ML20244D669
| ML20244D669 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Seabrook  |
| Issue date: | 04/18/1989 |
| From: | Callendrello A, Catapano G, Renz W AIDIKOFF ASSOCIATES, INC., ALLCOMM, INC., PUBLIC SERVICE CO. OF NEW HAMPSHIRE |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20244D592 | List: |
| References | |
| OL, NUDOCS 8904240071 | |
| Download: ML20244D669 (53) | |
Text
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'89' APR 20 P5 :22 April 18, '1989 !
UNITED STATES % AMERICA!,y[ 9P. A NP NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION before the ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD
) <
In the Matter of )
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PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF ) Docket Nos. 50-443-OL NEW HAMPSHIRE, et al. ) 50-444-OL
)
(Seabrook Station, Units 1 and 2) ) (Off-site Emergency
) Planning Issues)
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APPLICANTS' REBUTTAL TESTIMONY NO. 22' (PROVISIONS FOR PROMPT COMMUNICATIONS AMONG ORO FIELD PERSONNEL) Panel Members: Anthony M. Callendrello, Manager, Emergency Plann'ing Licensing, New Hampshire Yankee. Gary Catapano, President, AllComm, Inc.
-l William F. Renz, Emergency Planning Specialist, Aidikoff Associates l
8904240071 890418 7 PDR ADOCK 05000443 , T PDij
e i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . . 1 II. PROVISIONS FOR PROMPT COMMUNICATIONS AMONG ORO FIELD PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 III. ERN SYSTEM CAPABILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 IV. CONTROL OF ERN COMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC AND i INFORMATION GATHERING . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 12 V. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH ROUTE GUIDES AND TRAFFIC GUIDES .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 ; VI. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH TRANSFER POINT DISPATCHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VII. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH ROAD CREWS . . . 20 VIII. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH AMBULANCE I I DRIVERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 IX. COMMUNICATIONS TRAINING . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 22 Attachment A: Excerpts from Log of Controller at Impediment Location - l Attachment B: Excerpts from Log of Controller at West Newbury Transfer Point , 1 Attachment C: Excerpts from Audit Form of Controller at Staging Area Communications Room Attachment D: Portions of Training Material Regarding Field j Personnel to Field Personnel Communication Attachment E: Portions of Materials Provided to Participants of the Walkthrough Drills Conducted in Preparation for the FEMA Graded Exercise of i June 28 and 29, 1988 i
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l I. INTRODUCTION ! The purpose of this testimony is to respond to those contentions that concern the adequacy of the plans, procedures and resources for providing the Offsite Response Organization (ORO) with prompt communications to support emergency response functions. In addition, this testimony will address the contention that alleges that the Seabrook Station 1988 FEMA Graded Exercise (the Exercise) failed to demonstrate the adequacy of these provisions. Specifically this testimony addresses the following paraphrased contentions: JI-31 The SPMC does not provide an effective horizontal 0 or lateral network of communications directly linking emergency field personnel with each other. The failure to provide a lateral communications system will result in an ineffective emergency response. MAG EX-08 The exercise revealed a fundamental flaw in the SPMC in that the ORO demonstrated that it did not have the ability to communicate with all appropriate locations, organizations anc field personnel. II. PROVISIONS FOR PROMPT COMMUNICATIONS AMONG ORO FIELD PERSONNEL l l Before beginning to design a communications support system for the ORO, an assessment of the ORO's functions was made and its operating structure was analyzed. The nature of 1 l _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ -
~ I the responsibilities assigned ORO field workers dictated the j adoption of a vertical chain of command. Thus, the most !
~ l effective design for a communication system for the ORO is one which supports the ORO's vertical chain of command infrastructure. This structure places the responsibility'for-problem solving and decision-making with the Staging Area and Emergency Operations Center (EOC) command personnel and not with Traffic Guides, Route Guides or other field personnel.
The Interveners testimony criticizes this vertical chain of command utilized by the ORO for its alleged failure to provide for lateral communications. Their basis for this is ; their apparent misunderstanding about the functions which ORO field workers perform during an emergency. The Interveners have erroneously concluded that the need for ORO field' ! l workers to communicate is the same as the need police and ! fire personnel have in carrying out their daily activities. During the time of an emergency, ORO field personnel primarily execute preplanned actions and have a very narrow scope of responsibilities. Accordingly, their need to communicate laterally to other field workers is extremely limited. The primary need for ORO field personnel to communicate is in a vertical fashion (up or down the chain of I command). The circumstances under which even these vertical communications are expected to occur are minimized by preset plans and procedures which to the greatest extent possible I
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attempt to obviate the need for any communication to take
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place. This contrasts greatly with the need of police and fire department personnel who must deal with a broad range of emergencies on an ad hgg basis. In order to perform effectively, police and fire personnel must be able to resolve localized problems via ad h2g decision-making and utilize lateral communications to achieve the desired results. Apparently the Interveners feel that this approach should be applied to activities in the EPZ. Should this be the case, wide spread ad hoc decision-making by field personnel would quickly lead to chaos because it amounts to decision-making in a vacuum. The command personnel at the Staging Area and EOC have a view of the " broad picture" relative to other emergency response activities that may be taking place beyond the
" vision" of field personnel who may be involved with a response to a localized event. Additionally they have access to a pool of knowledge and information relative to resources available to the ORO for responding to an " emergency occurring within an emergency".
The vertical command structure utilized by the ORO does not require that all communications must first be vertically transmitted, processed and recommunicated through the entire ORO chain of command for resolution. l
.w f %' j The vertical command structure utilized by'the ORO allows for decisions to be made and problems to be resolved at each of the various levels of its structure. The more .
complex problems necessarily must move higher up the chain of command for resolution while the less complicated problems are resolved at a lower level within the command structure ! (Staging Area). Additionally, there are intelligence gathering mechanisms (MAGI and ERN radio monitors), see Section IV infra, which provide information to the top of the command structure relative to all significant events (problems) , i taking place in the field. These information mechanisms are i not dependent upon the chain of command for their operation. I Relative to the communications needs of the ORO the ! Interveners have alleged that the Route Guide communications channel will. suffer delays which are' unacceptably long (in excess of 30 seconds by their estimates). This delay is judged as being excessive because the U.S. Department of Justice indicates that "an acceptable system access time for public safety communications systems is considered to be 2.5 seconds in 90% of access attempts." There is no citation for l the recommendation, making it impossible to assess its applicability to the ERN as it is utilized by the ORO. It is j known that, in general, the standards applied to public safety agency communications do not apply to ORO
communications. As described in the preceding paragraphs, the communications needs of the ORO differ from the needs of public safety agencies such as police or fire departments. l Whereas the ORO is responding ~in a predetermined manner to the situation of evacuation, public safety agencies must i respond in an ad hos manner to a variety of emergency situations. In order to arrive at an approximate user access delay time of 30 seconds, Interveners assumed that each Route Guide would make one communication per hour. This assumption is not valid since Route Guides are only directed to communicate upon observation of a road impediment, lost or damaged 1 dosimetry or upon exceeding dose reporting levels. It is highly unlikaly that all Route Guides would need to communicate once an hour. In support of their allegation that the SPMC's vertical communication structure is flawed, the Interver. ors provided testimony of Geary Sikich and Stan Cohn on ORO's response to one of the 1988 FEMA Exercise Impediment mini-scenarios. This testimony addresses ORO's response to exercise impediments, which was first at issue in MAG EX-13. That contention, however, was not admitted on the grounds that it concerned " isolated easily correctable problems" and would "not constitute a fundamental flaw in the plan." Memorandum _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _________---_m
and Order (Ruling on June, 1988 General Exercise Contentions), December 15, 1988, at 40-41. Notwithstanding this, it is appropriate to address and 1 correct misconceptions the Interveners have alleged pertaining to ORO's response to the cited impediment mini-l' scenario. First, ORO Controller logs indicate that this impediment mini-scenario (No. 8.2-6) was initiated at 17:45 and H2t 16:45 as alleged in the Intervenor's testimony (see Attachment A hereto for excerpt from the log of the j Controller at the impediment location). Thus ORO's response l to this impediment was one hour shorter than purported by Interveners. j Second, while Interveners state that " actual clearance of the vehicle did not take place until 7:30 pm" l (Intervenor's testimony at 14) they fail to mention ORO's complete road crew response associated with this event. Specifically, Controller logs indicate that one tow truck was dispatched to this impediment at approximately 18:50 and had arrived on location at 19:02. Upon arrival of the tow truck, the Controller told the driver that he (i.e., the truck) was unable to remove the impediment. The driver then informed the Evacuation Support Dispatcher by radio. A second tow truck (simulated) was subsequently dispatched at 19:10 and had arrived at the impediment location at approximately i I At 19:35 the Controller issued a message that the 19:25. i
i impediment had been cleared. (See Attachments A and B hereto for applicable excerpts from the logs of the controllers at the Traffic Control Point and West Newbury Transfer Point, respectively.) Third, the maximum delay (approximately 50 minutes from the request for the tow truck (Attachment A hereto) to the time when a tow truck was dispatched (Attachment B hereto)), is attributed to an ESD not taking the lead role in overseeing the response and was not because of a failure of the command and control structure or the communication links of the ORO. (See Attachment C hereto for excerpt from the Audit Form of the Controller at the Staging Area Communication Room). This incident does not constitute a flaw in the ORO's communications structure, but is attributable to an isolated error on the part of an individual. Thus, based on the foregoing, ORO's response to this ! impediment mini-scenario'cannot be construed to indicate a fundamental flaw with ORO's communications provisions. l III. ERN SYSTEM CAPABILITIES j i ORO Traffic Guides, Route Guides, Transfer Point Dispatchers, Road Crews, and Vehicular Alert Notification System (VANS) Drivers are provided with two-way radios capable of operating on four paired frequencies of the l Emergency Radio Network (ERN). The ERN allows field 1 i
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c-l^ l l i i - personnel the ability to communicate directly with each other if necessary, as well as with the Offsite Response EOC and the ORO Staging Area and Reception Centers. In other words, l all ERN radio equipped ORO personnel can talk directly to all other ERN radio equipped personnel. The ERN allows communications to occur in both lateral and vertical modes as needed during the emergency response. The four paired frequencies comprise the NHY ORO ERN. Each frequency pair consists of a " repeater" channel and a
" talk-around" channel. Channels 1 and 2 are designated for use by traffic control personnel. Channels 3 and 4 are designated for use by Route Guides, Road Crews and Transfer Point Dispatchers. Channels 5 and 6 are designated for use j as back-up provision for interfacility communications and are available for any overflow communication. Channels 7 and 8 jl are designated for VANS communication and are available for ;
l any overflow communication. All odd numbered channels are I repeater channels and all even numbered channels are talk around channels. Plan at S 4.5 and Figure 4.0-1. While i these frequency pairs are designated for specific uses, ORO field personnel who have been issued ERN radios have the 1
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capabild.cy to communicate on any of the eight channels of the l l ERN. This is because all ERN field radios are equipped to l I operate on all eight channels. i i _____- __ ________ i
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i communications equipment is inspected, inventoried and ) operationally checked at least once each calendar quarter and after each use in accordance with SPMC, Sections 7.3.1, 7.4 l and IP-4.3. Wide area radio communications between ORO field l personnel is accomplished through the use of four repeater l stations. A repeater station operates in a " full duplex" mode receiving a transmission on its receive frequency while automatically and instantaneously re-transmitting the received information on a different frequency (its transmit frequency). During this retransmitting process the received signal is amplified or " boosted" by an RF (radio frequency) amplifier to much higher power levels. Effectively the repeater station functions as an automatic communications relay station, relaying communications between field units or between field units and the EOC, Staging Area or Reception l Centers. The repeater stations provide the ORO with wide
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area communications directly between field units or fixed facilities beyond the range achievable with conventional (non-repeater based) communications. When evaluating the performance of a repeater based communications system the coverage area and reliability is primarily a function of the location of the repeaters in relation to the geographic region of interest and the height of the repeater antennas in relation to the terrain
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l I surrounding it. This is because the repeaters are relaying L all communications that take place on the repeater channel. I The ERN repeater stations are installed in (town, state) at (name) Hill. In the design of the ERN this location was selected because it offered an ideal communications site for providing the communications coverage area required to { support the activities of ORO field workers as outlined by i the SPMC. This location has a high ground elevation which when combined with the installed tower height affords a i location for the ERN repeater antennas significantly higher than the terrain surrounding it for many miles. This location is well situated as it is directly adjacent to but. outside the EPZ, effectively centered within the region of interest relative to the field operations of the ORO. In light of the above, allegations contained in. Interveners testimony. relative to the' reliability and coverage area of the ERN outside the EPZ are without any f bacis in fact. Simply put, the ERN provides the required communications capabilities to support field operations as outlined by the SPMC both inside and outside the EPZ. These capabilities have been successfully demonstrated on numerous occasions during drills and the graded exercise. Relative to the repeater operation it is important to correct additional misconceptions in the Interveners'
c l testimony contained on page 3 in which they allege the l following:
"However, for the vast majority of communications between field workers the four repeaters must be used. This results in a radio capability such that ;
only four ORO field workers can communicate with ! each other at any given time via the ERN." This allegation is completely incorrect and not at all representative of the reality of the ERN communications network. The ERN repeaters in fact provide the capability to conduct (4) simultaneous complete conversations; so that four field workers can communicate with (4) other field workers. In other words a total of (8) field workers can communicate with each other at any given time via the ERN, not (4) as alleged in the Interveners' testimony. Additionally, the 1 structure of a repeater system allows an individual communication on the repeater to address or be " heard" by all of the " occupants" or other ERN radios on that channel. This "All Call" capability leads to communications efficiency by allowing the dispatcher or field personnel to address collectively the entire user group on that channel. In addition to the wide area capability of the ERN l provided by the repeater system, a " talk-around" capability is provided in all URO ERN two-way field radios. This l capability allows for limited range (typically one mile or l l less) direct communications between field personnel and is not dependent on the repeaters for its operation. The talk-l l l l l
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l I l l around mode in the radios is also utilized to maintain { communications with field personnel from the Staging Area and ' the EOC via the backup high power base station in the event of a repeater failure. Irrespective of the fact that the ORO utilizes a vertical command structure and the need for field personnel to communicate directly with one another will be minimal, there exists provisions for lateral communications amongst field personnel in the unlikely event this should become necessary. These provisions are supported by both the designed hardware capabilities of the communications networks and equipment and the training provided ORO personnel. IV. CONTROL OF ERN COMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC AND INFORMATION GATHERING Radio communications with field personnel over the NHY ORO ERN is primarily controlled by the Evacuation Support Dispatchers at the Staging Area. Overall control of ERN communications is the responsibility of ORO Communications Coordinator at the EOC. SPMC, Section 2.1. It should also be noted that all radio traffic on the NHY ORO Emergency Radio Network is monitored by the ERN Radio Operators at the Offsite Response EOC. The Radio Operators are also responsible for informing the Communications Coordinator at the EOC cf offsite activities and any problems. IP 1.4 at Attachecnt 4. This continual monitoring o 4 6 process provides a mechanism whereby important information regarding field activities and conditions can be made available to appropriate ORO personnel at the Offsite Response EOC at nearly the same time it is reported from the field to the Staging Area. At the time of an emergency, Massachusetts State and local authorities will continue to provide the standard functions associated with police, fire and other public safety activities. The NHY ORO maintains the capability to communicate with State and local governments via the Massachusetts Governmental Interface (MAGI) radio network. The MAGI network operates on existing radio frequencies which are routinely utilized by Massachusetts State and local response organizations. During 1985 and 1986 NHY designed or redesigned, provided and installed many of the primary communication systems now in use by many of the Massachusetts Public Safety entities that would be involved with a response to an emergency at Seabrook Station. The NHY ORO MAGI system was , 1 designed to provide a communications link to these and other public safety entities. The hardware components of MAGI were I chosen and configured to allow compatibility and integration with these public safety communications systems. Accordingly, MAGI can be thought of as a " Gateway" mechanism l allowing the MAGI radio operators at the EOC the ability to l l
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i monitor the public safety activities taking place in Massachusetts. In the event it becomes necessary, due to the failure of primary communications paths between the ORO and Massachusetts Public Safety entities, MAGI will also allow a voice communications link to the various Massachusetts state and local public safety agencies. i The capability of the ORO to transmit and receive via these existing emergency radio frequencies is in accordance with guidance of NUREG-0654, Supplement 1, F.1, which states in part:
"The utility and the offsite response organization shall establish the capability to communicate with non-participating state and local governments via normal emergency telephone number (s) (e.g., 911) and via one-other backup mode such as the ability to transmit and receive via existing emergency radio frequencies."
Simply put, MAGI in its receive mode provides an informational mechanism to command personnel at the EOC relative to emergency response activ'ities of Massachusetts , I state and local public safety entities. l collectively these measures insure that important information communicated from the field is avullable at the EOC without having to be first vertically transmitted through l l the various levels of the ORO. During an emergency, should unacceptably heavy communications traffic develop on the channel being utilized J l I I i I _ _ _ _ - - - - ____--___D
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by Route Guides or Traffic Guides, it is planned that both the overflow channel and/or the back-up interfacility channel ] could be utilized as additional capacity for conveying any necessary communications. This effectively provides two j i additional: channels or a total of three (3) channels which ) could be made available for either Reute Guide or Traffic Guide communications. In designing the communications plan for the SPMC it was recognized that provisions needed to be in place for radio l traffic to be redirected to a different channel during an i emergency. j In the event that communications traffic becomes heavy for a prolonged period of time this occurrence would be reported to the Communications coordinator who is responsible for continuously assessing the adequacy and effectiveness of all ORO communications during an emergency. Should it be determined that necessary communications are being excessively delayed by this heavy traffic, the Communications Coordinator has several options available to insure that essential communications are conveyed promptly. These options would be exercised as follows: First, the EOC would interrupt the communications taking place on the affected channel. This interruption is achieved by generating an " alert tone" via any of the ERN' radio consoles in the communications room at the EOC. This alert i i i
O tone is designed to " alert" field personnel to standby for an important message. Once alerted, the EOC can broadcast the j directives to achieve the desired actions and results. ORO field personnel have been trained to the potential for this occurrence and for the role the EOC provides in functioning as " net control" to achieve this. (See Attachment E hereto.) The directive issued to the field personnel would redistribute a portion of the communications to either the interfacility channel, overflow channel or both, thus allowing all communications to take place with minimal delay. Notwithstanding the above provisions, in the extremely 1 unlikely event that both the overflow and interfacility channel were also in heavy use and no traffic could be l redistributed to them, the Communications Coordinator has the option to interrupt the busy channel with the alert tone and broadcast a directive that " emergency traffic only" will be allowed on the channel. This procedure would insure that the i highest priority traffic was communicated as quickly as , I possible and with minimal or no delay. This procedure is l utilized by public safety entities to alleviate heavy traffic during an emergency and is effective because not all radio traffic will be emergency or priority status. ORO field l l personnel have been trained on these emergency message l l classifications and their usage. ] 1 l I i i r t i i i
1 k V. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH ROUTE GUIDES AND TRAFFIC GUIDES j Traffic Guides and Route Guides facilitate traffic management and provide evacuation support. Two-way radios are issued at the ORO Staging Area to a Traffic Guide for each Traffic Control Point (TCP) or Access Control Point (ACP), and to all Route Guides prior to their dispatch into the field. IP 2.11 at 5.1.3 and 5.1.11. During the FEMA Graded Exercise, communication between ! ORO Route Guides assigned to buses and the Transfer Point Dispatchers and/or the Evacuation Support Dispatchers was successfully demonstrated. The effective range of the ERN provides reliable communications coverage to support Route Guide operations in an area that conforms to approximately a 15 to 20 mile radius of the repeaters which are located in (Town). Relative to the above, the FEMA Exercise Report, Applicants' Exhibit 43F, characterized Route Guide communications with the Staging Area when within the range of the ERN as follows: " Radio communications between the Staging Area and school evacuation buses were effective when school buses were within the range of the ERN system". (FEMA Exercise Report, page 215 of 428.) Some of the bus yards are located outside t,he effective range of the ERN. Depending upon the location of the bus yard, when the buses were enroute from the bus yards but well outside the EPZ, there ( l
t 1 I were times when the route guides were outside the range of the ERN. Route Guides are instructed as to which Bus Yard they are assigned before they leave'the Staging Area. When they arrive at the Bus Yard they receive instructions regarding their destination orally (face to face) from the ORO bus dispatcher. This instruction occurs at the Bus Yard prior to the time the Route Guides leave the Bus Yard with their buses. There is therefore no plan requirement for radio c0mmunication with Route Guides prior to their entering the range of the ERN. As the buses approach the EPZ, they enter the range of the ERN and the two-way radios then allow Route Guides to communicate with the ORO Staging Area or Transfer Point Dispatcher per their procedures. IP 2.10 at Attachment 3. During the graded exercise some Route Guides and Bus l Drivers missed the one KI ingestion transmission at 1545. FEMA recommendations to alleviate this problem were as follows: " Review and revise Attachment 5 of IP 1.4 to include a roll call process or other means to insure appropriate communications are complete." The roll call process was reviewed and it was decided that it was inappropriate to achieve tha desired results and in fact may be counter productive by contributing significant additional radio traffic to the channel. To address this, IP 2.8, Step 1 -
i 5.4.3 now instructs dispatchers to repeat KI ingestion l directives to ORO field personnel approximately every 30 minutes to ensure that these personnel receive these l instructions upon arrival within the ERN coverage area. l The two-way radios provide the capability for a Traffic Guide at any given Traffic or Access Control Point to directly communicate with any other TCP or ACP. Similarly, Route Guides can directly communicate with one another, both in their roles on the buses, and as the providers of notification to hearing impaired. The two-way radios also enable Traffic Guides and Route Guides to report road impediments or other information which could impact an evacuation to the appropriate personnel. During the Graded Exercise while the Massachusetts Governmental Interface (MAGI) frequencies were being monitored, a report of a real traffic accident on Route 495 was picked up over the MAGI systemi The accident was also reported over the ERN by Route Guides traversing Route 495. VI. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH TRANSFER POINT
. DISPATCHERS Transfer Point Dispatchers are responsible for operation of the six transfer points (one per EPZ community), including directing, briefing and dispatching Bus Drivers, Route Guides and Road Crews assigned to the Transfer Points. Transfer Point Dispatchers are issued two-way radios at the Staging
s Area prior to leaving for their assigned Transfer Point. IP 2.10 at 5.4.4 and 5. These radios allow Transfer Point Dispatchers to communicate, if necessary, with all ORO field personnel and with their counterparts at other Transfer Points as well as the Staging Area, EOC and Reception Center. VII. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH ROAD CREWS Road Crews are also assigned evacuation support responsibilities. The Road Crews are contract personnel who take direction from the ORO Transfer Point Dispatchers who are located at the transfer points. Upon notification to report, road crews proceed to their assigned transfer point where they " standby" awaiting assignment. The road crews provide and operate tow trucks to clear disabled vehicles from evacuation routes. Road Crews are issued ERN radios upon arrival at their assigned Transfer Point, thus providing them with the capability for two-way communication with the transfer points, Staging Area and with ORO Traffic Guides and
-Route Guides if necessary. IP 2.10 at 5.4.7.H. The Road Crews are specifically instructed to notify the Transfer Point Dispatcher if any problems arise during their deployment. IP 2.10 at Attachment 8.
Road Crews take their direction from the Transfer Point Dispatchers who, if necessary, may communicate any necessary information to the Evacuation Support Dispatcher (ESD), per IP 2.10 at Attachment 8. Given the limited scope of road
l crew responsibilities these communications are expected to.be minimal. The FEMA Graded Exercise of June 28-29, 1988, l demonstrated that both of these lines of communication'were j 1 adequate. VIII. PROVISIONS FOR COMMUNICATIONS WITH AMBULANCE DRIVERS Ambulance Drivers are contract personnel who assist in evacuating special populations. Upon notification to report, they are to go to the ORO Staging Area with their emergency vehicle. At the Staging Area the Ambulance Drivers receive their specific evacuation assignment and final destination 1 from the Special Vehicle Dispatcher. IP 2.10 at 5.3. Once dispatched from the Staging Area, any necessary communication between ambulances and the ORO Staging Area are via the ! Emergency Medical Serviceo (EMS) frequencies. IP 2.10, 5.3.7.E. Radio equipment located at the Staging Area has the capability to communicate over VHF hi-band EMS frequencies. When their assignment is completed the Ambulance Drivers return to the Staging Area where, after processing, they . await reassignment or dismissal. Given the specific nature l of Ambulance Driver assignments, ambulance personnel will require minimal or no communications with the Staging Area ] nor will they have the need for direct communication with other field personnel such as traffic guides and route guides. If communication with other ORO field workers 1 1 I
becomes necessary, it can be relayed from the Ambulance Driver to the ORO Staging Area via the EMS radio and out to 1 the appropriate ~ field personnel via the NHY ORO Emergency Radio Network. 1 The Interveners have also incorrectly interpreted the SPMC requirements for communications with ambulances to extend beyond the effective range of the EMS radio which is approximately a 12 to 15 mile radius of the Haverhill Staging Area. Given the geography involved, the coverage' area of the EMS radio includes the Massachusetts EPZ and extends well i i beyond it. Simply put, there is r.o SPMC plan requirement for communications with ambulances beyond the coverage area of the EMS radio. During the Exercise, the EMS radio malfunctioned. A backup radio system was used as a substitute, with two-way radios being issued to ambulance drivers as part of the backup system. This demonstrated a compensatory response to an unforeseen situation. Since the exercise, the EMS radio has been repaired, and a spare EMS radio has been obtained for use as a backup system. IX. COMMUNICATIONS TRAINING ORO field personnel issued two-way radios operating on the ERN have been provided training on their use. This classroom training is included in Module 20 of the NHY ORO Emergency Plan Training program, which specifically discusses
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t, t d guidance for ORO field personnel on how to communicate with ) i each other over the ERN. See Attachment D hereto for portions of this training material. In addition, walkthrough drills were conducted in preparation for the FEMA Graded Exercise of June 28 and 29, 1988. (See Attachment E hereto for portions of materials provided to participants in these drills.) & l There was an appreciable amount of radio traffic during the exercise and at some points delays may have resulted. However, at no point did radio traffic preclude any needed communication from occurring. Recognizing that radio traffic can be heavy, training of all ORO personnel issued two-way radios emphasizes the need to limit radio communication to that which is required. Other important communications protocols are also emphasized (see Attachment D hereto). The ability of the ORO to communicate with all appropriate locations, organizations and field personnel (Objective #4) was met during the FEMA Graded Exercise for Seabrook Station. FEMA Exercise Report, pages 212-215 of 428. j
? l l 1 l .. l f I ATTACHMENT A (Excerpts from Log of Controller at Impediment Location) I 1 l i i I 1 l
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ATTACHMENT B (Excerpts from Log of Controller at West Newbury Transfer Point)
- i. ___
i Attachment B (Page 1 of 2) i FORM 9.0
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( SEABROCK !TATICH EhERGENCY PREPAREDNESS -- ORILL/EXERC!3E CCNTROLLER CSSERVATICN SHEET - Evalua::r Name: A\an boh m e.o Orill/ Exercise Cate: tok~1g 37 Work TeleOnone No. G M In-T\co M. W3C Loca:1cn: (1 9 4 N u b . Truhu 2c. . I 3 Orill/ Exer::se ?!tle: k M1 C M.eh Ewuc[se 1977 Time Ort!1 C:mmence:: OT 6 Time art 11 Terminates: Jo -
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ATTACHMENT C (Excerpts from Audit Form of Controller at Staging Area Communications Room) 4 I t
- ~ _ ~ ~ Attachment C (Page 1 of 2)
= age 1 ;' 1 FCRM 9,1 EMERGENCY ORILL/ EXERCISE CONTROLLER / EVALUATOR AUDIT FORM
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%ge [:f 1 FORM 9.1 EMERGENCY ORILL/ EXERCISE CCNTROLLER/ EVALUATION AUDIT FORN (Continueo) ll19 J tLL ,
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ATTACHMENT D (Portions of Training Material Regarding Field j Personnel to Field Personnel Communication)
l
. Attachment D (Page 1 of 3)
- lA:JIO OPE:lA'?ING :?ROCE:JU:1E CAL:1 O UNI'? OTHE:1 E?HAN
- 3IS:?AC?C33:1 l
Traine Unit Two: Traine Dispatcher from Traine Two. This is a drill. Over. Traine Dispatcher: Go ahead Traine Two. Over. Tranic Unit Two: Request permission to call Traine Five. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: Trafne Two call Traffic Five. Over. TraHic Unit Two: Trame Five from Traffic Two. Over. Trame Unit Five: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. Trame Unit Two: Please meet me at the intersection of Main and West Streets to pick up your traffic cones. Over Trame Unit Five: I will meet you there in five minutes. This is a drill. Trame Five clear. Trame Unit Two: Trame Dispatjher from Trame Two. Over. Trame Dispatcher: Go ahead Traific Two. Over. Trame Unit Two: Trame Two is clear.
~
Trame Dispatcher: This is a drill. Traffic Dispatcher clear. EM1020C TP/8 REV1
, Attachment D (Page 2 of 3)
Lesson Plan No. EM1020C 1 Paos 7 of 66 ) 6.4 Routine Message. 1 6.4.1 Lowest enority message category.
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6.4.2 All messages not meeting emergency or prionty message category requirements. 6.4.3 Routine messages must give way to emer-gency ano priority messages. 7.0 RADIO OPERATINO PROCEDURE EO-EM1020C0600 7.1 Example of routine message directed to Ols-patener: Situation in most cases TP/7. Radio Operating Procecure Routine Message to Olsoatener Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Discatener from Traffic Two. This is a drill. Over. Traffic Dispatener: Go anead Traffic Two. Over. I Traffic Unit Two: Traffic two is in position at Traf- ' fic Point Two. Over. Traffic Olspatener: This is a drill. Message received. Traffic Olspatener clear. 7.1.1 Never assume that a message has been re-Calved unless you receive verification: o in the aDove, the Olspatener verified that the message was received No need for field unit to make another transmission 7.1.2 Use of *Over" at and of message indicates you have finished the transmission and are turning the channel over to the other unit for a reply.
. 7.1.3 Use of " clear" or " cut" at end ot. message
- No further message from that unr Indicates you have finished comrnunicating, expected 7.2 Example of a call to a radio unit diher than the TP/8 Radio Operating Procedure-0(spatcher:
Call To Unit Other Than Olspatche Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Olspatcher from Traffic Two. This is a drill. Over. Traffic Olspatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Uver. Traffic Unit Two: Request permission to call Traffic Five. Over. Form No. NT-6001-1 Rev.No. 0 Date
. Attachment D (Page 3 of 3)
Lesson Plan No. EM1020C page 8 of 66 Traffic Dispatener: Traffic Two call Traffic Five. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Five from Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Five: Go aneao Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Please m6et me at the intersec-tion of Main ano West Streets to pick up your traffit: cones. Over. Traffic Unit Five: I will meet you there in five min-utes. This is a orill. Traffic Five clear. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Olsoatener from Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Olspatener: Go anead Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Two is clear. Traffic Dispatcher- This is a drill. Traffic Olspatcher clear. 7.2.1 Protocol is necessary to maintain control and Procedure is fairly lengt order on a radio channel. 7.2.2 For one radio unit to call another unit, must first ask for the Dispatener's permission. 7.2.2.1 Traffic Olspatener passes control of radio channel to the Traffic Unit. 7.2.2.2 Later the Traffic Unit returns control back to the Olspatcher. 7.2.3 The number of words used are as brief and
~
precise as possible to minimize.transmis-sion time. ' 7.3 Example of correct way to transmit fictitious TP/9, Radio Operating Procedure-Public Safety information during a drill or Transmission of Fictitious Public exercise: Safety information
~
Traffic Unit Two: This is a drill. Traffic Olspatcher from Traffic Two with a test emergency message. Over. Form No. NT-6001-1 Rev.No. O Oste
ATTACHMENT E s (Portions of Materials Provided to Participants j of the Walkthrough Drills Conducted in Preparation for the FEMA Graded Exercise of June 28 and 29, 1988) l l i su
, Attachment E (Page 1 of 11)
COMMUNICATIONS AND ETIQUETTE FOR FIELD RADIO , t i OPERATORS l RADIO SYSTEM OPERATION AND THE DISPATCHER Radio operators using the Emergency Radio Network need to be aware that there may be more than 100 field radios in use on an 800 MHz radio channel during a drill of exercise and many radio messages will be generated. Uncontrolled radio use will rapidly cause chaos on a radio channel because only one radio may be heard on a channel at a time. There must be one radio unit to control the use of a radio channel. The Dispatch-ers at the Staging Area control field units in the New Hampshire Yankee Off Site Re-sponse Organization. There is a separate Olspatcher for each radio channel. b The Dispatcher. Is the communications " policeman." He directs the flow of radio traffic between all field units on a channel. A field radio operator must always make a request to the Olspatcher for permission to transmit a message on the radio. Before granting the request, a Dispatcher will take into consideration the ongoing events and make a determination if the radio channel is clear for use. This process ensures that the highest priority message is transmitted first. The Dispatchers at the Staging Area are responsible for receiving and controlling the tactical communications of a drill or exercise. Another set of radio operators, located in the EOC at Newington Station, are responsible for monitoring the operations of a drill or exercise and disseminating policy information affecting field units from officials at the EOC. The EOC stations are referred to as
- Net Control.* The Net Control radio operators will interrupt communications on the radio channel only if there is important information to be communicated from the EOC. They will transmit an
' alert
- tone before transmitting information to obtain the attention of all units. The EOC stations also serve as backup Dispatchers.
MORSE CODE REPEATER IDENTIFICATION Each 800 MHz repeater is equipped with a mors code identification device that trans-mits the radio call letters approximately every 15 minutes. Use this identification signal as a reminder to check your dosimetry. I
Attachment E (Page 2 of 11) RADIO MESSAGES. Messages are ' packets
- of information communicated from one person to another. The urgency to communicate tnis information can be generally classified into tnree Categories.
EMERGENCY Message.s are ene most impanant message category. Emergency Messages contain i'nformation tnat reconLimmediate danger to life and proceny Messages of tnis type are those relating to fire. accidents with injuries. and severe medical problems requiring immediate medical attention. l l PRIORITY MESSAGES are tne secono most imponant message category l Priority Message contains information tnat recons
- potential" danger, or information l that must be communicated quickly to prevent wasted time. money or duplication of e,tfon. Examples of situations requiring Priority Messages could be: l
- 1. Reporting a non-injury accident blocking traffic:
- 2. Notification of a changed status of a drill; and
- 3. Messages regarding fast breaking events affecting the placement of personnel Messages disseminated from (ne EOC are usually considered Priority Messages Priority Messages are lower in priority tnan Emergency Messages.
ROUTINE MESSAGES are tne inird category. Au remaining message information falls into tnis category. Routine Massages are of lowest priority ano must give way to Emergency and Priority Messages
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Attachment E (Page 3 of 11)
~
RADIO OPERATING PROCEDURE The following are examples of radio messaqes to demonstrate correct radio usage: 1raffic Unit Two: Traff!c Dispatcher from Traffic Two. This is a drill. Over, Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Two is in position at Traffic Point Two. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: This is a drill. Message received. Traffic Dispatcher clear. This example shows a Routine Message that is directed to the Dispatcher. It will be the standard practice in most cases. Notice that the message required only four radio transmissions and the whole process took less than 30 seconds. Never assume that a message has been received unless you receive verification. In this case, there is no need for the field unit to make another transmission because the Dispatcher has verified that the message was received. The use of the word *over" at the end of a radio transmission indicates that you have finished the transmission and that you are turning the channel over to the other unit for a reply. The use of the word " clear" or *out* at the end of a message indicates that you have finished communicating and you expect no further messages from that u nit. The use of 'This is a drill at the approximate beginning and end of a series of radio transmissions serves as 3 reminder to all, including casual observets, that a d'ill is being conducted on the radio channel, it is not necessary to say *This is a drill' on every radio transmission. More on this topic will be discussed later in this docurrent. The following example demonstrates the correct way to call a radio unit other than the dispatcher: Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two. This is a drill. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Req lest permission to call Traffic Five. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: Trrfic Two call Traffic Five. Over. l Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Five from Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Five: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. l Traffic Unit Two: Picase meet me at the Intersection of Main and West Streets to pick up your traffic cones. Over. l Traffic Unit Five: I will meet you there in five minutes. This is a drill. Traffic Five clear. 3
Attachment E (Page 4 of 11) Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Two is clear. , Traffic Dispatcher: This is a drill. Traffic Dispatcher clear. The above example demonstrates the correct procedure for one field unit to call j a nother. Notice that the Traffic Dispatcher passed control of the radio channel to Traffic Two. Traffic Two later returned control back to the Dispatcher. The proce-dure is lengthy, but it is absolutely necessary to maintain control and keep order on a radio channel. Notice that the words used are brief, clear and precise. The following example demonstrates the correct way to transmit fictitious Public Safety information during a drill or exercise: I Traffic Unit Two: This is a drill. Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two with a test emergency message. Over. , l Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Over. Traffic Unit Two: This is a test message. I am reporting a traffic accident with injuries to two people at the intersection of High and Maple Streets. This is a test message. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: Traffic Two, I have received your test emergency message. Please standby for further* instructions. Over. Traffic Unit Two: This is e drill. Traffic Two will be standing by for further infor-mation. (A FEW MINUTES ELAPSE) Traffic Dispatcher: Traffic Two from Traffic Dispatcher. Over. Traffic Unit Two: Go ahead Traffic Dispatcher. Over. Traffic Dispatcher: As part of the drill, we are actually sending a tow truck to your loca-tion. Please standby at that location and notify us when the tiuck arrives. Also, as part of the drill, we are simulating the notifi-cation of Public Safety Personnel. Over. Traffic Unit Two: This is a drill. I understand that you are actually sending a tow truck to my location. I will notify you when it arrives. Traffic Two is clear. Traffic Dispatcher: This is a drill. Traffic Dispatcher clear. 4
Attachment E (Pago 5 of 11) The words "This is a test message" must be used directly before and after any fictitious
. Public Safety information is transmitted over a radio. This action is required by FCC rules.
It is possible for the general public to intercept these radio transmissions. Reception of information during a drill or exercise could possibly cause concern or panic to someone if they thought the irdormation was real. It is important that personnel taking part in the drill understand when fictitious Public Safety information is being exchanged, if you have to report a real emergency during a drill or exercise, make certain that it is understood by the person to whom you are reporting the information. In the initial portion of this example. Traffic Unit Two called the Dispatcher 'and indi-
. cated that he had a " test Emergency Message." This information tells the Dispatcher.that !
he has a simulated emergency message to report. This form of request is also used to report Priority Messages (" test Priority Message"). No special announcements are used for ) Routine Messages. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RADIO OPERATION When using a portable radio, hold the radio so that the antenna is vertical. LISTEN before transmitting. Be sure you are not interrupting a conversation in pro-gress. Press the transmit button and wait a second before you begin to speak. There is a slight delay between the time you press the transmit button and the time the repeater is ready to retransmit your signal. SPEAK SLOWLY AND PRONOUNCE EACH WORD CLEARLY. If the Oispatcher tells you that you have a weak signal, try to move a few feet to a more open location and try again. LEAVE A SHORT PAUSE between eacn transmission. someone may have an Emergency Message to transmit. DIRECT inittai COMMUNICATIONS TO THE DISPATCHER The Dispatcher is in charge of the radio channel. All requests to transmi* must be directed to the Dispatcher. Always make your radio transmissions as short as possible. REMEMBER YOU SHARE the channel with up to 100 other radio units. Make sure the other station has verified the receipt of your message. DO NOT COMMENT on a conversation unless abseiutely necessarv. use tne correct operating procedure. 5 I i
.. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . , . .....a_ ...w...,
. ATTAQUIG Nttachment E (Page 6 of 11) LESSON: Training of ORO persennel on the use of the 800 Mhz. GE . M-PD portable radio equipment. I. OVERVIEW / INTRODUCTION: This lesson plan is designed to train ORO personnel on the proper use of the GE M-FD portable radio. The training will include instruction on the physical aspects of the radio, overview of the 800 Mhz. radio system, overview of FCC rules and regulations, and on proper radio etiquette to communicate with other radio units. II. PREREQUISITES: l l None. III. INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES: Terminal Objective: Upon completion of this lesson, the student should have a basic understanding of the radio hardware, accessories, controls, and features associated with the GE M-PD portable radio. The student should also understand repeater verses talk-around radio communication operation, the role of the dispatcher, FCC rules pertaining to the use of the radio and a basic understanding of radio etiquette. Enabling Objectives: The student will be given hands-on training of the GE M-PD portable radio. All associated accessories will be demonstrated. Classroom training will be given on the 800 Mhz. radio system, repeater verses talk-around operation, the role of the dispatcher, FCC rules, and radio etiquette. Handouts will be used to supplement verbal instructions. IV.
REFERENCES:
GE M-PD Operating Manual V. EQUIPMENT / MATERIALS: GE H-PD radios and accessories Blackboard Handout - 800 Mhz. Portable Radio Instructions Handout - 800 Mhz. ORO Radio System Diagram Handout - Instructions for Use of the Ovsrflow Channel Handout - Diagram Repeater Verses Talk-oround Operation Handout - Communications Operation ar.d Etiquette for Field Radios Handout - FCC Radio Regulations Page 1
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ - . _ _ m y g.j- , - g g ggg-.-,3 w ,rM E . W RTA@LE MADIO$
. Attachment E (Pagn 7 of 11)
I VI. LESSO!!: Distribute' radios and handouts. 3 j Overview of the ORO radio system.
- Discussion of ORO 800 Mhz. radio system.
- Discussion about dispatch points at Staging Area and EOC.
- Discussion about the four 800 Mhz. radio channels and the use of the overflow channel.
- Discussion of the operation of repeaters and how they differ from simplex operation.
Discussion of Communications Operation and E t ique ". t e for Field Radios.
- Discussion of communications and the role of the dispatcher.
- Discussion of the types of messages; Emergency, Priority, and Routine.
- Discussion of proper radio operating procedure.
- Discussion of FCC regulations as they apply to ' the ORO Field radios.
- Summary of important highlights of radio etiquette.
Demonstration and hands on use of the GE M-PD portable radio.
- Point out location of controls and switches and how they operate.
- Discussion of display indicators and what they mean.
- Demonstrate how to properly remove and install the battery pack.
- Demonstrate the proper way to make a radio transmission.
Demonstration of radio accessories for the GE M-PD radio. (tio hands on use.) Demonstration of special equipment for use of the GE M-PD radio in cars and buses. (tlo hands on use.) l l l 1 I Page 2
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. Attachment E (Page 3 of 11) RADIO SYSTEM OPERATIOff AND THE DISPATCHER There may be 100 or more portable radios in use on an 800 Mhz. radio channel during a drill or exercise and many radio messages will be generated. Uncontrolled radio use will quickly cause chaos on a radio channel because only one radio may transmit on a channel at a time. There must be one radio unit to control the use of a radio channel. The designated control units for the Off Site Response Organization are the dispatchers at the Staging Area. There is a different dispatcher for each radio channel. The dispatcher is the communications " policeman" that directs the flow of radio traffic betaen all stations on a channel. A radio operator must always make a request to the dispatcher for permission to transmit a message on the radio. Before granting the request, a dispatcher will take into consideration the ongoing events and make a determination if the radio channel is ) clear for use. This process ensures that the highest priority messages are transmitted first. RADIO MESSAGES i Messages are " packets" of information communicated from one person to another. The urgency to communicate this information l can be generally classified into three categories. The most important message category is that of emergencies. Emergency messages contain information that reports immediate danger to life and property. Messages of this type are those relating to fire, accidents with personnel injuries, and severe medical problems requiring immediate medical attention. The second most important message category is the priority message. A priority message contains information that reports
" potential" danger, or information that must be comn unica t ed within a'short period of time to prevent wasted time and money.
Examples of situations requiring priority messages would be reporting a non-personal injury accident blocking traffic, a notification of a changed status of a drill, and messages regarding fast breaking events affecting the placement of personnel. , The third message category is the routine message. All remaining message information falls into this category. Routine messages l are of lowest priority and must give way to emergency and l priority messages. 1 Page 1
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% Attachment E-(Page 9.of 11) 0 RADIO OPERATI!!G PROCEDURE 1
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The following are. fictitious examples of- radio messages- to demonstrate correct radio usage: Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from. Traffic Two. t i Traffic Dis' patcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Traffic Unit Two: This unit is in position at Traffic Point Two. Traffic-Dispatcher: Message received. Traffic Dispatcher clear. This example shows a routine message that-is directed to the-dispatcher. This example will be the situation in most cases. Notice that the message required only four radio transmissions and the whole process takes less than 30 seconds.- You should never assume that a message has been received unless you receive q verification. In.this case, there is no need for the field unit to make another-transmission because the dispatcher has verified ; that the message was received. The use of the word " clear" or R "out" at the end of a message indicates that you have finished . communicating and you expect no further messages from that unit. The . f ollowing example demonstrates the correct way to call .a radio unit other than the dispatcher:
-Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two.
-Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two.
Traffic Unit Two: Request permission to call Traffic Five? Traffic Dispatcher: Permission granted to call Traffic Five. Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Five from' Traffic Two. Traffic Unit Five:'Go ahead Traffic:Two. - Traffic Unit Two: Please meet me at the intersection of Main and West Streets to pick up your traffic cones. Traffic Unit Five: I will meet you there in five minutes.' Traffic Five clear. l Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two. I Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. { Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Two is clear. Traffic Dispatcher: Traffic Dispatcher clear. The above example demonstrates the correct procedure for a radio l Page 2
a . .. w . 6 . n n s. . 2 i r e . . n . . W. A.A c, i k u c. i i c. e u r. c i rA u RADIOS . Attachmant E (Pago 10 of 11) . unit to call another by asking the dispatcher's permission. Notice .that the Traffic Dispatcher passed control of the radio channel to the Traffic Unit and the Traffic Unit later returned control back to the dispatcher. The procedure is lengthy, but the protocol is absolutely necessary to maintain control and 1 order on a radio channel. Also notice that the number of words used are as brief and precise as possible to cut down on the length of transmission time. i The following example demonstrates the correct way to transmit fictitious information during a drill or exercise: Traffic Unit Two: Traffic Dispatcher from Traffic Two with a test emergency message.
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Traffic Dispatcher: Go ahead Traffic Two. Traffic Unit Two: This is a test message. I am reporting a traffic accident with personal injury , of two people at the intersection of High and Maple l Streets. This is a test message. Traffic Dispatcher: Traffic Two this is a test message. I have received your test message and I am ! dispatching you a simulated ambulance and tow ! truck to the intersection of High and Maple Street. This is a test message. Traffic Unit Two: Message received. Traffic Two clear. The words "This is a test message." must be used before and after any fictitious or simulated information is transmitted over a radio. This action is required by FCC rules. It is possible for the general public to intercept these radio transmissions. Reception of information transmitted during a drill or exercise i could possibly cause concern and panic to someone if tney thought the information was real. It is also important that our own personnel understand when fictitious information is being exchanged. If you have to report a real emergency during a drill or exercise, say so, and make certain that it is understood by . the person to whom you are reporting the information. ! TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RADIO OPERATION There are other technical aspects of radio operation that must be considered. When using a portable radio, hold the radio in such a manner that the antenna is vertical. Press the transmit button and talk in the front of the radio in a firm but normal voice. Do not speak fast and pronounce each word clearly. If the dispatcher tells you that you have a weak signal, try to move a j few feet to a more bpen location and try again. Personnel using' base radios at the Staging Area and Reception j l Page 3
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, Centers will be using a desk microphone. This microphone is designed to pick up your voice at a distance of about 12 inches.
Your voice will sound distorted if you do talk directly into the microphone. RADIO ETIQUETTE NOTES Always listen 'bef ore transmitting to be sure that you are not interrupting a conversation in progress. Always leave a short pause between each transmission. Someone may have an emergency message to transmit. All initial communications shculd be directed toward the dispatcher. The dispatcher is the " boss" of the radio channel and all requests to transmit must be directed to the dispatcher. Remember that there may be over 100 other radio units that share the use of your radio channel. Always make your radio transmissions as short and precise as possible. Always make certain that the other station has verified the receipt of your message. Do not use the radio unless there is a real need and there is no other practical method to deliver the messsge. Use a telephone-if there is one available. Do not interject your comments into a conversation unless absolutely necessary and you use the correct operating procedure. 1 Page 4 j _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _}}