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{{#Wiki_filter:I etesearch ar.d Develop nent 0: vision N 4E ANnce Researen Center Athance. ohio 24601 | {{#Wiki_filter:I etesearch ar.d Develop nent 0: vision N 4E ANnce Researen Center Athance. ohio 24601 K. E. MOORE - TECHNICAL STAFF, NPGD, LYMCHBURG R oa L. W. SARVER/J. S. ROVDER - METALLURGY SECTI0k, ARC .c. o. . s. . | ||
file h-Cust' METROPOLITAN EDISON or Ref. LR:77:5276-01:2 Subj. FINAL REPO.1T Ofl EXA'UNATION OF CR-3 Data SEPTET'BER 24' 1977 DECAY HEAT FIIMP SHAFT | |||
K. E. MOORE - TECHNICAL STAFF, NPGD, LYMCHBURG R oa L. W. SARVER/J. S. ROVDER - METALLURGY SECTI0k, ARC .c. o. . s. . | |||
file h-Cust' METROPOLITAN EDISON or Ref. LR:77:5276-01:2 | |||
Subj. FINAL REPO.1T Ofl EXA'UNATION OF CR-3 Data SEPTET'BER 24' 1977 DECAY HEAT FIIMP SHAFT | |||
= | = | ||
This 'ette' tr. Cover 09e Cuttomer and one swegect oney INTROCdJCTION This report describes the metallurgical evaluation and failure analysis of a broken CR-3 decay heat pump shaft. This failure occurred last year at the Crystal River N.S.S. facility of the Florida Power Corporation. The decay heat pump shaft was fabricated t:y the Worthington Pump Corp. from 17-4 Ri stainless steel. | This 'ette' tr. Cover 09e Cuttomer and one swegect oney INTROCdJCTION This report describes the metallurgical evaluation and failure analysis of a broken CR-3 decay heat pump shaft. This failure occurred last year at the Crystal River N.S.S. facility of the Florida Power Corporation. The decay heat pump shaft was fabricated t:y the Worthington Pump Corp. from 17-4 Ri stainless steel. | ||
| Line 30: | Line 26: | ||
C I$r3 P.S. Ayres - ARC R.U. Claser DC E.L. Locan - NPGD G. Musat - ABC H.S. Swenson - ARC Library (3) - AP.C | C I$r3 P.S. Ayres - ARC R.U. Claser DC E.L. Locan - NPGD G. Musat - ABC H.S. Swenson - ARC Library (3) - AP.C | ||
}et) | }et) | ||
Du | Du D.F. Levstek - iZD J.D. Phinney - ilPGD Matallurgy File 7 910310 70bd | ||
D.F. Levstek - iZD J.D. Phinney - ilPGD Matallurgy File 7 910310 70bd | |||
Babcock &Wilcox ' | Babcock &Wilcox ' | ||
LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24. 1977 Page 2 that this failure would not have occurred if a filleted keyway design had been | LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24. 1977 Page 2 that this failure would not have occurred if a filleted keyway design had been | ||
' used and if the shaft had been properly heat-treated. | ' used and if the shaft had been properly heat-treated. | ||
RES'LLTS MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS ASTM A564 Chemical Composition Grade 630 - | |||
RES'LLTS MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS | |||
ASTM A564 Chemical Composition Grade 630 - | |||
Chemistry Emission Specified Spectrographic Wet-Chemical for 17-4 PH Chemical Analysis Analysis of Certification Chemical Analysis Stainless Steel of Failed Shaft Failed Shaft Wt. % | Chemistry Emission Specified Spectrographic Wet-Chemical for 17-4 PH Chemical Analysis Analysis of Certification Chemical Analysis Stainless Steel of Failed Shaft Failed Shaft Wt. % | ||
Wt. % Wt. % | Wt. % Wt. % | ||
| Line 57: | Line 41: | ||
.67 .60 1.0 Max Si .65 15.8 15.90 15.5-17.5 Cr 15.8 4.6 4.5 4.36 3.0- 5.0 Ni s | .67 .60 1.0 Max Si .65 15.8 15.90 15.5-17.5 Cr 15.8 4.6 4.5 4.36 3.0- 5.0 Ni s | ||
Mo .11 Cu 3.6 V .02 Al <.01 Ti <.01 to .05 Cb .29 l .40 { | Mo .11 Cu 3.6 V .02 Al <.01 Ti <.01 to .05 Cb .29 l .40 { | ||
Ta .01 ) | Ta .01 ) | ||
15 0 9 l i b ) 0.15-0. | 15 0 9 l i b ) 0.15-0. | ||
I | I | ||
* r. .J (!' e s | * r. .J (!' e s | ||
* b *) | * b *) | ||
s | s c abcock &Wilcox LR:77:5276-01 :2 September 24, 1977 Page 3 TENSILE TEST DATA 0.2% Yield % Elongation *; Reduction Ultimate Tensile Stress (osi) Stress (psi) (0.8 inches) of Area Shaft Specimens With Fracture Plane Perpendicular 54.6 161,000 160,000 15.0 of Shaft Axis 1 (Longitudinal) 2 161,000 160,000 13.8 52.7 Shaft Specimens Wich Fracture Plane Parallel 1 158,000 153,000 7.5 14.7 to Shaft Axis 154,000 7.5 14.7 (Transverse) 2. 157,000 Typical H-1150 Properties 147,000 139,000 20 63 Longitudinal 147,000 136,000 15 44 Transverse Typical H-1025 Properties 163,000 160,000 17 58 Longitudinal 162,000 159,000 13 32 Transverse HARDNESS DATA Schematics shown below illustrate the distribution of hardness values on transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of the shaft and in the corner of the keyway. The transverse cut was located about 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches from the seapration towards the thread end of the shaft. The longitudinal cut was taken from a sleeved portion of the shaft. | ||
c abcock &Wilcox LR:77:5276-01 :2 September 24, 1977 Page 3 TENSILE TEST DATA 0.2% Yield % Elongation *; Reduction Ultimate Tensile Stress (osi) Stress (psi) (0.8 inches) of Area Shaft Specimens With Fracture Plane Perpendicular 54.6 161,000 160,000 15.0 of Shaft Axis 1 (Longitudinal) 2 161,000 160,000 13.8 52.7 Shaft Specimens Wich Fracture Plane Parallel 1 158,000 153,000 7.5 14.7 to Shaft Axis 154,000 7.5 14.7 (Transverse) 2. 157,000 Typical H-1150 Properties 147,000 139,000 20 63 Longitudinal 147,000 136,000 15 44 Transverse Typical H-1025 Properties 163,000 160,000 17 58 Longitudinal 162,000 159,000 13 32 Transverse HARDNESS DATA Schematics shown below illustrate the distribution of hardness values on transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of the shaft and in the corner of the keyway. The transverse cut was located about 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches from the seapration towards the thread end of the shaft. The longitudinal cut was taken from a sleeved portion of the shaft. | |||
}509 li7 | }509 li7 | ||
a..,......., | a..,......., | ||
s | s CC.JCOCX&'.'.':1COX Page 4 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 3 I.C' *3'* | ||
33 . 33 I 33-34.f W 5Y S.f 37 '34 3.i 3Y 34* | |||
s 34 b.+ | |||
CC.JCOCX&'.'.':1COX Page 4 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 3 I.C' *3'* | |||
33 . 33 I 33-34.f W 5Y S.f 37 '34 | |||
3.i 3Y 34* | |||
s 34 | |||
b.+ | |||
** 5' 24 54 | ** 5' 24 54 | ||
. . 33 3.Y S.V B.V .5.V . S.V 34 24 3.Y 32 3V. 3r | . . 33 3.Y S.V B.V .5.V . S.V 34 24 3.Y 32 3V. 3r 14.C w J 34 3f ' | ||
14.C | |||
yd SG 37 N 33.f. | yd SG 37 N 33.f. | ||
34 | 34 | ||
* A LL H A A,BAJES S V4LO G'i tor A G (d e | * A LL H A A,BAJES S V4LO G'i tor A G (d e | ||
'35 t.osAren ll *- 1) ~ f. eon Yaa f en e rv a. G . .S4 7"f+ i s a s P A tt r o a ru e- *SE | '35 t.osAren ll *- 1) ~ f. eon Yaa f en e rv a. G . .S4 7"f+ i s a s P A tt r o a ru e- *SE SHAPT I= lto M ou ryc ' %\ | ||
SHAPT I= lto M ou ryc ' %\ | |||
Ps.e s s :,7 g g,g g , 3{ | Ps.e s s :,7 g g,g g , 3{ | ||
f.orJ GWubN AL. | |||
35 L 'I | 35 L 'I | ||
) 5!j 3 } l 'd | ) 5!j 3 } l 'd | ||
, ,. . . w | , ,. . . w Schcoch ;Oilcox Page 5 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 MICROSTRUCTURE The shaft microstructure consists predominantly of tempered martensite. | ||
Schcoch ;Oilcox Page 5 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 MICROSTRUCTURE The shaft microstructure consists predominantly of tempered martensite. | |||
Minor quantities of delta-ferrite and columbium-containing inclusion stringers are also present. Fine particulates of copper are dispersed throughout the microstructure. Prior austenite grain boundaries (sASTM 2-3 grain size)' are delineated by copper particles. Microstructures are illustrated in Figures 1-4. | Minor quantities of delta-ferrite and columbium-containing inclusion stringers are also present. Fine particulates of copper are dispersed throughout the microstructure. Prior austenite grain boundaries (sASTM 2-3 grain size)' are delineated by copper particles. Microstructures are illustrated in Figures 1-4. | ||
FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS Cracking occurred at and around the location where the shaft fits into the sleeve. The ultimate separation occurred on a crack plane inclined to the shaft axis which grew from a location at the junction of shaft and sleeve. Other cracks traversed nearly the entire cross-section on inclined planes to the axis (in opposed senses) bud did not completely sever. Examples are shown in Fgiures 5-10. | FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS Cracking occurred at and around the location where the shaft fits into the sleeve. The ultimate separation occurred on a crack plane inclined to the shaft axis which grew from a location at the junction of shaft and sleeve. Other cracks traversed nearly the entire cross-section on inclined planes to the axis (in opposed senses) bud did not completely sever. Examples are shown in Fgiures 5-10. | ||
| Line 111: | Line 72: | ||
The shaft was systematically forced to fracture through the cross-section along the existing nearly-through-shaft crack planes. Thus, major cracks associated with the extremities of the longitudinal crack were exposed. Further the stub of the shaft within the sleeve was removed for excmination. These pieces are illustrated in Figure 12. | The shaft was systematically forced to fracture through the cross-section along the existing nearly-through-shaft crack planes. Thus, major cracks associated with the extremities of the longitudinal crack were exposed. Further the stub of the shaft within the sleeve was removed for excmination. These pieces are illustrated in Figure 12. | ||
A rough fracture surface area was noted beside the keyway on the shaft section removed frca the sleeve (arrow on Figure 12). A continuation of tnv fracture area was found after forcing the adi 2nt cracked area to complete separation . This is illustrated in Figures 13-15. | A rough fracture surface area was noted beside the keyway on the shaft section removed frca the sleeve (arrow on Figure 12). A continuation of tnv fracture area was found after forcing the adi 2nt cracked area to complete separation . This is illustrated in Figures 13-15. | ||
} sal !lY | } sal !lY g | ||
g | |||
ca......., | ca......., | ||
Bibcock&Wi'cox Page 6 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 The fully exposed rough fracture surface area is seen to be derived from the longitudinal crack in the corner of the keyway. The plane of the rough fracture is parallel to and effectively an extension of the plane of the bottom of the keyway. | Bibcock&Wi'cox Page 6 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 The fully exposed rough fracture surface area is seen to be derived from the longitudinal crack in the corner of the keyway. The plane of the rough fracture is parallel to and effectively an extension of the plane of the bottom of the keyway. | ||
Several discrete fracture propagation systems were seen to extend from the extremities of the rough fracture area. These are all typified by smoother surfaces, by radial patterns and some " beach" markings. Arrows on Figures 9 and 15 show propagation patterns emanating from the keyway corner at the extremity of the rough fracture area on two of the major crack planes. | Several discrete fracture propagation systems were seen to extend from the extremities of the rough fracture area. These are all typified by smoother surfaces, by radial patterns and some " beach" markings. Arrows on Figures 9 and 15 show propagation patterns emanating from the keyway corner at the extremity of the rough fracture area on two of the major crack planes. | ||
| Line 128: | Line 85: | ||
Sample bars were notched and hamer impacted at ambient temperatures to produce examples of high strain rate overload fractures. Fractogrghic cxam-ination showed that the surfaces generated viere micro-dimpled (illuurated in Jr 7 i .; V / 1l *L Un | Sample bars were notched and hamer impacted at ambient temperatures to produce examples of high strain rate overload fractures. Fractogrghic cxam-ination showed that the surfaces generated viere micro-dimpled (illuurated in Jr 7 i .; V / 1l *L Un | ||
Babcock & Wilcox Page 7 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Figures 26 and 27); thus the material appeared relatively tough. | Babcock & Wilcox Page 7 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Figures 26 and 27); thus the material appeared relatively tough. | ||
METALL0 GRAPHY Metallographic analysis showed that crack propagation was essentially transgranular with respect to both prior austenite and martensite grains. | METALL0 GRAPHY Metallographic analysis showed that crack propagation was essentially transgranular with respect to both prior austenite and martensite grains. | ||
| Line 136: | Line 91: | ||
points are illustrated in Figure 28. | points are illustrated in Figure 28. | ||
DISCUSSION PRIOR HISTORY It has been found that Worthington does not have heat treat recorder charts to prove that the 17-4 PH material was heat treated to the desired H-il50 condition, prior to machining in their shops. Worthington has advised that their normal fabrication process ms to 1) rough machine (including keyway), 2) heat treat, 3) final machine. Worthington records of material certifications and heat treat charts dated prior to 1971 have been discarded. | DISCUSSION PRIOR HISTORY It has been found that Worthington does not have heat treat recorder charts to prove that the 17-4 PH material was heat treated to the desired H-il50 condition, prior to machining in their shops. Worthington has advised that their normal fabrication process ms to 1) rough machine (including keyway), 2) heat treat, 3) final machine. Worthington records of material certifications and heat treat charts dated prior to 1971 have been discarded. | ||
B&W did not, at the time of the order, invoke any special NDE or QA requirements on the shafts for the# Decay Heat Pumps. | |||
B&W did not, at the time of the order, invoke any special NDE or QA | |||
requirements on the shafts for the# Decay Heat Pumps. | |||
Material certifications have been located in B&W records. These show that material was supplied to Worthington fron U. S. Steel Supply. The certification covers two pieces of 17-4 PH stainless steel in heat treat condition "A". | Material certifications have been located in B&W records. These show that material was supplied to Worthington fron U. S. Steel Supply. The certification covers two pieces of 17-4 PH stainless steel in heat treat condition "A". | ||
Worthington ordered material as ASTM A564 Grade 630-Condition A-hot rolled. | Worthington ordered material as ASTM A564 Grade 630-Condition A-hot rolled. | ||
| Line 145: | Line 97: | ||
Tensile Properties Tensile test data show that the alloy does not conform to typical H-ll50 heat treatment properties for 17-4 PH steel. Yield stress values were 13 to 15% higher than expected and ultimate tensile stress 7 to 9% higher. Ductility | Tensile Properties Tensile test data show that the alloy does not conform to typical H-ll50 heat treatment properties for 17-4 PH steel. Yield stress values were 13 to 15% higher than expected and ultimate tensile stress 7 to 9% higher. Ductility | ||
)UO] | )UO] | ||
,.,e, n'hcoch & Wilccx LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Page 8 values were correspondingly lowered 25% and 14% for % elongation and % reduction of area in longitudinal tests, versus 47% and 66% respectively in transverse tests. Such anisotropy in ductility values is characteristic of the slightly tempered grades of 17-4 PH steel, but not H-1150. | |||
,.,e, | |||
n'hcoch & Wilccx LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Page 8 values were correspondingly lowered 25% and 14% for % elongation and % reduction of area in longitudinal tests, versus 47% and 66% respectively in transverse tests. Such anisotropy in ductility values is characteristic of the slightly tempered grades of 17-4 PH steel, but not H-1150. | |||
Hardness Properties Rockwell hardness values also indicate that the shaft has somewhat higher strength properties than are typical for the H-ll50 treatment for 17-4 PH steel, i.e., R values c | Hardness Properties Rockwell hardness values also indicate that the shaft has somewhat higher strength properties than are typical for the H-ll50 treatment for 17-4 PH steel, i.e., R values c | ||
as high as 35 versus 33 for H-1150. | as high as 35 versus 33 for H-1150. | ||
| Line 166: | Line 113: | ||
(" cleaved") micro-topology which is characteristic of fatigue propagation for many materials in the realm of icw stress intensity range associated with crack propagation rates less than 10-6 inches per cycle. | (" cleaved") micro-topology which is characteristic of fatigue propagation for many materials in the realm of icw stress intensity range associated with crack propagation rates less than 10-6 inches per cycle. | ||
After the initial crack extended about 1/2 to 3/4-inch, it appears that a critical size was reached, after which the fatigue process assumed somewhat different, more classical (beach marked), fatigue character. | After the initial crack extended about 1/2 to 3/4-inch, it appears that a critical size was reached, after which the fatigue process assumed somewhat different, more classical (beach marked), fatigue character. | ||
Some bands of intergranular fracture mixed with transgranular fracture were observed. This suggests possible grain boundary weakness in the material or some environmental effect on propagation. Either phenomenon would seem to be incidental and not significant to the failure process. | Some bands of intergranular fracture mixed with transgranular fracture were observed. This suggests possible grain boundary weakness in the material or some environmental effect on propagation. Either phenomenon would seem to be incidental and not significant to the failure process. | ||
FAILiJRE CAUSES The inclination of crack planes to the shaft axis suggests that maximum tensile stresses in torsional loading are associated _with the failure and crack propagation. | FAILiJRE CAUSES The inclination of crack planes to the shaft axis suggests that maximum tensile stresses in torsional loading are associated _with the failure and crack propagation. | ||
| Line 174: | Line 120: | ||
- - q7 G] b | - - q7 G] b | ||
LR:77:5276-01:2 september 24, 1977 Page 20 stress arcurd 80 ksi (for H-900 at 82 ksi, the life is 41 x 10 6 cycles). Eased en tensile and metallophy data, the actual heat treatment of the sh2ft appears | LR:77:5276-01:2 september 24, 1977 Page 20 stress arcurd 80 ksi (for H-900 at 82 ksi, the life is 41 x 10 6 cycles). Eased en tensile and metallophy data, the actual heat treatment of the sh2ft appears to place it somewhere between the H-900 and H-1150 cerxiitiens. Tne lesser tempered conditicns exhibit reduced fatigae life. | ||
to place it somewhere between the H-900 and H-1150 cerxiitiens. Tne lesser tempered conditicns exhibit reduced fatigae life. | |||
Design of the keyway appears to lie at the rect of the proble::. F16ure 29 mnstrates the total lack of fillet in the keyway corner profile. | Design of the keyway appears to lie at the rect of the proble::. F16ure 29 mnstrates the total lack of fillet in the keyway corner profile. | ||
-Based on our examination, the questionable heat treatment and the non-filleted . | -Based on our examination, the questionable heat treatment and the non-filleted . | ||
| Line 182: | Line 126: | ||
keyway are the metallurgical factors that led to the failure of the Crystal River III. - | keyway are the metallurgical factors that led to the failure of the Crystal River III. - | ||
Decay Heat Pump Shaft. | Decay Heat Pump Shaft. | ||
//1 r.yyag/u L. W. Sarver uha 0 a | |||
//1 | |||
/ | / | ||
/ | / | ||
| Line 193: | Line 132: | ||
wp | wp | ||
; | ; | ||
J. S. Rovder | J. S. Rovder D * | ||
D * | |||
* lD *D T T /0 | * lD *D T T /0 | ||
.Me 21 X I b r n 1 ^ f. | |||
.Me 21 X I b | |||
r n 1 ^ f. | |||
}Lv / - | }Lv / - | ||
1 t_ r | 1 t_ r | ||
h, 2!.T - *- | h, 2!.T - *- | ||
| Line 210: | Line 142: | ||
+l?L'?..n?W5:' 0%.T~' k.&. T!- | +l?L'?..n?W5:' 0%.T~' k.&. T!- | ||
% 3 --s -',.?.y ~ {WE ~;a | % 3 --s -',.?.y ~ {WE ~;a | ||
.1G,.G:;:'" | .1G,.G:;:'" | ||
: m. . - u , | : m. . - u , | ||
. .v.i.1 r1 < - w s . m CM =YFy.N n@h WMG M;J A ' WM.: . ..' TW - | |||
. .v.i.1 r1 < - w | |||
s . m CM =YFy.N n@h WMG M;J A ' WM.: . ..' TW - | |||
r.%s-o _j . | r.%s-o _j . | ||
c-n 3r< . | c-n 3r< . | ||
3 | 3 e | ||
e | |||
capr ge | capr ge | ||
.s F. . +a. a :.. m .': 'M v | .s F. . +a. a :.. m .': 'M v | ||
| Line 231: | Line 153: | ||
i *? .e .'.. .uY | i *? .e .'.. .uY | ||
'h..g,k~ oc. w | 'h..g,k~ oc. w | ||
- a, -w" ,aS E. $'? | - a, -w" ,aS E. $'? | ||
: s. aEpl,?.*"'kk | : s. aEpl,?.*"'kk | ||
.g | .g | ||
_;__ | _;__ | ||
q.,,._ . , .- . ,p, | q.,,._ . , .- . ,p, | ||
=.&. | =.&. | ||
<. w 3 *tc..-5 5 | |||
<. w | |||
3 *tc..-5 5 | |||
&* ~.' ~ *-p e ;r. | &* ~.' ~ *-p e ;r. | ||
W ;.: ' | W ;.: ' | ||
j.* . , ,1 | j.* . , ,1 | ||
- .-..~e k ,. " . < w s.m.s.- P., 8-u,-< | - .-..~e k ,. " . < w s.m.s.- P., 8-u,-< | ||
| Line 261: | Line 168: | ||
? | ? | ||
c. | c. | ||
. . n.> .cw | . . n.> .cw | ||
. . - ..~~i>.- e-- | . . - ..~~i>.- e-- | ||
hp? , gk? | hp? , gk? | ||
l . | l . | ||
l'' $f . J N .e | l'' $f . J N .e | ||
'~ | '~ | ||
,+?y . >E.- hb '' h | ,+?y . >E.- hb '' h | ||
$7 g R[it FCr. | $7 g R[it FCr. | ||
\ i@!%$P78~tff$3ilr$NN yyy \ / - -# - % ~ | |||
\ i@!%$P78~tff$3ilr$NN | |||
yyy \ / - -# - % ~ | |||
,Il _ | ,Il _ | ||
: 6. " - | : 6. " - | ||
| Line 286: | Line 183: | ||
s M?h"~[Yr~p,py.. | s M?h"~[Yr~p,py.. | ||
- I NS WW'', | - I NS WW'', | ||
, s...M R e \ | , s...M R e \ | ||
I4_n 5 %. C_ | I4_n 5 %. C_ | ||
'*v'E _ @$i M M FM... | '*v'E _ @$i M M FM... | ||
# ,E 100X 500X | # ,E 100X 500X | ||
/". , . | /". , . | ||
lJ D * * 'D T'Pll3Af | lJ D * * 'D T'Pll3Af | ||
_a o J $$$hud e .gg __ | |||
_a o J $$$hud | |||
e .gg __ | |||
-e , | -e , | ||
i | i | ||
| Line 308: | Line 195: | ||
-[m,3 - . - | -[m,3 - . - | ||
'. ._.V. | '. ._.V. | ||
a, | a, | ||
* Figure 1. Photomic~agraphs | * Figure 1. Photomic~agraphs showing the microstructure v'- in a transverse section near | ||
showing the microstructure v'- in a transverse section near | |||
^ | ^ | ||
- the shaft center. | - the shaft center. | ||
HQ - Piuie. Aaa ecL . | HQ - Piuie. Aaa ecL . | ||
w, | w, gm a R - _ . ~ -- | ||
1100X 9 I g | |||
gm a R - _ . ~ -- | |||
1100X | |||
9 I g | |||
yf/ . 6,. H9jaE | yf/ . 6,. H9jaE | ||
?M f W@:Ff'' "49 : -- 4 ror x | ?M f W@:Ff'' "49 : -- 4 ror x | ||
TW- TN4KW21 yd'csM9;# | TW- TN4KW21 yd'csM9;# | ||
t % h . % :::t ft'Wl'4 4n | t % h . % :::t ft'Wl'4 4n | ||
;Va '. vid; 9f;e.i;;&@tj$c a::..fMiQw | ;Va '. vid; 9f;e.i;;&@tj$c a::..fMiQw x f m & e a, | ||
x f m & e a, | |||
* N bir8y k''NTE j&%y k N s | * N bir8y k''NTE j&%y k N s | ||
; % cij e d.:V Y -# mwam m r-m M, (M'?y | ; % cij e d.:V Y -# mwam m r-m M, (M'?y | ||
-d | -d | ||
| Line 348: | Line 215: | ||
~rgy;=;;;$'1. | ~rgy;=;;;$'1. | ||
...r M h*5 M p [D%: w d{# 9 u;t-l.%.N5%: %*$i%$Q95{-M N +Ik$f UM4LM.$<A w '/ .s,:. h v , R & | ...r M h*5 M p [D%: w d{# 9 u;t-l.%.N5%: %*$i%$Q95{-M N +Ik$f UM4LM.$<A w '/ .s,:. h v , R & | ||
5 b i dy.r-! sh st.a :. Mfyy&W' ~ ~ ^ .x.=9.%%ir?(C2 stOp: | |||
5 b i dy.r-! sh | |||
st.a :. Mfyy&W' ~ ~ ^ .x.=9.%%ir?(C2 stOp: | |||
-cun. m . par; w q nsw.n 49m k ekJ | -cun. m . par; w q nsw.n 49m k ekJ | ||
*a..m. y a Mny . t% *.t-te";,a.t4.we 2.see >..^ | *a..m. y a Mny . t% *.t-te";,a.t4.we 2.see >..^ | ||
k W .-1'. % 'f: & t XN~ ~W yyy,\ Luc . =' ' | k W .-1'. % 'f: & t XN~ ~W yyy,\ Luc . =' ' | ||
Cf Q&x,. l 3.]'''@.4 % . , . . krs .,. | Cf Q&x,. l 3.]'''@.4 % . , . . krs .,. | ||
'Q | 'Q | ||
| Line 366: | Line 226: | ||
m.y;. | m.y;. | ||
.%.r.4'9:.w % w. w 4.w %. | .%.r.4'9:.w % w. w 4.w %. | ||
-~. N .& . g:-kl'ZO) | -~. N .& . g:-kl'ZO) y, it s | ||
%u 3.,q | |||
y, it s | ;c%%'%'C:4 y,,tv -M*G% ~ ~ WiWL' k | ||
%u | |||
3.,q | |||
;c%%'%'C:4 y,,tv -M*G% ~ ~ WiWL' | |||
k | |||
' ?DN?,% 5 yiG.e YXRty.f~ | ' ?DN?,% 5 yiG.e YXRty.f~ | ||
39% W s- M'Q... Gk','''_. %% ftY$g. | 39% W s- M'Q... Gk','''_. %% ftY$g. | ||
% :;p '>WPW.'8) | % :;p '>WPW.'8) | ||
:, N w35.fqp .:.7 | :, N w35.fqp .:.7 Q g' u@ , | ||
Q g' u@ , | |||
;, - | ;, - | ||
c.4W. ps | c.4W. ps | ||
~ e w%.,;>.W.x a | ~ e w%.,;>.W.x a | ||
>* D:.-~ .- . | >* D:.-~ .- . | ||
- . . t.w. .. .- | - . . t.w. .. .- | ||
.v .. ,e .s . - | .v .. ,e .s . - | ||
. ~ | . ~ | ||
W | W kW...G.%. t.s. - ~.s +-*T,>~~ . .:. . ,.h.:..%.t | ||
kW...G.%. t.s. - ~.s +-*T,>~~ . .:. . ,.h.:..%.t | |||
%;g.'3Th%. | %;g.'3Th%. | ||
'.ii.4[OXNi WW/?ff'L .'!V, A.0 | '.ii.4[OXNi WW/?ff'L .'!V, A.0 | ||
'N.C | 'N.C | ||
%id.cQn,m.n & W lM..NEr;s'kh ::& '~ &b.'et ~ ''.e.N-&M w; N & &@ | %id.cQn,m.n & W lM..NEr;s'kh ::& '~ &b.'et ~ ''.e.N-&M w; N & &@ | ||
w | w | ||
&a b-e*+~ r | &a b-e*+~ r m ,. | ||
m ,. | |||
s | s | ||
.C:aa;.,j!L:,%.%cc,.3..g~., | .C:aa;.,j!L:,%.%cc,.3..g~., | ||
. 7,. | . 7,. | ||
Np g % p+. es. | Np g % p+. es. | ||
. ' W+ ~. | . ' W+ ~. | ||
.- m 'p w | .- m 'p w | ||
.c W r".: wr .%.4 Nw 4.- | .c W r".: wr .%.4 Nw 4.- | ||
VA-4 g. | VA-4 g. | ||
.t'5Ts'8:NWtf$2 | .t'5Ts'8:NWtf$2 3-?'ish"bej | ||
3-?'ish"bej | |||
, +. | , +. | ||
ih | ih 7!'i:- .#[. ' ..f.' :'J | ||
7!'i:- .#[. ' ..f.' :'J | |||
= 4Q3,fs' *$2 @f.fp.U'>TC.pl | = 4Q3,fs' *$2 @f.fp.U'>TC.pl | ||
.,py | .,py | ||
!ify%.''&A rTC ? , | !ify%.''&A rTC ? , | ||
f' .s . - . | f' .s . - . | ||
W.SJW- ' ~.,.-- | W.SJW- ' ~.,.-- | ||
- j. ?! &g .,gy M ENbN$b | - j. ?! &g .,gy M ENbN$b | ||
~~ | ~~ | ||
| Line 445: | Line 274: | ||
$?C% us . , . -~t n ..,. 7 .St. ~ w;s w - ~ r.m. A.m.. - | $?C% us . , . -~t n ..,. 7 .St. ~ w;s w - ~ r.m. A.m.. - | ||
2 | 2 | ||
-. p % . v e'-s- w J w b' vw | -. p % . v e'-s- w J w b' vw i.g';f | ||
i.g';f | |||
? 'Atth.;E'%. W 9 CSk & m mAu:vlwe-M&R= - | ? 'Atth.;E'%. W 9 CSk & m mAu:vlwe-M&R= - | ||
- !?On 4 me- ghQ,$. W6.~SW?* | - !?On 4 me- ghQ,$. W6.~SW?* | ||
.- - e..t.sY''OMK&% _rc w wa 100X 500X | .- - e..t.sY''OMK&% _rc w wa 100X 500X | ||
~ | ~ | ||
' .P'' | ' .P'' | ||
. . lSn.v.s"w.Sn"iltf.n'O.W a,y~m. . y~n~n a g ' .h. . .-t* . t u y J | |||
. . lSn.v.s"w.Sn"iltf.n'O.W a,y~m. . y~n~n | |||
* p. =m | * p. =m | ||
* . '.e-*Wg. e . * < ^ ** | * . '.e-*Wg. e . * < ^ ** | ||
, e ?.t r . U '* i | , e ?.t r . U '* i | ||
* L.e * . | * L.e * . | ||
5* &[ % k;;. N. p:X f..'' i h , | 5* &[ % k;;. N. p:X f..'' i h , | ||
~ | ~ | ||
%0 N,$b f N h- 'N p9 lt. 'b | %0 N,$b f N h- 'N p9 lt. 'b | ||
;%a,494#N'a*~k-m...Es M. -. .: ~ ,. q. m ogg & | ;%a,494#N'a*~k-m...Es M. -. .: ~ ,. q. m ogg & | ||
ys.e.. : 4- % - , | ys.e.. : 4- % - , | ||
* y y- a | * y y- a | ||
' :s$ | ' :s$ | ||
.%.. d., . re.. ..''# | .%.. d., . re.. ..''# | ||
. L p. * | . L p. * | ||
: g. . , | : g. . , | ||
. d. ,;.*, .y | . d. ,;.*, .y n *+ . | ||
. ,.s .-. =* - as m | |||
g* *. | |||
n *+ | |||
. ,.s .-. =* - as | |||
* u, ..of.% e *. A - | * u, ..of.% e *. A - | ||
." ,; e | ." ,; e | ||
- s . " ' g.T. 4 Ficure 2. Photomi croar3chs | - s . " ' g.T. 4 Ficure 2. Photomi croar3chs showinc the microstructure W.R 7,-/r., | ||
showinc the microstructure | |||
7,-/r., | |||
~ | ~ | ||
U"Mj;UYN!;,,j in a transverse section near | U"Mj;UYN!;,,j in a transverse section near M >JE ;p. .w the shaft CD. | ||
M >JE ;p. .w the shaft CD. | |||
;, | ;, | ||
r | r | ||
, *44 , | , *44 , | ||
11COX | 11COX | ||
- J | - J | ||
~ | ~ | ||
....''~. . . _ - . - . . . . . - . - . . . . . . | ....''~. . . _ - . - . . . . . - . - . . . . . . | ||
X | X | ||
1 | 1 | ||
~ | ~ | ||
19 d' 4 | 19 d' 4 | ||
[ y 34 {-i -e a r N- - | [ y 34 {-i -e a r N- - | ||
{ve + s. %.7,' | {ve + s. %.7,' | ||
i)W.. "fix Gli | i)W.. "fix Gli | ||
^ ~ | ^ ~ | ||
,L gWm9 s. wn}_ ] '. . tQ ,c, f,g g -C . - -p | |||
,L | |||
gWm9 s. wn}_ ] '. . tQ ,c, f,g g -C . - -p | |||
" ,,.+,.. | " ,,.+,.. | ||
.~ | .~ | ||
g,q.:: 7 .. , | g,q.:: 7 .. , | ||
D .d ' .-. w -,, | D .d ' .-. w -,, | ||
JB"g w . | JB"g w . | ||
s . | s . | ||
g t r.. .. - | g t r.. .. - | ||
, Yf ' | , Yf ' | ||
^.~ yh. e. s. -Q< E%. | ^.~ yh. e. s. -Q< E%. | ||
, 77, %.,+ | , 77, %.,+ | ||
*) .v~ | *) .v~ | ||
, - ; | , - ; | ||
,- . 1. | ,- . 1. | ||
w..p):n . ., .-. b. ),~ | w..p):n . ., .-. b. ),~ | ||
.~ , h n' -> , M - | .~ , h n' -> , M - | ||
WW ' | |||
$-- a > .u. -Y m, | $-- a > .u. -Y m, | ||
$1%.C,4~ w e .. | $1%.C,4~ w e .. | ||
;m +r- w w . | ;m +r- w w . | ||
^ | ^ | ||
: ~ *ch. M | : ~ *ch. M | ||
^ | ^ | ||
'^' | '^' | ||
py | py 5.g+ggkB "'QlQ | ||
5.g+ggkB "'QlQ | |||
~wwn- e{W.c rW,. , , , | ~wwn- e{W.c rW,. , , , | ||
&,) L | &,) L q: ~:.v-W.?rA*wxw<r kkk iI 100X | ||
.r Fei=R-21* M f20 E'i S S E 500X | |||
q: ~:.v-W.?rA*wxw<r | |||
kkk iI 100X | |||
.r | |||
Fei=R-21* M f20 E'i S S E 500X | |||
:$fi | :$fi | ||
?f}'GQv*D..?v | ?f}'GQv*D..?v | ||
| Line 599: | Line 353: | ||
*J>5: | *J>5: | ||
: r. ' | : r. ' | ||
77~,;g , 5% '1. 0{,,f-r.. - 'd . .;i*eg D | |||
Qh | |||
77~,;g , 5% '1. 0{,,f-r.. - 'd . .;i*eg | |||
$<' ~ '?Q% e. .. '' L t k. | $<' ~ '?Q% e. .. '' L t k. | ||
9 ,*Q\N | 9 ,*Q\N | ||
$? .%. . at- l,, # %.it '. | $? .%. . at- l,, # %.it '. | ||
-y . | -y . | ||
&pg CDQS Q, | &pg CDQS Q, | ||
. .,Q'}if | . .,Q'}if | ||
.k ff * ' | .k ff * ' | ||
'k k h .- [ ~ ;: | 'k k h .- [ ~ ;: | ||
' -+ - | ' -+ - | ||
_3 G 3f , ~~.gglp | _3 G 3f , ~~.gglp | ||
-c j, .. g .. .- g, W. ~ | -c j, .. g .. .- g, W. ~ | ||
.5 | .5 | ||
.. r~ y)g#4 , ~. .g. | .. r~ y)g#4 , ~. .g. | ||
<.k.;.". | <.k.;.". | ||
.g -~: ,,- | .g -~: ,,- | ||
~ | ~ | ||
S , c | S , c | ||
,/. ,.. . | ,/. ,.. . | ||
~ | ~ | ||
$ 9 E'' | $ 9 E'' | ||
Figure 3. Photomicrographs f" 2%+ ' | Figure 3. Photomicrographs f" 2%+ ' | ||
f -A r | f -A r | ||
showing the microstructure in a longitudinal section near the shaft center. | |||
showing the microstructure in a longitudinal section | |||
,. n. | ,. n. | ||
i | i | ||
) | ) | ||
1 | 1 | ||
| Line 657: | Line 386: | ||
n- ~ | n- ~ | ||
w 1100X _ _ , | w 1100X _ _ , | ||
't L u / Il | 't L u / Il | ||
*hyMhUl-__ | *hyMhUl-__ | ||
'n un ;&d w h p, | |||
'n un ;&d | |||
w h p, | |||
~- - | ~- - | ||
}&i kugg f -:g^ M'\_% | }&i kugg f -:g^ M'\_% | ||
i ' | i ' | ||
? 3 h . | ? 3 h . | ||
'"'.k,, % :h hh r' p .. | '"'.k,, % :h hh r' p .. | ||
m 4,+9.&+ | m 4,+9.&+ | ||
%'_ n. qc, 'es r V _ c $ 2&ty;;G 9 c~% . | %'_ n. qc, 'es r V _ c $ 2&ty;;G 9 c~% . | ||
..t d g+ . s s | ..t d g+ . s s i WG y_ ".&gR%S.tTiWA% | ||
sgOxb w | |||
i WG y_ ".&gR%S.tTiWA% | w 4C ' . .?- m | ||
sgOxb | |||
w | |||
4C ' . .?- m | |||
% .mt.v.nn%PF4 | % .mt.v.nn%PF4 | ||
.w:M. | .w:M. | ||
| Line 698: | Line 408: | ||
&y$la( .}".4lk*$$ &.} | &y$la( .}".4lk*$$ &.} | ||
*~ | *~ | ||
% .e .% Q p | % .e .% Q p 5 | ||
5 | |||
. . . . . f> - | . . . . . f> - | ||
~~ | ~~ | ||
| Line 706: | Line 414: | ||
( | ( | ||
b | b | ||
.;;* | .;;* | ||
*/, | */, | ||
; | ; | ||
.,,.,e I~-~ b''"*QV.s.* bg . &*y sf. | .,,.,e I~-~ b''"*QV.s.* bg . &*y sf. | ||
h98 Mh[k$,kN[y7.,'G9 | h98 Mh[k$,kN[y7.,'G9 e | ||
e | |||
h' | h' | ||
: 7. , p ' | : 7. , p ' | ||
| Line 722: | Line 425: | ||
9 0.*rfV $ rh ~& | 9 0.*rfV $ rh ~& | ||
o | o | ||
;4 . | ;4 . | ||
%y | %y cw ~ | ||
w" ,.,; k1 e-W;,,;## .m+C >T g. . t%s N%; tid ..,.,s$_ ( .r'i%u;o-% a.. .,W did'.~ ' ' | |||
cw ~ | |||
w" ,.,; k1 e-W;,,;## .m+C >T g. . t%s | |||
N%; tid ..,.,s$_ ( .r'i%u;o-% a.. .,W | |||
did'.~ ' ' | |||
.- he gp t',,3 g., $ @<2 | .- he gp t',,3 g., $ @<2 | ||
"~ | "~ | ||
pm ' | pm ' | ||
4 .w . ~r ? o - | 4 .w . ~r ? o - | ||
.,-, - <4 w , . | .,-, - <4 w , . | ||
p e | |||
p | |||
e | |||
., x., | ., x., | ||
,.~~, | ,.~~, | ||
P. | P. | ||
f;*, .. . :e. | f;*, .. . :e. | ||
s y- _. | s y- _. | ||
: h. - | : h. - | ||
-- m ~ gv s.y2:~,, | -- m ~ gv s.y2:~,, | ||
l | l | ||
}: . | }: . | ||
g4;fj 4 | g4;fj 4 | ||
- v[-e ., | - v[-e ., | ||
:r,-s ,. , ' * - | :r,-s ,. , ' * - | ||
;O | ;O | ||
+ | + | ||
, s.;; yrs- wd.f~.s 'a#P>+ % + | , s.;; yrs- wd.f~.s 'a#P>+ % + | ||
, w y+us, <.;\w t . # sw (./ s.- *6 w '!e | , w y+us, <.;\w t . # sw (./ s.- *6 w '!e | ||
@. . ,;7=. | @. . ,;7=. | ||
dGr.kycej*.8.e%w.ysj w- -w . | dGr.kycej*.8.e%w.ysj w- -w . | ||
Ta .LLv'x w m,w | Ta .LLv'x w m,w | ||
_ P_ =: .v _ 'e e- % Mc _ @ ., f N %- , 4- - | _ P_ =: .v _ 'e e- % Mc _ @ ., f N %- , 4- - | ||
100X 500X | 100X 500X | ||
-- ~ ,. ,9 .nr .p. m.2.~ | -- ~ ,. ,9 .nr .p. m.2.~ | ||
. g* % -4 h;~p #r | . g* % -4 h;~p #r | ||
~r ,p:j;g- vs.e t | |||
~r ,p:j;g- vs.e | |||
t | |||
:W Vd. ~p.".:::%ks/~h.9AA7%F,W.{4 't. (.t ':? ta1 - | :W Vd. ~p.".:::%ks/~h.9AA7%F,W.{4 't. (.t ':? ta1 - | ||
'y ' . ' | 'y ' . ' | ||
.M. : .. ., | .M. : .. ., | ||
&gl:.T-t-?;n:: ...1 : ? 4' 547 | &gl:.T-t-?;n:: ...1 : ? 4' 547 2g&.3. | ||
2g&.3. | |||
.h = #f' w- ,. | .h = #f' w- ,. | ||
t~ - | t~ - | ||
w,7,'' 'x'"g' y{*. %'3Tc-: . i- .-Q,f | w,7,'' 'x'"g' y{*. %'3Tc-: . i- .-Q,f | ||
-; | -; | ||
ft$k.T, 4,.. :.-hh:',. ?'h'] hf . | ft$k.T, 4,.. :.-hh:',. ?'h'] hf . | ||
k' T j QQD 0 h ' ?lh' h - f Jim - | k' T j QQD 0 h ' ?lh' h - f Jim - | ||
h,, 3* | h,, 3* | ||
5:ff*~ | 5:ff*~ | ||
* =' | * =' | ||
$?$h " | $?$h " | ||
| Line 823: | Line 478: | ||
b - | b - | ||
"i 4e. Lid.' . | "i 4e. Lid.' . | ||
. Figure 4. Photomicrographs . | . Figure 4. Photomicrographs . | ||
..-~' | ..-~' | ||
. . .' . . . - gg showing the microstructure 7 '..' in a longitudinal section S'' *% .;: - | . . .' . . . - gg showing the microstructure 7 '..' in a longitudinal section S'' *% .;: - | ||
'1 | '1 | ||
, ii..c - near the shaft 00. | , ii..c - near the shaft 00. | ||
fE . | fE . | ||
..ov..q Y'.k h ~ ',* .. e | |||
..ov..q | |||
Y'.k h ~ ',* .. e | |||
; A > | ; A > | ||
p.'- . V ,. ia.a P;- '. ,- .v 2 | p.'- . V ,. ia.a P;- '. ,- .v 2 | ||
. .g./; 9 | . .g./; 9 | ||
: x. . T- t z:g k .p:A 2nUL - '" | : x. . T- t z:g k .p:A 2nUL - '" | ||
| Line 851: | Line 494: | ||
!d | !d | ||
I m u_ n u m . m . ~ ~ . ~ .,'WM aa~ % | I m u_ n u m . m . ~ ~ . ~ .,'WM aa~ % | ||
~ | ~ | ||
. ,w | . ,w n----- | ||
n----- | |||
~ | ~ | ||
- - -k - | - - -k - | ||
~vma s | ~vma s | ||
$ h.$g,.e.h | $ h.$g,.e.h | ||
_n- | _n-ws . . | ||
ws . . | |||
N -% ,dil y- | N -% ,dil y- | ||
= ,. n | = ,. n | ||
[ | [ | ||
v - | v - | ||
@ - L77 k. .- " ,c':'v- y | @ - L77 k. .- " ,c':'v- y | ||
' *. y | ' *. y | ||
| Line 883: | Line 513: | ||
N-M.MN | N-M.MN | ||
_ = _c = _ _ ,w m :_ | _ = _c = _ _ ,w m :_ | ||
mS IS ~_ | mS IS ~_ | ||
_ . _ isr-pas.g.h ..m s | _ . _ isr-pas.g.h ..m s g E g: 3, | ||
~ :=2*w=W- .L;',s n < W "^ Z ._- . __ | |||
g E g: 3, | |||
~ :=2*w=W- .L;',s | |||
n < W "^ Z ._- . __ | |||
~ . - . _ _ _ . | ~ . - . _ _ _ . | ||
x. | x. | ||
%- .I | %- .I | ||
_- M _ , - | _- M _ , - | ||
. art w j m | . art w j m | ||
-w . | -w . | ||
.m. 'KS | .m. 'KS | ||
- mm, | - mm, | ||
=.a %';;;9.__x.~ f'l | =.a %';;;9.__x.~ f'l | ||
_ - - - - a._ | _ - - - - a._ | ||
'm sw M' - | 'm sw M' - | ||
'._ :':.uf 7 "' ;',. ,.T'M | '._ :':.uf 7 "' ;',. ,.T'M a.; -at-n%g%5Ew,$4. y p 3_.a g Sv4+ | ||
a.; -at-n%g%5Ew,$4. y p 3_.a g Sv4+ | |||
-= | -= | ||
m,~ra | m,~ra | ||
.u m u u . m uliiiiiiiiiin g ' | .u m u u . m uliiiiiiiiiin g ' | ||
: e. , | : e. , | ||
1 2 ' | 1 2 ' | ||
3! | 3! | ||
4 _ | 4 _ | ||
_. s. . s. . _ . . ; | _. s. . s. . _ . . ; | ||
e -.. , ppy -e m :- _.. :, . . . - | e -.. , ppy -e m :- _.. :, . . . - | ||
=-. 1. , - . ~ . - | =-. 1. , - . ~ . - | ||
L---~ +> ~wysaye..x.,r.-1:-t~ e e m | L---~ +> ~wysaye..x.,r.-1:-t~ e e m | ||
- , .- :.y - | - , .- :.y - | ||
n='*wm ro m =- m g.g - - -~~4. - - - -=giQw.g>+ o r s ;;:.. ._ . ._. | n='*wm ro m =- m g.g - - -~~4. - - - -=giQw.g>+ o r s ;;:.. ._ . ._. | ||
. *p gy*M *W _'m._ | . *p gy*M *W _'m._ | ||
T AWc't -~ .: W L 9sh-}}, . _. , | T AWc't -~ .: W L 9sh-}}, . _. , | ||
,-+~ss<vm m,m=~: | ,-+~ss<vm m,m=~: | ||
. ~{g 2 w:^. | . ~{g 2 w:^. | ||
. ~ a. u | . ~ a. u | ||
^4 . W -1^:,e . | ^4 . W -1^:,e . | ||
"t~ . , - , , ::. -:-. w,w.3 y ~ .~ | "t~ . , - , , ::. -:-. w,w.3 y ~ .~ | ||
0 evm e,,& c.:w.-f. A . | 0 evm e,,& c.:w.-f. A . | ||
- __ e a _ _ w, - - r. . w -- | - __ e a _ _ w, - - r. . w -- | ||
. ; | . ; | ||
9- mA_ _q,, u s m a e- | 9- mA_ _q,, u s m a e- | ||
] : | ] : | ||
MEN h_r_ L _ - __ | MEN h_r_ L _ - __ | ||
wp-[.k. | wp-[.k. | ||
j - | j - | ||
| Line 973: | Line 565: | ||
,* ^ ^ - - , ' ey | ,* ^ ^ - - , ' ey | ||
~__'Knz _-3 | ~__'Knz _-3 | ||
__ ..X/M59l8 Y. , | __ ..X/M59l8 Y. , | ||
p @ - | p @ - | ||
\ - | \ - | ||
| Line 986: | Line 571: | ||
Figure 5. Photomacrograph of fractur5 shaf t, | Figure 5. Photomacrograph of fractur5 shaf t, | ||
: 1. at key way and 2. rotated 90 . | : 1. at key way and 2. rotated 90 . | ||
s e | s e | ||
n.,o p a 1 -_ -.,.. | n.,o p a 1 -_ -.,.. | ||
. . . hw m- _a a r e c.r x a nge w . m | . . . hw m- _a a r e c.r x a nge w . m c n- 3.. _ _ - | ||
c n- 3.. _ _ - | |||
C. w w .s:w. o - - - .. ..L'3 | C. w w .s:w. o - - - .. ..L'3 | ||
~ | ~ | ||
? -~ | ? -~ | ||
Wg _... - g -n,.ye --- -nb | Wg _... - g -n,.ye --- -nb | ||
$ $n k,W"~xxw | |||
$ $n | |||
k,W"~xxw | |||
:_ W P%_ | :_ W P%_ | ||
-pw w m:v | -pw w m:v | ||
-N W | -N W | ||
.= = =__ _?- | .= = =__ _?- | ||
&DT "" | &DT "" | ||
W R4 | W R4 p - -- :_ w. | ||
p - -- :_ w. | |||
- . - --- _ _ _ _ _.c- , , _ - . | - . - --- _ _ _ _ _.c- , , _ - . | ||
2- | 2- | ||
=wrerne ym=~_.. __= . g;l.: | =wrerne ym=~_.. __= . g;l.: | ||
g fa,e.-g_u | g fa,e.-g_u w . - _. g3%,4,guJ/Jr. <cW | ||
w . - _. g3%,4,guJ/Jr. <cW | |||
- - - = | - - - = | ||
y w, | y w, | ||
s__ - _- | s__ - _- | ||
.y.?,,t;$ | .y.?,,t;$ | ||
iO' '~ :?; | iO' '~ :?; | ||
QI(g:s_.^- {&*~%%5fD'_'t'?* . | QI(g:s_.^- {&*~%%5fD'_'t'?* . | ||
,'m__- m | ,'m__- m | ||
. , s , 4.n.- r ,. -%-- <. | . , s , 4.n.- r ,. -%-- <. | ||
# ,. * * ; , Ir 332lEdsgliEik __ -l.*g e | # ,. * * ; , Ir 332lEdsgliEik __ -l.*g e | ||
, i m___- . __ . | , i m___- . __ . | ||
wz . ., | wz . ., | ||
-G $aL t'... h -Q.; R.l,h* f[.<M*.' ,n. % | -G $aL t'... h -Q.; R.l,h* f[.<M*.' ,n. % | ||
-IS.#+%)L1 inst -@ {_-L=. gTt .',.,v hWo1.EL~X ^ !.1 ?4 | -IS.#+%)L1 inst -@ {_-L=. gTt .',.,v hWo1.EL~X ^ !.1 ?4 | ||
,~ - .nw%2> y-w w-- | ,~ - .nw%2> y-w w-- | ||
wld# _*ggggg&+.t c,rJ y- , | |||
wld# _*ggggg&+.t c,rJ | |||
y- , | |||
,-___m | ,-___m | ||
_ _- _ _ _ . , ,.- - a m,,a _.r_. -r .___ | _ _- _ _ _ . , ,.- - a m,,a _.r_. -r .___ | ||
g m _=.~ _...- _ = - .- = m e-=_= w p;u, g_ c,w . _ :_ ; gw Wn, c.---- - | |||
g ng - - - _ , - - - . _ m y p kw | |||
g m _=.~ _...- _ = - .- = m e-=_= w | |||
p;u, g_ c,w . _ :_ ; gw Wn, c.---- - | |||
g ng - - - _ , - - - . _ m | |||
y p kw | |||
, , r | , , r | ||
-.m - | -.m - | ||
IM%=yr | IM%=yr | ||
_m- - | _m- - | ||
.m . .m____ _ . .. _ _ | .m . .m____ _ . .. _ _ | ||
MW | MW W | ||
W | |||
_ n | _ n | ||
- - - _ . - - m _ - _ - - - | - - - _ . - - m _ - _ - - - | ||
[M ~ __ | [M ~ __ | ||
_3 | _3 | ||
- my. | - my. | ||
a | a M_- | ||
M_- | |||
-_J. , -J. | -_J. , -J. | ||
1 . . .m r m wm% .g _-m, | 1 . . .m r m wm% .g _-m, | ||
/. .1.,.1 g . | /. .1.,.1 g . | ||
17.wa== 61 s1 - | |||
17.wa== 61 | |||
s1 - | |||
wn _ . . | wn _ . . | ||
'1- w r .. m. - - | '1- w r .. m. - - | ||
D w | D w | ||
.m | .m w aanen a | ||
w aanen a | |||
^ | ^ | ||
D f 6 3.g | D f 6 3.g m. | ||
m | |||
4 ru - fA | 4 ru - fA | ||
: u. g ,.- .. | : u. g ,.- .. | ||
sq | sq | ||
%H | %H y | ||
y | |||
.L | .L | ||
+P 3$ | +P 3$ | ||
~ | ~ | ||
:4tm&'$., | :4tm&'$., | ||
2 | 2 | ||
-mi- | -mi- | ||
,._v...,- | ,._v...,- | ||
.d e> + | .d e> + | ||
.-w.- | .-w.- | ||
| Line 1,140: | Line 647: | ||
'.R f' ' .,N"'.:.c@-~.$. ..< $ r,. . | '.R f' ' .,N"'.:.c@-~.$. ..< $ r,. . | ||
m ., | m ., | ||
, f$.2.= cyps ' | , f$.2.= cyps ' | ||
says w % . - ....m. | says w % . - ....m. | ||
Figure 6. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve, | Figure 6. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve, | ||
| Line 1,150: | Line 654: | ||
., 0 7 i ,s 0 | ., 0 7 i ,s 0 | ||
- - - .c at H mn =. __ | |||
- - - .c | |||
at H mn =. __ | |||
u.. | u.. | ||
%Q% a :-v ~~ :, , .- - A $$''Y | %Q% a :-v ~~ :, , .- - A $$''Y | ||
. 1 , _ .~ .,_.. ..- | . 1 , _ .~ .,_.. ..- | ||
- -~ | - -~ | ||
_~ | _~ | ||
w e ., | w e ., | ||
a | a | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~ | ~ | ||
- .jf_L ._ | - .jf_L ._ | ||
O QQ Figure 7. Photoraacrographs of fractured shaft ro9ated 180 (3)and7.70 (4) with respect to keyway. | O QQ Figure 7. Photoraacrographs of fractured shaft ro9ated 180 (3)and7.70 (4) with respect to keyway. | ||
lbu) l' | lbu) l' | ||
= _ - % r ;. | = _ - % r ;. | ||
^ | ^ | ||
% ,,; | % ,,; | ||
| Line 1,190: | Line 674: | ||
., fx , -. | ., fx , -. | ||
:___L 2 & _T --h:- Q - Q Q W ,. | :___L 2 & _T --h:- Q - Q Q W ,. | ||
g,g. pgMM . | g,g. pgMM . | ||
m .cA -_--Q -- _ m__ gg__ % g ~ w g m g .Cf - . :. .A | m .cA -_--Q -- _ m__ gg__ % g ~ w g m g .Cf - . :. .A a .a ? ._ - -- | ||
a .a ? ._ - -- | |||
O | O | ||
* b Elf W E 8 M E R Bf! % BB8J1N 7m | |||
* b Elf W E 8 M E R Bf! % BB8J1N | |||
7m | |||
. .~5"' ^ :3 p y | . .~5"' ^ :3 p y | ||
_^'''',7 %- 7 +3 3 | _^'''',7 %- 7 +3 3 | ||
&&&Y | &&&Y | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~ .I , - | ~ .I , - | ||
| Line 1,222: | Line 690: | ||
: 2= | : 2= | ||
=,e. | =,e. | ||
r- | r-2 | ||
2 | |||
?" | ?" | ||
wW'iM2^.I | wW'iM2^.I | ||
-.6 =- -.snham _ | -.6 =- -.snham _ | ||
-, cas -- | -, cas -- | ||
==a- -_. ; r : -RGIV g,j.Yjg . ..,x. | ==a- -_. ; r : -RGIV g,j.Yjg . ..,x. | ||
' "4 cw r mac- - -- | |||
' "4 | |||
cw r mac- - -- | |||
---a r.-- m yrn_m, ' | ---a r.-- m yrn_m, ' | ||
n r % , | n r % , | ||
u . m r- ' . ~ | u . m r- ' . ~ | ||
?m.. . | ?m.. . | ||
g .. ..:? ?g @ %m fR n.~w-.c.-. | g .. ..:? ?g @ %m fR n.~w-.c.-. | ||
| Line 1,246: | Line 706: | ||
Mmt P"A ^ l | Mmt P"A ^ l | ||
*^'* Q'-'["[" It '- '- | *^'* Q'-'["[" It '- '- | ||
d | d | ||
~ | ~ | ||
- - - M g- Tr;li;- -- 4h ' ' t>{2* Mt *h Y . ' ' | - - - M g- Tr;li;- -- 4h ' ' t>{2* Mt *h Y . ' ' | ||
'f"*, . .L,. 'I | 'f"*, . .L,. 'I | ||
, . ._ __ _ _ m ., | , . ._ __ _ _ m ., | ||
W , %- @d b. | W , %- @d b. | ||
b X.9.LB _,ts_ . . X M.6f.s -i' n. ~m. T-6 y. | b X.9.LB _,ts_ . . X M.6f.s -i' n. ~m. T-6 y. | ||
9 ' | 9 ' | ||
cnu. | cnu. | ||
a . . | a . . | ||
.. u r __ | .. u r __ | ||
m | m | ||
-_c u | -_c u | ||
_r . = | _r . = | ||
r | r | ||
~ | ~ | ||
.ar u- ._ _.7. g g. | .ar u- ._ _.7. g g. | ||
m, | m, | ||
,%..g,. g | ,%..g,. g | ||
---_%m i .. | |||
---_%m | m,r-i _ - . _ _ _ ._--.% _ | ||
& u;--,,e% m s <. | |||
i .. | |||
m,r- | |||
i _ - . _ _ _ ._--.% _ | |||
& u;--,,e% m | |||
s <. | |||
r | r | ||
__ 91 w -=.g.1. | __ 91 w -=.g.1. | ||
.--^.a | .--^.a | ||
% _C | % _C | ||
- . ~. | - . ~. | ||
= - - - - - _ | = - - - - - _ | ||
w . - =-_ _- w. , | w . - =-_ _- w. , | ||
. ; o, wv x | . ; o, wv x | ||
;: ~= - ~ ~-= _ - g; B | |||
;: ~= - ~ ~-= _ - g; | |||
B | |||
w.m --- | w.m --- | ||
p-22]. | p-22]. | ||
p O-- h_i _ _ ^ _ ."esemE.:n aupCSM Wa "" ~;; _c, am__- -,-m.,g_p^^w* y_ w=es.n~w - ^ ' - m,_,s..+#. | p O-- h_i _ _ ^ _ ."esemE.:n aupCSM Wa "" ~;; _c, am__- -,-m.,g_p^^w* y_ w=es.n~w - ^ ' - m,_,s..+#. | ||
- - - - Ust.h.... e i . | - - - - Ust.h.... e i . | ||
:s,.. | :s,.. | ||
O ?I - - | O ?I - - | ||
~ w m_pzy w-+2s&3&&:.. | ~ w m_pzy w-+2s&3&&:.. | ||
^^ | ^^ | ||
c _ - | c _ - | ||
-r--- ,, ,,-- _ ___ _ _ . ,. | -r--- ,, ,,-- _ ___ _ _ . ,. | ||
\ | \ | ||
W fp .-._A r~--v 5 Q O M ,.,-V3' | W fp .-._A r~--v 5 Q O M ,.,-V3' s K mww..waens,1wh:ss.r.:22Eh- .~-- ?."."** ': | ||
s K mww..waens,1wh:ss.r.:22Eh- .~-- ?."."** ': | |||
'. I N d L55 5 '-:' - h,%1 W.! UmiwR D W :r* 1 W1. ~.':Y#*'NE~ " | '. I N d L55 5 '-:' - h,%1 W.! UmiwR D W :r* 1 W1. ~.':Y#*'NE~ " | ||
N' '''' '~' ".~ ' , | N' '''' '~' ".~ ' , | ||
7en -- - fw ^ 'A'5''W _ | 7en -- - fw ^ 'A'5''W _ | ||
p C' d | p C' d | ||
& .= m | & .= m | ||
| Line 1,342: | Line 758: | ||
- | - | ||
* m as-- L p y,,d'% | * m as-- L p y,,d'% | ||
Bre w - ' | Bre w - ' | ||
^ ' " | ^ ' " | ||
_ - y_. | _ - y_. | ||
- 2TWMM tam.m_ g,f-_idE!qErdepritgggg | - 2TWMM tam.m_ g,f-_idE!qErdepritgggg | ||
___-% 7 | ___-% 7 a | ||
b t | |||
7 % . u, u. | |||
. x . | . x . | ||
.s; " ..*. u # .;p ., , | .s; " ..*. u # .;p ., , | ||
- . . - . ~ . L | - . . - . ~ . L i - e%>; - uneaewilib . | ||
I IYINM" ),V u[3' $umes j | |||
i - e%>; - uneaewilib . | |||
I IYINM" ),V u[3' $umes | |||
j | |||
- - o....~ . | - - o....~ . | ||
Liig,_ awux:msim:5;: - , My. . m..J.,d..cd,._*fg_.g,9 | Liig,_ awux:msim:5;: - , My. . m..J.,d..cd,._*fg_.g,9 | ||
_ == gg mg _ | _ == gg mg _ | ||
I, -- | I, -- | ||
, . - - - r | , . - - - r q* | ||
g -- | g -- | ||
_ _ _2 IGER | _ _ _2 IGER | ||
. M. . , 2. , -. b 9 | |||
. M. . , 2. , -. b | rn. . | ||
h%h.dd' c'e MCt.Mr:.:.V, . | h%h.dd' c'e MCt.Mr:.:.V, . | ||
-w a - - - | -w a - - - | ||
Figure 8. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve rotated 180 (3) and 270 (4) with respect r1] | Figure 8. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve rotated 180 (3) and 270 (4) with respect r1] | ||
d' | d' | ||
| Line 1,391: | Line 787: | ||
-,.--g y - ~- Q,.q ?\-l' "f ^_ | -,.--g y - ~- Q,.q ?\-l' "f ^_ | ||
-,'.- m..M. fI/xa;< | -,'.- m..M. fI/xa;< | ||
an h aun ~,,'[h - | an h aun ~,,'[h - | ||
v,: .; s,f | v,: .; s,f | ||
-t | -t | ||
- rc~m | - rc~m | ||
%n.*t* ~ | %n.*t* ~ | ||
x- acs =s: 2 .. | x- acs =s: 2 .. | ||
.'; +: ~Y. | .'; +: ~Y. | ||
$2MD5'AE9ET5iTg;v'' | $2MD5'AE9ET5iTg;v'' | ||
~ | ~ | ||
g .w, 4 | g .w, 4 | ||
. f { g {Fq ii '' . - -- | . f { g {Fq ii '' . - -- | ||
-y[' ohyIdi 9 | -y[' ohyIdi 9 T.- | ||
a y . | |||
T.- | |||
a | |||
y . | |||
+ | + | ||
f '_ | f '_ | ||
u e- | u e- | ||
, . . g.- __ 2 | , . . g.- __ 2 | ||
-7 . | -7 . | ||
. t !- | . t !- | ||
.; / - | .; / - | ||
; | ; | ||
. ?A . ' ! | . ?A . ' ! | ||
, , . _ _ - [ y | , , . _ _ - [ y | ||
--"E(7 dim hag,. , w j | --"E(7 dim hag,. , w j | ||
@g , | @g , | ||
g, ..-- | g, ..-- | ||
kr 2. =h.l$lfx Fi..vC2 , 4 . | kr 2. =h.l$lfx Fi..vC2 , 4 . | ||
, t-9',~* , n. d?W'c, | , t-9',~* , n. d?W'c, | ||
*^ | *^ | ||
as..:.4. 3<;g.. | as..:.4. 3<;g.. | ||
. . z.js .1 , | . . z.js .1 , | ||
~. | ~. | ||
'~ .. N???5.Y.h.A $$, ' ' | '~ .. N???5.Y.h.A $$, ' ' | ||
5he'Rf@_ . | 5he'Rf@_ . | ||
.~.m W <h 5.* | .~.m W <h 5.* | ||
y | y | ||
** 4 4_. p,.~e g y j L _ | ** 4 4_. p,.~e g y j L _ | ||
^V a _ _ dhw; ,a4 - l | ^V a _ _ dhw; ,a4 - l | ||
'~i7 = s | '~i7 = s fh? h s .Y Wl mMk/ + _ , | ||
$a%u I | |||
fh? h s .Y Wl mMk/ + _ | |||
$a%u | |||
I | |||
~ | ~ | ||
; _ | ; _ | ||
~ .# - | ~ .# - | ||
h- ! - | h- ! - | ||
'M ,, . .. q. N h[ ." / | 'M ,, . .. q. N h[ ." / | ||
W J. [SWM | W J. [SWM f[ m. . | ||
f[ m. | |||
~~: ^ | ~~: ^ | ||
q===a w MQJnf - }~y~''y. ' .r - - | q===a w MQJnf - }~y~''y. ' .r - - | ||
~ ~ | ~ ~ | ||
~l k{ | ~l k{ | ||
J' B" | J' B" Figure 9. Photomacrograph of fracture plane on shaft. | ||
Figure 9. Photomacrograph of fracture plane on shaft. | |||
Arrow indicates bench marks. | Arrow indicates bench marks. | ||
- s-~ . | - s-~ . | ||
,- ~,\ s N | ,- ~,\ s N | ||
| Line 1,512: | Line 844: | ||
\ | \ | ||
_, ,_ .Wh W. Nh ' | _, ,_ .Wh W. Nh ' | ||
, ,.2.r, .- n . . | , ,.2.r, .- n . . | ||
| Line 1,521: | Line 850: | ||
* M F 4 .#,.,. | * M F 4 .#,.,. | ||
. ,- v.+ ~..,~ . ~. . | . ,- v.+ ~..,~ . ~. . | ||
e ; n-r:..g.L::m ,;..: | e ; n-r:..g.L::m ,;..: | ||
7D7* Dycq;7-- . | 7D7* Dycq;7-- . | ||
| Line 1,527: | Line 855: | ||
va 2-#.~fut:;;;", . | va 2-#.~fut:;;;", . | ||
sv. . :c , _ ., . s | sv. . :c , _ ., . s | ||
./,f.c'q y p..-Q,r | ./,f.c'q y p..-Q,r | ||
; .- - '_ | ; .- - '_ | ||
4~ .a. . - ....y s, | 4~ .a. . - ....y s, | ||
.s. | .s. | ||
.c . . | .c . . | ||
. . 3 q . _ | . . 3 q . _ | ||
n- - | n- - | ||
y. | y. | ||
3 ,.- i .;,. pwlln.- ., .4s ~ | 3 ,.- i .;,. pwlln.- ., .4s ~ | ||
. u , | . u , | ||
9 .:A Q | 9 .:A Q | ||
\ | \ | ||
r ?5 | r ?5 | ||
- :5.:. | - :5.:. | ||
^ | ^ | ||
, ---f ':Tm;i v . .' i | , ---f ':Tm;i v . .' i | ||
$5, N g , | $5, N g , | ||
~~$b<*/Ly+y . yup.<v '}e* .n. | ~~$b<*/Ly+y . yup.<v '}e* .n. | ||
,V , | ,V , | ||
Di; . | Di; . | ||
-. , -:, us . rrn.a p~ . s. . | -. , -:, us . rrn.a p~ . s. . | ||
.r.- '.- 4 rp_.;elg,.5.<[,., | .r.- '.- 4 rp_.;elg,.5.<[,., | ||
i' 2 | i' 2 | ||
;: ';;. | ;: ';;. | ||
i 66c 4 | |||
i | |||
66c | |||
4 | |||
~! | ~! | ||
l - | l - | ||
4.- ;. , | 4.- ;. , | ||
| Line 1,591: | Line 887: | ||
.g- | .g- | ||
- ' . s.. . .,v . | - ' . s.. . .,v . | ||
-y. ;.- | -y. ;.- | ||
Mq'.:). . c' k.3- ~.i .. . | |||
Mq'.:). . c' | |||
k.3- ~.i .. . | |||
f:.;f- g- | f:.;f- g- | ||
.x-- .,..? | .x-- .,..? | ||
wpg. | wpg. | ||
.,g -....,. : | .,g -....,. : | ||
. wm... ..;=. . . | . wm... ..;=. . . | ||
4 | 4 a A. _ | ||
a A. _ | |||
* L w -- A qN-l +. | * L w -- A qN-l +. | ||
;,._ | ;,._ | ||
. . _ -m , '- to Af | . . _ -m , '- to Af | ||
| Line 1,623: | Line 904: | ||
*e | *e | ||
-p. m | -p. m | ||
... p. ~ ~ .; y W=4 Gi;= L $_-m-g p wa>m W ?5 &- .w..fSgf'' 2 v | ... p. ~ ~ .; y W=4 Gi;= L $_-m-g p wa>m W ?5 &- .w..fSgf'' 2 v | ||
": ' }2(b% w.- n 3:.0 i M 45 .2 6 % ?D ?uo=4 k.y.= 2.fNb# W-dF | ": ' }2(b% w.- n 3:.0 i M 45 .2 6 % ?D ?uo=4 k.y.= 2.fNb# W-dF W Prfd | ||
W Prfd | |||
~ w .,~ 4 m,; w t* N m e t .,pgr | ~ w .,~ 4 m,; w t* N m e t .,pgr | ||
+- | +- | ||
m xi 1w. & ,, | m xi 1w. & ,, | ||
-~ | -~ | ||
m_ q [ [- {f: | m_ q [ [- {f: | ||
AA> Y w. 7. . ,r., _ | AA> Y w. 7. . ,r., _ | ||
. 4.q . c. y ;; <&. n | . 4.q . c. y ;; <&. n | ||
~ua.w 4-"-(~, | ~ua.w 4-"-(~, | ||
| Line 1,647: | Line 919: | ||
3 5xx.,+ ,. | 3 5xx.,+ ,. | ||
w . ,.e | w . ,.e | ||
;. , | ;. , | ||
g, I | g, I | ||
^* m 9- | ^* m 9- | ||
** 7 ~ | ** 7 ~ | ||
-,4)y.I~ | -,4)y.I~ | ||
e E , h,, n r- n.i s, | e E , h,, n r- n.i s, | ||
,P v =w~__xy- | ,P v =w~__xy- | ||
_a w4 | _a w4 4.- ma 9 , | ||
4.- ma 9 , | |||
mm. -,. g... . -- ~ . | mm. -,. g... . -- ~ . | ||
M '7;QP+ ~ . | M '7;QP+ ~ . | ||
bd3%_,_._ 1* =EMAc.m2 | bd3%_,_._ 1* =EMAc.m2 | ||
,>M.yrrt.o 2 | |||
,>M.yrrt.o | |||
~; 4. | ~; 4. | ||
-~ ~ _. ,, . '\990=, %v ~ - ~V , m . y ,, | -~ ~ _. ,, . '\990=, %v ~ - ~V , m . y ,, | ||
Ims # ~ | Ims # ~ | ||
;t T ,; { | ;t T ,; { | ||
e.. | e.. | ||
.g - | .g - | ||
- -> s 4.g. -.'*s *[; ?+- n: | - -> s 4.g. -.'*s *[; ?+- n: | ||
m_ | m_ | ||
w . .. . r. - .- | w . .. . r. - .- | ||
'9;"w w_f . | '9;"w w_f . | ||
" Y V - SY '$ - - - - s.*4.<a z~, n | " Y V - SY '$ - - - - s.*4.<a z~, n | ||
:.a..- | :.a..- | ||
, > . , .. ~,f ,. ,uc-- | , > . , .. ~,f ,. ,uc-- | ||
1 | 1 | ||
-5 ****m,wrMh. . hem, ( | -5 ****m,wrMh. . hem, ( | ||
- ; | - ; | ||
h,up-~we g e- -w | h,up-~we g e- -w | ||
. J.. . | . J.. . | ||
L - | L - | ||
~ ~~ ~_. w s | ~ ~~ ~_. w s | ||
' 1; , | ' 1; , | ||
s | s | ||
*Ww ie.w ==_.5. | *Ww ie.w ==_.5. | ||
Y;h. 4 . | Y;h. 4 . | ||
w | w | ||
| Line 1,725: | Line 959: | ||
. ..m., | . ..m., | ||
k. | k. | ||
m | m g | ||
- ~ _ _ _ ,~ s i 4gw i | |||
g | |||
- ~ _ _ _ ,~ s i 4gw | |||
=- | =- | ||
- co -y_7. ;g w;, | - co -y_7. ;g w;, | ||
z+%ni | z+%ni | ||
; r -~t | ; r -~t | ||
'; | '; | ||
y ,___ T 1 | y ,___ T 1 r ___.+..N];e Ml | ||
r ___.+..N];e | |||
Ml | |||
.~x . ,, p ;w.y; .y | .~x . ,, p ;w.y; .y | ||
'EI | 'EI M' ,s e, ,,, | ||
h p . | |||
M' ,s e, ,,, | |||
h | |||
p . | |||
. M =a---- - - | . M =a---- - - | ||
^ | ^ | ||
: m. , a SO.Qlf[[;;{.:&-& | |||
: m. , a | |||
SO.Qlf[[;;{.:&-& | |||
?l G' .l*3 ~.5 | ?l G' .l*3 ~.5 | ||
?- l,;& & a sw .. | ?- l,;& & a sw .. | ||
'y;;f | 'y;;f | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~ ' | ~ ' | ||
8 | 8 | ||
_L YYz. 2. .+. | _L YYz. 2. .+. | ||
--- - - s m _ _ _ * * = = = . . . | --- - - s m _ _ _ * * = = = . . . | ||
Figure 11. Photomacrograph showing longitudinal , | Figure 11. Photomacrograph showing longitudinal , | ||
crack in keyway corner. | crack in keyway corner. | ||
h mO . | h mO . | ||
-e | -e | ||
.} Y | .} Y | ||
; | ; | ||
h j M3 L.g | h j M3 L.g | ||
/ | / | ||
i t | i t | ||
~ | ~ | ||
l g$ 1 ! | l g$ 1 ! | ||
ag yi m <3 | ag yi m <3 i | ||
V (1 4 A 1 m }4 Q '' b '44 h | |||
i | (ggh lk h , | ||
V | |||
(1 4 A 1 m }4 Q '' b '44 | |||
$re Yf j el b | $re Yf j el b | ||
C 2""e. | |||
C | |||
2""e. | |||
~ | ~ | ||
eg 4 ,t 3 | eg 4 ,t 3 | ||
[Ik i fk:i | [Ik i fk:i j h 'k f j | ||
yi Q[,L maggn i | |||
j h 'k f j | |||
yi Q[,L | |||
maggn i | |||
!h4 . | !h4 . | ||
J [t ; | J [t ; | ||
i | i jn ' | ||
jn ' | |||
hfI | hfI | ||
; | ; | ||
| Line 1,839: | Line 1,011: | ||
4 (1 w m j)) | 4 (1 w m j)) | ||
e 1 4 | e 1 4 | ||
*gg#2:=57Q3pjd1 | *gg#2:=57Q3pjd1 ji .f j | ||
ji .f j | |||
**, . =:e.:rm:==:=na:$ d l | **, . =:e.:rm:==:=na:$ d l | ||
| Line 1,847: | Line 1,017: | ||
\ . | \ . | ||
.a | .a | ||
/ s 4- | |||
/. M' A, | |||
i . | |||
/ s | |||
4- | |||
/. M' | |||
A, i | |||
( , | ( , | ||
a' :a = A :::: m :, | a' :a = A :::: m :, | ||
1" P " " ' "" "" " ^ | 1" P " " ' "" "" " ^ | ||
w | w | ||
~ &g9g | ~ &g9g | ||
'c' | 'c' j; [ j U e l O. | ||
j; [ j U e l O. | |||
#g | #g | ||
+ | + | ||
^ | ^ | ||
--+n . | --+n . | ||
k 9,y | k 9,y | ||
A wrw-h* Q | A wrw-h* Q | ||
: .p | : .p m. | ||
m. | |||
:s t | :s t | ||
<am | <am | ||
,g&ye.i+,.y - - | ,g&ye.i+,.y - - | ||
C - | C - | ||
r~~ug.;-tw.eggr | r~~ug.;-tw.eggr | ||
;;- ' $fh-f | ;;- ' $fh-f | ||
%t - | %t - | ||
w __ =~CR=n SSw. A.* ' :' . ,fr | w __ =~CR=n SSw. A.* ' :' . ,fr | ||
~.- | ~.- | ||
"''"lL '. . | "''"lL '. . | ||
[ | [ | ||
| Line 1,919: | Line 1,050: | ||
s - | s - | ||
...~... | ...~... | ||
.: sia j s,- | .: sia j s,- | ||
g; " f.j | g; " f.j | ||
:. 3 | :. 3 | ||
;.I | ;.I | ||
.,' ,,g i | .,' ,,g i | ||
y.~ o w e,u: ~ ,f k | |||
y.~ o | g as d%.ti < | ||
w e,u: ~ ,f k | |||
g | |||
as d%.ti < | |||
T $%_ , - | T $%_ , - | ||
$ ~- | $ ~- | ||
,z. _ ~ | ,z. _ ~ | ||
w@f | w@f | ||
| Line 1,947: | Line 1,064: | ||
W FiGV n. | W FiGV n. | ||
~@' ife' | ~@' ife' | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~. | ~. | ||
p- , . - | p- , . - | ||
w ,- ,. , | |||
.p.k^ | .p.k^ | ||
littp u s. s s u Lu n,g | littp u s. s s u Lu n,g | ||
~' | ~' | ||
| Line 1,968: | Line 1,076: | ||
exw | exw | ||
. :. tgge. ~, .. | . :. tgge. ~, .. | ||
Figure 14. Photomacrograph showing the reconstruction of the shaft after forcing partial separations to completion. | Figure 14. Photomacrograph showing the reconstruction of the shaft after forcing partial separations to completion. | ||
< -o | < -o | ||
)by ) IJU hh | )by ) IJU hh | ||
: c. - | : c. - | ||
~ W | ~ W | ||
'''n - | '''n - | ||
E=* % . ;2 . . . ~ | E=* % . ;2 . . . ~ | ||
- s | - s | ||
- - - .y .3%.% | - - - .y .3%.% | ||
| Line 1,992: | Line 1,089: | ||
y, - +. | y, - +. | ||
, ,. ..... .=. . m | , ,. ..... .=. . m | ||
. y, , .- | . y, , .- | ||
-~ | -~ | ||
% *- /L*iiRIMirEE, _~ .g | % *- /L*iiRIMirEE, _~ .g | ||
..'. .a.g..D | ..'. .a.g..D | ||
._,4 L.A% | ._,4 L.A% | ||
- - -,;;w z | - - -,;;w z | ||
-- ~ | -- ~ | ||
3 | 3 | ||
. .x.g- .- mm = = | . .x.g- .- mm = = | ||
".. , , . . . . ' ar? __ | ".. , , . . . . ' ar? __ | ||
_.; m .. | _.; m .. | ||
..~5,. . | ..~5,. . | ||
- r. .' | - r. .' | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~ | ~ | ||
~' | ~' | ||
'I' L,),' - | 'I' L,),' - | ||
as | as | ||
- ~ gw"+; $ W | - ~ gw"+; $ W | ||
_w - | _w - | ||
--- ,. y. | --- ,. y. | ||
,~W | ,~W | ||
~S | ~S W2Cw- ?-g - - - . . . ~ , m. y m**-*:.Tew - | ||
W2Cw- ?-g - - - . . . ~ , m. y m**-*:.Tew | |||
e p< - = _ gg - - | e p< - = _ gg - - | ||
-~ | -~ | ||
h h %5 Yhs | h h %5 Yhs fj h M O = C N -- -~. . . g =_.. _ | ||
fj h M O = C N -- -~. . . g =_.. _ | |||
mwm;"=2 _ ,, | mwm;"=2 _ ,, | ||
[.:- ~gl. . .- | [.:- ~gl. . .- | ||
? | ? | ||
'4 . | '4 . | ||
.:M M 's~ h g: - | .:M M 's~ h g: - | ||
---a | ---a l3 - | ||
l3 - | |||
Y f.> | Y f.> | ||
%?Tjgdesw. | %?Tjgdesw. | ||
| Line 2,057: | Line 1,126: | ||
W.. . Y .' _ w~ e 74 %MSW p g:7 | W.. . Y .' _ w~ e 74 %MSW p g:7 | ||
..y | ..y | ||
'%e .- | '%e .- | ||
- ; | - ; | ||
'y- | 'y- | ||
~ ~- - .= | ~ ~- - .= | ||
. -:. -g w-;- : O ;;si;h | . -:. -g w-;- : O ;;si;h c' | ||
c' | |||
~ | ~ | ||
c | c | ||
~ u.x s.p. | ~ u.x s.p. | ||
1& | 1& | ||
m Fl y. | m Fl y. | ||
M | M | ||
.5 S ~~sk,.:v? , r; | .5 S ~~sk,.:v? , r; | ||
, v . ,y' .y, - | , v . ,y' .y, - | ||
- +. .r | - +. .r i e . | ||
i e . | |||
,vl. . . ~, | ,vl. . . ~, | ||
F u | F u | ||
?;~*. | ?;~*. | ||
-b y | -b y | ||
.f ~ &h)'' | .f ~ &h)'' | ||
-- k- :e m -_- .i;.,, . | -- k- :e m -_- .i;.,, . | ||
Figure 15. Photomacrograph showing the fracture plane forced to complete separation. Location of plane shown on Figure 12. | Figure 15. Photomacrograph showing the fracture plane forced to complete separation. Location of plane shown on Figure 12. | ||
)e.s u1 nn ))' | )e.s u1 nn ))' | ||
~ | ~ | ||
%9At,et | %9At,et | ||
f , | f , | ||
Y.k' * ' ',W p;y& i' 9.NW.zp%y 2 -l.1 ,,Q : | Y.k' * ' ',W p;y& i' 9.NW.zp%y 2 -l.1 ,,Q : | ||
v . >k; . >c.. | v . >k; . >c.. | ||
5 | 5 | ||
,,, .. ? | ,,, .. ? | ||
i f g | i f g w | ||
t b .. . | |||
w | |||
r e | r e | ||
4 | 4 | ||
.. .. .''; % W - | .. .. .''; % W - | ||
. : a,g2 | . : a,g2 | ||
. i .* Q.$% | . i .* Q.$% | ||
k~y C. :.. ''. .w. | k~y C. :.. ''. .w. | ||
s | s | ||
.j?[y, | .j?[y, i _ kY R:;/T s\ | ||
i _ kY R:;/T s\ | |||
.c ukM(N _ | .c ukM(N _ | ||
2 . ._ i. | 2 . ._ i. | ||
.-M.Q | .-M.Q | ||
. %, ' a ;,, | . %, ' a ;,, | ||
,,e | ,,e | ||
.- . .;Q% .' 1. 3:s . . .l | .- . .;Q% .' 1. 3:s . . .l | ||
= 4 ' | = 4 ' | ||
1 4- | 1 4- | ||
$ ) | $ ) | ||
. Sm | . Sm | ||
| Line 2,152: | Line 1,181: | ||
..y | ..y | ||
' AT. | ' AT. | ||
r; r | r; r | ||
&g i ~*h+ %: ,Q..d,2d Xy | &g i ~*h+ %: ,Q..d,2d Xy | ||
| Line 2,158: | Line 1,186: | ||
~- | ~- | ||
. p L-] | . p L-] | ||
1 * . . % | 1 * . . % | ||
/ f f,"'~~ ; | |||
/ f | |||
f,"'~~ ; | |||
g UK A n | g UK A n | ||
. - . 4 | . - . 4 | ||
.=_ - g ,_,_, , ., .. | .=_ - g ,_,_, , ., .. | ||
_ j' *=- | _ j' *=- | ||
. E. | . E. | ||
fg n - | fg n - | ||
f, m | f, m J .73 f | ||
J .73 f | |||
- ., = ... WP-MMA.= T @ ii [E 1 | - ., = ... WP-MMA.= T @ ii [E 1 | ||
- = | - = | ||
$( , , | $( , , | ||
h 7q Figure 16. A series of g | h 7q Figure 16. A series of g | ||
=_- _ , | =_- _ , | ||
scanning electron micrescope | scanning electron micrescope c | ||
c | |||
-5 , | -5 , | ||
r photomicrographs traversing | r photomicrographs traversing piece A in Figure 14. | ||
piece A in Figure 14. | |||
a | a | ||
?W _ | ?W _ | ||
= - | = - | ||
$ n~._AI | $ n~._AI | ||
- >m N J d~n@_ M 3 a- ,;8 | - >m N J d~n@_ M 3 a- ,;8 | ||
,n | ,n | ||
-y.-+4' | -y.-+4' EBBRBEEE e., - ,, | ||
EBBRBEEE e., - , | |||
,y ** | ,y ** | ||
A~9 : | A~9 : | ||
| Line 2,230: | Line 1,220: | ||
-x- ,, 4[v[n9 AR | -x- ,, 4[v[n9 AR | ||
';4,y e / p...; , | ';4,y e / p...; , | ||
.; a | .; a | ||
[,. ,- | [,. ,- | ||
| Line 2,236: | Line 1,225: | ||
I | I | ||
-s .3, , * .,, . j. 'm. . | -s .3, , * .,, . j. 'm. . | ||
: w. . . _ s 4 ,. , | : w. . . _ s 4 ,. , | ||
5_. | 5_. | ||
'I . ? . . .. _ ! | 'I . ? . . .. _ ! | ||
's._,_l________._ | 's._,_l________._ | ||
*L_'_<_ | *L_'_<_ | ||
;. , _ E [___ | ;. , _ E [___ | ||
62X 3 | 62X 3 | ||
Figure 17. Fractograph sh wing portion of locus of crack inttiation (corner of keyway). | Figure 17. Fractograph sh wing portion of locus of crack inttiation (corner of keyway). | ||
u su a | u su a | ||
.. .,,,.,,.:. .. ..w . | .. .,,,.,,.:. .. ..w . | ||
......s | ......s | ||
. , ., 2 : ,. ..., ;t .. . g.e | . , ., 2 : ,. ..., ;t .. . g.e | ||
.. .; - ~: .. . . p y . w ...ge. | .. .; - ~: .. . . p y . w ...ge. | ||
.-- g ..,. -- ., . .- | .-- g ..,. -- ., . .- | ||
* ;5 1 t,M ;jJ flij,r n h i*i f* M s ' | * ;5 1 t,M ;jJ flij,r n h i*i f* M s ' | ||
q . - tQ ; - ~ ~. .. = .- | q . - tQ ; - ~ ~. .. = .- | ||
..y*w y r. ; < -* | ..y*w y r. ; < -* | ||
. r . . .s c , ype - | . r . . .s c , ype - | ||
M | M | ||
*. v =. -~ | *. v =. -~ | ||
.h f rn _a .%. w . | .h f rn _a .%. w . | ||
a | a | ||
*- - * ;- | *- - * ;- | ||
. ,a | . ,a | ||
~~ | ~~ | ||
- . .i :-, | - . .i :-, | ||
.- .u.-- p ^. . | .- .u.-- p ^. . | ||
.pu : 3..ep , | .pu : 3..ep , | ||
,.-. 'an,. .. :-s-A . | ,.-. 'an,. .. :-s-A . | ||
,.? | ,.? | ||
Ag | Ag | ||
, p ; .. #g,, . - | , p ; .. #g,, . - | ||
e t .f .p -: - - .b :4T-: - .. m' 3 '. | e t .f .p -: - - .b :4T-: - .. m' 3 '. | ||
.. kg..f.,o=.'. , e | .. kg..f.,o=.'. , e | ||
*. _ ,%, f _ - | *. _ ,%, f _ - | ||
. . , _j . j.=j " '; -Q,.) ., ,Q'' ., | . . , _j . j.=j " '; -Q,.) ., ,Q'' ., | ||
$ $ ;-[ | $ $ ;-[ | ||
.2. .' A, ';. . .. ?-ft.}:Q s n-4 .'. ".. ..... | .2. .' A, ';. . .. ?-ft.}:Q s n-4 .'. ".. ..... | ||
4 s ,A .. r* % e | 4 s ,A .. r* % e | ||
%, Ng,-. | %, Ng,-. | ||
4 ~;. , g . s- g, . | 4 ~;. , g . s- g, . | ||
1, c - | 1, c - | ||
s | s | ||
. sh | . sh | ||
| Line 2,324: | Line 1,275: | ||
\ ' t-A . -p . ue: | \ ' t-A . -p . ue: | ||
hK.#, 5,:.Q 4 M[gy/$ | hK.#, 5,:.Q 4 M[gy/$ | ||
1 ,, | 1 ,, | ||
190X Figure 18. Fractograph of crack origin in corner of keyway. | 190X Figure 18. Fractograph of crack origin in corner of keyway. | ||
;) A'' 7 3i r3. | ;) A'' 7 3i r3. | ||
| Line 2,334: | Line 1,282: | ||
. J ,._ . , ., | . J ,._ . , ., | ||
. :,n.( | . :,n.( | ||
. w-e- + :.w | |||
. w- | |||
e- + :.w | |||
+ | + | ||
,4:( ..- - | ,4:( ..- - | ||
). ' & .4 , | ). ' & .4 , | ||
hy ,; f. J. .- | hy ,; f. J. .- | ||
c= k ". | c= k ". | ||
#'~ | #'~ | ||
l4 k-M' M b$5,, | l4 k-M' M b$5,, | ||
' ~3 -,f,3 | ' ~3 -,f,3 I. p, - Og p= 9 t. | ||
I. p, - Og p= 9 t | |||
, A ,. pg. | , A ,. pg. | ||
. . 4 w.,.r~ e , $. ? M # nA:.\ -yw.: | . . 4 w.,.r~ e , $. ? M # nA:.\ -yw.: | ||
c, .. :.- | c, .. :.- | ||
..g..g # | ..g..g # | ||
a p" , * ' *h f~- | a p" , * ' *h f~- | ||
, hh% *, ' N.; | , hh% *, ' N.; | ||
- . p. .U:p.. 7,, . T. .','.i 7. ..'. - WM. | - . p. .U:p.. 7,, . T. .','.i 7. ..'. - WM. | ||
.w | .w | ||
,q.V v.. | ,q.V v.. | ||
| Line 2,378: | Line 1,304: | ||
.Q %; | .Q %; | ||
'..;<~,, :_ | '..;<~,, :_ | ||
i | i | ||
: =.L% C,9 ts.:>?s ..w'<: 3, +w c: :. . %. , | : =.L% C,9 ts.:>?s ..w'<: 3, +w c: :. . %. , | ||
,...",as)..-. | ,...",as)..-. | ||
. _ ;- ,p ' . . ) _ ' ^ | . _ ;- ,p ' . . ) _ ' ^ | ||
yg .. | yg .. | ||
x, t_.,,g.. | |||
x, | |||
t_.,,g. | |||
_- 3:;.. . . . . | _- 3:;.. . . . . | ||
_ s. .. | _ s. .. | ||
.,.5 620X | .,.5 620X | ||
. Figure 19. Fractograph of detail in crack origin area, | . Figure 19. Fractograph of detail in crack origin area, | ||
,og | ,og r, i R '') | ||
r, i R '') | |||
l, ;-- | l, ;-- | ||
t | t | ||
/ _ | / _ | ||
A ., | A ., | ||
v.' | v.' | ||
| Line 2,426: | Line 1,324: | ||
: 1. '. $%2 7 '1, * | : 1. '. $%2 7 '1, * | ||
, '$ % e | , '$ % e | ||
. y 9 | |||
. y | T e; ; | ||
e; ; | |||
I;i | I;i | ||
*v - | *v - | ||
1400X Figure 20. Fractograph showing detail in crystallographic (" rough") | 1400X Figure 20. Fractograph showing detail in crystallographic (" rough") | ||
fracture surface area. | fracture surface area. | ||
um | um | ||
y | y | ||
, sm i ig ...., | |||
e 3 | |||
f1 J | |||
, sm i | |||
ig ...., | |||
e | |||
J | |||
. . . . .i.m iii 50X Figure 21. Fractograph of beach mark in secondary crack propagation system. | . . . . .i.m iii 50X Figure 21. Fractograph of beach mark in secondary crack propagation system. | ||
' & W rQ'~? W5? %?S$5h | ' & W rQ'~? W5? %?S$5h | ||
| Line 2,465: | Line 1,344: | ||
. : reif,.. r _w | . : reif,.. r _w | ||
.r. | .r. | ||
::!.? ,. 4.iG . . | ::!.? ,. 4.iG . . | ||
D... | D... | ||
.y . . . | .y . . . | ||
- ._,tt .Y. .. | - ._,tt .Y. .. | ||
8.:,.V | 8.:,.V | ||
.y | .y | ||
. . ,. 4-; . , , g :F .p'* ..; | . . ,. 4-; . , , g :F .p'* ..; | ||
. .To.' i , | . .To.' i , | ||
iW | iW A'*"< .A- | ||
A'*"< .A- | |||
~ | ~ | ||
". A. Q Q: 'y: | ". A. Q Q: 'y: | ||
- v., | - v., | ||
'~ | '~ | ||
kgy .;SY.h.&, | kgy .;SY.h.&, | ||
, . . e t.. W. . 4 | , . . e t.. W. . 4 | ||
| Line 2,495: | Line 1,362: | ||
d.'N 4 | d.'N 4 | ||
.[ | .[ | ||
.. ; .-J : . . | .. ; .-J : . . | ||
. .,.k. . | . .,.k. . | ||
.s: . . | .s: . . | ||
I l k . . .., f,s~ '.'*, . v.iikkg7Sh .]'Q,g. | I l k . . .., f,s~ '.'*, . v.iikkg7Sh .]'Q,g. | ||
~ | ~ | ||
| Line 2,514: | Line 1,373: | ||
'% [ . . .f .;, yhe h .'g.'4 h**y e7 **. 4. L%;; 9 s?; - G, , | '% [ . . .f .;, yhe h .'g.'4 h**y e7 **. 4. L%;; 9 s?; - G, , | ||
: p. .. | : p. .. | ||
, f..g | , f..g | ||
-.s ; . .-s 50X Figure 22. Fractograph of beach mark in secondary 9 crack propagation system. Mixed mode D-fracture is present in the mid-regic of the photo. , | -.s ; . .-s 50X Figure 22. Fractograph of beach mark in secondary 9 crack propagation system. Mixed mode D-fracture is present in the mid-regic of the photo. , | ||
a | a | ||
y | y | ||
~ty 4 | ~ty 4 | ||
t 500X Figure 23. Fractograph showing crack growth character preceding beach mark in secondary propagation system. | |||
t | |||
500X Figure 23. Fractograph showing crack growth character preceding beach mark in secondary propagation system | |||
4 500X Figure 24. Fractograph showing crack growth characte beyond last beach mark in a secondary propagation system. | 4 500X Figure 24. Fractograph showing crack growth characte beyond last beach mark in a secondary propagation system. | ||
.... 1569 145 | .... 1569 145 | ||
b, 9 ' ) | b, 9 ' ) | ||
fi , | fi , | ||
~ | ~ | ||
ul '- | ul '- | ||
b - | b - | ||
q | q | ||
: ,_ _ 1 Il e | |||
: ,_ _ 1 Il | 4 4 | ||
500X Figure 25. Fractograph showing detail of mixed mode fracture character near beach marks. | |||
.. . ; :. ~~ | .. . ; :. ~~ | ||
4:- * | 4:- * | ||
.( 'l | .( 'l d' | ||
d' | |||
M "& | M "& | ||
f _m s | f _m s | ||
.o | .o | ||
- ,.3 q | - ,.3 q Figure 26. Crack Surface Perpendicular to Shaft Axis 550X | ||
Figure 26. Crack Surface Perpendicular to Shaft Axis 550X | |||
~ | ~ | ||
- g5=- , | - g5=- , | ||
Figure 27. Crack Surface Parellel to Shaft Axis. 550X Appearance of Fracture Surfaces Generated by Impacting Saw-Notched Rectangular Bars of.the 17-4 PH Shaft Material . . r , ') | Figure 27. Crack Surface Parellel to Shaft Axis. 550X Appearance of Fracture Surfaces Generated by Impacting Saw-Notched Rectangular Bars of.the 17-4 PH Shaft Material . . r , ') | ||
4 | 4 | ||
} [}7 0 | } [}7 0 | ||
'' ~ | '' ~ | ||
* - ~ y p% ' | |||
* - ~ y | |||
p% ' | |||
* 3 ; 'g~ | * 3 ; 'g~ | ||
, . g- y. ..M sn \ | |||
, . g- y. ..M | ... N j' . Q N MDbh-; | ||
sn \ | |||
... N j' . Q N | |||
MDbh-; | |||
. Mpg \ x s q g .s Y .' | . Mpg \ x s q g .s Y .' | ||
,~ - | ,~ - | ||
? ,- Q ,. -:. | ? ,- Q ,. -:. | ||
.R. | .R. | ||
l .. 't9'OR - ' | l .. 't9'OR - ' | ||
Keyway | Keyway | ||
| Line 2,625: | Line 1,420: | ||
: 7. ' ' . ' ' '? Vertical | : 7. ' ' . ' ' '? Vertical | ||
'..,- ~ -- - | '..,- ~ -- - | ||
2p,. P1ane | 2p,. P1ane n . :s: | ||
n . :s: | |||
D ... [.[. , | D ... [.[. , | ||
Crack Orisin | Crack Orisin | ||
-. .. :~ | -. .. :~ | ||
Transverse Plane 10X Y | Transverse Plane 10X Y | ||
| Line 2,638: | Line 1,428: | ||
%r h.?.. xMD.>$$.::f. . - | %r h.?.. xMD.>$$.::f. . - | ||
. 5h. | . 5h. | ||
5?? ~ | 5?? ~ | ||
P' s . | P' s . | ||
. .x ?f | . .x ?f | ||
.g - , % ;, | .g - , % ;, | ||
ser? ' | ser? ' | ||
iber 4 | iber 4 | ||
$ p .Ys s ,*, 9 | $ p .Ys s ,*, 9 | ||
*TV' :,4 | *TV' :,4 | ||
~ | ~ | ||
'i | 'i | ||
~~* | ~~* | ||
t .. v; | t .. v; y | ||
y | |||
RQ ,m | RQ ,m | ||
,j' , .a% w e* ;. N.'! , | ,j' , .a% w e* ;. N.'! , | ||
_ 'iWr.3 Longitudinal Plane 150X 1a 3r,; - | |||
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Revision as of 05:48, 2 February 2020
| ML19210A814 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Three Mile Island  |
| Issue date: | 09/24/1977 |
| From: | Rovder J, Sarver L BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19210A813 | List: |
| References | |
| LR:77:5276-01:2, LR:77:5276-1:2, NUDOCS 7910310704 | |
| Download: ML19210A814 (35) | |
Text
I etesearch ar.d Develop nent 0: vision N 4E ANnce Researen Center Athance. ohio 24601 K. E. MOORE - TECHNICAL STAFF, NPGD, LYMCHBURG R oa L. W. SARVER/J. S. ROVDER - METALLURGY SECTI0k, ARC .c. o. . s. .
file h-Cust' METROPOLITAN EDISON or Ref. LR:77:5276-01:2 Subj. FINAL REPO.1T Ofl EXA'UNATION OF CR-3 Data SEPTET'BER 24' 1977 DECAY HEAT FIIMP SHAFT
=
This 'ette' tr. Cover 09e Cuttomer and one swegect oney INTROCdJCTION This report describes the metallurgical evaluation and failure analysis of a broken CR-3 decay heat pump shaft. This failure occurred last year at the Crystal River N.S.S. facility of the Florida Power Corporation. The decay heat pump shaft was fabricated t:y the Worthington Pump Corp. from 17-4 Ri stainless steel.
It is our understanding that similar equipment from Worthington was installed in other N.S.S. units at about the same time. At issue is whether other sites may face the potential of a decay heat pump shaft failure.
The purpose of this failure analysis is to attempt to identify any material problems or pump design problems which may have caused or contributed to this failure and, therefore, would raise questions about similar equipment at other sites.
CONCLUSIONS The 17-4 Fil stainless steel decay heat pump shaft appears to have failed by a fatigue mechanism. It appears that a non-filleted keyway design contributed substantially to the failure through a stress concentration effect. Further, it appears the material was not carefully heat treated (adequately tempered) to the specified condition and thus was placed in service in a more brittle and less fatigue resistant condition than intended for the application. It secns prc%ble Distributien (CCMPANY LIMITED) This information is freely available to all Company personnel. Written aporaval by sponsoring unit's R&D coordinator is required only if release outside of the Company is requesteJ.
C I$r3 P.S. Ayres - ARC R.U. Claser DC E.L. Locan - NPGD G. Musat - ABC H.S. Swenson - ARC Library (3) - AP.C
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Du D.F. Levstek - iZD J.D. Phinney - ilPGD Matallurgy File 7 910310 70bd
Babcock &Wilcox '
LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24. 1977 Page 2 that this failure would not have occurred if a filleted keyway design had been
' used and if the shaft had been properly heat-treated.
RES'LLTS MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS ASTM A564 Chemical Composition Grade 630 -
Chemistry Emission Specified Spectrographic Wet-Chemical for 17-4 PH Chemical Analysis Analysis of Certification Chemical Analysis Stainless Steel of Failed Shaft Failed Shaft Wt. %
Wt. % Wt. %
Element Wt. %
.05 .043 .07 Max C .04 ,
.35 .31 1.00 Max Mn .36
.01 3 .017 .04 Max P . 012'
.011 .012 .03 Max S .01 2
.67 .60 1.0 Max Si .65 15.8 15.90 15.5-17.5 Cr 15.8 4.6 4.5 4.36 3.0- 5.0 Ni s
Mo .11 Cu 3.6 V .02 Al <.01 Ti <.01 to .05 Cb .29 l .40 {
Ta .01 )
15 0 9 l i b ) 0.15-0.
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s c abcock &Wilcox LR:77:5276-01 :2 September 24, 1977 Page 3 TENSILE TEST DATA 0.2% Yield % Elongation *; Reduction Ultimate Tensile Stress (osi) Stress (psi) (0.8 inches) of Area Shaft Specimens With Fracture Plane Perpendicular 54.6 161,000 160,000 15.0 of Shaft Axis 1 (Longitudinal) 2 161,000 160,000 13.8 52.7 Shaft Specimens Wich Fracture Plane Parallel 1 158,000 153,000 7.5 14.7 to Shaft Axis 154,000 7.5 14.7 (Transverse) 2. 157,000 Typical H-1150 Properties 147,000 139,000 20 63 Longitudinal 147,000 136,000 15 44 Transverse Typical H-1025 Properties 163,000 160,000 17 58 Longitudinal 162,000 159,000 13 32 Transverse HARDNESS DATA Schematics shown below illustrate the distribution of hardness values on transverse and longitudinal cross-sections of the shaft and in the corner of the keyway. The transverse cut was located about 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 inches from the seapration towards the thread end of the shaft. The longitudinal cut was taken from a sleeved portion of the shaft.
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, ,. . . w Schcoch ;Oilcox Page 5 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 MICROSTRUCTURE The shaft microstructure consists predominantly of tempered martensite.
Minor quantities of delta-ferrite and columbium-containing inclusion stringers are also present. Fine particulates of copper are dispersed throughout the microstructure. Prior austenite grain boundaries (sASTM 2-3 grain size)' are delineated by copper particles. Microstructures are illustrated in Figures 1-4.
FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS Cracking occurred at and around the location where the shaft fits into the sleeve. The ultimate separation occurred on a crack plane inclined to the shaft axis which grew from a location at the junction of shaft and sleeve. Other cracks traversed nearly the entire cross-section on inclined planes to the axis (in opposed senses) bud did not completely sever. Examples are shown in Fgiures 5-10.
Surface damage was sustained on the completely separated (crack) surfaces and both the shaft and sleeve surfaces. All of this appeared to be after the failure damage. Damage on the shaft surface was confined to a region between some cracks but not others; rubbing on the sleeve surface was located about 180*
opposite the shaft surface damage. Damage to the separated crack surface appeared to be due to impingement during shaft rotation after separation.
Cracks passing through the cross-section were separated by as much as 1 to l-1/2 inch (measure of divergence) along the shaft axis. All these cracks are tied to a common feature, which is a longitudinal crack about 3/4-inch long located in one corner of the shaft keyway. This is illustrated in Figure 11.
The shaft was systematically forced to fracture through the cross-section along the existing nearly-through-shaft crack planes. Thus, major cracks associated with the extremities of the longitudinal crack were exposed. Further the stub of the shaft within the sleeve was removed for excmination. These pieces are illustrated in Figure 12.
A rough fracture surface area was noted beside the keyway on the shaft section removed frca the sleeve (arrow on Figure 12). A continuation of tnv fracture area was found after forcing the adi 2nt cracked area to complete separation . This is illustrated in Figures 13-15.
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Bibcock&Wi'cox Page 6 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 The fully exposed rough fracture surface area is seen to be derived from the longitudinal crack in the corner of the keyway. The plane of the rough fracture is parallel to and effectively an extension of the plane of the bottom of the keyway.
Several discrete fracture propagation systems were seen to extend from the extremities of the rough fracture area. These are all typified by smoother surfaces, by radial patterns and some " beach" markings. Arrows on Figures 9 and 15 show propagation patterns emanating from the keyway corner at the extremity of the rough fracture area on two of the major crack planes.
On other similar inclined fracture planes, similar fracture characteristics are observed.
FRACTOGRAPHY A traverse across the fracture area illustrated in Figure 16 via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed fracture characteristics shown in Figure 14.
Three discrete fracture zones are noted: (1) flat surface in a narrow band immediately adjacent to the keyway corner, (2) microscopically rough angular surface extending about 1/2 to 3/4 inch from the keyway corner and (3) smooth surface initiating abruptly at the extremity of rough surface.
Figure 17 illustrates a portion of the locus of crack initiation at the corner of the keyway. Figures 18 and 19 illustrate details near the origin.
Figure 20 shows the crystallographic character (looks " cleaved") which generally typifies the fracture surface at the origin.
Figures 21 and 22 show two different " beach" markings from a secondary propagation system. Figure 23 illustrates growth character preceding the last beach mark while Figure 24 illustrates growth character beyond the last beach mark (fast growth). Mixed mode conditions such as illustrated in Figure 25 were sometimes found near beach marks.
Sample bars were notched and hamer impacted at ambient temperatures to produce examples of high strain rate overload fractures. Fractogrghic cxam-ination showed that the surfaces generated viere micro-dimpled (illuurated in Jr 7 i .; V / 1l *L Un
Babcock & Wilcox Page 7 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Figures 26 and 27); thus the material appeared relatively tough.
METALL0 GRAPHY Metallographic analysis showed that crack propagation was essentially transgranular with respect to both prior austenite and martensite grains.
The pattern of propagation was observed to be typical of fatigue cracks. These
~
points are illustrated in Figure 28.
DISCUSSION PRIOR HISTORY It has been found that Worthington does not have heat treat recorder charts to prove that the 17-4 PH material was heat treated to the desired H-il50 condition, prior to machining in their shops. Worthington has advised that their normal fabrication process ms to 1) rough machine (including keyway), 2) heat treat, 3) final machine. Worthington records of material certifications and heat treat charts dated prior to 1971 have been discarded.
B&W did not, at the time of the order, invoke any special NDE or QA requirements on the shafts for the# Decay Heat Pumps.
Material certifications have been located in B&W records. These show that material was supplied to Worthington fron U. S. Steel Supply. The certification covers two pieces of 17-4 PH stainless steel in heat treat condition "A".
Worthington ordered material as ASTM A564 Grade 630-Condition A-hot rolled.
MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS Chemical Comoosition The chemical composition for the 17-4 PH stainless steel shaft is within limits of specification for ASTM A564 Grade 630, to which the material was ordered.
Tensile Properties Tensile test data show that the alloy does not conform to typical H-ll50 heat treatment properties for 17-4 PH steel. Yield stress values were 13 to 15% higher than expected and ultimate tensile stress 7 to 9% higher. Ductility
)UO]
,.,e, n'hcoch & Wilccx LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 Page 8 values were correspondingly lowered 25% and 14% for % elongation and % reduction of area in longitudinal tests, versus 47% and 66% respectively in transverse tests. Such anisotropy in ductility values is characteristic of the slightly tempered grades of 17-4 PH steel, but not H-1150.
Hardness Properties Rockwell hardness values also indicate that the shaft has somewhat higher strength properties than are typical for the H-ll50 treatment for 17-4 PH steel, i.e., R values c
as high as 35 versus 33 for H-1150.
Both tensile and hardness values appear to be more characteristic of a heat treatment approximating H-1025; transverse ductility values of the shaft are even lower than expected for H-1025.
Microstructure The shaft microstructure is not typical for the H-ll50 condition. The microstructure is more typical of a lesser tempering heat treatment, i.e., it contains finer dispersed copper particles and lesser prior austenite grain boundary decoration.
Reduced ductility in 17-4 PH stainless steel can be associated with excessive austenite grain growth, coarse martensite grain structure, and excessive delta-ferrite, as well as with the precipitation-hardened condition.
However, none of the former three fcctors appear sufficiently abnormal to contribute substantially to the observed reduced ductility in tensile tests.
FAILURE CHARACTERISTICS It appears that cracking initiated at the corner of the keyway on a lineal locus along the shaf t axis. The initial crack extension proceeded by a transgranular mechanism. There were slight tear ridges oriented perpendicular to the corner of the keyway which suggested that a planar crack front m3ved away frcm the corner.
I- ' a, 122
,Page 9 LR:77:5276-01:2 September 24, 1977 The initial crack growth is most consistent with a fatigue propagation mechanism. Initial crack growth character is not consistent with impact fracture as determined in lab tests. Stress corrosion cracking similarly h not consistent with the observed fracture character-stress corrosion should proceed intergranularly in a decay heat pump shaft environment. However, if chlorides are present, then the crack propagation could be transgranular. No material deficiencies or surface flaws that might have initiated cracking were found in the area of the crack origin.
~
Crack extension beyond the initial region proceeded by a structure-sensitive _
(" cleaved") micro-topology which is characteristic of fatigue propagation for many materials in the realm of icw stress intensity range associated with crack propagation rates less than 10-6 inches per cycle.
After the initial crack extended about 1/2 to 3/4-inch, it appears that a critical size was reached, after which the fatigue process assumed somewhat different, more classical (beach marked), fatigue character.
Some bands of intergranular fracture mixed with transgranular fracture were observed. This suggests possible grain boundary weakness in the material or some environmental effect on propagation. Either phenomenon would seem to be incidental and not significant to the failure process.
FAILiJRE CAUSES The inclination of crack planes to the shaft axis suggests that maximum tensile stresses in torsional loading are associated _with the failure and crack propagation.
It appears that the crack initiated at the corner of the keyway in a classic
" peeling" mode because the operating stresses were intensified by the square corner of the keyway. Stress intensification by a factor of five (5) or more is not unreasonable for this geometry. The Armco blue book for 17-4 pH stainless steel lists a fatigue life of 280 x 106 cycles at 83 ksi for the H-ll50 6
condition. The actual life of the shaft was about 85 x 10 cycles. This is somewhat between the expected life for the H-ll50 and H-900 conditions for a
- - q7 G] b
LR:77:5276-01:2 september 24, 1977 Page 20 stress arcurd 80 ksi (for H-900 at 82 ksi, the life is 41 x 10 6 cycles). Eased en tensile and metallophy data, the actual heat treatment of the sh2ft appears to place it somewhere between the H-900 and H-1150 cerxiitiens. Tne lesser tempered conditicns exhibit reduced fatigae life.
Design of the keyway appears to lie at the rect of the proble::. F16ure 29 mnstrates the total lack of fillet in the keyway corner profile.
-Based on our examination, the questionable heat treatment and the non-filleted .
~~
keyway are the metallurgical factors that led to the failure of the Crystal River III. -
Decay Heat Pump Shaft.
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. Figure 4. Photomicrographs .
..-~'
. . .' . . . - gg showing the microstructure 7 '..' in a longitudinal section S *% .;: -
'1
, ii..c - near the shaft 00.
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d D \U\ n;a\ ci. Figure 5. Photomacrograph of fractur5 shaf t,
- 1. at key way and 2. rotated 90 .
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says w % . - ....m. Figure 6. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve,
- 1. at keyway and 2. rotated 90 .
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O QQ Figure 7. Photoraacrographs of fractured shaft ro9ated 180 (3)and7.70 (4) with respect to keyway. lbu) l'
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Figure 8. Photomacrograph of fractured shaft in sleeve rotated 180 (3) and 270 (4) with respect r1] d'
}32 to keyway.
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J' B" Figure 9. Photomacrograph of fracture plane on shaft. Arrow indicates bench marks.
- s-~ .
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Figure 10. Photomacrograph of fracture plane on shaft. Matching surface to fracture plane shcwn in Figure 9. 1?;v)C )bh
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Figure 11. Photomacrograph showing longitudinal , crack in keyway corner. h mO .
-e
.} Y
;
h j M3 L.g
/
i t
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l g$ 1 ! ag yi m <3 i V (1 4 A 1 m }4 Q b '44 h (ggh lk h , $re Yf j el b C 2""e.
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9
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Figure 14. Photomacrograph showing the reconstruction of the shaft after forcing partial separations to completion.
< -o
)by ) IJU hh
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~ W
n -
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Figure 15. Photomacrograph showing the fracture plane forced to complete separation. Location of plane shown on Figure 12.
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~
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h 7q Figure 16. A series of g
=_- _ ,
scanning electron micrescope c
-5 ,
r photomicrographs traversing piece A in Figure 14. a
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62X 3 Figure 17. Fractograph sh wing portion of locus of crack inttiation (corner of keyway). u su a
.. .,,,.,,.:. .. ..w .
......s
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hK.#, 5,:.Q 4 M[gy/$ 1 ,, 190X Figure 18. Fractograph of crack origin in corner of keyway.
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Figure 27. Crack Surface Parellel to Shaft Axis. 550X Appearance of Fracture Surfaces Generated by Impacting Saw-Notched Rectangular Bars of.the 17-4 PH Shaft Material . . r , ') 4
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