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1 | |||
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United States Department cf the Interior | |||
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GEOLOGICAL SURVEY | |||
'C.- ' ~ ~ | |||
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b ['T yw , . | |||
RESTON, VA. 22092 | |||
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e:.'.;. - | |||
,5 " In Reply Refer To: - | |||
''~ ^ | |||
. Mail Stop 905 | |||
. | |||
. Mr. Haro d Denton Director of the Office of Nuclear Regulations. _ . | |||
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission | |||
, | |||
Washington, D.C. 20555 | |||
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==Dear Mr. Denton:== | |||
. | |||
Transmitted herewith, in response to the reques t by your staf f, is a supple =ent to our reviev (February 23, 1978) of the geologic and seiscologie data relevant to the Skagit Nuclear Power Proj ect, Units 1 and 2 (NRC Docket Nos. 50-522 and 50-523). . | |||
This supplecent was prepared prior to the cenpletion of a review of | |||
. certain proprietary seismic profiles which have-not yet been received by the U.S. Geological Survey. Any i= pact of the review of these profiles will be transmitted at a later date. | |||
. | |||
This supplement was prepared by Willia = H. Hays and Stanley R. | |||
,. Brock =an. Assistance was provided by Richard J. 3lakely, Robert H. | |||
Morris and J.ucs F. Devine. . | |||
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Sincerely yours, | |||
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b H. Willia = Menard | |||
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Director | |||
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Enclosure | |||
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p p ,, , .. 1280 157 | |||
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i l i k * /_g .\ One Hundred Years of Earth Science in the Public Service | |||
* I **r,. ~.\ ,* .t - | |||
i t O loctCO e | |||
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- .. . _ _ . . . _ 2 _l _ _ . _ . .. . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | |||
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7 911010 OfV | |||
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* O i D Status Review | |||
.- [.. d w N) e .S. I s.i Septo:bc 13, 1979 | |||
* | |||
.y. | |||
Op'-) | |||
..g.. | |||
Puget Sound Power-& Light C::pany | |||
.djn[? . | |||
Skagit Nuclear Power Project, Units 1 and 2 fif ' | |||
' | |||
Project No. 514 Skagit County, Washington | |||
''*(: -- NRC Docket Nos. SIN 50-522 and 50-523 7' . | |||
' :. | |||
::- | |||
. . - | |||
Since submitting its last Status Review on the p cposed Skagit | |||
;, Nuclear Power _ Project on February 2_3, 19 7 8, _ the_ U.S. Geological Survey , | |||
(USGS) has received and reviewed a major sub=ittal f ro= the Puget Sound | |||
'' | |||
Power & L1gh't Company (PSPL) entitled " Report of Geologic Investigations | |||
.,. | |||
in 1978-1979" and dated May 27, 1979. This submittal and a f ew new "r- . questions that have arisen from ongoing stud.ics in the site region ar,e _, . | |||
~~ | |||
discussed in this review. | |||
.,. ,.. | |||
.. . . | |||
c., Geolog7 | |||
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. , , , | |||
The extensive investigations represented by the submittal of | |||
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, May 27, 1979, were sticulated by new ideas regarding the geology of the | |||
. site 'vici'nfty that developed in the coarse of. .the long-ter=.progra=. of _ | |||
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the USGS f or mapping the geology of northwestern Washington. The new | |||
- ideas concern a tectonic cixture of meta-igneous acd cetasedi=etary , | |||
,, | |||
, - | |||
rocks that is widely exposed south of the plant site in the Table - | |||
, ,- Fbuntain-Raystack Mountain-Bald Mountain region. .(These rocks are hereaf teY 'te'rmed!"CH/Ju rocks", a ter=. coined-from sy=bols for these..,;. . . | |||
- | |||
~' ' ' rocks on' the maps of the applicant and of .J. T Whetten.) In the . , , ,, | |||
'' | |||
* Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) of early 1978, the applicant | |||
- identified these rocks as part of the Church Mountain thrust plate, - | |||
- - . . dragged or pushed into this region from the east by the overriding | |||
.- | |||
* | |||
' Shuksan' thrust, and as being generally correlative to the Chilliwack | |||
_ | |||
' " ~ | |||
Croep of largely Paleozoic age rwhich co=pos.es that thrust. plate in the, . | |||
, | |||
.. | |||
* | |||
, | |||
, . Cascade Range f arther east (Misch, 1966, 197.7,.1979). In id.cn,tifyin.g, ,, | |||
'the CH/Ju rocks with the Church Mountain plate and the Chilliwack Group,. | |||
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. | |||
the applicant was probably influenced by the fieldwork of G. M. Miller | |||
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-(1779, in press); who has sought to extend Misch's capping westward into | |||
-the Cascade foothills. At NRC-USGS nectings with the applicant _ in May, | |||
, 1978, and at. the Atomic Saf ety and Licensing Board (ASLS) hearing in June of' that year, J. T. Whetten of the USGS, who has been: =apping in ~ | |||
the San Juan Islands (Whetten and others, 1978) and was extending his work eastward into the mainland, proposed some =arkedly dif f erent , x relationships. He correlated the CH/Ju rocks south of the plant site with the' Mesozoic Decatur Terrane (including the Fi_dalgo Ophiolite cf , | |||
Brevn [1977] an d Brown and others (1979}) that he had =apped as a thrust sheet in the eastern part of the islands--a correlation that is | |||
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f 1 - | |||
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1280 ;58 | |||
$5'. . | |||
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cp . | |||
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ . _ _ __ _ . _ __. _. | |||
G | |||
+_.i.. - . | |||
-..u... * . . - . . - . . . . - . ..e.mep g. me p .% , . - . | |||
... . | |||
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supported by petrologic and radiometric data. Whetten presented. - > | |||
, _ . . .I , . | |||
'- ,7 ' ctidence thnt the:c roche cre not pert cf the Church Mountain thrurt | |||
./3fk) , . | |||
. . pl. ate,. structurally underlying the Shuksan. thrdst, but, rather, pcrt of. , | |||
2' f st; j a higher plate that has been thrust ever the Shuksan plate. These nev | |||
' [,'- ideas, later crpanded in publications (Whetten 'and Za rtman, 1979; t f'-j,",! | |||
- | |||
Whetten and others, 1979; Whetten and others, in press) have produced | |||
}-yp uncertainty and division in the thicking of the geologic con: unity j,9 regarding the basic structural frs=ework of parts of the Cascade | |||
. ,;, _ , foothills. Such uncertainty is of significance to review of the site | |||
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proposal.in that it could limit-1dentification and understanding of, younger', post-thrust deformation of the rocks of the region. | |||
_ | |||
_ In hope of' resolving quickly _the; question of the basic structural; __ | |||
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relationship of the Shuksan thrust plate to' the CH/Ju rocks and also" J-- | |||
.nore specific concerns regarding possible high-angle faults of post _ . | |||
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thrust age, the NRC and USGS requested, on June 9,1978, that the. | |||
,, applicant make additional studies, including (1) core boring, to | |||
' | |||
determfac the orientation of the fault contact between the Shuksan. and . | |||
a Ch/Ju rocks near Little Haystack Mountain; (2) acro =agnetic surveys, to help define tha~ location and the attitude- of the sc=e contact regicnally and to investigate.an anomaly southeast of Butler Rill that had been | |||
'. - revealed- on. an earlier, less detailed survey; and . (3) further, studies, . | |||
" ' | |||
including examination of Quaternary deposits, relative to the possible-presence and significance of f an1 ting in -the vicinity of- and parallel to | |||
. . Gilligan and Day Creeks. . | |||
_., .. | |||
. | |||
~ | |||
The applicant responded vigorously to the NRC-USGS requests and | |||
- extended. the scope of its studies slightly beyond;the requests in. order . . | |||
-"to address more fully concerns regarding the hypothesized "B-and - - | |||
. | |||
Jault." The applicant was unable to carry _out .co=pletely...the.. reques ted .. . | |||
" | |||
* drilling near-Little Haystack Mountain, but drilled 11 core ho.les __there: -- | |||
.. | |||
and elsewhere; carried out an extensive detailed ae'r.ocagnetic survey and 2- ' - | |||
analysis thereof; markedly increased the density of data on its regionale . | |||
-. | |||
geologic map . including data near Gilligan and Day . Creeks; carried outl..__ | |||
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on-ground gravity and magnetic surveys across the lower parts of the two creeks; reexamined photographic and radar imagery; and studied Nanaimo-- | |||
Chuckanut stratigraphy in the northern San Juan Islands. , , | |||
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In May and June 1979, the applicant distributed its report, " Report of Geologic Investigations in 1978-1979" (hereaf ter ter=ed "RGI"), on the studies outlined above. The principal topics addressed by the | |||
, | |||
applicant in 'this report and o'ther aspects of regional and local geology - | |||
. | |||
:" __ tthat hsva sucmed important in._recent considerations of the proposedm r; . _ , | |||
plant site are discussed briefly below: * | |||
: 1. 1The' basic tectonic fra=cwork of the region--In its 1979 RGI, the | |||
'" | |||
applicant concludes that the controversial CH/Ju rocks south of the. | |||
_ plant. site and other exposures of similar rocks in the region. are | |||
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, indeed parts of the Church Mountain thrust plate and structurally louer than the Shuksan thrust plate--a -conclusion consistent with m c | |||
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;[ 1280 159 | |||
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..- .- 7 | |||
; ;. . . - . | |||
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. .- .,y = . , | |||
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* that in the earlier PStJ1 and in conflict s.it.h k'hetten's =edel of fp'w' - | |||
the region. The applicant does =odify itsj earlier position so=cchat (p. 3.1-5) in :::: tin:; thnt the CH'/Ju rc eks probnbly 5.]k.; | |||
Z. include sone Mescaoic rockc similar to rocks in the castern San k, f Juan Islands, and the mI includes (p. 3.1-4, 3.1-5) a brief s(M. pff . description of a third structural =odel, that cf Joseph Vance, | |||
~& . which incorporates so=e f eatures of the other two. | |||
.$ | |||
', 1 . | |||
- " " * | |||
* It see=s clear, regrettably, thc_I_.the issue _ raised by khetten | |||
: regarding the place of the CH/Ju rocks in the basic tectonic _ | |||
* | |||
.-. framework of the foothill region around the proposed plant site has not been resolved by the considerable new data acquired in thc.past | |||
~ | |||
' ' | |||
'- | |||
- 18 months and that..no..ccascasus on this_ proble= can_be_ expected _ _ | |||
. /. - until some future ti=e when cuch = ore of the regica has been capped - | |||
_;, . geologically in detail and = ore geophysical data have beca p acquired. The present situation of uncertainty in the geologic-e '" '" | |||
--com= unity is exemp-lified by recent. studies. in the vicinity, of. , m., , | |||
. -C ''' | |||
Little Haystack and Talc Mountains, where the aeromagnetic and | |||
- core-hole data recently supplied by the applicant can apparent 1p be | |||
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_. | |||
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acccc=odated both by the applicant's capping and interpretation of the thrust and by L'hetten, Dethier, and Carrol's (1979) very "4 -' ""-diff erent mapping and interpretation.. The. =os t logical and -- . . . | |||
. . | |||
.. | |||
. responsible present course 1:2 the,_ evaluation.of the Skagit site seems -to be acceptance of the existence of so=e major uncertainty . | |||
'aciottg' geologists regarding the geologic f racevork- of. the .sitenw3 | |||
~ | |||
'~ - | |||
. region and recogition of this uncertainty in conservative - .- | |||
.. evaluation'of the bearing of specific geologic features on_, site _,,,, _. | |||
-' safety. | |||
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'. " . 2r --T-High-afgIe: north-trending f aults near- the plant site-The,, applicant; _. | |||
. e , u- has*' fairly i conclusively de=ons trated,- by detailed .observatiozigiGif-~- . , | |||
-- | |||
. .._. | |||
* | |||
* _, mappin,g supported by geophysical surveys, .thatNno significant, _ , . . , 1, | |||
... north ' trending faults follow the valley floors of Gilligan.and. ~ | |||
.,-- | |||
* | |||
'7- Iower Day Creeks. The applicant has found little or no evidence _. . | |||
E ''' ~ | |||
for-faults within the Shuksarr metamorphic rocks. on the slopes. above .3, . | |||
g . | |||
...<.. +~" thee creeks; but it is prudents to hear,in mind.'tha.t .s.uch _f.aulting j .,a a n]-"r might be difficult to detect.R .-Y ' O .>- - - . ... .m ,....g . | |||
.- | |||
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....;. , . . .. . | |||
.... | |||
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-- -- | |||
'In two localities in-the vicinity of the plant site, on the | |||
* | |||
* ' - a routh side of the Skagit valley, the- s.trong possibility. or , . ; ;. - | |||
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-- -likelihood of high-angle f aulting younger- than- any r.cgional. ,.. uw | |||
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thrusting is a present concern east of Gilligan Creek, along the . | |||
-' | |||
contac't' between the Shuksan 'and CH/Ju rocks, and in the valley of Loretta Creek, at and near the Chuckanut-Shuksan contact. , | |||
The applicant's mapping (RGI, -fig. 3.2-2 and Appendix H, sheet. | |||
'' '' | |||
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.1-);of the' f ault between the Shuksan; and- the. CH/Ju rocks in . sect,iona. | |||
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* 12, 13, an,d 24 or T. 34 N. , R'. 5 E. accords closely with b'hetten's mapping (1979), and all agree that the dip of the fault is steep | |||
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there.' In section 1 of th,e same township, bedrock exposure is . _ | |||
-* .- | |||
i 3 | |||
';d 7- | |||
.- | |||
yq 1286 ;60 i | |||
amo M AAh 3 o | |||
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, | |||
-- | |||
g_q | |||
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_ _ ,. _.. _. | |||
- | |||
- | |||
. :.. . - | |||
'.._... | |||
. . ._ | |||
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.. . . . . | |||
-. , :. . . . . . | |||
- | |||
. . . - | |||
, | |||
. _ _ _. _ _. . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . _ . _ | |||
. . . | |||
h~ | |||
.;,.. , .- | |||
cot =only poor, and the contac.t can be icss , accurately located. | |||
Availabic outcrops and probable outcrops. suggest that it, continues, j'.. J ,- with : northerly trend, threugh abcut the ckmter of the section. | |||
.d$' i . , In the northern quarter of the section, the} f ew outcrops =ay pernd t qtif j an inference that the caatact turns abruptly cast, so as to join U the thrust contact betve:n the sa:e rock units in the northeast M.h quarter of section 6, T. 34 N. , 'R. 6 E. Even if the Shuknan-CH/Ju | |||
. | |||
. | |||
contact follows such a courne, it sce=3'likely t!.ct ti.e sc=illnear | |||
~ . ,J. - | |||
high-angle f ault that for=s the contact for =iles south of section | |||
'24 1 continues on across the section to the north. Rather than a steeply folded seg=cnt of a thrust, the fault cast'of..Gilligat | |||
' ~ | |||
, -T , _ . . | |||
G. Creek (hereaf ter termed the "Gilligan Fault") is probably a younger | |||
),I. #-"' | |||
. . .* . . . *'".* uts acrose the thrust. - - - | |||
The extent of the Gilligin TaulFto the''Eo? h'an'd Fod'Eh Is - | |||
' ~ ~ " ~ ' | |||
tit' | |||
.? unknown and perhaps al=ost indeter=inable. If it extends ncrthward | |||
~,i beneath and beyond the Skagit valley, it enters a large mountainous | |||
,',- | |||
- | |||
- | |||
.''... | |||
= ass of rather poorly exposed Shuksan =cta= orphic rocks; to the 5- ''" '"so6th, beyond upper Gilligan Creek, It is within the tectonically. | |||
1 ^-' - | |||
nixed CH/Ju rocks. In both the Shuksan and CH/Ju terranes, the | |||
'-- - | |||
identification and '=spping of f aults can be very dif ficult. South , | |||
- of upper Gilligan Creek, the fault is conceivably related to a | |||
. discontinucus linc. ament, apparent on_ side-looking radar (RGI, p. | |||
i ~ 3.228 ' t 6 ~3.2-11) , that ex't ends ' south to a point near the' vest end ... , | |||
~ ~' ~ | |||
-- | |||
- | |||
~ ~ of- Lake Cavanaugh, but there is little or-.no evidence that this. . . . , , | |||
,- lincament is related to the Gilligan Fault or to any geologic | |||
' TtrEcture'. The of fsets in glacial lake > deposits about where this. | |||
~ | |||
~~~,,, | |||
lincament crosses the Lake Cavanaugh Road (Bechtel, Inc. , 1978) are | |||
, | |||
- | |||
'.,- probably contectonic. , .., , , , | |||
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.. . . .. . , | |||
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~ " E!second locality where there is concern regarding high-angle | |||
' | |||
' | |||
,s | |||
''t - | |||
~ faulfittg, the valley of'Loretta Creek (RGI,. Appendix H, . sheet.;.1;; . | |||
~,- | |||
'. ' | |||
, ~ '' W erten and others, 1979), was-called to the attention of.USGS , . . .,. | |||
,f. , | |||
' ' reviewers by J. T. Wetten and-P. -R.: Carrol. Ii2 the course of',,. . ,, | |||
. ! _. .. . . tapping geologically the lower, part of the valley, Wetten and , , | |||
-n , | |||
Carrol encountered an exceptionally good exposure of the Chuckanut- | |||
, _ | |||
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-Shuksan contact in a s=all waterfall, 'at an elevation of about. - | |||
. . , . . | |||
, , ' | |||
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r r mI,25 0"f'cet. ' Here the contact consists of a near-vertical.. shear. -... | |||
' ' ' | |||
. , | |||
zone, at ~1 east about 6 fect wide, that appears to strike north ...; . . | |||
northwest. The zone very probably represents a significant high-a'ngle f ault of post-Chuckanut (post-Eocene?) in age. In the . | |||
" 'ib'scnce' of strongly supportive data, the acceptance of.any other s. | |||
' ~ l'n'tcrpretation here would be highly i= prudent. The length of . this_,,. | |||
" ' | |||
. | |||
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fault (hereaf ter termed the "Loretta Fault") .and the a=ount and , , , | |||
exact sense of displacement on it are unknown. If it is present north of the Skagit valley, the difficulties _in =apping it there | |||
- | |||
,. | |||
- | |||
would bc s1=ilar to those described in the- case of the Gilligan ~._ | |||
Fa ult. ^ To the south, the f ault =ay follow the Chuckanut contact or- | |||
=ay take another course. -. | |||
. | |||
t l ' | |||
;, j hh@yg,. . 1280. 61 | |||
, | |||
- | |||
u.i . | |||
l E-5' | |||
- -- | |||
, ...,. . . . m. . ., . _ _ , , ... . | |||
- - | |||
. | |||
- | |||
_.: . .- . | |||
. ,... -...... A , . .. - .: - . . . . .. . .- | |||
. s. . , . | |||
. .; .. . | |||
. :;3:~.. . :. - - ; . +y . | |||
. . | |||
- | |||
- .' - | |||
._.. .. | |||
. - ..- . . _ . . | |||
-.. - | |||
.. . . . | |||
'e | |||
.'.' ' | |||
- 3. ne "Loveseth" Fault--The "Loveseth" Fau: t, capped as a fault by | |||
, | |||
~D'' | |||
. | |||
T. P. Loveseth (1975) and H. D..Gower (IE78) 'is interpreted by the applicent (RGI, Sect f,, | |||
3.4.2) and by C. (M. Miller (RGI, f't. 31-M g .A ; | |||
3, sheet .2, and in prean),. a consultant to Bechtel,.Inc., as.the . | |||
.C' basal sedinent.ary contact of the Chuckanut For=ation, disturbed | |||
".- A - | |||
only 17 local shearing asso, dated with Tertiary folding. The applicant does not mention t'he. existence of any clear exposures of | |||
< | |||
)I).:."; ~ | |||
e -[.,(1. 'g the contact, and apparently its dip cannot be accurately ceasured anywhere. The geologic constraints on its location, though fairly | |||
''.Y- .. tight in the northeast quarter of section 10 and perhaps in section 1.t' - - | |||
3, T. 33 N. , R. S E'.', are co==only loose f arther southv-- On .the | |||
. . | |||
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< ' | |||
b'a sis of evidence of strong shearing and of probable discordance of beds. to the Chuckanet ru/.4 centeet, it seecrs ost likely that the | |||
, | |||
? ;, _, ' contact capped in sections 3,10, and 11 is a f ault. ne. ~ | |||
. | |||
applicant's- interpr'etation cannot, perhaps , be rule'd out -here r bu6 . | |||
-.e l | |||
. . . .it.-is surely not unique. Farther-south, the =os: likely. course.ofc | |||
, | |||
such. a f ault lies probably along the. sou,thwest side of the large | |||
. | |||
volcanic body in section 14 and through the Chuckanut beyond, but other courses cay' be possible. - 'The applicant's~ espping, which | |||
- - | |||
. established the presence of Chuckanut cast of the large volcanic | |||
- | |||
~ | |||
.. body. in section 14, as wel1 as. vest of -it, suggests that-the - - | |||
. . | |||
"Loveseth" Fault'is not a =ajor structure. The discordant dips in | |||
.. . | |||
.. _. | |||
the .Chuckanut in the northwestiquarter of .section 13. suggest.that. . | |||
the contact there may be si=11arly f aulted. , . . . . -- -- | |||
m- a . . - ~ . .. z . :.r..-. ~.; . .p . .._, m ; | |||
. ., | |||
... - .<:.w- | |||
: 4. m The '.'B and B Fault"-The possibility of a "3 and 3 Fault" was. . , | |||
- | |||
discussed at the ASLB hearing. in March 1978, largely as a result of. | |||
USGS concerns regarding a letter received f rom Peter Ward, a - | |||
..._. .stratigrapher who had been carrying on research in the. northern. San . . | |||
- - | |||
: m. Juan Island.r. Ward suggestedethat the- Nanaimo and Chuckanut - 1- - | |||
.. - . . | |||
. . . __ sedimentary rocks had been depcsited_in separate sedimentary basins . . | |||
- = ';nnd ;that their prese'nt juxtaposition across the strait - betweenc- - -? | |||
- | |||
' | |||
, | |||
Barnes and Clark Islands and Lu=..1 Island might be best explained ' | |||
.l .,. .- | |||
-by:large-scale strike-slip faulting. - The USGS' had not fullym . - >- | |||
. | |||
-- .i | |||
.. .. ...., ..' , .. evalua ted War d's s ugges tion a.t the ti=e of the hearing and could * | |||
.- only speculate regarding the' pr'oposed f ault. In infor=al ,. | |||
- ' . | |||
;; .. | |||
,, consideration of possibly per=issible courses for the proposed',- | |||
f ault' south of Lumni and especially of such courses that were1..-~ "- | |||
.[- ' | |||
- | |||
- | |||
. - - closest to the proposed plantw ite, it was thought that sueh a 2 " | |||
f ault might possibly becd eastward and pass through the Table-- | |||
- | |||
, | |||
- Mountain vicinity south of Cultus Mountain. It was this highly speculative, " worst-case" f ault trace, between the vicinity of | |||
.. | |||
, | |||
Samish Bay on the north and the vi'cinity of Lake Cavanaugh on the south, that W. H. Hays sketched-on.a. =ap at the March 197S hearing and that was there somehow christened the "B and B Fault." . | |||
- | |||
Since that ASLB hearing, st6d'les by the applicant and others have led to doubt regarding the possibility of large post-Chuckanut f aulting west of Lu=mi Island,.: but scem to have established the - | |||
presence of faulting near Table Mountain. In the northern San Juan | |||
. | |||
.. | |||
. | |||
5: | |||
' | |||
. - | |||
. | |||
.- . | |||
. | |||
I f -l,- | |||
- | |||
. | |||
* | |||
-' . - | |||
. .. ;.'. . 5, | |||
' | |||
s . ' __ | |||
.. ~. | |||
. ,' ~}. . , . ., ; , z*E.} l. ' | |||
' | |||
. | |||
. -- ; | |||
., , .; ~. | |||
_ , ... _'. : .. --; ,- ".'.:. :. | |||
_ | |||
: | |||
. _ . . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ , - | |||
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - | |||
- | |||
,- . . | |||
..' ' | |||
- | |||
Islands, a major fault tetween Lu==1 loland and Orcas Island <was . , | |||
.Qfe , | |||
* first suggested by Misch (1966), and censiderable evidence pointer f g' . to faultius there t'at has affected rcch as ycung :: the ";per-M4 --Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The possibility of faulting younger.than N il | |||
* the Chuckanut Formaion en Luc =1 Island is, hawcVer, core dif ficult | |||
..,Q to evaluate. Stratigrr.phic studies by the cpplicant (?.GI, section | |||
' .9, ' . 3.4.1) suggest correlation of the Chuckanut for=ation on Lu =1 . | |||
- | |||
:y. *. . | |||
. . Island with strata on part of Sucia Island and on se=c other. . .- - | |||
.U_ islands west of Lu=si and thus support so=e of the earlier similar n , conclusions of Vance (1915,.19771. _ This_ c.orrelati.pn sec=s to lack | |||
~~. ;' the-:npport of conclusive evidence for the various deposits being | |||
;,3. - of'the same age but, if valid, it would sce= to preclude inference ~ | |||
Q - | |||
~~o f'ic ge-scale faulting west of Lu==1. Island sincc Chuckanut _. | |||
. . . .. _ (Eocene and older) ti=e. - | |||
- | |||
.. | |||
. . . . . | |||
g . :. - . . .. .. maAnother development since the March 1978 hearing has been: . . e. . -- | |||
T-r"*. - | |||
increasing realization that the Chuckanut is probably younger than J. | |||
' | |||
.i ,1 .- almost all, if not all, of the marine Nanai=o For=ation on Barnes w.- ~ | |||
' '- and Clark Islands and elsewhere west of Lu==1 and that the _- - | |||
2: .,.- Chuckanut probably need not have been deposited in a basin . . | |||
?- - -- | |||
" distinctly separate f rom the Nanai=o basin,- as Ward suggested. J . : | |||
. .. :, . | |||
, | |||
.- - - . . . | |||
.- . | |||
*.--- | |||
* | |||
-- | |||
.. w -- | |||
" | |||
-- | |||
;Thus, while large-scale post-Chuckanut. f aulting west. of. Lu==1.. . . | |||
' | |||
' ^IsIrnd cannot at present be ruled out, strong evidence for such . | |||
- - | |||
" | |||
, '" f aQlting appears to be lacking. If there is no such f auIting. -' A '-~ | |||
ry . . | |||
. . .c ..a..,. theresis ,~;of course,. no -necess,ity of acco==oda ting gi=ilar =ov_enent.. .. . | |||
- | |||
, e to-th'e south, along sace such structure as' the "3 and B Fault." - | |||
.- :. . - | |||
. .- | |||
- I- 1 LIn the T.ible Mountain', vicinity f ar to the south, which Eays' . .. | |||
;-,. | |||
- | |||
-# | |||
spec 61ated to be on one possible" southerly course of -the '.majore - -w - | |||
J- -- -- | |||
-Jault(suggested by Ward, continued . geologic .=apping has. Indicate.df. ;.. | |||
*- - 1. N ife' presence of a northwest-trending . fault or'. fault. = cue:(Whetten c. .. . | |||
' I. , and others, 1979), an interpretation that is no.t necessarily' , | |||
fr'- ' - | |||
1 - ' 5- inconsistent with the applicant's -field studies' (RGI, p.;:3.'4 14) ~. . - - . | |||
.-- - | |||
Whetten (oral co==. , 1979) believes that this f ault or f ault zoce ---- | |||
I s - has near-vertical dip and has considerably d.isrupted the CH/Ju and; . | |||
. Shuksan plate rocks in the Table MountafE-upper Nookachamps Creek.7 '. . | |||
J. ' | |||
.- | |||
., , vie ~inity. { The age of this structure '(hereaf ter ter=ed .the. "TableJ '.].J . | |||
--- ~ Mtfustnih-Eault") and its extent to the northwest and .setrtheast are . . - | |||
- | |||
, | |||
unknown. . | |||
. | |||
_S. The age of hich-angle f aulting in the site vicintv--It _see=s_ clear _ _ | |||
that a conservative geologic analysis of the site vicinity =ust m .- | |||
rvtake=futo account the probable presence of f airly numercus high- - . | |||
angle Tertiary f aults, one or two of which =ay pass within a few | |||
- | |||
- --- miles of the plant site. These faults include the Gilligan,. _. | |||
'Loretta, "Loveseth," and Table Mountain Faults ~ discussed above; u ,- | |||
~ | |||
probably-some of the f aults mapped by Whetten, Dethier, and Carrol t-C-'(l'979) and the applicant west o'f uiddle and upper Day Creek; and perhaps the Shuksan-CH/Ju contact- at "No Na:e Creek." All of these | |||
. .. . | |||
Y | |||
! | |||
gm .g g LW ; 6 | |||
.]280 ]6} | |||
p.h; | |||
* hj o .A m- . . | |||
.' | |||
. . . | |||
, | |||
. | |||
,.. . . .- | |||
' , | |||
. E-q . . | |||
- | |||
- | |||
. | |||
.... - - . . . . . | |||
,. | |||
. . . . . ~ .: v. - - . -- | |||
. s.; ; . . . . . . . .: : .. | |||
. . | |||
.,.. _, ,. .... g .:..<... | |||
: __, , 4 ..;.; ..7 .x. .< . y . ._ , _ | |||
, . | |||
. . ::. ; : y,.;. ? ., .. ... ;;;. .: 9 p 3 . y..-.f | |||
, | |||
- | |||
;. m __-; - .C.. - .. :, , '.- @ ; , . | |||
. | |||
_ __ . .. | |||
_ _ _. _ | |||
. | |||
- | |||
. | |||
'l ' ' , f aults should probably be presu=cd to bc younger than latest CliUckanut deposition (Middle Eocene), .thcugh so e cay be -older., | |||
_ | |||
-. - | |||
' | |||
Sc== pr:bably f or:cd during the enly Tertiary (Socenc?) dcfor=ation. | |||
''.' | |||
:-b.[d " | |||
7 that folded the Chuckanut, but the near-verticci dips of at 1 cast many of the f ault surf aces and the linearity of the surface traces | |||
'f(,45 | |||
~. | |||
. | |||
of the Gilligan Tault and prohnbly other f aults suggest thst scme i'T. . .,..- of these structures for:.ed af t.er that, deforca:1on. . ... .. | |||
-. | |||
. | |||
: v-3 | |||
.... | |||
:. - . :* - m. g, ... .,.... | |||
, . ' | |||
,-.. n ..s ;.. V.%;v.y r .an' y . ;. | |||
~ | |||
- | |||
. .... . .. . | |||
. . ~ | |||
. . | |||
-4. .,.e | |||
. | |||
. . , f-g,y 4 . | |||
"' ' ~~ | |||
. | |||
In discussing the possible age of this f aulting, it =ay be | |||
.. | |||
' | |||
instructive to consider the nearest faults that have, tcatatively | |||
~ | |||
S.i , | |||
. | |||
at least> been ebasidered cae' abler nc D evi'1's Mo unt'a in- Fau h , . | |||
N. .. t . ~. | |||
.W - | |||
which passes 21 km southwest of the plant site, is considered 5 , capable by the USGS, 1 rgely en the basfe of a lack of evidence' | |||
. | |||
h-JF that it could not be capable and of probable displace =cnts as - ~ | |||
' ~ ~ | |||
depicted in carine~ profiles located ~ vest ~o f Whidb'ey' Island.~ n e | |||
~ | |||
[.Y.'- | |||
i.% Straight, Creek Fault, 48 k= cast of the site, has probably =cved a | |||
... | |||
' | |||
' littl'c since =id-Tertiary ti=e and is " tentatively classified as . | |||
. _ | |||
%[: | |||
Pc',i capable" (McCleary and,others , 197 3, p . 11) in a study carried-cut | |||
, | |||
. . , _ | |||
, ' ' - | |||
c.-{j~ ._ .. 7 g yd consultant to the 'n'ashington Eublic .Fower Supply Syste=. | |||
'31- | |||
- While it see=s legiticate, in a conservative site analysis, to . | |||
consider both of these f aults capable, it should be rc=c: bared, that. _ | |||
N/ - ~ ' '' | |||
' | |||
i.f.:;) | |||
" | |||
both are very long,'very large regional structures, which hava | |||
- doubtless coved many times; that displace =ent along the. Straight I,'7 | |||
:1 t.f -L | |||
' ' ^ * "Creck' Fault was very-largely, if not al2:ost entirely, accompli @ed; s, | |||
. | |||
1'' O | |||
- | |||
by Miocene time; and that there is no_ evidence that_ =ove=ent alon'g , . | |||
M.7 .' the Devil's Mountain Fault was not also largely corpleted by that. | |||
?! - -' ' -'' ~ | |||
. _ , | |||
"" time.' he capability of two = aster faults. of the region does_ not ~ 3 ,. . . | |||
.F | |||
' | |||
logically establish capability for the cany s= aller f aults. .I t. . | |||
], | |||
seems-likely that most, if not all',. cf .the. high-angle f aults ,of the,. . | |||
~; site vicinity have not . coved in Quaternary time. _ There is ,no . . . | |||
ff.g f' [ sh o6g'cvidence of such cove =ent on any of them. On .the . o.ther .L ., ,, .g .m ~ | |||
r ,. - - y hand, Tdisplace=ents, especially' =1nor displacements,..that cight..,, . | |||
. | |||
[$2,' ' ", "" ' ' ' ''concelvably- have occurred on these. f aults .between 500,000[ years.; agod . | |||
- | |||
- - and the end of the last glaciation. (about_13,000 years ago) .could, - ' . , - - | |||
- | |||
.1 1 _. | |||
".-..V .' .. | |||
.ha,ve~ been covered._or,. obscured by that glaciation;. and the app 11 cant- | |||
. | |||
J. C ,, . _.. _ . , . . | |||
-.-.- | |||
' | |||
.- | |||
%.y-j has presented no ' strong evidence against such conceivable | |||
~ _ ' , - movement. In summary, it appears that the high-angle f aults of the g,. , , .c | |||
$@d .. | |||
, | |||
. ...~ ' site vit:inity are very probabl.y-but uncertainly-ducapable...M *'g,-t g....- . | |||
-- | |||
:.. | |||
- | |||
.-:3 . W 1: n .~.. | |||
;., | |||
..' , | |||
. | |||
.. v . W 6. ' .: v.: : | |||
... . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
.. . .,. | |||
j,*.6 6. he' 19A6' eartheuake near the northeast ceast of central Vancouver- . - . | |||
. | |||
' , Island--Several papers dealing directly or indirectly with the.,1946- ,. | |||
_ | |||
'(, , ' | |||
, | |||
' ' ''''caithquake have been published since submittal of the la.st USGSs | |||
' | |||
'. ' ^ | |||
'' Status Review in Februar*y-1978. Rogers and liasegaua (L973) . _, m, | |||
. recompute the epicenter of the earthquake and place _it on Vancouver. . | |||
' | |||
1sland near its north 'ast coast, rather than under the . Strait of. , | |||
Georgia. They favor a fault-plane solution calling for.a | |||
. | |||
' | |||
, _ ._. | |||
, | |||
" . ". | |||
noYthwest-striking f ault surface, possibly in close proximity to. ,_. | |||
, .: | |||
,, | |||
' | |||
1the similarly striking Beaufort Range Fa :t, but they do not rule . . | |||
' | |||
"'otit .a,' northeast-striking surf ace. ,. Riddihough (1978) relates the- , | |||
1946 event to a northeast-trending f ault in the subducting plate . | |||
- | |||
, | |||
. :. : ..'. | |||
'- . .. | |||
. | |||
- | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
- | |||
.. .. .. . - | |||
. . . | |||
, | |||
gy | |||
. | |||
, . | |||
. ,m . . | |||
.. . .. | |||
- | |||
- - | |||
,. | |||
. . * * | |||
- | |||
= | |||
. | |||
- | |||
* | |||
- . .. .g.. s... ....,.~,. ... . ~ .: . . , | |||
,. , , | |||
. . , | |||
, | |||
. | |||
. . ...r' . ' . ' . .. -;y . .. | |||
. | |||
* . | |||
^ | |||
s.** | |||
. . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
T ,* . . . . | |||
.. .. . | |||
,. s a. - ' '.. | |||
* | |||
.f.~..,... , | |||
. ,.- ,, . _. , | |||
_ | |||
,g | |||
. ~ . . . - - . . _ . . . , . . - | |||
.- __ . - . - - - . . , , . . . - - | |||
. | |||
* . | |||
. s: | |||
-. | |||
. . bcncath the crust of Varcouver IcInnd. Slawson and Savage's (1913) . . . | |||
. resurvey of an old triangulatior, network .rcicaled distott ens' i | |||
. , ' | |||
~ | |||
'.'. . | |||
consfatent with covement on the Secufort Range Fault, but | |||
' ' .. .. l QM, | |||
* association of the carthpake vith} surf ace geology appears to , | |||
.,sn j remain couattul.. . . . . . _ .. , | |||
m %, y z | |||
.m .n | |||
... . . | |||
. . . . . .. . . | |||
. | |||
.;.. - . .:;. '; - . . .... . . . .. . 9 i '9 9 a 3 | |||
... | |||
~;' .f.'x' ' R. :-j%y..'.L.'h,.A5 .- >W- '. QU)[ - @ . - | |||
- | |||
. | |||
.. | |||
.Y'.b.,.\ ...A.ero.na netic Data | |||
- | |||
. c, u ... . . . . . .. . .., . . .. , . . | |||
. . o .,..< | |||
V.,. . .. ;;;.lT.:z. | |||
n..,. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
- | |||
." * | |||
. | |||
y - . , . , .. . -' - A *,-g. ~ u,.gw ?' 1- | |||
* . .. | |||
,. Q . | |||
. | |||
, | |||
"Ihe USGS has reviewed the analysis of acrecagnetic data by Qi.d ' | |||
' Exploration Data-Consultants;-In T-(Edcon) and foual it to be generally-_ | |||
- - - - | |||
.$ d - | |||
Q,"' ' satis f act'ory. Alternative interpretat' ions are possible'in sc=e caues, | |||
^'-. however, and the data do not una=biruously establish the correctness of V.. . | |||
- | |||
the applicant's capping and tectonic codel. The f ollowing are scvural F | |||
~.Z - " | |||
- | |||
general ~ conclusions ~ arisibg f rom our review of these data and the7.dcon_ | |||
-: | |||
. -. . . ; = | |||
. | |||
-l report: '.'.:'%. | |||
. . | |||
'' | |||
N r .e .. . y . . | |||
-N | |||
.. .,''c.-. | |||
~ | |||
, | |||
- | |||
~~~ ' | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. . | |||
: x. L ..- | |||
- | |||
., | |||
' | |||
. ., . .a . , p y , d , ; '. . . ,. , . .- . . . . . g , . . c. - | |||
. | |||
. . . | |||
, 2 . | |||
..E . . . | |||
' | |||
-- | |||
(a) . ~ Aeroc. Yetic anomalies help to define the shape and location :, | |||
'' | |||
.'; of high y =agnetic rock ' types, which are probably | |||
~ | |||
' ' 2.- | |||
- ,, | |||
In particular, acrocagnetic data | |||
, | |||
.' ; m | |||
~~, | |||
serpentinites in,this area. . | |||
' | |||
were used to deduce the nature of the contact betvect Shuksan , | |||
meta =crphic rocks and the CH/Ju rocks. However, the dips of | |||
.,,. , | |||
~,''. | |||
;. . . -. | |||
. | |||
..m the surf aces of the serpentinite bodies =ay be unrelated to the attitudes of the thrust because (1) the serpentinite r.ay,. | |||
. . | |||
. | |||
fT not be originally associated .vith thrusting; -(2) serpenti. nit,c | |||
. | |||
' '' | |||
,; } ' l | |||
' | |||
.m.. ,is a highly obile rock when subjected to stress; and (3) | |||
{,3 | |||
. | |||
_. | |||
serpentinites possess highly lvariabic bagnetic properties. . | |||
_ | |||
. | |||
, | |||
- | |||
.. | |||
...- .....w.....,.< | |||
. .. | |||
, . . | |||
.. .. ....r . ... . .. .. | |||
.: .\ | |||
-. | |||
. . | |||
- | |||
' | |||
' " ' (b). Concern regarding an a3rupt change in trend of the . - | |||
,II ''_ , | |||
neromagnetic contours southeast of. Butler _ Hill,, on s=al.}, , scal _e USGS'aero=agnetic maps (see RGI fig. 3 3-2), was expressed in , | |||
, | |||
_ _ | |||
" i .- .. 3 | |||
[.? .' the NRC-USGS reguest' to the [ applicant of Juna 19 7 3. . .Th e, . . .l . ._ | |||
. | |||
~ | |||
'~ | |||
S.'. '. [..' ',' . . | |||
. ,c.f' - | |||
* e''.; .'. .'. additional more detailed aeromagnetic survey data provided by._ | |||
.t | |||
. ':.'.'- e . | |||
.. .. | |||
-- ...the applicant. indicate that there is no =agnetic basis. for a .. | |||
. . ' | |||
-> f ault with an east-West trend along Skagit Valley south of _ _ , . . | |||
....,., . ~ | |||
. , .~-. . ,.- , , ., . , , . . ,.- , | |||
.- . .-. ... . ,_ . | |||
Butler Hill __,, . _ , , | |||
. | |||
_ ..>.:_..~.~..._..g.... | |||
, | |||
s , .y.., , . , . . - :.. | |||
. | |||
; _. . . . . . . ... - | |||
. . ... . . . . . . . . . , | |||
:'*,a :>: m: :.-.----' "- | |||
. . | |||
. | |||
. -. :- . ., c.- . . | |||
: ..r- | |||
- | |||
. . . . | |||
'l c{b;..;.- ? .omalies ~the thrust. .. Wcontact in the vicinity.of. Talc f- , | |||
. - . , | |||
../ ,U. | |||
t . ? l' aloig;. . .- | |||
. | |||
I .p. . :.'. | |||
Mountain are caused by rock bodies (probably serpenticite) :. . . . ' | |||
.. :: which appear to have northeast-dipping northeast faces. | |||
Bowever, these bodies extend to only about 2,000 feet below ground surf ace and could, thercfore, be confined within a th'in | |||
. . . . , . , | |||
thrust sheet. | |||
' | |||
8 | |||
- | |||
'(d) The absence of f ault-related aero=agnetic ano=alics near the | |||
.. mouth of Gilligan Creek, south of Butler Hill, and elsewhere | |||
. | |||
_. . .. | |||
does not necessarily preclude the existence of f aults. in these . . | |||
areas. . _, . | |||
. | |||
> ' | |||
. ... l .. | |||
. | |||
1280 :65 S i - | |||
.~. . | |||
../.2 . | |||
- | |||
- | |||
. | |||
- | |||
. . . . . . .. . . - | |||
.. | |||
m- g; | |||
. - - | |||
. | |||
. . . .. . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
..c.. . . | |||
3 . g , | |||
.. .- . . . . . | |||
b c{ - | |||
m- . . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
= ,. .... - .. . . - | |||
- | |||
. . x. | |||
. | |||
- | |||
.. . . . . . . . . | |||
.. .. . . . | |||
. | |||
. - | |||
. - y. .. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
.. n ..:v.....:. n... ...;-.e.m. | |||
. . . . , . . .c w . x. +.;. .w | |||
. | |||
. .. y. n. .,.. . , .s. .- + . ,.a~ | |||
. . . ... . . .. .. | |||
. . .. . . . | |||
: u. .. . .. . . . . . . . ,.. . . . ....n........,. ... | |||
. . . . .. .. . | |||
. . . , . | |||
.. | |||
... . . . .. . . | |||
. | |||
_ _ _ . _ | |||
, . _ . , | |||
.. . . | |||
- | |||
. | |||
Y" * | |||
~ .. | |||
' | |||
. | |||
. j q. . ..;'s E , " (e) Acromagnetic =aps show that ano=clics characteristic of CH/Ju.. | |||
.~ reci.. usually ternicar.e at the. thrust , contact between Shuksan . | |||
%.,,.d- . | |||
and CH/Ju rocka. nfa a"=.etr that if CE/Ju reeks underlic g.y.g Shukaan, as the applicant has suggested, they lic at depths in | |||
. -. W | |||
' | |||
excess of 10,000 feet. As CH/Ju f requently crops out in c=all 3.M - | |||
* M "'' areas surrounded by Shukaan and away f rc= the thrust (e.g. ,[ a t - | |||
.$5,j /.Ad ~ ~'. Butler Hill), this lack of ano=afies 'over Shuksan terrace ". ~ ~ | |||
g 5, .a -[' | |||
' | |||
forces a rather co= plicated geologic =edel.' ' " (, ' " - | |||
[f' - ;IO& _- . . _. __. _ : _ ;f '_.' ^l ' -e . '''i~'.2. E { 1; .L-- . | |||
. | |||
-'~C^-*' :~ | |||
. | |||
. | |||
* Y | |||
. | |||
* | |||
. Scis=o glll.:(* . . | |||
* | |||
- | |||
b | |||
. . ,b.-. . . | |||
, | |||
_ | |||
. | |||
. . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
.. . ., .. | |||
.. . . .. | |||
. | |||
&_ , | |||
.. --. .- - | |||
. A de tai _ led d_i_sc.us_s_ ion .in th.e.. C.e.o.l_ogy-and aero=ao n_e. tic. _. data _s ection a-- | |||
M,.l y t., a | |||
. | |||
of-this_revicw is. presented concerniog.the existance and age _of numerous | |||
- - - -- | |||
. | |||
J. :. . _ high-angle faults in thn site vicinity. The conclusion offered there is N that these f aults are "very probably, but uncertainly, incapable."] ' '- | |||
q.;. . | |||
. | |||
' - | |||
.. . | |||
- | |||
. - . 1.-: .;: ': .. : ~; ; o3 :-~ - | |||
- | |||
*p | |||
?,} ';.c. | |||
- | |||
On the other hand, there have been nu=ercus s=all carthquakes in . | |||
a.13.f . the . area -containing the site. Their:cagnitudes range f re= 1.2- to 3.3, ._ | |||
'i .F | |||
, | |||
and several have been felt locally. An align =cnt of epicenters has been-g- .noted in the Skagit .31ver Val. ley but there are. doubts about._the. absolute. | |||
@.- - accuracy of' their. locations. The stated accuracy of events located.by.- - | |||
.i f - | |||
. | |||
, the-University. of. Washington-operated reis=1c. network is 1.r. to 2. 'eaa T . n. | |||
~g (Crossen,. 1974). . However, the seis=ograph stations in the Skagit . Valley: | |||
.; . - | |||
-vicinity-are-' f ewer and more videly spaced than those further to the ~ ~ '--- | |||
{.[ | |||
vl , , | |||
south and because the locale is near the northern li=1t of the network .. . . | |||
- -- coveragerthe accuracy is not likely- to- be that precise. -The-re=aining --- | |||
5.L . . . | |||
,, . epicenters appears to be essentially. random in the site . vicinity. ;3one .. .._ _ | |||
, | |||
'. ! - - | |||
of; the small earthquakes ' cave been associated with identified f aults.q-3 ~ | |||
'.?' . :Itrisrpassible. that these. carthquakes. are associated witht structuresh'y ,Jf/ . | |||
W.T - | |||
- | |||
that are eufficiently small' that no surf ace-expression has beenQ-g.'.;; | |||
* 7-3 ~r | |||
. | |||
* | |||
,;;W , rqcognized by- the geologigc investigations., ;-.:.-i.5-- | |||
, - _. . | |||
: n. . . | |||
: n. 9 .,g.-^:,s. ce n . - | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
- - - | |||
,, , , | |||
-G ..r ~ | |||
' . ' :; ,:s.j;::; -- *....- ' , | |||
. ' . ,. | |||
' - - | |||
. '" , , & y.: _ . '. | |||
. . . . - . . . . . - - | |||
Co'nsequently, it is our judg=ent- that for purposes of nuclear---l---. . . -_: | |||
% reactor design ~it 'should be assu=ed. that' carthquakes as large as'N ' -C'~ ~-7 | |||
.''7:D ' | |||
.- s magnitude 4.0 cduld originate en any"of / he- t identified f aults .or''a'a _5.* *./U.S.- - ~ | |||
%]. ,* | |||
. | |||
~ .: .ac. un= app.ed. fault. in. the =cgina cf=thc. plant:. site.: Howeve=,; itis'.ouR~cy.~~4'. , | |||
:;. | |||
; -- | |||
- | |||
judg=ent that even if an earthquake _ of. this sire were to occur on.one of".'" | |||
' | |||
. | |||
these structures, its consequences at.tha plant site would be less than | |||
' | |||
- | |||
that .riready postulated to result fr=m- the two =uch larger carthquakes -- | |||
- discussed ~1n our previous' reviews '(Jan. 30, 1978 and Ieb. 23, 1978). -- | |||
' | |||
. | |||
---- | |||
-- | |||
__ Since our last review, other articles relating to the tectonics of - | |||
the Pacific Northwest, in general, and the Vancouver Island vicinity, in, - | |||
particular; -have been published. They reinf orce the oncept that the > - | |||
1946 earthquake was related to the present-day subdt regi=e of the region -rather than regional north-south compression t.%ers and | |||
- | |||
- - - - | |||
s. | |||
Hasegawa, 1978). Rogers (1979) suggests that the occurrence of | |||
_ _ | |||
. . .m.earthquahes .having a northeast. align =ent across Vancouver. Island are.. .. | |||
related to differential movements, of '.he Explorer and Juan de Fuca | |||
- | |||
, | |||
.. | |||
'..e s | |||
, | |||
' | |||
M..., | |||
._. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
- | |||
: s.I. ...c . '1. 28. 0. YW L. | |||
. .. | |||
. | |||
. ''.. | |||
.. . . . | |||
- - | |||
. .- | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. E.-Ic - . | |||
- | |||
' | |||
'~~~~ | |||
* .- = - - | |||
:. . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
:' . . . . , -. .. s.,. .. %. - :. -~ . ..- .-.. .. ...'... | |||
.,: U: .. '~... ,.....YA' 1 | |||
~. 5 % - ' = % - 'I- | |||
.- .. : .. - .:.l r; ;.\ . ':_ .i.:./. | |||
* b -.e- .. f . ? ': ' 9; *.&;5~~r...f | |||
.. * | |||
. , | |||
- | |||
- - | |||
- | |||
.__ .- - | |||
_-.'- . . . - - .- - | |||
- | |||
. | |||
_. -. | |||
: '. .'. ;___- | |||
- | |||
_ | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. . | |||
- - | |||
.. " | |||
k, . | |||
. % .. v- platen. Two interpretations of the teernnie s, ttings are preaented; his d.M - | |||
. t. m .. , | |||
preferred setting nuggesta that the subducted Nootka f ault cac (na:cd . . | |||
by Hyndean, et al, 1976) would represent, in effect, a tectonic "f%l boundary, north of which earthquakes would occur because o ' intcase local north-south co=pression resulting f rom the Explorcr-A=crica plate 99 Q- | |||
:.Tip | |||
^ | |||
. | |||
interaccion. . To the s'outh of the Nootka f ault zone, subduction of the' Juan de Yuca plate bcncath the A=e'rica plate would proceed in a nor=al ., | |||
g B- but ascic=1c fashion." In view of these considerations, we belicyc that the constraints' on the . locus .cf .an_ event ai=ilar_ to. the .1946 carthquaka | |||
~ | |||
2.@.',.) - | |||
. | |||
4:7. vould make its significance less than the two postulated controlling | |||
-*- earthquakee (USGS Jan. 30, 1979, nd ?ch. 23, 1978). | |||
- | |||
. .. | |||
.9. 7 | |||
. - | |||
.- ,3 .. ,. - . | |||
. . . . - | |||
,-'- | |||
' | |||
--- - - In su==ary, there is..a recogaition thac--there has-.beca-a large | |||
- amount of new geological and-geophysical-data provided by the applicant . | |||
, ,1,, and others since the preparation- of our -last review. However, there | |||
; ?, remains a major uncertainty as to the co=pleteness, significance, and | |||
[;;. , proper interpretation of both the new and previously discussed data. | |||
''a . Consequently, it is still our jug =ent that f or purposes of nucicar | |||
' | |||
- | |||
reactor design the- folleving two earthquakes should be censidered as | |||
". controlling: | |||
" | |||
, , 4 ,- , , | |||
. , .. ..*. - | |||
. | |||
' ( | |||
..; | |||
,, ' | |||
: 1. an earthquake similar to the one that occurred Decc=ber 15, | |||
' | |||
'1872 but having its epicenter suff%iently close to the site- - | |||
j.- | |||
., | |||
. that n'o attenuation eff ects be cor '.dered, and. * ' ._t , , , ., , T , . ~. | |||
- . | |||
_: | |||
. | |||
. | |||
.. . .. . . ' , | |||
.p..- a shallow magnitude 7.0 to 71/4 carthquake on the Devils' . . | |||
_ | |||
* | |||
: 2. . | |||
'.. Mountain Fault 21 km. from the site. , ,., , | |||
,- | |||
.- - | |||
. .- . | |||
. s. | |||
* ' | |||
The USGS reactor site review team agrees vith. the applicant's . , . , | |||
.,' propose,d use of 'a bedrock acceleration value .of .Q.35 g as .the Saf e -' | |||
_. . | |||
Shutdown Earthquake f ;r use with the Safety Guide 1.60 design spectrum ,,. | |||
. J. . for nucicar power plant design. . _. ,- ' | |||
. | |||
. | |||
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1280 ;67 | |||
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References j c!O, J e . - | |||
. | |||
: i. . . . | |||
.. . ... | |||
. ,. . . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. . .. .. | |||
'* ._...... . -- ... . . . . | |||
- - . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. | |||
_... | |||
.. | |||
*- . .. . | |||
..h.:;;'.;.g l - . | |||
.. <...\,,,.. | |||
. | |||
.. ;. | |||
. r...h . : | |||
: ...... ~. .R .. : : | |||
- | |||
..at . . .z.ul | |||
..; : .. , | |||
.. | |||
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. | |||
- .. . . , . . | |||
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." ,,'. | |||
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. - | |||
- | |||
- | |||
~ - .- | |||
. . . | |||
.u . | |||
, | |||
....... .,. | |||
, . .-~ . | |||
...- | |||
. | |||
. | |||
' : - *. ,..c :: - - - | |||
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. . | |||
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' | |||
' | |||
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,, | |||
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~ | |||
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: . | |||
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' F.a 'I .- | |||
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. . . .J ' | |||
..;.; . | |||
.. ... .'.3...-....... . | |||
...,... | |||
. - | |||
* - .,' ; -. | |||
. . . . . . . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
. y . . ,.. ,. .. . | |||
. - .. .. - | |||
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. | |||
! J [. . _ Washington 19N-1972: | |||
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. | |||
. Inf. o- -rma ti.on .C.i,rcula r. 53, | |||
- | |||
. . | |||
.. 25 p .". . . ..... . ' {.7 - 9 :.. | |||
. | |||
. . | |||
: 1. . . . .... --:. | |||
. - . | |||
~. | |||
. | |||
u.,-.. c.m... . - | |||
. | |||
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.Vashington-1973: Division of , Geology and Earth Resources - | |||
.?. . ~. . | |||
! <- ; ,. . | |||
Inf or=ation Circular 55,14 p. . | |||
. - . | |||
, | |||
. . | |||
- | |||
M .: . _ ;: . . . ,% - - - | |||
. .. . | |||
- | |||
Crosson, R. S. and Millard, R. C. , 1975, Cc=pilation of earthquake' M- . | |||
. | |||
. | |||
hypocenters in wes tern Washington-19 74: Division of Geology und | |||
.~.,S | |||
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, r. . . . ,. . | |||
. . . . . . . , . . . . . .. . . .: . aa n . . a .+ .. | |||
.. . . | |||
. . . . ~ . ..:. . ... . | |||
. - | |||
.9".- - | |||
~ | |||
Crosson', R. S. and Noson, L. J. ,19 782," Cerpilation of ea'rthquake | |||
. | |||
. . ., | |||
* | |||
.'p' f,,'' | |||
'.? | |||
.. .- | |||
. hypocenters in vestern Washingten-1975:' Division of Geole'gy and-h*::^ # : .T... Earth Resources Information Circular 64',12 p. ..~: '- | |||
....._'. . ., .: ,r . | |||
- | |||
* | |||
,. . . . . . . r. .. -: .. . . . \.. -: ; | |||
. | |||
. . . . . . | |||
....~. | |||
.. | |||
'.- | |||
Crosson,R. ... S. and | |||
. , | |||
y'" - _.. . , . | |||
Q.. - | |||
J -- | |||
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:.:..:.r~. -. | |||
-,- c Earth Resources ...-.;. | |||
Infor=ation Circular ~ 65, ''' ' .. ' | |||
: s. . | |||
. | |||
. . | |||
. . . . .- ~......:.. -. .. . . | |||
- | |||
.. | |||
.. - | |||
. . | |||
..v - | |||
.,..i-;,.2' | |||
.* *;'. . | |||
. . | |||
- - . . -. . | |||
. | |||
' | |||
- | |||
Byndman, . R. D. , Rogers , G. C. , Bone , M. N. , Lis ter, C. R. 3.,-Vade, ..~ | |||
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'' T., Lynch, S., and Seemann, D., | |||
1978, Geophysical =casurecents in the regien of'the | |||
. | |||
Explorce ridge off western Canada: Cana~dian Journal of Earth , | |||
Sciences, v. 15, pp. 1508-1525. - - | |||
Miller, G. M.,'! 1969, Western extent of Mid-Cretaceous thrusting in | |||
- | |||
Whatcom and Skagit Counties, Washington: Ccol. Soc. of America | |||
. | |||
Abstracts with Progra:s, part'3, p. 42'. ~~ | |||
Mille r, G. M . , in pres s , Wes t ern c.x t ent of the Shuksan and Church Mountain Plates in Wha tcom, Skagit, and Snohomish Counties, Washin-ten: '?rthecc: P i a.:2. | |||
. | |||
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. 1280 168- | |||
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.r,,, . > + | |||
. | |||
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.- | |||
. | |||
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, | |||
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. | |||
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;. | |||
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,. ,.s ~a- | |||
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. | |||
- | |||
..;;; y .,g. | |||
_. ..*..y. .'j. ...y: ; *, . . D.. w- | |||
- | |||
. | |||
.2 . | |||
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. . . | |||
7 ,; x . .. . | |||
. . . | |||
.. | |||
. | |||
. - . . .. ;- '; .. . | |||
_ _ ._ _ . _. . _ _ | |||
. . . . . . . . . ~ - - - - . . - . . | |||
. | |||
* | |||
- | |||
. | |||
.. | |||
. | |||
'' | |||
. . . . | |||
' | |||
2...' Misch, Peter,1966, Tectonic evolution of the Northern Cascades of | |||
: 9. ~d, W::-hin*-::n it:te, in Tectenic histe y sadi incre.1 daposite of the V- Western Cordillera in Sritish Colu=bia and neighboring parts of the | |||
" | |||
. | |||
, | |||
United States: Canadian Itat. cf liining and Metal.,1964 Aan. | |||
'".;GlQ;1 - | |||
Wes tern Meg. , Vancouver, B.C. , p. ,101- 148 ; ', f...'-- , | |||
' | |||
- y '- .".&,0 *p .~ ,-l . . | |||
. , .. ' : m. | |||
* | |||
,,-' 3: . ? . .'.: : . | |||
j- Misch, Peter,1977, Eedrock geology ~ef the North Cascadec, .,i_n, Geological | |||
-- | |||
excursions in. the Pacific North.* cat -. Cool Soc of. A= erica.19 77 _ | |||
-- Ann.-Meg, Seattle, Washington; publ, by Dept. of Ccol., Western _ | |||
* Washington State Univ. ., .,. . | |||
- | |||
. | |||
- | |||
. ..- , , | |||
' | |||
. | |||
- | |||
Misch, Peter,-1979, Geologio-cap-of-the Marble =ount Quadrangle , | |||
~ Washington: Washington Dept. of Nat. Res. , Div. of Geol. and Earth Resources, Geol. Map CM-23. -- | |||
s .. . | |||
J | |||
.g , _- | |||
.. | |||
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. q; | |||
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, | |||
_. .g ., ; . | |||
. , | |||
.:. - , | |||
'g - | |||
Riddihough, R. P.,1978, The Juan de Fuca Plate: A=crican Geophys. ' ' , ~ | |||
, Unica, EROS, v.59, no. 9, ,-. p..836-84 2.' ..- - | |||
". . ' J, ._. ' | |||
. .. . : =. - | |||
.. . - - | |||
- * | |||
, . . . , . , , | |||
. . . . . . ._,.. | |||
,' ~ | |||
Rogers ,'G. C. ,1979,' Earthquake fault plane solutions near Vancouver | |||
' | |||
~ | |||
- Island: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v.16, pp. 523-531.. -,. - | |||
... | |||
. Rogers, C . . C. ,' and Ha.c e c ,awa , H . S . , 1978, A second look at the british . | |||
' N ' Columbia carthq d a of June 23,-1946: -, Se'icmol. Soc. of, America | |||
- | |||
- | |||
* Bull'.~ | |||
, v. 68, no. 3, p. 653-6 75. . | |||
- | |||
: c. .- | |||
- | |||
.. - : .: - - | |||
....' | |||
. | |||
.. . . . | |||
- | |||
.- | |||
Slawson, W. F. , and Savage , J. C. , 1978, Geodetic defor=ation asso'ciated | |||
- - '- | |||
~' | |||
with the '194,6 Var couver Island , Canada, earthquake -(abs t.): -. - | |||
,' | |||
, . - - | |||
American Gecphyr ion, EROS. -v. _5 9, no . 12, .p .1210. . > . - , .. | |||
- | |||
- | |||
. . | |||
-- ; ': -: .: . . , , ' - | |||
. - | |||
"n | |||
,. _ , . :. | |||
. | |||
Vance', J..A., 1975, a.s . .s ,.mol.ogy of San Juan County, .i.n. Geology and __ | |||
' | |||
. . . water rescurces of ie S.:n Juan Islands: Vsshington Dept. of- | |||
- .; | |||
' | |||
....--., . , . . . . . . - . - - _ | |||
Eco1ogy, Water Supp y 'ull. 46.! 'a...,- | |||
*-' -. , ., .;- | |||
' - - * | |||
- | |||
, . - | |||
, . . , , , . | |||
_ , __ __ _ | |||
?'E | |||
~ | |||
- | |||
- .. 1Vance , J.- A'. , 19 77, T.. . satg caphy and structure of OrcasvIsland,. San.. | |||
, , ; -; .. : | |||
: n. Juan Islands , .,1n, Cco Aogic excursicts . in the Pacific Northwest,,.i . - - | |||
Q',i.j'- ' Geol. Soc. of America Ann. Meg., Secttle Washington; publ. by Dept. | |||
. | |||
of Geol., Western Washington State Civ.c ps 170-203.', 6{ . . . . | |||
.. . | |||
' | |||
. | |||
- Whet ten , . J-. . T. , Jones , D . L. , . Cowan ,. D . . S . . . a nd- Za rt man,. R. E., 19 7S , . . | |||
s Ages of Mesozoic terranes in the San Juan Island's, ,,'ashington, A | |||
-- Mesozoic Paleogeography of the Western United Sta'tes, lacific Coast | |||
-- | |||
Paleogeography Syeposium 2: Pacific Sec., Soc. of Econ. Paleon. | |||
and Mineral., p. 117-132. . . | |||
- | |||
. . | |||
--- | |||
Whetten, J M. , Zartcan, R. E. , Blakeley, R. J. , and Jones , D. L. , i'a ' , | |||
. | |||
press, Allochthonous Jurassic ophiolite in northwe st Washington: | |||
Ceol. Soc. of America Bull. | |||
s | |||
' | |||
. | |||
- | |||
280 69 1 c' | |||
.. ,, | |||
" | |||
:- | |||
. | |||
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, , 3-/3 ' -- | |||
. | |||
. ~. c. , ..u- | |||
^. .' . :-:... ~: ' J '. ... . - f. .. :4 ....~ ~n: U ; | |||
-- | |||
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., . . .x ; -- . n > ::, ; . .. . | |||
* | |||
' <.y,' | |||
. | |||
, | |||
*. | |||
._ , | |||
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''.*_ * , L. .j'i. ' ^ c '' | |||
* O; . T.} * .Q i .; t.3.-i'.' ::."','$.' ' U-~ : -[' | |||
. | |||
. | |||
i .-::'-}} |
Revision as of 01:17, 19 October 2019
ML19250B671 | |
Person / Time | |
---|---|
Site: | Skagit |
Issue date: | 09/21/1979 |
From: | Menard H INTERIOR, DEPT. OF, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY |
To: | Harold Denton Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
Shared Package | |
ML19250B664 | List: |
References | |
NUDOCS 7911010292 | |
Download: ML19250B671 (13) | |
Text
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..- - .- #,cr.a 7 . - - ~
United States Department cf the Interior
" .
h '} '
/ ' * -
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
'C.- ' ~ ~ ' .~ '
b ['T yw , . RESTON, VA. 22092
' '
e:.'.;. -
,5 " In Reply Refer To: -
~ ^
. Mail Stop 905 . . Mr. Haro d Denton Director of the Office of Nuclear Regulations. _ .
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
,
Washington, D.C. 20555
-
Dear Mr. Denton:
.
Transmitted herewith, in response to the reques t by your staf f, is a supple =ent to our reviev (February 23, 1978) of the geologic and seiscologie data relevant to the Skagit Nuclear Power Proj ect, Units 1 and 2 (NRC Docket Nos. 50-522 and 50-523). . This supplecent was prepared prior to the cenpletion of a review of
. certain proprietary seismic profiles which have-not yet been received by the U.S. Geological Survey. Any i= pact of the review of these profiles will be transmitted at a later date. .
This supplement was prepared by Willia = H. Hays and Stanley R.
,. Brock =an. Assistance was provided by Richard J. 3lakely, Robert H.
Morris and J.ucs F. Devine. .
'
- .
, -
Sincerely yours, ~
* .. /
_
. . -
b H. Willia = Menard
-
Director
.
Enclosure
- . , '
p p ,, , .. 1280 157
.
y.- . i l i k * /_g .\ One Hundred Years of Earth Science in the Public Service
- I **r,. ~.\ ,* .t -
i t O loctCO e
. - - - - - - - - .. . _ _ . . . _ 2 _l _ _ . _ . .. . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ' - -- ._ . . - -.._- - ._
7 911010 OfV _ - . _ _
.. . . - . . - .
l
-
,
' '
- QQ7 0 Q
' .
- O i D Status Review
.- [.. d w N) e .S. I s.i Septo:bc 13, 1979
* .y.
Op'-)
..g..
Puget Sound Power-& Light C::pany .djn[? . Skagit Nuclear Power Project, Units 1 and 2 fif '
'
Project No. 514 Skagit County, Washington
*(: -- NRC Docket Nos. SIN 50-522 and 50-523 7' . ' :.
- -
. . -
Since submitting its last Status Review on the p cposed Skagit
;, Nuclear Power _ Project on February 2_3, 19 7 8, _ the_ U.S. Geological Survey ,
(USGS) has received and reviewed a major sub=ittal f ro= the Puget Sound
Power & L1gh't Company (PSPL) entitled " Report of Geologic Investigations
.,.
in 1978-1979" and dated May 27, 1979. This submittal and a f ew new "r- . questions that have arisen from ongoing stud.ics in the site region ar,e _, .
~~
discussed in this review.
.,. ,.. .. . .
c., Geolog7
' . , , ,
The extensive investigations represented by the submittal of
- , May 27, 1979, were sticulated by new ideas regarding the geology of the . site 'vici'nfty that developed in the coarse of. .the long-ter=.progra=. of _ -
the USGS f or mapping the geology of northwestern Washington. The new
- ideas concern a tectonic cixture of meta-igneous acd cetasedi=etary , ,, , -
rocks that is widely exposed south of the plant site in the Table -
, ,- Fbuntain-Raystack Mountain-Bald Mountain region. .(These rocks are hereaf teY 'te'rmed!"CH/Ju rocks", a ter=. coined-from sy=bols for these..,;. . . - ~' ' ' rocks on' the maps of the applicant and of .J. T Whetten.) In the . , , ,,
- Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) of early 1978, the applicant
- identified these rocks as part of the Church Mountain thrust plate, - - - . . dragged or pushed into this region from the east by the overriding .- * ' Shuksan' thrust, and as being generally correlative to the Chilliwack
_
' " ~
Croep of largely Paleozoic age rwhich co=pos.es that thrust. plate in the, .
, .. * , , . Cascade Range f arther east (Misch, 1966, 197.7,.1979). In id.cn,tifyin.g, ,, 'the CH/Ju rocks with the Church Mountain plate and the Chilliwack Group,. - .
the applicant was probably influenced by the fieldwork of G. M. Miller
- -(1779, in press); who has sought to extend Misch's capping westward into -the Cascade foothills. At NRC-USGS nectings with the applicant _ in May, , 1978, and at. the Atomic Saf ety and Licensing Board (ASLS) hearing in June of' that year, J. T. Whetten of the USGS, who has been: =apping in ~
the San Juan Islands (Whetten and others, 1978) and was extending his work eastward into the mainland, proposed some =arkedly dif f erent , x relationships. He correlated the CH/Ju rocks south of the plant site with the' Mesozoic Decatur Terrane (including the Fi_dalgo Ophiolite cf , Brevn [1977] an d Brown and others (1979}) that he had =apped as a thrust sheet in the eastern part of the islands--a correlation that is
..
f 1 -
. . . .
1280 ;58
$5'. . '
cp . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ _ . _ _ __ _ . _ __. _. G
+_.i.. - . -..u... * . . - . . - . . . . - . ..e.mep g. me p .% , . - .
... . * . , - g , . .
- l
! -
supported by petrologic and radiometric data. Whetten presented. - > , _ . . .I , .
'- ,7 ' ctidence thnt the:c roche cre not pert cf the Church Mountain thrurt
./3fk) , .
. . pl. ate,. structurally underlying the Shuksan. thrdst, but, rather, pcrt of. ,
2' f st; j a higher plate that has been thrust ever the Shuksan plate. These nev
' [,'- ideas, later crpanded in publications (Whetten 'and Za rtman, 1979; t f'-j,",!
- Whetten and others, 1979; Whetten and others, in press) have produced }-yp uncertainty and division in the thicking of the geologic con: unity j,9 regarding the basic structural frs=ework of parts of the Cascade . ,;, _ , foothills. Such uncertainty is of significance to review of the site
-
proposal.in that it could limit-1dentification and understanding of, younger', post-thrust deformation of the rocks of the region. _ _ In hope of' resolving quickly _the; question of the basic structural; __
-
relationship of the Shuksan thrust plate to' the CH/Ju rocks and also" J--
.nore specific concerns regarding possible high-angle faults of post _ . .
thrust age, the NRC and USGS requested, on June 9,1978, that the.
,, applicant make additional studies, including (1) core boring, to '
determfac the orientation of the fault contact between the Shuksan. and . a Ch/Ju rocks near Little Haystack Mountain; (2) acro =agnetic surveys, to help define tha~ location and the attitude- of the sc=e contact regicnally and to investigate.an anomaly southeast of Butler Rill that had been '. - revealed- on. an earlier, less detailed survey; and . (3) further, studies, .
" '
including examination of Quaternary deposits, relative to the possible-presence and significance of f an1 ting in -the vicinity of- and parallel to
. . Gilligan and Day Creeks. .
_., ..
. ~
The applicant responded vigorously to the NRC-USGS requests and
- extended. the scope of its studies slightly beyond;the requests in. order . . -"to address more fully concerns regarding the hypothesized "B-and - - .
Jault." The applicant was unable to carry _out .co=pletely...the.. reques ted .. .
"
- drilling near-Little Haystack Mountain, but drilled 11 core ho.les __there: --
..
and elsewhere; carried out an extensive detailed ae'r.ocagnetic survey and 2- ' - analysis thereof; markedly increased the density of data on its regionale .
-.
geologic map . including data near Gilligan and Day . Creeks; carried outl..__
-
on-ground gravity and magnetic surveys across the lower parts of the two creeks; reexamined photographic and radar imagery; and studied Nanaimo-- Chuckanut stratigraphy in the northern San Juan Islands. , ,
< - . - -
In May and June 1979, the applicant distributed its report, " Report of Geologic Investigations in 1978-1979" (hereaf ter ter=ed "RGI"), on the studies outlined above. The principal topics addressed by the
,
applicant in 'this report and o'ther aspects of regional and local geology -
.
- " __ tthat hsva sucmed important in._recent considerations of the proposedm r; . _ ,
plant site are discussed briefly below: *
- 1. 1The' basic tectonic fra=cwork of the region--In its 1979 RGI, the
'"
applicant concludes that the controversial CH/Ju rocks south of the. _ plant. site and other exposures of similar rocks in the region. are
- - ' - . , indeed parts of the Church Mountain thrust plate and structurally louer than the Shuksan thrust plate--a -conclusion consistent with m c -- -
f
* . , '
s c' 2
;[ 1280 159 ' ' ~ . ..- .- 7 ; ;. . . - . . . .- .,y = . , ' . .. , . ~ . - - . . \
__ _
. . . , . ' .(, ;
- that in the earlier PStJ1 and in conflict s.it.h k'hetten's =edel of fp'w' -
the region. The applicant does =odify itsj earlier position so=cchat (p. 3.1-5) in :::: tin:; thnt the CH'/Ju rc eks probnbly 5.]k.; Z. include sone Mescaoic rockc similar to rocks in the castern San k, f Juan Islands, and the mI includes (p. 3.1-4, 3.1-5) a brief s(M. pff . description of a third structural =odel, that cf Joseph Vance,
~& . which incorporates so=e f eatures of the other two. .$ ', 1 . - " " *
- It see=s clear, regrettably, thc_I_.the issue _ raised by khetten
- regarding the place of the CH/Ju rocks in the basic tectonic _
*
.-. framework of the foothill region around the proposed plant site has not been resolved by the considerable new data acquired in thc.past
~ ' '
'-
- 18 months and that..no..ccascasus on this_ proble= can_be_ expected _ _
. /. - until some future ti=e when cuch = ore of the regica has been capped - _;, . geologically in detail and = ore geophysical data have beca p acquired. The present situation of uncertainty in the geologic-e '" '"
--com= unity is exemp-lified by recent. studies. in the vicinity, of. , m., ,
. -C Little Haystack and Talc Mountains, where the aeromagnetic and
- core-hole data recently supplied by the applicant can apparent 1p be - ~
_.
, '
acccc=odated both by the applicant's capping and interpretation of the thrust and by L'hetten, Dethier, and Carrol's (1979) very "4 -' ""-diff erent mapping and interpretation.. The. =os t logical and -- . . .
. . .. . responsible present course 1:2 the,_ evaluation.of the Skagit site seems -to be acceptance of the existence of so=e major uncertainty . 'aciottg' geologists regarding the geologic f racevork- of. the .sitenw3 ~
'~ -
. region and recogition of this uncertainty in conservative - .- .. evaluation'of the bearing of specific geologic features on_, site _,,,, _. -' safety. ~
'. " . 2r --T-High-afgIe: north-trending f aults near- the plant site-The,, applicant; _.
. e , u- has*' fairly i conclusively de=ons trated,- by detailed .observatiozigiGif-~- . , -- . .._. *
- _, mappin,g supported by geophysical surveys, .thatNno significant, _ , . . , 1,
... north ' trending faults follow the valley floors of Gilligan.and. ~ .,-- * '7- Iower Day Creeks. The applicant has found little or no evidence _. .
E ~ for-faults within the Shuksarr metamorphic rocks. on the slopes. above .3, . g .
...<.. +~" thee creeks; but it is prudents to hear,in mind.'tha.t .s.uch _f.aulting j .,a a n]-"r might be difficult to detect.R .-Y ' O .>- - - . ... .m ,....g . .- - - ....;. , . . .. . .... - * -- -- 'In two localities in-the vicinity of the plant site, on the * * ' - a routh side of the Skagit valley, the- s.trong possibility. or , . ; ;. - - " -- -likelihood of high-angle f aulting younger- than- any r.cgional. ,.. uw '
thrusting is a present concern east of Gilligan Creek, along the .
-'
contac't' between the Shuksan 'and CH/Ju rocks, and in the valley of Loretta Creek, at and near the Chuckanut-Shuksan contact. , The applicant's mapping (RGI, -fig. 3.2-2 and Appendix H, sheet.
- .1-);of the' f ault between the Shuksan; and- the. CH/Ju rocks in . sect,iona. .
_
. ,,
- 12, 13, an,d 24 or T. 34 N. , R'. 5 E. accords closely with b'hetten's mapping (1979), and all agree that the dip of the fault is steep
- '
there.' In section 1 of th,e same township, bedrock exposure is . _
-* .-
i 3
';d 7- .-
yq 1286 ;60 i amo M AAh 3 o
. , --
g_q
.
_ _ ,. _.. _.
- - . :.. . - '.._... . . ._ - . .. . . . . -. , :. . . . . . - . . . - , . _ _ _. _ _. . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . . _ . _
. . .
h~
.;,.. , .-
cot =only poor, and the contac.t can be icss , accurately located. Availabic outcrops and probable outcrops. suggest that it, continues, j'.. J ,- with : northerly trend, threugh abcut the ckmter of the section. .d$' i . , In the northern quarter of the section, the} f ew outcrops =ay pernd t qtif j an inference that the caatact turns abruptly cast, so as to join U the thrust contact betve:n the sa:e rock units in the northeast M.h quarter of section 6, T. 34 N. , 'R. 6 E. Even if the Shuknan-CH/Ju .
.
contact follows such a courne, it sce=3'likely t!.ct ti.e sc=illnear
~ . ,J. -
high-angle f ault that for=s the contact for =iles south of section '24 1 continues on across the section to the north. Rather than a steeply folded seg=cnt of a thrust, the fault cast'of..Gilligat
' ~
, -T , _ . . G. Creek (hereaf ter termed the "Gilligan Fault") is probably a younger
),I. #-"' . . .* . . . *'".* uts acrose the thrust. - - -
The extent of the Gilligin TaulFto theEo? h'an'd Fod'Eh Is -
' ~ ~ " ~ '
tit'
.? unknown and perhaps al=ost indeter=inable. If it extends ncrthward ~,i beneath and beyond the Skagit valley, it enters a large mountainous ,',- - - .... = ass of rather poorly exposed Shuksan =cta= orphic rocks; to the 5- " '"so6th, beyond upper Gilligan Creek, It is within the tectonically.
1 ^-' - nixed CH/Ju rocks. In both the Shuksan and CH/Ju terranes, the
'-- -
identification and '=spping of f aults can be very dif ficult. South ,
- of upper Gilligan Creek, the fault is conceivably related to a . discontinucus linc. ament, apparent on_ side-looking radar (RGI, p.
i ~ 3.228 ' t 6 ~3.2-11) , that ex't ends ' south to a point near the' vest end ... , ~ ~' ~
-- - ~ ~ of- Lake Cavanaugh, but there is little or-.no evidence that this. . . . , , ,- lincament is related to the Gilligan Fault or to any geologic ' TtrEcture'. The of fsets in glacial lake > deposits about where this. ~ ~~~,,,
lincament crosses the Lake Cavanaugh Road (Bechtel, Inc. , 1978) are
, - '.,- probably contectonic. , .., , , , - .. . . .. . , . ~ " E!second locality where there is concern regarding high-angle ' ' ,s t - ~ faulfittg, the valley of'Loretta Creek (RGI,. Appendix H, . sheet.;.1;; . ~,- '. ' , ~ W erten and others, 1979), was-called to the attention of.USGS , . . .,. ,f. , ' ' reviewers by J. T. Wetten and-P. -R.: Carrol. Ii2 the course of',,. . ,, . ! _. .. . . tapping geologically the lower, part of the valley, Wetten and , , -n ,
Carrol encountered an exceptionally good exposure of the Chuckanut-
, _ . . . - -Shuksan contact in a s=all waterfall, 'at an elevation of about. - . . , . . , , ' . - '
r r mI,25 0"f'cet. ' Here the contact consists of a near-vertical.. shear. -...
' ' ' . ,
zone, at ~1 east about 6 fect wide, that appears to strike north ...; . . northwest. The zone very probably represents a significant high-a'ngle f ault of post-Chuckanut (post-Eocene?) in age. In the .
" 'ib'scnce' of strongly supportive data, the acceptance of.any other s. ' ~ l'n'tcrpretation here would be highly i= prudent. The length of . this_,,. " ' . -
fault (hereaf ter termed the "Loretta Fault") .and the a=ount and , , , exact sense of displacement on it are unknown. If it is present north of the Skagit valley, the difficulties _in =apping it there
- ,. -
would bc s1=ilar to those described in the- case of the Gilligan ~._ Fa ult. ^ To the south, the f ault =ay follow the Chuckanut contact or-
=ay take another course. -. .
t l '
;, j hh@yg,. . 1280. 61 , -
u.i . l E-5'
- -- , ...,. . . . m. . ., . _ _ , , ... . - - . -
_.: . .- .
. ,... -...... A , . .. - .: - . . . . .. . .- . s. . , . . .; .. . . :;3:~.. . :. - - ; . +y . . . - - .' - ._.. .. . - ..- . . _ . . -.. -
.. . . . 'e .'.' ' - 3. ne "Loveseth" Fault--The "Loveseth" Fau: t, capped as a fault by , ~D .
T. P. Loveseth (1975) and H. D..Gower (IE78) 'is interpreted by the applicent (RGI, Sect f,, 3.4.2) and by C. (M. Miller (RGI, f't. 31-M g .A ; 3, sheet .2, and in prean),. a consultant to Bechtel,.Inc., as.the .
.C' basal sedinent.ary contact of the Chuckanut For=ation, disturbed ".- A -
only 17 local shearing asso, dated with Tertiary folding. The applicant does not mention t'he. existence of any clear exposures of
< )I).:."; ~
e -[.,(1. 'g the contact, and apparently its dip cannot be accurately ceasured anywhere. The geologic constraints on its location, though fairly .Y- .. tight in the northeast quarter of section 10 and perhaps in section 1.t' - - 3, T. 33 N. , R. S E'.', are co==only loose f arther southv-- On .the
. . - < '
b'a sis of evidence of strong shearing and of probable discordance of beds. to the Chuckanet ru/.4 centeet, it seecrs ost likely that the
, ? ;, _, ' contact capped in sections 3,10, and 11 is a f ault. ne. ~ .
applicant's- interpr'etation cannot, perhaps , be rule'd out -here r bu6 .
-.e l . . . .it.-is surely not unique. Farther-south, the =os: likely. course.ofc ,
such. a f ault lies probably along the. sou,thwest side of the large
.
volcanic body in section 14 and through the Chuckanut beyond, but other courses cay' be possible. - 'The applicant's~ espping, which
- - . established the presence of Chuckanut cast of the large volcanic - ~ .. body. in section 14, as wel1 as. vest of -it, suggests that-the - - . . "Loveseth" Fault'is not a =ajor structure. The discordant dips in .. . .. _.
the .Chuckanut in the northwestiquarter of .section 13. suggest.that. . the contact there may be si=11arly f aulted. , . . . . -- -- m- a . . - ~ . .. z . :.r..-. ~.; . .p . .._, m ;
. ., ... - .<:.w-
- 4. m The '.'B and B Fault"-The possibility of a "3 and 3 Fault" was. . ,
-
discussed at the ASLB hearing. in March 1978, largely as a result of. USGS concerns regarding a letter received f rom Peter Ward, a -
..._. .stratigrapher who had been carrying on research in the. northern. San . . - -
- m. Juan Island.r. Ward suggestedethat the- Nanaimo and Chuckanut - 1- -
.. - . . . . . __ sedimentary rocks had been depcsited_in separate sedimentary basins . . - = ';nnd ;that their prese'nt juxtaposition across the strait - betweenc- - -? - ' ,
Barnes and Clark Islands and Lu=..1 Island might be best explained '
.l .,. .- -by:large-scale strike-slip faulting. - The USGS' had not fullym . - >- . -- .i .. .. ...., ..' , .. evalua ted War d's s ugges tion a.t the ti=e of the hearing and could * .- only speculate regarding the' pr'oposed f ault. In infor=al ,. - ' . ;; .. ,, consideration of possibly per=issible courses for the proposed',-
f ault' south of Lumni and especially of such courses that were1..-~ "-
.[- ' - - . - - closest to the proposed plantw ite, it was thought that sueh a 2 "
f ault might possibly becd eastward and pass through the Table--
- , - Mountain vicinity south of Cultus Mountain. It was this highly speculative, " worst-case" f ault trace, between the vicinity of .. ,
Samish Bay on the north and the vi'cinity of Lake Cavanaugh on the south, that W. H. Hays sketched-on.a. =ap at the March 197S hearing and that was there somehow christened the "B and B Fault." .
-
Since that ASLB hearing, st6d'les by the applicant and others have led to doubt regarding the possibility of large post-Chuckanut f aulting west of Lu=mi Island,.: but scem to have established the - presence of faulting near Table Mountain. In the northern San Juan
. .. .
5:
' . - . .- . .
I f -l,-
- . * -' . - . .. ;.'. . 5, '
s . ' __
.. ~. . ,' ~}. . , . ., ; , z*E.} l. ' ' . . -- ; ., , .; ~.
_ , ... _'. : .. --; ,- ".'.:. :. _
. _ . . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ , - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- ,- . .
..' '
-
Islands, a major fault tetween Lu==1 loland and Orcas Island <was . ,
.Qfe ,
- first suggested by Misch (1966), and censiderable evidence pointer f g' . to faultius there t'at has affected rcch as ycung :: the ";per-M4 --Cretaceous Nanaimo Group. The possibility of faulting younger.than N il
- the Chuckanut Formaion en Luc =1 Island is, hawcVer, core dif ficult
..,Q to evaluate. Stratigrr.phic studies by the cpplicant (?.GI, section ' .9, ' . 3.4.1) suggest correlation of the Chuckanut for=ation on Lu =1 . -
- y. *. .
. . Island with strata on part of Sucia Island and on se=c other. . .- - .U_ islands west of Lu=si and thus support so=e of the earlier similar n , conclusions of Vance (1915,.19771. _ This_ c.orrelati.pn sec=s to lack
~~. ;' the-:npport of conclusive evidence for the various deposits being
- ,3. - of'the same age but, if valid, it would sce= to preclude inference ~
Q -
~~o f'ic ge-scale faulting west of Lu==1. Island sincc Chuckanut _. . . . .. _ (Eocene and older) ti=e. - - .. . . . . .
g . :. - . . .. .. maAnother development since the March 1978 hearing has been: . . e. . -- T-r"*. - increasing realization that the Chuckanut is probably younger than J.
' .i ,1 .- almost all, if not all, of the marine Nanai=o For=ation on Barnes w.- ~ ' '- and Clark Islands and elsewhere west of Lu==1 and that the _- -
2: .,.- Chuckanut probably need not have been deposited in a basin . .
?- - -- " distinctly separate f rom the Nanai=o basin,- as Ward suggested. J . : . .. :, . ,
.- - - . . .
.- .
- .---
-- .. w -- " -- ;Thus, while large-scale post-Chuckanut. f aulting west. of. Lu==1.. . . ' ' ^IsIrnd cannot at present be ruled out, strong evidence for such . - -
"
, '" f aQlting appears to be lacking. If there is no such f auIting. -' A '-~
ry . .
. . .c ..a..,. theresis ,~;of course,. no -necess,ity of acco==oda ting gi=ilar =ov_enent.. .. . - , e to-th'e south, along sace such structure as' the "3 and B Fault." - .- :. . - . .- - I- 1 LIn the T.ible Mountain', vicinity f ar to the south, which Eays' . .. ;-,. - -#
spec 61ated to be on one possible" southerly course of -the '.majore - -w - J- -- --
-Jault(suggested by Ward, continued . geologic .=apping has. Indicate.df. ;.. *- - 1. N ife' presence of a northwest-trending . fault or'. fault. = cue:(Whetten c. .. . ' I. , and others, 1979), an interpretation that is no.t necessarily' ,
fr'- ' - 1 - ' 5- inconsistent with the applicant's -field studies' (RGI, p.;:3.'4 14) ~. . - - .
.-- -
Whetten (oral co==. , 1979) believes that this f ault or f ault zoce ---- I s - has near-vertical dip and has considerably d.isrupted the CH/Ju and; .
. Shuksan plate rocks in the Table MountafE-upper Nookachamps Creek.7 '. .
J. '
.- ., , vie ~inity. { The age of this structure '(hereaf ter ter=ed .the. "TableJ '.].J . --- ~ Mtfustnih-Eault") and its extent to the northwest and .setrtheast are . . - - ,
unknown. .
.
_S. The age of hich-angle f aulting in the site vicintv--It _see=s_ clear _ _ that a conservative geologic analysis of the site vicinity =ust m .- rvtake=futo account the probable presence of f airly numercus high- - . angle Tertiary f aults, one or two of which =ay pass within a few
- - --- miles of the plant site. These faults include the Gilligan,. _. 'Loretta, "Loveseth," and Table Mountain Faults ~ discussed above; u ,- ~
probably-some of the f aults mapped by Whetten, Dethier, and Carrol t-C-'(l'979) and the applicant west o'f uiddle and upper Day Creek; and perhaps the Shuksan-CH/Ju contact- at "No Na:e Creek." All of these
. .. .
Y
!
gm .g g LW ; 6
.]280 ]6}
p.h;
- hj o .A m- . .
.' . . . , . ,.. . . .- ' , . E-q . . - - . .... - - . . . . . ,. . . . . . ~ .: v. - - . -- . s.; ; . . . . . . . .: : .. . . .,.. _, ,. .... g .:..<...
- __, , 4 ..;.; ..7 .x. .< . y . ._ , _
, . . . ::. ; : y,.;. ? ., .. ... ;;;. .: 9 p 3 . y..-.f , - ;. m __-; - .C.. - .. :, , '.- @ ; , . .
_ __ . .. _ _ _. _
. - .
'l ' ' , f aults should probably be presu=cd to bc younger than latest CliUckanut deposition (Middle Eocene), .thcugh so e cay be -older., _
-. - '
Sc== pr:bably f or:cd during the enly Tertiary (Socenc?) dcfor=ation. .'
- -b.[d "
7 that folded the Chuckanut, but the near-verticci dips of at 1 cast many of the f ault surf aces and the linearity of the surface traces 'f(,45 ~.
.
of the Gilligan Tault and prohnbly other f aults suggest thst scme i'T. . .,..- of these structures for:.ed af t.er that, deforca:1on. . ... ..
-. .
- v-3
....
- . - . :* - m. g, ... .,....
, . ' ,-.. n ..s ;.. V.%;v.y r .an' y . ;. ~ - . .... . .. . . . ~ . .
-4. .,.e
. . . , f-g,y 4 . "' ' ~~ .
In discussing the possible age of this f aulting, it =ay be
.. '
instructive to consider the nearest faults that have, tcatatively
~
S.i ,
.
at least> been ebasidered cae' abler nc D evi'1's Mo unt'a in- Fau h , . N. .. t . ~. .W - which passes 21 km southwest of the plant site, is considered 5 , capable by the USGS, 1 rgely en the basfe of a lack of evidence'
.
h-JF that it could not be capable and of probable displace =cnts as - ~
' ~ ~
depicted in carine~ profiles located ~ vest ~o f Whidb'ey' Island.~ n e
~
[.Y.'- i.% Straight, Creek Fault, 48 k= cast of the site, has probably =cved a
... ' ' littl'c since =id-Tertiary ti=e and is " tentatively classified as . . _ %[:
Pc',i capable" (McCleary and,others , 197 3, p . 11) in a study carried-cut
, . . , _ , ' ' -
c.-{j~ ._ .. 7 g yd consultant to the 'n'ashington Eublic .Fower Supply Syste=.
'31- - While it see=s legiticate, in a conservative site analysis, to .
consider both of these f aults capable, it should be rc=c: bared, that. _ N/ - ~ '
'
i.f.:;)
"
both are very long,'very large regional structures, which hava
- doubtless coved many times; that displace =ent along the. Straight I,'7
- 1 t.f -L
' ' ^ * "Creck' Fault was very-largely, if not al2:ost entirely, accompli @ed; s, .
1 O
-
by Miocene time; and that there is no_ evidence that_ =ove=ent alon'g , . M.7 .' the Devil's Mountain Fault was not also largely corpleted by that.
?! - -' ' - ~ . _ , "" time.' he capability of two = aster faults. of the region does_ not ~ 3 ,. . . .F '
logically establish capability for the cany s= aller f aults. .I t. .
],
seems-likely that most, if not all',. cf .the. high-angle f aults ,of the,. .
~; site vicinity have not . coved in Quaternary time. _ There is ,no . . .
ff.g f' [ sh o6g'cvidence of such cove =ent on any of them. On .the . o.ther .L ., ,, .g .m ~ r ,. - - y hand, Tdisplace=ents, especially' =1nor displacements,..that cight..,, .
.
[$2,' ' ", "" ' ' ' concelvably- have occurred on these. f aults .between 500,000[ years.; agod .
- - - and the end of the last glaciation. (about_13,000 years ago) .could, - ' . , - - - .1 1 _. ".-..V .' .. .ha,ve~ been covered._or,. obscured by that glaciation;. and the app 11 cant- .
J. C ,, . _.. _ . , . .
-.-.- ' .- %.y-j has presented no ' strong evidence against such conceivable ~ _ ' , - movement. In summary, it appears that the high-angle f aults of the g,. , , .c $@d .. , . ...~ ' site vit:inity are very probabl.y-but uncertainly-ducapable...M *'g,-t g....- . --
- ..
- .-:3 . W 1: n .~.. ;., ..' , . .. v . W 6. ' .: v.: : ... . . . .. . .,.
j,*.6 6. he' 19A6' eartheuake near the northeast ceast of central Vancouver- . - .
. ' , Island--Several papers dealing directly or indirectly with the.,1946- ,.
_
'(, , ' , ' ' 'caithquake have been published since submittal of the la.st USGSs ' '. ' ^ Status Review in Februar*y-1978. Rogers and liasegaua (L973) . _, m, . recompute the epicenter of the earthquake and place _it on Vancouver. . '
1sland near its north 'ast coast, rather than under the . Strait of. , Georgia. They favor a fault-plane solution calling for.a
. ' , _ ._. , " . ".
noYthwest-striking f ault surface, possibly in close proximity to. ,_.
, .: ,, '
1the similarly striking Beaufort Range Fa :t, but they do not rule . .
' "'otit .a,' northeast-striking surf ace. ,. Riddihough (1978) relates the- ,
1946 event to a northeast-trending f ault in the subducting plate .
- , . :. : ..'. '- . .. . - . . . - .. .. .. . - . . . ,
gy
. , . . ,m . . .. . .. - - - ,. . . * * - = . - * - . .. .g.. s... ....,.~,. ... . ~ .: . . , ,. , , . . , , . . . ...r' . ' . ' . .. -;y . .. . * . ^
s.**
. . . .
T ,* . . . .
.. .. . ,. s a. - ' '.. * .f.~..,... , . ,.- ,, . _. ,
_
,g . ~ . . . - - . . _ . . . , . . - .- __ . - . - - - . . , , . . . - -
. * . . s: -. . . bcncath the crust of Varcouver IcInnd. Slawson and Savage's (1913) . . . . resurvey of an old triangulatior, network .rcicaled distott ens' i . , ' ~
'.'. . consfatent with covement on the Secufort Range Fault, but
' ' .. .. l QM,
- association of the carthpake vith} surf ace geology appears to ,
.,sn j remain couattul.. . . . . . _ .. , m %, y z
.m .n ... . . . . . . . .. . . . .;.. - . .:;. '; - . . .... . . . .. . 9 i '9 9 a 3 ... ~;' .f.'x' ' R. :-j%y..'.L.'h,.A5 .- >W- '. QU)[ - @ . - - . ..
.Y'.b.,.\ ...A.ero.na netic Data
- . c, u ... . . . . . .. . .., . . .. , . . . . o .,..<
V.,. . .. ;;;.lT.:z. n..,.
. . - ." * .
y - . , . , .. . -' - A *,-g. ~ u,.gw ?' 1-
* . ..
,. Q .
. , "Ihe USGS has reviewed the analysis of acrecagnetic data by Qi.d ' ' Exploration Data-Consultants;-In T-(Edcon) and foual it to be generally-_ - - - -
.$ d - Q,"' ' satis f act'ory. Alternative interpretat' ions are possible'in sc=e caues, ^'-. however, and the data do not una=biruously establish the correctness of V.. .
-
the applicant's capping and tectonic codel. The f ollowing are scvural F ~.Z - "
-
general ~ conclusions ~ arisibg f rom our review of these data and the7.dcon_
-: . -. . . ; = . -l report: '.'.:'%. . .
N r .e .. . y . .
-N .. .,c.-. ~ , - ~~~ ' . . . .
- x. L ..-
- ., ' . ., . .a . , p y , d , ; '. . . ,. , . .- . . . . . g , . . c. - . . . . , 2 .
..E . . .
' --
(a) . ~ Aeroc. Yetic anomalies help to define the shape and location :,
.'; of high y =agnetic rock ' types, which are probably ~ ' ' 2.- - ,,
In particular, acrocagnetic data
, .' ; m ~~,
serpentinites in,this area. .
'
were used to deduce the nature of the contact betvect Shuksan , meta =crphic rocks and the CH/Ju rocks. However, the dips of
.,,. , ~,.
- . . . -.
. ..m the surf aces of the serpentinite bodies =ay be unrelated to the attitudes of the thrust because (1) the serpentinite r.ay,. . . .
fT not be originally associated .vith thrusting; -(2) serpenti. nit,c
. '
,; } ' l
' .m.. ,is a highly obile rock when subjected to stress; and (3)
{,3
.
_. serpentinites possess highly lvariabic bagnetic properties. . _
. , - .. ...- .....w.....,.< . .. , . . .. .. ....r . ... . .. ..
.: .\
-. . . - ' ' " ' (b). Concern regarding an a3rupt change in trend of the . -
,II _ , neromagnetic contours southeast of. Butler _ Hill,, on s=al.}, , scal _e USGS'aero=agnetic maps (see RGI fig. 3 3-2), was expressed in ,
,
_ _ " i .- .. 3 [.? .' the NRC-USGS reguest' to the [ applicant of Juna 19 7 3. . .Th e, . . .l . ._
. ~ '~
S.'. '. [..' ',' . .
. ,c.f' -
- e.; .'. .'. additional more detailed aeromagnetic survey data provided by._
.t . ':.'.'- e . .. .. -- ...the applicant. indicate that there is no =agnetic basis. for a .. . . ' -> f ault with an east-West trend along Skagit Valley south of _ _ , . . ....,., . ~ . , .~-. . ,.- , , ., . , , . . ,.- , .- . .-. ... . ,_ .
Butler Hill __,, . _ , ,
.
_ ..>.:_..~.~..._..g....
,
s , .y.., , . , . . - :..
. ; _. . . . . . . ... - . . ... . . . . . . . . . ,
- '*,a :>: m: :.-.----' "-
. . . . -. :- . ., c.- . .
- ..r-
- . . . . 'l c{b;..;.- ? .omalies ~the thrust. .. Wcontact in the vicinity.of. Talc f- , . - . , ../ ,U.
t . ? l' aloig;. . .-
.
I .p. . :.'. Mountain are caused by rock bodies (probably serpenticite) :. . . . '
.. :: which appear to have northeast-dipping northeast faces.
Bowever, these bodies extend to only about 2,000 feet below ground surf ace and could, thercfore, be confined within a th'in
. . . . , . ,
thrust sheet.
'
8
- '(d) The absence of f ault-related aero=agnetic ano=alics near the .. mouth of Gilligan Creek, south of Butler Hill, and elsewhere .
_. . .. does not necessarily preclude the existence of f aults. in these . . areas. . _, .
. > ' . ... l .. .
1280 :65 S i -
.~. . ../.2 . - - . - . . . . . . .. . . - ..
m- g;
. - - . . . . .. . . . ..c.. . .
3 . g ,
.. .- . . . . .
b c{ - m- . .
. . = ,. .... - .. . . - - . . x. . - .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . - . - y. .. . . .. n ..:v.....:. n... ...;-.e.m. . . . . , . . .c w . x. +.;. .w . . .. y. n. .,.. . , .s. .- + . ,.a~ . . . ... . . .. .. . . .. . . .
- u. .. . .. . . . . . . . ,.. . . . ....n........,. ...
. . . . .. .. . . . . , . .. ... . . . .. . . .
_ _ _ . _
, . _ . , .. . . - .
Y" *
~ .. ' . . j q. . ..;'s E , " (e) Acromagnetic =aps show that ano=clics characteristic of CH/Ju.. .~ reci.. usually ternicar.e at the. thrust , contact between Shuksan .
%.,,.d- . and CH/Ju rocka. nfa a"=.etr that if CE/Ju reeks underlic g.y.g Shukaan, as the applicant has suggested, they lic at depths in
. -. W '
excess of 10,000 feet. As CH/Ju f requently crops out in c=all 3.M -
- M " areas surrounded by Shukaan and away f rc= the thrust (e.g. ,[ a t -
.$5,j /.Ad ~ ~'. Butler Hill), this lack of ano=afies 'over Shuksan terrace ". ~ ~ g 5, .a -['
'
forces a rather co= plicated geologic =edel.' ' " (, ' " - [f' - ;IO& _- . . _. __. _ : _ ;f '_.' ^l ' -e . i~'.2. E { 1; .L-- .
. -'~C^-*' :~ . .
- Y
. * . Scis=o glll.:(* . . * -
b . . ,b.-. . .
,
_
. . . . . . .. . ., .. .. . . .. . &_ , .. --. .- - . A de tai _ led d_i_sc.us_s_ ion .in th.e.. C.e.o.l_ogy-and aero=ao n_e. tic. _. data _s ection a--
M,.l y t., a
.
of-this_revicw is. presented concerniog.the existance and age _of numerous
- - - -- .
J. :. . _ high-angle faults in thn site vicinity. The conclusion offered there is N that these f aults are "very probably, but uncertainly, incapable."] ' '- q.;. .
. ' - .. . - . - . 1.-: .;: ': .. : ~; ; o3 :-~ - - *p
?,} ';.c.
-
On the other hand, there have been nu=ercus s=all carthquakes in . a.13.f . the . area -containing the site. Their:cagnitudes range f re= 1.2- to 3.3, ._ 'i .F
,
and several have been felt locally. An align =cnt of epicenters has been-g- .noted in the Skagit .31ver Val. ley but there are. doubts about._the. absolute.
@.- - accuracy of' their. locations. The stated accuracy of events located.by.- -
.i f -
. , the-University. of. Washington-operated reis=1c. network is 1.r. to 2. 'eaa T . n.
~g (Crossen,. 1974). . However, the seis=ograph stations in the Skagit . Valley:
.; . - -vicinity-are-' f ewer and more videly spaced than those further to the ~ ~ '---
{.[ vl , , south and because the locale is near the northern li=1t of the network .. . .
- -- coveragerthe accuracy is not likely- to- be that precise. -The-re=aining ---
5.L . . .
,, . epicenters appears to be essentially. random in the site . vicinity. ;3one .. .._ _ , '. ! - -
of; the small earthquakes ' cave been associated with identified f aults.q-3 ~ '.?' . :Itrisrpassible. that these. carthquakes. are associated witht structuresh'y ,Jf/ . W.T -
-
that are eufficiently small' that no surf ace-expression has beenQ-g.'.;;
- 7-3 ~r
. *
,;;W , rqcognized by- the geologigc investigations., ;-.:.-i.5--
, - _. .
- n. . .
- n. 9 .,g.-^:,s. ce n . -
. . . - - - ,, , ,
-G ..r ~
' . ' :; ,:s.j;::; -- *....- ' , . ' . ,. ' - - . '" , , & y.: _ . '. . . . . - . . . . . - -
Co'nsequently, it is our judg=ent- that for purposes of nuclear---l---. . . -_:
% reactor design ~it 'should be assu=ed. that' carthquakes as large as'N ' -C'~ ~-7
.7:D '
.- s magnitude 4.0 cduld originate en any"of / he- t identified f aults .ora'a _5.* *./U.S.- - ~
%]. ,*
. ~ .: .ac. un= app.ed. fault. in. the =cgina cf=thc. plant:. site.: Howeve=,; itis'.ouR~cy.~~4'. ,
- .
; -- -
judg=ent that even if an earthquake _ of. this sire were to occur on.one of".'"
' .
these structures, its consequences at.tha plant site would be less than
' -
that .riready postulated to result fr=m- the two =uch larger carthquakes --
- discussed ~1n our previous' reviews '(Jan. 30, 1978 and Ieb. 23, 1978). -- ' . ---- --
__ Since our last review, other articles relating to the tectonics of - the Pacific Northwest, in general, and the Vancouver Island vicinity, in, - particular; -have been published. They reinf orce the oncept that the > - 1946 earthquake was related to the present-day subdt regi=e of the region -rather than regional north-south compression t.%ers and
- - - - -
s. Hasegawa, 1978). Rogers (1979) suggests that the occurrence of _ _
. . .m.earthquahes .having a northeast. align =ent across Vancouver. Island are.. ..
related to differential movements, of '.he Explorer and Juan de Fuca
- , .. '..e s , '
M...,
._. . . -
- s.I. ...c . '1. 28. 0. YW L.
. .. . . .. .. . . . - - . .- . . . E.-Ic - . - ' '~~~~ * .- = - -
- . .
. .
- ' . . . . , -. .. s.,. .. %. - :. -~ . ..- .-.. .. ...'...
.,: U: .. '~... ,.....YA' 1 ~. 5 % - ' = % - 'I- .- .. : .. - .:.l r; ;.\ . ':_ .i.:./.
- b -.e- .. f . ? ': ' 9; *.&;5~~r...f
.. * . , - - - - .__ .- -
_-.'- . . . - - .- -
- .
_. -.
- '. .'. ;___-
-
_
. . . .
- -
.. "
k, . . % .. v- platen. Two interpretations of the teernnie s, ttings are preaented; his d.M - . t. m .. , preferred setting nuggesta that the subducted Nootka f ault cac (na:cd . . by Hyndean, et al, 1976) would represent, in effect, a tectonic "f%l boundary, north of which earthquakes would occur because o ' intcase local north-south co=pression resulting f rom the Explorcr-A=crica plate 99 Q-
- .Tip
^ .
interaccion. . To the s'outh of the Nootka f ault zone, subduction of the' Juan de Yuca plate bcncath the A=e'rica plate would proceed in a nor=al ., g B- but ascic=1c fashion." In view of these considerations, we belicyc that the constraints' on the . locus .cf .an_ event ai=ilar_ to. the .1946 carthquaka
~
2.@.',.) -
.
4:7. vould make its significance less than the two postulated controlling
-*- earthquakee (USGS Jan. 30, 1979, nd ?ch. 23, 1978). - . .. .9. 7 . - .- ,3 .. ,. - . . . . . -
,-'-
' --- - - In su==ary, there is..a recogaition thac--there has-.beca-a large - amount of new geological and-geophysical-data provided by the applicant . , ,1,, and others since the preparation- of our -last review. However, there ; ?, remains a major uncertainty as to the co=pleteness, significance, and
[;;. , proper interpretation of both the new and previously discussed data.
a . Consequently, it is still our jug =ent that f or purposes of nucicar ' -
reactor design the- folleving two earthquakes should be censidered as
". controlling: " , , 4 ,- , ,
. , .. ..*. -
. ' ( ..; ,, '
- 1. an earthquake similar to the one that occurred Decc=ber 15,
' '1872 but having its epicenter suff%iently close to the site- -
j.-
., . that n'o attenuation eff ects be cor '.dered, and. * ' ._t , , , ., , T , . ~. - .
_:
.
.
.. . .. . . ' , .p..- a shallow magnitude 7.0 to 71/4 carthquake on the Devils' . .
_
*
- 2. .
'.. Mountain Fault 21 km. from the site. , ,., , ,- .- - . .- . . s. * '
The USGS reactor site review team agrees vith. the applicant's . , . ,
.,' propose,d use of 'a bedrock acceleration value .of .Q.35 g as .the Saf e -'
_. . Shutdown Earthquake f ;r use with the Safety Guide 1.60 design spectrum ,,.
. J. . for nucicar power plant design. . _. ,- ' . .
Q _ . . . . . . . . . . . .
....~...! . . '. - . . . . _ . ...,.'.. . u. . . _ . . . . . . . , . . - . . . . . . , . . . , _ . . ' -- .. . . .. . . , .. - . ... ...., . . . . . . . . . . . - .ve . . . . ..- .. .~. . . . . . .. .. ; . . ,.. .. .
- .
. .g . . . . . . . . . .;. * . ""
1280 ;67
- . ' -
DF o- - j
' ; l- . ~
J n, i t
- . , . .
L.
. . . * . . .k s 4 . .L4 . 10 ' .,1 , . . . '. .
(7 y. ..
. . ..- ..s ' 'l} ' . --. ~ ' **(.'... . . .. * ....;.,-?] . ..L'.
f.,.a...*.,^ . r,...* .:. . ... ,. ;. f ..* . e *
,...m . - .- . . ..< . .{ . . *- ~.
Q. :', .: -
- . . - ,.- -
e- .
.a - ~ . + - - - . . . --- . . . - - . . . - . --- -, - . _ . . . .
. . .
- r..
.. s .;., . ,t ,... . .
i9.u
.. . .m . r. -
f y D
,q- t ? di.'E T 'DJ D ' 'W t .e mP ,3 .
References j c!O, J e . -
.
- i. . . .
.. . ... . ,. . . . . . . . .. ..
'* ._...... . -- ... . . . .
- - . . . .
_...
.. *- . .. . ..h.:;;'.;.g l - . .. <...\,,,.. . .. ;. . r...h . :
- ...... ~. .R .. : :
- ..at . . .z.ul ..; : .. , .. '. M'd , :. . - .. . . , . .
T-;.G.' ... ... Eechtel Incorporated,,19 78, Subsurf ace investig ation of dis turbed..
." ,,'.
glacial depcsits on Lake Cavanaugh Road: Report to Puget Sound 7 ,. :-; .
< =W . :. .-U.. . ...Powe r T.i .l g.at Co. .. ; n ,.--; .. .. . . . - - - ~ - .- . . . .u . , ....... .,. , . .-~ . ...- . . ' : - *. ,..c :: - - -
. l . , . ...$ .' ';
. .
E. .' -
' '
B rown , E. H . , 19 7 7, Th e Fid a lgo Oph io li c e , i.n. 3 rewn , E. S . , a nc Elli s , ,, R . . C. (eda.), Geologf cal excursions in the Pacific Northvcst: ~ ,j I, 7C. ,
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