Text

License Renewal Environmental Site Audit Needs List, Aquatic Ecology, AR-3 Page 8 Through AR-6
	ML101110235
Person / Time
Site:	Crystal River
Issue date:	11/05/2009
From:	; - No Known Affiliation
To:	; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	3F1109-06, TAC ME0278
	Download: ML101110235 (106)
	v • d • e

Archeology AR-6

1. EVC-CRNF-00002, Crystal River Nuclear Plant Site-Specific Environmental Policies, Permits, Registrations, Certifications and Plans

2. EVC-SUBS-00022, Land Disturbing Activities

Crystal River Nuclear Plant Site-Specific Environmental Policies, Permits, Registrations, Certifications and Plans EVC-CRNFo00002 Apfpi*s to: Crystal Rwv*

v Nuciear Plani - Florida Kuyv,.rdsl ervirommena-: erivronmental comp!hance manual

1.0 Purpose and Scope

The Crystal River Nuclear Plant environmental compliance document is intended to support environmental compliance activities at the plant by providing a summary of applicable environmental policies, permits, registrations, certifications and plans.

2.0 Roles and Responsibilities Document ownership and responsibility for maintaining this document resides with the Crystal River Nuclear Plant. Upon change of permits or procedures requiring an update to this document, the plant Environmental Specialist shall notify Environmental Support personnel in a timely manner to upload revised documents and/or update links to policies, permits, registrations, certifications and plans.

3.0 Site-Specific Policies, Permits, Registrations, Certifications and Plans Category Links Comments Administrative Conditions of Conditions of Certification CR3, 4, 5 Environmental requirements are Certification generally addressed under the Conditions of Certification (COC);

changes in certain operations or systems could require that the COCs be modified or amended.

Environmental NGG Environmental Management Guiding practice that enables an Management System System organization to reduce its (EMS) (NGGM-PM-0021) environmental impacts and increase its operating efficiency.

Environmental Policy Progress Energy Inc. Environmental Progress Energy Environmental Policy Policy (EVC-HOCO-00001)

Environmental Policy/ Nuclear Generation Group Fleet Both NGG Environmental Policy Environmental Alignment Manual (NGGD-0030) and External Regulatory (NGGD-1000) Communications (NGGD-0040) have Inspections and been deleted. Most of the information Communications they contained was placed in NGGD-1000, Nuclear Generation Fleet Alignment Manual.

Page 1 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

Category Links Comments Environmental Environmental Records Management General company guidance on records Records (EVC-SUBS-00211) retention.

Management Environmental Environmental Responsibilities Document defines environmental Responsibilities Agreement for the Progress Energy responsibilities between NGG, POG Agreement Nuclear Generation Sites EHS and facilities co-located with (NGGM-IA-0001) nuclear plants.

Environmental Environmental Support Contacts Link to listing of Line and Support Contacts Environmental Support Organization Information Specialists.

Ops Environmental opsEnvironmental login Environmental regulatory compliance Compliance Tracking reporting and tracking system portal.

Air.

Air Quality Permitting Air Quality Permitting and Compliance General company policy and and Compliance (EVC-SUBS-00003) procedure compliance manual.

Accidental Release Accidental Release Prevention General company policy and Prevention (EVC-SUBS-00004) procedure manual.

Open Burning Open Burning General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00019) procedure compliance manual.

Permits and approvals are issued on an "as needed" basis, a few days prior to the burning event.

Ozone Depleting Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (EVC- General company policy and Substances SUBS-00007) procedure compliance manual.

All equipment is serviced by licensed HVAC contractors. See CR3 Maintenance for more information or records.

Title V Permit Site Title V Permit Permit No.: 0170004 Eminergenc.y'Resp~onse', .

Emergency Action Emergency Action Plan - Crystal River This document is intended to provide Plan Energy Complex Site Administration guidance for compliance with OSHA Building (EMG-ESGF-00003) standards and Company Safety Policies. This plan does not supersede any CR-3 procedures that are in place to support nuclear commitments or site specific operations. If a nuclear event occurs, EM-205 (Personnel Responsibility, Discovery, Evacuation, and Accountability) will supersede this plan.

Page 2 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

Hazardous Materials Management-Asbestos Asbestos Exposure Control General company policy and (SAF-SUBS-00012) procedure compliance manual.

Chemical Control Chemical Control (SAF-SUBS-00042) General company policy and procedure compliance manual.

NGG Chemical Control Program (CHE- NGG Chemical Control Program NGGC-0045)

Department of DOT Hazardous Materials General company policy and Transportation (DOT) (EVC-SUBS-00008) procedure compliance manual.

DOT Hazardous Materials Certificate Annual registration with DOT per 49 of Registration CFR 107, Subpart G.

(EVC-SUBS-00100)

Hazardous Material Transportation For a copy of the risk assessment, see Security Plan (Nuclear) the Environmental Specialist.

Emergency Planning Emergency Planning and Community General company policy and and Community Right-to-Know Act procedure compliance manual. Covers Right-to-Know (EPCRA, SARA) emergency planning and notification of (EPCRA) (EVC-SUBS-00010) a hazardous materials incident and the reporting of hazardous chemicals inventories and toxic releases.

Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste Management General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00016) procedure compliance manual.

RCRA Status Letter The Crystal River Plant is a Small Quantity Generator (SQG) of hazardous waste (EPA ID No. FLD 040216764). To retain this status requires generation of:

" Less than 2,205 lbs of hazardous waste, and

" Less than 2.2 lbs of acute hazardous waste per calendar month.

It is essential that the North, South, and Nuclear Units, Nuclear Plant Construction and Site Support communicate to ensure that less than 2,205 pounds of hazardous waste is generated each month.

A hazardous waste determination must be performed by the Hazardous waste Coordinator for any wastes that are Page 3 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

suspected to be of hazardous or unknown composition. The Hazardous Waste Coordinator will communicate waste concerns with the Environmental Specialist.

Al-1820 CR3 procedure for Hazardous and Non-hazardous Waste Management.

Contact the CR3 Hazardous Waste Coordinator with concerns.

SP-909 Inspection of CR3 Hazardous & Mixed Waste Satellite Accumulation Areas and Containers.

Pesticides Pesticides General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00021) procedure compliance manual.

Pesticides applied by licensed contractors. See Environmental Specialist for current activities and list of approved contractors.

Polychlorinated Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) General company policy and Biphenyls (PCBs) (EVC-SUBS-00020) procedure compliance manual.

Property Environmental Due Diligence General company policy and Assessments (EVC-SUBS-00217) procedure compliance manual.

Solid Waste/Landfills Solid Waste General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00023) procedure compliance manual.

Spill Reporting Oil Spill and Chemical Release General company policy and Notification and Emergency Response procedure compliance manual.

(EVC-SUBS-00018)

Contact the Environmental Specialist or designee in the event of a spill.

Tanks Aboveground Storage Tanks (Including General company policy and Spill Prevention, Control and procedure compliance manual.

Countermeasures (SPCC) Plans)

(EVC-SUBS-00032)

Alternate Procedure Department of Environmental Protection approved alternate leak detection system for light oil tanks.

SPCC Plan The Crystal River Nuclear SPCC plan is periodically revised with current contact information and is available from the Environmental Specialist.

Underground Storage Tanks General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00024) procedure compliance manual.

Used Oil I Liquid Used Oil (Standards for Management) General company policy and Waste (EVC-SUBS-00025) procedure compliance manual.

Page 4 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

Natural Resources _

Biological Sea Turtle Permit Marine Turtle Permit No.: MTP-09-042 Assessments AI-571 Nuclear Sea Turtle Rescue and Handling Guidance.

Turtle Biological Opinion Marine Fisheries biological opinion of Nuclear cooling water intake system's effect on sea turtles.

Endangered and Endangered and Threatened Species General company policy and Threatened Species (EVC-SUBS-00011) procedure compliance manual.

Fish Kills Fish Kills General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00014) procedure compliance manual.

Migratory Birds Migratory Birds General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00017) procedure compliance manual.

Osprey Nest Removal Policy Includes guidelines for construction of osprey nest structures.

Progress Energy Florida Migratory Bird State migratory bird nest removal Nest Permit permit No. LSNR-09-0334.

(EVC-PGNF-00104)

Water Programs, . '

Dredge and Fill, Land Disturbing Activities Certifications and/or plans may be Wetlands, Water (EVC-SUBS-00022) needed for construction projects.

Crossing and Erosion Contact Environmental Specialist for and Sedimentation details or copies of active plans.

Control Drinking Water Drinking Water General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00009) procedure compliance manual.

Industrial Groundwater Monitoring Plan CR 1,2,3 Groundwater Monitoring Plan Wastewater/ and Monitoring Well completion report.

Groundwater Monitoring Wells Industrial Wastewater Permit CR Site Permit No.: FLA16960 Wells General company policy and (EVC-SUBS-00028) procedure compliance manual.

A permit is needed for well construction. Contact Environmental Specialist for existing monitoring well information.

Page 5 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

NPDES Wastewater Best Manaaement Practices CR 1,2,3 NPDES Best Management and Stormwater Practices (BMP) Plan.

Manatee Protection Plan Secondary Warm Water Refuge Manatee Protection Plan.

NPDES Permit CR 1,2,3 NPDES Permit No.

FLOO00159 A NPDES construction stormwater permits or other documents may be needed for construction projects.

Contact Environmental Specialist.

For a copy of the stormwater pollution prevention plan, contact the Environmental Specialist.

Wastewater Discharge (NPDES General company policy and Permitting) procedure compliance manual.

(EVC-SUBS-00027)

On-site Septic Domestic Wastewater Treatment CR 1,2,3 Permit No.: FLA118753-003-System Permit DW3P Nuclear training facility Domestic Nuclear Training Facility Permit Wastewater Permit No.:FLA011909-003-DW4P Water Withdrawal Water Use Permit CR 1,2,3 Water Use Permit No.:20004695.004 Page 6 of 6 Revised 9/25/2009

AUTHORIZED COPY Document title Land Disturbing Activities Document number EVC-SUBS-00022 Applies to: Progress Energy Carolinas, Inc.; Progress Energy Florida, Inc.; Progress Energy Service Company, LLC Keywords: environmental; environmental compliance manual - common TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 .0 B A C KG R O UND ................................................................................................................ 4 2.0 PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS .................................................................................... 5 2 .1 C o m pa ny .................................................................................................. .. . . . 5 2 .2 F e d e ra l ................................................................................................................. 6 2 .3 F lo rid a .................................................................................................................. 6 A. Sediment and Erosion Control ........................................................... 6 B. Storm Water Discharges ...................................................................... 6 C. R iv e r B u ffe r ......................................................................................... . .6 D. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ............................. 6 2.4 N o rth C aro lin a ............................................................................................... .. 7 A. Sediment and Erosion Control ........................................................... 7 B. Storm Water Discharges ...................................................................... 8 C. Riparian Buffers ................................................................................... 8 D. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ............................ 10 2.5 S o uth C a ro lin a .............................................................................................. . . 10 A. Sediment and Erosion Control ......................................................... 10 B. Storm Water Discharges .................................................................... 10 C. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ............................ 10 EVC-SUBS-00022 IRev. 4 (09/08) 1Page 1 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY 3.0 PERM ITS & CERTIFICATION ..................................................................................... 11 3 .1 C o m pa n y ............................................................................................................ 11 3 .2 F e d e ra l ............................................................................................................... 11 A. Wetlands, W aters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ............................ 11 3 .3 F lo rid a ......................................................................... I..................................... 12 A. Sedim ent and Erosion Control ......................................................... 12 B. Storm Water Discharges .................................................................... 12 C. Wetlands, W aters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ............................ 12 3.4 North Carolina ............................................................................................... 13 A. Sedim ent and Erosion Control ......................................................... 13 B. Storm Water Discharges .................................................................... 14 C. Riparian Buffers ................................................................................. 14 D. W etlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ........................... 15 3.5 South Carolina .............................................................................................. 15 A. Sedim ent and Erosion Control ......................................................... 15 B. Storm W ater Discharges .................................................................... 15 C. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas ........................... 15 4.0 TRAINING REQUIREM ENTS .................................................................................. 16 4.1 Com pany ............................................................................. 16 4 .2 F e d e ra l ............................................................................................................... 16 4 .3 F lo rid a ................................................................................................................ 16 4.4 North Carolina ................................................................................................ 16 4.5 South Carolina .............................................................................................. 16 I EVC-SUBS-00022 ev. 4 (09/08) Page 2o 2

AUTHORIZED COPY 5.0 RECORD KEEPING REQUIREM ENTS ........................................................................ 16 5 .1 C o m p a n y ............................................................................................................ 16 5 .2 F e d e ra l ............................................................................................................... 16 5 .3 F lo rid a ................................................................................................................ 17 5.4 North Carolina ............................................................................................... 17 5.5 South Carolina .............................................................................................. 17 6.0 SELF-ASSESSM ENTS ............................................................................................... 18

7.0 REFERENCES

.............................................................................................................. 18 7 .1 C o m p a n y ............................................................................................................ 18 7 .2 Fe d e ra l ............................................................................................................... 18 7 .3 F lo rid a ................................................................................................................ 19 7.4 North Carolina ............................................................................................... 20 7.5 South Carolina .............................................................................................. 20 GLOSSARY FORMS FRM-SUBS-01050 I Environmental Survey for New Construction Projects and Modifications to Existing Facilities EVC-SUBS-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 3 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY

1.0 BACKGROUND

Land development activities may require several different permits, certifications, or approvals issued by different state and/or federal agencies. These activities include, but are not limited to-

The construction or expansion of:

V/ Buildings,

,/ Facilities, V Substations, V/ Power plants, V/ Parking lots, V/ Roads,

,/ Overhead or underground utility lines (electric, gas, etc.), or

Clearing rights-of-way.

Permits, certifications, or approvals must be obtained prior to beginning any land-disturbing activity. Contact your Environmental Support Organization (ESO) for assistance with obtaining these authorizations.

-ACiIOTIEfS 4HAIMAY REQUIRE AUTHORIZATIO IS,'

2:.;'..FOMFEDERAL': TATE.9OR LOCAVAGENCIES_~,;~

Exposing soil to increased erosion and off-site sedimentation Discharge of dredged or fill material to waters of the US Disturbing land near a stream (buffer encroachments)

Placing a structure in navigable waters Construction in wetlands or a coastal county Installation of an impervious surface Most of these authorizations are mandated by the Clean Water Act, which is a federal law.

The law delegated the responsibility of administering some programs to the states, and in turn, states may delegate certain responsibilities to local governments (e.g., Phase II stormwater).

In this chapter, state-administered federal provisions will be found under the state sections.

Employees and contractors must comply with all site-specific and general permit conditions.

Evc-sUBs-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 4 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY Noncompliance with regulations, permits, plans or approvals may result in:

Notices of Violation;

Requirement to restore the disturbed area;

Stop-work orders;

Record of noncompliance (may negatively impact future permitting);

Fines of up to $50,000; and

Two years imprisonment.

2.0 PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS 2.1 Company Employees and contractors have the responsibility to determine whether land-disturbing activities require a permit, plan, or other approval.

Refer to the Environmental Survey (FRM-SUBS-01050) early in the planning stages of any project that may cause land disturbances. If the survey indicates a permit or approval is required, contact your environmental support organization for assistance with the process.

Some permits require substantial (months) regulatory approval time which must be built into the project schedule; it is important to contact your environmental support organization early. Similarly, the permit application package may require field studies, engineering drawings and/or calculations, and similar documents that could take several weeks to prepare and circulate for review and approval. Schedule accordingly, including revising application, should the regulatory review agency require plan changes prior to plan approval.

As of March 10, 2003 a general NPDES permit is required for construction activities greater than 1 acre.

Any land-disturbing activity that can result in off-site sedimentation requires installation of adequate erosion control measures.

Impacts to regulated areas should be avoided if possible and minimized at all times.

I EVC-SUBS-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 5of 21 1 I

EV-UB-002Re.4 0/0)Pae If1

AUTHORIZED COPY Contact your environmental support organization to determine the presence of wetlands, surface waters, buffers, or other regulated areas and to delineate the jurisdictional boundaries. Each employee must:

Have jurisdictional areas identified, Find out what activities can and can't be undertaken without a permit, and Know the boundaries of regulated areas when land disturbing activities are undertaken in or near wetlands, coastal areas or buffer zones.

2.2 Federal Refer to Section 3.0 for permit information.

2.3 Florida A. Sediment and Erosion Control All projects are required to institute Best Management Practices to minimize offsite transport of materials during a construction project.

B. Storm Water Discharges Florida's Environmental Resource Permitting program combines the permitting of stormwater management and impacts to wetlands in one permitting program.

In addition to and separate from the Environmental Resource Permitting Program, a Generic Permit for Stormwater Discharge from Construction Activities that Disturb One or More Acres of Land (CGP) may also be required. These permits are required for stormwater discharges to surface water of the state from construction activity that disturbs one or more acres of land.

C. River Buffer There are no formal river buffer requirements.

D. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas Florida's Environmental Resource Permitting program combines the permitting of stormwater management and impacts to wetlands in one permitting program.

Construction projects involving land under water (e.g., aerial crossings, modifications to existing lines, replacement of subaqueous cables, etc.) may require State approval.

EVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) Page6of21

AUTHORIZED COPY Progress Energy Florida's use of sovereign submerged lands requires an easement or consent of use from the State. Contact your environmental support organization for assistance if a project includes submerged lands.

The installation of any impervious surface (driveways, buildings, equipment foundations) may require a permit to be obtained.

Depending on the amount of impervious surface being installed a stormwater pond may be required to be constructed.

Impacts below the 100 year floodplain require compensating storage be provided.

If an Environmental Resource Permit is required, this issue will be addressed as part of that permit if not, the local government will address as part of their permitting process.

Local government rules may be more stringent than the state rules and coordination must occur to ensure that requirements of all the agencies are met.

2.4 North Carolina A. Sediment and Erosion Control Memoranda of understanding authorize certain transmission line and substation construction activities upon approval of simplified Sediment and Erosion Control Plans.

Any land-disturbing activity that can result in off-site sedimentation requires installation of adequate erosion control measures, regardless of the size of disturbance.

If the land-disturbance is one acre or greater a Sediment and Erosion Control Plan must be submitted to, and approved by, the appropriate Land Quality Section, Division of Land Resources Regional Office, prior to beginning work.

The plan must be submitted at least 30 days prior to the project's start date.

If the State has not issued a Letter of Approval following 30 days of submission, contact your environmental support organization before beginning the project.

SEvc-sUos-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page7o21

AUTHORIZED COPY B. Storm Water Discharges Land-disturbing activities of one acre or greater require NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities.

As of March 10, 2003 permits are required for projects of one acre or larger.

A N.C. Stormwater Runoff Management Permit is required when a CAMA Major Development Permit or an approved Sediment and Erosion Control Plan is needed and when development activities:

Are located in the 20 coastal counties

Drain to Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW)

Are within 1 mile and draining to high quality waters (HQW)

Phase II post-construction stormwater controls apply in certain state and local jurisdictions. Phase II and other applicable stormwater rules for a particular site can be found by entering either the site's street address or latitude/longitude at the following NCDWQ web site:

http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/su/Map Intro Paqe.htm#maincontent C. Riparian Buffers Activities impacting intermittent and perennial streams, lakes, ponds and estuarine waters within the Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, and Mainstem Catawba River Basins and the Randleman Reservoir must meet North Carolina Riparian Area Buffer Protection Rules. Buffers are separated into two zones:

Zone 1 (the first 30 feet) must be left undisturbed (with the exceptions following).

Zone 2 (the next 20 feet) may be graded and revegetated, provided that the health of the vegetation in Zone 1 is not compromised and the ground is stabilized and existing diffuse flow is maintained (with the exceptions following).

The North Carolina Riparian Area Buffer Protection Rules describe certain categories of activities which are "exempt," "allowable," "allowable with mitigation," and "prohibited."

Many construction activities, including the installation of overhead and underground utility lines, are either exempt or allowable with the use of certain BMPs (see footnote on p. 9).

IEVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 8 of 21 1

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,/ Overhead utility rights-of-way widths are limited to 150 feet.

,/ Underground utility rights-of-way widths are limited to 40 feet.

.BMPS RELATED TO TH CONSTRUCTION OFELECTRIC LINES UNDERGROUND OVERHEAD LNES LIES PRACTICE ALLOWABLE WITHIN RIGHTS-OF-WAY LINES LINES Remove only vegetation that poses a hazard or has the potential to grow tall enough to interfere with the line in the 10-foot wide (minimum) zone immediately adjacent to the water body.

Clear woody vegetation by hand. Land grubbing and grading are / /

prohibited.

Leave vegetated root systems intact to maintain the integrity of the soil; /

stumps shall remain, except in the trench.

Riprap is prohibited unless it is necessary to stabilize a tower. /

Install underground cables by vibratory plow or trenching.

Backfill the trench with the excavated soil immediately following cable /

installation.

Fertilizer is prohibited, except for a one-time application to re-establish ,/ /

vegetation.

Minimize the removal of woody vegetation, the extent of the disturbed area, and the time in which areas remain in a disturbed state during , /

construction.

Take active measures after construction and during routine maintenance /

to ensure diffuse flow of storm water through the buffer.

Use mats in wetlands to minimize the soil disturbance. / /

Poles or towers are prohibited within 10 feet of a water body unless the /

division completes a no practical alternatives evaluation.

If impacts to the buffers are necessary, and do not fall within the above activities, a more formal application must be submitted to the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (DWQ), and a permit obtained prior to initiating the project.

The permit will contain conditions to offset any impacts to the riparian buffer.

If the State has not responded within 60 days of submission, contact your environmental support organization before starting.

Additionally, note that some local governments (e.g., Town of Cary) have developed buffer restrictions similar to the state's. Contact your environmental support organization for the specific area proposed for development.

EVC-SUBS-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 9 of 21 i

AUTHORIZED COPY D. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas Permits and certifications are required for:

Projects in coastal counties, and

Federally-permitted activities impacting State waters.

Generally, projects that permanently impact 0.5 acre or less of jurisdictional waters or wetlands can be permitted under a "nationwide" permit. The time frame for approval, not including preparation of the application package, is typically 45-60 days.

For projects that permanently impact more than 0.5 acre, an "individual" permit is required. Substantially more time is required for approval, typically 60-180 days.

Specific information must be provided to complete the required permit application. This information includes endangered species surveys and cultural resource surveys, as well as wetlands delineation.

Endangered species surveys for some species must be conducted during a limited window of activity (e.g., May - October).

2.5 South Carolina A. Sediment and Erosion Control In South Carolina, the sedimentation and erosion control program has essentially been incorporated into the stormwater program by SCDHEC.

For projects disturbing an acre or more, a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) and notice of intent (NOI) must be submitted to SCDHEC for approval prior to commencement of work.

B. Storm Water Discharges Land-disturbing activities involving one acre or greater require NPDES storm water permits, as described above.

As of March 10, 2003 permits are required for projects of one acre or larger.

C. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas Permits are required for activities impacting:

Wetlands, and

Lake Robinson EVC-SUBS-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 10 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY 3.0 PERMITS & CERTIFICATIONS 3.1 Company Your environmental support organization will determine the type of permit, certification, or approval needed and assist in application preparation and submittal.

3.2 Federal A Clean Water Act Section 404 permit is required for wetlands that are impacted by a land-disturbing activity.

A Rivers and Harbors Act Section 10 permit will be required if a structure will be placed in, over or under navigable waters.

A. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas The United States Army Corps of Engineers (COE) has three types of permits for activities that affect wetlands or other waters of the US.:

Nationwide,

Regional, and

Individual.

The COE issues a General Permit (Regional and Nationwide) Verification for activities having little or no impact on water quality or navigability. Examples of such activities include:

0 Some minor dredging or filling activities;

Maintenance of existing structures;

Emergency work; and 0 Installation of navigation or monitoring devices.

While they require less regulatory review, these permits have specific conditions that must be met before they are applicable.

Nationwide and regional permits may or may not require prior notification of the Corps or other agencies before work begins.

IEvc-suBs-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 11 of 21 1

AUTHORIZED COPY Individual permits must be obtained for those activities that do not fall under a nationwide or regional permit; permitting may take up to a year.

A formal application, including a detailed description of the work to be done and drawings, must be submitted for review.

The application is submitted for public notice and may also be reviewed and commented on by other regulatory agencies.

The Corps may examine alternatives that avoid or lessen the impact on wetlands. ,,

If the project crosses a federal channel, approval may be necessary from the Corps Real Estate Division.

As of March 10, 2003 NPDES Stormwater Discharge for Construction Activities Permits are required for land disturbances of one acre or more. This permit is issued by each state.

3.3 Florida A. Sediment Erosion Control A separate permit for sedimentation and erosion control is not required.

B. Storm Water Discharges A Generic Permit for Stormwater Discharge from Construction Activities that Disturb One or More Acres of Land (CGP) is required for stormwater discharges to surface water of the state from construction activity that disturbs one or more acres of land.

If the project is required to have a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit, the Notice of Intent (NOI) is required to be submitted at least two days before construction activity starts.

The NOI must include a stormwater pollution prevention plan that was developed and will be implemented during the project.

C. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas Environmental Resource Permits (ERP) are required prior to the construction, alteration, maintenance, operation, or abandonment of any dam, impoundment, reservoir, appurtenant works, or work on surface water management systems, uplands and wetlands. Most activities that involve alteration of land surfaces or dredging and filling require an ERP, including:

I EVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 12 of 21 1

AUTHORIZED COPY

Constructing or modifying:

V1 Buildings, Parking lots, and

/ Driveways; 0 Dredging of navigation channels;

Filling of wetlands (including the installation of power poles); and

Constructing docks and seawalls.

A proprietary authorization is required for activities located on sovereign submerged lands. The proprietary authorization application is reviewed concurrently with the ERP application; this linkage streamlines the review of state regulatory and proprietary authorizations.

Permits issued for facility surface water management systems are site-specific.

There are several types of Environmental Resource Permits:

Noticed General Permits are for small projects with minimal impact.

These permits have a 30 day processing time.

Standard General and Individual Permits are for greater impacts and may require at least 6 months of review.

Contact your environmental support organization for assistance with determining what type of permit maybe required for your project.

ERP may require pre-construction notifications, as-built certifications and on-going operations and maintenance inspections. Depending on the type of project, additional specific conditions may apply.

3.4 North Carolina A. Sediment and Erosion Control The North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Division of Land Resources, Land Quality Section issues a Letter of Approval for Sediment and Erosion Control Plans; this approval currently includes a notice of coverage under the NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities, where applicable.

I EVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 13 of 21 1

AUTHORIZED COPY Land-disturbing activities within a riparian buffer (15A NCAC 2B.233),*must be exempted under those rules or the DENR Division of Water Quality (DWQ), Wetlands/401 Unit issues an Authorization Certificate for "No Practical Alternatives" or variance associated with the riparian area buffer program.

The DENR DWQ, Wetlands/401 Unit issues the 401 Water Quality Certification.

B. Storm Water Discharges NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities, administered by the DENR Division of Land Resources, Land Quality Section, may be required in areas draining to high quality waters, outstanding resource waters, or sensitive waters, above and beyond sediment and erosion control permits, to protect water quality.

An activity involving one acre or more must have a NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities.

A notice of coverage under the NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities is included in the Sediment and Erosion Control Plan Letter of Approval from the Division of Land Resources, Land Quality Section, and no additional notification is needed to obtain coverage.

The NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities contains monitoring, recordkeeping, and maintenance requirements in excess of those for erosion control.

As of March 10, 2003 an NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities is required for land disturbances of one acre or more.

C. Riparian Buffers A formal request must be submitted to the DWQ, and approval obtained prior to initiating any disturbance of the riparian area buffer within the Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, and Mainstem Catawba River Basins and the Randleman Reservoir.

This request is not required if:

The activity is exempt ; or

The project follows BMPs.

If the State has not approved the plan within 60 days of submission, contact your environmental support organization before starting the project.

IEVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 14 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY D. Wetlands, Waters of the U.S., and Coastal Areas A Project located in a coastal county requires a permit from the Division of Coastal Management if it is:

In, or affects, an area of environmental concern, as defined by the Coastal Area Management Act §113A-100, (i.e., waters of the state, on a marsh or wetland, or within 300 feet of the ocean beach), or It is considered development and does not qualify for an exemption identified by the Act or by the Coastal Resources Commission.

A 401 Water Quality Certification, administered by the DWQ, Wetlands/401 Unit, is required for any federally-permitted activity which impacts State waters.

General WQCs authorize certain low-impact activities; these certifications require adherence to specific conditions.

3.5 South Carolina A. Sediment and Erosion Control The sedimentation and erosion control program has essentially been incorporated into the stormwater program by SCDHEC, described below.

B. Storm Water Discharges A Notice of Intent (NOI) and Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) must be submitted (to the Bureau of Water Pollution Control) requesting coverage under a NPDES general permit for Storm water Discharges associated with construction Industrial Activities when land-disturbances are one acre or more.

As of March 10, 2003 an NPDES construction storm water permit is required for land disturbances of one acre or more.

C. Wetlands, Waters, Buffers and Coastal Areas Wetland permits, administered by either the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control's (DHEC) Water Quality Division or Office of Coastal and Resource Management, depending on the location:

Area A, inland, requires a permit issued by the Division of Water Quality; Area B, the inland portion of coastal counties, require permits issued by the Division of Water Quality and it must be consistent with the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Program; and EVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 15 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY Area C, the coastal portion of coastal county, must obtain a permit from the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, or a certification that the activity to be authorized by the COE is consistent with the South Carolina Coastal Zone Management Program.

The installation of piers or docks in Lake Robinson requires a South Carolina navigable waters permit.

4.0 TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 4.1 Company Your environmental support organization staff conducts informational seminars on sediment and erosion control and storm water throughout the year.

4.2 Federal There are no wetlands training requirements in place by the COE; however, a COE field representative must verify all wetland delineation lines.

4.3 Florida There are no formal training requirements by the state.

4.4 North Carolina There is no training required, but DENR offers various training sessions on erosion control, the Section 401 process in North Carolina, and buffer rules.

4.5 South Carolina N/A 5.0 RECORD KEEPING REQUIREMENTS 5.1 Company Progress Energy requires all permit authorizations or approvals be kept on the job site. All permits, plans and records must be kept for 5 years from the end of the project.

5.2 Federal A copy of the 404 Permit authorization should be located on the job site.

IEVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 16 of 21 1

AUTHORIZED COPY 5.3 Florida A copy of all permits is required to be on-site during construction.

The permit may also require operation and maintenance inspections of the system to be conducted and submitted to the agency.

5.4 North Carolina RECORD KEPT ON-SITE Sediment and Erosion Control Plan Letter of Approval /

Sediment and Erosion Control Plan V NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit for Construction Activities ,

Record of inspections and corrective actions /

401 Water Quality Certification /

CAMA permit ,

5.5 South Carolina RECORD KEPT ON-SITE RETAINED Certificate of sediment and erosion control plan v"During approval construction Sediment and erosion control plan cosDuring construction Stormwater Discharges Associated with Industrial During Activities construction Record of inspections and corrective actions / 5 years Construction in Navigable Waters Permit State Storm Water Management and Sediment Reduction Act Permit Section 401 Water Quality Certification / N/A Coastal Zone Consistency Certification Coastal Zone Critical Area permit V 5 years IEVC-SUBs-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 17 of 21

AUTHORIZED COPY 6.0 SELF-ASSESSMENTS FRM-SUBS-00063: Environmental Self-Assessment Program Other Items Compliance Checklist Form

7.0 REFERENCES

7.1 Company EVC-SUBS-00030: Environmental Organizations: Roles and Responsibilities List of Coastal Counties 7.2 Federal Legislation: U.S. Code, Title 33, Chapter 26: Federal Water Pollution Control Act (The Clean Water Act)

U.S. Code, Title 33, Chapter 9: Protection of Navigable Waters and of Harbor and River Improvements Generally (The Rivers and Harbors Act)

Regulation: Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 320: General Regulatory Policies Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 321: Permits for dams and dikes in navigable waters of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 322: Permits for structures or work in or affecting navigable waters of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 323: Permits for discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 324: Permits for ocean dumping of dredged material Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 325: Processing of Department of the Army permits Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 326: Enforcement Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 327: Public hearings Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 328: Definition of waters of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 329: Definition of navigable waters of the United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 33, Part 330: Nationwide permit program Code of Federal Regulations Title 40, Part 122: EPA Administered Permit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Federal Register Vol. 67, No. 10, January 15, 2002, pp. 2020-2095:

Issuance of Nationwide Permits; Notice Agency: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water United States Army Corps of Engineers I EVC-SUBS-00022 Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 18 of 21 1 I

Ev-us-02 ev 0/0)Pg 1 If2

AUTHORIZED COPY 7.3 Florida Legislation: Florida Statute Title XVlII, Chapter 253: State Lands Florida Statute Title XVlII, Chapter 258: State Parks and Preserves Florida Statute Title XXVlII, Chapter 373: Water Resources Florida Statute Title XXIX, Chapter 403: Environmental Control Reglulation: Florida Administrative Code Rule 40B-1: General and Procedural Rules Florida. Administrative Code Rule 40B-4: Environmental Resource and Works of the District Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40B-400: Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-1: Organization and Procedure Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-4: Environmental Resource Permits: Surface Water Management Systems Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-8: Minimum Flows and Levels Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-40: Standard General Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-41: Surface Water Management Basin Criteria Florida Administrative Code Rule 40C-42: Environmental Resource Permits: Regulation of Stormwater Management Systems Florida Administrative Code Rule 40D-1: Procedural Florida Administrative Code Rule 40D-4: Individual Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40D-40: General Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40E-1: General and Procedural Florida Administrative Code Rule 40E-4: Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40E-40:General Environmental Resource Standard Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 40E-41: Surface Water Management Basin and Related Criteria Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-4: Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-25: Regulations of Stormwater Discharge Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-301: Surface Waters of the State Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-330: Environmental Resource Permitting Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-340: Delineation of the Landward Extent of Wetlands and Surface Waters Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-341: Noticed General Environmental Resource Permits Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-343: Environmental Resource Permit Procedures Florida Administrative Code Rule 62-621: Generic Permits IEvc-sUBs-00022 Rev. 4 (0908) Page 19 of 211

AUTHORIZED COPY Agency: Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water Resources Management Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Northwest Florida Water Management District Florida Department of Environmental Protection, South Florida Water Management District Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Southwest Florida Water Management District Florida Department of Environmental Protection, St. John's River Water Management District Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Suwannee River Water Management District 7.4 North Carolina Legislation: North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 11 3A, Article 4: The North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973 North Carolina General Statutes Chapter 113A, Article 7: Coastal Area Management North Carolina General Statute Chapter 143, Article 21: Water and Air Resources Regulation: Title 15 North Carolina Administrative Code Chapter 4: Sedimentation Control Title 15A, North Carolina Administrative Code Chapter 2, Subchapter 2B: Surface Water and Wetland Standards Title 15A, North Carolina Administrative Code Chapter 2, Subchapter 2H: Procedures for Permits: Approvals Agency: North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal Management North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Land Resources, Land Quality Section North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality 7.5 South Carolina Legislation: South Carolina Code of Laws Title 48, Chapter 1: Pollution Control Act South Carolina Code of Laws Title 48, Chapter 14: The Stormwater Management and Sediment Reduction Act South Carolina Code of Laws Title 49, Chapter 1: General Provisions IEVC-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) 1 Page 20 of 21 1

AUTHORIZED COPY Regulation: South Carolina Code Regulations 19-450: Permits for Construction in Navigable Waters: Section .0109 South Carolina Code Regulations 61-9: Water Pollution Control Permits South Carolina Code of Regulations 61-101: Water Quality Certification South Carolina Code Regulations 72-300: Standards for Stormwater Management and Sediment Reduction Agency: South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Water Quality Division, Bureau of Water South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Ocean and Coastal Resource Management Public Service Commission of South Carolina IEvc-SUBS-00022 I Rev. 4 (09/08) Page 21 of 21

Archeology Requested Archaeology References

1. Miller 1973 "An Archaeological Survey of the Florida Power Corporation Crystal River Tract, Citrus County, Florida" by the Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties, Division of Archives, Historical Records Management, Florida Department of State., June 1973

2. New South Associates 2006 "Cultural Resources Background Research Supporting License Renewal Crystal River Nuclear Plant Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida" submitted to Tetra Tech, Aiken, S.C. by New South Associates, St. Augustine, FL, December 19, 2006

3. MacRae 1993 "Citrus County Historical Notes" by Mary Isabel MacRae, Citrus County Historical Society, Inc, Inverness, FL.

~1 57cc.

All ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION CRYSTAL RIVER TRACT, CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA Performed under contract by the Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties Division of Archives, -istt-° 7 . *:anag~t Florida Department of State

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INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT OVERVIEW In the Spring of 1972, the Florida Power Corporation con-tacted the Department of State, Division of Archives, History and Records Management, Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties

- concerning the possibility of conducting an archaeological and

" historical inventory of their Crystal River plant property. In May, 1972 a research budget and design was formulated for this project, and subsequently accepted by the Florida Power Corporation.

This cooperative research agreement provided, basically, for the employment of two survey archaeologists for a period oF 2 months. They were to completely field check all F.P C. prop-erty in the Crystal River tract, and to devote any remaining time to survey of those areas within a 5 mile radius of the plant site. In addition, Florida Power Corporation furnished a survey vehicle, storage and office facilities, and invaluable logistic and interpretive assistance so vital to a project of this nature. In short, the Florida Power Corporation aided greatly in the successful completion of this project.

The two archaeologists who were retained for this survey were Karl Steinen and Joe Hutto. Both men brought extensive

backgrounds in Florida archaeology to the project, which re-suited in an increased efficiency and effectiveness of the survey effort. The overall supervision of the project was handled by I Daniel T. Penton, who maintained a continual liaison with the survey crew.

2 A total of 43 sites were located and recorded during the survey, with some 20 of these sites occurring on Florida Power 1 Corporation property. The remainder were located within a 5 mile radius of the proposed nuclear power plant. Only two of I

these 43 sites had been previously recorded in the state-wide archaeological and historical site files. The survey was in-itiated in June, and was terminated in August, 1972.

Project Location The archaeological and historical inventory referred to in this report was concentrated within a S mile radius of the pro-i posed Florida Power Corporation's nuclear power plant, in Citrus County, Florida. This plant lies in the northwestern quadrant of Citrus County, immediately north of Crystal River and approx-imately 7V miles northwest of the town by the same name.

The focus of this survey was the coastline and associated estuarine and riverline drainages within the specified 5 mile radius. The survey area extended from a point south of the mouth of Crystal River, north to a point north of the Withlacoochee River, in Levy County. Survey trips were made up Crystal River, Withlacoochee River, and serveral of the larger tidal drainages.

Physical Environment The survey area is located.in. the Costal Plain Province, primarily within the coastal marsh belt of the Terraced Coastal Lowlands (Vernon, 1951:17-20). The survey also included portions of the limestone shelf and hammock region, within the Pamlico Terrace (Ibid.).

There are only two major fresh water drainage systems that traverse the project area, those of the Withlacoochee and

3 Crystal Rivers. Both of these rivers originate in springheads, and have channels which are cut into the limestone bedrock (Vernon, 1951:27). Of these two rivers, only Crystal River originates and terminates within the broad project area. These drainage systems possess no alluvial surfaces, but do exhibit depositional sand bars, due to the nature of the channels (Ibid.:

41-42).

Marine and estuarine water resources consist of the Gulf of Mexico, shallow embayments, and tidal drainages. In terms of coastal dynamics, this stretch of coastline has been described as possessing a low energy potential.

Vegetation within the survey area was varied and dependent O on one of three distinctive physiographic zones. These vege-tation zones include the (1) estuarine zone, (2) coastal hammocks zone and (3) coastal uplands zone. The vegetation of the estuarine zone includes several species of submerged grasses and algae plus several salt-tolerant marsh grassesý of which Spartina and Juncus predominate.

The coastal hammock vegetation is characterized by the presence of hardwoods, coontie palm, palmetto palm, and pine.

These hammocks occur as islands within the coastal salt marsh, and due to their relatively good drainage, were frequently occupied by aboriginal groups.

The vegetation of the coastal uplands is similar to that of the coastal hammocks, and consists primarily of pine, hardwoods and palmetto palm. The soils of the coastal upland zone is O generally well-drained, and occasionally, excessively so.

4 Of these three vegetation zones, the estuarine and coastal hammock zones contained the richest and most varied natural food resources exploited by the aboriginal inhabitants of the area.

The tidal and riverline drainages created an ideal environment for various types of shellfish and crustaceans, such as oysters, crabs, and shrimp. These animals, plus an assortment of bony fishes, birds, and terrestrial vertebrates, undoubtedly comprised the protein base for the prehistoric inhabitants of the Crystal River area. By occupying the coastal hammocks, the aboriginal population could more efficiently exploit the natural environment of these two contiguous, but distinct econiches.

.........

SURVEY RESULTS The field inventory of the archaeological and historical resources within the Crystal River survey area began June 26, 1972.

All project coordination with the Florida Power Corporation was through Albert Morneault, of the St. Petersburg office, or Hale Bennet, Don Flynn or Jimmie Hobbs of the Crystal River office.

Survey transportation was restricted by the topography of the project area to a four-wheel drive truck and a boat, both supplied by FPC. The latter proved to be the most effective, owing to the coastal or riverine orientation of the majority of sites.

As was previously mentioned, 3ome 43 archaeological sites were visited and inventoried during the course of this survey.

Perhaps the most useful approach to reporting results would be to consider each site separately before a final general summary

- of the prehistoric occupation and evaluation of archaeological resources. This preliminary report covers only those 20 sites on FPC property; since exact locations are given, this material is not suitable for public distribution or publication without re-vision. It is intended primarily to aid the Florida Power Cor-

- poration in planning future land utilization within the Crystal River property.

Further reports can be expected within the year covering those sites within a five-mile radius of the nuclear generating

2 plant, but outside of the FPC property boundary. The final paper describing the results of the entire project will be suitable for

-. professional journal publication.

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eCil08 9C0105 Cill FLORIDA POWER CORPORATION Archaeological Site Inventory 0 1/2 1 mi.

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1. 8 Ci 13, Black Point Site NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 5, Township 18S, Range 16B The Black Point Site is an elongated shell midden com-prising all of the elevated portion of the point of the same name located approximately 1.5 miles south of the barge canal. This is one of the two sites in the survey area pre-viously recorded by archaeologists. A collection made by Ripley Bullen in 1965 is presently at the Florida State Museum (FSM Cat. # 96073).

The depth of the well-preserved midden deposit is es-timated at 3'; it is elongated in shape, stretching for about 300' along the southern shore of the point with a maxium width of 30'. The high ground supports growth of cedar, palmetto, oak, cactus, and Juncus. Mangroves dominate the lower elevation. .,rtifacts recovered during this survey areas follows:

Ceramics:

ileavy Sand Tempered Plain 6 Pasco Plain 1 St. John's Plain 1 Stoneware 2 Shell tools:

Melongena corona hammers 2 Miscellaneous:

Bone button 1 Bullen's collected material consists of 7 sand tempered plain sherds.

Occupation could have been from as early as 300 A.D.

based on this small surface collection. Stoneware sherds indicate historic habitation; two structures are shown on

2 the 1954 USGS Red Level Quadrangle, however, these buildings are no longer present.

2. 8 Ci 44, Cow Island Site NE 1/4 of NE 1/4 of NE 1/4 of Section 8, Township 18S, Range 16E The Cow Island Site is a sand and shell midden on the southeast shoreline of a small promontory 1.7 miles due south of the fossil fuel generating plant and 0.5 mile ESE of Black Point. Hidden material is thinly distributed through the sand beach to a depth of 2 - 3'. Cabbage palm and cedar

- make up the dominant vegetation. The site was previously reported and collected by Bullen in 1965. The collection (FSM Cat. # 96072) consists of two worked flakes. This 5 survey recovered the following artifacts:

Ceramics:

Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 4 Checked Stamped 1 Temperless Plain 1 Shell tools:

Melongena corona hammer 1 Nusycon contrarium hammer 1 Flint:

Chips 2 The artifacts are not particularly diagnostic; this site may have been occupied any time between the beginning of the Christian era and the beginning of the Historic Period.

The area is presently uninhabited.

The remaining 18 sites are newly recorded.

O 3. 8 Ci 91 SW 1/4 of NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 32, Township 17S, Range 16E

3 This site, an undisturbed coastal shell midden is situated on the southern-most island in the tidal marsh along the east bank of Double Barrel Creek and the FPC Barge Canal. The 6' elevation comprising the site is 600' south of the southern bank of the canal and 1.0 mile WSW of the west smokestack of the fossil fuel plant. Clearly visible on the 1:20,000 aerial photograph, the island has a diameter of 130?; the cactus, cedar and cabbage palm floral cover is in distinct contrast to the surrounding Juncus marsh. The midden is rich and should be preserved for future excavation. It is recommended that the Division of Archives, History and Records Management be notified if this site is to be disturbed in any manner.

Two ceramic concentrations were recovered during the survey visit. The complete artifact inventory includes:

Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 5 Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 33 (2 rim)

Checked Stamped 1 Shell Tools:

Melongena corona hammers 3 Flint:

Core 1 Bone:

Turtle 2 The site likely dates from the Weeden Island Period, S 500 to 1350 A.D.

4

4. 8 Ci 92 SE 4 of SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 32, Township 17S, Range 16E This well preserved shell midden is located on the east bank of the tidal inlet separating Negro Island from

-the mainland salt marsh. The 7' high elevation is shown on the USGS Red Level Quadrangle 0.7 mile SW of the western smokestack and 0.4 mile due south of the point where the' discharge canal meets an unnamed creek with its mouth at the northeast shore of Negro Island. Cactus, cedar and cabbage palm mark the site which is surrounded by Juncus marsh grasses. The midden is conical in shape with a width of 250' NIV-SE and 300' NE-SW. An old test excavation dis-covered on the site showed 3' of stratigraphy with no indi-'

cation of a steril base zone at this depth. 1The pit is in the eastern part of the midden, measures 10' x 10' and is oriented towards magnetic north. Since this site was not previously recorded in the state files, it is likely that the square was excavated by amateurs; in any case no record can be found of the recovered material.

This surface survey yielded the following artifacts:

Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 3 Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 1 Fiber Tempered Plain 1 Stoneware 4 Shell Tools:

Melongena Corona hammers 7 Bone; Fish I

5 The fiber tempered sherd suggests habitation at this site sometime between 2000 B.C. and 500 B.C. with inter-mittent subsequent occupation during the Weeden Island Period and into the Historic Period.

S. 8 Ci 103 SWk of NW1/4 of SWk of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E A small shell midden on the east bank of Little Rocky Creek, Ci 103 is located directly on the section line be-tween Sections 29 and 30, 1500' from the southern boundary of the same. Tree cover has been recently killed, perhaps by salt water encroachment and the small site is now covered in scrub and rests on an eroding limestone island in the coast-al marsh. The depth of the midden is estimated at 2', but the site has deteriorated to a state where it is no longer likely to yield any meaningful stratigraphic data. No artifacts were found during the survey visit.

6. 8 Ci 105 NW 1/4 of NW 1/4 of NE 1/4 of Section 32, Township 17S, Range 16E Situated in a cleared area less than 400' north of the discharge canal, and 3100' N 350 W of the west smokestack, this 50' diameter midden appears to have been entirely destroyed during landclearing operations. Three Melongena hammers were recovered in the survey, an insufficient arti-fact assemblage for any indication of temporal provenience.

7. 8 Ci 106 NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 of SB 1/4 of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E

6 This obscure hammock island shell midden is repre-sentative of many of the small coastal habitation sites inventoried during the survey. The 611 to i cultural de-posit covered by mature red cedar, cabbage palm, and live oak with little ground cover. Located. on the west bank of a small tidal creek, the northern-most tributary of Little Rocky Creek shown on the Red Level Quadrangle, the site is just inside the Florida Power Corporation property line.

One sand tempered and two limestone tempered plain sherds were recovered from the surface, providing little indica-tions of the time of occupation.

8. 8 Ci 107 SE I of SW !h of NW 1/44of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E Directly across the tidal creek from 8 Ci 106 and also on the north FPC boundary, this shallow midden surrounds a small fresh water limestone spring and pool. The deposit likely represents a temporary hunting camp at the edge of the mainland hammock. Although the site is undisturbed, no artifacts were found during the survey.

9. 8 Ci 108 NW 1/4 of SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E This site like 8 Ci 106, 107, 109 and 110 is small, about 50' diameter, and at the edge of the tidal marsh. Ci 108 is situated on a 2' high hammock at the end of the eastern-most tributary of Rocky Creek. The midden deposit is inter-mittent and shallow. No artifacts could be found; the site is undisturbed and covered in typical hammock vegetation.

7

10. 8 Ci 109 SE 1/4 of SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E About one acre in size, Ci 109 is confined to the north-west portion of a small palm and cedar hammock island at the edge of the coastal marsh. The midden is less than 1' in depth and not continuous. No cultural material was recover-ed from this small undisturbed site located less than 30.0' south of 8 Ci 110.

11. 8 Ci 110 NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 29, Township 17S, Range 16E Located about 600' east of Ci 108 on the south bank of the same tidal creek, the site consists of two palm and cedar hammock islands connected by an eroded limestone elevation.

The islands are about 75' apart on a line running east-west; the entire site is not more than an acre in area. The sand and shell midden is shallow but widely scattered and yielded only one artifact, a Melongena hammer.

12. 8 Ci Il1 NE 1/4 of SW 1/4 of SE h of Section 30, Township 17S, Range 16E This site is clearly visible on the 1:20,000 aerial photograph as a sand and limestone island hammock 2200' due north of the north end of the discharge canal. Surrounded by tidal marsh, the island supports mature growth of live oak, red cedar, cabbage palm and aloe yucca. The size is estimated at one acre, but the midden appears only occasionally in the undisturbed sand and limestone soil. Two rises with

an elevation of 3' were noted in the center of the island.

No cultural material was recovered.

9.8

13. 8 Ci 112 NW 4 of SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 of Section 30, Township 17S, Range 16E J In the center of a small promontory bordering the western edge of an unnamed creek 2200' northwest of the mouth of Rocky Creek, the site is marked on the Red Level Quadrangle as dry vegetated land with a 5' elevation. The conical shell mound, 100' in diameter and 7' high, has gradually sloping sides and dense floral cover of cedar, cabbage palm and yucca.

The entire mound may consist of midden or may rest on a small limestone outcrop; the site is undisturbed and no test ex-cavation was made. The following artifacts were collected from the sure--di-u-fing the survey visit:

Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 7 (2 rim)

Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 2 Sand Tempered Plain 10 Shell:

Melongena hammers 4 BuSycon unworked 1 Bone:

Turtle 2 This site can be assigned to the Weeden Island Period, on the basis of the artifact assemblage.

14. 8 Ci 113

-- SW 1/4 of SW . of SE 1/4 of Section 30, Township 17S, Range 16B Situated on the first island along the tidal marsh north of the discharge canal, the site is exposed on a shell 9beach 14201 north'of the canal and 400' south of Ci 112.

Tide action and hurricane conditions have disturbed the shell

- and sand midden considerable; vegetation consists of sparse

9 and scrubby undercover on the beach where 50' of the cul-tural stratum is exposed. The site extends approximately 20' inland and is no more than 4' above sea level. This site yielded a larger artifact collection than any other on FPC property:

Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 11 Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 65 Sand Tempered Plain 5 (3 rim)

Check Stamped 4 Dentate Stamped 1 Fiber Temper 2 Stone:

Flint core 1

Shell Tools:

>.elongena hammer 2 Busycon hamner 1 Bone:

Turtle 1 The site appears to have been occupied intermittently from about 1500 B.C. through the Weeden Island Period end-ing about 2,500 years later.

15. 8 Ci 114 SW I of SW 1/4 of SE 1/4 of Section 32, Township 17S, Range 16E Situated on another island hammock no more than 300' due east of 8 Ci 92, the site is easily identified on the aerial photograph and USGS 71/2 minute quadrangle. Typical live oak, red cedar and cabbage palm vegetation covers a scattered shell and sand midden deposit. Size and shape of the site could not be determined owing to its infrequent

10 exposure, however the entire island is no more than 250' in diameter. No artifacts were found during the survey, but the site is considered to be an extension of Ci 92, since both are connected by dry ground above the surrounding salt marsh.

16. 8 Ci 115 NB 1/4 of NW 1/4 of SE 1/4 of Section 5, Township 18S, Range 16E This small shell midden is located on the western-most hammock island on the southern bank of Salt Creek, at the mouth of the creek. The 21 elevation allows the site to be occasionally covered by salt water, but erosion is not heavy. Cedar and cabbage palm indicate a usually dry sur-face. The hammock island is visible on the aerial photo-graph extending 70' NE-SW and 50' NWV-SE. The midden is estimated to be less than 2' deep occurring in a shell and sand soil and shows a rather irregular surface. The follow-ing artifacts were recovered in the surface survey:

Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 6 (base)

Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 23 (1 rim)

Checked Stamped 1 Semi-Fiber Tempered 2 Dentate Stamped 1 Shell:

Melongena hammers 5 Occupation of 8 Ci 115 began during the Transitional Period around 650 B.C. and continued intermittently into Weeden Island times.

' 17. 8 Ci 116 NE 1/4 of NW 1/4 of NW 1/4 of Section 4, Township 18S, Range 16B

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4-Another small shell midden on an island hammock in the tidal marsh, Ci 116 is located 0.85 mile south of the nuclear

- generating plant on the north bank of Salt Creek 200' east of the largest tributary. The midden extends parallel to Salt Creek along the southern edge of the island and is estimated to be 2' deep. Vegetation is typical hammock; red cedar, oak and cabbage palm. No ceramics were located during the visit but Busycon shells and animal bones were common. The site may be preceramic yet such good bone pre-servation would not be expected in an exposed Archaic Period midden.

18. 8 Ci 117 NW h of SB 14- of NE 14 of Section 5, Township 18S, Range .16E Located on the north bank 1900' from east of mouth of Salt Creek, the site consists of two relatively large shell middens. The first is an elongated mound 100' x 25' x 5' with the longest diameter oriented east-west. The other midden is crescent shaped along the south edge of the island approximately 150' long and less than 10' wide at any point, with an elevation of 4'. Other cultural deposits are marked by irregular small rises on the otherwise flat island surface.

- The site is undisturbed.

- Ceramics:

Pasco Plain 12 Heavy Sand Tempered Plain 3

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W "12 Shell:

Melongena hammers 4 Mercenaria mercenaria unworked 3 The site can be assigned to the Weeden Island Period.

19. 8 Ci 120 NE 1/4 of SE 1/4 of NE 1/4 of Section 5, Township 18S, Range 16E Approximately 400' northeast of 8 Ci 117 on another is-land in the tidal marsh, the site consists of two distinct shell middens, one in the center of the island, the other on the south edge bordering Salt Creek. Pine trees appear to delineate the cultural deposit which occurs in sandy soil, to a depth of 18".

Ceramics:

Sand Tempered Plain 1 Stoneware 1 Shell:

Melongena hammer 2 Bone:

- Snake vertebra 1

20. 8 Ci 119 SW 1/4 of SW 1/4 of SW 1/4 of Section 32, Township 17S, Range 16E This unusually small shell midden (20' x 30' x 2') is

- situated on the eastern side of an elevated sand area on the extreme northwestern end of Negro Island. The site is high enought to support the typical cabbage palm, oak, and red cedar vegetation. Two non-diagnostic heavy sand tempered plain sherds were found on the surface.

COUNTY Citrus and Levy NO. OP ACRES SURVEY NUMBER: 313 PROJECT NAME OR TITLE OF SURVEY: An Archaeological Survey of the Fyogzdx..

Power Corporation Crystal River Tract NAME OF SURVEY ARCI{AEOLOGIST(S): Karl Steinen and Joe Hutto, Florida Division of Archives, History and Records Mangement, Report written by, and filed under, James Miller NA4 OR PERSON(S), AGENCY, CORPORATION, ETC. REQUESTING THE SURVEY:

Florida Power Corporation ADDRESS OF THE ABOVe: St. Petersburcr. Florida SURVEY RESULTS REPORTED IN: Unpublished manuscript on file at Florida Division of Archives, History and Records Management DATE OF SURVEY: June-August, 1972 SITES FOUND -- SITES PREVIOUSLY RECORDED IN 'MXE AREA:

Previously Recorded: 8Ci13, 8Ci43, 8Ci44, 8Ci58-65. 8Lvl0, 8Lv98 Found: 8Ci9l-94, 8Ci96-120, 8Lv88, 8Lvl00-109

Cultural Resources Background Research Supporting License Renewal Crystal River Nuclear Plant Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida

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Cultural Resources Background Research Supporting License Renewal Crystal River Nuclear Plant Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida Report submitted to:

Tetra Tech NUS

900 Trail Ridge Road, Aiken, SC 29803 Report prepared by:

New South Associates

804-C Anastasia Blvd.

St. Augustine, FL 32080 4-ý, C-, 4ý Greg C. Smith, PhD, RPA Principal Investigator and Author December 19, 2006 New South Associates Technical Report 1433

CULTURAL RESOURCES RESEARCH B4CKGROUND SUPPORTINGLICENSE RENEWAL CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANT ABSTRACT In December 2006, New South Associates conducted background search on behalf of Tetra Tech NUS prior to license renewal at Progress Energy's 4738-acre Crystal River Energy Complex (CREC), in Citrus County, Florida. No new construction is planned by Progress Energy; however, a review of relevant data was requested in order to provide a synthesis of known archaeological sites within a six-mile radius of the facility. Florida Master Site File data indicate that there are currently 195 archaeological sites, 9 structures, and 3 cemeteries within a 6-mile radius of the 4738-acre facility. Of these, Citrus County contains 174 of the known sites, eight of the known structures, and two recorded cemeteries. The Levy County portion of the 6-mile radius includes 21 known sites, one recorded structure, and one recorded cemetery. Only two sites are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and both are prehistoric: the Crystal River Indian Mound site complex (8C100001) and Mullet Key (8CL00022). The proposed license renewal includes no plans for new construction and will therefore have no effect on cultural resources.

iv I TABLE OF CONTENTS A BST RA C T............................................................................................................................................... iii TABLE O F CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................. iv LIST O F FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... v I. INTRO DUCTIO N .................................................................................................................................. 1 II. ENVIRO NM ENTAL SETTING ................................................................................................................ 3 Crystal River Nuclear Plant and Vicinity .............................................................................................. 3 III. CULTURAL BACKGRO UND .................................................................................................................. 5 Paleoindian Period ............................................................................................................................. 5 A rc ha ic ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Regional Cultures ............................................................................................................................... 6 Historical Background ........................................................................................................................ 6 IV. SUM MARY O F CULTURAL RESO URCE DATA ........................................ ..................................... 9 Previous Surveys ................................................................................................................................ 9 Previously Recorded Cultural Resources ........................................................................................ 12 V. CO NCLUSIO NS ............................................................................................................................... 17 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................................................................... 19 APPENDIX A: PREVIOUS SURVEYS APPENDIX B: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES

CULTURAL RESO(-UOCES BACKGPCQUILD RESEARCH SUPPORTING LICENSERENEWAL v CRYSTALRIVER NUCLEARPLANT LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Project Location Map and 6-mile Radius .................................................................................... 2 Figure 2 Known Sites and Surveys in the Vicinity ................................................................................. 10 Figure 3 Sites in the 4738- Acre CRNP Property .......................................... 11 Figure 4 Cultural Contexts Represented ................................................................................................ 14 Figure 5 Site Types Represented ...................................................................................................... 15

CULTURAL RESOURCESBACKGROUND RESEARCH SUPPORTING LICENSE RENEWALI CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANTI I. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this background study was to collect information regarding known or potential archaeological sites and historic structures and features that are located in the 4738-acre Crystal River Energy Complex (CREC), in Citrus County, Florida. No previously recorded sites are known within the energy complex. The study also included a consideration of sites within a radius of 6 miles surrounding the boundaries of the complex (Figure 1).

New South Associates conducted this background search on behalf of Tetra Tech NUS as part of an evaluation of the potential impacts of license renewal at Progress Energy's Crystal River Nuclear Plant, near Crystal River, Florida. No new construction is planned by Progress Energy; however, a systematic review of known cultural resources in the environs was requested. License renewal will have no effect on the cultural resources documented as part of this study.

Background research followed the guidelines presented in Section 2.2, Background Research, of Module 3: Guidelines for Use by Historic Preservation Professionals, in the Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual, prepared by the Florida Division of Historical Resources. Research included a consideration of maps and site data from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF); records maintained by the Survey and Registration Section of the Bureau of Historic Preservation, and historical maps and records at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection.

The study included a review of relevant environmental, archaeological, and historical literature, documents, and other pertinent data in order to provide a synthesis of known archaeological site types and cultural periods in the vicinity.

2 Figure 1 Project Location Map and 6-mile adius 6 Mile Radius Legend C OS 2 Milps

-Li-J E: Plant Property 0 05 1 2 Kilometers Source: USGS 7.5' Quadrangle: Red Level 1999

CULTURAL RESOUPCES BACKGCUrOUD RESEARCH SUPPORTING LUCENSE RENEWAL 3 CRYSTAL RNVER NUCLEAR PLANT II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Crystal River Nuclear Plant (CRNP) is located in northwestern Citrus County, Florida, on Crystal Bay, an embayment of the Gulf of Mexico. The Plant lies approximately 35 miles southwest of the city of Ocala, Florida, and 60 miles north of the city of Clearwater, Florida. Figure 1 shows the boundaries of the Crystal River facility and a 6-mile radius; the latter includes a portion of Levy County.

The study area is located in the Coastal Plain province, primarily within the coastal marsh belt of the Terraced Coastal Lowlands, and includes portions of the limestone shelf and hammock region of the Pamlico Terrace (Vernon 1951:17-20). The two major freshwater drainages systems that traverse the project area include the Withlacoochee and Crystal rivers. Both of these originate in springheads and have channels that cut into the limestone bedrock. Marine and estuarine water resources consist of the Gulf of Mexico, shallow embayment, and tidal drainages. In terms of coastal dynamics, this stretch of coastline has been described as possessing low energy potential (Miller 1973:3).

The vegetation in the area is varied in relation to distinct physiographic zones, of which there are three: the estuarine zone, the coastal hammock zone, and the coastal uplands zone. The estuary includes several species of submerged grasses and algae in addition to several salt-tolerant marsh grasses, especially Spartina and Juncus. Coastal hammock vegetation occurs on small islands within the marsh and is characterized by hardwoods, coontie and palmetto palm, and pine. Such locations were relatively better drained than others and were therefore frequently occupied by humans. Coastal lowland vegetation is similar to the hammocks, with pine, hardwoods, and palmetto palm, and consists of soil that is moderately well drained to excessively drained.

Of these environmental zones, the estuarine and coastal hammock zones contain the most varied food resources that were exploited by inhabitants of the area. Tidal and riverine drainages provided an ideal environment for various types of shellfish and crustaceans, including oysters, crabs, and shrimp. These animals, as well as an assortment of bony fishes, birds, and terrestrial vertebrates, provided a rich food base for prehistoric, and historic, occupants of the Crystal River area.

The area immediately surrounding the plant is a mix of upland (pine) forest, agricultural lands, swamps, and salt marshes. The large tract of land immediately north of the plant is owned by an agri-business concern with mining interests. Parts of this property are forested, parts are used for cattle ranching and cultivation of citrus trees, and other parts of this property are devoted to limestone/dolomite mining. The area southwest of the plant is salt marsh, while the area south and southeast of the plant is mostly forested wetlands.

CRYSTAL RIVER NUCLEAR PLANT AND VICINITY CRNP (also known as Crystal River Unit 3) is part of the larger Crystal River Energy Complex, which includes the single nuclear unit and four fossil-fueled units, Crystal River Units 1, 2, 4, and 5.

41 The Crystal River Energy Complex is the seventh largest power producing facility in the U.S., with a total generating capacity of 3140 megawatts-electrical (EIA 2004). CRNP is a pressurized water reactor that began operating in 1977, Crystal River Units 1 and 2 were built in the 196 0 s, and Crystal River Units 4 and 5 are larger units built in the late 1970s. The flowing paragraphs are based on information given in an unpublished environmental paper describing the facility.

CRNP/Crystal River 3 and the four fossil units lie in the developed core area of the 4738-acre property. Aside from the generating and support facilities, this developed area also contains office buildings, warehouses, oil tanks, coal storage areas, and ash storage basins. Units 1, 2, and 3 are sometimes referred to as "Crystal River South," while units 4 and 5 are sometimes referred to as "Crystal River North."

The Big Bend area of the western Florida coast, which includes eight coastal counties, has been dubbed "the Nature Coast" by promoters of tourism who highlight its spring-fed rivers, abundant wildlife, and fishing, scuba-diving, bird-watching, and manatee-watching opportunities. The Crystal River Energy Complex (CREC) lies roughly in the center of the Big Bend area, and is ringed by state parks, state forests, greenways, and state and federal wildlife refuges.

Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park lies directly south of the CREC, with Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge slightly further south, approximately 12 miles from the property boundary.

Crystal River Archaeological Park lies four miles southeast. To the northwest, approximately 20 miles from the CREC, lies Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge. The Marjorie Harris Carr Cross-Florida Greenway lies three miles north of the site, occupying much of the land formerly known as the Cross Florida Barge Canal.

The Cross Florida Barge Canal was a massive public works project conceived during the Great Depression to connect the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of Florida and create desperately needed jobs.

The project stalled and then proceeded in fits and starts through the 1960s before being halted in 1971 by a lawsuit filed by environmentalists. President Nixon signed an Executive Order suspending work on the barge canal in early 1971. When halted, the project was 30 percent complete and had cost taxpayers 74 million dollars. In 1990, Congress passed a law de-authorizing the Cross Florida Barge Canal. In 1991, the Cross Florida Barge Canal was renamed the Cross Florida Greenway State Recreation and Conservation Area. In 1998, it was renamed the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway, honoring the individual who led the fight against the Cross Florida Barge Canal project.

CULTURA.LRESOURCES BACKGROUND RESEARCH SUPPORTING LICENSERENEWAL) 5 CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANT I III. CULTURAL BACKGROUND The following summary of regional culture history provides contexts for interpreting and evaluating archaeological resources in the project area. The predominant prehistoric cultural periods represented in this part of Florida include the Paleoindion, Archaic, Deptford, and Weeden Island periods, as discussed briefly below. Historical information on the area is also given.

PALEOINDIAN PERIOD Paleoindians were the first humans known to occupy North America. They inhabited a late Pleistocene environment, typified in Florida by cool and dry conditions. Now extinct Pleistocene megafauna were also present. The material culture of this period is known principally from stone tools (i.e., Clovis, Suwannee, Simpson, Tallahassee, Beaver Lake, and Santa Fe projectile point types) in addition to less formal expedient stone tools and tools manufactured from the bones of Pleistocene fauna (Dunbar and Webb 1996). Paleoindians probably relied on diverse food resources including small game, fish, shellfish, and plants (Borremans 1990). Settlement models suggest Paleoindians favored locations near chert-bearing limestone outcrops and surface water, the latter resource being the stronger draw during this arid time (Neill 1964; Webb et al. 1984; Dunbar 1991).

ARCHAIC The Archaic period is traditionally divided into Early (7500-5000 B.C.), Middle (5000-3000 B.C.), and Late (3700-2300 B.C.) subperiods based on changing artifact styles and perceived sociocultural developments. Over the entire period, human populations in Florida remained organized into egalitarian band-level societies focused on the collection of wild food sources. The Archaic is marked by increased residential permanence and the first intensive use of shellfish (Milanich 1994). The end of the period saw the emergence of ceramic technology and is referred to as the Orange Period (2300-1000 B.C.).

Subsistence relied on wild plants, animals, and fish. Among Archaic period sites, middens are important sources of information regarding Archaic period diet and settlement practices. These sites have yielded evidence of possible structures and some are thought to represent villages.

Coastal middens consisting mostly of shellfish remains occur on estuaries, beaches, and at river mouths. Diagnostic artifacts of the Early Archaic period are Kirk, Wacissa, Hamilton, and Arredondo projectile point types (Milanich 1994). Types of the Middle Archaic include Levy, Marion, Newnan, and Putnam points. Late Archaic types include varieties such as Culbreath, Clay, and Lafayette (Russo 1990). Other artifacts are stone scrapers, perforators, drills, choppers, knives, gouges, and hammerstones, as well as bone, shell, and wood implements. Textiles have also been recovered from wet sites in the state, and fiber-tempered Orange pottery appeared more than 4000 years ago.

REGIONAL CULTURES Following the Archaic, archaeological assemblages throughout Florida begin to show considerable variation that allows archaeologists to recognize and study specific regional cultures. There is evidence that contact between Florida natives and numerous other cultural groups to the north and west was ongoing (Milanich 1994:107-109). The Deptford culture of the Gulf Coast was one of the first post-Archaic regional cultures to be recognized, and sites from this period are more numerous and are likely a result of larger populations. Mollusk gathering and fishing were a major part of the economy, with oyster the overwhelming species of choice. White tailed deer and other vertebrate fauna were also important dietary resources. Excavations in the Crystal River area at the Wash Island site indicate there was a rise in sea level that gives evidence for many Deptford sites being drowned or eroded. Coastal settlements and economies that centered on estuarine resources were probably more numerous than we realize, but the archaeological record for Deptford, as with other cultures, is incomplete.

Cultures that developed out of the Late Archaic/Orange periods are further distinguished by the creation of burial mounds, increased sedentism, and use of cultivated plants to supplement wild foods. Ceremonial culture shows some influence from Hopewellian and Mississippian cultures, but most influence appears to come from Weeden Island cultures of north-central Florida. The ceramics of the area are representative of the Swift Creek through Weeden Island I1periods, ca A.D. 300 to 1200. Lithic artifacts are rare, although some chert projectile points do occur. More common than lithic artifacts are a range of utilitarian items, containers, and ornaments fashioned from bone and shell. Wooden artifacts recovered from wet contexts include canoes, carved objects, and handles.

Reflecting regional ceremonialism, the Crystal River Mounds (8C1001) are located approximately six miles southeast of the present study area. This important site contains burial mounds, temple/platform mounds, a plaza, and a substantial occupational midden within an area comprising approximately 14 acres. The six-mound complex is one of the longest continuously occupied sites in Florida, and originated during the Deptford occupation of the Gulf Coast. For approximately 1600 years the site served as an imposing ceremonial center for Native Americans, as people traveled to the complex from great distances to bury their dead and conduct trade.

William Sears (1962) first attributed the name Yent Complex to describe the ceremonial complex represented at the mound site, which is related to the Hopewellian ceremonial complex found across much of eastern North America.

The impetus for Yent development came from local stimuli, even though some of the objects associated with the ceremonial complex came from outside the region (Milanich 1994:135-141).

Such artifacts include copper panpipes, plates, and earspools; plummets made from copper, stone, or shell; cut carnivore teeth from puma, bear, and wolf; and elaborately decorated ceramic vessels created in many unusual shapes and sizes. Excavations at Crystal River mounds by CB Moore also yielded Weeden Island period pottery as well as St. Johns and Swift Creek wares that indicate site use over a considerable period of time and well into the late prehistoric period.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In terms of historic developments, Spanish exploration and colonization began in 1513. Wanting to bolster its meager land holdings during the 1600s, Spain established a network of missions

CuaTUIR.L RESOURCES BACKGROUID RESEARCH LICENSE SUPPORTING RENEWAl 7 CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANT I across north Florida and the coasts. By 1633, almost all of the remaining Florida natives lived in mission villages (Milanich 1998). Spanish efforts ultimately broke down native social and political organizations and by 1700, the native populations had been decimated by disease and most of their long-established lifeways had been replaced by a mix of traditional, Spanish, and other Native American cultural traits (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980). Archaeological evidence of this period includes European-made artifacts at native sites and native-made artifacts, particularly pottery, that mimics European forms. Through time, the land called La Florida would pass from the Spanish to the British, and then back to the Spanish. The Spanish colony of Florida became a United States territory in 1821.

The Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto traveled through the Citrus County area around 1539 during his travels throughout the southeast, and Indian burial mounds in the area contain artifacts from that expedition. The County of Hernando, named in honor of de Soto, was established on February 27, 1843. In the 1885 census, the town of Mannfield, which was to become the county seat of Citrus County a few years later, had a population of 250 and Crystal River had a population of 200. The town of Tompkinsville, which would later become Inverness, had a recorded population of 30 (www.sandersonbay.com/citruscounty.html).

During the Civil War, the Yulee Sugar Mill was operated on the Homosassa River and supplied sugar to the Confederacy. Around the same time, citrus production became the big. industry in the eastern part of the county. The Florida Orange Canal and Transit Company built a canal from the groves to the Lake Panasoffkee railhead in Sumter County, which allowed fruit to be barged through the canal and along the Withlacoochee River.

On June 2, 1887, Florida Governor E. A. Perry signed into law a bill dividing Hernando County into three counties, with Citrus to the north and Pasco to the south. Citrus County was named for the county's citrus trees. Legislation stipulated that the town of Mannfield would be the temporary county seat of Citrus County as it was in the geographical center of the newly created county. A majority vote in 1891 finally approved Inverness as the new county seat (www.sandersonbay.com/citruscounty.html).

The big freeze of 1894-95 brought an end to the citrus industry in the county just at the time that phosphate was discovered in the area and the worker population swelled. In reflection of the important role that mining played, the first newspaper of Citrus County was called the Phosphate Times. World War I terminated the flow of phosphate to European markets, at which point the mines closed and the local population plummeted (www.sandersonbay.com/citruscounty.html).

In 1968, St. Martins Marsh, one of the original aquatic preserves, was created by the Florida legislature. The state of Florida realized the unique ecological qualities and economic importance of its submerged lands, making efforts to protect them. A later land acquisition was Big Bend Seagrasses Aquatic Preserve, the largest in the state. As knowledge of ecological processes increased, it was realized that the aquatic preserves could not be protected if the water quality was not protected, and that water quality could not be protected without protecting the surrounding watersheds. In the middle to late 1970s, the state began to purchase land surrounding St. Martins Marsh. These tracts of land were originally named Crystal River State Buffer Preserve. Today the land total is approximately 30,000 acres, with parcels from Yankeetown to Homosassa Springs.

8!

The Buffer Preserve became Crystal River Preserve State Park on January 1, 2004 (www.floridastateparks.org/crystalriverpreserve/History.cfm).

In the 1980s, Citrus County began to see an increase in residential development, and housing communities such as Beverly Hills started to dominate the county. The nearest incorporated community to CRNP is the town of Crystal River, located approximately six miles southeast of the energy complex, with a population estimated at 3485 in 2000 and currently estimated at 3656 (USCB 2000; City of Crystal River 2006). The area within a 6-mile radius includes the unincorporated communities of Yankeetown and Inglis. Aside from these and other small towns that have grown up around crossroads, the area is rural in character. Today, large privately owned tracts of forest and agricultural land, as well as state and federally-owned forested land and wetlands dominate the landscape.

CULTURAL BACKGROUND RESOURCES RESEARCH SUPPORTING LICENSERENEWALjl 9 CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEARPLANT IV.

SUMMARY

OF CULTURAL RESOURCE DATA Background research included a consideration of maps and site data from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF); records maintained by the Survey and Registration Section of the Bureau of Historic Preservation, and historical maps and records at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Figure 2 shows the six-mile study area and the locations of known sites and surveys.

Previous surveys and recorded sites are summarized below, with complete listings of surveys and sites provided in appendices A and B, respectively. Results are based on the most recent data provided by FMSF at this writing.

PREVIOUS SURVEYS Site file records list 37 archaeological reports on studies conducted in the project vicinity; these are listed by survey number, author, and title in Appendix A. Of these investigations, two pertain directly to the Crystal River Nuclear Plant facility. Ray Willis conducted a survey of a transmission corridor access road from the power plant to Lake Rousseau (survey #104). The second is directly related to CRNP, as discussed below.

In 1972, an archaeological survey was conducted of the CRNP facility, with additional investigation within a 5-mile radius, as time permitted. Two and a half months were spent by archaeologists Karl Steinen and Joe Hutto, who made survey trips up the Crystal River, Withlacoochee River, and several of the larger tidal drainages. As a result of this survey 43 archaeological sites were inventoried, with 20 of those located within the energy complex property (Miller 1973, survey #313). According his report, Miller investigated 20 sites on the CRNP property; two were previously recorded sites (CI13 and 44) and 18 were newly recorded sites (CI 91, 92, 103, 105, 106-117, 119, 120). Figure 3 shows the 20 sites within the property, the only difference from Miller's 1973 report is that site CIO 1182 replaces site CIOO107. Cultural components encountered at these 20 sites included 18 prehistoric, one prehistoric and historic, and one unspecified. None of the sites has been evaluated by the SHPO for National Register eligibility, but the proposed CRNP licensing renewal will have no effect.

Almost half of the other previous surveys conducted within the 6-mile radius from CRNP have occurred at the Crystal River Archaeological Site (8CL1) and/or on other state-owned properties within the Crystal River State Reserve, the State Buffer Preserve, Waccasassa Bay State Preserve, and St. Martin's Marsh Preserve (#s 2079, 2293, 3111, 3181, 3537, 4054, 4438, 5916, 6222, 6618, 10233, 10234). As seen in Appendix A, many of these were conducted by Brent Weisman and/or Christine Newman with the C.A.R.L. program.

An architectural and historical survey of the town of Crystal River was conducted by Murray Laurie

(#3171). Additional surveys have occurred for wastewater treatment (#3339), a transmission line (344386), mining expansion (#4732, 13093), Florida Department of Transportation projects (#s 1766, 4590, 7108, and 8897), and cellular communication towers (#s 9063, 9067, and

10 Figure 2 Known Sites and Surveys in the Vicinity 2 5Kilornettrs Legend Survey, NaitionalI Register Listed Cemeteries Stru 1tutes Source: USGS 7.5' Quadrangle: Red Level 1999

Figure 3 Sites in the 4738- Acre CRNP Property H

1 -) 2 K!Imeeres 6~

Legend Sites Plain! Prnpetvt

-Sit~esi Property Source: USGS 7.5' Quadrangle: Red Level 1999

12 1 10856). The majority of the remaining studies were focused on proposed residential parcels that have become common in the project vicinity during recent decades.

PREVIOUSLY RECORDED CULTURAL RESOURCES Known cultural resources within the 6-mile study area are overwhelmingly of an archaeological nature, including both historic and prehistoric sites. In addition to archaeological sites, there are 3 cemeteries recorded with the Florida Master Site File. Two of these are in Citrus County and one is in Levy. These cemeteries include:

Site,## N6*ne sab ished 000408 Red Level Cemetery 1860+

C101008 Johns Family Cemetery ca. 1883 LV00623 Jubb Island Cemetery 1925 Nine structures in the study area are listed in the Florida Master Site File. Eight are in Citrus County and one is in Levy. These include the following:

SITE # ," JAME BUILT.

LVo0490 Mashburn House 1930 C100340 Red Level Baptist Church -

C100410 Winn House C10041 0 Sassard House -

CIO 1009 12664 W. Limestone TrI. 1910 CIO1105 4690 US 19 (SR 55) ca. 1952 CIO1 106 4575 N Champion Pt ca. 1947 CIO 1107 4609 N Champion Pt. ca. 1946 CIO 1108 5832 US 19 ca. 1949 Of these structures, two were identified as masonry vernacular (CL1 105 and 1106) and three were not identified by year or with reference to architectural style (CL00340, 00409, and 00410). The remaining four buildings (C100490, 01009, 01107, and 00108) were all recorded as frame vernacular structures.

Site file records list 195 sites within the study area; of these, 174 are in Citrus County and 21 are in Levy County. To summarize with reference to the primary cultural contexts represented, 173 of the sites were recorded as Prehistoric, four as Historic, and 18 were Unspecified. The historic sites included two homesteads (CLO 1150, and 01001), one shipwreck (CL00122), and one fort (00097). A listing by site number, site name, and site type is provided in Appendix B. Only two prehistoric sites are listed in the National Register of Historic Places: the Crystal River Indian Mound site (8C100001) and Mullet Key (8CL00022).

CULTURAL RESOURCES BACKGROUND RESEARCH SUPPORTING CRYSTAL LICENSE RENEWAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANT

( 13 Figure 4 provides a breakdown of sites with reference to the primary cultural association given on site forms. Unspecified Prehistoric is the dominant category, comprising Prehistoric with pottery (2%), Prehistoric lacking pottery (33%), and Prehistoric (33%). Archaic components represent 7%

of the time periods reported, followed by Weeden Island (6%), Deptford (5%), and Safety Harbor (3%). Remaining prehistoric components are all at two percent or less. As seen in the breakdown of percentages in Figure 4, historic components represent 5% of the total.

Figure 5 summarizes the site types interpreted by recording archaeologists for sites in the 6-mile radius. Prehistoric shell middens are most common (33%), followed by Prehistoric habitations (31%), and Prehistoric campsites (17%). The remaining categories include Land-terrestrial (4%),

Prehistoric midden (3%), and prehistoric lithic scatter (2%). Other prehistoric functions include mound, burial mound, and platform mound, all representing one-percent of the total. Specified historic site types include homestead, shipwreck, and fort, each representing one-percent of the total by site type/function. The remaining categories are not specific as to prehistoric or historic affiliation.

14 Figure 4 Cultural Contexts Represented W i-d-A D 45§ !NO(

Occupation rrvyA-1-1v 19%, 1ve-1r OT--IIO 6C 700 4 S.4C Ne 30 C A D A5 6-" Il 7C' A 15 1 L-', A0S~r ref.d7,K B 3()C 6 C Arno~~~o L6Kp*

331,

Figure 5 Site Types Represented S Unspecified by th rocorder

!, S~b-f, .h leuJlure ,~e pm~ss,,l

- Specirlized site for procorement of r0w 333', Prehistoric theIr midden I *N P.ehs.torrc stisurd(s) 3' P* hstorsi, .iddesl (,)

M Prehistoric hurial mnund(s)

- - Psotform iori (prshistoric)

log Boot Hiciroc o, Prehbstcro.

2 ULithir sctterquorry (prehistoric no ceramics) 4 ~ Landterrestriol Hosmestead tHistor c shipwreck

- Historic fort 3 Haobstrtorl (prehiistor0)

S7*, Csrpsrte (prehislwrr)

I 1A, 2- s Attifsct satiet, 1-w densOty f 2 p.r sq Artifact scatter dense i 2 per sq meter)

CutLTUR RESOURCES Bý,CKGROUND RESEARCH SUPPORTINGLICENSERENEWAL 17 CRYSTALRIVER NUCIEARPLANT V. CONCLUSIONS Background research conducted prior to license renewal for the Crystal River Nuclear Plant indicates that there are currently 195 archaeological sites, 9 structures, and 3 cemeteries within a 6-mile radius of the 4738-acre facility. Of these, Citrus County contains 174 of the known sites, eight of the known structures, and two recorded cemeteries. The Levy County portion of the 6-mile radius includes 21 known sites, one recorded structure, and one recorded cemetery. Only two sites are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and both are prehistoric: the Crystal River Indian Mound site complex (8C100001) and Mullet Key (8CL00022).

Because there is no new construction associated with license renewal, there will be no effect to cultural resources.

CULTURAL RESOURCES BACKGROUNDRESEARCH SUPPORTING RENEWALI LICENSE 19 CRYSTAL RIVERNUCLEAR PLANT REFERENCES CITED Borremans, Nina 1990 The Paleoindian Period Historic Context. The Florida Division of Historic Resources Web Site. On line at <http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/bar/hist-Contexts/paleo.htm>

Dunbar, James S.

1991 Resource Orientation of Clovis and Suwannee Age Paleoindian Sites in Florida: In Clovis:

Origins and Adaptations, edited by R. Bonichsen and K. Turnmier, pp. 185-213. Center for the First Americans, Oregon State University, Corvallis.

Dunbar, James S., and David Webb 1996 Bone and Ivory Tools from Submerged Paleoindian Sites in Florida. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman, pp.

331-353. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Milanich, Jerald T.

1994 Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

1998 Florida'sIndians from Ancient Times to the Present. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.

Milanich, Jerald T. and Charles H. Fairbanks 1980 FloridaArchaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.

Miller, James 1973 An Archaeological survey of the Florida power Corporation Crystal River Tract, Citrus County, Florida. MS on file, DHR, Tallahassee.

Neill, Wilfred T.

1964 Trilisa Pond, An Early Site in Marion County, Florida. FloridaAnthropologist 17:187-200).

Russo, Michael 1990 Archaic Period Historic Context. Florida Division of Historical Resources web page. On line at <http://dhr.dos.state.fl.us/bar/hist..contexts/archaic.html>.

Sears, William 1962 Hopewellian affiliations of certain sites on the Gulf Coast of Florida. American Antiquity 28:5-18.

Vernon, Robert 0.

1951 Geology of Citrus and Levy counties, Florida. Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 33.

20 1 Webb, David, Jerald T. Milanich, Roger Alexon, and James S. Dunbar 1984 A Bison Antiquus Kill Site, Wacissa River, Jefferson County, Florida. American Antiquity 49:384-392.

APPENDIX A: PREVIOUS SURVEYS SURVNUM AUTHORI TITLE 104 Willis, Raymond F. Archaeological-Historical Survey Of Lake Rousseau To Crystal River Power Plant Water Supply Pipeline And Transmission Corridor Access Road, Citrus Co. FL 313 Miller, James J. An Archaeological Survey Of The Florida Power Corporation Crystal River Tract, Citrus County, Florida.

339 Chance, Marsha A. An Archaeological And Historical Survey Of The Proposed City Of Crystal River 201 Wastewater Management Facilities, Citrus Co. FL 1022 Kennedy, William J. Archaeological And Historical Resources Of The Crystal Cove Property, Crystal River, Florida.

1142 Williams, J. Raymond An Archaeological Survey Of The 5 Acre Ridge View Apartments Tract In Crystal River, Citrus County, Florida.

1766 Ballo, George R. Proposed Bridge Replacement For King's Bay Bridge In Crystal River, Citrus County.

2079 Weisman, Brent R. A Cultural Resource Inventory Of The Crystal River Archaeological Site (8cll), Citrus County, Florida.

2293 Weisman, Brent R. Carl Inventory Project, Report Of Activities, Crystal River State Reserve [Citrus County, Florida].

3111 Weisman, Brent R. Impacts To Archaeological Remains Of Proposed Planting Activities, Crystal River Site.

3171 Laurie, Murray D. Architectural And Historical Survey Of Crystal River, Florida.

3181 Weisman, Brent R. An Inventory And Evaluation Of Archaeological And Historical Resources On Crystal River State Reserve [Citrus County, Florida].

3537 Newman, Christine L. Archaeological Management Areas In The Crystal River State Reserve And St. Martins Marsh Aquatic Preserve.

4054 Weisman, Brent R. Crystal River; A Ceremonial Mound Center On The Florida Gulf Coast. Florida Bureau Of Archaeological Research, No. 8, 1995 4365 Weisman, Brent R. The Roberts Island Shell Mound Complex And Its Archaeological Significance 4386 ATHENS, WILLIAM P. Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation of the West Leg Mainline of the Proposed Florida Gas Transmission Company Phase IIlExpansion 4438 Newman, Christine L. Archaeological Testing Of Proposed Office And Shop Areas, Crystal River State Buffer Preserve 4590 JANUS RESEARCH Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the Suncoast Parkway - Project 2, Project Development and Environment (PD&E) Study, Citrus Co. FL 4732 Almy, Marion A Cultural Resources Assessment Survey Of HolnarmlHcr Limestone Crystal River Quarry Expansion Project, Citrus County, Florida 5916 DENSON, ROBIN L. CULTURAL RESOURCES NOTEBOOK FOR THE ST. MARTINS AQUATIC PRESERVE/CRYSTAL RIVER BUFFER PRESERVE, CITRUS Co. FL 6004 DORSEY, RUSSELL A. ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE NATURE COAST LANDINGS, CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA 6222 LAMMERS, JONATHAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS WITHIN THE WACCASASSA BAY STATE PRESERVE, LEVY COUNTY, FLORIDA 6618 Wheeler, Ryan J. Shovel Testing For Fence Relocation Project, Crystal River State Archaeological Site (8cll) 7108 Hutchinson, Lee Cultural Resource Assessment Survey, Project Development And Environment Study Us 19 (Sr 55) From South Of Us 98 To Cr 488, Citrus Co., FL 7481 Dickinson, Martin Cultural Resources Survey And Assessment, The Preserve At Crystal River, Citrus County, Florida 7573 ESTABROOK, RICHARD W. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE ASSESSMENT SURVEY FOR THE RED LEVEL CELL TOWER PROJECT IN CITRUS COUTNY 8584 Pracht, Jodi B. Cultural Resources Survey "Inglis" 10619 N. Suncoast Blvd. Inglis, Florida 34449 PIES Project # 015745 Clearshot Project # 01-0008 8897 STOKES, ANNE V PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PROPOSED CR 40 SIDEWALK FROM SCHOOLCRAFT DRIVE TO SPILLWAY ROAD, LEVY Co. FL 9063 Florida Arch. Consulting, Inc. Identification and Evaluation of Historic Properties Within the One Mile Area of Potential Effects of the Inglis Telecomm. Tower, Levy Co. FL 9067 ACI Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey/Section 106 Review Proposed Inglis Cellular Tower No.03-180, 156 Diana Street, Inglis, Levy Co. FL 10147 Kinsey, Buddy Search for the Location of the Shell Midden, Reported as the Richardson Creek Site, Number 8C100065 10233 Dean, Jonathan A. Archaeological Reconnaissance Of The Inter-Island Group, St. Martins Marsh Aquatic Preserve/Crystal River State Buffer Preserve, Citrus Co. FL 10234 Dean, Jonathan A. Archaeological Reconnaissance Of The South Buffer Preserve, Crystal Riverbank Tract, Crystal River State Buffer Preserve, Citrus Co. Florida 10856 Florida Arch. Consulting, Inc. Assessment of Potential Effects Upon Historic Properties: Proposed 180-Foot Barge Canal Wireless Tower, Citrus Co. Florida 11654 Stokes, Anne V. An Inventory And Evaluation Of The Crystal River National Guard Armory, Citrus County, Florida 12570 Sears, William H. Deptford In Florida 13093 White, Matthew P. Reconnaissance Level Cultural Resource Survey for the Inglis Quarry Expansion Project, Citrus County, Florida 13245 Dickinson, Martin F. Cultural Resources Survey and Assessment, Yankeetown Project, Addition, Levy County, Florida

APPENDIX B: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED SITES

SITE ID SITE NAME SITE TYPE 1 CI00427 STONEY/LANE TRACT I Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01200 Hidden Midden Prehistoric midden(s)

CI00022 MULLET KEY Campsite (prehistoric)

C101202 Chiento Illifoki Campsite (prehistoric)

C101201 Illifoki Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01198 Ofunlv Midden Prehistoric shell midden C101199 Etoh Midden Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00225 FOUR PALMS Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01197 Sickle Midden Prehistoric shell midden CI00579 SOUTH SALT RIVER II Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00224 SPICE KEY Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00578 SOUTH SALT RIVER I Prehistoric shell midden CI01196 Washed Up Prehistoric shell midden CI01193 Camp Island Prehistoric shell midden CI00204 MARINE SCIENCE STATION Prehistoric shell midden C101194 Keith's 2 Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01195 Wasted Prehistoric shell midden CI00577 NORTH COON GAP Prehistoric shell midden CI00035 RANDALL CROFT LODGE Artifact scatter-low density ( < 2 per sq meter)

CI01070 CRYSTAL RIVER SOUTH Unspecified by the recorder CI00093 "B" MIDDEN Prehistoric midden(s)

CI00037 CRYSTAL RIVER 3 Prehistoric shell midden CI00036 CRYSTAL RIVER 2 Prehistoric shell midden C100039 CRYSTAL RIVER 5 Prehistoric shell midden CI00041 CRYSTAL RIVER 7 CHRISTAIN'S SHELL MOUNDS Prehistoric shell midden CI00038 CRYSTAL'RIVER 4 - JAKE'S DROP Prehistoric shell midden C100040 CRYSTAL RIVER 6 - TEMPLE MOUND Platform mound (prehistoric)

C100576 OPPOSITE THE ROCKS Campsite (prehistoric)

CIO0001 CRYSTAL RIVER INDIAN MOUNDS Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01211 Rocks East Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00118 FORT ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden CIO1215 Pig's Last Stand Prehistoric shell midden CI01212 Deer Mouth Artifact scatter-low density ( < 2 per sq meter)

CIO1207 Lost Cedar Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01213 Deer Creek 1 Campsite (prehistoric)

2101214 Deer Creek 2 Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01216 Eagle Scout Hill Campsite (prehistoric)

C101209 Kings Creek Midden Prehistoric shell midden C100017 ROCK LANDING Prehistoric mound(s)

CI01203 East Peninsula Point Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01218 Deer Stand 3 Specialized site for procurement of raw materials CI01219 Deer Creek 4 Campsite (prehistoric)

C101210 Dying Palms Midden Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01204 Wash Island Shadow Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00121 FPC 43 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00042 CRYSTAL RIVER 8 - WASH ISLAND Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01206 Land's End Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01205 Lakache Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01208 Gomez Midden Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00448 WILLIAMS A D MOUND Prehistoric mound(s)

CI00043 CRYSTAL RIVER 9 - SHELL ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden CI01217 Mother Osprey Campsite (prehistoric)

CI00044 CRYSTAL RIVER 10 - COW ISLAND Prehistoric midden(s)

CI00013 BLACK POINT Prehistoric shell midden CI00115 FPC 9 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CIO1110 RED NAVEL Land-terrestrial C100117 FPC 7 (FLORIDA POWER CORPR) Prehistoric shell midden CI01059 HOLLINS TRACT 1 Campsite (prehistoric)

C100120 FPC 6 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00116 FPC 8 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00119 NEGRO ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden C100114 FPC 10 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00092 FPC 3 (FLORIDA POWER CORR) Prehistoric shell midden C100091 FPC 4 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00789 NN Land-terrestrial CI01038 LONE FLAKE Land-terrestrial CI00105 FPC 19 (FLORIDA POWER CORR) Prehistoric shell midden CI00109 FPC 15 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00113 FPC 11 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CIO0110 FPC 14 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00112 FPC 12 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden

4 v 1:100108 C100111

ýFPC 16 (FLORIDA POWER CORR)

FPC 13 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.)

Prehistoric shell midden Prehistoric shell midden CI00103 FPC 21 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00106 FPC 18 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI00107 FPC 17 (FLORIDA POWER CORP.) Prehistoric shell midden CI01182 Telling Secrets Habitation (prehistoric)

C100104 DRUM ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden CI01 183 Feet Getting Wet Habitation (prehistoric) ci01147 Crunchy Ground Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01165 Rocky Place Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01143 Stuck Nowhere Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01146 Many Places Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01144 Blowing Willows Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01145 Falling off the Rock Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01148 Old Snakes path Habitation (prehistoric)

C101177 Oyster Bridge Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01149 Berry Cakes Habitation (prehistoric)

CIO1005 DIXON Homestead CIO1150 Grandfather Egret's Pool Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01154 Crab warrriors Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00993 TURKEY TROT Campsite (prehistoric)

C101153 Two Rock Houses Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01152 Moving Dirt Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00996 OAK KNOLL Campsite (prehistoric)

C101175 Chris Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00994 GOBBLERS KNOB Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01174 Jerry's Habitation (prehistoric)

C100997 LONESOME FLAKE Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01134 Buckford 1 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01155 Gossiping Palms Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01156 Limus Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00999 HUNTING LODGE RIDGE Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01157 Terrapin Wipes his nose Habitation (prehistoric)

C101176 Chads Habitation (prehistoric)

C101173 Keith's Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01180 Davey's Site Habitation (prehistoric)

101140 Thla Rakke 1 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01181 Jeanne's Habitation (prehistoric)

CIO1001 PRIEST Homestead CI01006 PRIEST'S FLAKE Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01179 Seths Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00998 LONE PINE Land-terrestrial CI01158 Weeping Rock Habitation (prehistoric)

C100995 FLYING MULLET Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01163 Fish Splashers Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01161 Dying Cedars Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01172 Tom's Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01162 Grandma sits alone Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01141 Little Peak Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01142 Thla Rakke 2 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00062 CAPTAIN JOE ISLAND 1 Prehistoric shell midden CI01004 NATURAL WELL Land-terrestrial CI01171 Vicky's Habitation (prehistoric)

CIO1000 GREEN GRASS KNOLL Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01138 Sinet 2 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00063 CAPTAIN JOE ISLAND 2 Prehistoric shell midden CI01164 Fiery Palms Habitation (prehistoric)

C101007 OLD ROCK ROAD Land-terrestrial CI01137 Sinte I Habitation (prehistoric)

C101159 Noisy Woods Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01160 Cool Place to Sit Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01002 SPLIT OAK Campsite (prehistoric)

CI01135 Buckford 2 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01003 JOHNS Land-terrestrial CI01136 Wekiwa Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01178 Melissa's Site Habitation (prehistoric)

C101170 Kathy's Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01151 Mother's Dimple Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00060 BURTINE ISLAND C Prehistoric shell midden CI01169 JD's Site Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00061 BURTINE ISLAND D Prehistoric shell midden CI01167 Bird Town Habitation (prehistoric)

C101166 Broken Cups Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01185 Everett Island 6 Habitation (prehistoric)

C101168 Pond in the Rock Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00059 BURTINE ISLAND B Prehistoric shell midden CI00058 BURTINE ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden C101192 Everett 5 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01189 Everett Island 2 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01184 Everett Island 1 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01190 Everett 3 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01191 Everett 4 Habitation (prehistoric)

CI00064 EVERETT ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden CI00122 STEAMSHIP LT IZARD WRECK Historic shipwreck CI00188 RIVER SHACK Prehistoric shell midden LVO0109 CHAMBERS ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden CI01186 Turtle Left his shell Habitation (prehistoric)

CI01187 Scorpion Palace Habitation (prehistoric)

C101139 Beaten Face Habitation (prehistoric)

LV00108 OLD PORT INGLIS 2 Prehistoric shell midden CI00065 RICHARDSON CREEK Prehistoric burial mound(s)

LVO0107 OLD PORT INGLIS 1 Prehistoric shell midden LVO0106 NN Prehistoric shell midden CI01089 BENNETTS CREEK Habitation (prehistoric)

C100102 WITHLACOOCHEE 5 MIDDEN Prehistoric shell midden LVO0105 NN Prehistoric shell midden LVO0104 NN Prehistoric shell midden C101090 BENNETTS CREEK 2 Habitation (prehistoric)

CIO0101 PAT'S ELBOW - JOHNNY GIBSON HOMESTEAD Log Boat - Historic or Prehistoric LVO0102 BIRD CREEK Prehistoric shell midden CI00099 GIBSON BURIAL MOUND Prehistoric burial mound(s)

CIO0100 WITHLACOOCHEE 10 MIDDEN Prehistoric shell midden CI00098 WITHLACOOCHEE 11 MIDDEN Prehistoric shell midden LV00088 PUMPKIN ISLAND Prehistoric shell midden LVO0501 BIRD CREEK FISH STATION Specialized site for procurement of raw materials CI01076 WITHALACOOCHEE BEND Subsurface features are present C100096 WITHLACOOCHEE 13 MIDDEN Prehistoric shell midden LVO0101 NN Prehistoric shell midden

CI00066 FLORIDA BARGE CANAL 1 Lithic scatter/quarry (prehistoric: no ceramics)

LV00100 NN Prehistoric shell midden LV00098 HARPER Prehistoric midden(s)

CI00067 FLORIDA BARGE CANAL 2 Lithic scatter/quarry (prehistoric: no ceramics)

LV00100 NN Prehistoric shell midden LV00098 HARPER Prehistoric midden(s)

LV00098 HARPER Prehistoric midden(s)

LV00100 NN Prehistoric shell midden CI00068 FLORIDA BARGE CANAL 3 Lithic scatter/quarry (prehistoric: no ceramics)

LVO0103 NN Prehistoric shell midden CI00336 KAH'S BEACH Prehistoric shell midden LVO0601 Melissa Band Artifact scatter-dense ( > 2 per sq meter)

LV00600 Gulf Hammock Southeast Drainage Artifact scatter-dense ( > 2 per sq meter)

LV00503 INGLIS EAST Artifact scatter-low density ( < 2 per sq meter)

LV00487 NN Land-terrestrial CI00097 HOLLIMAN'S BLOCKHOUSE Historic fort

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4 ve 60t "I

wa,%v ri"Ace w";e" Printing History of Mary MacRae's Historical Notes After Mary MacRae's death, her daughter Marjorie and her friend Marion L. Knudsen edited her writings for publication. They were published in 1976 as a Bicentennial Project of the Homosassa Library Board.

A second printing with a revised format was done under the auspices of the 1978 Homosassa Library Board. It was issued to coin-cide with the Citrus County Centennial Celebration in 1987.

This third edition of Mary MacRae's Historical Notes reproduces the 1976 edition. The listing of the early postmasters in Homosassa (which was omitted in the 1987 printing) is restored.

This edition is published in 1993 by 9be Citrug Countp, *i~torica[ borietp, .3nr.

I The Old Courthouse 1993 One Courthouse Square Inverness, Florida 34450 1

Preface to the Third Edition Mary Isabel MacRae was born in Plymouth, England and educated to be a teacher. Her first school was in London, on Trafalgar Square.

It was in London that she met and married her husband, James Alexander MacRae, a native of Scotland. They emigrated to the United States in 1914 and came to Homosassa. Together they opened a general store and became involved in the early development of the Gulf Coast of Citrus County.

A trained historian, Mrs. MacRae documented the David Yulee story and her efforts resulted in the preservation of the Yulee Sugar Mill and its listing on the National Register.

In 1963 Governor Farris Bryant named Mary MacRae to head a ten member Citrus County Historical Commission which led to the immediate creation of the Citrus County Historical Society. Mrs.

MacRae served as president of the Society until her death on Septem-ber 16, 1973, at the age of 85. A press story at the time stated, "Mary MacRae was buried Wednesday in Stage Stand Cemetery. An era came to an end with her passing. Mrs.

MacRae added to the cultural life on the county when, as a London school teacher, she arrived in Homosassa in 1914."

The Citrus County Historical Society recognized the pioneer histori-cal work of Mary MacRae through the establishment in 1990 of the Mary MacRae Decade of Service award. Those honored to date are:

1990 Joe Bowler 1991 Beth Helms 1992 Esther Yonkin Mary IsabelMacRae 1993 Lolita Dicldnson 23 3

Introduction It is a pleasure, and indeed an honor, to write these few words of introduction to Mary MacRae's notes on the history of Old Homosassa and Citrus County.

While reading these pages it brought to mind how fortunate, for some of us, to have heard Mary, in her-inimitable way, recite these bits of history which she had so painstakingly researched.

The members of the Citrus County Historical Society looked

'4 forward to those Sunday afternoon meetings at the Inverness Public Library where Mary presided as Chairman. She was the founder and moving spirit of the Historical Commission and Society.

There was little regular business to be transacted and the meetings were mostly devoted to Mary's recollections of Old Homo-sassa, Crystal River, and Citrus County. The comments were usually in answer to questions from new members or guests attending for the first time.

No matter how often the regular members had heard the stories Table of Contents retold there was never a lack of interest. Mary had a way of inserting parenthetical footnotes that made each retelling a new experience. History of the Area .......................................... 7 The essential facts never differed. She had a passion for Early Indians .................................................. 7 historical accuracy and would spare no effort to verify a bit of doubtful evidence. First White Men in the Area .......................... 8 Mary will always have a treasured niche in the memory of those Seminoles in the Area .................................. 9 who knew her and now, through these pages, she will find an ever-widening appreciation for her dedication to preserving the past. The Seminole War Period-1835-1842 ........ 10 jod-ePh L%01e4 First Settlers .................................................... 11 Inverness, November, 1976 The Civil War .................................................. 12 The Homosassa Library Board is grateful for the cooperation of the Inglis ............................................................... 12 Citrus County Bicentennial Committee and the Bicentennial Commis- Red Level ....................................................... 13 sion of Florida. Also, the Central Florida Regional Library.

Florida Power Corporation, Inglis Plant ......... 14 I

We are also grateful to Mrs. Marion L. Knudsen for editing the material for publication. Indians of Florida ............................................. 16 Members of the Homosassa Library Board:

Marjorie E. MacRae, Chairman Homosassa Postal Service ............................. 21 Jeanne C. Cary, Vice Chairman Viola C. Brooks Establishment of Inverness as County Seat. 24 Edith C. Snider, Secretary Nelson L. Darroch Marjorie A. Smith Lynnwood Hall 4 5

Notes on the History of the Area from the Homosassa River to the Withlacoochee River, the Present Day Citrus County I. Early Indians.

4

he stretch of land between the Homosassa and the

Withlacoochee Rivers has a fascinating, well-authenticated I history. Shell mounds and artifacts found in both places and on islands on the coast between attest to the same tribes raising them, for each different tribe had its own peculiarities. Their artifacts, crude though they be, have distinguishing designs, almost one might say a tribal trademark, repeated tbo often to be chance. Therefore when shell mounds were destroyed on the Withlacoochee islands when the Cross Florida Barge Canal was started, they were found to be similar to those on the Crys-tal River and rivers further south.

This' was the Timucuan tribe, whose main village was Ocali, in the vicinity of the present-day Ocala. In the sum-mer there they raised their small crops, for they neverwere ardent farmers, depending more on .

wild tubers, ,

and game.

As _cool-weather ar- -

rived they The Timucuans by LeMoyne 3/4. made camps 6 7

on the banks of the rivers to the west where the oysters and clams starvation and Indians claimed allbutf*ourt. ed"by Ni&*," -

were fat and the fish ran up in incredible numbers to spawn. Vaca, this quartet wandered all over the wes*ti arving-o e Shell mounds, be they composed of saltwater shells, oysters and California eight years later.

dams, or freshwater shells such as periwinkles and freshwater It is fortunate that the man whom Narvaez chose to prospect.the' mussels, are of extreme importance in the study of the early Indians. Withlacoochee was one of the surviving four. This soldier's real Our remaining area mounds have produced a wealth of potsherds, name wasAlvarNunez, nicknamed "CabezadeVaca" or"Calfhead,"

arrow heads, scraping tools, weapons used against man and weap- treasurer and historian of the Narvaez expedition. Returning to ons used for hunting and fishing. These mounds were 'accretal'- Spain after wandering, he told such a colorful story that it fired the burial mounds and mounds of religious significance often being imagination of all who heard. One of his listeners was concealing his found on top of an ordinary 'kitchen midden' mound. Unfortu- 1t name under the norm de plume of "A Gentleman of Elvas" and wrote nately, the most spectacular mounds were seized upon by our first the story. Cabeza de Vaca was careful to keep his written narrative, road builders, the shells making extremely durable road material which has been preserved in the Spanish Archives. Over 300 years Most mounds, with their burial remains and Indian artifacts, have were to pass before we find any other written record of white been leveled to the ground. exploration of the lower Withlacoochee.

It was these Ocali Tumucuans that Panfilo de Narvaez encoun-tered in May of 1528 when he came on his ill-starred search for gold and precious stones.

sejx ,o.c .Ll.. ... L U11. First White Men in the Area L.1L. ~... k. ~b or ~ ~d Landing on Clearwater Bay, Narvaez' army of 300 well-equipped men and 80 horses made their way through Indian trails to the --- 5M 1F ~M - ý-n eastern side to the present Citrus County. There, along the western side of the Tsala Apopka chain of lakes to the Withlacoochee, a crossing was made near where the present-day State Road 200 .... . ... .. s the a: mw.

crosses the river. At this point, they were met by friendly Indians them, the fatl - L Q I who, learning of their quest, gave them permission to re-cross the w w b* Motdhs. On an island river and explore for gold on the south side to the Gulf. just north of the mouth of the Withlacoochee River, the Seminoles Narvaez sent a party under the command of Nunez Cabeza de held their Green Corn Dance and the Feast of the Pumpkin. This area Vaca. Aftertwo days the party returned with the report that the river was undisturbed by the white man until the beginning of the Semi-emptied into a shallow bay with water to the knees. There was no nole War in 1835.

harbor. Disappointed, Narvaez moved north, still questing for gold. t tifoS e ase of Finding none, he came back to the coast near St. Marks in July. There to he built six raft-like vessels and set out for a coastwise trip to Mexico. Can ffim --

There was gold there. Off the mouth of the Mississippi they encoun-tered a severe storm and lost two vessels with all on board, including Narvaez. The other vessels went on to the Texas coast where fevers, 8 9

Consta.y there was trouble with Indians. The government had unopposed. They scoured the area around the Tsala Apo1. dkes insisted that the Indians be moved off to the west of the Mississippi, with little success and moved on south through Citrus County to but with few exceptions their chiefs urged the tribes not to go. Soon establish Fort Cooper, leaving Major Mark Anthony Cooper in homes were burned, cattle were driven off, crops burned and woods charge of 104 sick men, and going on to Fort Brooke on Tampa Bay, fires started. Goaded on by Halleck Tustenuggee, Osceola and returning with supplies to relieve Fort Cooper, in 16 days. Although Jumper, they were for all-out war as the day of removal to the west the Indians had made a sortie against them every night, Scott found neared. The United States army was alerted and troops were headed only one man missing. This man had insisted on going outside the south. On the morning of December 26,1835, Major Francis Dade left fort.

Fort Brooke (Tampa) with 139 officers and men for Fort King (Ocala).

They were delayed by a burnt bridge which they repaired, and vr,-4efc~fknf 1'

________________a ^f~l,7'n 1 T proceeded to the Big Withlacoochee on the 27th. On the morning of were known to have lived in the area during the Seminole War the 28th they broke camp, but after going six miles, they were period were: 0sceý , MratdeM Tgigerai ,

ambushed by a war party and the last man supposedly killed. Three ffi--e-QTgAk1wh, p made their way back to Fort Brooke. The Indians moved for Fort I King, where Osceola personally killed General Wiley Thompson, Lt.

C. Smith, Eramsus Rogers, and a small boy. All were shot and scalped.

A "NE"IrRafid'awl em I CRT o e %nv'e

a On the morning of qeneral Duncan L. Clinch moved his forces to the south bank of the Withlacoochee. Early in the On the south bank of the Withlacoochee River, one of the first afternoon the Indians appeared and the first battle of the land owners was Mrs. Nannie Yulee who with John Parsons owned Withlacoochee took place. General Clinch and General R.K. Call.of what was known as Sulphur Springs. Between 1855 and 1890 the the Florida Militia led the troops against the Indian warriors whose main reason for the purchase of large tracts of land in this area was leaders were Osceola, Jumper and Alligator. The results of that for the timber. The prize timber of the day was the red cedar found confrontation were not dear-cut-both parties left the field of the in the hammocks and along the coast. It was hauled to the river by battle claiming victory. oxen and shipped to Cedar Key and Crystal River pencil factories by General E.P. Gaines was the next commander to meet the Indians water.

on the bank of the Withlacoochee. Latejg*gs he was In the early 1870's John Chambers had the largest sawmill on the attempting to cross the river in the vicinity of Clinch's battleground, west coast of Florida, operating on the large island at the mouth of the he was attacked by the Indians in such numbers that he was put Withlacoochee River. Timber was cut as far away as present-day under siege for several days. Here again there was no dear-cut Dunnellon and rafted downstream to the mill. The finished product victory. Early in April General Winfield Scott and his troops moved was shipped out by schooner.

from Fort Drane for the Withlacoochee and made a crossing and were 10 11

VI. The Civil War. Company.

This area was of no great importance as a target for Federal forces. Freight rates have become excessive by 1889, the Standard and In 1862 a unit of the Home Guard-a State Company-was formed Hernando Railroad Company was formed to transport the phos-in the area. The Company was composed of 75 or 80. The Captain phate from the mines to a point on the Withiacoochee to be known of the Company was Mr. A.E. Hodges. First Lieutenant was Joel later as Inglis. Many thousand tons of phosphate were shipped over Hodges. Second lieutenant was William Bertine. The Company was this line during its existence.

divided into three squads. One squad was stationed at Bear Landing These companies were active until about 1915 when World War on the Withlacoochee River. The second was at the Rocks on Crystal I broke out in Europe. This put a halt to shipments to and from that River. The third was located on an island near the mouth of the continent. Shipments by sea were never resumed from Port Inglis.

Homosassa River. There were some small but insignificant naval Then the railroad was abandoned. The last operating evidence of the actions off shore during the war. There were a couple of raids up the empire built by Captain Inglis disappeared, and only the town river by the Federals late in the war. bearing his name remained.

Vii. Inglis. VMI. Red Level.

In 1889 John C. Dunn of Ocala became active in purchasing About four miles north of Crystal River on the Indian Trail-now phosphate lands around Dunnellon. Captain John L. Inglis joined in U.S. 19-a fine farming community sprang up when the land was this venture and was elected president of the Dunnellon Phosphate surveyed in 1844. Daniel Edwards, living on Greenleaf Bay, south of

-. .. **. Crystal River, saw the fertile acres, and with his family, moved up to start a ranch there. Settlers not only had homesites, but the range was open to them and soon many followed in his successful venture. Jim and Will Bertine's cattle roamed on the site of the old Clinch Fort.

Groves sprang up and thrived. Corn fields waved on the lush land, whilst the women tended the vegetable gardens:

A fete day was made of hog hunting and killing. Smoked in the community smokehouse, the supply of bacon for the community was assured each year.

It was a happy, friendly farming community. With the arrival of the new settlers-Winns, Turners, Priests, Sassards, Baxleys and others-many of these became business leaders and held important official posts in the future Citrus County. Early there was a demand for a school, a church, a post office. The schoolhouse was quickly raised by the community and is still being used as a Sunday school classroom on the new Baptist Church. The Baptists filled the second need with a mission and Mr. Lamar Kelly filled the third need with Yulee sugar mill ruinsin Old Homosassa. Now a State HistoricSite, the sugar a post office in his own home.

mill was built in the 1840s by Florida'sfirst senator, David Levy Yulee. The Port Inglis Terminal Company was also formed at this same 12 13

time. It was responsible for dredging in the river and setting up 0 one oil. Today, 1971, they are both oil burners, with a ne, -Lomic facilities at Inglis and at a port town on Chambers Island at the mouth plant ready to take the place of one oil burner and another scheduled of the river, to be known as Port Inglis. to be ready by 1978.

The Barker Chemical Company was organized to build and Today there is some ranching, but no farming at Red Level.

operate a plant to produce 30,000 tons of acid phosphate per year. Everyone works at the Florida Power plant, 11,000 county people The plant was built in Inglis. The lead chamber process was used in being employed at this date, 1971. What would Panfilo de Narvaez this operation, the sulphur being obtained from burning pyrites or the Barker Chemical Company think of it?

imported from Spain. There was a dryer plant constructed on this site now occupied by the Florida Power Corporation Inglis Plant.

On September 25,1902 the first shipment of phosphate was made in the ocean-going steamship Themisto. The phosphate was hauled by rail from mine to Inglis, where it was processed and loaded on barges. It was then towed out into the Gulf and loaded onto ocean-going vessels bound for Europe. Vessels coming from Europe brought pyrites from Spain as ballast. This was taken to the Barker Chemical Plant to be burned in order to extract the sulphur therein.

At Port Inglis there was a complete town, including custom house, coaling dock, shipyard, machine shops, commissary, hotel, school, church, homes and Captain Inglis"beautifulbungalow on the south end of the island. It is the only remaining structure to be found on this island today.

Exports of phosphate between 1902 and 1908 were valued at about $9,500,000 and imports for the same period amounted to

$5,000,000. The Terminal Company operated as many as 43 vessels on the river at one time. As many as 60 large vessels cleared the port in a single year.

IX. ]R¶orida Power Corporation, Inglis Plant.

On March 18, 1926, the Dunnellon Truth carried the following story: "Florida Power Corp., a subsidiary of the General Engineering and Managing Corps., will construct an electric power plant in Inglis on the site of the old dryer plant. The plant will cost $3,000,000 and require one year to construct."

Today the scene has changed. In the mid-60s the Florida Power Corporation decided to build a new plant between Red Level and y Gulf of Mexico. At first they had two plants, one coal burning and Osceola, famed war leaderof the Seminoles 14 15

The Indians of Florida constantlyset as a guard against marauding tribes. Shoulu- -.rnty be caught sleeping at his post, execution was swift. The unfortunate A Brief History man knelt before the chief and his skull was split from behind with ne of the outstanding American scientists in the field of an axe-shaped weapon made of hardwood. Within the palisade Ethnology and Anthropology, Dr. Hrdlicka, writes this of were long council houses in which communal affairs were discussed.

the Florida Indians: "We have no human remains from The chiefs had their large dwellings and scattered around these were Florida representing an antiquity beyond a few thousand years, nor the beehive-shaped houses of the tribesmen. Storehouses and gra-have we found any other than the Indian type, nor are there any nary were in the center and supplies were shared. These places were indications that anything older will ever be discovered in this part of all built of logs but the roofs were thatched with palmetto fronds the world. Evidence points to a human occupancy of not more than which made them vulnerable to the fire-tipped arrows of their ten thousand years." In this day of alleged million-year old discov- enemies. Tribes were in a constant state of warfare.

eries and more, we welcome such a statement. By the time of the white man's arrival there were Indian settle-The first Indians settled on the coastal regions of Florida at the ments over most sections of Florida. The largest of the tribes were the mouths of the rivers. Sea food was plentiful, game abounded and the APALACHEES who spread into Florida from Alabama in the north-forest supplied a variety of fruits, nuts, tubers and greens. As the west down to the Suwannee River. South of theAPALACHEESwere tribes grew, all but the seafood became scarce and the more ambi- the POTANOS and the TOCOBAGAS in the Tampa area. The tious moved inland to start crude farming. The Indians re-estab- CALUSAS lived on the lower west coast to the southern tip of the lished themselves on the banks of lakes and at the head of rivers mainland of Florida. In the central part of the state and branching where they built their mounds of periwinkles and fresh water mussel toward the Gulf were the MIvICCOSUKIES. Out of Georgia came the shells as against the coastal people's mounds of oyster and clam TIMUCUAN who settled in the East Central region. In the northeast, shells. These mounds were accretal, burial mounds and religion- around the head of the St- John's River, were the SATURIWAS. The oriented mounds often being found over camping mounds and then TEQUESTAS lived on the lower east coast, on and near the present again rising as kitchen middens. A search through these mounds for site of Miami. Dozens of smaller tribes had their settlements near historical purposes has been hampered by the unfortunate use of the these larger ones and regularly aided the larger tribes in their most spectacular for road building material. In existing mounds unceasing warfare and in turn received protection. The most ad-pottery shards can be found, rarely a whole pot. The Florida Indians vanced of the tribes were those of northern Florida--they had the had no knowledge of the potter's wheel. They plaited the palmetto best lands and some rudiments of civilization.

fronds into baskets of varying sizes, daubed the inside with day, sun- In 1513 Ponce de Leon sailed up the northeast coast of Florida. He dried and fired them. Owing to the poor quality of the day, these names the land PASCUA FLORIDA because the land was verdant baskets made into pots were brittle and did not last. and the day of sightings was Easter Sunday. Seeing warlike and The Indians who moved inland progressed faster than their hostile natives on the shore, he sailed on and landed just north of the nomadic coastal brothers. They grew crops of corn and peas, present site of St. Augustine. Here he met with more favorable pumpkins and gourds. Once having settled on good lands, the Indians but failed to find what he came to seek-jewels, gold and the Indians soon formed towns. The villages were enclosed with log fabled Fountain of Youth. It is not known how long he stayed. He palisades with an entrance which would admit only two people sailed south again and up the west coast as far as Charlotte Harbor.

abreast, thus preventing a sudden rush by an enemy. A watch was Ponce de Leon returned to Puerto Rico without wealth and secret of 16 17 I

0 0 eternalyouth. Nor was he able to obtain slaves from the fi, dIian tribes. Slaves were of prime importance to theSpanish. In their greed Florida Indian Tribe Migrations for gold the Caribbean natives were being worked to death and many islands were rapidly becoming depopulated. However, three years as depicted by Mary I. MacRae later a Spaniard named Grijalvo sailed from Cuba to Florida on a successful slaving expedition and hundreds of unfortunate Indians were carried off to be worked as miners.

After a period of relative quiet during which most of the Indians remained unconquered, the white men began to vie for a foothold again. The Indians took sides with the French upon discovering that the French were the inveterate enemies of the Spanish. They helped in the building of a fort-Fort Caroline-for a Huguenot colony, only to see it wiped out by Menendez. Every heretic was slain. Menendez does have it in his favor that he pressed a claim for missionaries to Christianize the "heathen" and some years later a thriving mission with thousands of baptized Indians spread from St. Augustine to and beyond Tallahassee. These devoted priests taught not only religion but also crafts and improved methods of farming. They had a knowledge of the Indian language and reached their peak of influ-ence in the early quarter of the 18th century.

The quarreling of the European powers continued, with the Indians as the hapless victim caught in between. Governor Moors of South Carolina marched on St. Augustine leaving death and destruc-tion in his wake, but he failed to wrest the city from the Spanish and fled back to South Carolina in disgrace. In 1704, hoping to clear his it name, he amassed an army of 80 white ruffians and 1,500 CREEK Indians and again marched on the hapless missions. This time practically every one was destroyed, the priests being executed 4 along with any of their flock not used as able-bodied slaves. Years later some of the APALACHEES drifted back to their old fields, but the mission period was ended.

Spanish power was waning and again the Indians led a relatively peaceful existence. In 1763 the English gave up Cuba to the Spanish

"ýý'Avdal 67,--

4-91 J'e' C&C 0ýýikls-- ,'--

7 in exchange for Florida by the Treaty of Paris. The real owners of the land, the Indians, were not consulted. The English held Florida for 20 years and again an exchange was made with the Spanish, this time it 18 19

for the ncutamas. In 1819 the Spanish turned Florida over to the In 1832 the Indians signed yet another treaty-the e y of United States. This time the Spanish departed for good. During the Payne's Landing-by which they agreed to move west of the Missis-next 36 years there was constant trouble on the Georgia-Florida sippi River. But that is another story....

borders. Indians were accused of marching over and destroying settlements, driving off cattle and murdering the Georgians. At the same time American colonists came south into Florida and commit- Early Years ted every known depredation. The quarrels were settled by a treaty of the between Spain and the fledgling United States in 1819 at which time Homosassa Pos Service the Spaniard turned Florida over to the American and again the Indian was not consulted. omosassa has the honor of having the first mail delivery in Colonists flocking south to settle the newly acquired land invari- the 1830sin whatis nowknownas Citrus County. Roughly ably found the Indian living on the best portion. Quarrels ensued following a trail along the present U.S. 19, the mail carriers and the Indian, not having any legal status in law, was always came up from Fort Brooke-now the city of Tampa-and delivered depicted as the aggressor. The Government appointed an agent for their mail in a rough shelter called the Stage Stand. Here the country them, Gad Humphries, a faithful, high-minded man, but he was residents and island dwellers gathered to await the mail delivery. At always torn between the two races. In 1822 a treaty was arranged at first the mailman rode horseback and later came by buggy or coach.

FortMoultrie, Georgia, whereby the Indians agreed to move south of From the Stage Stand the mail carrier went by the old Crystal the Withlacoochee River. The Government promised protection River trail to Lee's Mound, which we know as the Rock Crusher, from all aggressors, subsistence for a year (hogs and cattle), farm thence on to the little settlement at Brooksville and back to Fort tools, and recompense for improvements and removal expenses, Brooke. Letters had to be paid for when delivered and distance was plus $5,000 per annum for 20 years. Governor William P. Duval, Gad the measure of the cost: 3t if under 300 miles, 10o up to 3,000 miles.

Humphries and Bernard Segui signed for the United States and 32 In the United States the use of stamps was unknown at that time.

chiefs signed for the Indian tribes. Six important chiefs refused to Adhesive stamps were first allowed by Act of Congress in 1847 and sign and to placate them they were allowed to remain on their tribal their use was made compulsory in 1856. In 1863 a uniform rate of 31 lands in the neighborhood of Tallahassee. was fixed regardless of distance, and twenty years later this was The following eight years were a trying time for both sides. reduced to 2¢.

Indians and settlers regarded each other as enemies. Time and time The first plantation family living on the Homosassa River to use again the chiefs had to plead for protection against the sharp trader the Stage Stand postal facility was the Harrell family. Their fields who was capable of cheating the Indian out of money, goods, stretched from the old Dave Bishop place, now Yates, about half a livestock and land. The Agent was relentlessly besieged with de- mile from the Big Spring at the head of the south bank on the mands for protection from both sides; there was none to be had. The Homosassa River to, roughly, the present State Road 490. The mail Indians were no match for the wiles of the white man. A final blow stop was almost at their fence line. One morning the folks gathered was dealt when Gad Humphries was removed and Major John to meet the carrier and noticed there was no one from the Harrell

'Phagan, a political appointee, was put in his place. The Major was hated and mistrusted by the Indian and he worked solely for his own gain and to the white man's advantage.

20 l place: this was cause for concern because during the early postal years, the Indians were a constant threat to the settlers' safety. The Indians were on the warpath in protest of the U.S. Government's 21

edict pru*,talgating the forced migration of the Indians to the barren ing into the Gulf of Mexico. Local arrangements wer .-e for West. distribution, usually from a 'general store.'

The men of the group that had gathered to meet the carrier Postal authorities were slow getting routes readjusted after the moved cautiously through the woods to the Harrell home. There Civil War, but in July of 1873 Washington appointed a postmaster to they found the family--father, mother, and three children- Homosassa, Alfred P. Jones.* Following the Civil War the mail was murdered and scalped. A lone survivor was a sixteen year old son delivered to every island household by rowboat or dugout. The mail who had gone duck hunting. The spot selected for a burial ground was delivered in this manner for approximately 35 years.

for the Harrells was on a knoll just south of the Stage Stand. They HOMOSASSA, CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA were the first internments in the burial ground we now know as the Established: ............................... July 18, 1873 Stage Stand Cemetery. Discontinued: ............................ March 22, 1878 A fewmonthslater the mail carrier made his usualdelivery at the Reestablished: .......................... August 27, 1880 Stage Stand, waved good-bye to the folks and turned north on the Discontinued: ............................ December 6, 1880 Old Crystal River trail. Later, riders came through and said that the Reestablished: .......................... December 30, 1880 carrier had not been seen since leaving Homosassa. A search party Discontinued: .............. ,.............. July 27, 1881 was assembled. They found the body of the mailman lying at the foot Reestablished: ....................... .. April 7, 1886 of a large pine tree behind which an Indian had hidden. The carrier POSTMASTERS: DATE OF APPOINTMffENT:

had been killed, mutilated, and scalped. Around him were the torn Alfred P. Jones ............................... July 18, 1873 mailbags. Marshal Morton ............................... December 10, 1877 In 1846 United States Senator David L. Yulee purchased thou- C. T. Jenkins ................................... August 27, 1880 sands of acres on the Homosassa River and started one of the largest Reappointed ............................... December 30, 1880 sugar plantations on the west coast of Florida. With the growth of John J. Fuller .................................. April 7, 1886 Paul H.Jones ................................. May 28, 1890 business the mails were kept busy between his Florida interests and John J. Gambrell ............................. October 16, 1890 Washington, D.C. JohnC. Jenkins .............................. January 5, 1891 ,

In 1855 the Senator was appointed Chairman of the Senate Angeline E. Meeker ........................ September 15, 1891 Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads. With the advent of the Alice-T. Meeker ............................... July 17, 1905 Civil War, Yulee resigned his senatorship in January of 1861, as soon George C. Loennecker, Jr. ............. August 18, 1906 as Florida seceded from the Union. From that time on postal Walter Truitt .................................... August 28, 1913 obligations were strictlyamatterfortheSouth. Florida was fortunate Rubye C. Fenton ............................. January 22, 1927 Cary P. DeBusk .............................. October 4, 1929 in that she had a railroad from Fernandina on the East Coast to Cedar Russell M.Adkins ........................... July 31, 1946 Key on the West Coast David Yulee was the planner of the railroad Douglas C. Richards ....................... April 7, 1967 and all but the last 20 miles into Cedar Key was completed when war wasdedared. From Virginia themail wasbrought south to Fernandina Information about mail route service and mail contractors before by ship where it was transferred to the railroad for the trip across the the establishment of rural mail carriers at Homosassa may be found among the daily orders of the Postmaster General in the National state to Cedar Key. Because of the Civil War, mail was now distrib-Archives, Washington, D.C. These records, which are chronologically uted privately. From Cedar Key the mail was placed aboard a fleet arranged and unindexed, are available to those who are interested and of boats for delivery to the settlements on the various rivers empty- who visit the National Archives.

22 23

History of Citrus County to find out the wishes of the people. The first meeting .ld August 1, 1887 in the church at Mannfield with the. following Establis ent of Inverness officials, all appointed by the Governor.

As the County Seat Commissioners: ...... James S. Baker, Chairman, O.P. Keller, J.T. Landrum and P.J. Peacher he first official, or for that matter unofficial, mention of land Sheriff ............. J.C. Priest actually pinpointed to be in the present Citrus County, is Tax Assessor ..................... W.M. Brooks found in a communication from General Duncan L. Clinch to Tax Collector .................... Daniel Tompkins President Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War, Lewis Cass, when the Clerk of Court ................... W.Z. Zimmerman Seminole war flared in the last quarter of 1835. Clinch reported, "The Attorney ............................ J.C. Phillips Indians have withdrawn into the Cove of the Withlacoochee where Treasurer ........................... Nick Barco no white man has ever been known to set his foot." Surveyor ........... J.W. Allen At this time Citrus County was part of Alachua County which County Judge ................... J.W. Fleming stretched south to the border of Hillsborough County. Anew county was carved from the southwest of Alachua on February 24,1843, and Elections were to be held within two years after a bill of division in honor of the great Missourian, called Benton County. The new was passed. At this meeting the Attorney, J.C. Phillips, agreed to county stretched from the Withlacoochee River to the Anclote. accept the sum of $25 per month for his legal services for all the Benton, however, lost his high place in the hearts of Floridians when county offices. Later in the month, at a meeting held in Brooksville, he opposed Calhoun in his advocacy of States Rights. In 1850 the a decision was made to rent a house owned by C.W. Moffat at Florida legislature changed the name of the county to Hernando with Mannfield, to be used as a court house for a period of two years. The Brooksville as the county seat. rent of $10 per month was to be paid by improvements made on the The Civil War being over, an impoverished citizenry went to property. OnMay3,18 88 newCommissionerswere electedLandrum work mending their broken fortunes and homes. Lack of good being the only one to retain his seat. Albert Willard~and Dr. Charles transportation and with only sand roads and trails to Brooksville, the Dunklin were chosen from the west side of the county and M.F.

county seat was not readily available to the average man. In 1887 a Zellner and 0.0. Spooner from the east side.

delegation went from Hernando County to Tallahasssee to present a The first election to decide the county seat was held March 7, petition to divide the county. On the 2nd day of June a bill was 1889. Crystal River led but no community carried sufficient votes to introduced in the House and Senate, "To divide the County of qualify. On August 3,1889 a second election was held and the name Hernando, creating the Counties of Pasco and Citrus." Albert Inverness (a Miss Nat Baker gave name to the area) is heard for the Willard, a hotel operator from Homosassa, and Nick Barco of Red first time when it polled 268 votes out of a total of 581, just short of Level were the delegates sent to see that the bill was introduced by success. Prior to the elections, a group of financiers purchased 160 the right officials. Senator A.S. Mann took charge, and having the ear acres of land-the site of the present-day Inverness--and had the of Governor Perry, the bill was signed less than four hours after land surveyed by a Mr. Mason of the Florida Orange Canal and passing. Transit Company which promised to do great things for the County.

Mannfield (sometimes Mansfield), named in honor of the Sena- A town plat was made by John E. King of. Lecanto, still the Tax tor, was designated as the County Seat until elections could be held Collector for Hernando County, having been elected before the 24 25

0 divisioit. .rancis Marion Dampier was engaged to dear the land so 4 was held. Five days later at the courthouse in Mar . the that the streets and avenues might be marked. There was no 'town' Commissioners gathered to count the votes. Zellner, Spooner and of Inverness and only two people lived on the acreage but the little Landrum awaited Chairman Willard and Commissioner Dunklin.

settlement of Tompkinsville began west from a line drawn from the Wearied of awaiting their arrival, Landrum was chosen in Willard's existing school area to the lake. Six indecisive elections were held, the place and the count began. Five hundred twenty-six (526) votes had votes going up and down with none having enough to declare a dear been cast, Inverness receiving 267, Lecanto 258 and Gulf Junction 1.

majority for any community. On April 4,1891 the seventh election Inverness having received the scant majority was declared to be the permanent location of the new County Seat. At that moment Captain A.E. Willard appeared and assumed the duties of Presiding Officer.

Colonel Robert L. Anderson, attorney for interested parties, rose and made a speech: "Inverness has been chosen by law," and he further suggested that, "All county property, records and papers be at once removed to Inverness to be placed in a building which has been tendered by citizens this day., which building to be designated as the Court House of Citrus County until another place shall be approved. Removal of said property to be made by said citizens who have this day offered transport same free of charge. These citizens to be under the supervision of J.C. Priest, Sheriff of the County."

The anti-Inverness crowd had employed C.M. Dupree, an attor-ney, to represent them. Mr. Dupree jumped up with a restraining motion. "Matters should not be undertaken with such unseemly haste." He reported that a number of citizens were going to seek an injunction to restrain any person from removing county property and further, he was going to Brooksville, where Court was in session, to secure such a restraint from the presiding judge. Dupree strode out of the Court House, mounted his horse and rode off. J.H. Priest, son of J.C. Priest, the Sheriff, described the incident thusly:

"By the time he (Col. Dupree) got to Dade City (where the Judge had gone to from Brooksville) the court was over and the train was pulling out forTampa. The Judge was Governor Mitchell and States' Attorney was Tom Palmer. The Sheriff had wired Palmer ahead of time to represent Inverness. Dupree jumped on the train with the judge and they argued the case all the way to Tampa. He got back to Mannfield the next day and he had lost the case.

Key officials of Citrus County, shown in front of the Courthouse, in the But if he hadn't lost the case the courthouse would have done 1890s, were Henry Brooks, Gus Priest, Walter Warnock, Sr., Ernest Payne, been moved anyway."

Capt. W.C. Zimmerman, George Carterand George de Muro.

26 27 ii

........

The ,ierk of the Court, Zimmerman, was never in favor of moving the courthouse and sat as if petrified. In the Commissioners' room, LawyerAnderson's suggestion was made amotionby Landrum and passed unanimously. Shouting menbacked the waiting vehicles up to the Court House and swarmed into the building. Chairman Willard enjoined the Sheriff to see that care was taken of the county property as books, records, furniture went pell-mell into the wagons.

Soon ordinary moving became too slow and huge metal bars were used to flatten the walls--now safes and heavy furniture could be rolled into the conveyances. Presently the building was empty except for the desk, chair, papers and presence of Clerk of the Court Zimmerman. That gentleman sat in his chair steadily copying the minutes of the meeting and refusing to move when requested. The Sheriff gave orders and Zimmerman, still in his chair, was lifted bodily and placed in a wagon along with his desk and papers. He was not allowed to leave his chair until the entire party reached Inverness. Zimmerman never ceased writing the minutes.

The Sheriff cracked his whip and fell in behind the cavalcade; a Negro was instructed to close the gate to the abandoned courthouse.

Cowboy whoops, Rebel yells, and catcalls enlivened the way. As the group neared the Tompkinsville-Inverness line, singing started and men and women sang and danced their way down to a little store opposite the present courthouse-probably built for just this pur-pose by an Irishman named James Gaffney. In a few hours the Courthouse was in working order, even to the Clerk's office.

Zimmerman read aloud what he had written as he was jolting along on his ride behind Frank Dampier's four mules:

"Immediately upon the announcement of the outcome of the, elec-tion, a hundred hands began the tearing down of the waits of the Circuit Court, and the Clerk's Office and loading up County property and records for removal. It being impossible totransact any further business, a motion to adjourn and meet at Inverness on the 20th of April, 1891 was unanimously passed.

A.E. Willard, Chairman W.C. Zimmerman, Secty., and Clerk" 28

v t e Letter Sequence Other
TAC:ME0278, Elimination of Hydrogen Recombiners and Change to Hydrogen and Oxygen Monitors (Approved, Closed)
Initiation Request, Request Acceptance Supplement Administration Withholding Request Acceptance, Withholding Request Acceptance Meeting, Meeting Questions 20 April 2009 3 August 2009 10 August 2009 20 August 2009 14 August 2009 14 August 2009 11 September 2009 20 August 2009 31 August 2009 31 August 2009 31 August 2009 2 September 2009 22 September 2009 15 October 2009 3 November 2009 27 October 2009 1 December 2009 30 November 2009 2 February 2010 21 May 2010 2 June 2010 8 July 2010 8 July 2010 14 October 2010 8 November 2010 16 November 2010 31 March 2011 10 June 2011 30 June 2011 8 November 2011 Answers 9 October 2009 11 May 2009 11 September 2009 11 September 2009 18 September 2009 30 September 2009 2 October 2009 13 October 2009 22 October 2009 5 November 2009 12 November 2009 3 December 2009 30 December 2009 27 January 2010 3 March 2010 1 April 2010 5 November 2009 1 April 2010 21 June 2010 28 June 2010 28 June 2010 9 August 2010 12 November 2010 23 November 2010 16 December 2010 29 December 2010 25 February 2011 15 March 2011 26 April 2011 15 June 2011 20 July 2011 29 November 2011 Results Approval, Approval, Approval Other: 3F1109-06, State of Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Conditions of Certification, 3F1209-04, Response to Follow-up to Progress Energy RAI Responses on CR-3 SAMA Evaluation, ML090090233, ML090210171, ML090350657, ML090420362, ML090780840, ML091200415, ML091660559, ML091820465, ML092600889, ML092610309, ML093200023, ML093520079, ML100050166, ML100980517, ML100980519, ML100980520, ML100980523, ML100980524, ML100980525, ML100980526, ML100980528, ML101110235, ML101320401, ML101460577, ML110250183, ML110410597, ML110460629, ML110820185, ML110880294, ML11137A009, ML11140A100, ML11180A275, ML11343A639, ML12117A260, ML12213A058, ML12346A011
MONTHYEAR2009-06-10 [Table View]

ML101110235

Text

1.0 Purpose and Scope

7.0 REFERENCES

1.0 BACKGROUND

7.0 REFERENCES

SUMMARY

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