ML19308D755
| ML19308D755 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crystal River  |
| Issue date: | 03/05/1973 |
| From: | FLORIDA POWER CORP. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8003130691 | |
| Download: ML19308D755 (248) | |
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J Fidshto f Flie Cy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS AT THE CRYSTAL RIVER POWER PLANT A TECHNICAL DISCUSSION wu s mes -f-12 Crystal River Unit #3 Nuclear Generating Plant Docket No. 50-302 FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION March 1973-P
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
-I. Introduction 1
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II. Overview of Research Effort 4 III. Current Research Effort 14 IV. Entrapment Study 21 A. Screen - Wash Entrapment - University of Florida 22 Department of Environmental Engineering B. A Study of Fish Entrainment at the Anclote Power 25 Generating Facility - University of South Florida, Department of Marine Science V. Entrainment Study 42 A. A Supplementary Zooplankton Survey at the 43 Crystal River Plant Site - University of Florida, Department of Zoology VI. Effects of Chlorination on the Microbiota 58 A. University of Florida Department of Environmental 58 Engineering VII. Physical-Description of Thermal Plume 73
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A. Independent Environmental Study of Thermal Effects 73 of Power Plant Discharge - University of South Florida,' Department of Marine Science VIII. Ef?ects of Thermal Plume on the Marine Biota 86 A. Benthic Commur.ity - University of Florida, 86 Department of Environmental Engineering
- l. Dr. Samuel C. Snedaker - Part I 86
- 2. Dr. Howard T. Odum - Part II ,
105 B. Salt Marsh System - University of Florida, 109 4 Department of Environmental Engineering
4 PAGE C. - Oyster Reefs - University of Florida, 11 2 Department of Znvironmental Engineering RD. Plankton Systens of Deeper Water _ - University 115 of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering E. Model and Calculations of Magnitudes of Interactions 11g of the Whole Estuary and Power Plant - University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering F. Model and Calculations of the Estuary and Plant in 120 Regional Perspective - University of Florida,
- Department of Environmental Engineering IX. Radiological Monitoring 168 A. On-site monitoring program - University of 1 68 Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering B. Off-site monitoring program - Florida Department 222 aof Health and Rehabilitative Services e
her I. INTRODUCTION This report offers a complete description of the environmental research being conducted at the Florida Power Corporation Crystal River Unit 3 nucleat- plant. We feel it provides an effective summary and clarification of research efforts which have been the mechanism for meeting a commitment made by Florida Power Corpora-tion in 1968 at the beginning of construction. That commitment was to study the environmental impact of the Crystal River nuclear plant and to take responsible corrective action as required by the results of those studies. This commitment was made and ac-cepted in a meeting in Jacksonville, Florida in 1968, attended by environmental and regulatory agencies of the State of Florida and the federal government. This was in direct response to the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service letter of comments to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission dated February 12, 1968. The letter included recommendations on environmental research programs and coordination of the total effort with state and federal agencies. Florida Power Corporation brought together a responsible qualified and well b . lanced team of environmental scientists to perform the research at Crystal River. The participants have largely come 4 w
. from state universities and agencies in Florida. We felt these sources were best qualified to do the work. Our procedure has been to establish the research program goals to be reached by each participating group and schedule the work to meet operational dates. The techniques and methods have been left to the researchers.
We have encouraged, even required, student involvement in the research conducted by scientists from our State universities, as. an investment in Florida's future. The communication and coordination of the results of the environmental research has been accomplished on two fronts. First, the researchers have always had full clearance from the Company for. publication and presentation of their research work at Crystal River. This has taken the form of advance degree work, technical papers and various other scientific communications. The company has produced a Quarterly Environmental Status Report (now semiannual) which has included summary results from each research team efforts. This has been widely distributed to state and federal government agencies, uni-versities and conservation groups. Second, we initiated, in 1971, a Semiannual Environmenta'l Research Conference at Crystal River. This one-day meeting, twice a year, is intended to put the researcher, regulator and applicant in the same room to receive results and I comment on the program and to provide direction for the guidance of ' researcher and applicant in their continuing review of program goals. 2-
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- Information gathered and reported in' this manner is illustrative of a program that is totally capable of identifying and confirming en-vironmental impact at Crystal River.
We wish to reconfinn our commitment to continue this research at
-Crystal River and thereby to continue our efforts to protect the envi ronment. It is our sincere desire that the Crystal River Unit 3 ~
nuclear project be allowed to proceed into commercial operation at the earliest possible time as a matter of public interest and environmental protection. t
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A. P. Perey_.- Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer 4 4 9
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- 3. The impact of Units 1 and 2 and the cooling canal system in terms of hydrological modifications, entrapment of marine organisms, entrainment of marine organisms and the effect of cooling water discharge on the receiving waters has been cumulatively imposed at this time for a minimum period of approximately six years.
The addition of the Crystal River Unit 3 nuclear plant as currently designed will involve the use of the existing cooling water canals in joint use with Units 1 and 2. The original canal sizing was designed for an approximate plant capability of 2 million kilowatts. The cooling water flow rate will approximately double with the addi-
- tion of Unit 3 as compared to that required for Units 1 and 2. The rated three unit net temperature increase of the cooling water under maximum power output conditions will be about 150F which represents an increase of ap,roximately 30F above that for Units 1 and 2.
We plan to continue, in most cases, study of current conditions up to the startup of Unit 3. The ongoing research, after Unit 3 becomes operational will be directed toward determining the differential impact of Unit 3 which will be superimposed on the present conditions with Units 1 and 2. We consider two years to be a sufficient length I of time to discern this impact. Decisions concerning necessary l modifications to the power plant will be made at the end of that . time should damage to the estuary be detected. ~
I 4 It must be pointed out, that we do not consider the study of para-meters associated with cooling water canal dikes as they affect such phenemona as Gulf currents, fisheries migration, plankton drift, etc. as being meaningful to the incremental impact of Unit 3. Dis-regarding the Crystal River plant and its impact, the removal of the
- dikes in order to recreate the original conditions at Crystal River would surely represent an ecological detriment considering the '
enormous offshore dredging requirements. We further conclude that a tie of this concern to the Unit 3 AEC operating pennit considera-tions is incorrect and not relevant. We feel that each research program in progress at Crystal River has the minimum capability to establish the nature and extent of the physical change in the environment as it relates to the various
-areas of concern. However, continuing redirection of environmental research is essential. The refinement of project goals is accom- ,
plished in part by the researcher in his various professional as-sociations and communications. Florida Power Corporation provides much of the overview guidance through its continuing interface with regulatory agencies,. conservation groups, environmental con-sultants, universities and others. We regard the manaaement of i our environmental research programs as a prime task. We are now.in the process of more fonnally developing the means to assess the impact of our power plant facilities on the overall
ecology of the estuary through sophisticated modeling techniques. To this end, we hope to draw conclusions about U'iits 1 and 2 by early 1974 prior- to the initial startup of Unit .. November 1976 (2 years after commercial operation of Unit 3) is the point in time when we plan to assess the impact of Unit 3. At the present time, Dr. Howard Odum of the University of Florida, who is per-forming thermal effects research at Crystal River, is developing concepts and models for making the overview assessment. His work will be supported and encouraged as a part of his research work at Crystal River. In addition, we plan to interface with our researchers, regulatory agencies and others to develop the best and most meaningful method for concluding overall environmental impact at Crystal River in the time frame discussed above. Dr. Odum's preliminary concept of a regional model applicable to Crystal River is discussed below with specific reference to the Crystal River plant and vicinity. PRELIMINARY ECOSYSTEM MODELING FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT The impact of power plant cooling waters on the estuarine environment at ' Crystal River may be evaluated at three levels of organization. These are the ecosystem, the estuary, and the region. The component estuarine ecosystens may be evaluated for principal indices of structure, function energy values, and interactions with man. A l x_ l
.similar evaluation may be made :of. the overall' estuarine sys'.em that includes the plant as-a contributor. Finally, the role' the estuary has'in the service of.the plant must be evaluated on the larger scale of the plant, the estuary and the value,of both to the region.
The power plant may'be. regarded as a large estuarine animal that takes in food-containing waters, makes some changes in the water 4 contents as part of its livelihood, and returns the water to the estuary. As a consequence, the estuary develops special populations [ and living associations that complement the plant's contributions, i thus together constituting a new ecosystem, somewhat different from . the first and which-may be compared with the ones just north and south not under close power plant influence. This new system of 1.
- coupled estuary and power plant is evaluated by measuring the biological,-chemical, and radiological characteristics of the
' ecosystem that ~ develop ~, and the' indices of variety, complexity, diversity, and stness, thus determining the total metabolism of
. the ' region. Research Organization Models ! Models'of the main processes and components of the region, the- power
- plant, and-estuary system are used to show-the interactions of the system parts;with the outside forcing functions. Data are gathered at regular intervals for those pathways important to the model.
Computer _ simulation of- the models identify .the sensitive pathways 4
in both a qualitative and quantitative manner. Although models are used to organize and relate the data being gathered, they are com-partmentalized only to the detail necessary to indicate the sensitive pathways and their interactions. The models are divided according to their level organization. Consequently there is a regional model and a plant-estuary model . The latter is further divided into five subsystems and includes the main water flows and nutrient cycles. Eight tvaluation Models The evaluations of the region-plant-estuary relationships are done 4 with eight models and eight divisions of data gathering.
- 1. Regional Model for Value Assessment of Estuarine Cooling Measurements aimed at evaluating the cooling use of the estuary
-in terms of total value to the region (the public interesti must be made with a model that includes the main interactions of the power plant, the region, the estuary, and the driving functions from outside such as money investments, fuel prices, fuel subsidies, etc. Since the work of the estuary for itself alone or as modified during the cooling is not done by man's labor, no money accompanies the work, but it can be estimated in kilocalories for comparison of alternatives. If evaluated
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W with calorie and money flow rates the model will orovide a , definitive answer as to the overall net effect of the plant and alternatives for cooling as contributing to the total er.crgy of the region.
- 2. . The Estuary with the' Power Plant Roles Included 4
The estuary with the power plant operating as one of the exchange contributors along with the other subsystens, the benthic system, the marsh, the oyster reefs and the plankton-fish system comprise 4 a second nodel with a more limited level of organization than the regional model. This system is driven by offshore forcing functions, land runoff, solar radiation, fishing activity, and those functions driving the plant directly which include such things as fuel costs and power demand. Most of the variables are being measu. red at regular intervals while others are being measured a few times for purposes of validating the model and the sensitivities of various pathways.
- 3. Radioactivity in the' Bay-Plant System Various compartments of the estuarine system have potential storage capability for the several isotopes pertinent to power plant operations. . The concentration. factors of carrier elements
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h among the several compartments indicate the ratios of isctope concentrations that may be expected in any release. As for documentation of pre-irradiation, these --'oartments are the - ones which are important either as uit , sinks of elements or as pathways of loss to-other areas or to man.
- 4. -The Plant as a Giant Organism Another model consists of the power plant coupled with the estuary by the intake and discharge canals. The large volumes of water passing through the plant are not much changed with respect to oxygen, phosphorus, and metabolism as is indicated by respiration methods, and ATP. There are some changes in the nature of the metabolism due in part to the temperature changes and in part to being passed over the attached ecosystems of the canals, the benthos and the reefs downstream. Using biological terminology, the monitoring is aimed at establishing the metabolism of the power plant. 1
- 5. The Inner Bay Bottom System The inner bay bottom system, coupled with the saltmarsh and the offshore waters as well as_ the plant, represent another system.
\ . The main features of the inner bay into which the themal plume first eddies include the metabolic aspects of overall functions being monitored such as oxygen metabolism, pH shift due to carbon metabolism, nutrient flow, and species diversity which measures the degree of stress adaptation to the interplay of themal, salinity, and tidal factors. Here plankton is a component but is less important than bottom organisms. Documentation of species compcsition of the bottom organisms is being done for comparison with areas north and south of the area.
- 6. The Plankton System of Deeper Water In deeper waters (2 m or greater), the metabolism is more a result of the plankton, and the bottom associations become minor components. A model that is tne basis of measurement cnd study of the deeper areas includes the nutrient interplay with phyto-plankton, the organic matter, the zooplankton and their diversity.
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- 7. . The Oyster Reef System The oyster reefs in the bay comprise an additional system.
1 These reefs may be receiving some stimulus from the pl=t current and its themal variulions may favor the channeling of energies to the reef species. Moderate diversities are being measured and the reef metabolism and growth will be
. documented for comparison with controls.
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.8. The Marsh System -
At' Crystal ~ River, heated waters in the marsh apparently do not change ~the species composition but do affect the distribu-tion of mass among blades. The model is being used to evaluate the marsh' system's main growth ' features and some indices of animal activity there. 4 W k i e
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III. CURRENT ~ RESEARCH EFFORT Introduction The original orientation and direction of research activities at Crystal River was aimed at answering those questions which will aid in the overall assessment and understanding of the environmental. influence of the addition of Crystal River Unit 3. In addition to the general region, three areas of specific investigation are: (1) the intake area (pre-plant) (2) the plant, and (3) the discharge area. Extensive research programs have been initiated for each of the above in order to define the existing systens and to determine significant pathways by which one area is linked to another. The offshore waters of the Gulf of Mexico are another coupled area which acts both as a source of intake water and as a sink for the discharged heated water. Intake Area
, There are three basic concerns or projects being pursued presently which deal with the intake area. They are: (1) definition of the source of cooli'ng water; (2) identification and characterization of significant populations of plankton in the intake area; and O
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(3) study of the_ behavioral characteristics of fish relating to entrap-ment. Each of the projects is aimed at answering a critical ques-tion concerning s'pecies composition, physical extent of influence, or coupling. coefficient in the overall model. In defining significant coupling coefficients and linkages between the plant and the intake area,:the actual physical process occurring must be defined. At Crystal River, the intake canal extends offshore about' 7 miles. Cooling water is drawn in through this canal to the plant. Research has been initiated to determine the actual flow
. characteristics into this canal. (See Section VII.) Data from this project is used in the design of other research work in this and related areas.
In order to define limits of the potential effect of the plant on organisms in the cooling water, a project has been undertaken to identify and classify the zooplankton populaticn. in the intake area. (See Section V.) The research is being conducted in near shore waters . Finally, a significant proportion of the fish which are eventually entrapped on the intake screens are bottom feeders. It appears as
'if artifical communities of fishes and invertebrates exist in the
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, -intake a~nd discharge canals. A study has been initiated to inves+* -
gate _ the behavioral patterns of fish in an attempt .to define their movement with. current flow, direction, tidal effects, etc. This-
. study.will input to the overall model and help define techniques to limit ' fish entrapment.
The Plant-The plant is coupled to the estuary, primarily,' by the cooling water flowing through it. The effect of the plant on the estuary, then,
, is accomplished by the change in the characteristics of the v ater as it passes through the plant. Research activities have been implemented to define the effect of the plant on the cooling water. One of-the most obvious effects of the plant is the entrapment of organisms on the intake screens. A project has been ir.itiated to quantify the species being entrapped. (See Secticr IV.) The data will not only help us' understand the gross effect of the plant, but will also help design methods to limit the quantity of fishes actually entrapped.
Another change to the water which nay occur in passing through 4the plant is caused by the addition of chlorine. Chlorine is added periodically to retard marine growth on the condenser tubes. Chlorine 4 t- ~
4 p A _y of course has a detrimental effect on the organisms entrained in the water. A project was initiated to define .the effect of. the chlorination on -those organisms, as well as any effect on organisms in the receiving waters. (See Section VI.) As organisms pass through the condensers, they are subjected to thermal shock and mechanical disruption. No accepted method has been de-veloped to measure the effect of these processes on entrained plankton mortali ty. Instead, the effect of the plant is assessed by 100% kill. As soon-as the present plankton work in the intake area is completed, we will be in a position to assess the implications of the above assumption. At that time, the necessity of additional work in this area will be determi ned. Finally, heat is added to the water as it passes through the plant. The temperature of the cooling water both at the point of the intake and at discharge is being monitored hourly. Discharge Area l l After the cooling water passes through the plant it is discharged to the estuary which in turn is coupled with the offshore waters of the Gulf ~ m 0 17 l
of Mexico. The discharge area is the major area of concern in assessing the effect of the power plant on the environment. Numerous research activities are currently being pursued in this area in-cluding: (1) studying the physical characteristic, of the heated plume as it mixes with the water in the discharr,e area; (2) studying the benthos in the discharge area; (3) studying of the marsh grasses adjacent to the discharge area; and (4) monitoring of select chemical parametersof the area. One of the iirst projects initiated at Crystal River was a study to determine the physical extent of the heated plume discharged from the plant. (See Section VII). This research has been directed at determining the thermal and hydraulic characte.ristics of the region and developing a calibrated computer model of the discharge basin. The computer model permits the simulation of the effect of Unit 3 and thus projects the zone of influence for that unit. In addition, an extensive research effort has been undertaken to determine the chemical and biological characteristics of the discharge area. One program is directed at quantifying the benthic community. in the discharge area. (See Section VIII.) Another project is aimed at determining the metabolism of the grasses in the saltmarsh adjacent to the discharge area. (See
~. ~ Section VIII.) Finally, metabolism of the water column is being measured by monitoring chemical and physical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. General Area
. Some of the research activities presently underway at Crystal River-are not limited to a specific area. The on-site and off-site radiological monitoring programs fall into this category.
In addition to these, the modeling effort for the entire region is general in nature since it's scope encompasses all areas. The on-site radiological monitoring program at Crystal River was designed basically to determine the existing background levels of radioactivity, critical uptake characteristics associated with biological groups, critical pathways, and critical nuclides. (See Section IX A.) In addition to the on-site monitoring effort, a program has been initiated to determine the pre-operational radio-logical characteristics at numerous stations within a 30 mile radius of the plant. '(See Section IX B.) Finally, in~ order to assess the overall impact of the plant on the estuary and the region, a general research endeavor has been
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v, initiated to' model the couplec ecosystems including the power plant. (See Section IX C.) Data from all parts of the research will be input to the models. The models will represent a contribution to the overall assessment of the impact of the plant and possible cooling alternatives in a more realistic and comprehensive manner than has been possible in the past. M. w . l u- -
.IV. FISH ENTRAPMENT STUDY The assessment of the environmental impact of fish entrapment at the Crystal River plant began as a part of the Florida Department of Natural
. Resources research effort which took place during the period of January, 1969-July, 1971. The techniques and findings of that program are documented as shown in the bibliography of publications at the end of this section.
As presented in our Environmental Report Submitted to the AEC in January, 1972, the fish entrapment study was reopened in mid-1972 as a part of the current research effort by the University of Florida Department of Environ-mental Engineering and is described below. Finally, fish entrapment is being studied at our Anclote plant now under construction approximately 80 miles south of Crystal River on the Gulf of Mexico. This study is aimed at understanding the principles governing fish entrapment and putting such understanding to use in preventive and/or corrective measures. The results of this work are directly pertinent to the Crystal River situation and the research is described herein as part of our overall study of fish entrapment.
L SCREEN-WASH' ENTRAPMENT - University of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering l l Introduction The screen-wash entrapment study is designed to quantify in terms of l numbers, size / age class and biomass, the animal species which become entrapped on the screen-wash at the cooling water intake i pumps. In addition to absolute quantities, the study is also de- l l signed to allow for the partitioning of variation-due to season, time of day, tide and general climatic conditions. This is achieved by making hourly collections of the sluice effluent for 24 consecutive hours once a week. The study began on 13/14 August,1972, and is to be ccr.tinued through mid-September,1973, to provide a full' year's record with a ene-month overlap. Experimental Techniques In front of the cooling-w'ater intake pumps is a set of vertical traveling screens which serve to filter the incoming water. When the screens beccme clogged they are moved past the water spray which dislodges the material and carries it into a free-running sluice.
h ~ The sluice is' double ended and the collections are made at one end. (The hypothesis that 50% of the entrapped material is carried to each end is to be statistically tested on a quarterly basis.) Collections are made by trapping all of the material on a sample screen. The 24 hourly collections are kept separate throughout the subsequent lab processing procedure. The proces-sing includes identification and sorting by species, recording length and freshweight f(c ach individual and the preservation of sample material for dry weight and ash-free dry weight conver-sion and ancillary studies as may be necessary. The data are logged by day and hour of collection and tidal stage. Other pertinent information such as climatic conditions and sea state will be included in the statistical analysis. As the traveling screens are washed only when they becone clogged, there are periods during the 24-hour diurnal collections when no collections are made. It is assumed, however, that since the ma- . terial was entrapped during the intervening period since the pre-vious wash the data could be interpreted either according to time of collection or period of entrapment. In the final analysis of this study, both . considerations will be taken into account. 4
Current Status To date, the collections have yielded 60 species of fish and macroin-vertebrates in widely varying quantities. The results tentatively suggest~ that most organisms, in terms of numbers, become entrapped on the rising tide irrespective of time of day. The data also in-dicate'that the major contribution to the total entrapped biomass is attributable to bottom feeders (catfish, batfish, rays, blue crabs, etc.) that are able to get under the woven curtains in front of the screen-wash assembly. These and similar questions should be fully answered, and documented by the end of the study. The total calculated entrapment (vertebrates, fresh weight) for the 42-day sample period was 408 kg of which 314 kg (77%) was contributed by a single species, the polka-dot batfish, Ogcocephalus radiatus. These results cannot be fully interpreted, however, until the one-year sampling schedule is completed, and until we are able to. estimate the population sizes of the species from which the entrapped material is drawn. Personnel See Section VIII A Part I.
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A STUDY OF FISH ENTRAINMENT* AT THE ANCLOTE POWER GENERATING FACILITY - University of South _ Florida Department of Marine Science
'Introducti on In February 1973 the Department of Marine Science of the University of South Florida initiated a program relating 'to fish entrapment at the proposed Anclote power generating facility under a Srant from Florida Power Corporation. Adult and juvenile fishes of many species enter cooling water intake canals (Grimes, C.B gg 1971) and removal of large numbers of individuals by entrapment on intake screens may have significant impact on local populations. Results of Fyke net studies of the bayou immedirtely adjacent to the proposed intake canal at Anclote (Baird et al, 1972; 1973) (Appendix) indicate adult and juvenile fishes representing a considerable biomass, enter small embayments during high tide. This data will be used in estimating the potential for fish entrapment (not including lar-vae, post-larvae, or very small juveniles (30 mm) at the intake site and as 'aaseline data for assessment of the environmental impact after construction and operation of the plant. In addition the data also indicate the general importance of tide and water movement to the
' distribution of shallow water marine and estuarine fishes. j
*Entrainment in this sense refers to the removal of fish from their natural environment due to the presence of the intake channel.
In conjunction with the literature review, periodic visits to some existing power generating facilities in central Florida will be conducted. This will allow the investigators to:
- 1. Make use of any available data from these plants not pre-sently in the literature;
- 2. Make very general estimates of the magnitude and seasonal fluctuation of entrapment at each facility; 3 Examine the location, configuration, and known current velocities of the various intake canals;
- 4. Assess the gross biological characteristics of the adjacent environments by inspection and aerial photography for com-parison with the species composition and abundance of entrapped fishes.
l l Finally, our consideration of the problem of potential entrapment ' l at Anclote will include an assessment of all pertinent biclogical l data at the Anclote site in order to estimate the magnitude of the l problem and to place it in proper perspective with respect to en-vironmental impact in the area.
~' Experimental Techniques At this time the investigation includes no experimental programs for examining the effectiveness or practicality of various methods of reducing or eliminating entrapment at the Anclote plant. However, , existing problems of canal design at Crystal River, and data from natural tidal enbayments at Anclote suggest directions any future research may take. Determination of faunal components, relative abundances, and the variation of these with respect to season and physical parameters (e..g., tidal cycles, photoperiod and current patterns at intake sites); coupled with a knowledge of behavioral characteristics, ecological requirements and life history strate-gies can be used to indicate the species potential for entrapment. Based on species composition data, guidance systems may then be designed to significantly reduce loss to entrapment. Initial re-ports from other facilities and experimental stations across the country have. indicated some promising results from this type of approach. Present Status We have attended the Entrainment and Intake Screening Workshop , recently held at John Hopkins-University. Participants included I N
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scientists working in this field as well as represer atives of the power industry, federal agencies and private consulting firms. In the course of the week-long meetings several important points were made concerning approaches to the problem and possible solu-tions presently being developed and tested. A transcription of the proceedings is being prepared for distribution a? a later date. Because of the recent entry of the Department of Marine Science into entrapment research, the information gained from this seminar will be important in formulating the guidelines for our own research. Much of the material presented is otherwise unavailable in the regular literature and those investigators known to be working with entrapment problems will be contacted in the near future for more detailed information and discussion where distances make personal visits impractical. An annotated bibliography of entrapment litera-ture is presently being compiled and arrangements will be made shortly for on-site inspections at several Florida Power facilities in the area including the Crystal River facility. Implementation of any experimental program must await project definition and determination c' '.ie scope of potential effort required. At present our ef . is directed toward reviewing and evaluating the approach techniques, and strategies cur-rently being (pplied to these problems. After careful review i of all available information within the scope of this project, possible future research and potential control measures can then be suggested or implemented. Bibliography Baird, R.C. , K. L. Carder, T. L. Hopkins T. E. Pyle, and H. J. Humm. 1972. Anclote Environmental Project Report 1971. Prepared for Florida Power Corporation. Contribution #39, Marine Science Institute, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida. 251 pp. 1973. Anclote Environmental Project Report 1972. In prepara-tion, Grimes , C. B.1971. Thermal addition studies of the Crystal River steam electric station. FBCML Prof. Papers Ser. #11. 1 l-l
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h References Grimes, Churchill B.1971. Thermal addition studies of the Crystal River steam electric station. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine _Res. Lab. Professional paper series, no.11. February,1971. : St. Petersburg, Florida. Lyons, W. G. , S. P. Cobb, D. K. Camp, J. A. Mountain, T. Savage, Linda
.,Lyons, and E. A. Joyce, Jr., 1971. Preliminary inventory of marine invertebrates collected near the electrical generating plant, Crystal t River, Florida, in 1969. Florida Department of Nat. Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series, no.14. June,1971. St. Petersburg.
Florida. Quick, J. A., Jr., ed. 1971. A preliminary investigator: the effect of elevated temperature on the american oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). A symposium. Florida Dept. of Natural Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series, no.15. June,1971. St. Petersburg, Florida. Steidinger, Karen A. and Jack F. Van Breedveld. 1971. Benthic marine algae from waters adjacent to the Crystal River el?ctrical power plant (1969 and 1970). Fla. Dept. of Nat. Resources Marir.3 Res. Lab. Professional paper series no.16. June,1971. St. Petersburg, Florida. Grimes, Churchill B. and J. A. Mountain. 1971. Effects of thermal effluent upon marine fishes near-the Crystal River steam electric station. Fla. Dept'. of Nat. Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series no. 17. October, 1971. St. Petersburg, Florida. l 1
e PERSONNEL 1 I I l l w i l l 1 i 1 = . >g _ _ _ 1,[_ ._ '
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~ Baird, Ronald C.,. Assistant Professor, Department of Marine Science 1
(B. April 1,1936. Married,1 child)
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. Education:
B.' S. (1958) Yale University; M.S. '(1965) University of Texas;
-Ph'.D.-(1969) Harvard University.
Professional Experience: Assistant Professor,1969 to present, University of South Florida Assistant to Curator of Fishes, 1968-69. Harvard University Teaching Fellow, 1966-67, Harvard University Research Assistant, 1963-65 University of Texas Research Interest: Ecology and behavior of fishes, applying field and laboratory results!to general and theoretical problems.
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.The-biology of mesopelagic fishes.
- The use ct the computer and computer techniques in attacking ecological problems.
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Professional Membership: American Association for Advancement of Science ? American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Florida Academy of Science
. Honors:
. Si gma Xi Professional Activities:
Cruises: ATLANTIS II in the eastern Atlantic
- R/V MIZAR, Gulf of Mexico (1971); Caribbean and Gulf (1972)
R/V Dan Braman in the Gulf of Mexico (1971) R/V JOIE DE VIVRE, DAN BRAMAN, BELLOWS, Gulf of Mexico (1970-1972)
- Publications
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i Baird, Ronald C. ,1965. " Ecological implications of the behavior of the. sexually dimorphic goby Microgobius pulosus (Girard)", Publ. Inst. Marine Science. V
Baird, Ronald C. ,1967. " Effects of dissolved 02 concentration and light intensity on activity cycles of fishes inhabiting warm springs", Am.. Mid. Nat. baird, Ronald C. ,1968. " Aggressive behavior and social organization in Molleniesia Latipinna Le Seuer", Texas Jour, of Science. Baird, Ronald C. ,1973. "Hatchetfishes of the Eastern North Atlantic: Unesco technical papers in Marine Science". (in press) Humm, H.J. , R.C. Baird, K.L. Carder, T.L. Hopkins, and T.E. Pyle, 1970. Anclote Environmental Project Annual Report. Florida Power Corporation. Baird, Ronald C. ,1971. Systematics, distribution, and zoogeography of the marine hatchetfishes (Family Sternoptychidae). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology Harvard, a Rolfes, J.K. , B.D. Causey, D. Milliken and R.C. Baird. 1973. Multigear approach for quantitative sampling of fishes. Q. J. Florida Acad. Sci. (in press)
Humm, H.J. , R.C. Baird, l L. Carder, T.L Hopkins, and T.E. Pyle, 1972. Anclote Environmental Project Annual Report. Florida Power Corporation. Baird, R.C. , and J.H. Davis. 1972. Environmental Impact Evaluation and the Use of Programmable Calculators. Programmer 6: 3-8. Baird, R.C., D.F. Wilson and D. Milliken. 1973. Observations on Bregmeceros Nectabanus in the anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Deep-sea Res. (in press) Hopkins, T.L. , R.C. Baird, and D. Milliken. 1973. A modified Tucker midwater trawl for discrete depth sampling. Limnol. and Oceanogr. (inpress) Hopkins, T.L., and R.C. Baird. Feeding ecology of the hatchetfish Sternoptyx Diaphana. Marine Biology. (in press) u Humm, H.J. , R.C. Baird, K.L. Carder, T.L. Hopkins, and T.E. Pyle, 1973. Anclote Environmental Project ' Annual Report. Florida Power i Corporation. (in press) 9
Technical Reports: Baird, Ronald C., R. Zimmerman, J. Feig1, and D. Ballantine. 1971. Technical Report #2, ANCLOTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT for Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Florida, pp. 10. Baird, Ronald C. , R. Zimmerman, J. Feig1, and D. Ballantine. 1971. Technical Report #6, ANCLDTE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT for Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Florida. pp. 35. Papers Near Completion: Baird, R.C. and D.F. Wilson. The occurrence of the midwater fish Bregmaceros Nectabanus in the anoxic layer of the Cariaco Trench. Baird, R.C. . ~ T.L. Hopkins, and D.F. Wilson. Diaghus taaningi, the principal component of a shallow sound scattering layer in the Cariaco Trench. l l Baird, R.C. , D.F. Wilsor., and T.L. Hopkins. The feeding chronology of'Diaphus taaningi in the Cariaco Trench. See Hopkins' vitae for others. 4 w
n l 1 Grants Received: 1
- 1. Florida Power Corporation, "An Ecological study of the biota of the Anclote River Estuary and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico",
1970-1971, $164,596; 1971-1972, $105,160; 1972-1973, $95,984,
. Principal Investigator and Ichthyological aspect of the program.
- 2. Florida Power Corporation. 1973. Fish Entrainment at Power Generating Facilities. $14,500.
- 3. EPA. $1000. Pesticides in near shore fishes.
- 4. SUSIO. NSF $400. Data analysis for SUSIO sponsored cruises.
- 5. Ship-time grants - Naval Research Lab. , SUSIO. $33,000 Responsibilities:
Teaching and Advising 20% Research p ' Departmental (non-funded) 25% Funded (Florida Power Corp.) 30% [ Present proposal (if funded) 25% l ,e m I
i TABLE 1 Species occurrence and numbers taken in bayou collections Collection Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Collection Dates November February May May June October January April July 1970 1971 1971 1971 1972 1971 1972 1972 1972 Total Dasyatis sabina 3 1 353 67 1 42 109 576 Gymnura mierura 1 11 3 7 22 Elops saurus 3 13 2 28 23 69 Myrophls punctatus 2 2 Opichthus gocesi 2 2 Brevoortia smitni - 1 1 2 Harencula pensacolae 32 37 69 Opisthonema oglinum I
- l
~
Anchoa mitchilli 12 12 Synodus foetens 2 2 2 1 7 Arius felis 28 33 53 3 14 1 31 Hyporha:nphus unifasciatus 13 5 18 Strcngylura marina 7 1 1 1 2 12 Strongylura notata 4 6 1 17 2 3 33 Strongylura timucu 1 4 1 5 11 Adinia xenica 46 46 Cyprinoden variegatus_ 65 1292 97 1 91 77 23 1745 Floridichthys carpio 1 86 2 89 Fundulus grandis ' 98 137 64 38 23 19 379 Fundulus similis 98 350 96 54 109 26 733 l Lucania parva 1 Poecilia latipinna - 4 4 Menidia beryllina 26 22 2 8 58 Centropomus undecimalis 5 2 5 6 18 kachycentron canadum 1 1 Echeneis naucrates 2 2 Caranx hippos 6 1 16 23 01igoplites saurus 6. 1 7 14
- Lutjanus griseus 1 2 3 Dianterus plumieri 3 6 1 10
- Eucinostomus argenteus 10 10 1 50 205 8 284 Eucinostemus aula 33 7 34 1 67 4 146 Orthopristis MFysoptera 2 13 8 3 6 32 Archosargus "
- probatocephalus 3 26 15 9 4 20 77 Lagodon rhomboides 2 2061 352 27 1283 72 9 1582 838 6226 Bairdiella chrysura l 12 45 129 187 Cynoscion nebulosus - 1 46 72 3 122
- Leiostomus xantnurus 50 108 141 16 706 28 3 49 4 1105 Pononias cromis_ '
3 2 5 Sciaenops ocellata 3 1 9 3 16 Chaetodipterus-(Eer 2 2 Mu il cephalus 107 38 14 714 64 29 364 1087 2417 tu TT curena 10 2 12 823 1u M il trichodon 2 3 4 64 43 50 585 72 Prionotus tribulus 8 8 Paralichthys albinutta 1 5 29 9 10 11 65 Achirur lineatus 5 5 Sympht- plagiusa- 1 1 JShocro Ecs nephelus 2 .12 2 3 2 21 Chilonycterus schocpfi 1 3 4 TOTALS IF6 2600 650 T 5077 879 780 3204 2289 15651 4 I
TABLE 2 The biomass of fishes taken in the quantitative collections. Collection No. Date Biomass - kg (lbs) 2 February,1971 60.5 (133.1) 5 June, 1971 1,065.5 (2,344.1) 6 October,1971 111.9 (246.2) 7 January, 1972 38.5 (84.7) 8 April, 1972 249.7 (549.3) 9 July,1972 429.7 (945.3) TOTAL 1,955.8 (4,302.7) i
+
40
TABLE 3 The six species o/ fish that accounted for the greatest percentages of biomass, the total wet biomass of each species in all six collections, and its percentage of the total biomass. Species Total wet biomass Total percent Dasyatis sabina 948.6 kg 49 Mugil cephalus 485.6 kg 25 Lagodon rhomboides 205.7 kg 11 Mugil trichodon 65.7 kg 3 Archosargus probatocephalus 64.3 kg 3
. Centropomus undecimalis 23.8 kg 1
l i V. ENTRAINMENT STUDJ As presented in our Environtental Report submitted to the AEC in January 1972, the study described below was initiated by scientists at the University of Florida to ' assess the impact of the entrainment of marine organisms by the cooling water systems at the Crystal River plant. We had been in the process of definition of program requirements - and scope for some time prior to the onset of the work described herein. Specifically, we gave very serious consideration to embarking on a study to determine the species and abundance of entrained organisns and to assess the percent mortality of such species due to entrainment. Serious doubts were expressed if such a task could be accomplished with accepted experimental methods. It becane quite obvious to us that the scope of such an effort and the potential use of the results warranted a more basic study, Thus, we have taken the position in our current work that identification of species and abundance of entrained organisns is the first order of business. We will use these data with the assumption of 100% kill on passage through the condenser by all organisns to assess the impact of such a conservative condition on the area. Then if it becomes important that the exact percent kill be known, such a program must be developed as a follow-on to the current work. However, realizing the complexities and uncertainties of reaching specific con-clusions on environmental impact, we conclude that little is to be e
gained by establishing a percent kill number which at best will be subject to controversy. As a company, we are more confident of our mutual ability to reach an entrainment impact conclusion based on 100% kill - the most conservative condition. A SUPPLEMENTARY ZOOPLANKTON SURVEY AT THE CRYSTAL RIVER PLANT SITE - University of Florida Department of Zoology Introduction This project was initiated to: 1) determine the presence of a major food chain species and the planktonic forms of comercially important finfish and shellfish in the area adjacent to the Crystal River plant site; 2) qualitatively and quantitatively assess the occurrence of these organisms within the intake area of Units 1 and 2 as a means of evaluating the entrainment potential of these organisms. Addi-tional goals involve evaluating differences in the seasonal and 1 _ horizontal distribution of important planktonic groups in the area. This information will be useful in identifying which of the areas adjacent to the intake have the more important nursery function and when, and, together with data from hydrographic studies underway at Crystal River, will allow some evaluation of the ,effect of the
. intake canal design on these areas.
l l ? l-The intake canal and its adjacent areas are shown in Figure 1. We have selected five stations to monitor. Stations 1, 2, 3 and 5 were established as a result of a preliminary survey made shortly after project funding in mid-July,1972. We presumed the water entrained in the intake canal was drawn primarily from the shallow waters immediately south of the southern dike of the canal (Area 1) and from the somewhat deeper waters west of this area but in the immediate vicinity of the canal mouth (part of Area 2). Area 1 includes a large shallow area containing numerous oyster bars running roughly parallel to the shore, its western boundary being the last Gulf-ward string of these bars. Area 2 it;cludes all of the water from the west boundary of Area 1 to an imaginary line drawn south from the physical end of the north intake spoil bank and bounded on the north by the north bank. Station 4 was added in Janury,1973, after information from very preliminary hydrographic studies by Dr. K. Carder (Technical Report #2, January 1973) indicated that entrained water is drawn mostly from
- Areas 2 and 3 (the area west of Area 2 and otherwise unbounded into the Gulf of Mexico). According to Carder, his data "...suggest that during flood'(tide) the intake water is primarily of gulf shelf or.igin, and during ebb it contains only 10% more water of river origin." He states that water of Area 1 is retarded in its access to the plant intake channel by high (shoal water) friction and oyster reef barricades.
e 4 m
' 44-
Station 1 is located inshore south of the intake canal. The station is within 25 yards of the coastal marsh, the depth being 2 feet at MLW. The bottom substrates in this area consist of attached Sargassum and sandy patches between limestone outcrops. The salinity is noticeably influenced by the freshwater drainage from the Crystal River and adjacent marshes. Station 2 is also south of the intake canal and is located midway between Station 1 and the canal opening, a distance of 1.2 nautical miles offshore. The substrate in this area is sand and shell between prominent oyster bars. The depth is 4 feet at MLW. The salinity is consistently higher than that at Station 1, Station 3 is southwest of the intake canal opening in an area which is considered to be part of the source of the entrained water. The depth is 7 feet at MLW; the substrate is hard sand. The ~ salinity is slightly but consistently higher than Station 2. Station 4, six miles offshore, is located beyond the end of the unbroken northern side of the intake canal. The depth is 9 feet at MLW. The substrate appears to be hard sand. Preliminary data indicate the salinity is equal to or slightly higher than Station 3. I h
Station 5 is located just in front of the intake screens-of Units 1 and 2. The depth is 15 feet at MLW. The substrate appears to be a fine coal dust sediment. The salinity is essentially the same as that at Station 3. Experimental Techniques The sampling program was begun July 24, 1972, and continues at biweekly intervals. Initially, ten-minute plankton tows were made using 50 cm. dia, nets with 202 micron and.80 micron mesh. Because of the high level of suspended matter, the nets clogged quickly and prevented accurate metering of the water column sampled. After several trials, the best tow duration was found to be one minute (which samples approximately 12,000 liters of water). Use of the 80 micron mesh net was discontinued becaase of the clogging effect of the suspended matter. l The. sampling regime established for each station cor z ';ts of two one-minute horizontal surface tows at biweekly intervals. Samples are preserved in buffered formalin and returned to the laboratory. Our present sampling nets are not collecting fish eggs and larvae in proportion to the numbers thought to be present by fisheries i
experts. So in addition to sampling with our regular nets, we are going to try using larger (1 m dia.) and loi ger (5:1) nets
. reconnended by these people although we have sone reservations about the practicality of such nets in the Crystal River area.
Hazardous oyster bars, shallow water, and bloons of algae and ctenophores can clog nets rapidly and make it nearly impossible to recover a useful sample. There are no devices known to us which can deter ctenophore capture. We will try to develop scrting procedures similar to those used by Chesapeake Bay i,nvestigators who face similar but not as severe ctenophore problens. The larger nets (1 meter dia.) will be tried on a monthly basis with a tow tine between five to ten minutes as recommended. These nets are too large for our iashore stations (1 and 2), therefore, we will employ them at our station 3 (off mouth of intake canal), station 4 (6 miles offshore) and station 5 (plant site intake). The nets are now on order and should be available for use in two months. 4 Temperature and salinity data are recorded for each station sample. The following procedures are employed for examination of each sample. The two 50 cm net samples from each station are pooled prior to splitting. The. pooling of samples is considered appropriate in order to get a more " representative" sample because of the inherent m
~
pctchiness of' plankton distribution (a procedure recomeded by Reeve,1970, in his Turkey Point survey). One half of the total sample is separated.in a sieve series with standard mesh sizes of Nos.10, 20, 30, 60 and -120. Five 7 ml aliquots are removed from each mesh size screen for qualitative and quantitative determinations of organisms. Total counts of fish larvae and eggs are planned from all samples, including both net sizes. Qualitative. determinations are made by the use of the following categories: Copepods: Calanoid Harpacticoid Cyclopoid Mo11use Veligers: Gastropods Bivalves, including Oyster (Crassostrea) others Barnacle larvae n-Shrimps-Penaeus Others - (mysids , etc.) I
- f.
! ' Crab Larvae Stone Crab (Menippe) .like Blue Crab (Callinectes) - like Others -
Lobster larvae Other Crustaceans '(subdivided, if found pertinent) Polychaetes _ . Echinoderms Chaetognaths Tunicates Madusae' (inclu' ding siphonophores) i e V
.=_- . _ ~ ;I
Miscellaneous invertebrates Eggs Fish eggs Fish larvae Quantitative determinations include: 1) total numbers of each zooplankton category per unit volume, and 2) approximations of dry weight biomass of each zooplankton category per unit volume. Biomass determinations are made based on the sieve separation schene, We believe this method provides a more accurate estimation than the traditional procedures. This gravimetric procedure, devised by Mr. Clay Adans (Masters Thesis, UF 1972), involves mechanically separating zooplankton using a set of paleontological sieves; making a random sample of the individual fractions; deter- ! mining the per cent composition of each fraction by recording counts
, per zooplankton type divided by the total count of all zooplankton in the fraction sample; vacuum filtering each sieve fraction onto a preweighed Whatman No. 42 filter dise; oven-drying loaded discs and weighing each to determine the dry weight of fraction; and finally compiling th'e weights and percentages of the several sieve I
fractions to detennine the dry weight percentage composition of the zooplankton types. Dry weight approximations, if converted to calories, can be used for future systems analyses as proposed by Odum and Snedaker in another FPC contract. The sieve separation facilitates counting procedures because it sorts organisms to size and reduces the number of species per ~~ sample. The data are being~ programmed for computer analysis. The computer output will include: 1) total number of zooplankters/m3; 2) numbers of different kinds of zooplankters/m 3; 3) numbers of zooplankters of a specific size range /m3; 4) % composition of each animal type in the plankton connunity; 5) % composition of each animal type in a specific size range; 6) total zooplankton biomass /m3;
- 7) biomass of each animal category /m3; 8) biomass of a specific size range of zooplankter/m3 ; 9) weight in pounds and grams of zooplankton that are entrained by the plant at the intake site for the present operation (Units 1 & 2); end 10) projected entrainment potential for future operation (Units 1, 2, & 3). Output on numbers.9 and 10 above will be in three units: per minute, per hour, and per day.
g..
Limitations We have not been successful in distinguishing oyster veligers from other bivalve veligers. Neither have we been able to distinguish stone crab and blue crab zoeas' from other xanthid and portunid zoeas. Perhaps if we can obtain a series of stages from laboratory reared specimens, we might be able to sort the crabs; we will try to locate such series. We 'are cautious about the success of this type of comparison for these two crabs. When I asked Dr. J. Costlow, who was the first to raise successfully bluecrabs from egg through to adult, if he could now identify with certainty these larvae in the plankton, he said, "Show me its mother and I'll tell you what it is!" Because the natural fluctuations of biomass from station to statior, and between successive sampling dates are so large (as are natural temperatures and salinities), it might take several years of intensive sampling to demonstrate clearly qualitative and ; quantitative differences between stations. l l Finally, the accuracy of plankton sampling estimates is relatively poor because of problems inherent in the sampling apparatus, the I i
w inherent patchiness of plankton distribution, and the frequency of sampling, among other things. We believe our estimates will be approximations on the order considered acceptable by planktologists. Project Duration Bc:ause of the lateness of the change in fish egg and larvae sampling and the usefulness of repeated seasonal sampling in work of this sort, we recommend that the project continue at least through August,1974. Present Status All samples taken through October,1972, have been processt d. The i computer program is currently being written and is expected to be readj very shortly. l l l
Figure 1 Q f % ,., Y 6M SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
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NAUTIC AL MILES s i:: I:f d n . #~CY:
- e. .:
- a. i
Personnel Principal . Investigator: Frank J. S. Maturo, Jr.
- A. Biographical data: Born April 28, 1929. Married, three children.
B.S.1951,-University of Kentucky; M.A.1953, Duke University; Ph.D. 1956, Duke University. Instructor in Zoology, Duke University, 1955-57; Staff, Duke Marine Laboratory, Summers 1956, 1957; Visiting Assistant ProfesscP of Zoology, University of North Carolina, Summers 1956, 1959, 1960; HSF Post-doctoral Fellow, Duke Marine Laboratory, Summer 1958, 1970; ?in. ant Professor of Zoology, University of North Carolina, 1957-58; Assistant Professor of Biological Sciences and Zoology, University of Florida, 1958-1964; Associate Professor, 1964-72; Professor,1972. National Academy of Sciences -- National Research Council Senior Research Associate, Smithsonian Institution, 1965-66. Visiting Research Associate, University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sunmer 1968. Director, University of Florida Marine Laboratory, 1970 to present. Membership in 12 professional societies including election as Fellow (1963), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and President, International Bryozoology Association (1971-1974). B. Research interests: Systematics, ecology, zoogeography, and life histories of marine invertebrates, especially Bryozoa. Recent empL31s on larval development, behavior, metamorphosis and early development of marine organisms. Presently supervising four M.S. and three Ph.D. candidates in these areas. Grant'and contract work done for National Science Foundation, Pacific Science Board Coral Atoll Project, Division of Sponsored Research Biomedical Tropical
a and_ Subtropical Research, Division of Ciological Sciences Estuarine Ecology Research (larval ecology of estuarine organisms). Identification services provided for U.S. National Museum, American Museum, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Bureau of Comercial Fisheries, numerous university laboratories, and several consulting . firms. C. Publications: Fifteen papers and articles dealing primarily with biology of Bryozoa. Graduate Research Assistant: John W. Caldwell A. Biographical data: Born April 14, 1948. Married, no children, B.S. with Honors 1970, Northea0ern Missouri State College; M.S. (August 1972), University of Florida. Thesis topic: Larval growth, development, metamorphosis and substrate selection
'in the sand dollar Mellita quinquesporforata. Pertinent course work in invertebrate zoology, advance invertebrate zoology, estuarine systems (Environmental Engineering).
B. Experience: Graduate teaching assistant.in invertebrate zoology. Summer research project at Oregon Institute of Marine Biology
~a boratory on effect of pulpmill effluent on an Oregon mudflat.
Research assistant on Estuarine Ecology Grant-Division of Biological l Sciences working on planktonic larvae, particularly echinoderms. l l l 0 References Adams, C. A.1972. Food habits of juvenile pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), silver- perch (Bairdiella chrysura), and spotted sea trout (Cynoscion nebulosus) of the estuarine zone near Crystal River, Florida. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Graduate School, University of Florida. Carder, K. L. , Klausewitz, R. H. , and B. A. Rodgers. 1973. Preliminary data on the nature of flew in the area of the intake channel of the Crystal River Power Plant. Technical Report No. 2 on Independent Environmental Study of Thermal Effects of Power Plant Discharge, Florida Power Corporation. Reeve, M. R.'1970. Seasonal changes in the zooplankton of south Biscayne Bay and some problems of assessing the effects on the zooplankton of natural and artificial thermal and other fluctuations. Bull. Mar. Sci. 2][ (4):894-921. L
' VI. EFFECTS OF CHLORINATION ON THr. MICR0 BIOTA Univers'ity of Florida Department of Environmental Engineering INTRODUCTION On March 24, 1972, the sampling phase of a one year chlorination study at the Crystal River Power Plant was completed. The objective of the study was to establish the effects of chlorination
_ on the marine environment. This was accomplished by measuring residual chlorine in the discharge area under various ambient conditions and, by studying the direct and indirect effects of chlorinated cooling water on selected biological chemical and physical parameters in the receiving waters. RESULTS Results of the completed study are found in Fox, Jackson L. and Michael S. Moyer (1972) Effects of Power Plant Chlorination on Marine Microbiota Final Report, April 28,1971 - April 28,1972. Florida Power Corporation Environmental Status Report July, August,
. Sepceaber,1972, p. 68.
f 6
. 58-
a.
.s Parameter Method Chlorophyll a. Acetone extraction. Parsons , T.R.
and 'J.D.H. Strickland,1963. Discussion of spectrophotometric determination of Marine-plant pignents, with revised equations for ascertaining chlorophylls and carotenoids. J. of Mar. Res . , l 21(3):155-72. I Primary productivity net & gross Carbon-14 Method. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1960. A manual of seawater analysis. Bull. Fish. Res. Brd. Can., 125:153-63. Filtered Suspended Load Wet weight, dry weight, ash weight 0 6000,
-Copepod Counts #10 plankton net with direct enumeration, 1
I
EXPERIMENTAL' TECHNIQUES Parameter Method lemperature & dissolved oxygen YSI Probe Chlorine Orthotolidine - arsenite Standard Method. American , Public Health Association,1971. Standard methods for the exam-ination of water and wastewater (Thirteenth Edition). A.P.H.A. Inc., New York. 769 p. l Total Bacterial Populations ' Standard totalplate count pro-cedure. American Public Health Association, 1971, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Thirteenth Edition). A.P.H.A., Inc., New York. 769 p. 4
~' '
Parameter Method Phytoplankton Species and numbers using Lackey's drop sedimentation nethod. American Public Health Association, 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Thirteenth Edition). A.P.H.A., Inc., New York. 769 p. Viability ATP (luciferin - luciferase reaction) with a Dupont Biometer. Station locations were chosen' to be representative of Gulf water prior to entering the plant, immediately upon discharge, at one-half mile intervals down the effluent canal, and at one location in the receiving bay. There were a total of six stations. Two initial baseline studies were made before chlorination was begen in an effort - to ascertain thermal effects. Following those studies , chlorination was initiated by Florida Power Corporation personnel. PRESENT STATUS COMPLETED A proposal has been submitted for a continuation of the previous
. study. This research would begin subsequent to the operation of l-t i- . . -. --
i l Crystal River Unit 3 and would be modified based on experience gained in the initial study. These refinements are: A. A variation in chlorination application schedule. Presently chlorine is applied only in the mornings. An additional sampling day will be included to document effect of chlorine applied in the afternoon, on a seasonal basis. The results will be compared to determine at what time of year chlorine is having -its greatest effect. l B. Sample collection of chlorinated intake water before discharge to canal. This additional information is needed to more precisely delimit effects of chlorination on intake water. C. Sampling station strategy changes. Station changes will be made to conform to more effective monitoring and control evaluations based on the first year of research. 1 b CURRICULUM VITAE Jackson Leland Fox, Jr. SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER: 221-24-7529 ^ PROFESSIONAL TITLE: Assistant Professor of Environmental Biology EDUCATION: B.S. (Biology), Bucknell University,1961. M.P.H. , University of Minnesota,1965. Ph.D. (Public Health Biology) - Environmental Health), University of Minnesota,1969. EXPERIENCE: ; i l 1962 - 1964 Commissioned Officer, U.S. Public Health Service, l Great Lakes Illinois River Basins Project, l Chicago, Ill. 1964 - 1965 Graduate Student, University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, supported by U.S. 1 Public Health Service Traineeship. l l T - 1965 - 1969 Graduate Student, Universi ty of _ Minnesota, School of Public Health, supported by USPHS Fellowship. Participated in Limnological Training Program at the University of Minnesota Lake Superior Research Laboratory in Duluth during suminers of 1965-1968. 1969 - Present Assistant Professor, Department.of Environmental Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville. PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Memoer, American Association for the Advancement of Science Member, Florida Academy of Science Member, American Association of Limnology and Oceanography Member, Water Pollution Control Federatuon l Member, Sigma Xi HONOPS AND AWARDS: . USPHS Fellowship, University of Minnesota School of Public Health
Outstanding Faculty Award, Radio Station WRUF Listed in: "American Men of Science"
" Personalities of the South" PRESENTATIONS:
1969 " Algae and Taste and '0 dor Problems", Lecturer _ for State Health Department's Annual Short Course for Florida Water Treatment Plant Operators, Gainesville. l 1970 " Aquatic Weed Control", Lecturer for State 1 Health Department's Annual Short Course for Florida Water Treatment Plant Operators, i Gainesville. 1970 " Biological Aspects of Guatemala Lakes", Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American , 1 Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Rhode Island. 1970 (Co-author) "A Pre-operational Environmental l Surveillance Program for a Nuclear Power Plant", Presented at the 5th Annual Health Physics Society Mid-Year Tcpical Symposium. l m. 1971' " Airborne Fungi and Coliform Bacteria in a Municipal Composting Plant", Presented at the VI Congreso Internacional de Higiene, Medicina Preventiva y Medicina Social in Madrid, Spain, (co-author) . 1972 (Co-author) " Nutrient Uptake by Lemna minor", Presented at the American Society of Limnuiogy
.and Oceanography in Tallahassee, March 19-21.
1972 (Co-author) "The effects of Chlorine on Marine Microbiota", Presented at the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography in Tallahassee, March 19-21. i 1972 " Biological Problems-in Florida", Lecturer at I ~ the Ninth' Junior Science, Engineering and Humanities Symposium, University of Florida. 1972 " Effects of Power Plant Chlorination on Marine , 1 Microbiota", Presented at Florida Power Corp. ] Fifth Semi-Annual Review of Environmental Research Programs at Crystal River. e
1972 "The Bacteriology of Drinking Water". Lecturer for State Health Department. Ft. Lauderdale.
~ PUBLICATIONS:
1969 "The Epilithic Periphyton of the Western Arm of Lake Superior", Ph.D. Dissertation, University Of Minnesota. 1969 "The Ecology of Periphyton in Western Lake Superior I. Taxonomy and Distribution" - Water Resources REsearch Center, University of Minnesota Graduate S.chool, Bulletin 14, 127p.(co-author). l 1970- "The Artificial Enrichment of a North Central l Florida Lake", Proceedings of the Aquatic Plant Research Conference, Gainesville, Florida, l Feb. 20, 1970, Published by the Governor's 1 [ Aquatic Research and Development Committee. l 1970 "An Ecological Appraoch to Environmental Surveillance", Proceddings of the 4th Mid-Year Topical Symposium.of the Health Physics Society, Idaho Falls, Idaho, Nov. 3-6, 1970, i 1
' (co-au th or) . j I
~
1 1970 "A Study of the Aquatic and Terrestiral Ecology of Selected Karst Lakes and Basins Near Flores, Guatemala", Biomedical Science's Support Grant Committee Report, July 1970, 47 p. l ~ 1971 " Nutrient Budget within the Organic Soils Area North of Lake Apopka", Oklawaha Compre-hensive River Basin Study, the East Central Florida-Regional Planning Council, Winter Park, Florida,18 p. (co-author) . 1971 " Effects of Power Plant Chlorination on Marine Microbiota Crystal River Site", in Environ-mental Status Report, April-May-June 1971, Florida Power Corporation, pp 37-57. 1972 " Effects of Power Plant Chlorination on Marine Microbiota", In Environmental Status Report, July, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec. Florida Power i Corporation. pp 38-53. 1972-73 Ecotek , Vol 1. , No.1,2,3, (Edi tor). W , PAPERS: 1967 "The Collection, Identification, and Quanti-tation of the Epilithic Periphyton of Lake Superior", Proceedings, Tenth Conference on Great Lakes Research, pp 12-18 (co-author). 1973 "Some Effects.of a Power Plant on Marine Mi crobiota". Chesapeake Science , Vol .14, No. 1. March. (co-author). 1973 " Nutrient Removal from Secondary Sewage Effluent by Lemna minor", Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, (co-author), revisions suggested by referees .made and resubmitted. Expect acceptance any day. 1973 "The Limnology of Selected Guatemalan Lakes",
,. Submitted to Hydrobiologia, (co-author).
vm -, mm
l l l i CURRICULUM VITAE
- Nola' Masterson Uhler I
I DATE OF BIRTH: March 27, 1947 l <- PLACE OF BIRTH: Worchester, Massachusetts I MARITAL ~ STATUS: Married, no children I i l HOME ADDRESS: 3216 N.W. 48th Place Gainesville, Florida 32601 UNIVERSITY ADDRESS: Environmental Engineeri.ng Sciences College of Engineering U61versity of Florida Gainesville 1 (904) 392-0839 EDUCATION: B.S. Biology, Marymount College Tarrytown, New York ' M.T. (ASCP) Lawrence Hospital Bronxville, New York
si;
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M.S. Biological Sciences George Washington University Washington, D.C. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1968 - 1969 Medical Technologist Lawrence Hospital Bronxville, New York 1969 - 1970 Medical Technologist M.T. (ASCP) Southeastern Hospital Lumberton, North Carolina 1971 - 1972 M.T. (ASCP) Assistant Supervisor Southwestern Clinic Hospital Lawton, Oklahoma 1973 - Present Associate in Engineering Environmental Engineering Sciences College of Engineering University of Florida Gainesville, Florida HONORS: Listed - Who's Who in American Colleges and Universities f
ORGANIZATIONS: Medical Technologist American Society of Clinical Pathologist l l I l l l l
VII. . PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THERMAL PLUME An assessment and understanding of the marine hydrological conditions in the' vicinity of the Crystal River plant and a specific definition of the zone of influence of the plant in terms of heated water discharge and cooling water influent are basic to all environmental research at Crystal River. For these reasons, we began this program early at Crystal River and continue its support as a dynamic effort responsive to the needs of the company, the other researchers and regulatory agencies. The work of the University of South Florida has proven its ability to do jest that. Closely related to this project is the automated monitoring buoy system which was installed in December,1970 at Crystal River. The syssim consists of buoys anchored at specified locations in the discharge area. These buoys monitor the water temperature at various depths and telemeter the ) information to a central station where it is recorded on paper tape for computer reduction. The resulting data are used to establish a synoptic temperature picture of the discharge area. l INDEPENDENT ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF THERMAL EFFECTS OF POWER PLANT DISCHARGE - University of South Florida, Department of Marine Science Introduction i The Department of Marine Science of the University of South Florida has been contracted since 1970 with Florida Power Corporation to i
document the size and position of the Crystal River Plant thermal j plume with time and to study the physical attriautes (wind, bathymetry, tide range, etc.) which affect plume behavior. Based on the field results of this study, sufficient physical characteristics of the plume behavior are derived to construct a mathematical model of the flow in the basin and subsequently, the plume itself. Goals The goals of the study are as follows:
- 1. Monitor size and shape of thermal plume (at least seasonally).
- 2. Reduce data into salinity, . temperature, and density contours and profiles.
1 l 1 3.. Quantitize dynamic (wind, turbulance, tidal currents and heights, etc.) and static (bathymetry, bottom friction, etc.) physical l parameters neces ary to operate and evaluate a mathematical model ~ of the area of the thermal plume.
- 4. Investigate and use all available methods of water tracing and plume tracking -such as 06ior, light scattering, practicle size, attenuation, and dye diffusion.
J
- 5. Determine bottom spectral irradiance in areas under the influence of the thermal plume .and in control (nonaffected) areas to deter-mine any spectral attenuation attributable to the plume.
- 6. Create, calibrate, and verify a mathematical model of the hydraulic processes in the area affected by the thermal plume.
- 7. Create, calibrate, and verify a mathematical model of the mixing processes in the area that are affected by the thernial plume .
- 8. Investigate and develop verification techniques for the mathematical models.
- 9. Conduct field surveys to evaluate heating of shallow water areas by natural (solar radiation, bottom radiation, etc.)
effects.
- 10. Simulate this natura'l heating and add it to the mixing n.odel to allow exact reproduction of observed field conditions.
- 11. Determine source of intake water.to compare temperature and optical properties before and after passage through the plant.
w i 4 h . . . -.
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- 12. Investigate fully and utilize any other techniques (aerial photo-graphy, plankton identification, thermal cores, etc.) of ap-proaching quantization and definition of the natural processes under study.
- 13. Improve methods of automated data reduction for thermal buoy and weather station data to permi+ coherent presentation of manageable amounts of data.
Experimental Techniques The experimental techniques will be described in the same sequence as the goals above or the objectives those techniques will use to accomplish.
- 1. Documentation of the plume is accomplished by probing with a salinity-tamperature-depth probe from a small outboard boat. l A second technique is to be added shortly and will consist of- probes attached to a frame which will be continuously towed to 1.nprove synopticity. The measurements are taken during high and low waters on consecutive days. In addition, temperature data recorded by the automated buoy system provide supplemental information which is used with measurements taken by other l means.
.g we .2. - Although d'ata is presently hand reduced and contoured, tech-1 niques of automated countouring are under investigation to allow more time for field activity.
- 3. An automated weather system reporting through the buoy transponder system is now in operation reporting wet and dry bulb temperature, wind speed and direction, barometric pressure, water surface tem-perature and tidal' height. From these hourly reports seasonal means, day and night averages, extremes and other parameters are being extracted to exercise the model. Bathymetry data has been gathered by means of a recording fathometer using the echo sounding technique. Bottom characteristics are determined j by visual inspection. Tidal heights are measured by pressure-transducer recording tide gauges (5) placed at chosen locations throughout the outfall area. Tidal current is gathered at the same time by film-recording self contained current meters.
The data is collected over at least four complete tidal cycles each time deployed. l
- 4. Equipment used to examine water samples in and out of the plume are as follows:
- a. Water color - spectrophotometer
- b. Light scattering - Brice-Phoenix light scattering photometer
- c. Particle ' size - coulter counter j h -77'
f:
- d. Light attenuation - hydro-products transmissometer
- e. Dye diffusion - Turner flourometer
- f. Organic / Inorganic - millipore filter ash-weight technique Samples are gathered during an ebb tide or low water and flood tide or high. water, on two consecutive days. The samples are gathered both in and out of the area of plume influence at ten to thrity stations throughout the study area. The transmisso-meter is towed for continuous recording.
- 5. Bottom special irradiance is a variation on the technique of light attenuation and also uses the hydro-products transmisso-meter towed through the study area.
- 6. The hydraulic model chosen for use at Crystal River is an adapted and highly customized version of a variable boundary I
model written at the University of Alaska by Mungall and Matthews l 1 in 1970. The e.quations of flow and continuity are integrated l 1 over depth and linearized. The equations are then solved by the explicit method of finite differences. The model is being cali-brated and verified by the historical techniques of matching range ratios, phase lags as well as current magnitude and direction, and dye flows.- 78-T a~ . y-g-- -
- 7. -The dispersion' model derives from the basic advection-diffusion
. equations integrated with respect to depth. The equations are solved on a centered time and space, explicit finite-difference method. Calibration is being achieved through matching plume
-size and shape with field results.
- 8. In addition to the historical approaches for calibration, new calibration techniques some using resultant flow techniques and aircraft tracking are being considered and attempted.
- 9. Using shallow draft vessels and small thermistor probes mud-flat runoff areas will be investigated to determine the diurnal thermal history of the exposed mud and of the water that subsequently flows over it to detennine natural heating patterns in these areas.
- 10. A thermal budget program developed by Callaway et. al. (E.P.A.) l for the Columbia River Model is being adapted to the Crystal River study area. It has been incorporated into the mixing model and will be calibrated by field plume surveys and thermal buoy data. One thennal buoy has now been moved to a control area for this purpose.
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- 11. The source of intake water is being traced on ebb and flood cycles primarily by dye-flow, recording current meters and an introduction-probe type current meter. Salinity-temperature and depth measure-ments are also used .to categorize water types. In addition, all of the techniques described for plume tracing (color, light at-tenuation, etc.) will be used for intake water tracing.
Present Status In research to date field trips and subsequent reports have been generated for:
- a. Plume documentation (16 surveys)
- b. Tide characteristics ( 4 surveys)
- c. Tidal current ( 6 surveys)
- d. Dye-flow (5 surveys)
- e. Bathymetry (2 surveys)
- f. Oyster bar bathymetry ( l survey ) ;
- g. Frash water input (2 surveys)
- h. Organic / Inorganic (3 surveys)
- 1. Light attenuation (2 surveys)
- j. Light scattering ( l survey )
- k. Microscopic microplankton l l
analysis (1 survey) I 1.- Sediment core ( l survey ) Pl'me documentation will continue with improved techniques. l l
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l l Tide characteristics, tidal current, and dye-flow measurements will all be continued in the intake area to determine water source and in the discharge area as model calibration. Other techniques discussed above will be used as considered appropriate. The hydraulic and mixing models are now written, debugged and under-going calibration. The calibration process should be concluded by this summer when final runs of normal operating plume configurations for t% nuclear unit (Unit #3) add-on and worst case and best case conditions will be made. Programs have been written and are now being debugged to access infoma-tion from weather station records and thermal broy records and ' rom statistical parameters useful to the mst of the research effort. .Ad-ditionally, thermal buoy records are now being analyzed to detemine monthly impact of the influencing dynamic physical parameters (wind, tide, solar radiouon, thermal rise, etc.) to determine how the level of importance of each of these factors changes on a yearly basis. A-recording radiometer has now been installed and correlations between
- these readings and buoy data, and the nud-flat research data will enable modeling of the intemittantly submerged mud-flat heating ef-facts. Themal coring will also be used to detemine stagnation and
. biological heating in those mud-flat areas.
~-
' CARDER, KENDALL L., Assistant Professor,'Mari.79 Science' Institute (B.:Septembec 11,1942. Married)
!Education:
B.S. (1964) ~ Fresno State College; M.S. (1967) Oregon State University; Ph.D. (1970) Oregon State University Professional Experience: Assistant Professor ~,11969- , University of South Florida Research Assistant, 1965-1959, Oregon State University Teaching Assistant,1964-1965, Oregon State University
'Research Interest: -
, Distribution of particulates in the Arctic (near forward light 4 scattering beneath ice island T-3).
Particle size distributions: factors influencing their vertical and horizontal 1 oceanic distribution and their effect on t;ie
-submarine light field.
Relative indices of refraction of marine particulates: their values and distributional ranges for variousiparticle types; changes .due to stages of growth (phytoplankton); and effects of senescence and decay on the refractive indices of organisms. The use of particle concentration as an open ocean relative
' productivity indicator.
The use of light scattering to trace sediment transport by the Gulf Stream. - Particle distributions as circulation indicators. Numerical modeling of thermal dispersion from a power-plant. Numerical modeling of euphotic zone shoaling associated with dredging operations.
~ Grants Received:
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- Florida Power Corporation -- Crystal River (1970-1974)
National Science Foundation (1970-71) National Science Foundation -- Travel
- Florida' Power Corporation -- Anclote (grant (1970)1971,'72, 73-75)
Office of Naval Research' (1972, 73, ...) l Technical Reports: i Carder, K. L. Independent Environme. :a1 Study of Thermal Effects of Power Plant Discharge, Enviro.imental Status Report, (July-Aug.1970), Florida Power _ Corp. , St. Petersburg, Fla. , pp. 32-40. Carder, X..L., R.tKlausewitz, and F. Schlemmer. Independent Environmental Study of Thermal' Effects of Power Plant Discharge, ,~ Environmer.tal Status Report, (Oct., Nov. , Dec. -1970), Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Fla., pp. 28-45. f
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Hum, H. J. , R. C. Baird, K. Carder, T. L. Hopkins, and T. E. Pyle, 1970. Anclote Environmental Project Annual Report. Florida Power Corp. , St. Petersburg. Carder, K. L. , R. Klausewitz, and F. Schlemmer. Independent Environmental Study of Themal Effects of Power Plant Discharge Environmental Status Report, (Jan., Feb., March,1971), Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg,' Fla. Carder, K. L. , R. Klausewitz, and F. Schlemmer. Independent Study of Thermal Effects of Power Plant Discharge, Environmental Status Report, (Apr., May, June,1971), Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Fla.,13-33. Pyle, T., K. Carder, and R. Klausewitz. July-Dec., 1971. Independent Environmental Study of Thermal Effects of Pcwer Plant Discharge, Environmental Status Report, Florida Pows Corp., $~ Petersburg, Fla., 11-36. Papers Presented in 1972:
. Klausewitz, R. H. and K. L. Carder,1972. A variable-boundary tidal circulation model for shallow barricaded estuaries, (abstract)
Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 53 (4): 396. Schlemmer, F. C. , II, and K. L. Carder,1972. Particles as indicators of circulation in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, 53 (4): 424.
a t b i KLAUSEWITZ,. RONALD H. Education: Pennsylvania State University - 1962, B.S. in Electrical Engineering. University of South Florida - 1973, M.S. in Marine Science
' Other Graduate Credits:
Statistics Accounting ' Economics Marketing Management Analog Computer Design Digital Computer Design Seminar in Fortran Programming and Computer Skrulation Seminar in Computer Modeling of Shallow, Well-Mixed Estuaries Professional Associations: IEEF, Member; AGU, Member. Experience: 1970 to Present: University of South Florida. Research Associate. Responsible for data acquisition reduction, and instrumentation on a contract to study behavior of thermal effluent from a power generating facility. Developed and applies computer simulation program to the hydraulics and effluent dispersion of a barricaded estuary. 1966 to 1969: National Cash Register, Electronic Communications Division, St. Petersburg, Fla., Systems Engineer - Advanced Development. Responsible for Digital Simulation Programs necessary to complete studies on Wave Travel and Reflection Characteristics, Propagation, Traffic Analysis, and Modulation Techniques. 1965 to 1966: Digital Equipment Corp., Customer Liaison Engineer, Large Computer Production. Responsible for final testing and _ transition of computer systems to customer. Instructed customer
-personnel in Programming, Maintenance, Operation and Equipment ;
Modification. I 1962 to 1965: Military. Lieutenant in United States Air Force, Rome Air Development Center. Project Officer on Headquarters USAF ! Command and Control Computer System 473L. Assisted procuring l Agency in testing, shipping and transition to operational personnel l of a four million dollar computer system for Air Force / Pentagon. Papers: Program Credit " Computer Analysis of Infrared Spectral Lines" Neil T. McDevitt, ASTIA, June 1963.
"A Variable Boundary Tidal Circulation Model for Shallow Barricaded Estuaries", American Geophysical Union meeting, April 1972.
" Predicting Thennal Effluent Movement in the Anclote Anchorage",
Florida Academy of Sciences April 1972. I I j 2 )
VIII. EFFECTS OF THERMAL PLUME ON THE MARINE BIOTA As presented in our Environmental Report submitted to the AEC in January,1972, the study of thermal discharge effects on the marine area at Crystal River was reopened in 1972 as a principal research effort. Prior to this in 1969-71 the Florida Departnent of Natural Resources had conducted thermal effects studies at Crystal River. The results of this research are documented as listed in the bibliography at the end of this section. This program will continue until at least two years after commercial operation of Crystal River Unit #3. A. BENTHIC COMMUNITY - PART I - University of Florida, Department of Environmentai .ngineering Introduction The primary objective of this study is to quantify the abundance and distribution of macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and verte-brates in the estuarine areas contiguous with the Crystal River thermal plume in . order to describe the impact of the thermal discharge on the receiving estuary. The field, laboratory and ; office work, implemented to attain this objective, are designed to yield the.following broad categories of results:
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- 1. Comparisons between thermally affected and non-affected estuarine subsystems of the standing-stock biomass (by species), diversities of organisms, and species population characteristics such as phenology (macrophytes), population structures, time of arrival and recruitment, and estimates of residence times and turnover rates.
- 2. A per-unit-area and total-area quantification of the major, ecosystems components for use by Dr. H. T.
Odum and his research team'in their integration and modeling efforts.
- 3. A series of base maps of the study area which shows, by season, the distributions of benthic communities, and a series of compatible map overlays of biological parameters (quantified) such as biomass, diversity, population sizes, etc.
- 4. Quantitative, per-unit-area comparisons of the dietaries of vertebrates and macro-invertebrates
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and the availability of those dietary items in the thermally-affected and non-affected areas.
- 5. Contributions to our overall understanding of the structure and . function of estuarine ecosystems and their adaptive responses to man-induced stresses.
1
- Experimer.tal Techniques (SeeTable1)
- 1. Quadrat ,
l i Quadrat sample points are determined from trapezoidal grid overlays superimposed on an aerial photo of the area de-scribed by the high-tide and low-tide thernal plumes. The trapezoidal grid is constructed to yeild a decreasing density of sample points as one moves away from the source of the plume. The spacing ranges from approximately 50 m near the l l l l
r TABLE 1 FIELD SAMPLING TECHNIQUES QUADRAT SEDIMENT CORE VENTURI PUMP DROP NET ENCLOSURE NET BAG SEINE TARGET ORGANISMS necrophytes and micro- macro- vertebrates and vertebrates vertebrates and periphyton invertebrates invertebrates . macro- macro-invertebrates invertebrates PRIMARY OBJECTIVES biomass and relative abun- biomass and biomass and biomass and dietaries diversity dance and diversi ty diversity diversity diversity SECONDARY time and space time and space time and space time and space time and space life histories OBJECTIVES distributions, distributions, distributions, distributions, distributions phenologies dietaries and dietaries and dietaries and dietaries and life histories life histories life histories life histories SAMPLE AREA 1m2 78.5 cm2 1m2 16 m2 1840 m2 NA 5 1' SAMPLES PER SEASON 200 100 75 54 12 NA MAN-DAYS'PER SEASON 42 6 30 81 42 3 per sample day GEAR m2 frame and coring cylinder, m2enclosure 4m x 4m PVC frame, 10'x800', 1/4" 50'x8',1/16" bottom scoop 10 cm dia. x frane and 18m x 2.5m,l/16" mesh enclosure mesh bag seine 14 cm centri fugal- mesh drop net and net and 150' pump driven sweeping seine 1/4" mesh sweep-venturi-suction ing seine pump BEING PERFORMED Yes Yes No Yes No Yes
source to about 200 m at the fringes of the plume. The grid, however, only serves to indicate approximate locations. During the . sampling exercises, the field crew moves by boat to an indicated location, anchors, and then determines the compass bearings to three known points on the horizon. This information can then be used to determine the actual loca- . tion of the sample point on a base map or aerial-photo overlay for the purpose of mapping biological data. At the sample site, a meter-square rigid frame is laid on the botto.a and two divers harvest the vegetation (including roots ! and rhizomes). The harvest is made with a hand-held metal scoop to which a 16" x 24" fine-mesh nylon collecting bag is secured. This device precludes loss of sample materials and also permits the sediment to be washed from the sample materials and also permits the sediment to be washed from the sample with minimal disturbance. The sample is preserved in the field in a 10% solution of formalin in seawater and returned to the on-site lab. Sample processing (sorting, identifications, descriptions, weight, etc.) is performed by Mr. Robin Van Tyne who is developing ' [ __ _
a Masters Thesis (phycology) based on the results. Dry weights ~are determined by species by drying the sample to a constant weight at 70 0C.
- 2. Sediment Core
.The sediment cores are taken at the same time as the quadrat samples at every second grid point. The reduced number, relative to the quadrats, is due to the fact that the cores require a much longer time period to work up.
The technique employs a cylindrical core,10 cm in diameter and '14 cm in height. The core is pushed in the sediment to the full 14 cm (where possible) and the top is capped. Then the sediment around the side of the core is removed and a second cap is slipped over the bottom. The sealed core is emptied (in the boat) into a plastic bag and approximately 100 ml of formalin is added to the sample. Sample sorting and cataloging is supervised by Mr. Gary Evink and a small portion of the identifications are made by UF personnel . Specimens which cannot be easily or accurately identified inhouse are sent to Dr. John L. Taylor, an inverte-brate consultant. Because lof the time required to identify l.- i t
and process the micro-invertebrate infauna, only the impor-tant (to 12 fish i3una) dietary items are fully quantified. Relatively un-importar.: species (those that do not appear in abundance in fish dietaries) and very small species, such as the foraminifera, are only described in terms of relative abundance.
- 3. Venturi rump ;
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A one meter-square frame, with 0.5 meter-high solid iight-gauge galvanized tin walls, is used to isolate a collection area. Imediately after the frame is firmly planted in the ! bottom, the intake suction hose is introduced and the bottom is systematically swept until the entire area has been col-lected to a specified depth. The 8" diameter corrugated wall intake hose and the high suction pressure pemits the collection of even large gastropods and bivalves. All the material collected from within the frame is deposited in a 1/16" square (1/8" stretch) mesh nylon collection bag at-
'sched to the discharge end of the venturi apparatus, rne venturi apparatus is driven by the water discharge (95 psi) from a 38 horsepower gasoline engine-powered centri-fugal pump mounted.by two fifty-foot long, 2" diameter fire
hoses. Discharge of the hoses into the venturi creates the suction used to harvest the sample. Once the apparatus
.is set up, approximately 30 minutes on site are required to harvest the area.
Three persons 'are required to operate the venturi pump. One remains in the boat to tend the engine, and two handle the venturi intake and collection bag. SCUBA diving gear is used to work deeper waters with the venturi pump. The samples are preserved and processed according to the pro-cedures established for the complementary techniques.
- 4. Drop Net The drop net technique is labor-intensive and a time-consuming exercise, but has proved, on other projects of the principal investigator, to be an excellent method for collecting and quantifying small-fish biomass. The technique by itself, has
. only limited value,'but used in conjunction with the other quantitative techniques and good quality aerial photos it becomes the most important technique being used. Details on how the data and photos are integrated, are described else-where in this report.
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L- l 1 Basically, the drop net consists of a portable rigid-frame made of PVC pipe from which a suspended net is remotely trig-gered to instantaneously enclose a 16 m2 water column. Once enclosed, the column is harvested, collecting all organisms which were entrapped. Working from the boat, a three-man crew first assembles the-frame: The corners of a four-meter square area are delineated by 10-foot poles of hollow 3-1/2" 0.D. PVC pipe which are verti-cally implanted in, or set on, the substrate. There are two linear series of 1/4" holes, spaced 4" and 1800 apart, in each corner pole. Through them, at an appropriate distance above the bottom, a 3/16" diameter,12" long support pin is inserted. The pins support 4-1/2" 0.D. hollow PVC pipe crosspieces that outline the perimeter of th.e area to be collected. Each vertical corner pole suppor ts the ends of two horizontal cross-pieces that outline the. perimeter of the area to be collected. Each vertical corner pole supports the ends of two horizontal ; crosspieces, which meet at rifit angles. I From the crosspieces, which are suspended five-and-one-half to seven-and-one-half feet above the bottom, is hung the drop net. The net is made of nylon, with a 1/16" square - -94 :
(1/8" stretch) mesh. The net chain lead-line, which weighs 1 one pound per linear foot of net, is drawn tight at the corner poles and suspended at each corner pole by a 12"
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trigger pin. The ends of the 17-meter net overlap when the net is completely suspended from the crosspieces. They are joined by a nylor, zipper made of " Velcro". The nets are 8-feet high and are suitable for working in water up to about 7-feet deep. From each trigger pin a braided-nylon trigger rope runs to a common bridle outside the frame, to which a single 100-foot trigger rope is attached. The distal end of the extended trigger rope is hung on a support stake until the time the net is actually dropped. After frame assembly, net hanging, and rigging of trigger ropes, the area around the drop net is allowed to acclimate for at least one hour. To trigger the drop net, the trigger rope is attached to the stern line of the workboat and the boat accele-rates away from the frame to pull the trigger pins. Inniediately after the net has fallen, the lead line is fimly tamped into the bottom to prevent escapement or recruitment. Similarly, the float lines and zipper are checked for security.
After the net has dropped, the water column is harvested by repeated seining back and forth in the enclosure. The seine is 6-feet deep by 16-feet long, with a mesh of 1/16" square (1/8" stretch). Seining is terminated after two successive hauls in which no organisms are taken. All organisms collected are preserved in twenty percent saltwater formalin. A three-man crew requires about 30 minutes to erect the com-plete drop net assembly. Collection generally takes from one to two hours. Disassembly takes another 30 minutes. After one week in formalin, collect'ons are washed into a 70% freshwater isopropyl-alcohol solution for precessing. The samples are then sor iderctied, lengthed and weighed. Preserved weight is recorded and the specimens are then oven-dried at 700C to constant weight. The length-weight data 1 are used to describe the population structure for several purposes described elsewhere. +
- 5. Enclosure Net The enclosure net is used to obtain estimates of the biomass of a suite of la'rger fishes which are not quantitstively sampled by the techniques previously described. The enclosure net is made of 1/4" ~ stretch nylon, ,240m x 3m, with a heavy lead line and collared floats set at 4" intervals. It is laid out around corner posts which describe a rect:qgle 20m x 9?m (1840 m2 ),
L Whereas the net may be laid out.at any tide level, it is seined at_ low tide to permit the 40m oag seine to be hauled easily by 6 persons. Due to the size of the enclosure (and thus, area involved) and the diffidulty involved in pulling a 40 m fine mesh net with a large catch through e water, the estimate of biomass is made according to the following procedure: Four to seven hauls are made through the enclosure and the compo-sition (species, numbers, lengths, weight, etc.) of each haul is recorded. As expected, each haul yields a diminishing return. A power curve can then be fitted to the data and extrapolated beyond the empirical data (4 hauls, however, account for approximately 60% of the bioinass under most conditions.) An integration of the area under the calculated curve estimates the total biomass (or popn16 tion) from wnich the haul samples were taken. The procedure -for calculating biomass is still being refined to properly account for the inevitable single large flat fish, sting ray, for instance, which appears once or twice in one of the last hauls.
- 6. Bag Seine Specimens of fishes (juvenile.and adult) are collected monthly from the intake and discharge areas. Collections are taken y - ,
i l l primarily with a 50 x 6-foot nylon bag seine (1/8-inch stretch mesh); however, specimens taken with the seine may be complemented with similar specimens taken by drop net or venturi apparati. I Collections are made during low tidal periods of each month j (lunar cycle) on rising tides as fishes are re-entering sub-merged areas and feeding. Collections are taken over three essentially distinct benthic habitats : submerged seagrass, algae, and exposed mud.and/or sand. For those species whose time of spawning and time of
. arrival are predictable and distinctive, the specimens are pooled by size clacs on an annual basis. Thus, size class, compared to length-fr:.Oency data at time of capture, is indicative of age, and seasonal influences can be inferred.
For those species with protracted spawning periods, the specimens are pooled on a seasonal (quarterly) basis for analysis.- In both cases, the data are eventually compiled for all collections to describe ontogeny of food habits with body development. l 1 l Specimens are preserved imediately after capture in the l field in a 20% fonnalin-seawater solution. These are sub-sequently washed under fresh water in the laboratory, sorted ~
-93 = -
by species and site of collection, snd stored for further processing in 75% isopropyl alcohol. These concentrations of preservatives, higher than normally used in fieldwork with fishes, have proven adequate for retarding decomposition of stomach contents, especially during storage. Specimens are measured to the nearest 1.0 m SL. Fish are sorted-into 5 m size classes for fishes less than 50 m and 10 m size classes for fishes over 60 m. After removal of j the stomach, the contents are carefully removed (under alcohol) for analysis. Food material is analyzed as to percent composition using ! gravimetric techniques. The gravimetric approach is pre-ferred to the more commonly used frequency-of-occurrence and volumetric procedures. Using dry weights of food items allows analysis of extremely small quantities of material and for subsequent expression in tenns of grams of food item per kilogram bod 7 weight. Pooled samples of stomach contents are either hand-stored or mechanically separated using a set of 3-inch diameter paleontological sieves. -The sieve series used is as follows: 4
t U.- S. Standard No. Mesh Opening Size 10 2.00 millimeters 20 841 micra 30 600 micra 60 250 micra 120 125 micra 200 75 micra The procedures for sieve separation of the gut contents and subsequent percentage composition determination are outlined below:
. (1) The sieve set, arranged by decreasing mesh size, is I clamped to a Burrell. " Wrist Action" shaker. After addition of the food material, the sieves are shaken
. gently under slowly flowing water until the desired separation of food items into fractions of similar j particle size is achieved. Usually 10 to 15 minutes is a sufficient tine period .for agitation.
(2) Each sieve fraction-is backwashed into finger bowls. A random sample of the individual fraction is removed with a liquid dropper and added to a gridded-petri dish in each of four separate quadrats. M'
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-(3) By examination 'under a binocular dissecting microscope at various magnifications, the percent composition of each fraction is detennined by counting individual food items within a defined field or by counting grid squares wholly or partially covered by food items.
Counts are totaled for all four quadrats of the gridded petri dish prior to calculations. One method of l counting is used exclusively in determining the com- ! position of any particular sieved fraction. l (4) The percent composition of a fraction is recorded as counts per food item divided by the total counts for all food items in the fraction sampled. (5) Each sieve fraction is vacuum filtered onto a preweighed Whatman No. 42 filter disc using a Millipore filtrathn apparatus. Filter discs are weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gram using a microbalance. (6) After oven-drying overnight, the loaded filter discs are weighed a second time to the nearest 0.0001 gram and the dry weight of each sieve fraction detennined (by subtraction of filter disc weight). 4
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I ,. r (7) Through compilation of the' weights and percentages of the several sieve fractions, the dry-weight percentage composition of the pooled gut contents is detennined . for a particular size class. This procedure is repeated for each size class available for each species, the re:ulting sequence of analyses revealing the ontogeny food habits with increasing size (growth). Airborne Remote Sensing Survey At quarterly intervaIs overflights are made by MAPC0tec for the purpose of photographing the area described by the thermal plume and " control" areas to the. north and the south. The objective of this airborne remote sensing is twofold: (1) to obtain a photographic record of seasonal changes in the benthic communities, and (2) to provide a basis for the preparation of ground-controlled quantitative maps of the more important ecosystem para-meters. ' The first overflights were made in October and December,1972, at two altitudes-(5,000 and 2,500 feet) along a flight line up to two-miles long. Eastman Kodak's Aero-Neg Aerochrome Film 2445 and Infrar:d Aero-chrome 2443 were used to yield a set of 9" x 9" color contact prints and positive transparencies with 80% end lap. All overflights are made during extreme low tides in conjunction with a suitable atmospheric window at around 10:00 AM. The low t'de conditions and the good water penetration characteristics of the emulsions provide excellent resolution of the benthic detail to about 1.5 meters water depth.
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u i The 9" x 9" . color contact prints and enlargements (ca 4 diameters) are
-used to design and refine the field sampling schemes. Conversely, the field sampling provides the ground-truth control for interpreting the aerial imagery. The base maps, referred to earlier, are to be made from this imagery upon acquisition of a Bausch and Lomb " Zoom Transferscope" later this year. The transferscope will also be used to integrate the . seasonal photographic detail and the areal field data into overlays.
MAPC0tec is. contracted to provide the areal quantifications of discrete areas delineated on the aerial photographs. In this regard, MAPC0tec i will serve as a referee on the calculations of a'reas nede by our research ^ group. Present Status . j i i i .This project, as initiated in May 1972, called for approximately l 1 50 man-days per quarter of field sampling centering on the use of the quadrat, drop net and bag seine techniques. This intensity of
~
work was based on 'an on-going project in south F1orida that was yielding adequate data. However, several " problems" at Crystal River forced ~us to redesign the project. These included: (1)a , lack of adequate _ on-site facilities for field and laboratory work, (2) a larger diversity of benthic communities than was anticipated, and (3) the variations over. space and time within each community e-4
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[. were also much greater than anticipated. The new design called for 200 man-days field sampling per quarter and was initiated in late December,1972. To_ achieve this higher intensity of work, Florida Power Corpora ^. ion increased the contract (by $26,000.) and agreed to make overall improvements in the on-site facilities and support services. At the present time, the activities described in this report are being performed with exception of the cartographic work and
. the enclosure net sampling. These two activities are to be phased into the overall project in May. The venturi sampling is operating on a reduced work schedule until such time as a shallow boat ramp is constructed. This is expected in a few weeks. 'In sumary, however, sufficient data are bein~g obtained now to be able to provide meaningful results at the next SEMI-ANNUAL RESEARCH REVIEW CONFERENCE.
1 l l r-
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VIII. . BENTHIC C0FV4 UNITY -_PART II- PROCESSES, DIVERSITIES, AND MODELS OF THE INNER BAY - University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Introduction Measurements are being made quarterly of the main overall functions and inter-relationships of the inner bay system (Figure 1) with its I predominance of bottom associations as documented in the detailed I measurements of stock and distribution cited in the previous section. Based on preliminary measurements, a model was developed (Fig. 2)
. defining the main measurements and showing the manner of interrela-tionship with temperature and other factors. Methods were generally worked out with multistation diurnal measurements made during summer 1972 using a team effort. Then in fall,1972, the inner bay subsystem was assigned to Mr. Wade Smith, the measurements and models to consti-tute also a doctoral dissertation. Diversity measurements in the inner bay system are being done by the Snedaker group along with measurements of populations and distribution.
Goals 1.- To evaluate the shallow seagrass and algae dominated estuarine ecosystems which have developed.under the influence of the fluc- [ tuating thermal addition currently discharging into'the area. 4
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,_m_ p,ry siw.,- t-g----+ m -e - p *'PFW Nw**
J
, p
- 2. To use this information as one basis for predicting the effect of the additional' volume of discharge from Unit 3.
- 3. To model and simulate mass features using data gathered in this and other tasks of-the project to guide the ongoing research and ve verify understanding of the action of the action of the plume.
Procedures and Present Status Total System Metabolism The main metabolism of an estuarine ecosystem involves the utilization of carbon dioxide and nutrients in the production of organic matter and oxygen during photosynthesis and their consumption in the respiratory
- processes of the producers and consumers. The rates of these processes provide a measure of the overall activity and well being of the pre-vailing ecosystem. With thermal addition, the components of the system adjust therselves into new alignments and flow patterns to guarantee survival under the new conditions, these changes being reflected in the level of total metabolism and the ratio of the rate of photosyn-thesis-to respiration-(P/R ratio). A basic insight into the function- l 1
ing of any system is provided by measuring system metabolism. This j
~is being done by following the rise and fall of oxygen and pH in the water over twenty-four hour periods, a technique which has been well established by much work in the Texas Bay systems and elsewhere.
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Diurnal Oxygen Method From a plot of the diurnal oxygen change, graphical procedure allows calculation of primary production and total respiration after appropriate corrections for diffusion exchanges with the air and advection ex-changes with other water masses. Diurnal oxygen measurements have been carried out quarterly. A bimonthly schedule will commence in the spring. Continuous recording of diurnal range of oxygen and pH has not been stated yet because of power source difficulties, but a battery system will be set up by summer to give more frequent indices of 'netabolism. Diurnal pH Method Since carbon dioxide is utilized in the photosynthetic manufacture of organic matter and given off as a respiratory product,it also exhibits a diurnal pattern of rise and fall within the water column, measureable by its effect on pH. Diurnal curves of pH change, then, may be drawn and used as another method of calculating connunity metabolism. pH data are usually taken along with the oxygen diurnals and will be recorded when the battery system becomes available.
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Component Metabolism While community metabolism'provides the clue to total ecosystem re-sponse and adaptation,' measurement' of the metabolic contribution of the various system components provides the means of distinguishing the major pathways of energy flow through the system and thereby discovery of the system structure which has developed under the given conditions. Light-dark bottle techniques are being used to measure production of the phytoplankton component. A bell jar ap-paratus will be . utilized to measure bottom respiration and benthic alge: produ'ction. i l Oxygen Diffusion , A floating dome method has been used to estimate oxygen diffeion across the surface. Nutrients a
~ Since phosphorus is often a limiting nutriant to plant growth its measurement may also provide an index of system activity. Some data on inputs and outflows of this nutrient are now being monitored.
m l
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Simulation Modeling First efforts at simulation of the model of the inner bay system are being made using data gathered so far. B. SALT MARSH SYSTEM - l University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering l Introduction Significant quantities of thennal effluent for the Crystal River generating station are transported via tidal action onto surrounding Juncus and Spartina salt marshes. Due to their abundance in the vicinity of Crystal River and since they function as an interface between terrestrial and marine systems, marsh response to additional heat energies must be included in any assessment of the power plant's environmental impact. Goals Figure 3 (marsh energy diagram) is a simulation model illustrating the major components, standing stocks and pathways or rate processes being measured with the salt marsh ecosystem at Crystal River. Comparisons are being made between a marsh adjacent to the discharge _ canal which receives hot water and two control areas, north and south of the plant site, receiving ambient near-shore waters. Work on the marsh constitutes a Masters thesis by D. Young and data have been obtained for 8 months so far.
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Vegetation Measurements (Primary Producers) Estimates of annual comunity production are being obtained through monthly biomass collections. Previous studies (Smalley,1958; Marshall,1970; and Williams and Murdock,1969) have shown that increases in live and dead plant material may be used as a measure of community production levels. Additional measurements of size and age categories of plant stems should point out possible physio-logical adaptations to heat which are not readily apparent in the ) biomass samples, such as dwarfing, flowering, and extension of growing season. I l Also marsh vegetation has been transplanted into.the discharge l canal area in an effort to further isolate water temperature as an environmental variable. This experiment should provide infomation on vegetation response to temperature, ability to colonize new areas, thermal shocking, and effects of temperature gradients. Animal Populations (Consumers) Marsh snails and fiddler crabs are two common animals present in l the marsh system. Numbers of snails and crabholes present in the l affected and unaffected area are being recorded. Relative numbers of these populations may indicate animal stability under heat stress 1 and suggest completeness of trophic level food webs in the system.
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. Additional Measurements Plant material-decompositon rates in the hot marsh and controls are being measured as an indication of microbial activity, nutrient re-generation, and detritus .and organic matter production. Occasional measurements of the nutrient and organic matter content of the water entering and leaving' the marshes are being taken for the purpose of computer simulation.
Temperature measurements of the water and the sediments in the marshes are taken monthly to establish levels of temperature experienced by the system-analysis of aerial photographs supplemented with ground
. surveys is underway to delineate the areal extent. of the thermal plume's influence.
Supplemental Measurements Use of C02 gas analysis equipment on loan from EPA will provide more accurate. calculations of gross production. This equipment will also provide important information about respiration rates as affected by. thermal additions.
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n Supplenental Measurements Use of CO2 gas: analysis equipment on loan from EPA will provide more
. accurate calculations of-gross production. This equipment will also provide important information about respiration rates as effected by thermal additions.
We want.to bring Dr. E. A. McMahan from North Carolina to make a diversity count of insects in the spring as another index of the effect of increased temperature on the quality or richness of popula-tions within the marsh system. She has documented other marshes with this technique. 1 C. 0YSTER REEFS - University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Introduction A major part of the bottom system are the oyster reefs. These are being studied separately, as they provide means for documenting thermal effects on ecological subsystems whose indices of function are readily 1 comparable with other areas. - Mr. Mel Lehman has been assigned this 1 w?/k as a masters thesis. ~ l 1
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i + Goais The concentration of life and structure on the oyster reefs make them an integral part of the surrounding bay and marsh system. To ade-quately detemine the effect of the discharge water on the bay system, the oyster reefs, as a major respiratory component of this system, are to be evaluated as follows:
~1. general condition and diversity; including mapping and numbering of reefs;
- 2. function and structure, including ~ measurements of total biomass, total reef metabolism, numbers of organisms, rates of setting, and measurements of current, salinity, and temperature;
- 3. modeling ~and simulation.
Procedures General Condition and Diversity The general condition of the reefs is being detennined initially by a qualitative visual survey of the discharge area in comparison with control areas. Species per thousand, as a measure of diversity, is being determined by duplicate counts of a thousand organisms randomly i --113-
selected and identified on each reef. - The results are being graphed, and will be compared with diversity results obtained from future meter-square samples. Mapping of the oyster reefs in the discharge area and the control areas is just beginning. The mapping is being done from high resolution aerials of the respective areas. Function and Structure Measurements of numbers and biomass will be made from meter-square samples on each reef and compared with controls. Present proposed sampling techniques for obtaining these samples include both manual removal and removal by venturi pumping. Size classes will be determined from these samples also. Setting iates will be determined periodically by counts made on oyster shells and other natural shells implanted on the reefs. Some estimates of metabolism will be made using dissolved oxygen analysis upstream and downstream in bottled channels over the reefs, and by using a CO2 - gas analyzer provided an adequate chamber can be developed. Current measurements around and over the reefs will be made using rhodamine-B dye, weighted drift bottle, or other methods determined effective. Modeling and Simulation A_model of the oyster reef system has been developed (Figure 4), and as the data is accumulated, refinement and simulation of this model, and some components of this model, will be made.
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l l' D. - PLANKTON SYSTEM OF DEEPER WATER - University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Introduction-The contribution of the plankton functions under thermal plume conditions is being measured by H. McKellar using the ship of the Florida State University for. a few measurements on the deep water side. This work will also constitute his Ph.D. dissertation. The Crystal River power generating station draws its cooling waters from an offshore, plankton dominated system, a.1d injects its heated
-effluent into a bay which also includes a subsyst.em similar to the one from which the water was drawn. A study of the plankton do-minated systems as the function under the influence of the power plant is a major segment of the evaluation of the power plant's environmental impact. The model being evaluated is given in Figure 5.
The overall effect of the thermal plume is being assessed through comparisons of total metabolic activity in the receiving systems with similar systems in the~ area. The initial assumption is that possible stress or enhancement of the system functic.; induced by the thermal influence will tend to decrease or increase, respectively, the total metabolic activity in the affected system. Total community , metabolism is.being measured through the free-water diurnal oxygen r
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curve method-(0dum and Hoskin,1957) and also through diurnal pH changes in the open water (Beyers, et al,1963).* Isolation of the metabolic work of the plankton comunities is accomplished through standard light and dark bottle experiments which provide estimates of respiration, net production, and gross production. In a related task, .Dr. Frank Maturo is documenting zooplankton popula-tions types, and diversity in these waters and some preliminary joint efforts have been made to combine data to detemine plankton turnover rates since these indicate the relative effect of any disturbances of plankton populations produced by 16 hours passage through the plant. The zooplankton component of planktonic metabolism are isolated by dark bottle respiration experiments on concentrated aliquots of zooplankton. With infomation on the corresponding zooplankton biomass, the turnover time of the zooplankton population can be calculated. A knowledge of the biological turnover of organisms affected by the power plant plus infomation on the physical turnover of water through the power p' ant, allows calculation of the effective area of influence of the power plant.
*0dum, H. T., and r M. Hoskin,1957. Comparative studies on the metabolism of Marine Waters. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sc i 5: 16-44.
Beyers , R. J. , J. L. Larimer, H. T. Odum, R. B. Parker, and N. E. Amstrong. 1963. Directions for the determination of changes in Carbon Dioxide Concentrations .from changes in pH. Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci . 9: 454-489.
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Information on the metabolic. activity of the plant itself is also required to allmv calculations on the effective area of power plant influence. Diurnal oxygen metabolism carves for both intake and
-discharge canals are being generated in order to approach this type of assessment.
Along with measurements of metabolic rates, the standing stocks of planktonic chlorophyll, nutrient elements, and evaluations of planktonic diversity will also be compared between affected and non-affected areas. Photosynthetic pigment production and nutrient cycling characteristics will serve as supplemental information augmenting the interpretation on the main studies on metabolism. Information gained from the study of the plankton systems affected by the Crystal River power plant may also be extended to evaluate j possible impacts of proposed off-shore power plants. l DISCUSS 10ft
. The energy circuit diagram is given in Figure 6 and shows the inter- j relationships which are being considered in assessing the environmental impact of the power plant on the plankton dominated system of the area.
Preliminary simulations have been made. 1 i
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The main external influences on the system are:
- 1. tidal oscillations and advective currents which drive a continual exchange of nutrients, organic matter, heat, and planktonic organisms with external water masses;
- 2. eddy mixing by waves and wind in acting conjunction with tides and currents; a function which keeps plankton producers dispersed and nutrient elements available;
- 3. solar energy;
- 4. the marsh ecosystem;
- 5. fishing pressures from man;
- 6. the power plant.
Sources of heat in-the system are from solar radiation and from the power plant. Heat loss occurs through in_ situ cooling as an expo-nential function of temperature and through mixing with external masses. The effects of heat in the system act at several junctions in the system's functioning. It may control local switches in the dominant phytoplankton populations and also affect phytoplanktonic l production directly. The temperature control of respiratory functions of plankton and local nekton and benthic fauna is approximated as an i 1 exponential function proposed by Arrhenius.
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The role lof the power plant as a giant organism may be visualized with the systems model diagram in Figure 6 which recognizes that the ' intake and outflow canals have their own adapted ecosystems
- that interface the plant with the regular estuary. With strong-pumped currents there are energy subsidies to living activities as well as changes that may be stresses. Estimation of the overall metabolism of the plant and its canals has been estimated with upstream-downstream oxygen, pH, and phosphorus measurements on several trial runs. This additional procedure may be incorporated into regular procedures as these data are required by the models ,
for general estuary functions and evaluations of plant roles in l the 'present estuary. i E. MODEL AND CALCULATIONS OF MAGNITUDES OF INTERACTIONS OF THE WHOLE l ESTUARY AND POWER PLANT - University of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering 4 The synthesis of the interactians of the several subsystems and the power plant's "metaboli.sm" are shown in the model in Figure 7 and the numbers for most of these flows are being developed in the various programs of the Florida Corporation overall effort. Put-ting data.together and simulating the model in Figure 713 feasible I and may be authorized during the next year to meet the general ! 1 _119 } h
objectives of indicating the percentage that the plant's actions-
-are of the whole, the points in which the plant action may have sensitive amplifier actions, and the temperature effects overall.
Ho-one is yet assigned to this model although some preliminary magnitude calculaticas have been made (not part of any contract work yet).
- f. MODEL AND CALCULATIONS OF THE ESTUARY AND PLANT IN REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE -
University c Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering The ultimate basis for' appraisal of impact requires evaluation.of a model that has the power plant's whole regional actions and the role of the estuary in the economic and energy systems resulting. j As a preliminary explorator,v test of the potentials, Dr. Colin High, a post-doctoral visiting participant, simulated a prelimir.ary j model .of the interaction of the power plant and the region served using a dynamo program and a version of the regional model given in Figure 8. Perhaps simpler and better focussed on the issues i
- of impact evaluation is the codel in Figure 9. Continuing the work started by Dr. High, Dr. -C. Kylstra is how doing exploratory evalua-tion and simulation of modified regional models for purposes of.
demonstrating enough feasibility so that this objective may be fonnally included in the research program starting with the next contract period. 1 l l
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)
,nn-~,_ -. , .-
I i' i r 1 l 7 PERSONNEL - BENTHIC COMMUNITY - PART I i e I, 2 h , 4 . 5- l l l I. s 9 a k-
. - ~ . . . . - - .-
Personnel Principal . Investigator. - Samuel Curry Snedaker
' Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering Sciences and Aquatic Sciences
- Center for Aquatic Sciences 208 Florida State Museum University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32601 Phone: (904)392-6577 Personal Information
'Date of . birth: May 22,1938 Place of birth: Longbeach, California
-Weight: 180 lbs.'
Height: 6'-2" Health: Excellent Abnormalties : None Marital Status: Married Children: One Military status: 5-A Police record: None Social Security Number: 265-57-8435
-1 21 -
m ..
Education Thomas'. Jefferson High School (Tampa, Fla.), graduated in 1956 University of Florida (Gainesville, Fla.) B.S. in Forestry - 1951 B.S. in Agriculture - 1961 M.S. (Plant Ecology) - 1963 Ph.D. (Tropical Forest Ecology) --1970 e Frofessional Societies Alpha Zeta Association for Tropical Biology
- Ecological Society of America International Association for Ecology International. Society for Tropical Ecology
-Phi Sigma Society of American Foresters Society of the Sigma Xi Previous Experience 11955-1956 Everglades Tropical Fish Hatchery (Florida) 1957-1957 U. S. Forest Service (California)
M d
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t 1958-1958 Bail-Horton Engineering Consultants (Florida) 1959-1960 University of Florida Herbicides Laboratory 1961-1962 Research Assistantship, analytical chemistry laboratory (soils) 1962-1962 Participant: Summer Session in Tropical Forestry, Institute of Tropical Forestry, Puerto Rico 1963-1964 NDEA Fulbright-Hayes Fellow 1964-1964 NDEA Participant: Putumaya River Expedition, Amazon River Basin 1964-1968 Doctoral research, Lake Izabal, Guatemala, Ford Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation 1967-1968 Interoceanic Canal Studies (Panama) for Bate 11e Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories 1969-1969 Biomedical Sciences Grant, Peten, Guatemala Professional Activities 1968-1969 Research Associate, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Florida 1969- Assistant to Director, Center for Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida 1970- Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Florida ~
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1970-1972 Principal Investigator: "The Ecology of the Ocala National Forest:, U. S. Forest Service 1970- Associate Investigator: " Pre-operational Environ-mental Survey of the Florida Power Nuclear Plant Site at Crystal River, Florida", Florida Power Corporation 1971-1971 Co-Principal Investigator: "Models for Planning and Research for the South Florida Environ-mental Study", U. S. Department of Interior 1971-1972 Deputy Director, Tropical Forest Biome, U.S. International Biological Program 1971- Assistant Professor of Aquatic Sciences, Center for Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida 1971- Co-Principal Investigator: "The Role of Mangrove Ecosystems in the Maintenance of Environmental Quality and a High Productivity of Desirable Fisheries", U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries i and Wildlife. 1971- Associate Investigator: " Inter-disciplinary Studies in the Marismas Nacionales, Mexico", Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Buffalo 1971- Lecturer: U. S. Forest Service Short Course Series-Ecological Approach to Natural Resource Management
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4 . 1972- Co-Principal Investigator: " Evaluation of the Marine Ecosystem Developing Within, and Adjacent to, The Thermal Plume of the Power Generation Units at Crystal River, Florida", Florida Power I Corporation 1972- Consultant, U. S. Forest Service, Ozark-St. Francis National Forest, Arkansas 1972- Member, Technical Advisory Committee on Environmental Affairs to the Chairman of the Department of Pollution Control Board; subcormiittee chainnan < r on power plant siting 1973- Member, the Institute of Ecology's Tropical Ecology - Workshop Project panel on the structure and function of ecosystems 1973- Principal Investigator: " Ecological Studies on a Subtropical Terrestrial Biome with Research Emphases on Primary Productivity, Energy Flow and Organic Export, and Nutrient Cycling", Florida Power & Light Company Publications, Reports and Theses Snedaker, S.C. ,1963. Some aspects of the ecology of the Florida sandhills. M. S. thesis. Univ. Florida. 54 p. l-
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Snedaker, S.C. and J.F. Gamble. 1969. Compositional analysis of selected second-growth species from lowland Guatemala and Panama. Bioscience 19:536-538. L Gamble, J.G. , S.C. Snedaker, and Associates. 1969. Final report-Agricultural ecology: Bioenvironmental and radiological-safety feasibility studies. Atlantic-Pacific Interoceanic Canal. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus. 215 p. Carter, W.E. (with assistance of S.C. Snedaker). 1969. New lands and old traditions: Kekchi cultivators in the Guatemala lowlands . Lat. Amer. Monogr. , Sec. Ser. No. 6. Snedaker, S.C. 1970. Ecological studies on tropical moist forest succession in eastern laaland Guatemala. Ph.D. Diss . j Univ. Florida 131 p. ! Snedaker, S.C. 1970. Soils-vegetation complex of the Oklawaha Regional Ecosystem, inL Environmental impact of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal with special emphasis on the Oklawaha Regional Ecosystem. Florida Defenders of the Environment. i Gainesville. 115 p.
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c Lugo, A. E. and S. C. Snedaker. 1970. The ecology of the Cscer Scherer
-State Park: The effects of man on its structure and function.
A report prepared for the "Save Our Bays" Association. Gainesville. 46 p. Putnam, H. D. , P. L. Brezonik, J. L. Fox and S. C. Snedaker. 1970. A study of the aquatic and terrestrial ecology of selected karst lakes and basins near Flores, Guatemala. A report submitted to the Biomedical Sciences Support Grant Committee, Univ. Florida 47 p. Bolch, W.E. , J.F. Gamble, C.E. Roessler, W.E. Carr, J.L. Fox, S.C. Snedaker and R.W. Englehart. 1970. An. Ecological Approach to Environmental Surveillance. Presented at the Fifth Annual Health Physics Society Midyear Topical Symposium. Idaho Falls, Idaho, November 3-6. Lugo, A.E., S.C. Snedaker and J.F. Gamble. 1971. Models of matter flow in Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest in Florida: P re-liminary Results. In Press. Lugo, A.E., S.C. Snedaker, S. Bayley, and H.T. Odum, 1971. Models for Planning and Research for the South Florida Environmental Study. Final Report submitted the National Park Service. August,1971. 123 p.
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Lugo, A.E. and S.C. Snedaker (Eds.) 1971. Readings on Ecological Systems: Their Function and Relation to Man. Snedaker, S.C. and A.E. Lugo. 1972. .The Ecology of the Ocala
. National Forest. U.S. Forest Service. Tallahassee. 211 pp.,
illus. Snedaker, S.C. and D.J. Pool. 1972. Power Plant Siting: Criteria for Site Selection and Evaluation of Potential Environmental Impact. A draft statement prepared for the Florida Power
~ Corporation.
Snedaker, S.C. and D.J. Pool. 1972. Water. Management and Nutrient Loading at " Wild Kingdom" (Lake County, Florida). A report prepared for Day and Zimmermann, Inc. at the request , of the Executive Director of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund. l l
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o CURRICULUM VITA William' Seaman, Jr. ADDRESSES: Office: Center for Aquatic Sciences 208 Florida State Museum University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32601 (904) 392-6577 Home: 1205 N. E. 5th Street Gainesville, Florida 32601 (904) 378-6565 PERSONAL INFORMATION: Social Security No.: 077-38-7410 Date of Birth: 30 January'1945 Place of Birth: Mineola, New York Height: 6'-4" , Weight: 200 lbs. j Health: Excellent Church : Presbyterian Marital Status: Married,1 Child
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EDUCATION: Cornell University 1962-1966 Bachelor of Science University of Florida 1966-1968 Master of Science University of Florida 1968-1972 Doctor of Philosophy PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: August,'1972 - Assistant Professor of Aquatic Sciences: present Assistant Director, State University System of Florida Sea Grant Program; Center for Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida July, 1971 - Gradua.te research associate, Center for August,1972 Aquatic Sciences. University of Flori.da. Ecology of aquatic systems; adrainistration. September, 1970 - Graduate research assistant, Dr. Carter June, 1971 R. Gilbert, Assistant Curator of Fishes, Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida. Zoogeography of freshwater fishes of U.S. Atlantic Coast. I
. -130-
- _ + . . . . .
. September,1969 - Teaching assistant, Introductory Zoology June, 1970 course, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Sunner,1966 Biologist, Icthyological Associates, 301 Forest Drive, Ithaca, New York.
Conowingo Reservior, Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania, study Summer, 1965 Research assistant, Hallowir.g Point Field Station, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons , Maryland. Patuxent River estuary study CONTRACTS AND GRANTS l l 1972-1973. University of Florida Division of Sponsored Research. "Quantification of mangrove estuarine fisheries." Principal Investigator. 1973. U.S. Dept. of Cannerce, NOAA Sea Grant. " Administration of State University System of Florida Sea Grant Program." Associate Investigator [ i i
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- SCHOLASTIC AWARDS m
\
1962-1966: New York State Regents Scholarship 1965 Dean's List, Cornell University
'1966-1969: National Defense Education Act (NDEA) Title IV 1
Fellowship 1969-1970: University of Florida College of Arts and Sciences Fellowship MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: 4 American Society of Icthyologists and Herpetologists American Fisheries Society PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Research: ecology 'and systematics of fishes; structure and function of estuarine ecosystems Development of optimal natural resource-use policies RELATED EXPERIENCES: October,1969: Participant, the Institute for the Study of Health and Society " Conference on the Environment and
- the Developing Professional," Airlie House, Warrenton, Virginia
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1969: Co-founder, Environmental Action Group, Gainesville, Florida; President, 1969-1970 1970: Collaborator, Florida Defenders of the Environment, Gainesville, Florida, report: Environmental impact of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal, with special emphasis on the Oklawaha Regional Ecosystem June, 1971: Ecologist Florida American Institute of Architects-Florida Defenders of the Environment Oklawaha River Charrette February,1972: Ecologist, Florida American Institute of Architects - Florida Defenders of the Environment Red . Flag Charrette PAPERS 1968. Distribution and variation of the American _cyprinid Fish, Notropis Hudsonius (Clinton). unpublished master's thesic . 1972. Systematics of the genera Hemicaranx and Atule (Pisces:
.Carangidae), with an analysis of the classification of the
' family, doctoral dissertation.
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T ' ug. In press. A land use and resource study of the Myakka River
. basin. Florida Water Resources Res. Center Spec. Pub. No.1.
CURRICULUM VITAE Clayton Alton Adams, II - Assistant in Aquatic Sciences
' ADDRESS: Center for Aquatic Sciences 208 Florida State Museum University of Florida
' Gainesville, Florida 32601 (904) 372-6495 - Home (904)392-6577- Office PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Date of Birth: July' 5,1941 Place of Birth: Thomasville, Georgia Weight: 200.lbs. Height: 6 ft. Health: Excellent
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Abnormalities: None Marital Status: Married - wife: Charlene Bonynge Adams
~ Children: One - Charles Lang' Adams Military Status: Prior-military' service with U.S. Navy;
. attained rank of Lieutenant, with duties in ship-handling, ship navigation and engineering, underwater hardware, underwater ordnance and mine warfare.
J Police Record. None (several security clearances during ndlitary service) Social Security Number: 252-64-2816 EDUCATION: 1959 Lanier Senior High School for Boys, Macon, Georgia 1963 A.B. in Natural Science - Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 1972- M.S. in Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida -
- PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
i American Fisheries Society American Society of Ichthyologists .and Herpetologists - I l- Beta Beta Beta (Mercer University) l l' -Ecological Society of America l Phi . Beta Sigma (University of Florida) 1 b o -135 = l
PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE: 1972-Present Assistant in Aquatic Sciences, University of Florida 1972 Assistant in Environmental Engineering, University of Florida 1970-1972 Graduate assistantship and graduate research assistantship in Environmental Engineering Department, University of Florida, Environmental
" Surveillance for Radioactivity in the Vicinity of the Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant: An Ecological Approach", W. E. Bolch., principal investigator.
PUBLICATIONS, REPORTS AND THESIS: Adams, C.A. 1969. " Marine Biological Fouling and the Naval Sea Mine" Proceedings of the Conference on the Naval Minefield: Strategic Materials. N0LTR 69-69. Vol. II: 29-37. Adams, C.A. 1972. Food Habits of Juvenile Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides), Silver Perch (Bairdiella chrysura), and Spotted Seatrout (Cynoscion) nebulousus) of the Estuarine Zone Near Cyrstal River, Florida. M.S. Thesis, University of' Florida. 147 pp.
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f Walls, N. _ W. (Principal Investigator). 1972. Ecological Survey of the Subtropical Terrestrial Biome at the Turkey Point Plant Site. C. A. Adams (Associate Investigator). Carr, W.E.S. and C. A. Adams. 1972. Food Habits of Juvenile Marine Fishes: Evidence of the Cleaning Habit of the Leatherjteket.- Oligiplites saurus, and the Spottail Pinfish, Diplodus holbrooki. Fishery Bulletin 70(4): 1111-1120. Seaman, W. , C. A. Adams and S. C. Snedaker. 1973. Biomass and Diversity of Fishes of the Ten Thousand Islands, Florida. Paper presented to Second International Symposium on Tropical Ecology (Caracas), 6-10 February 1973. Unpublished. Carr, W.E.S. , and C. A. Adans . 1973. Food Habits of Juvenile liarine Fishes Occupying Seagrass Beds in the Estuarine Zone Near-Crystal River, Florida. Transactions American Fisheries Society 102: In' Press.
+
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I
+ ,
i f i } b I l' ? l l l PERSONNEL - BENTHIC COMMUNITY - PART II; ALSO SECTIONS B-F i t 9 I 3 l' 2 i h 1 i a ( Na -- - -
Howard T. Odum Graduate Research Professor Personal Record Address: Rm.116, A. P. Black Hall Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida. 32601 Telephone: (904) 392-0836 Social Security Number: 024-28-9856 Date of Birth: September 1,1924 Degrees: A.B. - University of North Carolina - 1947 Ph.D. - Yale University - 1951 Experience: 1943-45 Meterologist, U.S. AAF Tropical Weather School, Canal Zone.
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1950-54 Assistant Professor, University ef. Florida. 1954-56 Assistant Professor, Duke University and Duke Marine Laboratory. , 1956-63 Director, Institute of Marine Science of e.he University. of Texas at Port Aransas. Editor, Publications of : the -Institute of Marine Science. Positions: George Mercer Award 'for research in Ecology,1957. Productivity of estuar,tes, marine resources, and polluted bays. 1963-66 Chief Scientist, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. ' 1966-70 ' Professor of Ecology. Joint Appointment with Environ-mental Science and Engineering, Zoology, Botany, and ' the Marine Curriculum. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Publications: 2 0dum, Howard T., " Biological Circuits and the Marine Systers of ' Texas", Chapter in: Burgess and Olson, Pollution and Marine Ecology.
. John Wiley and Sons,. pp. 99-157. (1967).
~
P
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Odum, Howard T. , " Energetics of-World Food Production, " Chapter in: Vol. 3, President's Science Advisory Committee Report of ProblegS of World Food Supply, pp. 55-94. (1967). Odum, Howard T. , ed. , and R.F. Pigeon. A Tropical Rain Forest. Division of Technical Infornation, Atomic Energy Commission,1600 pp., (1970). Odum, H.T. , B.J. Copeland and E. A. McF Man. 1969. Corstal Ecological
-Systens of the United States. Report to Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Vol. 1-3,1300 pp.
Odum, Howard T. , Environment, Power and Society. John Wiley, 336 pp., , 1971. i Special Experience and Honors: l Geor9e Mercer Award of Ecological Society. Award of Distinction hy International Technical Writers Association Phi Beta Kappa l l
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Chester D. Kylstra, Associate Professor Nuclear Engineering Sciences Personal Record: Date of Birth: November 15,.1936 Place of Birth: Santa Rosa, California Marital Status: Married, two children Scholastic Training:
-1958 Oregon State University (Mechanical Engr.) B.S.
1961 University of Florida (Nuclear Engr.) M.S. 1963 University of Florida (Nuclear Engr.) Ph.D. Experience: 1958 - 1960 Titan missile propulsion officer-USAF, Patrick AFB, Florida 1963 - 1965 Technical Staff, TRW Systems, Redondo Beach, Calif. 1965 - 1967 Senior Engineer,_ Electro-Optical Systems, Inc. Pasadena, California i 1
-1 41 -
Summer 1971 Visiting Scientist, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico (ORNL Sunrrer Research Part' 5pation Program) 1967 - Date Associate Professor of Nuclear Engineering Sciences University of Florida Fields of Interest: Nuclear Ocean Engineering, Waste Heat Disposal, Nuclear Propulsion, Compter Analysis, Random Analysis, Uranium Plasmas. Societies: ANS, AIAA,'AAAS, Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi Publications:
" Measurement of the Spatially Dependent Transfer Function," TID-7679, Proc. Symposium on Noise Analysis in Nuclear Systems, Gainesville, Florida, November 1963. '(with R.E. Uhrig).
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" Spatially Dependent Transfer Function for Nuclear Systems," presented at November,1964 American Nuclear Society, San Francisco, Calif.
Published in Nuclear Science and Engineering, 22, 191-205, June, 1965. (with R.E. Uhrig).
" Defining Nuclear Rocket Performance," Astronautics and Aeronautics, June, 1965. (withA.Chovit), "The Performance Characteristics and Mission Capabilities of the Nuclear Rocket Engine," presented at the May 1965 AAN Chicago, Illinois meeting. Published in " Post-Apollo Space Exploration,"
Advances in the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 20, May, 1965. (with A. Chovit and R. Plebuck).
" Optimization of Manned Interplanetary Stopover Missions," presented at Alh' Second Annual Meeting, San Francisco, Calif., July 1965, preprint! #65-513. (with A. Chovit). " Prediction of Discrete Time Series Using Constrained Predictor Coefficients," presented at 3rd Annual Princeton Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, N.J. , March,1969.
(with A. Durling). j l l
. -143- ~ '
1
" Computerized Spectrum Ar.alysis," presented at 20th Annual Mid-America
- Symposium on Spectroscopy, Chicago, Illinois, May 1969, (with R. Schneider). Published in Journal of Applied Spectroscopy, j Jan-Feb. , 1970.
'" Radiation from a Uranium Plasma," presented at 15th Annual American Nuclear Society meeting, Seattle, Washington, June 1969. Abstract published in ANS Transactions, Vol.12,1, June 1969 (with R. Schneider, A, Randol and M. Chanian).
" Nuclear Rocket Propulsion for Nuclear Engineering Students," invited paper, Nuclear Energy in Space Exploration, 8th Annual ANL-AUA Faculty-Student Conference, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, l Illinois, (Aug.1969).
I 1
" Measurement of the Emission Coefficient of a Uranium Plasma,"
Trans.' Am. Nuc. Soc. , 12 (2), 413-(1969), presented at American ' Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, San Franciso, Calif., (with
.R.T. Schneider, A.G. Randol III, and M.J. Ohanian). l l
l
" Experimental Determination of the Boiling Point of Uranium," l I
Trans . - Am. Nuc. ' Soc. , 12 (2),.541 (1969), presented at American Nuclear Society Winter Meeting, San Francisco, Calif.,-(with A.G. Randol III and R.T. Schneider). 144- '
-- .u-&y w - a-ea- ,y e+-,- -
++)- --p - - - ,g --4m-.q- y- % -'-g e -p-----yn9-ryy
" Boiling Point of Uranium," Proceedings of Symposium on Research on Uranium Plasmas and Their Technological Applications, Jan.1970, Gainesville, Fla. (with A.G. Randol III and R.T. Schneider).
" Spectroscopic Study of a Uranium Arc Plasma," Proceedings of
- Symposium on Research on Uranium Plasmas and Their Technological Applications, Jan.1970, Gainesville, Florida (with H.D. Campbell, R.T. Schneider and A.G. Randol III).
" Generation of a Fissioning Plasma," Proceedings cf Symposium on Research on Uranium Plasmas and Their Technological Applications, Jan.1970, Gainesville, Florida (with R.T. Schneider).
" Properties of a Uranium Plasma," presented at AIAA 8th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, AIAA paper no. 70-43, Jan.1970, New York, New York (with H.D. Campbell and R.T. 'Schneider).
" Uranium Plasma Research at'the University of Florida," Sixth Intercenter and Contractors Conference on Pla:ma Physics, Langley Research Center, Dec. 8-10,1969, (with R,T, Schneider and M.J. 0hanian).
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" Uranium Plasna Emission Coefficients," AIAA 6th Propulsion Joint Specialist Conference, San Diego, Calif., June 15-19,1970 (with R.T. Schneider and H.D. Campbell). " Advanced Energy Conver:f on Techniques using Nuclear Energy,"
Invited paper, American Society for Engineering Education, Annual Meeting Columbus, Ohio, June 1970.
" Analysis and Correction of Spatial Distortions Produced by Gamma Camera " Annual Meeting, Society of Nuclear Medicine, Los Angeles, California, June 1971. Published in~ Journal of Nuclear Medicine, May,1972, "UF6 Plasma Engine," 2nd Symposium on Uranium Plasmas: Research and Applications, Atlanta, Georgia, November 1971.
f International Meeting:
" Plasma' Diagnostics of a Uranium Plasma," (with H.D. Campbell and R.T. Schneider) International Conference on Gas Discharges, London, U.K. , September 1970.
l l l I
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r i
" Correction of Anger-typc Camera Spatial -Distortions for Quantitative Analysis," Tenth Interamerican Congress of Radiology, San Juan, Puerto _Rico May 1971.
Major Reports:
, " Mission Oriented Advanced Nuclear System Parameter Study," Final Report, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA Contract NA 58-5371, March 1965 (with A. Chovit and R. Plebuck).
Annual Report on " Experimental Investigations of a Uranium Plasna Pertinent to a Self-Sustaining Plasna Source," NASA, Sept.1969, (with A.G. Randol III, R.T. Schneider and M.J. Ohanian).
; Annual Report on "Experinental Investigations of a Uranium Plasna Pertinent to a Self-Sustaining Plasma Source," NASA, May 1970, (with H.D. Campbell and R.T. Schneider.
'l +
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.. ~ . . . - , . - _ . _ - - - _ .
1 Henry Northington McKellar, Jr. Department of Environmental Engineering University of Florida Prospective Ph.D. Candidate Personal Record Date of Birth: February 4,1947 Place of Birth: Lumberton, North Carolina Social Security f: 240-74-9856 Marital status: Married, No children - Wife's name: Sandra Wolf McKellar Degrees : 1965-1969 U.N. .. . Zoology, L. Lehnan (advisor) B.S. 1969-1971 U.N.C., Marine Science, E.J. Kuenzler (Chairman) B.J. Korgen, C.E. Jenner M.S.
. Master's -Thesis : The Phosphorus System of Brackish-water Ponds Receiving Treated Municipal Wastes.
l +
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Formal Reports: Kuenzler, E.J., H. McKellar, and B. Muse. 1970. Phosphorus flux between water and plankton. pp. 180-187. In, H.T. Odum and A.F. Chestnut (eds.) Studies of marine estuarine ecosystens developing with treated sewage wastes. Inst. Mar. Sci . , U.N.C. , Chapel Hill,
.N.C. Annual report to NSF and N.C. Brd. Sci. Tech. unpubl. ns.
McKellar, H. 1971. Phosphorus kinetics in estuarine pond ecosystens developing with treated sewage wastes. Presented at the 34th Annual meeting of the Am. Soc. Limnol, and Ocean.ogr. 12-17 June Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. McKellar, H. 1971. The phosphorus system: March-Decenber,1970. pp. 76-94. In E.J. Kuenzler and A.F. Chestnut (eds.) Structure and Functioning of estuarine ecosystens exposed to treated sewage wastes. Inst. Mar. Sci. U.N.C. , Chapel Hill, N.C. Annual report to NOAA. unpubl . ms . McKellar, H. and H.T. Odum. 1972. A model of the Gulf shelf ecosystem. Presented at the 35th Annual neeting of the Am. Soc. Limnol, and Oceanogr. 19-22 March. Tallahassee, Florida.
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~
l Don L._ Young
~ Proposed Program Leading-to Master's Degree in Environmental Engineering
- Estimated Degree Date: June,1973 Proposed Title of Thesis: " Impact of Thernal Effluent on Salt Marsh Ecosystems" i
Proposed Languages: None required. Personal Record: Date of Birth: September 17, 1945 Place of Birth: Evansville, Indiana Marital Status: Divorced, two children High School: Evansville, Indiana Colleges Attended: Purdue University; Sept.1963-June 1967 BS in Aeronautical Engineering, June 1967 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Hartford Graduate Center Jan.1968-June 1970, MS in Mechanical Engineering, June 1972 University of Florida, Sept.1970-June 1971 Department of Mechanical Engineering i
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Experience: Purdue University, Research Aide Pratt and Whitney Aircraft Division of United Aircraft Corp. 1968-1971 Senior Analytical Engineer Interests and Aims: The intent of my study and research in environmental engineering is ; to establish for myself a new perspective to the analysis and solution of problems concerning man and nature. Techniques of systems analysis at the ecosystem level of complexity, macromodeling, and energy , l cost-benefit ratios are viewed as new tools for analysis based on principles of systems ecology and engineering. They allow the l l identification and organization of important parameters and variables in a problem situation and for the orderly examination of alternatives based on the common denominator of energy flow. Such methodologies will be applied to a problem situation concerning salt marshes to 1 answer questions of a specific nature. However, results of this study will serve to reinforce and clarify the application of these new techniques to other situations. Other areas of interest currently under debate which may benefit from the coplication of ecological engineering principles are coastal zone management, regional and state-wide land use planning, power plant sit:ng, and problems of growth and development.
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T~ Melvin E. Lehman repartment of Environmental Engineering Sciences University of Florida Gainesville, Florida 32601 Personal Record ; l Date of Birth: February 21, 1949 Place of Birth: _ Great Falls, Montar; Marital Status: Single, No dependents Education: High School: Chester High School, Ci. aster, Montana Diploma awarded June, l'l67. Undergraduate: Montana State University, Bozenen, Montana Sept.1967 to June 1969 Major in premedicine University of Puget Sound, Tacona, Washington Sept,1969 to Dec.1971 B.S. in Biology and Chemistry, Dec.1971 I
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l Graduate: University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, Washington Jan, 1972 to June 1972
-Nonmatriculating University'of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Sept.1972 to date Prospective M.S. in Systens Ecology.
Job Experience: Teaching: University of Puget Sound, Tacona, Washington Sept.1971 to Dec.1971 Teaching Assistant, Introductory Environmental Science 1 Dec.1971 to June 1972 - Laboratory Assistant, Introductory Biology. Research: University of P.uget Sound, Tacora, Washington Dec.- 1970 to June 1972 Research' Assistant, Invertebrate Muscle Physiology Studies.
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University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida Sept.1972 to date
'Research Assistant, Systems Ecology Applied:. Reichhold Chemical Company, Tacoma, Washington
~ Jan. 1972 to June 1972 Quality Control Chemist, Resin Division 0 a-t e l
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, .=. - , . .. - . . -.
Wade H.B. Smith Froposed Program Leading to Doctor of Philosophy .in Environmental Engineering Sciences Tentative Thesis Topic: System responses of marshes to excess nutrient stress . Language Requirement: Graduate School, Foreign Language Test passed, August 1968 Personal Record Date of Birth: July 3, 1944 Marital Status: Married, 3 children Education: Tower Hill High School, Wilmington, Delaware Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, September 1962-August 1966, AB in Biology 4 m
-155-3 +1, y- *p-=c , -- @_y- t *~'-D" e m' F-1 W-'
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, September 1966-January 1969, MA in Zoology, Decenber 1971. Thesis Title " Distribution of the Coquina Clam, Donax Variabilis on a North Carolina Beach". Experience: Photo Products Department X-ray Technical Representative, DuPont Company, February 1969-January 1971 ~ Interests and Aims: Ecological modelling is an increasingly powerful tool in ecosystem analysis. By identifying system components and rates of flow between them an analog or d.igital computer model may be constructed. Its responses to manipulations of various parameters can then be noted and these predicted results compared with actual experimental data obtained from the real system. The predictive capabilities of modelling are of particular interest. The expansion of modelling techniques to include management capabilities for handling the larger problems of man and nature is the ultimate goal. The responses of a freshwater marsh to excess nutrient loading and different water level regimes will be the particular system example investi:ated.
-156-l
1 Artificial marshes will be constructed and various treatments of sewage loadings and water levels will be carried out. A naturally occurring marsh receiving sewage will be studied for comparison. Modelling will attempt to investigate the' main aspects of system response and to elucidate the underlying principles involved. t + 1 l a157- ! I
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-166-
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- References Grimes, Churchill B.1971. Thermal addition studies of the Crystal River steam electric station. Florida Department of Natural Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series, no 11. February, 1971.
-St. Petersburg, Florida.
Lyons. W. G., S. P. Cobb, D. K. Camp, J. A. Mountain, T. Savage, Linda
., Lyons , and E. A. Joyce, Jr. ,1971. Preliminary inventory of marine invertebrates collected near the electrical generating plant, Crystal River, Florida, in .1969. Florida Department of Nat. ' Resources Marine Res. Lab. . Professional paper series, no.14. J une ,1971. St. Petersburg, Florida.
Quick,' J. A. , Jr. , ed. '1971. A preliminary investigator: the effect of elevated temperature on the american oyster Crassostrea virainica (Gmelin). A symposium. Florida Dept. of Natural Resources Marine
' Res. Lab. Professional paper series, no.15. June , 1971. St. Petersburg, Florida.
- Steidinger, Karen A. and Jack F. Van Breedveld. 1971. Benthic marine algae from waters adjacent to the Crystal River electrical po'eter plant (1969 and 1970). Fla. Dept. of Nat. Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series no.16. June, 1971. St. Petersburg, Florida.
Grimes, ' Churchill B. and J. A. hbuntain. 1971. Effects of thermal effluent upon marine fishes near the Crystal River steam electric station. Fl a. Dept. of Nat. Resources Marine Res. Lab. Professional paper series no. 17. October,1971. . St. Petersburg, Florida. b e N
.e
- r -
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1 IX. RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING ON-SITE MONIT :NG PROGRAM - University-of Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering Introduction The research program, " Environmental Surveillance for Radioactivity in the Vicinity of the Crystal River Nuclear Power Plant: An Ecological Approach", was begun July 1,1970. The program will extend at least two years beyond operation of the Crystal River Unit #3 and the total operational radiological surveillance pro-gram will continue for the life of the plant. The. Crystal River Unit-#3 will be operational in October,1974.
, Two full years of background data are generally considered to be the minimum requirements for preoperational monitoring. There is less agreement on the need for the two years to inmediately precede the operational phase. This research effort intends to proceed under the assumption that two years of intensive data need not be collected for the two years just prior. to fuel loading.
Any two-year period reasonably near start-up can be justified as
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J a suitab'le indication of the -levels of radioactivity and trends in those levels. Limited data in the immediate intervening preoperational period will be useful in confirming these estab-lished levels and/or trends. Continuity of the program is the
. -important factor, Research and development times for each phase of the sampling program varied considerably. Marine sampling was begun within a few months of the initial contract date. Items such as the air particulate sampler underwent research, design, procurement, construction, field placement, and testing before becoming opera-tional . Therefore, each phase or network has completed a different fraction of the two-year intensive data collection program. Many will extend well into the third contract year, however, none are !
expected to extend into the fourth contract year of the preopera-tional program, l Goals A. 1970-71 Contract Year l The broad objectives of the original contract were as follows:
- 1. To gather extensive and accurate information on the preoperational levels of radiation and radioactivity existing in the environment.
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- 2. To obtain information on the critical nuclides, critical pathways and critical biological groups associated with uptake of radioactivity into the human food chain.
- 3. To test and exercise the methods and procedures that
-~ will be used in later operational radiological surveys. 4._ To gather baseline data that will provide a basis for comparison with future levels of radioactivity in the environment,
- 5. The goal of improved public relations and early reporting of complete, factual and comprehensive data will serve to gain public confidence.
- 6. A final goal is to provide the_ personnel of Florida Power Corporation with experience, training and confi-dence in the area of environmental radiological moni-toring.
B. -1971-72 Contract Year The original objective #2 contained some reference to
" exposure to man". .In the 1971-72 proposal, a seventh
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goal was added in order to strengthen the attention to dose calculations. Objective 7 was as follows:
- 7. Develop and estimate of the maximum possible dosage, as a consequence of all liquid effluents, that may be
~
rendered to individuals at the boundary of the site and within a low population zone during situations of normal operation and 1% failed fuel. Status of Completion of Goals Figure I summarizes the project objectives and status of completion for each objective during the past contract years and indicates per-centage effort for the current contract year. Detailed discussion of the objectives is presented below. A. Extensive infonnation on the preoperational levels of radia-tion and radioactivity existing in the environment has been gathered, Each phase of the program, however, is currently on a different time scale due to the research and development effort put into the phase. The two years of intensive sampling for the marine organisms is over 90% complete. The other phases range in' percent completion down to about 50% complete for the deposition samples, which was the last equipment pack-l age to be placed in the field. , i
-1 71 -
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m B. Detailed pathway information and extensive ecological data have been obtained. The entire program was conceived and de- , signed to apply as many ecological principles as possible to the surveillance programs. As a consequence, the study and understanding of-the ecology of the area - whether marine, marshland, freshwater or terrestrial - has been a major effort. With the exception of the exposure level ' estimates implied, this activity is about 80% complete. The design and imple-mentation of dose models may draw atter, tion to missing or incomplete data, To this extent, therefore, the estimated completion percentage for ecological data is subject to change. 4 C.- Methods, procedures and equipment have been thoroughly tested and this objective is essentially complete. However, there still exists _ the possibility of statistical tests of the data uncovering anomalies that may be attributable to instrument
' design. Lower limits of detection yield better resolution of unknowns and interfering radionuclides and less statistical error on concentrctions just above detectable. Therefore, new techniques and instrumentation are continually investigated for their applicability to.the analytical analysis.
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.~ _ _ _ _ ~ - _- .
l D. Whether or not baseline data is sufficient for ccmparison with future levels of radioactivity in the environment in order to detect suspected or real contamination by the plant is dependent 1 upon the variability of the baseline data. Statistical tests are used to determine whether the differences are real or random. In the preoperational phase it is possible to test for differences between sites, species, season, etc. Adequate data will be available for this objective at the end of each two-year segment of the intensive sampling programs. I E. The goal of improved public relations has been very successful. ! All faculty investigators and students have taken every oppor-tunity to publish or present papers on the various phases of the program. The list of publications includes, University of Florida theses, papers in national . journals, articles in news media and contributions to the FPC Quarterly Status Reports. Presentations have been made at meetings of national organizations, of regienal groups, and FPC semi-annual research reviews, i F, l The goal of providing Florida Power Corporation personnel with j experienc.e. trair.ing and confidence in the area of environmental monitoring has becn successful. Florida Power Corporation per-sonnel in the Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department have been deeply involved in the research program.
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- _ - - + - --
G, In the area of dose prediction and pathway models, some work in both the terrestrial and marine environments has been accom-p11shed. The type of model used in the terrestrial ecosystem has been described in Florida Power Corporation's Environmental Status Reports. A preliminary report on the specific activity approach modei in the marine environment was submitted to Florida Power Corporation during the 1971-72 contract year. Work in this area will be a major emphasis in the 1972-73 contract year since the overall understanding of the ecosystems has progressed under objective (b) during previous contract years. i Programs A, Sampling Programs
- 1. Marine sampling: The basic marine sampling program is considered to consist of two years of quarterly samples of the specified iedia types in each habitat in each of l
the three sampling areas shown in Figure 2. The last quarter will extend into the first month of the 1972-73 contract year. In addition, it is proposed to continue very abbreviated preoperational sampling throughout the year of a smaller number of media selected by statistical analysis 'of the two-year marine data.
-175- ,
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Data gaps, apparent inconsistencies, large variations, critical pathways, and critical organisms will be resolved or identified prior to the operational monitor-ing program. 2, Marshland sampling: This program will be continued in the sane manner as the marine program. 3 Freshwater sampling: Sampling from the freshwater sys-tems near the site, namely the Crystal and Withlacoochee Rivers, were not a gajor objective in the initial contract, however, sone background data from these areas are of con-siderable benefit and have been obtained and analyzed. Continued preoperational sampling in these two ecosystens will be limited to filling in any data gaps and to pro-viding support to the terrestrial models.
- 4. Terrestrial sampling: During the first two years of this sub-project, the team effort has been devoted to sampling biological and inorganic materials adjacent to the plant si te, The emphasis has been food chains leading to a selection of higher vertebrates which might be used as indicator organisms in the biological concentration and
-1 77-n- .
e r transfer of radioisotopes. Specific effortr included
- the development of dietaries and estimates of biomass.
Portion. of the results of the data gathering efforts have appeared in Florida Power Corporation's Environn=ntal Status Reports, Midway through the second year, routine sampling was phased out and intensive studies on key pathways were initiated. These focus on the salt marsh as a system coupling the estuary and the terrestrial upland, thus, a potential trans-fer mechanism transporting isotopes inland. The effort has been combined with the thermal studies in the salt marsh for determining transfer efficiency. With the exception of.the continuing studies in the salt marsh, the project will focus on the integration of accu-mulated data and preparation of elenent budgets, in addi-tion to the sampling of additional compartments for back-ground gamna scan information. This final year of the preoperational phase of work will culmin~ ate in a summary report describing the ecosystems of the Crystal River site and the distribution of radionuclides in these systems .
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B. Special Networks
- 1. Airborne particulate sampling: Two stations are operating at present. It is proposed to continue to operate these stations thmughout the entire preoperational phase and until such time as they may become part of the operational radiological monitoring program of the company. Samples are changed on a weekly basis.
2, Total deposition samplers: Two units will continue to operate throughout the entire preoperational phase and until such time as they may become part of the operational radiological nonitoring program of the company. Samples ; are changed on a weekly basis. 3, Thermoluminescent dosimetry network: This network to measure the external. gamma radiation levels at fifteen sites in the vicinity of the plant site became operational in February,1971. These stations will continue to operate throughout the entire preoperational phase and until such tine as they may become part of the operational health l physics of the company. Samples are changed on a monthly basis. I
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- 4. Tritium network: Fourteen sites for tritiur, sampling have been established. Additional determinations will be made during the 1972-73 contract year on samples from the fourteen sites. In addition, under investigation is the use of freeze drying for biological samples and it is proposed to investigate the possibility of utilizing the sample condensate as tritium sample. This may greatly broaden the number of samples on which tritium counts can be nade.
- 5. Commercial items: The off-site nonitoring program has i considered many important conmercial items such as milk, l
yegetables, potable water, etc. However, these itens are i off-site and general population oriented. During this contract year every effort will be made to identify critical, limited population pathways and obtain baseline data from critical food chain links. One example may be the meat products obtained from beef animals grazing near the site. Analytical Techniques A. Gamma spectroscopy: The gamma spectrum will continue to be the primary analytical technique. First, improved sample preparation l techniques.have been investigated. The problem, in brief, relates l. i
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q - I l I l to obtaining concentrated samples without loss of any radio-Octivity or the ability to quantitate the sample size. Oven drying-of biological material has a number of disadvantages in-cluding (1) loss of volatile material, (2) decomposition, and (3) field-to-laboratory preservation problems. Freezing samples in the field appears the best way to preserve most biological samples since it involves no addition of extraneous diluting materials such as alcohol. This' field technique lends itself to obtaining a dry sample by freeze drying. In this manner, one may achieve a very concentrated sample that has decided advantages: (1)'the efficiency of detection can be ! increased, (2) sample can be stored for recounts, (3) samples can be shipped inter-laboratory for quality control and (4) the same sample can be subdivided for stable element analysis. The least squares method of gamma spectrum analysis has some advantages over the present method of simultaneous equations. The least squares method has been developed and will become operational in the very near future. It is felt that this method will yield greater confidence in-the data results. A number of Crystal River samples will be submitted to the low-level GeLi spectrometer for analysis. This system will
-1 81 -
become of increasing valus as the plant goes operational since it has a resolution far in excess of the NaI system and, there- l fore, can handle a larger number of radionuclides, l i The radioactivity analysis laboratory has recently been cooperating in the Environmental Protection Agency's Quality Control Program. B.. Tritium analysis; Water samples collected in the vicinity of the plants site are surveyed for tritium by electrolytic en-richment. The samples are counted in a non-tritium specific, anbient temperature liquid scintillation spectrometer after the electrolytic enrichment. The electrolysis procedure reduces the sample size 100 fold, while retaining 70% of the available tritium. The counti.ng scintillation cocktail has been optimized fcr small sample size and yields an efficiency of 10%. The
-counter has a minimum detectable activity of SpCi/ml before enrichment and a minimum detectable activity of 7.2 x 10-2 pCi/ml after enrichment.
C. Thermoluminescent dosimetry: External ganma background of sixteen (16) sites around the plant site are monitored with LiF.TLD chips. Each station consists of four 1/8" x 1/8" x .035" chips in a build-up lucite casket encased in opaque shrinkable
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plastic tubing. The chips are enclosed in a plastic bag on a stake one meter above ground. Each month the TLD's are collected, removed from the encasement ! and heated for 10 minutes at-1000C in glass vials lowered into boiling water. The ribbons are' read in absence of flourescent lighting in a nitrogen-purged Eberline TLR-5 Reader. The integration cycle runs for 12 seconds from 1500C to 25000. Field data is reduced by means of a computer program which re-ports exposure in mR/30 days _+ standard error. Exposures as low as 1,0 mR can be easily read with this system. D.- Alpha / beta analysis: Alpha counting is performed on an internal proportional counter with a minimum detectable activity (MDA) of 0.5 pCi/1000 M3 for air filter samples. Beta activity is recorded by use of an end window proportional counter and scalar. The MDA for air filter samples is 10pC1/1000M3 , The methods used are in conformance with USPH5 Publication " Radio-Assay Procedures for Environmental Samples", Jan.1967. E. Statistical analysis of accumulated data: During the 1971-72 contract year, the sampling programs will contribute *wo full
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L calendar years of data. It is proposed to apply statistical tests to these data as they becone available. Questions that may be typical of the analysis include such variety as:
- 1. Are the radioactivity levels in mullet (Area A, marshland) statistically different from mullet (Area A, marine)?
2 Are the radioactivity levels in crab (winter quarter) statistically different from crab (summer quarter)? 3, Are the radioactivity levels in shrimp (Area A, marshland) statistically different from shrimp (Area B, marshland)? 4, Are the TLD readings from Station 8 (1971-72) statistically different from Station 8 (1972-73)? Tests such as these are very valuable for a number of reasons: for example, they may indicate trends that can be extrapolated into the operational phase; they may prove invaluable in designing the operational surveillance network; and they may provide secondary data on thermal effects and indicate alterations in uptake-transport-dose models. (Note that Area B is.in the thermally af-fected area, while' Areas A and C are unaffected.) (See Figure 2.)
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Models for Dose Predictions I A. Marine specific activity model: A preliminary report on this model has been submitted to the Florida Power Corporation. The model will continue to be refined and updated. The data inputs needed for this model include expected releases of radio-activity, dilution-dispersion-diffusion studies, and stable element analysis, ' FPC personnel are providing updated informa-tion on releases, A study of the dilution-dispersion-diffusion of the released radionuclides in the Gulf has been undertaken i utilizing the. hydrodynamic program of the University of South Florida. The results are being compiled for input into the model. Thirdly, a project to obtain stable element analysis on the Gulf water and key marine species has been ongoing for about six months. Certain trace elements are being analyzed on the atomic absorption unit while research on other elements point to the l need for other techniques such as activation analysis. Sample , preparation for these types of analyses is also a critical step. l Cesium is one critical element on which greater emphasis must be placed. Terrestrial models: These analog transport models have been explained in detail in the quarterly progress reports. Emphasis in this area will be continued and a summary report is expected in 1972-73 contract year. 1
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C. Marine models-analor: In cooperation with the project, " Evaluation of the Marine Ecosystem Developing Within and Adjacent to the Thermal Plume of the Power Generation Units at Crystal River, Florida", under Dr. H. T. Odum, applicable analog models for the. marine area will be adapted to radionuclide transport. D. General digital models for power plants: A large nunber of computer (digital) models have been developed or are under in-vestigation for the prediction of doses from nuclear power plants. Many of the national laboratories and several universities have published,models. These range from the very specific (thyroid dose from radiciodine) to the very general. It is proposed to accumulate, review and, subsequently, apply those models which can be related to the Crystal River Unit 3. Specific data needs are difficult to enumerate at this time, however, it is felt that this project and efforts by FPC and other contractors related to the Environmental Program for Unit 3 will provide most of the
. pertinent data. A preliminary review of all models and computer programs will be submitted in the near future.
Every effort will be made to direct the final data to the requirements of regulatory agencies . 4 4
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Personnel A. Principal Investigator Dr. W. Enmett Bolch is responsible for overall supervision and organization o'f the project, liaison with FPC, and compilation of quarterly reports. (See attached resume.) B. Faculty Investigators f
- 1. Dr. Charles E. Roessler's primary dut,ies are in the areas of radioanalysis, computer programming, and dose prediction models. (See attached resume.)
- 2, Dr. William Carr will, supervise the final intensive marine sampling (first quarter 1972-73) and additional sampling throughout the preoperational period. He will have responsi-bilities for marine ecology inputs into the various dose models. (See attached resume.)
3.- Dr. Samuel Snedaker has primar responsibility in the terrestrial ecosystem. His duties include overseeing of sampling, non-radiological laboratory analysis, and terrestrial modeling. (See attached resume.) > F
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- 4. . Dr. M. J. 0hanian and faculty are special centultants on the nuclear engineering aspects and assist in data and
- facility needs from the Department of Nuclear Engineering Sciences. (See attached resume.)
- C. Staff
- 1. Mrs. Effie Galbraith-(Laboratory Technologists I) is
_ responsible for gamma spectroscopy, radio-standard preparation, quality control, minor electronic rcpair, data logging gross alpha and gross beta counting, and general laboratory supervision.
- 2. Mr. Roger King (Laboratory Technician II) is responsible for physical sampling (air particulate, total deposition.
TLD, etc.), 'thermoluminescent dosimetry, routine computer programming, and other miscellaneous responsibilities.
- 3. . Mr,- Charles Bilgere .(Labcratory Technician I) will be primarily associated with the terrestrial' ecosystem efforts under Dr. Snedaker. He will be involved in field sampling and laboratory services.
4 4
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1-B _- . . . . , ,-. -. -
- 4. Other staff needs include a laboratory tech'nician (50%),
and secretary (20%), both in the Department of Environmental Engineerlag Sciences. D. : Students Two half-time graduate assistants are included for the Department of Environmental Engineering, one to work under Dr. Bolch and one to work under Dr. Roessler. The other student assistant will work for Dr. Snedaker, l -~ 9 I
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CURRICULUM VITAE W. Emmett Bolch, Jr. Present Position: Assistant Professor of Environmental Engineering
. Education:
BSCE University of Texas,1959 MSEHE University of Texas,1964 Ph.D. University of California (Berkeley),1967 Experience: 1955 Teaching Assistant, Southwest Texas State College, San Marcos 1957-1959 Research Assistant, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1957-1959. Research Assistant, Engineering-Science Consultants, Austin,: Texas 1959-1962 First Lt., Sanitary and Industrial Hygiene Engineer, U.S.A.F. Aerospace Hospital, Lackland, Texas
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'1964-1965 Assistant Specialist I, University of California, Berkeley 1965-1966 Project Manager, University of California, Berkeley 1966- Assistant Professor, University of Florida 1967-1968 Consultant to Agricultural Ecology Project (Subcoatract to the Battelle Memorial Institute Bioenvironmental Feasibility Study, Nuclear Excavated, Sea-level Panama Canal), University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Science Professional Activities:
American Society of Civil Engineers, National Society of Pro-fessional Engineers, Florida Engineering Society, Florida Chapter of the Health Physics Society, Conference on Radio- ! logical Health, Health Physics Society, American Public Health Association, International Radiations Protection Association. l ~ Registered Professional Engineer, State of Florida. Honors and Awards Chi Epsilon American Men of Science. Tau Beta Pi Who's Who in the South and Southwest l l Sigma Xi '
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Publications: Bolch, W. E., " Cesium-137 Profiles in the Soils of Florida Pasture-
-lands," in preparation for Rad. Health Data Reports.
Bennett, E. R. , W. 'E. Bolch and W. J. Kaufman, " Molecular Diffusion of Gases within Granular Media," submitted to Environ. Sci and Tech. January,1969. , Goldsmith, W. A., W. E. Bolch and J. F. Ganble. "The Retention of Selected Radionuclides from Dilute Solutions," Bioscience 19_, 623-624, July,1969. Thomasson, W. N. , W. E. Bolch and J. F. Gamble, " Uptake and Trans-location of 134Cs, 59pe, 85Sr and 185 W by Banana Plants and Coconut Plants Following Foliar Application," Bioscience ]9,, 9 613-615, July,1969. Bolch, W. E. and W. A. Goldsmith, " Sorption Expression for Clay Slurry Uptake of Radionuclides," presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Health Physics Society, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, June 8-12,- 1969.
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Goldsmith, W. A. and W. E. Bolch, Chapter II, Section 3: " Soils - Nuclides Retention Study," in Final Report, Agricultural Ecology Vdume I - Results prepared for Battelle Memorial Institute by J. F. Gamble, S. C. Snedaker and Associates December,1968. Thomasson, W. N. and W. E. Bolch, Chapter V: " Field Radiotracer Experiment with Bananas and Coconuts," in Final Report, Agricultural Ecology Volume I - Results, prepared for Battelle Memorial Institute by J. F. Gamble, S. C. Snedaker and Associates, Decemt er,1968. GoMmith, W. A., W. E. Bolch and J. F. Gamble, "The Retencion of Selected Radionuclides from Dilute Solutions by Panamanian Clays," presented at the Symposium on Sea-Level Canal Bicenvironmental Studies,19th Annual AIBS Neeting, Columbus, Ohio, Septenber 4-5, 1968. Thomasson, W. N., W. E. Bolch and J. F. Ganble, " Uptake and Trans-beation of 134C s, 59pe, 85Sr and 185 W by Banana Plants and Coconut Plants following Foliar Application," presented at the Symposium on Sea-Level Canal Bioenvironmental Studies,19th Annual AIBS Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, September 4-5, 1968. Bolch, W. E. "Conrnents on Porcella, Rixford and Slater's Article,
" Factors Influencing Radiostrontium Accumulation in Daphnia,"
Health Physics 14 (No. 4), 380, April,1968.
-' -193-
o~-- 4 o- <- Bolch, W. E. "Longitudinel Dispersion of Gases in Flow-Tt. rough Granular Porous Media," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berk 61ey. December,1967. Bolch, W. E., R. E. Selleck and W. J. Kaufman, " Gas Dispersion in Porous Media: Peclet-Reynolds Number Correlations," SERL Report No. 67-10. Berkeley, Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California, Novenber,1967. Bennett, E. and W. E. Bolch, "Some Considerations in the Injection of Gaseous Rad,ioactive Wastes into the Earth," Notes on the Ground Disposal of Radioactive k 'stes theting, University of Califernia, Berkeley, January,1965. p . Bolch, W. E. and E, F. Gloyna, "Radioactir'ty Transport in Water," Technical Report _ IV (TID-19529), September 1,1963. Bolch,' W. E., " Behavior of' Ruthenium in an Algal Environnent," Master's Thesis, University of Texas,1963. Bolch, W. E., ' Cesium-137 Profiles in the Soils of Florida Pasture-
' lands," in preparation for Rad.- Health Data Reports.
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~
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Goldsmith, W. A. , W. E. Bolch, and John F. Gamble, "R7.dionuclide Retention by, Typical Panamanien Soil Clays," in preparation for Journal of Soil Science. Bennett, E. R. and W. E. Bolch, "A Radioactiv'e Tracer Technique for Molecular Diffusion Coefficients in Granular Media," submitted to Analytical Chemistry, March 1970. Oppold, J. A. , H. A. Bevis, W. E. Bolch, W. K. Collett and B. G. Dunavant, " Cadavers as a Human Substitute for X-ray Measure-ments," submitted to Health Physics, February,1970. Goldsmith, W. A. and W. E. Bolch, " Sorption Expression for Clay Slurry Uptake of Radionuclides from 'iery Dilute Solutions", submitted l to Journal of the Sanitary Engr. Div., ASCE, January,1970. l l Bolch, W. E. and H. A. Bevis, " Electronic Product Radiation and the l Environmental Engineering Curriculum," presented at the Fourth ! Annual Midyear Symposium, Health Physics Society, Louisville,
~
Kentucky, January 28-30, 1970. 4 2
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? Charles E. Roessler Personal Datt: Born May 1,1934 Elysian, LeSueur County, Minnesota, U.S.A. Education: AB Mankato State College, Mankato, Minnesota (Biology, Chemistry) 1955 MS University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y. (Radiation Biology) 1956 MPH University of Pittsburgh, Pittsbur9h. .Pa, (Occupational Health)1959 - PhD University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida (Environmental Engineerin9) 1967 Professional Experience: Sept.1955 - June 1956 AEC Radiological Physics Fellow, University of Rochester June 1956 - Aug.1956 AEC Radiological Physics Fellow, Brookhaven National Laboratory Sept.1956 - Aug,1958 Health Physicist, Research Division, Curtiss-Wright Corp.
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Sept.1958 - June IP59 AEC Industrial Hygiene Fellow, University of Pittsburgh July 1959 - Jan.1965 Radiological Physicist, Division of Radiological & Occupational Health, Florida State Board of Health (FSBH) Nov,1962 - Jan.1965 Co-principal Investigator, " Background Radiation in Florida", USPHS research grant to FSBH June 1964 - Jan.1965 Principal Investigator, " Radionuclides in Florida Milk", USPHS research grant to FSBH Jan. 1965 - Aug. 1967 USPHS Radiological Health Trainee, University of Florida Sept.1967 - Present Assist. Prof. of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiology, University of Florida Certified by the American Board of Health Physics,1961. Professional & Scientific Organizations: Health Physics Society (Charter Member) Florida Chapter, Health Physics Society (Charter Member, President 1969)
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Conference on Radiological Health American Public Health Association Florida Public Health Association American Industrial Hygiene Association Florida Section, American Industrial Hygiene Association American_ Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists Society of the Sigma Xi Publications, Papers, and Reports J. L. Donovan and C. E. Roessler, Report of the Environmental Monitoring Program for the Curtiss-Wright Research Reactor and Nuclear Facility (to January 1,1958), technical. report CWR 400-31 Curtiss-Wright Corp. , Research Div. , Quehana, Pa. , Jan. ,1960. C. E. Roessler and U. Clark, ~ Health Physics in a State Health Department, presented to the annual meeting of Health Physics Society, June,1961,(unpublished). C. E, Roessler, Radiation Problems, J. Fla. Med. Assoc. ,1964, Vol . 51, p. 300.
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C. E. Roessler, Automatic Data Processing in the Flor:da X-ray Protection Program, presented to Panel on National X-ray Problem, Radiological Health Conference, during American Public Health
- Association meeting, Oct.,1964 (unpublished).
Report of Florida Radiological Data-Environmental Monitoring Program, 1962,- Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla., March,1964 (Supervising Editor). Report of Florida Radiological Data-Environmental Monitoring Program, t 1963, Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla., July,1964 (Supervising Editor). L E. G. Williams,. J. C. Golden, C.' E. Roessler, and U. Clark, Background Radiation in Florida, Florida State Board of Health, Jacksonville, Fla., Oct. 1965.. 4
'C. E.' Roessler, Distribution and Levels of Gamma Radioactivity' in the Florida Environment - A Study of Selected Media, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida,1967.
4 C. E. ~Roessler, B. G. Dunavant, and H. A. Bevis, " Investigations of Unusual Cesium Ecolog/ in' Florida - Cessium-137 Levels in Feed-Lot Beef", Health - Physics,1969,- Vol .16, pp. 691-701.
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. . a _
_._o __ _ _ _ . - _ - ._ . _ . . .-. . _ . . _ _ _ , -.
C. E. Roessler, B. G. Dunavant, H. A. Bevis and G. S. Roessler,
" Cesium-137 Levels in Florida Beef - Variations with Feeding Program," Radiological Health and Data and Reports,1968, Vol. 9, pp. 391-395.
C. E. Roessler, E. G. Williams, and E. D. Nettles, " Cesium-137 and Strontium-90 in Florida Milk - A Five-Year Study of Distributions and Levels", Health Physics ,1969, Vol .16, pp. 681-691. G. S. Roessler, B. G. Dunavant, and C. E. Roessler, " Cesium-137 Body Burdens . in Florida Residents", Health Physics,1969 Vol .16, pp. 673-681,. C. E. Roessler, G. S. Roessler, and B. G. Dunavant, " Unusual Behavior of Cesium in the Florida Biosphere", Quarterly Journal, i Florida Academy of Sciences, March 1969, Vol. 32, No.1, pp.1-11. J. C, Kniffen, C. E. Roessler, G. S. Roessler, B. G. Dunavant, and D. T. Quick, "Whole-Body Counter Determination of 28 Mg Retention in Humans", pmsented to Radioactive Iso' tope in Klinik and Forschung, Bad Gastein, Austria, January 14, 1970, Conference proceedings to be published, l l~ J-200-
_1956-58 Mealth Physicist, Research Division, Curtiss-Wright Corporatica, Quehanna, Pa. - General health physics and industrial hygiene, conduct radiation protection training programs; environmental surveillance program; bioassay; radiation dosimetry for sample irradiation. 1959-65 Radiological Physicist, Division of Radiological and Occupational Health, Floridt State Board of Health, (FSBH), Jacksonville - Senior health physicir,t of the Division reporting directly to the (physicio) Director. Organized and technically supervised entire Division radiological health program - x-ray registration, x-ray protection survey, environmental surveillance, radiation protection for state and county health department employees, review of x-ray facility designs, and (after AEC agreement) radioactive materials licensing and inspection. Had major role in drafting Florida radiation pro-tection cegulations and preparing for Florida - AEC agreement for l l ~ l l I
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transfer of authority for regulation of radioactive materials. Technical consultant to FSBH Bureau of Laboratories Radiological Laboratory. Proposed and helped organize Florida Radiological Assistance fletwork. Special research interests in background radiation exposure in Florida (Co-investigator under USPHS research grant) and radionuclides in the environment (principal investigator
" Radionuclides ir Florida Milk", USPHS research grant).
1956-67 Graduate Student, and Ph.D. candidate, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville. - Continued interest in environmental radioactivity; investigated 137Cs levels in Florida beef, vegetable products, and other biological media; used activation analysis to match dustfall with pollution source. 1967-present Assistant Professor of Radiation Biophysics, Department of Radiology, 1 University of Florida, Gainesville. - Teach graduate courses in Basic Radiation Protection, Health Phpics, and Radioactive Tracer Instrumentation and Methodology; counsel graduate students; conduct a basic radioisotope technique courses for faculty and staff. Supervise I and manage Radiation Biophysics Section laboratories, reporting i directly to Section Chief, t [
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Laboratories supervised include whole-body counter and low-level garna counting laboratory, isotope techniques laboratory, and counting laboratory. Equipment in these laboratories includes 4 liquid scintillation whole-body counter, 4"- x 9" NaI crystal whole-body counter with 400-channel . analyzer, scintillation spectrometer with 4" x 4" NaI(T1) crystal and 400-channel analyzer, small animal total ' body counter, beta liquid scintillation spectrometer, several single channel gamma scintillation spe~ctrometars with well-crystal detectors, and basic radiation detection instrumentation. Reserarch interests -include continued studies of 137 Cs in Florida residents and their environment, whole-body counting of 40K for clinical purposes and whole-body turnover studies of radioactive tracers -in humans. Member of University Radiation Control Committee and of Gainesville V.A. hospital Committee on Radiation Control and Human Use of Isotopes; serve for University Contr61 Officer in his absence.
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f Mihran Jacob Ohanian, Professor and Chairman Nuclear Engineering Sciences Personal Record Date of Birth: August 7,1933 Place of Birth: Istanbul, Turkey Citizenship: U.S.A. Marital Status: Married, 2 children Scholastic Training 1956 Robert College Engineering School. Istanbul, Turkey, B.S,E.E. (High Honors) 1960 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, M.E.E. ' 1963 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Ph.D. (Nuclear Engr.) and Science) Experience 1956-1958 Graduate Teaching Assistant, Electrical Engineering, l Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1958 (Summer) Research Assistant, Reacte. Theory Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory
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1958-1961 Instructor, Electrical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute-1959 (Summer) Research Assistant, Reactor Theory Group, Brookhaven National Laboratory t 1961-1962 Instructor, Nuclear Engineering and Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1962-1963 Graduate Research Assistant, Nuclear Engineering and Science, Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute 1963 (Summer) Lecturer and Assistant to the Director of the Summer Institute in Isotopes and Radiation Science. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 1963-1967 Assistant Professor, Nuclear Engineering Sciences Department, University of Florida. 1967-1970 Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineering Sciences Department, University of Florida 1969 Chairman, Nuclear Engineering Sciences Department, University of Florida 1970 Fmfessor, Nuclear Engineering Sciences Department. University of Florida 1972 (Suniner) Consulting Engineer, Generation Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department, Florida Power Corporation, St. Petersburg, Florida. l l
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{- Fields of Interest Reactor dynamics in fast and thermal systems with particular emphasis on space-time kinetics, neutron pulse and wage propagation and noise techniques in nuclear systems. Uranium plasma neutronics. Environ-mental aspects of nuclear power generation, and power plant siting. Biographical Manuals American Men of Science; Who's Who in American Education; Who's Who in the South and Southwest, Florida Lives. Societies and Organizations - Professional: American Nuclear Society American Asseciation for the Advancement of Science American Society for E.ngineering Education Tau Beta Pi Gainesville Alumnus Chapter Honorary: Sigma Xi, Eta Kappa Nu, Tau Beta Pi Civic: National, Florida and Alachua Audubon Societies Florida Defenders of the Environment
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r - 1 Professional Activities University of Florida representative to the Atomic Industrial Forum (1972- ) Member AIF Advisory Council. University of Florida representative to the Council of Oak Ridge Associated Universities (1972- ); member University Relations Comittee of the Council (1972- ) Member, Advisory Comittee, ASEE/ Ford Foundation Resident Fellow Program (1971-74) Member-at-Large, National Program Comittee American Nuclear Society (1972-75); member Screening Subcomittee of National Program Comittee - Secretary-Treasurer, ANS Education Division (1972-73) Meder, Executive Comittee, ANS Technical Group for Environmental Sciences (1972-73) ! Member, Organizing Comittee Workshop on " Nuclear Energy, The Environment and Engineering Education", Sept.1972, l Sponsored by USAEC Member, Board of Directors, ANS Florida section (1972-73) General Chairman, ANS Topical Meeting on "The Ocean, Nuclear Energy and Man", April 1973 i
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Technical Program Co-Chairman, ANS 1971 Winter Meeting Member, Program Committee,10th ANL-AVA Faculty-Student Conference 1971 Advisor, University of Florida ANS Student Branch, 1966-68 _ Consulting Activities Oak Ridge Associated Universities--Advisory services in the development, planning and evaluation of conferences (1972) Florida Power Corporation (Generation Environmental and Regulatory Affairs Department) 1972- , --Power plant siting and related activities, Publications
" Linear Stability Analysis of Power-Reactivity-Temperature Inter-actions in the Liquid Metal Fuelled Reactor" - Internal Report, Brookhaven National Laboratory (October 1958). " Stability Studies of a Liquid Metal Fuelled Reactor" - A thesis -submitted to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillnent - of the requirements of the H.E.E. degree (June 1960).
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" Discrete Energy Representation of the Thermalization Problem,"
Trans. Am, Nuc. Soc. , 6, 25 (1963) (co-authored with P.B. Daitch).
" Water Spectra and Energy Exchange Kernels," Trans Am. Nuc. Soc. , 6, 293 (1963 (co-authored with P.B. Daitch). "Eigenfunction Analysis of Hydrogenous Neutron Spectra," - A thesis submitted to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Ph.D. degree in Nuclear Engineering and Science (August 1963).
I "Eigenfuction Analysis of Thermal Neutron Spectra," Nuc. Sci. and Eng. ,19, 343-352 (July 1964).
"The Application of Two Variational Techniques to the Analysis of the Pulsed-Neutron Experiment," Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. , 8, 274 (1965)
(with R.B. _ Razminas and G.R. Dalton).
" Measurement of Reactor Shutdown Ma ?in by
- elation 'echniques,"
(with R.E..Uhrig) Final Report on AEC Cor ract AT-40-1)-3067, University of Florida,1965 (Summary in press as TID document). l
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"The Theory of Fast Reaccor Integral Measurements by Dropagation Methods," R.B. Peres, R.S. Denning, and M.J. Ohanian, Proc. of International Conf. on Fast Critical Experiments and Their Analysis, ANL-7320 (1966). " Propagation of Monochromatic Neutron Waves in Fast Non-multiplying Media," M. J. 0hanian, R.B. Perez and R.G. Cockrell, Proc. of Symposium on Neutron Noise, Waves and Pulse Propagation, AEC Symposium Series 9, CONF-660206,1967. " Pseudo-randon Pulsing of Suberitical Assemblies," R.E. Uhrig and M.J. Ohanian, Proc. of Symposium on Neutron Noise, Waves and Pulse Propagation, AEC Sympsium Series 9, CONF-660206,1967. "A New Method for the Measurement of Neutron Cross-Sections,"
M.J. 0hanian, R.B. Perez, and R.E. Uhring, in " Nuclear Data for Reactors," Vol . I, p. 445, IAEA, Vienna,1967.
"Eigenfunction Analysis of Neutron Wave Propagation in Moderating Media," M.J. Ohanian, R.S. Booth, and R.B. Perez, Nuc. Sci. and Eng. 30, 95-103 (1967).
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" Pulsed and Modulated Nettron Experiments in University of Florida Nuclear Assemblies," R.E. Uhrig, L.D. Butterfield, R.G. Cockrell, M.J. Ohanian, and R.B. Perez, Proc. of the International Conference on Research Reactor Utilization and Reactor Mathematics, Mexico City (May.2-4,1967) .
" Thermal Neutron-Wave Propagation in a Reflected Assembly,"
M.J. 0hanian, Quentin B. DuBois, Changmu Kang, R.B. Perez, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. 10 (1) 279 (1967).
" Propagation of Thermal Neutron Waves in Heavy Water," R.B. Perez, M.J./0hanian, J.H. Dunlap, in " Neutron Thermalization and Reactor Spectra" Vol. II, p. 363, IAEA, Vienna (1968).
" Nuclear Reactor Kinetics Research at the University of Florida".
R.E. Uhrig and M.J. Ohanian, Proc. of the Brookhaven Conference on Industrial Needs and Academic Research in Reactor Kinetics BNL 50117 (1968).
" Fast Reactor Related Activities at the University of Florida."
. E.E. Carroll and M.J. Ohanian, Proc. of the Conference on Fast Reactors and the University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, (August 1968).
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"Pseudorandum Pulsing of Nuclear Systems," R.E. Uhrig and M.J. Ohanian, Proc. of Japan - United States Seminar on Nuclear Reactor Noise Analysis, Tokyo, (September 1968). " Space Time Kinetics Studies in a Large, Close-to-Critical H 0-UO2 2
Assenbly," N.J. Diaz and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 12(1), 236 (1969).
"The Dispersion Law of the Large, Close-to-Critical H 20-U02 Ass embly,"
M.J. 0hanian and N.J. Diaz, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. ,12(l), 257 (1969) .
" Experimental Fast-Neutron Pulse Propagation in Iron," C.M. Napolitano, E.E. Carroll , M.J. 0hanian, .T_r3ns. Am. 'Nuc. Soc. , 12(1),256,(1969). " Radiation from a Uranium Plasra," R.T. Schneider, C.D. Kylstra, A.G. Randol III, M.J. 0hanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 12(1), 3, (1969). " Spatial Reactivity Measurements in a Large, Close-to-Critical H2 0-UO 2 Assembly," M.J. 0hanian, N.J. Diaz, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc.,
12(2)676(1969).
"The Influence of Small Reactivity Variations in Pulse Propagation Phenomena," N.'J. Diaz, M.J. Chanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. , 12(2)660 (1969).
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"An Experimental Study of the Effect of Transverse Boundaries on Neutron Wave Propagation," D. Meade Monteverde, M.J. Ohanian, and R.B. Perez, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 12(2)681 (1969). " Measurement of the Emission Coefficient of a Uranium Plasma,"
R.T. Schneider, A.G. Randol III, C.D. Kylstra, and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. , 12(2)413(1969).
"Research on Neutron Pulse Propagation in Multiplying Media,"
M.J. Ohanian and N.J. Diaz, AEC Report IN-1366 (November 1969).
" Reactor Dynamics Studies in large Close-to-Critical Systems,"
M.J. Ohanian and N.J. Diaz, Proceedings of the Symposium on " Dynamics of Nuclear Systems" March 23-25, 1970, Tucson, Arizona.
," Hybrid Solution sf Space and Energy Dependent Reactor Kinetics,"
K.R. Schultz, T.E. Bullock, and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 13(1), 176 (1970).
" Quasi-nonoenergetic Fast Neutron Pulse Propagation in Iron,"
C.M. Napolitano, E.E. Carroll, and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc., 13(1)275 (1970). ,. e
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" Evaluation by Simulation of a New Technique for Differential Neutron Cross-Section Measurements," H.G. Cofer (Westinghouse-NES) and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Am. Huc. Soc., 13(1), 316 (1970).
" Hybrid Solution of the Time-Space-Energy Dependent Nuclear Reactor Equations," K.R. Schultz, T.E. Bullock and M.J. Ohanian, Proceedings of the AICA-IFIP Conference on Hybrid Computation, August 31-Sept. S, 1970, Munich, Germany.
"A Novel, High Counting Rate N(utron Detection System," N.J. Diaz and M.J. 0hanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. 13(2), 792 (1970),
,"The Asymptotic Behavior of Neutron Waves in Small Systems and its Application to the Investigation of Solutions of the Neutron Trans-port Equation," (with R.B. Perez, D.M. Monteverde) to be published
' in the Journal Nuclear Science and Engineering (1972).
" Correction of Anger-type Camera Spatial Distortions for Quantitative Analysis," N.J. Diaz, V. A. Brookenan, C.D. Kylstra, S.S. Spector, and M.J. 0hanian, presented in the Nuclear Medicine Program of Xth Interamerican Congress of Radiology, Puerto Rico, May (1971).
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"A Multibias Study of Fast Neutron Pulse Propagation in Lead,"
E.E. Carroll . .S. Paiano, M. Paiano and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Amer. Nucl. Soc., 14(1), 384 (1971).
" Hybrid' Computation of Spatial Reactor Kinetics Including Feedback",
Kenneth R. Schultz, Thomas E. Bullock and M.J. Ohanian Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. 14(2), 642 (1971).
"The Workshop Approach to an Instructional Program In Nuclear Materials Control," E.E. Carroll and M.J. 0hanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc.15(1),
45 (1972).
" Analysis of the Neutron Dynamics of a Large Reactor . Core," J.D. Martin,
)
N.J. Diaz, E.T. Dugan and M.J. Ohanian, Trans. Amer. Nuc. Soc.15(1), 498(1972).
" Boiling Detection in the 20-50 KHz Frequency Range", M.J. Dunn and M.J.-Ohanian, Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. 15(2)
(1972).
" Boiling Detection in the 20-50 KHz Frequency Range", M.J. Dunn and M.J. Ohanian, to be presented at the IAEA Sympsium on Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, January 72-26, Prague, Czechoslovakia.
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"New Aspects in the Utilization of an Argonaut-Type Reactor," N.J. Diaz and M.J. Ohanian,-Trans. Am. Nuc. Soc. 15 (Suppl. 1) 22 (1972).
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William E. Carr i i Born: New Smyrna Beach, Florida - October 6,1935. Education: University of Alabama 1953-55 Engineering Geology
. Stetson University 1956-59 Biology B.S.
University of Florida 1959-61 Zoology Duke University 1961-65 Zoology Ph.D. Joined faculty of University of Florida November,1965. Teaching Activities: CBS 261 Lecturer, 2 trimesters; discussion leader, 4 trimesters CBS 262 Lecturer in Spring,1970; discussion leader, 2 quarters
;v 181 Lecturer,1 trimester; Lab instructor and discussion leader, 3 trimesters Zy 573 Lab instructor,1 trimester Zy 201 Designed course, wrote and/or edited approx.13 exercises, course director, lecturer, and Lab instructor, 8 quarters Zy 202 Lecturer,1 quarter L
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Organizations: AAAS and Sigma Xi Meetings Attended: Oct. 22-23,1968 Gulf Univ. Res. Corp. Annual Meeting, Gainesville Dec. 1969 Conservation 70's (panel discussion participant) Gainesville Service on' Graduate Committees: Masters Joseph Brannon, Edward Bender (tentative) Doctoral David Landau, Charles Yarborough, Karolyn Maslin, Carolyn. Harper, William Seaman, David Roye Service on Other Committees: 1966, '969 Graduate examining committee Oct.,1968 Student advisor (advisement panel) for Zoology majors 1968 Member of workshop planning committee for Gulf Univ. Res, Corp, 1968 Member of Organization of Tropical Studies Campus Committee
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1970 Arts and Sciences Steering Comittee ! 1970- Arts and Sciences Comittee on Teacher and Course 1
' Evaluation -
F Professional Contributions Consultant - Florida Power and Light Co. Survey of macm-fauna and ecology of the Indian River west of Hutchinson Island and of the inshore Atlantic shelf east of Hutchinson Island. Four surveys completed and written' reports submitted. 1968-1969. These studies will contribute to a decision as to the proposed location and manner of operation of a nuclear powered electrical generator.
. Consultant - Reynolds, Smith and Hills Engineering. Survey of macrc-fauna and ecology of Upper Old Tampa Bay. October,1968. This survey and report are felt to represent an important contribution for the following reasons: (1) a 17 square mile portion of Old Tampa Bay was in jeopardy because certain financial interests were promoting measures to convert it into a " fresh'-water lake"; (2) rqy study and report provided considerable evidence that the portion of' Old Tampa Bay in question was an extremely productive nursery area and-rhould be left undisturbed; (3) this-report was influential in a 1969 decision preventing'the conversion of this portion of the Bay into a' fresh-water. lake.
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-Consultant - Citizens group from South Pasadena, Florida. Survey of the ecology of a portion of Boca Ciega Bay. March-April ,1969. This study and others were incorporated into the exhibits and testimonies of a public hearing held before the Pinellas Board of County Corrmissioners in Clearwater on April 8-9, 1969. I, also, personally testified at this hearing. The hearing was significant in that it concerned a proposed ordinance to halt dre.dging and filling of shoreline in Boca Ciega Bay by the establishment of a bulkhead line at the level of mean high water. This ordinance was subsequently passed by the Board, thereby establishing an important precedent in the State. Publications: - August,1967 Chemoreception in the Mud Snail, Nassarius obsoletus, I. Properties of Stimulator Substances extracted from Shrimp. Biol . Bull . 133(1):90-105. August,1967 Chemoreception in the Mud Snail, Nassarius Obsoletus, II. Identification of Stimulator Substances, Biol. Bull . 133(1):106-127.
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Grants: Pending - A $70,000 proposal was submitted in December,1969, to Reynolds, Smith, and Hills Engineering for a study of the potent'al ecological impact of proposed channel-dredging operations'in 10 major bays in the U.S. The proposed channel-dredging operations are ~for the facilitation of future super-tankers, In Preparation Ecological survey and appraisal of the Waccasassa River and War:asassa Bay area. Being prepared in con-junctior with Drs Putnam and Stewart of Environmental Engineering. l i l l l l i
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OFF-SITE MONITORING PROGRd '- Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services Introduction 4 In July,1970, Florida Power Corporation entered in an agreement with the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services to provide pre-operational radiological monitoring in the vicinity of the Crystal River Unit #3 Nuclear Facility. This off-site survey is intended to complement the on-site study being conducted by the Department of Environmental Engineering of the University of Florida, as described in IX.A. of this report. The off-site pre-operational radiological surveillance program is sampling various media at twenty-six locations within a thirty mile radius of the ~ plant site. l
-l Analytical analysis of samples is performed at the Division's Radiological Laboratory located in Orlando, Florida. In addition to the pre-operational monitoring being conducted at Crystal River, the Radiological Laboratory is conducting operational surveillance for Florida Power and Light. Company's Turkey Point Facility and pre-operational surveillance for Florida Power arid Light's St.
- Lucie 'Facili ty.
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I: Additionally, both Florida Power Corporation and Florida Power and l Light Company have an agreement with the Division of Health and I sahabilitative Services for Emergency Planning support for any ; accidents at the facilities that would affect persons or property off-site. A State of Florida P,adiological-Response Plan has been developed and.a Mobile Emergency Radiological Laboratory has been provided through funding of Florida Power Corporation and Florida
. Power and Light Comp'any.
. Sampling Programs Sampling locations for the off-site' program are shown on Figure 1.
Media _ sampled at the locations is shown on Figure 2. Health i physicists from the Orlando Laboratory obtain samples on the fol-lowing frequency. i l l Medium Frequency 1 Oysters Quarterly Crabs' Quarterly Food-Fish Quarterly Marine Algae Quarterly . Seawater Quarterly Citrus Quarterly i I
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Medium Frequency Soil Quarterly Silt Quarterly Drinking Water Quarterly Puimetto Monthly Cabbage Palm Monthly Particulates in Air Monthly External Gamma (TLD) Monthly - The criteria for the choice of _ each item sampled are as follows: Dysters - Food chaia pathway to man. Reports in literature of concentration of Zinc-65. Crabs -
' Food chain pathway to man.
Food Fish - Food chain pathway to man. Letter from U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service dated Feb. 12,1968 to FPC. Marine. Algae - Important food chain pathway _ for some food fish. Secondary link in food chain to man. f
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Seawater - Intake and discharge canals monitored to determine re-lease levels. Seawater samples -taken in public recrea-tion areas to determine dose, if any, due to imersion of swimmers and/or fishermen. Citrus - Only commercial food crop grown in area. Soil - Measure of previous deposition of; nuclides. Silt - Taken principally in intake and discharge canals as an indication of accumulation of radionuclides. Drinking Water - Assessment of dose, if any to population in the area. Palmetto - Part of the diet of deer in the area known to contain high body burdens of Cesium 137. Secondary ' food chain to man. Cabbage Palm - Primary food chain to man item. Hearts are eaten raw or cooked. Secondary food chain item
-as part of deer diet in area.
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Particulates in Air - to establish pre-operational levels of particulates in air and to' provide a screening system for releases to the atmosphere. Th'ese samplers are located principally in population centers and will serve to provide valuable negative information. Ev.ternal Gamma - Sampling of external gamma background to establish pre-operational external radiation dose to man in the area. Would serve to demonstrate long-tenn increases. Sample collection procedures for the samples and the schedule of laboratory analysis are as follows: Soil A cup, 2-1/2 inches in diameter and 1 inch deep is used to take soil samples. At each site to be sampled, 20 cups are taken. Hence the area sampled is 98.172 in2 The volume approximates a one liter ~ sample depending on soil density and particle size. Silt One liter samples are tal:en by scraping sediment from the benthic area in question. a +
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' Vegetation
-Vegetation samples, excluding food crops, are comprised of the leaves of plants. No stems are collected. Three and one-half liters are collected.
Food Crops These samples are collected during the harvest season, and include only the edible portion of the plant with the exception of the peel on fruit, and husk on corn, etc. Three and one-half liters are collected. Biota Fish are collected by rod and reel and cast net. Mobile crustacea are trapped, while sessile crustacea are taken by hand. Sponges are also collected by hand. Small animal collection is accomplished by traps. Algae All algae are collected by hand, since specimens taken are entirely microscopic.
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4 1 Water
- All water samples are taken 'in 4 liter containers. Precipi tation samplers- consist of 55 gallon drums with 7000 cm2 funnels. The
- volume in each sampler is measured before collecting the. specimen.
Air i l Air samples are collected by vacuum pumps on either 47 mm2 or 50 rm2
. metricel vinyl filters. Low pressure gas meters are used to measure j the air volume. Sampling period is one week.
Gamma Background Thermoluminescent dosimeters are used exclusively. These dosimeters are CaF:Mn' glass encapsulated. The dosimeters are exposed for one-month periods and dose is normalized to hours for reporting. { Schedule of Laboratory Analyses, i Beginning with the fourth quarter of 1972 the following schedule of I
. laboratory analyses are in effect: ,
e
, {.
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{ I. Gross Alpha-Beta
- 1. Air samples: gross beta
- 2. Water samples (type code 03, 04 and 18 only): gross alpha and gross beta
- 3. Palmetto samples from Crystal ~ River only: gross beta II. Chemistry
- 1. Biota, milk, soil, vegetation (except Palmetto from Crystal 4
River), and water (type code 15 and 113 only - up to five l samples may be composited): Strontium-89-90 )
'2. All water samples: tritium i
III. Gamma Analysis
- l. . Air (when gross beta is greater than 1 pCi/m3): gamma analysis
- 2. Charcoal cartridge (weekly or biweekly composite if I-131 is
_nondetectable): gamma analysis
- 3. All other samples: gamma analysis
=
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IV. Alpha, Spectral Analysis
- 1. Under development Analytical Analysis
.A. Procedure for Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Analysis
- 1. Samole Pmparation
- a. Water Samples One liter of water sample is filtered through Whatinan No. 541 paper in a 9 cm. Buchner funnel The filter paper and residue are ashed at 6000C, and the ash is transferred to a planchet and weighed. The filtrate is poured into a one liter beaker and evaporated to near dryness on a hotplate; a-few milliliters of 6 N hcl is added to samples which have hign carbonate content. The msidue is scraped and washed into a planchet and evaporated under an infra-red lamp to dry-ness'. . The samples are further dried in a small drying oven, weighed, and placed in a desiccator. For sea-water samples ubich have a large amount of dissolved
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-i solids, the final evaporation is done in an evaporating dish and after complete drying a one gram aliquot is transferred to a planchet. 'b. Vegetation and Fauna Samples After chopping and gamma analysis the sample is put in a 1-1/2 quart Corning Ware dish, weighed, and ashed-at 6000C far 36 hours. The ashed samples are trans-ferred to a small, sealed, plastic bag and weighed.
One gram of the ash is distributed uniformly on the bottom of a planchet for counting and stored in a desiccator.
- c. Soil Samples 100 grams of the material is ashed in a small Pyrex dish at 6000 C for 24 hours, and the ash is transferred to a small, sealed, plastic bag and weighed. One gram of.the ash is distributed uniformly on the bottom of a planchet for counting, and placed in a desiccator.
- d. Air Samples, Particulates d
A Mil 11 pore Filter (2" 5 micron) is placed in a planchet and counted.
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- e. Air Samples, Radioiodines j l
Samples are colle.:ted on a 2" Cesco Chemical Cartridge (50 cc) - organic vapor. These cartridges are counted on the_ gama spectroscopy system described in the following section.
- 2. Calibration Self-absorption curves and counter efficiency for gross beta radioactivity in vegetation and fauna are based on standards of kcl on 200 mesh silica gel and on standards of Sr-90-Y-90 on 200 mesh silica gel for soi] and water.
Gross beta activity in air samples is based on a standard of Sr-90-Y-90 dried on a blank air filter. Self-absorption curves and counter efficiency for gross alpha are based on Pu-239 and 200 mesh silica gel for all sample types.
- A daily check is performed using Sr-90-Y-90 and Po-210 standards to confim instrument efficiency, plateau position, and separation between alpha and beta channels.
- 3. Counti ng, -
Air samples are counted for 5 minutes for gross beta activity; all other samples are counted for 60 minutes
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for both gross alpha and gross beta activity. Generally, a background standard is counted for 60 minutes every fifth sample. Backgrounds average 0.85 CPM for beta and 0.05 CPM for alpha.
- 4. Calculation Gross alpha-gross beta results are calculated in pCi/ liter (or kilogram) using the Olivetti calculator to subtract background, correct for self-absorption losses and instru-ment efficiency. The finished results are combined with the gamma data and specific nuclide analysis data and sent to the State Data Center, Jacksonville, Florida for Computer listing. '
B. Procedure for Gamma Analysis
- 1. Sample Preparation
- a. Water and ' Milk Samples Three and c_3-half liters of the sample are measured in a four-liter graduated cylinder and poured into a Marinelli beaker.
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- b. Vegetation Samples Samples are chopped fine enough to fit into a 3-1/2 liter Marinelli beaker and weighed.
- c. Soil and Fauna Samples The sample is placed in a one-liter Marinelli beaker and weighed. Only large rocks and roots are removed, and the samples are not dried prior to counting. Fauna samples usually require chopping to fit into the beaker.
- 2. Procedure 50 ml. of water sample is measured in a graduate cylinder and poured into the distillation apparatus. The sample is distilled to complete dryness. 7 ml. of the distillate is piped into a plastic vial and 15 ml. of the scintilla-tion reagent is added. The sample identification number is marked on the cap of the vial and the vial is capped securely. The vial is immersed in a hot water bath (45-500 C) for a couple of minutes and the vial shaken until a clear, transparent solution is obtained. The vial is placed inside the counter and left overnight before the
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sample is counted. The sample is counted for 100 minutes and the results are calculated in picocuries per liter according to the following equation: pCi/1 = A x B where: A = Net CPM for the sample in (CPM)/(7 mi.) B - Instrument counting efficiency in (pC1)(7ml.)/(CPM)(2.22)(.007 liter) Backgrounds are prepared in the same manner as the samples using 50 ml. of previous distilled or deionized water in place of the water sample. A back-ground standard is prepared and tointed for every six samples analyzed D. Procedure for Sr-89-90 Analysis of Milk Samples l
- 1. Procedure The procedure is identical to that referenced below except that only the cation exchange column mentioned above is used, instead of the plastic anion and cation exchange columns in the original procedure, and the cation exchange column is used only for strontium analysis and not for ganna and l strontium analyses. Also, all of the procedure for strontium analysis is done in the laboratory and no part is done in the field.
sr -
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2 .' References
" Rapid Field Method for the Collection of Radionuclides from Milk". C. R. Porter ;t al_. To be published E. Procedure for Strontium-89-90 Analysis of Environmental Samples
- 1. References
" Determination of Radiostrontium in Food and Other Environmental Samples". C. R. Porter, et a_1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, Vol .1, September,1967, pages 745-750. Personnel ' The Orlando Laboratory of the Division of Health & Rehabilatative Services is staffed with seven professional radiological health physicists, chemists and technicians who conduct the laboratory analysis and sampling for the radiological programs. The laboratory is under the direction of Mr. Wallace Johnson. Resumes for Mr. Johnson and other key personnel at the Orlando facility are attached. 1 I
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PRACTICAL REPORTING LIMITS Gama Spectroscopy l Vegetation and Water Soil and Biota Nuclide7 3.51 Geometry 1.0 1 Geometry Cerium 144 ' 9.7 x 10-8 pCi/ml 2.0 x 10-7 pCi/ml Iodine 131 1,7 x 10-8 pCi/ml 4.0 x 10-8 pCi/ml Ruthenium ~106- 8.3 x 10-8 pCi/ml 1.8 x 10-7 pCi/mi Cesium 137 1.7 x 10-8 pCi/ml 4.0 x 10-8 pCi/ml Cesium 134 1.7 x 10-8 pC1/ml 6.0 x 10-8 pCi/mi Cobalt 58 1.7 x 10-8 pCi/ml 6.0 x 10-8 pCi/ml Cobalt 60 1.7 x 10-8 pCi/ml 6.0 x 10-8 pCi/mi Zirconium 95 1.4 x 10-8 pC1/ml 3.0 x 10-E pCi/ml K,oganese 54 1.4 x 10-8 pCi/mi 3.0 x 10-8 pCi/ml Zinc 65 3.1 x 10-8 pCi/ml 7.0 x 10-8 pCi/mi Potassium 40 1.8 x 10-7 pCi/ml 3.9 x 10-7 pCi/ml Barium 140 1.7.x 10-8 pCi/ml 4.0 x 10-8 pCi/ml Radium '226 _ . 5.7 x 10-8 pCi/mi 2.0 x 10-7 pCi/mi Thorium 232 '2.8 x 10-8 pCi/ml 1.0 x 10-7 pCi/ml Other Analyses , Strontium 90 8.0 x 10-7 pCi/gm ash Tritium 2.0 x 10-7 pCi/ml (1 liter sample) Gross Alpha (water) 7 x 10-9 pCi/ml (1 liter sample) Gross Alpha (ash) 7 x 10-6 pCi/ gm ash Gross Beta (water) 3 x 10-9 pC1/ml (1 liter sample) Gross Beta-(ash) 1 x 10-5 pCi/gm ash
. Gross Beta - air particulate filters 7.7 x 10-12 pCi/ml (Based-on a total flow of 2200 m3)
Air Iodine Cartridges 7.7 x 10-12 pCi/cm3 ~
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CURRICULUM VITAE Wallace Johnson, R.S. - Public Health Physicist II Project Leader Radiological Surveillance EDUCATION: Associate.in Arts -- Pensacola Junior College - 1968 Bachelor of Science -- University of West Florida - 1968 (Biology) Health Physics -- Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies - 1962 Health Physics -- Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies - 1964 Operational Aspects of Radiation Surveillance -- Southeastern Radiological Laboratory Montgomery, Alabama - 1969 Reactor Safety and Hazards Evaluation -- Bureau of Radiological Health -USPHS Rockville, Maryland - 1970 ~ PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: Diplomate -- Intersociety Board for Certification of Sanitarians Fellow -- American Public Health Association Member -- National Health Physics Society , Member -- National Environmental Health Association 1
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LICENSURE OR REGISTRATION: Registered Sanitarian -- State of Florida, Cert.184 EXPERIENCE: United States Navy 1938-1958 City of Philadelphia Department of Health as Sanitarian 1958-1959 Escambia County Health Department as Sanitarian Supervisor 1959-1968 Conducted full-scale radiological health program 1962-1968 Radiological Health Section State Division of Health 1968 to date. Conducts program of radiological surveillance including reactor safety evaluations, pre-operational surveillance and other such activities. Project leader of inter-bureau surveillance project. PUBLICATIONS:
" Florida Environmental Surveillance Objectives" Proceedings of 2nd Annual National Conference on Radiation Control, Palm Beach, Fla.,
April 26-29, pp. 238-243,1970
" Pre-operational Radiological Surveillance of the Florida Power Cor-poration's Crystal River Power Reactor Site" - Radiological Health L -
Data and Reports, Vol.12 No. 9. September 1971. l l
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r_ _ l l l l i
" Elevated Levels of Cesium 137 in Common Mushrooms," Radiological Health Data and Reports , Vol.11 No.10, pp. 527-31 1970.
CURRICULUM VITAE i Jearold C. Eakins - Public Health Physicist I l i Surveillance EDUCATION: Bachelor of Science - University of West Florida 1969 (Biology) Basic Radiological Health - Southeastern Radiological Laboratory Montgomery, Alabama 1971 PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: Member . Florida Chapter of the Health Physics Society EXPERIENCE: U. S. Air Force' 1960-1965
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Biologist - Aqua-Mar Culture Corporation 1969-1970
- Radiological Health Section, State Division of Health 1970 to date.
CURRICULUM VITAE Bruce H. Lupfer - Public Health Physicist I Florida Division of Health, Radiological and Occupational Health Section EDUCATION: B.S. Degree in Biology, University of West Florida,1970 EXPERIENCE: Public Health Physicist with the Division of Health, Radiological Health Section since.0ctober 1971. Primary responsibilities are in Environmental Surveillance and inspection of users of Radioactive Materials .
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7: . CURRICULUM VITAE V. Benjamin P. Prewitt - Supervising Chemist Radiological - Laboratory ADDRESS: 2601 E. Gore Street Orlando, Florida 32806 EDUCATION: B.S. in Chemistry - Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida. June,1961 M.S. in organic chemistry - St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. October, 1005. EXPERIENCE: September,1961 to September,1962. Analytical chemist with United States 1 Sugar Corporation, Clewiston, Florida, performing routine analysis of l nalasses, sugar, and soil for various organic and inorganic naterials, i l l L -242-
y 1 September, 1964 to September, 1965. Research assistant under Dr. H. H. Lin at St. Joseph's College conducting research in organic synthesis of
; potential carcinostatic compounds under a grant from the National Institute of Health.
April,1966 to April,1967. Chemist II at the Florida Division of Health's Regional Laboratory as Chemist III and Acting-Supervisor. April,1967 to April,1968. Employed by the State of Florida in the Radiological Laboratory as Chemist III and Acting-Supervisor. April,1968 to present. Employed by the State of Florida in the Radio-logical Laboratory as Chemist IV and Supervisor. PERSONAL: Age: 34 (April 5,1937, Clewiston, Florida) Marital Status: Single Military Status: IVF s
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