.52381 8 17 7.6470588 8 21 1119.04762 9 8 5.2500000 9 21 1490.47619 10 16 53.8750000 10 21 2371.42857 -11 12 14.6666667 STATION N PC STATION N 3 DEN A 27 33.9259259 A 63 1425.39683 D 92 31.7934783 D 63 750.79365 G 51 26.3137255 G 56 996.42857 , - ~ - - , ,,-,-w,--,-- r,y y,v.-..- . , , - - , - - - .- - ..,,,,-%-..m . _ . - - - , . . . - _ , .- . - . . . - . .v---,, , , - - .. -, - _ .__ _ _ _ _ . m . _ _ . . _ , _ . - . - _ . _ . _ - _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ . . _ _ ._ _._ - ._ l TABLE 6.3-4 ANNUAL MEANS, BY STATION AND SAMPLING DATE,  ; FOR TRE SYk!NGODIUM DATA 510MA3 (3dryvt/m{) PRODUCTIjITY (3 dry vt/m / day) MEANS MEANS SD N STANDBIO SD N AVECROW 2 15 10.2613333 2 6 0.41666667 i 3 15 14.8266667 3 7 0.16483516 4 10 13.3760000 4 6 0.25595238 5 14 11.7314286 5 9 0.16559829 6 14 7.3028571 6 9 0.03819444 7 15 7.2320000 7 7 0.09047619 9 15- 3.5466667 8 9 0.23041311 9 15 19.9786567 9 9 0.46969697 10 15 24.7786667 10 9 0.73046398 STATION N STANDRIO STATION N AVECROW B 45 24.7680000 8 27 E 0.47418589 45 9.2195556 E 20 0.27076476 H 38 2.1094737 W 24 0.09641170 PERCENT COVER SROOT DEgSITY (No./. ) MEANS MEANS SD L' PC SD N BDEN 2 20 16.6000000 2 12 3 512.$0000 11 12.8227273 3 12 787.50000 4 13 39.2307692 4 8 837.50000 5 20 30.8500000 5 12 6 775.00000 23 43.7826087 6 12 683.33333 7 23 30.3260870 7 12 8 -712.50000 17 23.5294118 8 12 820.83333 9 26 22.5384615 9 12 1070.83333 10 23 45.8695652 to 12 1254.16667-11 17 15.1764706

STATION N PC STATION N BDEN B 85 38.9647059 8 36 1188.88889 E 84 23.9053571 E 36 740.27778 H 24 11.8125000 N 32 520.31250

. , r--v,.--.,,,.---..-,._ - _ - - - , , - . - - - , - - - - , , , , - I TA3LE 6.3-5 O ANNUAL MEANS, BY STATION AND SAMPLING DATE,  ! l FOR THE THA!ASSIA DATA B10 MAS !TY (3dryvt/m{) PRODUCT!{/ (3 dry wt/m day) MEANS MEANS SD N STAND 810 SD N AVEGE0W 2 15 21.4613333 2 9 0.41269841 3 15 19.8426667 3 9 0.16666667 4 10 16.6720000 4 6 0.26190476 5 15 10.3306667 5 9 0.13431013 6 12 6.0266667 6 9 0.04963235 7 15 3.6693333 7 9 0.06481481 8 15 2.9333333 8 9 0.19764957 9 15 11.8720000 9 7 0.51948052 10 15 34.1120000 10 9 0.64752568 STATION N STANDBIO STATION N AVEGROW c 45 30.0088889 C 25 0.38454299 /' F 44 6.7181818 F 27 0.24320132 1 38 4.1305263 1 24 0.17031086 PERCENT COVER SHOOTDEgSITT r (No./s ) MI.ANS MEANS SD N PC SD N BDEN 2 10 62.8000000 2 12 412.500000 5 9 41.6666667' 3 12 500.000000-6 8 44.1250000 4 8 443.750000 7 9 6.6666667 5 12 620.833333 8 9 23.1111111 6 12 562.500000 9 10 22.7000000 7 12 537.500000 10 10 25.7000000 8 12 487.500000 11 2 1.0000000 9 12 566.666667 10 12 666.666667 l FTATION N BDEN C 36 715.277778 ' F 36 443.055556 1 32 440.625000 O V .,w.y - --gv- . - - - -.,g.,, y. ,we.-- ,m w wmw p y.-.,,--pywy - . . , , ypg ,y,-,t.,.-9-y.++-a-- -y eg-r' v--yg-->-mp+. +6ep-e - + w l TA3LE 6.3-6 SPECIES OF M/.0ROALCaC COLLECTED R = RH1ZOPHYTIC ALCAE, ALL OT}tERS ARE CONSIDERED DRIFT ALCAE ' Division Chlorophyta Order Ulvales Family Ulvaceae Enteromorpha intestinails Enteromorg ccampressa Ulva tactula, Order Siphonales Family Caulerpaceae Caulerpa ashmeedit Caularps prolifera g Caulerpa paspaloides Caulerpa semicana" Family Codiaceae codius _taylori g Haliseda incrassata Penicillus capitatua Udotes g lutinata" Udotes flabellum" Order Dasycladales Family Dasycladaceae Acetabularis crenulata Bataphora oerstedi" Division Phaeophyta Order Ectocarpales Family Ectocarpaceae Ectocarpus siliculosus Ectocarpus intermedius Giffordia sitchelliae Order Dictyotales Faully Dictyotaceae Padina vickerslae Order Fucales Family Sargassaceae Sarmassue f11fpendula TABLE 6. 3-6 (Cont) O Division Rhodophyta Order Celiciales , Faulty Celidiaceae Pterocladia americana Order Gigartinales , Family Gracilariaceae Cracilaria debitis Gracilaria follif era var. anzustissima (= 0. tikvahtae) Gracilaria verrucosa crecilaria sjoestedtil Family Solieriaceae Aaardhiella tenera Faally Hypnesceae Hypnea muselformis Hypnes cervicornis , Order Rhodyseniales Family Champiaceae Champia parvula-Lomentaria bat 1'sy na Order Cerami?,lse Family Ceraniacent C6ntrocerse clavulatum _Controcates unidentified species ,Ceremiuu festiziatus Spyridis filamentosa FLaily Rhodomelaceae 3Jc nt_hnphora spicifett Chondria enicophylla Chondria sedifolin Chondria tenuissima Dimenia sinplex Laurencia intricot :* I Laurencia obtusa Laurencia poltei 7;i 7siphon:,a subtiliftigg a lysiphonia rammentaces 1 l TABLE 6.3-6 (Cont) Family Dasyaceae e Dasya pedicellata Dasya ramossissima 3 i e 'A- _ __ . - C L a a s --m.u-4--4.-%- . e um._a u suu u _uA u %u 4 = eu- &+emaA-w -m-=_4#ma4 uw J a, m *.m L i i O gs - ,, . . . . ~ 4-t - 4 0 - O - O o a- n o - - e.e - i

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a fe . ,2 a o es . g ii ii c e ~ WQIBBa% ~ m 6.4 SALT HARSH 6.4.1 Sampling and Laboratory Analysis Eight general areas for salt marsh study were specified in the original POS. Locations of the eight areas are shown in Figure 6.4-1. A reconsissance was made in each area to identify suitable stations. Final station selection was made after considering such factors as accessibility, thickness of the marsh floor, apparent marsh elevation, species composition, exposure and fetch, and overall marsh phy s io gnomy. Final station locations are described in Table 6.4-1. Four Juscus roemerianus and four Spartina alterniflora sites were situated at each station. Depending on local conditions at each station, the four sites for each species were deployed over different microenvironmental features such as shoreline vs marsh interior; low vs high marshes; creek bank vs uniform marsh; and pure stands vs stands intermixed with other marsh species. Site locations are given in Figures 6.4-2 through 6.(-9. Marshes were sampled during low tides. Stations 3-5 (Control, Midway, and Thermal), were accessible f rom land, while the other stations were accessible only by boat. Stations 3-5 were generally e-pled first during each sampling period. Thickness of peat at marsh stations was measured with a steel reinforcing bar driven by hand to resistance. At least 10 probes were made at each station. h Data were recorded to the nearest 3 cm. Marsh elevatians were estimated by correlating times and water depths at each marsh station at slack high water to simu'.aneous observations made at a staff gauge at the mouth of the dischargt canal. The gauge is registered to mean low water. Temperature was recorded continuously in one Juncus site and one Spartina site in each station, using Feabody Ryan Model J-90 (10-40 C) thermographs. Each unit was tethered to a concrete block and set on the marsh floor, then retrieved and replaced on subsequent sampling visits. Details of chart preparation and processing are given in Section 10.1.1. 2 All collections were made using 0.25 m quadrats. Three replicates were collected at each ei.te. Quadrat frames made of PVC vere deployed on the marsh floor at sampling sites in a checkerboard pattern. All plants were manually clipped at the surf ace of the marsh floor and placed in prelabeled bags. At the field station, plants were rinsed with f reshwater, counted, inspected for flowers or seeds, sorted into live, dead, and miscellaneous fractions, and bundled with nyinn netting. Each batch was labeled, dipped in mildeweide to arrest re s piration and fungal growth, and ai r-d ri ed . All material from a single collection was dried further in a solar hot-house equipped with auxiliary heaters until weight loss was at least 97 percent (as detenmined by oven dried subsamples). Batches were unbundled and weighed to the nearest 0.01 gram. Marsh samples occasionally bore epiphytic algal growth which was scraped f rom the shoots and preserved in 15 percent formalin f or later inspection. Motile 9 epif auna were collected when quadrat frames were set and again after plants were clipped. Animals were placed in p~elabled jars containing 15 percent 6-53 .-= . _ formalin in seawater and later identified and enumerated. Once a quadrat was clipped, all burrows in the area covered by the quadrat frames were counted, h A SAS CLM procedure was used to compare shoot densities (live and live plus dead), biomass (live and live plus dead) among stations, sampling dates, and for the station by date interaction. Burrow density and density of Littorina were compared spatially and temporally including a live weight covariate. Other covariates were explored as well. Tukey's HSD tests were used to compare means of station and time period of sampling. 6.4.2 Results Introduction This assessment is the fif teenth in a ceries of reports since 1974 on the subject of salt marsh thermal structure or response to therwal stress at Crystal River. Prior reports include Homer (1974), Young (197.), Klausewitz et al (1974), Florida Power Corporation (1975), Hornbeck (1978), Odum and Caldwell (1978), Goforth (1979), Goforth and Kosik (1980), Coggins (1980), Kosik (1981), Odum and Montegue (1981), Applied Biology (19821 1983) and Knight and Coggins (1982). Past salt marsh studies have produced a considerable volume of data and insight into salt marsh structure, metabolism, animal use, and response to thermal stress. Data collected in 1983-1984 address the geographical extent and nature of ths.rmal impacts, if any, on salt marshes in the vicinity of the Crystal River Power Station. The study also addressest (a) The gradient of t empe ra ture in marshes related to the thermal discharge; (b) Differences in standing crop, plant density, or invertebrate activity between previous thermal and control statiousi (c) Trents or patterns for standing crop, plant density or invertebrate activity at additional stations. liistorical data and evaluations of new data vill be considered separately for Spartina alterniflora and Juncus roemerianus. In each case, the evaluation treats standing crop (live, total), pit.nt densities, lengths, and flowering. Variables to be considered as measures of invertebrate activity include total species number, total faunal density, Littorina irrorata density, and burrow density. Between 1974-1981, pre- and post operational marsh studies conducted by the University of Florida included productivity and respiration measurements and other parameters required to model marsh system metabolism. Beginning with Applied Biology, Inc. (AM ) studies in 1981, mar-h studies have been limited l co structural analyses of plants and invertebrate studies. The ABI studies and the present investigation were based on the assumption that marsh l structure is a meaningful indicator of marsh system metabolism or that the ! measured parasmet ers are inde pendently useful indicators of envirorssental stress. Knight and Coggins (1982) reviewed four years of post-operational data and concluded that structural aspects such as shoot density had changed l in the rmal marshes in compens ation for metabolic adapi:ations to heat. l l 6-54 l Isolated measurements of marsh structure may be used as indicators of thermal G adaptation as described above, but metabolic e s t im a t e s cannot be pe rf ormed entirely on structural data. On the other band, marsh structure is useful as an independent indicator (Oviatt et al 1977). Four assumptions of the present study are that stations have been comparabi t both between and within studies; that sampling techniques have bec comparable and adequatet and that a gradient of temperature in marshes exists. but not other f actors capable of affecting the marshes. Each assumpt.i v. ii addressed separately in the following paragraphs. " Thermal" and " control" station locations have remained unchan_ ? first pos topera tional study by Hornbeck (1978). Young ('e control measurements at Negro Point south of all postoperir sites and also on the west shore of Luttrell Island. All "tre.w u . m in past studies coincide with the Thermal Station, and Con. . . . .. $ aquivalent to " control" sites used since 1977. Marshes used as controls for therusi impact comparisona are v
• i.W extent that all other relevant variables are the same as foun. < -
site. While no two marsh sites can be perfectly comparable, t' u ' dif ferences between them for several factors can be evaluated. Young (1974) stated that Control and Thermal sD .4 'ere approxbat dy th, .;- in elevation and species composition but gave nc daia. The Thenaal: m ' exposed to Crystal Bay and a long northwesterly fetch resulting , , J a r. G wave climates during winter frontal passages. sheltered to the northwest by the intake spoil and is exposed to the The Control Station - relatively quiet west-southvest. These differences are reflected by the steeper western shoreline at New Rocky Creek *han at the Control Station. Elevations of the Thermal and Control Stations have not been established by any study to date, but the f act that Rocky Creek has a higher water surface to marsh ratio than Cutoff Creek suggests that the thermal marsh is lower. Water levels were compared in each marsh to the tide staff at the POD. Mean Elevation, a above MLU Station Spartina Juncus Thermal 2.49 2.90 Control 3.45 4.05 Spartina marshes were lower than Juncus by about 15 cm, which is consistent with findings from several other studies (Daiber and Ganzman 1978). Both Thermal marshes were lower than the Control counterparts by about 30 cm. Salinities differ between the Thermal and Control Stations. In Quarters I and Ill mean surface salinity at the Control Station was less than 20.0 o/oo, comparea to mean salinities greater than 22.5 o/oo at the Thermal Station. g Six additional stations were sampled in 1983-84. completely sheltered, and Midway was protected to the northwest by the Upper Salt Creek was discharge dike. The Fence and Davis Island sta* ions were partially protected. 6-55 l Most marshes f ronted onto shorelines with mild to moderate slope, except Upper Salt Creek and parts of Davis Island. The mean elevation above MLW of all Spartina marshes van 0. 84 m (+/-0.22 m), about 0.12 m lower than the mean Juncus marsh elevation of 0.96 m (+/-0.22 m). The Thermal Station had mean marsh elevations near the overall means for Spartina and Juncus. Mean salinities bated on quarterly data varied f rom 12.5 o/oo to more than

22. 5 o/oo. The Thermal Station had highest mean salinities (greater than 22.5 o/oo). Davis Islend had consistently low mean salinity (12.5 -15.0 o/oo) due to the influence of the Withlacoochee River. The Thermal Station was a locus of high salinity surrounded 1y ticis of decreasing salinity both to the north and south. Salt Creek stations and Davis Island were shaded by nearby hammocks. Shading was greatest at Upper Salt Creek.

Overall, Thermal and Control Stations dif fer with respect to exposure and salinity and probably elevation. New stations in Salt Creek do not appreciably resemble the Control, especially due to an abundance of Distichlis spicata. Stations north of the POD represent approximat ely comparable marshes along a pronounced salinity gradient. Marsh standing crop and shoot denyity have been determined in 211 pre-and post operational stadiea with 0.25 m quadrats. Young (1974) determined that 9 Spartina and 5 Juncus quadrats maintained a minimum error of 15 percent about mean live and dead biomass (95 percent probability), and all subsequent studies until 1983 used the same sampling effort. Twelve quadrats were used in Spartina and Juncus marshes for the pres ent study to provide for greater coverage of microenvironmental differences such as proximity to creeks or intermixing of other marsh species. Intermixing is very common in marshes of g the region. For the 8 stations in this study, 25 of 32 total Spartina sites were pure stands, whereas only 14 of 32 total Juncus sites were pure stands. It is not known whether only pure stands of each species were sampled in previous studies. Counts and collections of invertebrates have been made by the same techniques in all studies. Penetration of the thermal plume into the salt marsh around New Rocky Creek was demonstrated by Carder (1971; 1972) and Homer (1974) for preoperational conditions. Youn3 1974) provided the first data on actual marsh temperatures and reported a 3-6[C increase in the " thermal" site over his Negro Island " control" site. Young also confirmed reports of 37 C temperatures in thermal marshes during summer. Hornbeck 1977) stated, " Water which flooded the thermally impacted marshes was 2.6"(- 7.2 C higher than that which flooded the control marsh". Apparently, there have been no reports of in situ marsh water t empera ture s since 1977,- essentially the entire postoperational period. Thermograph data for 1983-84 illustrate differences in marsh temperature between Thermal and Control Stations. Figure 6.4-10 is a comparison of mean daily temperature at the two stations for January 1984. Mean daily temperature at the thermal site exceeded mean control site temperature for nearly 75 percent of the month. The greatest temperature increase between paired meant, was 4.5 C. The mean monthly temperature of the Control marsh for January 1984 was 13.1 C (+/-2.1 C) compared to a monthly Thermal marsh mean of 14.0 C (+/- 3.1 ). Summer data for both stations were compared for August, the hottest month of 1983, based on temperatures during predicted slack high tides. Data were i l 6-56 l l taken from thermograph traces from August 5 - September 5,1983. Results are .( _ given in Table 6.4-2. Thermal marsh means were significantly higher than Control means for daytime, nighttias and all high tides in August. Overall, thermal marsh temperatures were increased more at night than dtring the day. Temperature of the Control Station Spartina march rose at low tide and f ell at high tide with relative stability during the night (Figure 6.4-11). The Thermal Station Spartina temperatures, on the other hand, exhibited the same cyclic temperature pattern but with an extra period of high temperature caused by the thermal plume at high tide. This phenomenon occurred during the night and day. The doubling of temperature cycles was evident at the Thermal Station in winter but with dampened amplitudes. Table t-3 susssarises high tide water temperatures in Spartina marshes north of th' vontrol Station for the period August 6-15, 1983. Units 1 and 2 were operational for all but a few hours then, and Unit 3 ran uninterrupted. The Thermal Station . was hotter during days, nights and overall than other stations. Patterns of mean daily and mean overall temperatures were similar. It was followed by northern stations and then the Control (in order of descending t emperat ure) . Mean nightly temperaturas were the s ame at all stations except the Thermal marsh, which was warmer by about 8*C. Thermal Station means had low or lowest standard deviations due to moderating effects of the thermal plume. Salt marsh stations were classified by thermal range in Table 6.4-4. S =partina marsh temperatures in winter were mildly warmer at Midway and Fence O = ci 4 4 r = 17 = rw 6 t t 4. 8 - effects were detectable at Midway and Thumb Island (in addition to the Thermal t-Station). Since Spartina marshes were lower (elevation) than Juncus marshes at each station, it is probable that Spartina data accurately reflect thermal discharge effects. Spartina Trends and Patterns Two way analyses of variance were conducted using live standing crop and live plant density as de pendent variables and time and s't a tion as inde pendent variables. The analyses vers performed once using all data for Spartina only in Spartina marshes and again for Spartina and Juncus combined, where they occurred. together in Spartina marshes. Sampling periods and stations contributed significantly to observed variance in all analyses, and so did station-time interaction terus (Table 6.4-5). Consequently, pairvise comparisons .of each parameter were made between sampling periods and between stacions using Tukey's studentized range (HSD) test, with alpha = 0.05 and confidence = 0.95. Results are shown sa network diagrams in which any stations or times connected by a line were significantly different at the 0.05 level. Standina Crop Figure 6.4-12 illustrates station differences for standing crop data compiled across all sampling periods. For the study as a whole, live weight of Spartina in Spartina marsh at Lower Salt Creek was significantly different than all other stations. Tha Ther: sal Station was like Rocky Cove , Thumb Island, and the Fence, but different than Control Stations and Davis Island. 6-57 Stations from Midway to Fence were alike but generally different than "end" stations. Figure 6.4-13 illustrates numerous differences betweea sampling periods for standing crop data compiled across all stations. Similarity of g July and September 1983, and January and March 1984 suggest seasonslity in live Spartina standing crop. Very distinct seasonality did occur as shown by Figure 6.4-14. Live Spsrtina weights increased in 1983 to maxima from October-December, then fell to minima in January-March. June and July 1984 weights were similar but significantly lower than sunuser 1983. This pattern was observed at all stations although 1983 means varied considerably. Thermal lower. Means at Midway, Thumb Island, and Fence vert between those at Control and Thermal Stations in 1983 and greater than e.ither in 1984, suggesting a gradient of stimulation centared at the Thermal Station. 1,ower Salt Creek and the Fence were similar and with Upper Salt Crr.ek had lower than average mean Sotrtina weights. Analyses were repeated with i , n;
• to sdded because intermixed marshes are coassonplace near Crystal P.a m- 1e and station were significant as independent variables (Table s .+ mens of similarity were exactly the same as for Spartina weights - 't w . %4-12 and 6.4-13) except that Davis Island became similar to . -
w a t C and Control. It may be concluded from these results that c m ' ,,*4 could be treated as either " pure" or " mixed" stands with reged . 'i W , figure 6.4-15 (combined live weight at thermal and control ste: zA a Nates that (a) means at each station are equal to or sligt. .y gr & tl-an their res pective counterparts in Figure 6.4-14 due to addition or live Juncus t (b) standard i deviations are relatively great despite suspie size of 12 due to the intentional effort to sample in different microenvironments at each station; l and (c) live weights at the Thermal Station were significantly greater than at the Control in some months of 1983 but none in 1984. h j Plant Density In the analysis of plant der.sity, both time and station were significant independent variables (Table 6.4-5). Figure 6.4-16 illustrates station differences for data compiled across all sampling periods. The network is l notably dif ferent than Figure 4.4-12, meaning that weight was not a simple consequence of density and that each paraseter may respond differently to the l same independent variable. Davis Island deneity means were unique; Control I was like its neighboring stations and Thermal and Fence were similar. The network of live density means during each period (stations combined) is shown in Figure 6.4-17. Seasonality in plant density was strongly indicated because periods at the end of 1983, when the growing season var over, were dif ferent team one another (suggesting rapid change). Seasonality was further indicated by the affinity of successive periods in 1984, once the new seasonal density of live plants was established. Trends in mean live Spartina density are illustrated in Figure 6.4-18. Means were at their highest in December 1983 and fell to minima in January 1984. Densities were steady in 1984 but trended downward to a level in July not significantly different than July 1983. The similarity of July means to January means suggests that baseline densities were established at the onset of the growing season. The Thermal Station had highest densities and was paralleled more closely by the Fence than other stations. Midway and Thumb Island had similar trends and their means were intetuediate between Control 6-58 i l l and Thermal stations. Salt Creek Stations and Davis Island had typically low O densities of live Spartina. The addition of live Juncus shoots to Spartina densities did not af fect the results of the ANOVA (Table 6.4-5) and had minor effects on station and time networks. As in the cane of live standing crop, Spartina marshes could be treated as either " pure" or " mixed" stands with regard to live density. Figure 6.4-19 (combined live plant and shoot density at control and Thermal Stations illustrates that (a) means are the same at Control and slightly more at Thermal in 1984 than their counterparts in Figure 6.4-181 (b) variances are not as great as for mean standing crop, meaning that density was affected less by microenvironmental changes; and (c) plant density at the thermal site was consistently greater than at the control and was usually significantly greater. Marsh Height At least 100 shoots were measured from each station in June 1984 when standing crop was high and densities stable (Figures 6.4-14 and 6.4-18). Results are shown in Figure 6.4-20. The inset shows that all but 4 comparisons were significantly different. -Live Spartina at the Thermal Station was significantly shorter than neighboring stations or Control. Davis Island was significantly caller t' nan all other marshes except Midway. Thumb Island and the Fence were intermediate in height between Thermal and Davis Island. Shoot Weight O Data on live standing crop and density can be combined to assess shoot weight if shoot lengths are comparable or if the mean weights per unit length of shoot are comparable. Because the preceding section showed that mean shoot lengths were significantly different between stations in June 1984, standing crop and density data for the same period were used to assess variation of weights per unit length (Table 6.4-6). . Mean weights per centimeter of live Spartina shoot ranged nearly twofold between means at Thermal and Midway Stations. The ranking of stations by shoot weight and standard shoot weight was essentially unchanged, meaning that-shoot weight in live Spartin,3a, is a valid condition index and does not need correction for length. Mean plant weights by station are shown in Figure 6.4-21. Salt Creek Stations and Davis Island wer. not plotted to simplify the figure. Shoot weights were highest in June-July of each year and lowest in January-March 1984. Mean weights - at Control Station were consistently greater than Thermal Station means. It is evident in comparing Figures 6.4-14 and 6.4-18 that standing crop affects shoot weights more than density with regard to seasonality but that density is more important in the relation of Control co Thermal Stations. Reproduction The incidence of flowering was seasonal at all Spartina stations except Davis Island, which had nearly continuous flowering (Figure 6.4-22). Flowering at the Salt Creek Stations and Control peaked in October. Flowering at the Thermal Station also peaked in October but continued into 1964. Flowering at \ stations near Thermal peaked in December. Overall, flowering peaks differed on either side of the intake canal and' mar she s near the Thermal Station flowered later in the year. . 6-59 Live and Dead Standing Crop and Density Standing crop of dead Spartina varies seasonally (Figure 6.4-23), doubling at the and of the growing season. More dead Spartina was present at the outset of the 1984 growing season at the Thermal Station than at Control but both declined through time. Two way ANOVA were performed on total (live plus dead) standing crop and density of Spartina, both with and without intermixed s pecies (Table 6.4-5). Time and station were significant as sources of variance. Total Spartina weight differences were identical to Figuri 6.4-13 except that Thermal and Thumb Island Stations were significantly dif ferent. Even when dead weights of other species were added, the only novelty was that Midway and Thumb Island became dissimilar. Thus, the Spartina marshes under study varied consistently with respect to standing crop and observed trends and patterns were the same whether dead tissues or other species were considered. A dif ferent result is obtained when temporal variation is considered. Figure 6.4-24 is a similarity network for total Spartina weight (and for total weight of all species) for each sampling period, averaged across stations. Figures 6.4-24 and 6.4-13 differ mostly with regard to summer conditions. Summer live weights differed from other periods, whereas summer total weights did not, and neither did weights for January 1984 because of the dead weight carry-over. Les; seasonality can be expected in total weight seasurements than live weight. . Mean total standing crop of Spartina varied as expected at all stations during the study (Figure 6.4-25). Total weights were greatest at the end of the growing season and lowest at the start. Annual variation was less definite thac for live weight (Figure 6.4-14). On the other hand, relative station h differences were more definite using combined total weight. For example, Lower Salt Creek, Control, and Davis Island were consistently lower than Thermal marshes or neighboring sita. Mean total weights at Control and Thermal Stations covaried but the latter had greater weights in 9 of 10 cases. Stations were significantly different in most months (Figure 6.4-26). The total (live plus dead) Spartina density network is the same as Figure 6.4-16 except that Midway and Thumb Island became similar. Adding counts of other dead shoots was unimportant; thus, total density is as useful as total standing crop. A breakdown by time (Figurs 6.4-27) indicates that seaconality patterns differed when dead shoots were considered (compare Figure 6.4-17). Overall, strong seasonality would not be expected in total shoot density, but differences between stations would be considered meaningful indices of marsh condition. Seasonal trends of total Spartina density at all stations are given in Figure 6.4-28. Mean total weights rose at all stations but Davis Island to their respective station maxima f rom December to March and then fell. Relative to Thumb Island, Control and Fence Stations had consistently higher total weights. Control and Thermal Stations covaried, but Thermal was always higher (Figure 6.4-29). O 6-60 Station Summary [h ~ Upper _ Salt Creek'is like Davis Island relative to live and total standing crop  ; of Spartina . but- unlike other stations. It was different than the Control - Station,c f or reasons - unrelated to the thermal discharge,! where Spartina f variables were concerned. ' + Live weight at Lower._ Salt'. Creek was similar to, but. usually lower than, at Upper Salt Creek. Density was similar to that at Control Station and Midway. . Lower. Salt- Creek Spartina marshes are more useful . than Upper Salt Creek as ' controls but'are not very similar to m'arshes at Control. No thermal effects were evident beyond ' the natuc ' influence of the Crystal River. The Control was similar to its _ neighbors relative to live plant density but dif fered f rom all northern stations relative - to standing crop Control had less dead material than Thermal. Density patterns in time were regular but values were lower: than those at any northern station except Davis Island. Marsh-heights in June 1983 woraz low but much higher than thermal marshes-(p , - greater than : .001) . _ Flowering _was typica, . This site is 'an imperfect control - for physical- reasonst however, it more closely resembles the Thermal Station than 'either Salt Creek ' Station; and it is not af fected by heated affluent.
• Use _ of- Control- as- a control for -Spartina assessments is therefere warranted ,
but can be supplemented by data from stations north of the discharge canal. ' Midway was unlike _ southern stations and Davis Island relative to live standing l crop but-similar to other northern stations. Mean- live densities- were like i~ . southern stations. 3easonally, weight
• at Midway _.were very similar- to weights 1, _ at - the Thermal Station, waereas deneities Lwere comparable to values at the >
Control Station.- Midway resembled controls in some regards and the Thermal Station in others. Overall it was a transitional Spartina marsh with' definite affinities to.the Thermal Station. The Thermal Station, wasllike its neighbors in standing crop but unlike more dis tant - stations.: It was like Fence for live plant-density but significantly different than all'other sites, and it had higher densities; through the study . period than = all other stations with the ~ esception of Fence in 1984. Marsh height and _ specific shoot weight- were' lower than _ any other. station, as was specific - shoot weight. Flowering began during the same period as Soortina at control Stations _ but lasted into January 1985. Otherwise, Thermal Station-Spartina' data were rarely intermediate. -Means vere usually extreme relative to_-_ other-: stations , . 'and ' the overall placement of Thermal Station Spartinn imarshes att the ; upper and of marshes on a - gradient of thermal response is justified.- r l Thdab - Island' Spartina . marshes - resembled Thermal marshes in terms of live

l. standing crop, but densities were always lower, usually between mean counts at l Control and Thnmal. The marsh was significantly taller than thermal marshes.

Flowering..was prolonged into December. and peaked about- 6 weeks later than controls.- Standing crop at Thumb Island was like that at Midway and Fence. Overall, ' the Thumb Island marsh was definitely related to the marsh at l Thermal; and was different than the controls. Fence was also different in standing crop free Control and Davis Island'and different in-density from all sites but Thermal. Seasonal changes in density 1: 6-61 were more similar to changes at Thermal than at any other station. Marsh height was above average but specific shoot weight was below average, like the Thermal Station. Flowering was limited to one episode in December, like h marshes at Midway. Fence had surprising affinities to Thermal, in some cases more so than Thumb Island, and is the farthest station f rom Thermal with evidence of thermal influence. Davis Island was the northernmost site and closest to the influences of the barge canal and Withlacoochee River. While different in all respects from southern stations , including controls, it is an accurate representative of low salinity, nonthermal marshes and helped to align Fence with the Thermal Station. 1 Juncus Trends and Patterns Two way analyses of variance were conducted using live standing crop and live . plant density an de pendent variables and time and station as inde pendent variables. Th.: analysse werd performed using all data for Juncus only in Juncus marshes and egain for Juncus and Spartina combined, where they occurred together in Juncus marshes. Sampling periods and stations co4tributed significantly to observed variance in all analyses of live data and some of the combined data bases (Table 6.4-7). Consequently, network diagrams were made for differences at 0.05 probability level, using Tukey's standardized Range Test. Live Standing Crop Figure 6.4-30 illustrates station differences for data compiled across all sampling periods. For the study as a whole, live Juncus weights at Control and Thermal Stations were significantly different than one another and all other stations. Midway was like Thumb Island and Fence among centrally located stations, and Salt Creek Stations were alike among distantly located sites. Overall, neations were more similar for Juncus live weight than for Spartina live weight. There- vere no significant dif ferences in live Juncus weight between sampling periode (averaged across stations), implying a lack of seasonality in this par amet er,. Scrutiny of Figure 6.4-31 reveals that seasonality is not strong but-.that weights at Upper and Lower Salt Creek and Control were low in winter, weights at Midway, Thermal, and Thumb Island were relatively consMat af ter September, and weights at Fence peakad in winter. There was considerable overlap of means and variances, but Control and Thermal Stations bracketed most station data at. .the respective maxima and minima (e.g., other station data were interinediate). Patterns of Juncus live weight therefore differ completely from Spartina patterns by lacking seasonality and by the control weights for Juncus exceeding thermal weights, whereas thermal Spartinaf outweighs its control (compare to Figure 6.4-14). About one in two sites within Juncus marshes at the 8 stations were interuixed with varying amounts of Spartina. Analyses were repeated using Spartina weights to assess their effect on the outcome of station comparisons (Figure l 6. 4-3 2 ) . Effects were significant, unlike the case where Juncus was added to ! spartina. Midway becmse different from all stations except Thermal and Thumb l Is 1.end , and Thermal became similar to neighboring stations. Moreover, several differences between sampling periods became significant (Figure 6.4-33). Opposite times in the growing season differed, although overall 6-62 O V seasonality was not enhanced (Figure 6.4-34). Although comparisons of live standing crop in Juncus marshes near Crystal River were affected by the ine'.usion of other species, overall relationships were less affected. For example, Figure 6.4-35 illustrates mean liva standing crop of all species at Control Station and Thermal Station. Compared to Figure 6.4-34, (a) Control was still greater than Thersal; (b) their covariance was the same; and (c) several mean diffetences were significant. Live Shoot Density Both time and station were significant as independent variables in the analysis of shoot density (Table 6.4-7). Figure 6.4-36 illustrates station differences for data compiled across all sampling periods. As in the case of Spartina density, the network is dif ferent than Figure 6.4-30, meaning that weight and density were separate indices of condition. The data indicate a gradient in shoot density since as control stations dif fer f rom Thumb Island, Fence, and Davis Island but not one another, and all neighboring stations were alike. Stations were more alike with regard to Jy eus density than Spartina density (Figure 6.4-16). !he network of live density means during each period (stations combined) is shown in Figure 6.4-37 and illustrates that May and June 1984 differed f rom 1983 but that seasonality in shoot density was not pronounced. In fact, densities at all stations were aseasonal but trended upward into 1984, accounting for the distinction in May-June of that year (Figure 6.4-38). The p) suggestion of latitudinal gradients in live density was confirmed by Figure t 6.4-38 because southern stations had consistently higher counts than corthern ones and central stations had intermediate counts. Addition of Spartina densities to Juncus densities affected station and time I networks (Figure 6.4-39 and 6.4-40, respectively) but had negligible effects ! on trends depicted in Figure 6.4-38. Addition of Spartina made stations l between Midway and the Fence more distinctive but the apparent difference of ! Control a d Thermal Station must be regarded as an artifact (Figure 6.4-41). I Spartina counts reversed the network of differences between time periods, l which was consistent with the high densities of Spartina at the end of the growing season. Overall, data indicate a latitudinal gradient in Juncus shoot density compared to a gradier.t in Spartina density which corresponds to the thermal gradient between stations. Addition of Spartina counts distinguishes central Juncus stations from distant onas for reasons attributable to Spartina seasonality. Marsh Height At least 100 shoots were collected from each station in June 1984 and l measured. Results are shown in Figure 6.4-42. The inset shows that all but 4 c otspe ris ons were significantly different. Live Juncus at Thermal was significantly shorter than at all other marshes. Thumb Island was similar to Midway and both were similar to Salt Creek marshes. Relative to Thermal, there was a trend both north and south of increasing height to a maximum, followed by lower marshes. Midway and Thumb Island were transitional between Thermal and distant stations. In these res pect s the height of Juncus, marsh was related better to distance f rom Thermal than Spartina marsh heights. 6-63 . - . _ ~ - - - .~ ~- - . . - , - - - - - . __ Shoot Weight Because mean'Juncus height in June 1984 was significantly different, weight O and density data were used to assess variation in weight per unit length (Table 6.4-8). Mean weight per centimeter of live Juncus shoot ranged from ' (0.015 to 0.021 g), a smaller amount than observed for Spartina. As expected, ranking of stations by shoot weight and standardized shoot weight did not cause large differences. Shoot weight in Jyneus does not need standardizing to compare stations, as was done in Figure 6.4-43. As in Figure 6.4-34 (live standing crop), Control and Thermal bracketed most other data. Midway and Thumb Island were clearly intermediate, and Fence covaried as Thermal but was more like Control than other stations. This condition index indicat es affinity of Thermal to its neatest neighbors (Midway and Thumb Island) but not to Fence or the Control. Reproduction The incidence of flowering was continual at low levels in control marshes and at Fence and Devis Island. Flowering at the Thermal Station was low and limited to May-June, with no flowering f rom July-Kirch. Midway flowered in September and May at low levels and Thumb Island flowered until September (Figure 6.4-44). Overall, Juncus flowered more of ten but at lower levels than Spartina. Live and Dead Standing Crop and Density Standing crop of dead Juncus was lowest in December and highest in January-February with a gradual decline during the growing season. Standing crop of dead Juncus followed the same pattern as Spartina dead weight (Figure 6.4-23), but total range and ' monthly changes - were considerably less for Juncus. Between station differences in dead Juncus standing crop were low. Two way ANOVA were made on total standhg crop and density of Juncus, both with and without intermixed species (Table 6.4-7). Time was not a significant source of variance for total standing crop of Juncus. This result is consistent with the non-seasonal aspect of live standing crop, and differs from Spartina for the same reason. Addition of dead weights did af fect.Juacus station differences whereas Spartina networks were unaffected. Station differences are given in Figure 6.4-45, which resembles Figure 6.4-30 except for the distinction of Davis Island. Comparing Figu e 6.4-46 to Figure 6.4-31 reveals a dampening of . station variation by the addition of dead . weights but mai ntecance of each station's relation to other statione. Overall, station relationships were not affected by consideration of dead material. Station differences were affected by addition of spartina total weights, L which was an expected result given the degree of intermixing (Figure 6.4-47). This network depicts statir similarity for total standing crop of intermixed marshes. Midway, Theru u and Thumb Island Stations were similar to one another but unlike more distant stations. The nature of this difference is illustrated in Figure 6.4-48. Total combined standing crop of Juncus marshes l was significantly greater at the Control Station than at the Thermal Station i during the 1983 and 1984 growing seasons, even when intermizing by Spartina 6-64 was considered. Thermal enhancement of intermixed Spartina did not of f set the O_ enermal reduction of Juncus standing crop. The total (live + dead) Juncus density network is the same as Figure 6.4-36 except that Midway differs f rom Thumb Island, and Control differs f rom Thermal Station. In all but one period, Control Station density was greater than Thermal Station density (Figurs 6.4-49). Thumb leland had lower total shoot density than the Thermal Station, but the fact that Davis Island also had lower shoot density provides evidence for the latitudinal gradient described earlier. Comparison of Figures 6.4-38 and 6.4-49 also points out the role of dead Juncus in establishing a seasonal cycle in shoot abundance, with maxima in summer and minima in December and January. It follows from these findings that total shoot density was a meaningful index of Juncus marsh condition; that station dif ferences occurred; and th9t, relative to thermal ef fect s, total density was lower at stations neare. the discharge canal than at more distant stations. Station Surmaary Upper Salt Creek resembled most stations in live standing crop and densities of Juncus, but not the Control or Thermal Stations. It also dif fered from Thermal, but not Control, with respect to live standing crop and densities. Marsh height was average and flowering was typical. Intermixing was common in Upper Salt Creek so combined Juncus and Spartina data were above average. Overall, Upper Salt Creek was a vigorous Juncus marsh more similar to Lower S alt Creek than to Control, but it could be compared to Davis Island, where O tinicie w re iso to - Lower Salt Creek was like Upper Salt Creek for live weight and like the other controls for density. It was consistently different than Thermal and Thursb Island relative to thes e paraneters Lower Salt Creek had tall Juncus and typical flowering , and was structurally more like northern stations than Control Station. Control was significantly different from northern stations with regarc' to all measures of standing crop and usually bracketed standing crop at other stations as an upper limit. Standing crop but not density was significantly greater at Control than Thermal during the growing season. Marsh height and shoot weight were above everage and flowering was typical. Midway was like Thumb Island with respect to all measures of standing crop but had higher values than the Thermal Station, at times significantly so. It was usually different than Cortrol and the Fence Station. In both weight and density, Midway was average, between Control and Thermal. The marsh was shorter than at Control but taller than at Thermal; it was not significantly different in height than Thumb Island. It was also intermediate between Control and Thermal with respect to shoot weight and the cessation of flowering in 1983. Overall, Midway was a thermally affected station relative to structural measures of condition in Juncus , but was affected less than Thumb Island when both were compared to the Thermal Station. The Thermal Station differed f rom Upper and Lower Salt Creek and Control in most comparisons and from at least two of the sites in all comparisona. The significance of its differences from neighboring stations de pended upon 6-65 whether dead Juncus and Spartina was included. Standing crop differed most from Control during the growing season. Marsh height and shoot density were lower at Thermal than at any other station and flowering was reduced to the greatest extent. Conditions at the The rmal Station were extreme in all h comparisons and must be attributed to the influence of thermal enrichment. Thumb Island always differed from Control. With respect to standing crop and density, it was like Thermal and of ten covaried in the same manner. The af finity of Thumb Island to Tence depended on whether dead material or any Spartina was included. Juncus height was lower at Thumb Island than at any other station but the Thermal Station, and flowsring patterns resembled those at Midway. Overall, conditions in Juncus- at Thumb Island resembled conditions at the Thermal Station more than at any other station, and the station should be included as a thermally influenced station. The Fence dif fered significantly from the Thermal Statica relative to any form of standing crop. Values of standing crop were lower than values at Control, and Fence differed from Control in density when Spartina was excluded. Weight trends at Fence were out of phase with other stations and density trends were more erratic than average. Aarsh height and shoot weight at the Fence were higher than elsewhere; flowering was typical. Davis Island bore no consistent relationship to any station for stan' ding crop but was lower than average or lowest in shoot density. Perhaps the most interesting feature of Davis Island was its similarity to Thermal, Thumb Island, and Fence Stations and difference from controls or midway when only Juncus was considered, and the reverse (similarity to controls) when Spartina was added to the comparison. This result was due to intermixing in Juncus marshes north of the intake canal and the complicating influence of the Withlacocchee River. Burrow Density Trends and Patterne-An analysis of variance was performed on burrow density data for all stations and sampling periods (Table 6.4-9). Time, station, marsh type and live weight of plant material were significant sources of variatfon in burrow densities. Average burrow density in Juncus marshes was. {58/m (N = 948) compared to burrow density in Sgartins marshes of 139/m (N = 947). Because this difference was highly significent, the remaining data are presented for Spartina and Juncus sepa rately. The network of significant differences between overall station weans is shown in Figure 6.4-50. The Thermal Station was different than distant stations, other than the Control. Thumb Island was different from all stations but the Thermal Station. Trends through time showed more definite patterns (Figure 6.4-51). Samples taken in 1983 dif fered from one another and from 1984 samples, whereas 1984 samples were similar to one another but different from those taken in 1983. This pattern suggests a seasonal trend in which changes through time were more rapid in 1983 than in 1984 As Figure 6.4-52 illustrates, seasonality was pronounced for burrow densities in Spartina marshes. Overall, density increased through the Spartina growing season and peaked in October when sea level was highest. Average densities were lowest from December to February and trended gradually upward in mo.:t cases, accounting-for the pattern depicted in Figure 6.4-51. Compared to the Thermal Station, Midway and Thumb Island were most similar. l t 6-66 l l (~' Station differences in Juncus marshes are depicted in Figure 6.4-53 and very \-- closely resemble the network shown in Figure 6.4-50, escept that the Thermal Station became different than the Control Station, and Midway differed from the Fence. Burrow densities varied between stations in a manner not dependent upon marsh type. Comparison of Figures 6.4-54 and 6.4-51, which Figure 6.4-54 res embles in essential elements, leads to the conclusion that seasonal patterns in burrow density were also independent of marsh type. As in Figure 6.4-51, 1983 samples in Figure 6.4-54 dif f er f rom one another and f rom 1984 periods, whereas 1984 sampling times are like one another but dif f erent than 1983 sampling periods. Seasonality suggested by Figure 6.4-54 is demonstrated in Figure 6.4-55. Figure 6.4-55 and 6.4-52 are similar insofar as maximum densities occurred in October and minimum densities occurred in January. The rate of density increases during the first half of 1984 was greater in Juncus marshes than in Spartina marshes. Thumb Island and the Fence exhibited a close covariance in Juncus marshes, and both had higher densities for most periods relative to the Thermal Station. Thus, burrow densities and Juncus marshes at Thumb Island and the Fence showed a greater response relative to the Thermal Station than did burrow densities in Spartina marshes at those two s tations. Distant stations had low burrow densities compared to the Thermal Station, and Lower Salt Creek and Control had average densities with reduced seasonality. Overall, burrow densities in Juncus marshes were better indicators of station differences than burrow densities in Spartina marshes. Elevation and the pattern of burrow seasonality in Juncus marshes is attributed to annual ,-~ variation in sea level which affects the Juncus marshes considerably more than (~ Spartina marshes growing at lower elevation. Station differences in burrow density within Juncus marshes can be interpreted relative to thermal ef fects with greater confidence due in part to the tidal sorting of thermal loads. No useful patterns were found in plots of Spartina or Juncus live standing crop against burrow count when station means or means per sampling periods were used, except for an affinity in the covariance of live Spartina weighte and burrow count between the Thermal and Thumb Island Stations, and between Midway and the Fence relative to Upper and Lower Salt Creek and Davis Island. Littorina Density Patterns and Trends Littorina density data are summarized in Table 6.4-10. Perivinkles were more abundant in Spartina marshes than Juncus marshes, and the Fence Spartina marsh supported very high densities throughout the year. In the Spartina marshes, Midway had above average densitie.s and Thermal densities were below average, like Lower Salt Creek. Mean densities for Midway, Thermal, and Thumb Island Stations were greater than means for Salt Creek and Control Stations in every quarter but spring 1984. Overall, thermally related eff ects on Littorina density in Spartina marshes were erratic and stimulatory if present at all. Littorina density in Juncus marshes was considerably lower than in Spartina marshes except at Thumb 1sland. Fence Juncus had very f ew periwinkles, in contrast to high densities in Spartina marshes at that station. Mean density of Littorina in southern stations was not significantly greater than densities at stations with other indications of thermal influence. a l l 6-67 l Epiflora Patterns _and Trend Too few shoots of eicher marsh species were co11seted for meaningful intepretation, other than to mention that no algae were reported from thermal or Thumb Island Stations. The shoreline between Thermal and Fence Stations was inspected in June 1984 for evidence of macroflora. None was found south of the Fence. The only attached epiflora found in this seg:nent was filamentous blue green algae. Information on epiphytes within the marsh interior was not collected. 6.4.3 Impact Assessment Int roduc t ion Studies conducted both before and after construction of Unit 3 at Crystal River have demonstrated long term differences in the structure of Spartina and Juncus marshes near the point of dischasge and at a site south of the intake canal. In studies conducted between 1974 and 1981, the relationship of marsh structure and productivity was dor.umented, and monitoring programs thereaf ter focused on trends and patterns of particular structural features shown to be useful measures of marsh condition. The historical Themal and Control Sites differ with regard to exposure and salinity and probably elevation. New stations in Salt Creek do not appreciably resemble Control and will not be considered further. Stations between Midway and Fence represent approximately comparable marshes along a gradient of temperature and salinity. influence of the Wichlacoochee River. Davis Island was within the regular h Thermal data generated in this study for temperatures in the salt marsh represent the first such information since operation of Unit 3. Plume effects were evident in winter and in summer. Winter temperatures at Thermal, Thumb Island, and Fence Stations were different than c.ontrol temperatures. In the summer, temperatures at Midway, Theraal, and Thumb Island Stations were above background levels. Thus, possible thermal effects were evaluated at Midway, Themal, Thumb Island, and Fence. Spartina Data from Midway, Thus,, Island, and the Fence Stations were compared - to the Themal Station with respect to standing crop, density, height, shoot weight, and flowering (Table 6.4-11). Midway resembled the Thermal Station and differed from control stations with regard to standing crop and flowering patterns. Thumb Island standing crop and flowering were af fected the same way, but values of live density and shoot weight were transitional between those of the Them41 Station and those at control stations. It is interesting that Fence marsb heights showed no effect and in this respect were similar to Midway and Thumb Island, but ceber parameters resembled the Thermal Station more than Thumb Island. Fehw Juncue marshes did noC exhibit similarities to Themal marshes equal to those in Spartina. Studies in Spartina marshes north of the intake canal reveal similarities 3 among Thermal and adjacent stations. Effects were noticeable more to the W north at Thumb Island and the Fence than to the south at Midway. The linear shoreline affected by thermal effluent extenda northward to a point near the Fence, on Luttrell Island. 6-68 i Juncus Relative to the Thermal Station, Midway stending crop was different with regard to trends but the values were similar (Table 6.4-11). Live densities at Midway were transitional between Control and Thermal Stations, but total densities were higher than those at the Thermal Station. Marsh height was low and, shoot weight was higher than at the Thermal Station, but trends through time were synchronous. Flowering was reduced, similar to that at The%b Island. Thumb Island had a live standing crop trend similar to that at the Thermal Station in 1983. Total density was not like that at the Control Station. Marsh height was low and intermediate between that at Thermal and Fence Stations. Flowering was reduced, not as much as at the Thermal Station but similar to that observed at Midway. Fence hve standing crop was high, not at all like that at the Thermal Station. Live densities at Fence were like that at Thumb Island and Davis Island, whereas total densities were similar to Thumb Island and lower than Thermal. Reference was made in preaeding sections to the apparent gradient in live shoot densities within funcus marshes which corresponded to a latitudinal gradient. No dif f ereact in this parameter other than the latitudinal gradient could be detected. Catsparisons sunmarised by Table 6.4=11 were based on total densities. Overali, Juncus marshes at the Thermal Station exhibited structural characteristics consistent with those observed in previous studies, and ths Themal Station is therefore classified as a thermally affected station. Flowering in Juncus marshes at Midway was affected, and in this regard the Juncus and Spartina marshes there were similar. Other l parameters for Juncus varied inconsistently with Spartina parasseters, but it

appears that Midway was thermally af f ected.

Juncus marshes at Thumb Island closely resembled those at the Thermal Station, whereas marshes at the Fence exhibited no thermal effects. Juncus marshes at Midway, therefore, are intermediate in terms of thermal impact between Thumb Island and the Fence. Thumb Island structural features all showed similarity to those at the Thermal Station, although the extent of standing crop response was not as great. In contras t, no similarities in ctanding crop, height, shoot weight, or flowering could be seen at the Fence and only total densities seemed affected. Overall, Fence Juncus marshes did not seen affected by thermal offluent. Elevation differences in Spartina and Juncus marshes at the Fence may be retponsible for the differential results of this study. Spartina marshes are exposed to the water column for a longer period of time than the higher Juncus , marshes. Since heated waters accumulate in the northern portion of Crystal Bay and move northward on flood tides, it is possible that Spartina marshes at l Fence were af fected diff erently than Jureus marshes. The same explanation would not apply to effects observed in the Spartina marshes of Thumb Island. The evidence generated by this study for structural features of Juncus marshes } is consistent with the finding for Spartica marshes that thermal ef fects are l evident at Midway in Rocky Cove. Juncus marshes at Thumb Island were definitely affected, but the transition between affected and unaffected marshes is located between Thumb island and Luttrell Island. This delineation of impact applies only to the marshes fringing the coast and not to the marsh interior. 6-69 REFERENCES FOR 6.4 Applied Biology, Inc. 1982. Crystal River Benthic Coommunity Structure Study. Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program Annual Report, 1981. h Applied Bilogy, Inc. 1983. Post Operational Ecological Honitoring Program, Crys tal River Units 1, 2, and 3, 1977-1981. Sunusary Report. Decatur, Georgia. Coggins, W. F. 1980. Comparison of selected preoperational and operational measurements, Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3, Annual Report 1979. Volume II. Florida Pover Corporation. 1975. Summary Analysis and Supplemental Data Report to the Interagency Research Advisory Committee. Coforth,C. 1979. Commmunity metabolism of the marsh ecosystana. Post Opera-tional Ecological Monitoring Program, Crys tal River Units 1, 2, and 3, Annual Report 1978. Volume II. Coforth, C. and J. J. Kosik. 1980. Community metabolism of the marsh eco-systems. Post Operational and Ecological Monitoring Program Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3, Annual Report 1979. Volume II. Homer , M. 1974. Characteristics of tidal creeks receiving thermal discharge. Section 43 in Vol. I, Crystal Rf.ver Power Plant Environmental Considerations, 1974. Hornbeck, D. A. 1978. Marsh metabolism messarements. In: Annual Environ-mental Operating Report - Noaradiological 1/14/77-12/31/77. Supplement I. Klausewitz, R. H., S. L. Palmer, B. A. Rodgers, and K. L. Carder. 1974. Natural heating of salt marsh waters in the area of the Crystal River Power Plant. Technical Report No. 3, Vol. III, Crystal River Power Plant Environ-mental Considerations, 1974. Knight, R. L. and W. F. Coggins. 1982. Report of estuarine and salt marsh metabolism at Crystal River, Florida 1977-1981. Final Suassary Report. Univ. of Fla., Gainesville. Kosik, J. J. 1981. Coassunity metabolism of the marsh ecosystem. Ch. 6, In: Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3, Annual Report 1980, Vol. II. G 6-70 'Odum,.H. T. and J. Caldwell. 1978. Comparison of selected preoperational and operational measurecants. pp. 11i-160 In: Annual Environmental Optrating Report - Nonradiological 1/14/77-12/31/77. Supplement I. Odum, H. T. and C. Montague. ,1981. Comparison of selected preoperational and operational measurements that changed by more than two standard deviations, Ch. 7. In: Post Operational Ecological Monitoring Program, Crystal River Units 1, 2, and 3. Annual Report 1980, Vol. 11. Oviatt, C. A. , .S. W. Nixon, and J. Garber. 1977. Variation and evaluation of coastal salt marshes. Environ. Mst.. 1(3):201-212. Young, D. L. 1974. Salt marshes and thermal additions at Crystal River, Florida. Section 4F in Vol. I, Crystal River Power Plant Environment al Considerations, 1974. O , O. 6-71 TABiz 6.4-1 SALT MARSH STATION DESCRIPTION Approx.. Elevation Thickness of Marsh Floor of Avg. Summer en above MLW Marsh Floor , _. Ht, cm Stctica Name Aspect' Spartina Juncus a Horizon
• Spartina Juncus 88 140 1 Upper Salt Creek Sheltered well-scoured creek, steep 118 116 1.5(29)0 135*
banks; near haassocks 49 82 140* 91 140 2 Lower Salt Creek Spartina sites exposed, Juncus 1.0(10.3) sheltered; mild banks , much Distichlis. 3 Control Sheltered to north by intake canal 106 122 1.0(10.3) 180 82 1 71 levee, exposed to west; .drif t algae seasonally abundant. 4 Midway Sheltered by intake & discharge 67 118 1.5(+0.5) 170* 98 .43 canal levees; relief affected by historical filling. Dee ply incised creeks. 79 134 5 Thermal Similar to Station 1, sheltered to 76 86 1.1(31 0) 180 south by discharge canal levee, mild relief on open shore; steep creek l banks. 6 Thumb Island Sheltered by Thumb Island; low 79 76 0.7(20.2) 180* 88 140 relief across dissected marsh. 7 Fence Sheltered b st subject to tidal 85 79' l.3(20 8) 180 88 171 currents; some sites on a deep creek; haimmocks nearby. 8 Davis Island Sheltered, with steep to gently 94 88 1.4(20.6) 165 107 171 sloping banks; hassaocks nearby.
• Horizon ref ers 'to the solar are between 090* and 270*, an estimate of relative insolation potential.
G 9: O l i '/^\ U Table 6.4-2 Mean water temperature at slack high tide for the period August 5-September 5,1983 at Crystal River Salt Marsh Control and Thermal Sites. Data are O C. Control Thermal N Days 28.3 f 3.5 34.2 t 1 9 28 Nights 22.8 4 1.4 32.9 + 1.7 28 All times 25.0 4, 4. 9 23.6 + 1.9 56 labic 6.4-3 Mean water temperature at slack high water near Crystal River, August 6-15, 1983. 3 4 5 6 7 8 y3,l ues,_ C Control Midway Thermal Thumb Island Fence Davis Island Day Mean 28.1 29.3 33.9 32.4 28.4 28.0 Sd 3.1 2.1 1.8 3.7 2.8 0.9 10 10 10 10 10 10 N Night Mean 23.8 24.9 33.3 23.6 24.5 25.0 Sd 1.5 1.1 0.7 1.6 2.3 1.7 10 10 10 10 10 10 N Overall Mean 25.9 27.1 33.6 28.0 26.5 26.5 Sd 3.2 2.8 1.4 5.3 3.2 2.0 20 10 20 20 20 20 N 0 t O Table 6.4-4 Thermal characteristics of salt marsh stations, k> Temperature Range, UC Winter Summer Station (December-February) (June-August)

1. Upper Salt Creek >14.0 <30.0

2. Lower Salt Creek >14.0 <30.0

3. Control' 13.5-14.0 <30.0

4. Midway <16.0 <31.0

5. The rmal >20.0 32.5

6. Thumb Island 18.5-20.0 >31.5

7. Fence 15.5-16.5 <30.0

8. Davis Island 15.5 <30.0

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l i j - <_-_,.,_-..m.--,,... - , _ - . . ,-... .,- _ _,_...,,_ _c ~ ,- -~ ,...- . . . . . _ _ _ . - . , _ _ . . _ . . _ - . . . . , _ , , . _ . . Table 6.4-7 tuntinued, t . r . . e.. .n . . t .. I. t . . , , , , , , , , , , i 1, , . . , ,,,, i l , i,,,,,,,,,,,,,m,,,a.... i ve ut t'n o f e . simisset C.v. tweis t et siel id nie mi s la wl titwit 0.9,0, e toi. 9 .l.ttt, ..,1,1 .it,.e,9 ,0 9.99900,,9 ..le Wis'l St~.t '9E IWt 84 A8r l oisit ui aff lengste 8tilitit li9t 4:198488 38.fi49874% 69.41981199 teveult ti ti ei.# 44 t i. 8 lt90ste sittittli Ps e t DF lirt Big ss i vat ut #n e i Sinen t et l i e' t i et f vuut 9 $tlip.et994t*t 4.11 4.9001 l o st t ht t 99. legt.ess t 8ft e.ttel 84.08 9.lt98 l*ttet .lf te9 649 14.80 6.etti f $46946.99689968 99411 #4 # 43 398038.89494488 4.41 0.9619 I H2 st e AI Del di lifete.ft99 tift 6.48 f.elte pt re seis itt wantasu r e .Duu mies e ..l ei l .l. ...n l l y i n .tunuse m.ii ntee.n. f vet.t te e i s . Plane t C v. est test ut t's,saset t it N1 06*f staset t t, teen 0.tgellt et.tsis lesenal.4tentoff 19449.83848884 3.94 tWL te Wuvf Het 9HelH 'W W4 osi etIfits.mt e at #99 90ta.9494Dllt f itnese 88+88898888 l'8 H*8*888 tisierttle totas 994 3118444.64989850 ffPI Ill 59 i WM 488 P8 e t 7 vM ut Pe 6 7 9F trimet t of lert i 31 Insett.8ittilft 3.48 9.6944 lle#01.tletoalt 3.se 4. teel e 19,00 9.4001 11i2 e e.6968 i ellete 9/386418 9 6 Af fist f e# 4#9.tettst*9 It.St elettt.tellesbt 4.98 0.0008 altitt,telleret 1.te f.etti #3 t ied e t l e t tial el Dirt fe's lil V ANI Alt t t .l .H H '10 H Ha l ! h t e l l n.t l l Wel .leH6tall y l 11 .ItH66'esn m.s t Hlu?tt . t W At ut em a f e.m samt C.v. scsH t et +nel . in moweri ew we tissaat 9.00 9.6098 4.8144056 196.9669 MZ'll 19 t4? f't.bflill f t 304.63918960 piast er.t t lytttil Hinst l eitet e tt Iglig 49g9 pef 6 It . lblet te l 4.p%Itsett 3.69tpitge risiert ( se e talal S t. ) 1.ntag filmasjt PN 6 t strt Ill $1 t v4t4 t's e i Susaar t Dt lurt i SS f VN ut De f.to 4.0006 9 fift.65f48840 f.99 9.Stel t ir4 9 telt #96tetti 14 fit ettlftli 41.60 0.0008 S t ei lls' I leitt.96%ftee9 el.30 0.0004 5 3.6f 0.0006 4418.8 9%9 39 t4 4.tf 9,$tti of 44tl.8965J9ff t ilN ell Alli8l 43 OtttieHut woulasutt .lusatve n.nl O psal in.i toln! ilunmit y in Juswiisi m.it sitivft. t-e # 7 9 3' annat C.y. Di sist inr Sitwits tW MI 9.nannt t W ALUt Sileif t 0.0006 0.351358 le 3954 cDil. 79 ottlet.ltibette 116tS.449eltf6 3.1% t e lli t t .f;4 04 6804 8998.64415189 6tiut ttst 1stellt faul (Mol8 til 3gtetts.estlettg 64,g909e004 Ilt.66te1646 t fmult il e t u s AL. Stt to a F 97 tttt 811 33 P vuut te e i Suisit t et litt 3 $3 7 v4ut 9.telt 9 15$6f.ftsletti f.el 4.44)I 1 tut t it.d#f.98948843 f.at 19.51 4.4008 19.54 4.0001 1 460989.49878160 S t al itti 1 4499 f e . lee 99914 t.Gett 390gti.tattgt41 f.97 9.6444 43 19e599.99819989 f.el I llit eil ti lial dj O O Table 6.4-8. Shoot weight and specific weight of Juncus in June 1984. Weights in grams and grams /cm, respectively. Shoot Specific Shoot Station Weight Rank Weight Ra'nT 1 2.2 7 .015 8 2 2.3 6 .015 7 3 3.2 2 .019 2 4 2.5 5 .016 5 5 1.9 8 .015 6 6 2.7 4 .018 3 7 3.6 1 .021 1 8 2.8 3 .017 4 'O Note shoot- average weight in grams of individual shoots specific shoote grams per centimeter of shoot O Table 6.4-9 Analysis of Variance for Burrow Density. GElitR7a L1!iEA2 isCCELS FECCECtSE DEPEroE*af VA91AELE: CEff R -50 TEA E C.V. F vaLUE PR > F ~ StJa CF 5 Cut.NES ttEnt %UAEE 500ECE CF 0.412554 34.9042 15.52 0.0001 3 31469.52838145 41849.87229733 e2 CEtt I!!M4 P.COEL ROCT tt3E 4621472.62729137 2494.72*93338 1812 148.77869182 Esaca 51.93003e01 lesg 8318142.35547483 . CCn:ECTED TOTAL F VALUE FR > F PR > F CF TYPE III SS T7PE I 55 F VALUE 5003Cg CF 54.17 0.0501 , 0.0001 9 1343306.45252735 a.0001 1444e21.99475243 46.44 445123.9772%e05 35.25 9 0.0001 7 0.0001 T13 tE 475192.94917944 35.77 1 59374.51159099 20.14 Sit.T 10rt 3 42.90 0.0301 . 2.47 0.0903 1 149426.75299059 0.1119 1 1794.23212453 0.092s TYPE 4820.92449851 2.53 1 24159.05240926 a.94 TriOLIVE 1 12.27 3.0005 5.18 0.0001 1 33075.'3341870 0.0031 43 6605%9.17119178 THTLivE 43 e80549.17114178 5.18 I T1ttE.5 ? AT1 cts l i l l Table 6.4-10. Littorino density in Syartina and Juncus marshes  ! O # ear cristai aiver-A. Sgartina, l 2 Littorina Dens _i_ty, No./m at Station , _ , , Quarter 1 2 3 4_ 5 6 _, J_ , , 8_ , j  !! 1983 5.2 4.3 0 6.0 11.3 3.6 54.3 4.3 L 111 1983 6.0 0 0.6 15.3 0 1.0 61.6 7.0 l !Y 1983-1984 1.7 0 0.3 3.6 0 2.0 33.0 3.0 1 1984 3.6 0.6 1.0 10.3 3.3 0.6 44.8 1.6 11 1984 3.6 45.6 0.6 10.3 0 1.3 32.6 1.0

8. Juncus Quarter _ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

'I 11 1983 1.0 7.6 0.6 0.6 11.3 2.6 1.0 5.6 til 1983 1.0 2.3 0 0.3 0 0.6 0 8.0 !V 1983-1984 2.0 1.6 0 0.3 1.6 1.3 0 0.6 1 1984 2.0 0.6 1.3 0.3 0.3 0 0 1.0 O ii 1984 i3 26 io i6 23 2o o o6 1 l l O 1 Table fi.4-ll. Sunnary of impacts at Stations .1-7. O STATION ~ S E. . . . . . . l'35?ln.C.L T ~ ~~ ' ~ ~ ~~ 6' 6 Y ~~ Spartina Standing Crop Thermal Thermal Thermal thernal Live Density No effect Thermal Transitional Thermal licight No effect Thermal No effect No effect Shoot Weight No effect Thermal Transitional Thermal flowering Thermal Thermal Thermal Thermal Juncus Standing Crop No effect Thermal Transitional No effect Total Density No effect Thermal Thermal Transitional Height Transitional Thennal Thermal No effect Shoot Weight Transitional Thermal Thermal No effect riowering Thermal Thennal Thermal No effect g \ O

%, ,/

. .'; n ,...,4;.gQ}l. ltJ . a 4 . ./ 4. ..a , n _ .x ,,l J [ L .. . :.  ; -= -i u.T.w n . r i 'k ~ ,'. f Eh #j" d ig> d% 4l ~q 6 $v n%$ af % f $ . { h } l g*: ...- \^ 0 s . , f , ' s g- ['\ e - g .- jiy o g e. b L \ c \ 6 2g l *{ 7h . 2i S - E I3 I $ * ' E s 1: p 3i ., - ' [ E l - '~ .1 .l Q o o . _. . . _ _ . .. - _. - - - ._ - ._ _ _ _ _ - - . _ - ~. O -

e.

 ;. u P; .,.. g . .: . .t. *. ~ ~ . . . .. Q l: .. . .y .1 F .i , t e
• a.
.~. .. . a..,...,.............,. .,..~... . .s: ... .j1 g4_ . 5 8 ' .,.,h, . - .i ' ' S' . . ., k, .'. . **.f "~' '. j._.. .. . g - ( '. . :':J3.* t:.l. ) . ~- .... .. .. . . . .... : .w. ... t.. . ....

.. ,a;;". J2 .

.? y g ; ,. . . . . .' . v , . ,; s . , 't..

's . .:,

Gtg :.,; , .: s... : c.. . ' . .. 4 ,. . . . , e. .....l .g 9 cf .7,, t. "1: : . ."., , , , ' . .?, , ,'g. .v. .... ,-

.. - .. ,l.

's.* r: <.,':::. , f,,'. . STATION 1; UPPER SALT CREEK S Spartina = Site location i J
• Juncus Q.Denotesthermograph 4
l \ FICURE 6.4-2 STATION 1 I M'.RSil SITES l CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUUil:S l I PLORIDA PCMER CORPOHATION I I I . ~ . _ . . -. . . . .~. N - m ..

n. .

,- .. i. u j . :d .. p .' . . . . .s I c. :-

c. .

i 0.t .* ',r.. - S3 . - .. .1.n . . Q Crock San c. . S1 ' . _  ;, . p O 34 - JL W J2 i. h.* J3

f. ' .

J4

,.(- 'i i STATION 2; LOWER SALT CREEK ~ S = Spartina = Site location J = Juncus h=Denotesthermograph FIGURE 6. 4-3 STATION 2 MARSH SITES CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES FLORIDA POWER CORPORATICt1 I s O . , .? . ., \ - ), , .  : ggo Canal . . . _ i,.? . . . y. 31 .....,~ .

,s. . . - . ..., _

'.rJ - (12; Ls3 . t , .... .

i. .. r , - ~

S4 - J4 S3 - - S1 - g f . g ,,4 1 .

u. . . , : . . . , . -

1 lI 'I(;... , . . k... ' -c' N ,..'.. t .i .ir .. . .s.. STATION 3: CONTROL S = Spartina . {=Sitelocation' J = Juncus Q=Denotesthermograph l 1IGURE 6.4-4 ! STATION 3 l 1 MARSil SITES i CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES l FIORIDA POWER CORPORATION I l , w - -- N ., ( . }:.: . . M ', ,.

g. . ._ .- _z_. .. . . .. ..

Oscharge Canal  ;... . - - ,~ ..c. . ; .. p . ..- , . e #. , . . . . c . v... . ~ y. . a -- a . ... . S4 . . . <.. .i- . .g . S3 $.2 S1 h.u..,.. . c. %. < v-9 .4 .J3 UZ - _J1  :. p.<,,. .. h P . .- ..o ...'1.,., .s.,, .,..,q ."' . .:s: lntago Cana; ..,. .,. ,, .,. ...;u.
• g * ' '
... . . .v : . . ' . A STATION 4: MIDWAY S = 5partina {=Sitelocation J = Juncus (~') = Denotes thermograph I'1GURE 6.4-5 _ STATION 4 MARSil SITES CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION 3 i t.

a. ... . ,'

e, . . . . . . .. . , . .

k. -

O ..

n.  : . ... -

* .', *.. ~.* * , *e . s ... .. . p: - 4 P ,...- a a. ,; .. 1 . .. . - i t.. .

i. . -

 ;<.-l ~ . . ,. i:- t. t ': 's

.i . .

.v , 3" . ** q !a
• e .,
g t'_ . Ta ' t, ..- .. 1J.2.J3 .e,. __ 1 S3 S4 .- - 2. . ~ ' ..,. ' 6-J1 . i:-.. . .. c ,

, .  ; t. , '. . -

 ;.. . ..O . n ~. ' .n :. v -. '. . O l1~! .. '.

. .f j;.; . .

$  :... c. .- . . . . . .. 2 ] '; , . , .....' . Discharge Cannt ~. c . , v,; . v ... . . , .y ,. .. g. . .. 7,,, ., j,, ,., , . . . ,. , , . , , , . ^ ,. .:. .. .. ~  %. f & ., . :, . ... t a . , . . . ,,. .g-l.. STATION 5; THERMAL S = Spartina = Site location J = Juncus h = Denotes tiieroograpli p FIGURI; 6.4-6 \ STATION 5 MARSil SITES CRYSTAT RIVER 316 STil01MS FIDDIDA POWER CORPORATION h N ,. ...e w.' .. i ..  : i. \ l .t , . . ,-. ., - 4 . * /( :. t- .. p l .,. , . ' .l.' l ." f .. - n' r} '.. ?. . ' ., . . 'J u$ i .; ,..,. <- . y.. ..- .. :. \ 7 J3
• t- .* -
w l J J2 ' t. . . == * . . . (\ J1 _e. - . .,- < s4 .:. .i. ' e. .  !. S3 '.'.'

,. 2- .

. . (, .

..... . $2; ./y. , , . , . r ' .,/ em (. m.: ' y'. ,. _S.1 p j _. ,. 7 '; ~ Thumb Island . . , .s . s , (;, ..sc . . . . . '.{ L STATION 6 THUMB 'SLAND S = Spartina {=Sitelocation J = Juncus Q=Denotesthermograph i FIGURE 6.4-7 _ STATION 6 MARSil SITUS CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES PLORIDA POWER CORPORATION 5 ^ O n o .. e4 *

o. . ..

h - .h a .- . . . . .* ,\n . ..s. . . ... .;4 . ., ~. .,..z.r.-

t. . .

'..V '.s,,' - l s (.

g. . .. 2 L , ., <

.ly 1.* . Jj .. . . ~ .,..' 'p) y.L . g ~

f. ' . '. ' i . 5

..t. J3 . . .: . lJ4 o .;) {. .,' ) * . . .:: ?. . Q

c.

• STATION 7: THE FENCE ,
~ S = 5partina = Site location J = Juncus C=Denotesthermograph ( l'1GURE 6.4-0 O STATION 7 MARSil SITES CitYSTA1. RIVER 316 STill>II,a 1'1DRIDA l' owl;u s'nio.oks, g A j l. -------.-a_...- ----- - - . - - . . _ - - . . - - - - - - . - . - t t b .. q '- ) . hL. . ...) '. .-,.,: t ,a .?- EverettIslar<1 ,' . :, : .c . . , ,'s ,' . .. ,: . . ~ - . 3. . - k :.. . , + 7h . ' ., cs.' 1

m.  : . . . p..  ;

l., . .t . J ..... . ... Q }'q\ *. . . .*.!.~"* L , S2 i ,. Omis Island !!:"' J2 * $r l ** [ h L... ....t. .'?] ti ,2

t. . " ...,. . . . .

, . . . . .y . s.,. *.  :.
• z S3 .
*1:. ; . , , J3 *.u.,...~ ,, ~ ."i. Q S4 - g 1. . -. .- ) '.t.:. 34 , ,.; k ..;. '. ' . 7 u s', , + . P [:# ' }. N ..y .. . +. .. i., . , ..: t. ;,, .,.. ..r ,o..... .',,. i / '.s ,h . .  ! 1'. . .c,.  ;, s .q . ---STATION 8; DAVIS ISLAND S = Spartina ]=Sitelocation l J
• Juncus Q = Denotes thermograph l l
FIGURIO 6.4-9 STATION A MAR 5tl d*! Tics CRYSTAL RIVER 316 STUDIES FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION 1 1 O 22.0 . - - - - CONTROL Tl!LRMAL ,s 6 O C 16.0 - ib/ \ ,i ~s, l \-~,- O ~ - ' ' " ~ ' ' r ,l \ ,s' 10.0 - . . -I , O 5 10 15 20 25 30 DAY Of JANUARY 1984 o 4 + FIGURE 6.4-10 MEAN DAILY TEMPI;HNITJRI: l IN SPAHTINA MARSilES CitYSTA1. HIVER 316 !mluff.S l'IOltIDA POWI:lt ( *Oltl'URATION ii. . . . . . . . . . f' 2 0 0n S N O 1 EO I I DT A UA TF L SO AS P MI6F R F1 O 0 0 EU3 C 4a HT 2 1 TARP 1 REE - DEVW 4 NP I O A 6 AMRP E LTLA I O AD U 0 F U G RHTI TS S R NRYO . 0e I OARL 2 F CMCF 1 %_v r \ U .0a 0 4 2 . 0 .0e2 1 O A' 0 _ .0a 4 2 0 .0a 2 1 A" f i s e m 0 t 0 e 4 e H S \ 2 H t R A M A 3 8 1 1 S R A M A M i a c d . ne i d N N i I I st T R A i0 0 2 2 T R 0 t i h ug P S M 1 A P S ci rh L G L - i ck O A b U O c R A R - d a F T  : el E N E ss H 0 O T o T A- - ~ 0 4l' C O N l f C o 2 0 0 s 0 0 5 0 5 4 '2 2 4 2 2 2 1 i 1 l l 5 x 4 6 ^ A 3 / ' \ 7 \ 'N \,!/ STATION O!FFERENCES l FIGURE 6.4-12 l SPARTINA LIVE WEIGilT IN SPARTINA MARSilES CRYSTAL RIVER 316 S'I1) DIES F14RIDA POWER CORPORATION O 84 t/Mk = \ e L / 5 N ' \ n x - 'x ' 8 / 4 09 6 06 h .,- [ 83 N. \ ' 4 'Kx fj/ ' 06 TIME O!ffERENCES FIGURE 6.4-13 SPARTINA I.IVE WEIGirr IN SPARTINA MARSilES CRYSTAL RIVER 316 S*nJDIES FIDRIDA POWER CORPORATION , a 4 h i ,  : ,I .< '. i i i ., j. ;c .i

i. , .

1 . t gj, l i .y . } , 4 ' I . h. i  ! } 3 l

.. . . 4

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