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| Through December 31, 1986 indiana 8c Michigan Electric Company Bridgman, Michigan Docket Nos.50-315&50-316 License Nos.DPR-58 8c DPR-74/~K IR~+ERt$YSTE+8/D5060424 smllay PDR ADOCK p5pppggg PDR P\hi" L l f 1$T r pl%1 f-0C f i I' TABLE OF CONTENTS" Section.I.Introduction Page II.III.IV.Changes to the Environmental Technical Specifications Non-radiological Environmental Operating Report A.1 Plant Design and Operation A.2 NPDES Permit and State Certification Reporting B.1 Herbicide Application C.l Corbicula Monitoring Program 4 C.2 University of Michigan Special Report 120 C.3 University of Michigan Special Report 119 Radiological Environmental Operating Report A.Changes o'r Control to the REMP B.Special Sample Collection Program C.1 Annual Milk Farm Survey C.2 Annual Residential Land Use Survey D.Condition Reports 3-'5: 3~3-'4;4 4-5.6-8 6-7~': 7-8 8 8 10 t~Q~~QA A~$t'I~I I~g%4 Appendix F 1 1~2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1~6 List of.Appendices,':-.: Title Requested Change to NPDES Permit MI0005827 Environmental Evaluation:
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| Upgrade and Temporary Use of Beach Access Road.NPDES Nonroutine Reports 1986 Herbicide Application Program 1986 Corbicula Monitoring Program 1986 Diver Assessment of the Inshore Southeastern Lake MichicCan Environment Near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant 1973 1982 1.7 C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant 2~1 2'2'1986 Annual Report Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program Surface and Drinking Water Results for January through March 1986 Enhanced Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program Results Arising from the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station.2.4 2.5 2.6 Milk Farm Census 1986 Residential Land Use Census 1986 Condition Reports 1986 C 4 I zr F 0~u A~Opt 0 C s+j r I f g 4'I P'4 I)I A~iC,'>~+r J.t,t~~P~'L': I P 0 I.INTRODUCTION, Environmental Technical Specifications,,Appendix A;Section 6:9.1.6 and Appendix B, Part II, Section 5.'4;1 require that an annual report be submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission which details the results and findings of ongoing environmental radiological and non-radiological surveillance programs.This report serves to fulfill these requirements and rep=esents the Annual Environmental Operating Report for Units 1 and 2 of the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant for the operating period from January 1, 1986 till December 31, 1986.During 1986, based on the monthly operating reports for Unit 1 and Unit 2, the yearly gross electrical generation, average unit service and capacity factors were: Gross electrical generation (MWe)Unit service factor (%)Unit capacity factor MDC Net (%)Unit 1 6,918,330 85.2 74'Unit 2 4J335g567 61.5 46.7 The Semi-Annual Radioactive Effluent Release for 1986 reporting year indicated that'here were effects to the environment and general public due operation of the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Reports no adverse to the II.CHANGES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICAT1ONS There were no changes made to the Non-radiological Environmental Technical Specifications during 1986.A change was requested to the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)permit MI0005827 in which the applicant requested permission to reroute Makeup Plant prefilter backwash to Lake Michigan.For further information, see Appendix 1.1 to this document.There was one change made to the Radiological Technical Specifications during 1986.Amendment no.94 to Donald C.Cook Unit 1 and Amendment no.80 to the Unit 2 Appendix A Technical Specifications were issued on April 22, 1986 and deleted the requirement to sample the New Buffalo drinking water intake.No other changes were made in these Technical Specifications during 1986.1 0 p gI/4 r>~a'f g i~J~>~e OW~I'<~g~J~4>i'a~t~>la J' NON-RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT Environmental Protection Plan (EPP)III.A.l Plant Design and Operation There were no changes in station design, tests or experiments performed which constituted an unreviewed environmental question.The construction activities performed in 1986 which led to hook-up of the Lake Township water supply, office extension and associated sewage treatment expansion, and training/simulator facility reported in the environmental evaluations in the 1985 Annual Environmental Operating Report resulted in no adverse environmental impact.One environmental evaluation was conducted to determine whether construction activities associated with the upgrade and temporary use of the beach access road which is included as Appendix 1.2 to this document.Based on this evaluation, it was concluded that with proper mitigation practices there would be no adverse environmental impact arising from the proposed activity.III.A.2 Reporting Related to the NPDES Permit and State Certification Notifications made to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources regarding the NPDES Permit are listed under Nonroutine Reports which comprises Appendix 1.3 to C~r gC'I~~, r this document.ZII.B.Environmental-Monitoring., IIZ.B.1.Herbicide Application Krovar I and Oust'were used-for bare ground weed control in the areas and concentrations specified in the attached letter from L.A.Shepard to H.E.Brooks (Appendix 1.4).A total of 303 pounds of Krovar I and 2.6 pounds of Oust were applied to approximately forty (40)acres within the owner controlled area in 1996.There were no applications of the herbicide Torden 101R as.there was no transmission line right-of-way maintenance performe'd within the owner controlled area in 1986.I ZZZ.C'quatic Studies , During 1986 three aquatic studies were performed for the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.ZII.C;1 Corbicula Monitoring Program As part of the Corbicula Monitoring Program, performed , in accordance with our response to the NRC IE Bulletin 81-03;entrainment, diver-collected sand and gravel samples, and beach areas at the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant were examined for the presence of the Asiatic clam, Corbicula fl'uminea.
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| No veligers, small or adult clams, or empty shells were detected in any of the sampling.To date, inspections of lake water systems for biofouling, conducted by Environmental Section personnel have indicated no evidence of Corbicula.
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| The Cook Plant Corbicula Monitoring Program conducted by the University of Michigan will continue in 1987, as well as in-house inspections of lake water systems.For further information concerning the Corbicula Monitoring Program results for 1986, please refer to Appendix 1.5.
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| ~~b~
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| III.C.2 Diver Assessment of the Inshore Southeastern Lake Michician Environment Near the D..C.Cook Nuclear.Plant 1973-1982 This report is a summary and analysis of observations'ade by divers in southeastern Lake Michigan near.the D.-C.Cook Nuclear Plant from 1970 to 1982.This investigation was one component of a multi-disciplinary environmental impact study conducted by the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, for the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Overall scope of work included: physical studies-hydrology, sediments, shore erosion, ice effects;chemical studies-standard water chemistry, nutrients, trace metals;and biological studies-psammo-littoral organisms, periphyton, algae, zooplankton, benthos, and fish.Xn addition, studies by other agencies included radiological work, weather and currents, thermal plume mapping, terrestrial flora and fauna, and other environmental, sociological, and economic assessments associated with plant site selection and preconstruction activities.
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| Zn 1986, the various studies conducted by the Great Lakes Research Division were integrated into an overview of the aquatic environment of the study area.The purpose of the underwater assessment program was to gather data via direct observation or analysis of hand-collected samples.Information amassed through these efforts was used to collaborate or augment other studies at the Cook Plant and to provide a unique assessment of the aquatic environment, its ecology, and plantinduced effects.For further information on this report, please refer to Appendix 1.6 of this document..Nuclear Power Plant This report documents in detail the procedures used and the programs written in establishing the data base management system for the D.C.Cook ecological study and describes the data contained in the data base as well as the way in which these data can be accessed.This documentation can be used as a reference when accessing the data base and to clarify questions that arise during the use of this system.For further information concerning this report, please refer to Appendix l.7 of'his document.
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| 4~
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| IV RADIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING'ROGRAM'REMP)
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| 'V.A Changes or Control to the REMP As discussed above, the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant Unit 1 and Unit 2 Technical Specifications were changed in 1986 to remove New Buffalo as a drinking water sample location.Two new milk farms were added to the REMP during 1986 on November 21, 1986.These were the Zelmer and The Warmbien Milk Farms.During 1986, Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc.(CEP)has conducted the REMP sample analysis, except for surface and drinking water samples.Up until March of 1986, plant chemistry personnel were performing the radiological analysis for the surface and drinking water requirements.
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| During the review of the data for the 1985 Annual Environmental Operating Report, it was discovered that the counting methodology used by the plant personnel was unable to meet the Technical Specification 4-12.1 Lower Limits of Detectability requirements without using excessively large sample volumes and extremely long count times.To correct this problem, surface and drinking water samples were sent to our REMP contractor for analysis beginning in April of 1986.This matter was discussed in more detail in the special report which was submitted to the NRC Region III office on May 1, 1986.During 1986 sampling for the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program was accomplished by both plant and contractor personnel.
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| Up until November of 1986, contractor personnel were responsible for the all REMP samples except for drinking and-surface water samples, and for fish samples.On November 1, 1986 plant personnel took over responsibility for collection of these samples.In addition, plant personnel have had continuous responsibility for the collection of drinking and surface water samples as well as fish sample collection.
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| Zn general, the Annual Environmental Operating, Report shows no observable effect on the surrounding.
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| environment from the operation.of the Donald C.'ook Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2.For further information concerning the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program, please see Appendices 2.1 and 2.2 which contain the results of the contractor and plant performed analysis on environmental samples.IV.B Special Sample Collection Program Report On September 10, 1986, a report was issued to the NRC.in response to NRC ZE Information Notice 86-32,"Request for Collection of Licensee Radioactivity Measurements Attributed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident." The enhanced sample collects,on and analysis program was initiated on May 3, 1986 and continued through July 3, 1986 by which time the levels of observed activity had returned to background levels.The purpose of this enhanced monitoring program was to evaluate the levels of radioactive fallout resulting from the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant accident and to assure that any activity detected in our environmental program was properly identified as to the source.Concurrent with.and upon.completion of the enhanced environmental sample collection and analysis program, our routine radiological environmental sample collection and analysis program continued" uninterrupted.
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| The results of the routine REMP results are contained in Appendix 2.1 of this Report and the results of the enhanced sampling and analysis program are reported in Appendix 2.3 to this report.IV.C.Land Use Census ZV.C.1 Annual Milk Farm Survey The annual milk farm survey for 1986 was completed on September 12, 1986, using the updated Milk Farm List from the Michigan Department of Agriculture and the previous year's milk farm survey map.Ne also contacted Berrien County farmers by phone in performing this survey.A new milk farm survey map and list were completed according to the appropriate Plant procedure.
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| Changes were identified from the previous year for the closest milk farm in the nine land covering meteorological sectors within the five (5)mile emergency planning zone.The comparison results
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| between the reporting year (1986)and the prior year (1985)are shown in Appendix 2.4 to this report.Two (2)new milk farms were added to our sampling'-.
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| program as a result of.the findings of the 1986 annual milk farm survey.On November 21, 1986, the.-Zelmer Farm (4.75 miles SSE, Sector H)and the Warmbien Farm (7;8 miles S, Sector J)were initiated into the routine milk farm sampling program.In addition to these two farms added to the program, two (2)farms in Sector F were contacted for possible inclusion in the sampling program, but they indicated that they did not wish to participate in the program.IV.C.2 Annual Residential Land Use Survey The 1986 Residential Land Use Survey was completed on August 20, 1986 using the updated list of new building permits from Lake Township and the previous year's survey.map.There were no new residences having a new building permit and which were located closer than the previous year's closest residence in each of the nine (9)land covering meteorological sectors within the five mile emergency planning zone.The comparison results of the residential land use survey for 1985 and 1986 are found in Appendix 2.5 to this Report.IV.D Condition Reports In 1986, four (4)condition reports were issued with respect to the REMP.They are identified below and are more fully documented in Appendix 2.6 of this Report.The four condition reports issued: 1)12-04-86-388
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| 'pecial report for violation of T/S Table 4.12-1 LLD limits for drinking and surface water samples.2)2-04-86-474 3)12-10-86-1165 Xe-138 LLD limit in excess of T/S limit for Upper Containment Purge.Unplanned partial release of gas decay tank.4)12-11-86-1347 Violation of allowable interval for collection of environmental air samples.
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| Appendix 1.1 1 REQUESTED CHANGE TO NPDES PERMIT MI0005827 ATTACHMENT 8 INgIPNP.g MICHIGAN ELECTRIC COMPANY" P,O.8OX.ldd3l"'OLLJQ8US, OHIO.iield January 22, 1987 AEP:NRC:0170C 10 CFR 50.36 (b)Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Unit Nos.1 and 2 Dockec Nos.50-315 and 50-316'i.cense Nos.DPR-58 and DPR-74 NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (NPDES)PERMIT Nuclear Regulatory Commission Attn: Document Control Desk Washington, D.C.20555
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| ==Dear Sf.rs:==
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| In accordance wich Secti.on 3.2 of Appendix B (Environmencal Proceccion Plan)of the DonaLd C.Cook NucLear Plane Unic Nos.1 and 2 Facility Operating Li,cense, attached i.s a copy of an appLicacion co the Stace of Michi.gan Department of Nacural Resources for modificaci.on of the D.C.Cook NPDES Permit No.MI 0005827.This appli.cation is for your informacion only and has been submicted to che Stace of Michigan=or approval of a faci.licy change which would allow discharge of make-up plant prefilter backwash water to Lake Michigan.This document has been preoared following Corporate procedures which incorporace a reasonable sec of controls to insure i.cs accuracy and compleceness prior co signacure by che ndersigned.
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| '1ery tru'v yours, cm Attachment M..Ale ich".ice P es ident ,~>>9 cc: Jonn"-.Dolan G.Smith.Jr.-Br'dgman R.C.Callen G.Bruchmann G.Charnoff.'fRC Resident Inspector-Br'dgman J.G.Keppler-Regi.on III AEP: mC:0170C-2-ATTACHMENT 8 bc: J.G..Feinstein/M.
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| M;Evarts S.H.Horovitz/7.
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| 0.Argenta/R..-
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| C.Carruth J.J.Narkovsky/S.
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| H.Steinhart/P.
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| G.SchoepE/G.'.,w'right R.W.Jurgensen R.F.Kroeger M.L.Hozvath-Bridgman E.A.Norse-Bridgman C.A.Erikson J.B.Shinnock J.A.Druckemiller J.Fryer/D.Fitzgerald-Stuart D.L.Vigglnton, NRC~washington, D.C.AEP:NRC:0170C DC-N-6015.1
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| ATTACHMENT B ATTACHMENT TO AEP:NRC:017OC NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION LETTER FROM JACK A.DRUCKEMILLER (I&NECo)TO PAUL D.ZUGGER (MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES), DATED DECEMBER 23, 1986 Attachment to AEP: NRC:0170C ATTACHMENT 8''eeeseeee ,WIJIaNA h,eICWuaN ELECTRIC CON/'~~V-ON4$~~'P.o.soX 40,.COAT WAYNE.IN~1~++Pcp%g1tl 425 2111 I December 23, 1986 Paul D.'ugger, Executive Secretary Warer Resources Commission Deparcmenr.'f Nacural Resaurces P: 0.'Box'3Q028 Lansing, michigan 48909
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| ==Dear iW.Zugger:==
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| 'E: Donald C.Cook Nuc3.ear Plant IDES Permit No.MI0005827 Enclose'd is a revised industrial and Coamercial Wastewater Discharge Appli'ca'cion for che Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.This application is:submitted for approval of a facility change.fg The faci3.ity change involves rerouting of Makeup Plant Prefilcer back-wash warer ro Lake N.chigan via outfalls 001 or 002 (Unit 1 and Unit 2 discharges).
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| The filter backvash vater is currently discharged to the Plant',s Turbine Room Sump, vhich subsequently discharges to an onsice Absorption Pond.The ability to discharge this effluent to Lake Michigan vould'aid us in performing repairs co che sump and vould allov us to reduce the volume of groundvarer discharges.
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| Screening data for this vaste srream is provided in the enclased applicatian.
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| Note rhat che line diagram flovsheec for Seccion 1, Item 6 is as pra-posed, reflect''ng the planned rerouring oi che filter backvash water.'I Your timely consideration of che requesc for faci3.ity modification is appreciated since repairs of the Turbine Room Sump are scheduled for early 1987.Please call me if you require information or have any questions regarding the information provided.We vould be happy ro meec with the people responsible for drafting che permit modification,-~.Very truly yours, ,~'.c z~J~~Jack A.Druckemiller
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| ~anager of"nv'ronmental Affairs JAD/df Enc3.osure c: W.C.Smith, Jr.
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| ATTACHHENT 8 SECTION KTJA I.O.%54(KR PERMIT NUMBER i~M 8 6 4 7 e>>SEE INSTRUCTIONS ONREYERSE SIOE-', APPLICATION FOR OISCHA E RM tKR)(f IIT(ctt ES(QT(tt(Idtr ItcREAsED I(5K~RK(55IJAJKK C3 0 s lTEM PHYSICAL LOCAT(dft AOORKSS AHO PARK(IT Cfttlt(T/tie./Ode(t
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| ">>TYPE Cf FACIL(TY F.STREET IAPZER STREET'WC I I I I C'II>>CITY IWC DIY JNSIKAM P(fttf CR fAC(t I&I I>I I I I e>>Ke STAtt)JRO (ttAJSTRIFC, CLASS(f (CAT ICN (RErER TO TA(LK ll)le Z(P~IHFORMAT14H J, IOOCDIIP C's s~~s t~I I I Xe CCQ(TT (RKFe TO TARLK ()L>>tIJPK Cf Jtt(III&~a(ACT teÃt TITLE I'" S S II>>~e>>AA XER I I~Oe ACQCSS (If DIFFTRQIT PRE JASTVK)I~L2'>A>L4 Z Ps C(TY tWC Oe STATE Re E(P CXX 5, IYPK Of TZKA~uT cACP (IY-.4SAK (I)If e SACR~PtdRJI SAL,FACE El-.C3 t.Cl..T, IRSRIAdf ICR EFFECT(>IK RE5(DWS tsdtIFOETKTIT Q~Q Io E3R.A.DATE (tftsfemn Ve POLL(IT(ttl (IC((KNT PREVQITICII PI>>AII r.WRNI Cf SAIIKl%E5 p~Xe TTPK Of OI SCARCE Q SIttf Act rATSR Q V, OO~&vt A Clsffff(ED CPSRATOI?a-CPEJ J4T(JI 5~D.P FACI 1Y 4 CERTIFfCATICJI S I s 1TEM 2 MAILING AOORKSS Of APPLICANT A~WIC I~s I~Se<WC N>D~'KANA&~sit>ZCH>j>G>A>N>>E>L>E,C>T,R I>>C~C>0 Ce STREET JCCRKSS&POST CFFICKÃX Oe Cl'IY tt>PK dt'I t (O 5 I~a 4 I't~I>>)s STAIK ZIP CXK ,4.6 8 0~1 e I, t~ttdIICJ>>st, Ctttt~I~tt tide>>>I s I~Jtsd Jl>Jetddttetss>t J>>sd>ttt OII~>>e ff I>>stol~~s>>>ts e~t>~, Jcc>>etd~>>s>>>>>4 d>>eds~to, ddt 1>O~I~~'OI tlat J>>ed Wl Qtw,>>etIvd tttdddt tt ttdltttd Ihd ye~dell ttt~s>>1 etd<<>Ot dttdh 1>>sd>stffdd In WI~IOOIICJtl J>t 4ff.>>>>1J~*dt tet>ed>I ese>>td~tttlt et>Cd>>>1>e>
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| ~edt ddtts>>S>>>>>d t'>>~t>>etd~dtldts, I Jdl~d>~'+Jt O ttttt+~t et>>dtd jht 1>J>>ss~>C J>>>>~Jt>>>>~I tldt tds>set>sett~l>>>>tf~>>id It>tdtt>>tttdtt tCI~III+5(~IATOFE CF Atti:mT 5('CIIATCAE CF LOCAL C>,IEA>dsfdfAI.
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| AttdtSEIIIAT('It (SEE 1Oft OII AIYTASE SIX)L'~~((ge lt x3 9 t Vice Pz'~~>t tt~CvJP 15 SEE INSTRUCTlONS ON REVERSE SlOE SECTlOH l ATTACHMENT 8 FKRMfT Hu~~'~HI0005827)TEM 3 SOURCE Olc WATKR SUPPLY PESIICIFAL 1 gggrACE WTCE ItffsttE ticPE Cfc'ccATEcSCAY aAtCTITY IWX.)C, PIIIYATE~~ffv Her.)fELEfcS/WY'.
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| cf)eR c pr cv)TEM 4 FACILITY WATKR USAGE ITEM 5 F CRITICAL tccte c'F sIEIsf&4E PAVPCTEII t APNEA tf I.v Itcctt,>We CP SIEISTAtCE auWtITY (~.)PceCESS~TE)f I IICLACIt4~JET CCCLISG~feil)a.tEYEETtfACT Ca@.I:a~TER~TITV ftcAtt.)C, SAICIT~ccAfER",S rTV t..)C.CT)eII rccv c aALEEfcs/nAY, CPELCte/EAT IEEEpcs/nAY GLLlCNS/5A MATERIALS PRIORITY POI.LU TANTS USED STORED PRODUCED CL'c cv I cC PIIPtteER tapgfR fsttttf I IY~CP SmST~cEE ptftptets/I tlpeg OkVPI TY REFER TO TABLES IVA V I POUNDS GALLONS CUBIC YARDS 4 TQNS cc I a tccte CP Su)ST"CE pcAcre.-E Mpna CiiPtttITY
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| !lite cp sufsttt4E PcAtre TEct'APACE~Cucttt I tY ticpe cp sisstAtcE P IPteTEII tAPSGI ted%CP SINSTAtCE PcAA"ETOI lCl~OtAtttl tf I 1 I I I I etc l fs LJ/YEAtf No change Ezofn infoznfanion pzevfousLy pzovtded.~,
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| SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON REVERSE SIOE i SECTION I PERMIT NUMBER~~Hl0005827 ATTACHMENT
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| .8 lTEM 6 v A,JCI"ICE A SRISf QSSCRt~ttat NO ute aip4RJH Qo'Ite tta~TSR'Lo'HKLGM.hug RICII.ITY iqal INTA~ttl Clschuaa 9c4J.CRSRATIaCISPrWSViltlS
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| '>>AS'>ilRil>
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| IICIASItte FROIXSS ACI~ICN AelfA>>SJIIITJRY~Sttttt>IR a>etATtaCS IRtt)A SIIAg QIIT, be IrAtKR 54ACE~,SICR.>WV4C RICkS: QChl lIA St&IRICAtlT ASKS<F rrATSR TO RCCLClt>>'eASUCT%RIS
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| ~AVAILAbtE:
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| rlbeISIISS IISS 7CUI SSST SSTII'ATS,'-
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| AIIO QIAIIRAI>t See line diagram on foll.owing page.
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| Iron Unit I or 2 Wtc up Vater PlanY ISO,OOO Ib/hr Wln HL bolter baci-Up Ht.Nell Ho.l Potabl~and r Na r Nell Ho.2 Internal Out/all OOC (NI 396)0.0li NGO Avb.Ylsltor'CenteI Pl~Ilt Sanitary$/,000 GPO faten4c4 Aeration SIP Outfall OOC (Nl Stt)Ouat Seepa9e taboons Operated Alternately O.OIS Ieib Arb.~.0)))CO.Haa Outfall UOI (Ml 191)<IC Iltul I al I g Q l200'//shore lllb HGD Avb.~I2/I NGO Wa ulrrralel north Cetsh lasln IVI Isscntl~I bervfrc Hater 24.8~r~Unft I sssh98ay~I Stein Internal Outfall OOA (HI)9/).0.II2 ICD Av..0.266 HGO Wa Horssa I Flash Unit I Stn Gen Start.Up Flash Outfall 00)'(l)Intise~trlb Intaie lorcbay k Unft I Wtc-Up Hater Plant Unit 2 Hain-Up Hater Plant Re9eneratlon Furblne Roon Sunp l.8l 2 Outfall (Nl 3/i)do<I tc Absorption
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| .Pond Outfall 002 (Nl)9i)(I C I fit lli Ill I>Q l200'ffshore li2S HCD Avb., II/8 NCD Wa H sss lul Rr i I sscnl I~I Servsce lsetcr 28.8 ILO Unit 2 Stein Cundrn Ho rasa l Flash lani Start-Up lash lani!n Plant Sunps lsc Floor Dral Unit 2 tn n Internal Outfall 008 Ml 398 O.I09 It'0 Avb.~0.282 IIM Hca tate Hlshlban.Stulnurter South Catch basin S02 t Outfall 00 I Oe.1 s Ini Usc h9 ue s used i2 days In Ibdi--22i Nl Ar9..419 NSO Wa's Outfall OOF Pre fl)tiy 4tiuath ta Unit I or Unit 2 Olstharbe bay 0.0912 HGO avb.Nasteua:cr F lou Ol~bran, l98i Donal4 t.Cool Nuclear Plant C.C.Hsrk-2/20/4S Revla,ed-II/Ib/86 ATTACHMENT B 5ection I, Item 6, cont'd.Outfall Oescriptions Outfall OOF-Pre-Filter Backwash Make-up water of ultra-high purity is required for the steam generators.
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| The first step in treating intake lake water is solids removal using multi-media filters.The filters are called pre-filters since they are the initial step in the treatment process.Alum (aluminum sulfate)is injected into the water supply upstream of the pre-filters to act as a coagulant on the filter media.Mhen the pre-filters are saturated with solids removed from the lake water, the pre-filters are backwashed with additional lake water, and the solids are flushed to the turbine room sump then discharged to an on-site absorption pond.The proposed plant modification would reroute the pre-filter backwash to Lake Michigan.There would be a small net increase in the amount of solids returned to Lake MIchigan as a result of the alum added during treatment.
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| The design maximum amount of alum which could be used is 624 lb alum per day which would cause a net increase of 0.05 ppm solids when discharged through Outfall 001 or 0.04 ppm solids when discharged through Outfall 002.The attached screening data show that the typical pre-filter backwash contains only 1.7 ug/1 aluminum and 25 ug/1 sulfate.
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| SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON REVERSE SIOE SECTION 1 PERMIT~, NuueER~~o<<>g~7 A!TACHME!Il' ITEM 7 A, HCNICS l!'A N M'.%Q~e~~II Igy~II I~~<IO!S!eS'!IO~ETIO!m QIsotkea R)I!It(S)!!SS 4~[~BIO!g~I!meeISE SIm<S: i ZK, I I.OCATION MAP See topo map on following page.I I~I 21
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| , vO>aa 4~~~v v J~ote'l 00h Unit l Stcam Cenerator Bloudoun OOB llnlt 2 S$team Cenerator Bloudoun OOC hlr Heating Boiler Bloudou>>Are all dlscharg<<d thru OOI or 002 OOP Hakeup Plant Prefitter Backwash discharged thru 00l or 002 BRIDOMAN.MICH.ter~$4444 oawS l$OUanalH0$a)44)52.5-W86301).S
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| )970 A$4s$44)I IIF.-afalfa va42 Wavcrland Veach 8'rinking Water Wells at Residences ISS Ias!;I".-..-...-~:-x~,.-i-'.-9--$~~4pL4$IU4LI 44NU IU00 I II I.I..:-:.il:;,~-"-"'=A.":.a I gwp$44 lla I I--~.':.I:.=--:~-,.)$$I I I IiaP)4QO 4 IlI I I'I IUN$0 iU LI.IJ.: I I A.I..l CO)l)OuR I)I)ERVAL lo felt OAI4$$4 IS IIKAII SIA 4CVf 4" (".-.''/t'!.'.: l N 0 33~'~4$k'S.~f~~I U rh~~~I c~Ool 003 UHlTS l 1 2 DEICIHC 002 UNIT 2 HONCONTACT COOLIHC OOD OHSlTE ABSORPTIOll POND OOE SEWAGE hBSORl'TION FIELDS S02 STOWMATN DTSCIIARGE SOUTII I~a l'l'>>Il.l)rl>>kl>>g Water Wells S01 STORHWATER 0 I SCIWRGE NORTII,.,ary Q UNl'l'HONCOH'l'ACT COOl.fHC 0+yU 4$$l'0~~~+y~I~I~.r$~~v.'I'g L)f 44 l."~J.:Croundua ter Honitoring Wells o)(I.Uri4.4$~~" 4~4 4~~~I Croundua ter Ho>>ltor l>>g We lla.Drinking Water Wells at Reside>>ces 4",4"4I'~y\<'-.q)jv~~I').'.f'..Ix41.-~
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| ~I/~I/is 4..Qt4V4&44 ceoa I~~~g E~/~N$$j../': 0 I 4/0 Property Boundary I I IS~0 4 I I Ivln)INIUII
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| ~I~I 4 C44p~~~I 4$+l O~~~hfr~I~~(~4>>l l$4~I I l Cl m SEE INSTRUCTICNS QN REVERSE SION SECTION I ATTACHMENT 8 PERMIT HUMBER~HI0005827 (4'lC(t CPQIATE A s>>CENTRATED AN(ssfL FEE@((4 FACIL(IYI (tf t4 CO(IT(ascii TQ IIQI{g)CONCEN TITATED ANIMAL FEEDING OP ERAT(ON gi IEGER Cf ASSIS It(ED?CR OSP (IR)STIT FEED(t40, Ci IF le%15 CPSI mf (r~s IIAS A Att/Ff Q(VQ(5(CN GENIAL STS(TSI SEBI C 4TIIICTEDT (IF!4, Cttf(IAK TQ (Tgl'3)Di IGITT ($DC~IGI 5(5($PX DE CSITICL STSTPF, C)ECt((NE Of 1%?CLI>>II!4 A(4 QITQI Mtf!QI Ct'VIES OPRAINQ I I~~I i I I I Ei IAIAT ($IHE tAJSER CF L<<IES CF C'dt(RIS(tftt4 CRA(NIQE.a&AT IS 54~~(CII MFEIY FACTOR FQR DIIS I>>NTRCL SYSTQI7 Q 9'TE?R, 2(I IcXR SD551 Q 25m+@~md Q OT)EN (5?ECIFY)Ll~u~r~INSETS ItOES'~~IICIE5'.fTEM 9 TYPE 5 NUM 8EI(OF ANIMALS IN OPEN AND HOUSED CONFINEMENT III 4>>l4 4n cI 4n I 4~I>>Ae LIST sSE OF A(I(ate Ss GIVE>sE:A(SQI CF IH($TYPE Cf&NIL (N CPQI CSP ts~C QtVE~?IIT'3ER CP At($aeE CF Atl(MAL (N HX(ED C>>PI:~"sT.Ai C(Sf'eeE O?'IN''Ate 5~GIVE ttc:At'SER CF 11IIS TTTIE OF AII(PAL (N CPQI (3 P(M cttf.C.Q(VE'WE!At~CF tH($IYPE CF Ati(W.tN ICV(ED C.!SII: IT.Ae't(ST TYPE CF AtttssAL.Sa GIVE IIIE A?SER Cf IH(3 tYPE CF AAINCL (tt CPQI Cw'sF (IAP~~Ce Q(VE t)E N?SQ(CP IMS IYPE Cf AIIL~l!I Klt(ID C St!f?'QIT~Ae LIST TYIIE Of Atl(N?L~Si GIVE 1eE IC?Sfil CF THIS sSECF&I?W tN CPBI (3!Nf I t Q%NT e Ca Q(VE IHE IA?SQ(CF (HIS~CF AN(PAL IN ICIISED WsSI'S'~IY A s 1.(ST TY?E CF Atl I ts?Le Se GIVE IHE ICJ13ER OF 11IIS IY?E CF JN(taAL IN CPQI<<.F lth&VT.Ce Q('sE tteE IA?SER CF IH(S IYPE Cf AN&it (N IC(t(ED I!SI'~,sfeif As t(ST'sSE CF J?IIN?Ls Si G(VE DE'C?SEII CF (HIS'eaE OF AN(NIL I!I OPQI COIF I!.Estf.C QIV'E.>>E IA?8ER OF IHIS IYPE OF&(PAL (N IC(t(ED CCIS I ref?Estf Ae I.IST, IPE Cf Alttnk.s 5 GIVE DC atSQ(CF TH($IY?E A AN(tact:N V%A~sf'IT C.QIIE I%Etc?SQI CF:HIS s"IEE CF INI?IN.IN~C<<!P I: Kt%tP.A~ttST TIPS".f IIIINIL.b.<<i f.O'E!CI AA<<?iHIS tf?E'i ANirAL IN 0 (DI F IN~'P.C.C('ei IHE IA?SER CF (HIS iltsE"i AN(."At IN IOIISED"'St!EsEttf.
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| I s I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I e I I I I I s I I e SEE INSTRUCTIONS Ot4 REYERSE SIDE SECTION I AT NUMBFR 5 NI0005827 PERMIT ,'TEM 10 AQUATIC APIIMAL PAODUTION FACILITY TIC AN!ru.PRCKACTICN FACILITY?(tF td.CONTI!ad TO t~g>>ttdtCATK M TOTAL IAPTKR OF POCS.RACKHAYS A!d St!5I4+STXACIISIKS AT YTKII FACILITI, SPECIFY I i Ca Itd!CATE tao'~IOI~zV4 HSNIH NAÃttlfl re)titL OCCUIS~O CIISII%AL'l/%t IIF POUCS"F RZO F87 DRIId aHIS.LY,TH?Aa IS itHIS SP'ECtC A~I CR COLO'Wfdt SPECIE.a.SINK IHK V"!-L~THIS SPECIE.~.laaaaa.I~SPECIES OF AQUATIC A II I MA I.S PAODUCKD AT TIII 5 FACI I.I T Y V>>4I CL ol C.5!ITKR fnE TOfAL HARYKSTABLE KIOIT OF THIS SPECIE ooOCAC>Sv~IS AGILITY ocB"SQ IN P9fd5~Oi c.'aTV~~K vAXIPXPc nEICIIT oOKSKNT CCR IHI5 SPECIE WCICH'AXL5 AEoRESnlf YOR ICPPW.CPKOATICNa IA atn!5 5IIEC;E evaN 4~ICKIER SPcCIEY GIYK'aaK IW<OF IiHlS SPECIKa Ca KNfKR K'ibT4~a'RVESTABLK RIGHT OF TiHtS SPECIE PoOOUCKO AY avtl PACILalTY oKR YEAN IN POLfdS~Oi LRfcR foE ma'Ott>: oltGHf OoESdff~IHIS SPECIE~ICH K lc'a~'ICLlt VRQL, CP9ATICNa A, IS PI!IS SPEC!K A>>aaN CR CC4)nAIKR SPECIE?Sa Gll'K'aaE INC CF TiHlS SPcZIKi C.cJl cR M TOTAL HAITVESf~'WIGHT OF IHISSPECIK OWC V~i!CXCI TV OCR VCIR IN C 0 c'ITKR"nc"AXI'IPI<IGHT PRKSKIIT FOR IHIS SPECIE WIOI~t" X=>>cIEa'T I at'~AL&ERATIQt.Aa IS tHIS SPECIE A HCRN CR CRD HITUI SPECIK?Ba GIYK TnE IF'K CF THtS 5PECIEa C.KNIER a>K TOaAL rkhESTABLE HEIGHT OF!HIS SPECIE 0+09XID IY THIS PAC;Li TV oER YEAR IN 4XTOS.Oa ENYO>iE~I.Ifl WIGHT PRESET Fdt IHI5 SPECIE HCICH~IKPOKSCIT TOPI~OPCRATICN Aa IS!HIS 5PECIE A nAPI!OR CIXD IocfEII SPECIE?Sa GIIK'IIK ate%OF THIS SPKCIEa ENTER<<w.<<,AL nARVESTABLE
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| 'nKIGnT OF'IHIS SPECIE tv.'~A~Sv'.IIIS F&P I~I ocR ccAR IN POLICS, 5;PiER.m"AX!'Lfl HEIGnT PRESENT FOI iHI5 SPECIE NCICH: oclcNT IOLII ICPPlcL MRATI I.A.IS TIIIS SPECIE A HARl OR CLJ nctKR SPECIE.I I I I I I PvXPdS S.Gt'IK:IIK hrW CF!HIS SPECIE.Ca cHTKR IY4 TOTAL nCRVESa4?l
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| -<:~a 4 WISSPECIE IaoavlgcD Xv,a!I XXC~I aa co c ao"IIKR 5C NAXIltll vKISC PRESENT 5R IIIIS SPECIE~laV W<a>~ctei CJI'r~I I I I I I~I I I I~~~~~~
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| SFCTlON I PERMlT NUMBER~~MI0005827 8 ITEM LIST~JtO'AILI!0 NKRKSS.N~PQQPfgft 044FS~, IQ ne IRKAI%AT,PKILITi llO CA 5!~OI~~,MAILING OF AOJACKNT PROPKRTY OWNKRS No change from information previously provided.';29 E (NSTRUCTIONS N REVERSE S(OE SECTION I f ATTACHMENT(T B lG0005827'e e I 4r e, ITFM OISCHA RAMIE LOCATION QJ(FILL i1 K(Ae UXl'rttbl CP OISCWRCK', INC ILECELVIICI'leEYTR'IE~YELL CR Nf/E CP ILRFACE.>>, f>>A e C.LLS Xll OIODA%K MASCttfLLY.(lp Ns CQptrtua ro K)O, IF YES LIST OISC4iKE tfEILCOS e I/e./OAY e e/IS,/OAV PI.OW-RATE WASTEWATKR ZXLCSQRL I CONTACT COOLLNQ 2 HONCONTACT COOL NQ PROCESS 4 SANITARY 5 STORMWATER (i~IT (~I MQT 2 MQO GPO tTEM 2 E~LftNQ AFFLI(lrtct YAtK F s rrr>>E CF'~MIEN O IS(?tfAOE O ISCNA/fCE SCALES (YKPALY AVEFPCE)IN>>/Hls~~~Hie/CAY LN,/Lft,~~LJ~~w CI ffAS>>>SLALER LYFE~LJ ICLRS/CAY OLY/YEA/I~KL5J H.O!SCNA>>XE FLCN PATt ILL TAL YKPALY CALLY NINIHJI CltLY/fAXL/5JL 0.972 tttlv COLE~2 LLJ Js l%(l?VI CKSLCL QLS(?f/IOE FLat PAYK>>x rcu LSE~tv mrArwrr mtrtvEs LQ IILKAT rcLR oic?fAAAEY LiF/AI.~L.LK To trn 3)bs~F>>rf(rta<.
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| Jld fQKNICPL C?P05trt(N (P t(>>ESE ACOITIVKS>>
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| CES I(It 0 je i?IE NAXL~OLSCWRCE PISSY ftALK YQ SK At/t?fCRI~
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| IN t>>LRIIT~fpttr cxK 4 I WATER TREATMENT AOOITIVES Uhfee cere I Mg/I 2 Vg/I Ce!WEAL P/EI ACCRES5 CF/fP/AP~>>OF lt>>ESE PCOLTIVTS>>
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| O>>~e OLSOfP/f(E COCENtrtATICN CF AOIITIVES>>
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| ACOITLYE NP/E ACO I T LVK NA/K PCIII TIVE/ff/E/f LNQtPI Mft tS AVKRAOE Mttrb Pli'rtt/tPt Ltrtrt CAK CLEAD COCK LJ;~LJ:~LJ LJ:~LJ E.m Yet/LREAT QE QLS(Notre m~mtrtvKS?F.fAfAT IS Q>>K ftQCVAL EFFI(IOf(v
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| //0 CIS(ffAACE
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| >>AE~ACO!rlvE!P/E PCOtrtvK'ff/vt Q"5 1 eCvPL fRS>>/CAr~I OAYS/feet e I mtrtvK.~O~AS PN Al AC?t'5'IY:Q
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| 'f>>LS AF>>e>>,CAf'I
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| ~LCK IFE(svt(A~PL'PN at ACLtArt(, XI'a'V,'(PL CAYA at AEFgQCE+HIOI P/fE AVALLPSLE A'fO ItfFal'Artaf c/I~E plrE a: (E~L:af w m~F(R F~ptrStrtvK.
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| 31 SEE INSTRUCTIONS QN REVERSE SlOE~SECTION I I 4 PERMIT NUMBER~)G0005827 CiHQ..'IJ$
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| g ITEM'.3 A>>le%O'ICCESS CCNIIL(ifflt4 IO OC OISCBWE>>K OFT1XN I(I(5 OITFAAL,NO SIC OXE S.PRXKSS SCNGXAX (YQILLY AVE(LACK).
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| ~00 T Ietjts/CAT LCL2J*T UItf Cf/(PROCESS STREAMS CONTRIBUTING TO OUTFALL OISCIIAROE Oi PTOCESS PIIOC'J T I CTI PATE iV TOTAL TQILLY CALLY IIINIHJL OllLY WXINJI 0.0'7~6 (PL(TS r Ttm (I>>0 t I POUNOS 2 GALLONS 3 CUBIC TAROS A TONS 5 MGY O MGO T GPO Ai W%CF PICLQ'5$(NTPISLLT(l4 iO'IE OISQYLRCK'TLFTNXN r~ts amALL"4 SIC m P~SQEI4'(AE (TQILLT AVEilJCK)g C.P0(CESS'CLIPS'~AATK OIV CL Oi PIICCESS P00QXT(cll AAIK A>>~OF PINESS O fOLISUTIL4 TO II%OISQWLCK fHNAASI THIS:&:0LL Ze SIC (OCE Si Pit(CESS 5QE9AE (TQALY AVEPACE)Ci PITXKSS~cuPK FLOI AAIK LIeT Oe 0>>~0$PICQXTI>AATK t>>444/e>>Y~'Yt/Y>>4>>TOTAL TQRLY OAILY NINOLJL Ol(LY PVAIPLPI (OTAL TQALY Ol(LY NIN(tsPI OltLY.'VA(tttl LNITS T LSNTS+T(ME HOUR 2 OAY~3 WEE)(4 MONTH 5 YEAR Ai PW%OF P0OCES'iTS(stfftt4
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| 'O TLE OISQ>>AFOK~Ž~~40 SIC (.L>>E 8>>PLIOCKSS SQEOLLE LTQALT AVERAGE)Ci PI((CESS'4UJK FLI)N AAIK tttt/AY~~>>Y>>/Yt/>>ilffAL TQALT Ol(LY IIINILTPL OLILT>>ILIIINJI LAIT C O>>PRXESS P0COLCTICN
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| >>TALK.VrL CF PROCESS CWITIISVftt4 TO TIE D(504NOE OTIOVH%(5>>InFALL WD 5(C CZf Si P0CXESS WCXLZ (TQWLY AVE(LACK)C>>P0(CESS'AXLE FLCN AAIK P0(XKSS P0COCTI"N AALK IOULS/OAT>>I 4/Y>>4>>tOfk TQALT IL'f>>I(N(ttPI OAILT"AXI'fP 4>><~~I I LPI(IS~I 4 4 LN(ts ntrC 4 I I I I 4 SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON REVERSE SIDE SFCTfO,R l I ATTACHMENT S'PERCENT NUMBER-~NI0005827 I KF!'Q.NIKE,>>"'1TEM'01'q ,~iO'O>>E CRCLPE)'CR A>>IS I!e SQ+rK'4 YL CUTFQJ.v(RECAP IC&LPSS!ATERS/
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| Llf'c)I~(Me (O ITa(I"JJ"'."~*Ht(3(33~(C/C.
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| S~I CR ITS c3((YrLEHT SEKH~CR IS'()ERE SLFF(CIKHT
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| '~I~(~T(cl Ava((ALE g REIS((PEG Kr~~fKR RESTS(tcK cstltsslct PATT.C.~(KR PLIES (>>F r(f>>Usf,~((I l$9 R.3D cdJ7.(P(GE og)FOR.tHIS ERLSTL(8 CR P(ICPOSG)0(so@AGE?IF rES ATTProt A cd CF THE REPOSIT>>GROUNOWATKR DISCHARGE It(FORMATION C.AE YO(,>++sr::G"I c.'<S~ICH FPOI 5(33((ITT(Y(A rrrCRCGECLCG(CH.
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| REFCRT LPCER RULE R.)b.':7.;:.).Lc.ci (s)GR Fpoc GRCL(KP(LTKR rL)rtlrcRIIG PEOUIReens Lrt!R Ctr c?.)M...a I)L.rGE LI~CF Mi PLATYS RLLES~IF YES ATTACH"C>>rs"0 r>>LP~AT(('I TO CSCICSTRAIK (HAT CCLtl OISO(r(A(E ICRAD~IFY PCR'IQ'', II,>>'''i I APE!CU RSOrcsfH A vr>>tt~c(IOI LAE 323,~(PPGE GQ)(Xretl(AOATICII)
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| O 4!CCLRCKS 053(CH PAR!2 GLCLt(OcC(KR W.S~(F>Es>>ATTPCH LlQI CC(CU c'fs As ict!3(ARr TO c>>C"(3 RALE'ce YEKD ECR A YPR(r(rCK (H TE(tcS CF L)e CA(>>ci1(A 4irECIF>>(" RAF)Q>>~)PcGE 4$)CF%PART Q ILES~t(e Jr!PANIC;lr I (Y ac cert(If((D TO 00 (COLT(OW.(!APEX WW YRS>>Olsrc4'iM (.~Q'Ci!4(si>>CS OOIKHLARA'f I CH ITEM 5'BC'IYK aY 8(cia IC,<OxcCEY CE~)aa (Oe..C,LL~Ex mAre)i~C (TOTAL CM>>(C MKfr)~IA rr(TRGGK(i (As H)TOTAL SUSPK'CKO 3 J.l'3 E)(PECTKO WASTEWATER CHARAC E TKRISTCS Ililii CQDI li>>>>(>>>>>>(>>C>>($(ii I Mgil 2 Ug/I 3 COUNTS/(OO mt A S.U.5'F 6 I.SS/OAY TC TAL RES(CULL OwCR('N: 0 I SSCLYEO CAYGKrt P!CAL C L;cd i(ACic,RtA i'TCPERA'>>>>RE (f(Pt'ER)Ot!4>>A(L((E (H('iicR)8>>OTHE!I I!LSTKLIA>>>>l OTIC..PIL(si (CS K.':(r:~C(>>E"XA.LEST"C 5!4!ICH rRE (H"(CH((PE'5 Qt(TLCPL WLKR(PLS REG(STER TAKE (Y (pcfE or Acct (r.s.!p-"5.~(x;(Y poLLUTAYT L:sr:AKLK v LppGK/)GR rrrr o()eR SLGST'MICH~E I"(I AY TS:O'K (r(APILCUS"O O%XS(GHC~i USES Crr Tte (AXK84(TKR CR IO O(E PCELLC~~IH r~r~OISCHCRGcD CR CLPEC.KD rO BE OISOCLRGED TO Ite SCVESCCTKR SY LH(s CCC.",Y.ESTO" 0'!(1W.cFFLLRHf CO!CK>>((RAT(Crt 4443 RECORD ALL CATA (rt (T(rt 7%SECT(CI II I:(fH(5 8:0'((LKT.
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| wr APPL(C(LBLE/MLIEYKD AESKHT rctESKHT.oa!A PR(P/tfm LR (m 7 C3 (ttt(S csOE 4 crt(LL~SAPPY (CLXK LJI~I~I>>ll>>I~pc CHAS KA HOUR CQMPOSITI:
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| 0 I ii...4.A~~I I I~I I I I I I I~(!I~I'I~I I~~~'ll LI" L~i I L I LJ~L~II See attached sheets for data.35 SEE INSTRUCTIONS 0N REVERSE SIDE SECTlON ll PERMIT c(Res NUMSER ATTACHMEILIT 9 NZ0005cI27.
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| lTEM 6 PRIORITY POLL(I TANTS ANO AOOITIONA(.
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| INFORMATION FOR SURFACf WATER DISCHARGE ONLY 0%'AJ.'J'6, De FCLIAsi(NI RSRSSTKD!!FORMATION e)Siii ee ACKRKSSKD SLY SLSIFACK CA(KR Ot~.!i~V5E DISOeARCE&
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| ~'FCOeICE<<~ECTED VALLES FOR De OIAOIT(flf(VK Hg CALLI'fATIVK:~ICI REOLESiio EELQe~ls Di(S FAN.I TY A FR(r~IICuSTRY?(R~TO TABLE IA FK%c>t.(F 4, K)(F Yes 4 TO 5)si IIOIC TK TTFE OF FR(NARY IIKS(sliY AS I.(5TKO IN'fABLE IA FIT@43.(r.f"~'<<!tee C.)C, XE)ii(5 CIITF~SfscriI<<4E
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| ~ATA(li Aff PROCESS eeASTDCATER) t(g(CA,S mlcri rC/'15 e'4ACT(Q4"Usf IK TESTED FCR~BELIE~R e~'~CCI: 5 eFACTICN OEQIKDi QCH SP C(FtC CF4ANIC TQ(fC.OULIffANT ie(TIefk Ei'Qi PAC.:"-:i~'1<<'AYEQ FCR (SKE TASLE I tA W)K Igf, tk Af/)If ICNi ALL FRIIiARY Ii<<e(STAY A)e'<<LNIS<<!Tie<<FCOCESS'<<AstseAFH OISOIIRIIE
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| ~FCOVICE OOANTITAT(VE
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| %R<<<<'Qi i<<<<IIC~)M tk~A(LE I IIA<<IrF,<<I),~TA c!I FOFNS Fcov(CED I list I)lk DI(s BCOFLKfi (CCIT:!IIE el'.<SELL)El.s O'I I If I i ECLAT(LE Q EASE/iei(TRAL Q ACIO Q FESTICICE IF"'cLCE~: Dc<<1CK NFL(CLAT feiIINIRY OR SECCNCARY INCLD(RY), eKr<<IRCLESS IN~1'" V!A eOKS~~~IS tsovOIOED Fcoe INY offveLL De rAFNT ITAflvK SE<<cov(CeZ.<<EC<<RO ALL<<1 A~-i F".Frs IeICVIOED t (TOI 7)tk III($BOOKLET.Fi tF~iY SLAFiICK~1!Ee OfsovW'E~!CUIT (FC(l'PRY CR SECFQAfff I(CVSriiY)
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| ~AEOARCLASS CF'TIFE'-5:I O<<A)K,~&$CR rAS REASY'O SKLIKVE ANY eOUJ(TANTS LISTED IN TABLE VA"u%C1-'YK Otsn~n e~Wiv Qffck t)C AFFLIGVIT<<~CESCRIEE AEASCis>'4 lrE<<i~i~if SEI.'4 FRESOIf J!4 IcIOVICK AIIY AVAILABLE OOANTITATIVK CATA, lifA ck Ft'<<fs Fcov(CED{ITEN I)IN DIIS BcocLKT.O.A'i SLRF~~~(ER 5(soeWiE~ICAVfs (PlftWlv Akf)SECT(CARY INCLSTRIES) e~~.-AAFACnSES 2.4, 5-OIIQLCROFWae ACETIC ACID.(2.4.5-r):-Ig.'>>'.j-TR(crLDRCFvK!ore)
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| Fcoeec}tc ceto (5(LvKR, 2.4, 5, IP)I'r Oi.p(~IT@i)E!IIYL 2, 2 OIQRTFRFeICPICNATK (E)IBCN)I Oi Or~ill'~,,<<, 5 DII'~NYL)~t)IIOAIK tiectAEL)I
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| '.e.WTR;mPCmm irCFI;m>>C(FOAI~m tm);(ALL OA'TA FOR M 4@I'I.'1ST SK OOA'RATED cs(NS STAICARD ANALYTICAL CALIIYIATICN FeeCTTAAES)
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| &iCCIiS CR~5 AEAS'I fo SELIKIK IIeLT TCS IS CR rAY SE Fe!ESOIT IN De(R OISOICROE.
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| C 7Ž0 f I<<eL I AT IVE CAT Ai CE!eiIA (KD ice I Ql I!5 ED 1 SQI 5 gt I I4~4 VT 4ii'Lcrco<<I>A!A.TYING.
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| sfwRDS, FOR 25 3,/8i TKTRAQAA0(48c-c o(oxtk tf~'QI.<<5 RD~i'MTA ON FCFfes FCOVIXD t(TOI 3)tN TIi($XCCLKT.Ji iF<<E II<<eFACK<<AICR OISOAFCIK AFT(CANT qOes CR iees REASON TO SELIKVK (beef SICCCIIC<<L 141(C:V TESTS WK.~JACK tk DCI LAST 7NEE (5)YEARS CN ANY P.%I ISLES%rCN A CEre(VMi ieCTKR IN Re<<CTICN'O A ISQIAIIOK<<
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| ~(CE fH(5 l'hRATICR w:N AfiAQ(&T.O DI($WICATICNi c (F 1'AC~ATCRY CR Coes(LTI'4 FIRe F~k(Y CF IE~YSES EOLI(eED BY.<<IS~A:r%:~i.4CVIOE De W A(4 AOCRESS CF EAOI VaCRamIY CR F I~ud O'E A<<'<<I 5 ieeRF'~AS AN Af iAQTENT OF II(IS W trolfiCNi Li O)<CJ CISQAACK eiev C~IORIC A lN,LR(ops~(OIL ILSS ViCES'4f:SM f4@5 iV er'eI<<I l(A ISO(Fee el'i Es''g g (F 5 M, KVTI V CrL ICIL ILSSTAICES iVio cSTL icff~i iAL feei EVT CAeVTFAi I'JiS IISeli~~(5 nai As JN 1..~'~Br'.
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| ~i.-~e.tar:Qe.
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| N)T AFFLICASLE/MLI KVID ABSOIT Cl Cl FRESKNT/CArA IS Arf~QX mt AFFL(cAELK/SKLIEvED ABSENT C3 FRKSE)IT/CATA IS ATTAC)ED 2 N)f AFFLICABLee 4ELIKVED-.)Q FRKSENT/CATA IS ATT~QX NOT AFF ICASI e Q AF t~elEE Ar~Cl ie)T Af<<P lCASI QX AFFL(aaarsKE
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| ~BELOW,, X WT~'CABLE C3 Cl e IEK A~r~K.NUS Corporation Laboratory Services Division 5350 CaotpbelLs Run Road Pirrsburah, PA L5205 37 SEE INSTRUCTIONS
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| , QN REYERSE S)OE SECTlON I I MI0005827 i~ITEM 7 h CRITICAL MATERIALS TOXIC POLLUTANTS 0(lr%..'ttKR 4 USK TH(S CATA DRET ra FECDRD IRFCFtaAT(CN AsaREQIIRKD (fll.(OCCX JIPR(saR(ATK?DX f(SI HIICII (IFtSKaAT(CN al(5 aarA~AEPRKSF(ffsa}
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| ~~'..SECT(CN tt.(TEN+A.CNXFKRAm a(5(MAREK f~rlCN(FAaaK P 5 CTICN (I~(TIN 6 l(CR(TY F(XSJTANTS (R SU(FACE&TER a(SCHARrE (PA(IE)7)SeC aCC(SChe4 daaa SheotS.3, 3, saba(cR(rt~~.~(ALS (T tv)(R ueacE~TER atsaeaz (Fum 3)HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OtSCHARCE LIST"fr Cqtl(C..L aa"t~~I~.I~ViK 6)aar ACCPESSED (R 5KCT(CN 3((TEN R tf(FIIIYVlfs m(OI'.5.'W CA".4VE USCN~SELIEVE.af SE AESBIT tfl'M a(SCH4XIK.
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| SFS AK'~SE Sla~"F abls A~A aR Pa~A a(RECT~aarr APFL(CAKLE APFL(CIKLE (SEK SKLOf)CC Q\s I A'w" E cv l'f'a."A~(a!gt<%(cFI TY ACLUlTJÃr AVKRAT4 C C a atrt&l SA'Vaa~fvaiE;4 CF'NALYSES C'X("Ira Ca.&faaAT(~I 4D"Ass&If CQj sfrVaLE fYFE<8 A'IAI YSES LJ&Ir CXK (NIT CXIK IWK CF CR(r:CAL"ArKRIAL CR FR(CA(TY FIXLIITANT 3, AVQUCE C<<SPAT(DN SA'aPa r TYPE(,"AX(fr fa f.l='ear:"'I
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| '."AS lal I f CQX SarFIX'aaK O ANALYSES LJ~lr mz~UIIT~a c t aa UNITS COOS I MQ/I 2 Ug/I LBSa'OAY 4 XQ/OAY AMPL TYP I QRA(3 2 21 HR.COMP.CC I Vaah i'A'.CR(rf"A'.-"ATD'AL'0 catt(5((IY
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| ~affr 5~AVKRFDK aug!~AT Oll~ea+, f PE(I'af(ALYSKS C.'AXLaO'.C'mt(VAT;Cf<
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| A 4.ASS CR<T.CAL,aATSAIAL X RaCRITY RXJATAffr 5~AVERAGE C"ICK.'ffaaart 5!P4W r TY~~;5 A ANALYSES"Ax(~c" cKvrRA.(cN ANI~ss CA(r(CA(."APT(AL%Aaf(CA(IY~>~Affr 3~AVKvA'K r lCCITFAT(CN:
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| ~.rFEI 0 aF ANN.YSES C."AXe(i~:XEaf(RAT(CN AID PASS*'~E~aCR(f:W"ATOI(AL CA AA(OI(IY FCLLIJTAIIT 3, AVKVACK CJrr;ITFAT(CNI
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| ~r YOEI g~ANALYSES"AXCVI C~CQITZAT(CN uo WSS IN(l Ca@LJ Wl CAX IN(r (ISR SArPLE fYPE 4 CF ANALYSES LJ QI(r CXE Uf(T C(XK La aN(T~SAalaf c,YPE I CF ANALYSES LJ (NIT CXX VI(f CXX LJ Wlr Cm IA~r a~5 OF AafALYSKS LJ Mfr<<-CE Vlf T CaXI lkl raa i'~CF CR(r(CAL"ATERlAL P MICR(.r~~a.Affr AVERACE wmrvr;m;~*~~.4 SF ANALYSES"AAIHA'CENTI'W
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| %AC"ASS clr.K SAM'(PK 4 a.F AAALYSKS PI X aN I~CCa A~'WE r/CYI~l"'ll AYKA(4.IR~0!TY~'f.kfr CC aabaa~AYPJ4rg~C va a N LA P a O AI4LISES I I I I I I I~frais 0 A'Vafaacl<<'if I~&If~ACOIT:ug.AACKS y>(5:~7 AAE ATTAOC)FCA M<ESTa 4 M CR(T:W"Ala((ALS AIC/CR&(CR(TY ArL Taffrs AEVI(RED TQ 3E~a+05 39 L450ftt~5e~~Peni weyg 7eei$3@)~poellg RUn Roed'N Mine Reeaa plttaourgh, pA 15%5.~plraaourgn, pA>~.412 ras>oeo LAB ANAL YS XS REPORT CUBfT MEt Ai)ORESS l ATTBOI0N(IIIANA 4 NIC))ISAN ELECTRIC C0.P,O.5N 312/9,C, C00K PtA)ff 5RIISKNANi NI 49106 REPNT 0ATE(N/29/86 iIS Q.JEST I)(01804 l)S 5AHtE N0a 16090400 VEN00R N0)05411000 NC NM N)55830 5ATK RECEIVB(08/08/86 e~IK(TIFICATI0N!
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| NAKE@'UNT PREFI1.1U MXMASH CC)0'8/06 0P/0 TEST~n N360 M032 M050 Mi!6 Mi"0 M490 M610 N361 N010 N040 N150 NIPO N230 N240 N260 N340 N350 MOSS M060 M225 M310%HO M410 M435 M440 M540 M730 M740 M760 M770 N362 N020 KfENINATI0N u ne NP0ES PART M KSIRE3 Aaoonia as N (distillation) mi SWs (02)Orsanic Carbon(nco~atsaabl a)C00 (02)rH Solids'asrandad at 103 C NPSES PART V"5 Aluainan (Al)5ariaa (Ba)Cobalt (Co)Ircni total (Fa)Nasncsiaa (Ns)Nansanasa (Nn)No!sbdanaa (lb))Tin (Sn)Titaniai (Ti)5oron 0)5raaida Qr)Colored Trae Fluoridate total (F)Nitrata 00 Nitric (X)XitroSani Kialdahl (N)Nitrosaai OrSaaic (N)Phosrhorasi biota)(P)Sulfatat tarbidiaatric (S04)Sulfidt (S)Sal fita (SLD Surf accents (lSAS)XPOES PART V<IM:C KTALS Antiaons (Sb)<0.1 2 3.8 10 7.f 16 1.7<0.1<0.01 0.08 f.'f<0.01<0.03<0.5 (0.2<2.0 5 2.7 0.3 (0.01 0.4 0.4 0.34 25 (0.!<1 (0.05 (0,!Wl as/1 All os/1 as/I as/1 a/1 8/1 as/1 as/1 PtW as/I as/1 as/1 as/1 as/l~s/1 as/1 as/1 rt/1~as/1 as/1;A Halaaunon Camnany PASE N0l 1 CL,IENT ORlQINA,]
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| 7'TTACHMENT 8 Leeenevy~~~~~ewe t~SQSO Canna~~~-~CW~maes tl~~'PA 152C5~Neaawrgh, PA 1527'.as&7N~LAB ANALYSXS REPORT CUEXT%UK!AONESS)TEST X050 X050 X090 XL<0 Xld0 X200 5250 X270 X290)600)KO XNO KOO 400 0110 OVOL OV02 OVOID OV45 OVOd$07 OVN OV09 OV10 OVLL OV12 OVL4 OV1S OVld OVL7 OVLS OVL9 116GWA 5ÃICXISQ EKBIC COo P.a;Sm 512/3.C.COOX PVXT NBGKMi IQ HLOd 3 FITEEM9STTE)Aj.lT
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| ~e I ENTlFI CATING KfERGXATIN 0%Arsenic (As)Setsl 1 i am (3e)Cadaiaa (Cd)Chrwiva (Cr)Cortet (Ca)Lead (Pb)Xetars (i(s)Xichel (Xi)Se lan i an (Se)Silvet (As)The il iaa (T1)linc (2n)Csanidei total (CO Phenol ics YRATI)ASM iX SATB Acrolein Acrsloe itr ile Senme 3roeotora Carbon Tetrachloride Chl oroben one Chlor odibr oaoae thane Chloroethane
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| ~l oroe ths I vins I Ether Chl orofora Oichl orobroaoaethsne LilHichloroethane 1 i 2-Oi th)or oe than e Lil-3ichloroethsiene L>2-3ichlorotror>ne LsS-3lchlororrorslene Eths lbenr ene KSLTS 0.002<Oe002 (0.005 C 0.01 C Oo41 C O.N C 0,4002 C O.OX C 4.004 C 0.01 C Owl 0.07 C 0.005 (0.02<100<100 (5 (5 (5 (5 (5 (10 (10 (5<5 (5<5 (5 (5 (5 C 5 NS CUUT XO!OLÃ04 NS SABINE Xa t 1408800 Vml Cl)0$11000 Nm m))ER X6)5538 BTK KX?VE3i N 08/8d as/1 as/I as/1<<s/1 as/1 as/1 vs/1 as/I as/1 as/1 as/1 as/1 as/1 as/l's/1 as/1 as/1 tAOKNt 2 CLlCHT ORl61i(AL LAB ANALYS X S REPORT CLIBff Qt%)AOggg$!ATKfGON(D(MANA i lGQGM ELEVE CO.P.O.KX 312/I).C.CÃK PUNT NI))K%4)(I 49104 CS QJBfT)(6(ll0904)0)S~}g)Ig400 Kue)0)I 0540000'IOIIml NKt)0Ot ZK4 MTE)(KEIR(OS/08/Sd Q)(PLE laENTIFICATIO)lt MHP PUNT P%KFKTER@ANSI CN 4/04 093)TEST OV20 OV21 OV22 OV23 OV24 OV25 OV2h OV27 OV28 OV29 OV30 OV31 0120 OAO1 OAO2 OA03 OAO4 OAO5 OAOd OAO7 OA08 OA09 OA10 Ohll OE30 0130 0301 0302 OW 0.04 OM 0504 KKNlNATI()N
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| )(eQsI 3raoi de))ethel Chlori*)(eQ l~e Chiori*1i1e2i2-Tetr echl oroeQene TetrechiorceQmi eee(Perchl cro)Tolaene'<2-Trans-)
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| i c))l oraeQ31 eae litic-Tr IchlaraeQene Iili2-Tr ichloraeQane Tr ichl oraeQa lane Tr i chl ara f1 actcaeQene Vinel chlcrid>>ACI3S-PP 9 NATER clara hanoi 2i4-)ich I ararheeol 2~4-5 i anQsl Phenol 4id-Sinitr~rasoi 2>4-Oinitrarhenol 2+I trarhenol Hli tr orhenol>W I~r esol Pen tach)orMeno I Phenol 2i4id-Tr ichlcrwhenol Acid Extrecticn-Meter QK KfHALS-PP 1)l HATER AcenerhQene AcenerhQelene Aothrecene iteeidine seneo(e)hnQrecene 3anso(e)Psrene KILTS,<10 (10<5 (5<5 (5<5 (5<5 (5 (10 (10 (10<10 ('0<50 (10<50 (10<50 (10 (10<10<10 (10 (A (10 (10 ea/I aa/I ea/I e&1 ee/I aa/1~, PASK)(Ot 3""'NITS art q C~~g, II f 7/'flu.~Ac ks ef/1 je as'1 nc ie e ck'-i e5/1 es/1 atl1 a&1 a5/1 e5/I e5/1 e&I ahull A Ha)i(burton Company C1,lEMT 0)tIG(h'L, j AT~AH QT 8 C4N04%Para Weet Tee CXO CarnyaoHs Run lb'W LQne Roag&~on, PA 1$2N PkhOurgh.f A)5gl5 4~2.tas-~LAB ANAL.YG X B REPORT CUQT NKt ueKSS ATTBITIQI t I)NUAA i HIMM EET2IC CO.P.O.NX 312'.Co CÃK PUNT 3RII86lNi)6.49LN SAHPQ 06fTIFICATIQl QKQP MA'RFiL7H?AIXNS(IN CUEN+l 010904 N)S Sgtg 4t Lgg4 KEN)It 05411004 NN GCB X0t X830 NTE RECQVQ t 08/0Sf84 GRP 08/04 0930 807 SOS 0309 NLO 811 0312 NQ N14 NI5 031b 0317 03LS NL9 0320 N21 N22 0l23 N24 N25 N2L N27 N28 N29 N34 0331 N32 0333 Ol64 N35 SQ 0337 maamTI(0)3i4-3eat 6 1 aotaatheae
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| .3eaxo<@i)Petsleoe 3eato(OFT aotxatheae 31s(2W)otoethoxx)
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| %thine 3)s(2W1otoethiI)
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| Ethet 3)s<~lotoise th))Ethet.3is<2<Lelhexs I)Phthil ate 4-Wee>>mal Pheoai Ethet 3etal heal Phthiiite~lotcaaththil eae 4Mlototheasf Pheaxl Ethet Chtsseae Oibeato<iih)
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| Aathtsceae 42-lich lotobeateae Li3-Oichlotobea teat 1 i Hichl otobeateae 3iP-3ichlotobeatidine li ethel Phthi!i te Iiaechel Phthilite liM3otxl Phthi 1 i te 2i 4-31 a 1 ttotol acne 2ik-3io i ttotolaeae Oi~isl Phthiiite 1~2-3i shaox lhsdt s t ine<At oht)Flootiathene Fl aoteae Hexxchlotbea tene Hexxch lotobotxdl ene Hexxchlot~cl opentidl ene Hexich)otoethine Iadeao(ii2i3 cd)Pxtene Isarhorone II MLTS (10 (LO (10"': (10<10<10 (10<14 C'10<,10<, 10 (10 (LO<10" (LO'10'20<14<10 (10 (LO'10<10<20 (14 (10 (10 (14 (10 (10<14<10;~SGTS';ax/1 aVT aa/I ad/1 aa'I et/I at)/1 aaf/T effl ei/I at/C e5/1 af/1 aa/1 aa/1 aa/l aa/)~V'1 ad/1 af/)aa/1 at/3 aa/)aa/1 aa/1 at/1 ad/1 at/)aa/1 ad/1 aa/1 A Hall)burton Carnpany PARE)I)t CLLENT CRJQlHAL ATTACHMENT B Labe~5enicee~5o5Q Qanygelae 8vn Acean tlCxbvrgh, PA, 15%5 RCMT Tck 1ont wax T~CCN i4ne Road IRANurgtl.
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| eA 15275 LAB ANALYSXS REPORT ANKSS>NTBNOXt IQBÃA!MME BK?RIC CC.P.C.bOX 312/b.C.CXK PUN NIXPANi Q 49104 NI CLIEN Nb>010904 e5 QeQ e~~Nli 05411000 Im (NSQ XCL 5590 jAQ bECEIlIEbl 08/49/Q Cb39 0340 C341 0842 Cb43 Ob44 Q45 Q4h OE25 0142 CELO CPOi CP02 CPO3 OPO4 (105 9806 CP07 OP(I8 CPO9 CP!0 OP!1 CPL2 OP!3 CP14 OP!5 OPLh OPO CP18 (t19 CP20 tp21 KfBHINhTICX)hththa I eae Xi ttobenxeae X-Xi ttosod iaethx 1 xa incÃ-i(i ttosodi~cesl xaiae&Hi tr osoditheax I aine Phenaathr eae Pxteae ii2i 4-Tt i chl otoben!eae hse Xeettal ExttxctioaMtet PEST!CITES/PCb'5 PP II NTER Pesticide/PQ ExttxctioaWter Aldtia xltha 3%beta QC del ta bic sxaaa NC Q.iadxae)Chlordane 4-4'bbl 4-4'ME W'bbT bieldria Eadosalha I Eadosalfxa II Endoselfxn Salute Endt ia Endrin Aidxhx*Pet txchl or He txchlot Etoxide Toxxt bene PCb-L01b PCl-L221 PI3-1232 RERLTS<10<ie (10<10 (10<10<14 (10<0.05<0.05<0.05 (0.05<0.05 (0'0 (0.10 (0.10<0.10 (O.LO<0.05 (0.10 (0.10 (0.10<0.10 (0.05 (0.05 (1.0 (0,5<0.5<0.5 IN%col af/1 ee/l ee/I e5fl et/1 ee/I etfl ee/1 xf/I ef/1 xe/1 H/l af/1 ef/1 xe/l xs/1 as/l xe/1 xfll sf/1 as/1 as/1 os/1 es/l as/1 H/1e, MK XCi 5A HalllburtOll COlllp4IIY CL.IENT ORIGl1 MUQ ATTACHMENT 8~~Seraieso~pgsy4$Hvll Rood Pltte~P'A l~RCPT TCk Para Wear 7'W lAne Aced.Pkttowgh.7A 15%5 412.780 1080 LAB AHALYSXS REF CRT CLIENT NeE<INBIQA 4 HIM%I BKtRIC N.gyQSJ P 0.3GX 22/l.C.CNK PUKf NIXKMr lQ 8104 ATTENTImi l FTTZmALB/Smear
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| %5 CLIENT Ell 08904 NS SARGE N(CQ80440 YB8N NIi 05411000 NN SM Ni mao MK JKCEIKkl 08/08/N SVtu IMTIFICATIBN~
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| ~met maud Waar C(BCP emery, my BP22 0P23 CP24 0P25 MO N04 R9Cf R800 N01 NI50 BaaeeuTIm~~aua'n a m PCB-t242 N[248 N-Q4 PQ-12b0 RABIIN 22k NQ 223 Rsdise-22k bdiea-22S I'ass AI>4 6toss hta Chic idir To@i Jhs BPS (CI2)KKT3 (Ool c e.z (1,0 C 1ae c e.s (S (4 (0.1<In KN sin 8)/I Is/I C~.(TS: A laalllbunon company CLIX~gggGPlAL
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| ~~MUR AT7ACHMENT B~~Servkas~Ihea Waa~5%0 Camgee4s~~~CN 4Nne floa4 RCsbwgh, tA 152M*'RSNurgh, PA 1~7'.41+75/10OO LAB ANAL YG X S REPORT IQINA!BENISON ELKTTGC N.CNESSi P.C.RN 312ll.C, C0N PUN NIXQQz 6 0104 ATTBA160$5 CUBff Xic I&04 Ii5 QBQ Cl!140@44%ON%li 5QII000 QRK 8%%Nc QTK mani Oa aVS QelX BQTIFICATIi5i<
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| MELt PVK REFlLTER NCSASHRQ III Xtr04 MN liETGKQTIN Fecal Colifert OP%3 Oiliextrscti~avieetr ic 0)~RESI.TS Q<30 CG75 col/NhR call'QSBOS: 4, g~,~~~~(~~~q~g,~A Hall1button CacnptnY CLIPT ORIGl,A MLITT ATTACHMENT 8 Laba~5~~~, Rat weet Tee CSO CaeebAN~P404 CW LHne Rea4.Pltueurg~PA 15%8,~&Mwrgh.PA 18%5 412 784 10CO, LAB ANAL'YS X S RKPQRT CLKrt MKt 1NIQA 4 NMM EETRIC CO.QNESS~P.O.KX 312f{I.C.CCR PLNt 3RIÃc~b 6 8104 ATTBfTINl SS LIBT XOi 01'$SAP@Ct 140$HN%em hei 0911000 NSK SSB N>!gg 5A1X REEBOK 48!OMh IE5T M5 M3 XIBNINATIN 4 Fecal ColiFaa OP%4 Oili ntracti~sviset:
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| ic(i)RBULH 8<3.0 UxOS cal/?00si eN CCNK6$l CCVFCR4TZ.ATTACHMENT S~TCe Labor~5eencee Cteaacn p~g ypeeg y~55N Canooeus Run~aN~~JIBEDrgh.PA l5205'%RSOeergh.
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| lA'~+MIS CN'AB ANAI YG X S REPORT QUENT N%t BOIH 5 MMM ELKTRIC N.AlNESSi P.O.XX 3t2ll.c.CNN PLNrf NIXBN4ÃI 4NOC ATiMICXi REPNT QTKi 08f2t/Sb NS CUED S~0IH04 CS Quite ei UN'IN i Wu000 BSK NSB Ns NlX KAMIC eumnS 9EiO)%TIKI
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| %0 Fenl htifeta Ot$2 Oil iexCtacti~xvioeh'ic Q)KRl8 (3 3.I WGS ro)nCSni eV1 0'CSGlG:~A HalUburtan CompulY CLl EHT ORIGIN HUH ecggcRcTt3U ATTACHMEilT 8 Lasoreory~~~~Weec Two mo~~~.~C4f hQno~PIOee~HL 15205 ACaeutgtl, PA 15g75 a lf+7CO peg LAB ANALYSXS REPORT aIag AVEt BSEQA 4 MMM ERIC N, CORES'!P.O.3N 312'.C.CXK PUNT NBKQÃi HI 19104 iTLEXGNI i FOZKQU/STEMT m5 amrr Nii M SMOKE NI 1$09H41 KQN Nl I I541180 NN NSB NOI Ra30 lkTK JKK[9QI N/N/M See ElcmlFECATTEI>
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| NQlP PlNT PRPELTH JACQ~tQ 1 OWN 1125 n en M2 MO KlGflIQ Tel Fee]1 hlifote-tPf Oil p sxVsctiaamsviaetr it: KITS (5<$.0 tNOS ml/Nhl eI/T PdUQITSl gay;maa ma~>>,m b,,~A HaOaunon Company CLEMENT ORIQlNAL,
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| .M ATTACHMENT 8 Laba~SarNcaa~Soao cang~lion jaoag&eau~a'A~~~~A~41&7ca ioao Ag A+A}YS X S REPORT QJgff~)ABRBS iTtGfT1IN1 MD%!NICHISAN METRE CO.P.O.XX 312/0.C.CO(N'UN NIÃBQÃi 8$9106 KPQtT ICE t lV07/86 IN CLIENT N!l 040f04 IS%PlE N11 16101256 ANN Ili 05lll000 CRK MB CI IQ WE KXIVE31 10/17/86 Samz ImrmC6TImi am@~m-m.m bahts<mS 10/Q-14 TEST 0110%01 OV02$03 0V05 OV06 OV07 OV0e ONH OV10 OVll OV12 OVlh OV15 OV16 OV17 OV1S OVD 0V20 OV21 OV22 OV23 OV24 0V25 0V26 OV27 OV29 0V2V OV30 OV31 KfER/IXATI1%
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| n~n VOLATllESM 9 QTG Acfoleia Acraioa iver il e Ssl1eae 0'ocofora Carboa Tetrachloride Chi orobea1 ane Chlorodlbr oaoaethaae Chioroethaae
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| ~loroetha 1 vina 1 EQer Chlorofor a 5ichl orobr oaoaeMuae li l-l ichloroethaae li2-lichl oroethaae li 1-5i chl or oetha 1 aaa li 2.9i chloral ror oaa li3-li chli or rara l eae Bhslbenzeae Hethal 1roaide iiethsl Chlor ide lethal ane Chlor i de 111121 2-Tetr achloroethaae Tetrarch 1oroeths i ane<Wchi or o>Taiaane li2-Trios-9ichloroathslaae lilil-Trichlotoethaaa lili2-Trichioroathihe Trichloroechoione Trichlorofloor~thaae Viaal chloride<100<100 (5 (5 (5 (5<5 (10 (10<5 (5 (5 (5 (5<5 (5<5 (10<14 (5<5 (5<5 (5 (5 (5<5 (5<10 af/1 offl af/1 affl asfl affl af/l affl asfl affl of/1 affl offl af/1 af/1 sffl af/1 af/1 of/1 of/1 af/1 of/1 of/1 af/1 of/1 of/1 of/1 of/1ClNSOS a Reviewed oad Ar>roved hao JCA Hallibunpn Company CLlENT ORMlN' Appendix 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant BB-0 J';i INDIANA 6 MICHIGAN ELECTRIC COMPANY DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PIANT ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION FOR It~" UPGRADE AND TEMPORARY USE OF THE BEACH ACCESS ROAD I(Prepared by: T.G Harshbar er, Radiological Support Section Approved by: W S.rewer-Manager,'Radiological Support Section Concurred by: Fryer, Environm ntal Coordinator Td5IZ OP CXRFGQITS T.Executive Summary II.Purpose of the Environmental Evaluation III.Description of the Activity and Affected Area IV.Environmental Impacts V.Environmental Controls VI.Conclusions This Environmental Evaluation was'conducted to',determine if the..upgrade and temporary,use of the,D:',C.
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| Cook beachiaccess road constitutes an unreviewed environmental question pursuant to.Part II., Section 3.1 of the Donald C.Cook Technical Specifications..
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| Due to'the installation of water and sewage lines at the plant site normal access to the current training facility will be unavailable.
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| Therefore, the beach access road, which connects to Livingston Road, will be used on a temporary basis to provide access to the training facility.Based on this Environmental Evaluation it is concluded that the upgrade and use of the beach access road is not an unreviewed environmental question.Therefore, it will not be necessary to obtain approval from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission prior to the start of the road upgrade and use.
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| 0 v V The.purpose of.this.Environmental Evaluation is.to;determine if, the*proposed upgrade and.use.of, the Donald C.Cook beach.access road-constitutes.
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| an unreviewed environmental question as, defined by.Part'I, Section 3.1 of the Donald C.Cook Plant Technical Specifications.
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| As stated in Part II, Section 3.1 of the Donald C.Cook Plant Environmental Technical Specifications,"A proposed change, test or experiment shall be deemed to involve an unreviewed environmental question if it concerns (1')a matter which may result in a signifi-cant increase in any adverse environmental impact previously evaluated in the final environmental statement (FES)as modified by staff's testimony to the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board, supplements to the FES, environmental impact appraisals, or in any decisions of the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board;or (2)a signifi-cant change in effluents or power level (in accordance with 10 CFR Part 51.5(b)(2))
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| or (3)a matter not previously reviewed and evaluated in the documents specified in (1)of the Subsection, which may have a significant adverse environmental impact."
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| The Indiana&Michigan Electric Company (I&M)is installing.new water and sewage lines,to support the Donald.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.During a short period of the.installation (approximately 8.weeks)the normal access to the current training facility will be unavailable for use.This training facility is utilized by 75-100 plant personnel each day to meet Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Institute of Nuclear Power Operations training commitmencs.
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| In addition 60 plant employees work out of the training facility on permanent basis..In order to main-tain access to che training facility and thus keep the training facility operational ic is proposed to upgrade and use the existing beach access road.The existing beach access road was used as a site access during the conscructi.on of the plant and is currently used by plant security to conduct security inspections of the beach front.The route that is being proposed for upgrade and use exits the training facility parking lot to the north and immediately turns west to run ad]acent to the south edge of the plant protected area Eor approximately 300 feet.The road then turns south and runs parallel to the Lake Michigan shoreline Eor approximacely 1700 feet before it intersects Livingston Road.Only the 1700 feet of access road that runs parallel to the shoreline requires upgrading.
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| This upgrading would involve adding 480 cubic yards of 22A gravel and crushed stone to this section of the road;The gravel would be added to make the road surface smooth and to fill in wash outs.This upgrade would be an average of 3 inches of stone over the 1700 Eeet length of che road, 20 feet wide.The total cost of the upgrade is estimated at approxi-mately$8,000 for material and labor.A discussion of the Geology and Soils, Groundwater and Surface Water, Biological Resources, and Cultural Resources in the area of che beach access road can be found in the"Indiana&Michigan Electric Company Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Environmental Evaluation for the Proposed Drinking Water Hookup to the Lake Township Water Supply".
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| 17.v o e a m ac A.Since the beach.access road was previously used for.site acce's's during the construction of the plant and-is now used for periodic security patrols compaction of the soils beneath-the.road has already occurred.Use of the road by cars and light trucks is not expected to cause further compaction of the soils in this area.In addition, no excavation will occur as the result of the road upgrade and use.Therefore, there will be no impact to the geological formations and soils in area of the beach access road.B~u e Ua e a d 0 ou dwate C The upgrade and use of the beach access road will not have any impact on either the watertable or surface water in the area of the beach access r'oad.I B o o ca esou ces l.e est co o There will"be'o impacts to the terrestrial ecology as the result of the'pgrade and use of the beach access road for-the following r'easons.a.No habitat.will be removed as a result of the upgrade and temporary use of the beach access road.b.Since the beach access road is already subJected to the intrusion of man and machinery (i.e.recreational use of the beach adJacent to access road, periodic security patrols, and existing security lights)animals residing in the: areas adJacent to the construction should not be disturbed by the increased activity.There will be no impact to the aquatic ecology in the area as the'result of the road upgrade and use.u tu a esou ce There will be no change in land use as the result of the upgrade and temporary use of the beach access ro'ad.No archaeological resources are known to exist in the area based on previous construction excavations.
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| II E.~Ro se Noise levels generated by the increased flow of traffic I (approximately 100 vehicles per day)on Livingston Road and the beach access road could be considered a nuisance by individuals using the adJacent beach and lake area and by individuals
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| 'I" residing along Livingston Road.However, this is a temporary impact that will last for only 8 weeks.
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| V The following environmental controls shall be utilized.to minimize impact to the environment resulting from the upgrade and'use of the beach access road.These environmental controls shall be reviewed and enforced by the D.C.Cook Environmental Section, As stated, the impact of noise in the surrounding community is a temporary impact (approximately 8 weeks).If use of the beech access road is required beyond the schedu ed eight weeks, written authorization to do so must be obtained from the D.C.Cook Environmental Section.B.v o e ta Obse at The D.C.Cook Environmental Section will inspect Livingston Road and the beach access road once a week to determine if use of the access road is causing any adverse impacts.The D.C.Cook Environmental Section will take appropriate actions to mitigate any observed impacts.~em@"s It has been determined through discussions with township and county authorities that no permits are required to use the Livingston Road/Beach Access Route to the training facilities.
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| 0 It ia concluded that with proper mitigation practices as.outlined in tho Environmental Co'ntrols.Section of this evaluation no significant adverse environmental impact will result from the-proposed activity.It is further concluded that the upgrade and temporary use of the'each access road does not involve an unreviewed environmental question.Therefore, it will not be necessary to obtain approval from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to upgrade and use the beach access road.However, it should be noted that this Environmental Evaluation shall be included as part of the 1986 Annual Environmental Operating Report.
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| Appendix 1.3 NPDES Non-Routine
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| ~Re orts-1986 0 R I I g I P~t a'P 0 l t ,
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| NONROUTINE REPORTS EVENT DATE 5/28/86 6/16/86 6/29/86 6/30/86 9/3/86 10/31/86 11/7/85 to 11/10/86 I C/R NUMBER 12-06-86-0634 02-06-86-0708 02-07-86-0816 12-06-86-0759 12-09-86-1043 12-11-86-1281 1-11-86-1303 DESCRIPTION Heating boiler blowdown-total suspended solids concentration exceed NPOES Permit-limit.Steam generator blowdown-total suspended solids concentration exceeded NPDES Permit limit.Steam generator blowdown-total suspended solids sample was missed.Turbine Room Sump discharge pipe ruptured.While making repairs to pipe on 7/16/86 and 7/17/86, the sump overflowed to Lake Michigan.Turbine Room Sump overflowed to Lake Michigan.Turbine Room Sump discharge pipe was broken.Unit 1 intake and discharge temperature readirgs were missed.
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| ~l'I I Appendix 1.4 0 4-'I I I E P'
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| .7ATE: March 26, 1987 PTJAgHMEHT
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| (: C'HDIAHA 6 MICHIGAH ELECTRIC COMPAHY OWER SYSCE 5UBJEcT: 1986 Herbicide Sprav Report-D.C.Cook Plant FRov: L.A.Shepherd Toi H.E.Brooks
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| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
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| OF PROGRAM A.During April and May, Benton Harbor Division Spraying Crew used a mixture of Krovar I (K-I)and Oust to control grass and weed growth on the plant site.Locations treated included: KV yards, roadways, parking lots, perimeters of the sewage ponds and controlled/uncontrolled areas inside the plant fence.A total of 303 lbs.of K-E and 2.6 lbs.of Oust were used.(See Attachment 1)B.C.This year no applications of Tordon 101R (Dow Chemical)were made to tree stumps because there was no trimming of trees by Goshen Tree Crew.Major Areas covered and Observations (See Attachment 1).Sewage Pond: Very good weed control around ponds and on road, very few weeds found.2.Absorption Pond: Roadway here has some weed growth started through the stones.3.4.U-1 Main Transformer:
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| Excellent control, no weeds.1 U-2 Main Transformer:
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| 3 weeds discovered along west side of the middle single phase transformer catch basin at the concrete/sand interface.
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| 5.U-1 Diesel Fue'il Tank Unloading Area: Excellent Control, no weeds.6.U-2 Diesel Fuel Oil Tank Unloading Area: Sparse grasses inside basin.Two clumps of weeds discovered on south side of turbine building at building/sand interface.
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| Chlorine Building, Cimco a AEPSC Site Design Office Trailers: Excellent weed control, no weeds discovered.
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| 4 IHT RA SY ST ELI 1986 Herbicide Spray Report March 26, 1987, Page 2 ATTACHMEi'(T C.I8.Hydrogen and Nitrogen Storage Tank Area (near 609'ast Aux.Cranebay):
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| Excellent control, no weeds found.9.East Perimeter Fence, Ice Crew/Westinghouse/ANR/Com-puter Office Trailers: Excellent control, 2 weeds observed in whole area.10.South Perimeter Fence: Excellent control, no weeds present.11.West Perimeter Fence: Asphalt area, no weeds.12.13.North Perimeter Fence: Excellent control, no weeds.Six Trailers, South Side (Cimco, STA and Firewatch Trailers):
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| Area around trailers clear, clumps of weeds around base of.nearby poles.14.U-2 Start-up Transformer:
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| Several patches of weeds under base of transformer.
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| 1 5 Hydro-Nuclear Office (U-2 West End of Turbine Bldg.): Patches of weeds at building/sand interface, no weeds under trailer.16.U-2 Outside Trash Basket Area: Excellent control, no weeds.17.U-1 Spent Resin and Charcoal Dumping Area (near screenhouse roll-up door): Clumps of weeds in sand area.18.Heating Boiler Fuel Oil Tank Unloading Area: Excellent Control, no weeds present.19.Gas Cylinder Storage Area (South Side of Old Of ice Bldg.): Excellent control, no weeds discovered
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| .20.Employee Picnic Lunch Area: Excellent Control, no weecs.21.Vehicle Entry Control Area: Excellent Control, no weeds.
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| ATTACHMENT C 1986 Herbicide Spray Report.March 26'age 3 22.New Office Bldg.Construction Area: Excellent Control, no weeds.23.Construction
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| &Security Office Building and Guard Island: Excellent control, no weeds found.24.Westinghouse, ANR Trailers: No weed growth under trailers.25.Unit 41 Containment and RWST, CST and PWST, Storage Tank Areas: No weed growth around Unit 1 RWST.Grass growing on North and East sides of Unit 1 CST Storage Tank concrete base and sand interface.
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| Small clumps of grass on north side of Brown-Boveri transformer.
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| Grass and weed noticed on north and east side of Unit 1 PWST tank concrete base.and sand interface.
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| Excellent weed control around and under trailers in this area.26.Unit 42 Containment and RWST, CST and PWST Storage Tank Areas: Clumps of grass outside southwest corner of single phase transformer ASEA pad.10 X 20 ft.sparse patch of weeds and grass on the northside of Unit 2 CST and RWST Storage Tanks.Small clumps of grass on north side of Unit 2 PWST Storage Tank at concrete pad and sand interface.
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| Small clumps of grass on the north, east, and south sides of Unit 2 CST at concrete pad and sand interface.
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| Very sparse clumps of grass near ence east of Unit 2 PWST and CST Storage Tanks.Sparse patch (10 ft X 3 t.)of grass noticed where railroad tracks come into fenced area on southeast side., Weed control around HNS Laundry trai'er excellent; no weeds.
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| ATTACHMENT C 1986 Herbicide, Spray Report March 26, 1987 Page 427.345 KV Switchgear Yard: Spot of clover discovered along south fence.One small patch of grass in southwest corner near transformer berm.Small patches of chickweeds along north fence.28.765 KV Switchgear Yard: Grass present on the southeast, northeast and northwest sides of yard near fence.29.Dayco Building: Good weed control, a few weeds around building.30.Craft Employees Parking Lot: Excellent weed control;no weeds.31.XGM Employees Parking Lot: Excellent weed control;no weeds.32.Visitors Parking Lot: Excellent weed control;no weeds.33.Construction Storeroom Parking Lot: Good weed control, two clumps of grass by Alltel parking space.34.Contractor Supervisor's Parkinc Lot: Chickweed and grass along temporary fence.Good weed control in parking lot.35.Sewage Plant 6 69/KV Switchgear Station: Clumps of grass on south side of sewage plant.Excellent weed control in 69 to 4 KV Switchgear yard.No weeds.36.Training Center: A few dandelions on east side of the main t aining center near the railroad ties used for parking stops.Grass noticed in the vicinity of parking stops in the east side of the parking lot.No weeds in center o f lot.No weeds around New Sewage Plant.-'k I 3".Plant Manager's Lot, Auditors Office and Construction Storeroom Office: Good weed control around parking stops and lot in general.No weeds.Two clumps of grass on south side of QA auditor's office.Excellent weed control around Construction Storeroom Office.No weeds.,
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| ATTACHMENT C 1986 Herbicide Spray Report March 26, 1987, Page 5 38.69/4KV lines: Pines do not seem to be resprouting but oaks'are resprouting at the base of their stumps and some resprouting of sassafras is apparent.Maximum height of resprouting 6-8 ft.39.765 KV lines: Large stumps show no signs of resprouting
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| -appear to be dead.40.345 KV lines: Large stumps show no signs of resprouting
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| -appear to be dead.The observations made in November and December clearly indicate that the thorouqh spraying program continues to control encroaching vegetation resulting in a reduction of maintenance costs and an increase in overall plant-site visibility.
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| The one exception to this seems to be the resprouting of oaks and sassafras near 69/4 KV lines.If you have questions or require further information please contact me at Ext.1326.LAS/js I L.A.Shepherd cc: W.T.J.E.D.C G.Smith, Jr./A.A.Blind/L.S.Gibson/J.E.Rutkowski A.Kriesel..nrem E.Fryer'.Mallen Fitzgerald-Stuart R.Mort ATTACHMENT 1 OF C 0.C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT HERBICIDE APPLICATION OATA 1986Meed Spray Application by: B.H, Oivision I Im M Electric Name: Oennis Runkel Greg Myers Oate 4/18/86 4/22/86 4/22/86 4/23/86 4/24/86 4/25/86 4/28/86 4/28/86 4/29/86 5/2/86 5/2/86 5/5/86 5/6/86 5/6/86 5/7/86 5/8/86 5/9/86 Lbs.KROVAR I 18 18 15 18 27 18 9 18 18 18 22 22 8 34 30 6 Rate e/Acre 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Gal 1 ons.300 300 250 300 450 300 150 300 300 300 220 220 80 40 340 300 60 OUST 1 oz/acre 3.0 3.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 2'0.8 0.4 3.4 3.0 0.6 Acres 3,0 3.0 2.5 3.0 4.5 3,0 1.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.2 2.2 0.8 0.4 3.4 3.0 0.6 Location 765 KV yard 765 KV yard 69/4 KV yard 765 KV yard 765 KY yard 765 KV yard 765 KV'yard 345 KV yard 345 KV yard 345 KV yard Plant perimeter Plant perimeter Plant perimeter Sewage Ponds A/8 Micro 69/4 KV yard Parking Areas Cook Parking Lots Cook Parking Lots 303 lbs.3960 gals 42.1 oz.39.6 acres Summary: Used 303 lbs.Krovar I aoolied to approx.40 acres iee177~9 6~/acre-ou:e.yards 126=.9 10~/acre-inner yards 2.6 lbs..0UST-all areas ATTACHMENT C epic AN 7>>>>/c, IHDIAHA 5 MICHIGAH, ELECTRIC COMPAHY>>>>WE'R sYsTe~~DATE:
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| | |
| ==SUBJECT:==
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| rch 19>>1987 Right-of-Way Maintenance Herbicide Use FROM: H.E.Brooks TO>>E.C.Nallen This will confirm our phone conversation of today.There was no right-of-wa'aintenance performed on the bus ties or exit lines on Cook Plant lands in 1.986.Accordingly, no herbicides were used in 1906.He.3roocs HEB: e=cc: J.RI A.Druc zemi'e LI Pawl iscn IMTRA~SY STEM
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| 'j Appendix 1.5 I'I1 I ATTACHMENT A A Technical Report To: The D.C.Cook Vuclear Plant I American Electric Power Service Corporation Indiana and Michi'gan Electric Company I,~L RESUI TS.OF THE 1986 MOHITORIiVG PROGRAM 1 I (WITH A
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| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| .'OF'1982-1985 RESUI TS)TO DETECT THE ASIATIC CI,AM (CORBICUIA)
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| I V THE VIC I V ITY OF THE D.C.COOK NUCI,EAR POWER PI.ANT Davi'd S.White Great[.akes Research Division Ben'thos t.aooratory 1861 iVorth University Building University o." Michigan Ann Ar"or, MI 48189 ,,'',3')764-7486 RDA"ontrac Vo.83-'66-P'cem'"er 9,'86 ATTACHMENT A
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| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
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| Entrainment, diver collected sand and gravel samples, and beach areas at the D.C.Cook nuclear power plant were examined for the oresence of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in mid-June, mid-July, and mid-August 1986.No veligers, small or adult clams, or empty shells were detected in any of the sampling.'here is only one confirmed report of the species (a single emoty shell in 1984)being collected from any site in f.ake Michigan in the immediate vicinity of the D.C.Cook plant.f.ive Corbicula were collected in l,ake Michigan near the J.H.Campbell oower plant (White et al.1984)north of the D.C.Cook power plant, in November 1983.We have no further data to show if that population still exists.Thus, it is concluded that no population has become established nor were there any reproduc.'ng individuals detected at D.C.Cook.At oresent, Coroicula does not appear to be a threat to operations o" tne~ater systems at the oower plant.ENTRODUCTiON Corbicula fluminea (Muller)(=Corb''cula mani'nsis) was introduced into tne Co'umbia River of Washington State in tne late 1939s and since'.".as spread eastwar" throughout the Mississiooi E.ake E"ie.sear the J.River drainage and most recently (1983-1981) into For Cake M ch.'gan, a sma'1 pooulation was cetected H.Campbe'power p'ant (southeastern Eake Mi=hi"an)in November 1983 (White et a'.1984), and a sine'e intact, empty 0-ATTACHMENT A shell was found in diver-collected sand and.gravel,.22 Nay 1984, from the water intake at D.C.Cook.Biofouling of power plant service water systems by Corbicula in the i'mississippi and southern drainages and now western l,ake Erie has prompted monitoring of all Great takes power plants to allow for procedures.
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| early detection and creation of control A monitoring program specifically for Corbicula was initiated at the D.C.Cook power plant in 1982.Tn that year, three 24 hr entrainment samples were examined for veligers (planktonic larvae)and small clams.Dates of sampling in 1982 were late Nay, mid-August, and early October (Table 1).Entrainment samples were supplemented by collections of clam shells washed onto the beach in front of the power plant and near=he mouth of the St.Joseph River.Beach walks were conducted in late September and late October 1982 (Table 1).The St.Joseph River site was chosen as a possible ooint of entry of Corbicula into[.ake Michigan.9o Corbicula veligers or small c'ams were detected in entrainment samples nor were specimens found in the more than 488 shells (primarily fingernail clams in the family r Pisidiidae) collected in beach walks.Shells of Corbicula are much more sturdy than are shells of pisidiids; thus, if oresent in the lake, they should<<ash ashore (Nh'e'979).<<u w t'pe v Corbicula had been col'ected ln'ake benthos sam"'ng programs from 1970 through April 1982 or in orevious entrainment studies nor had there been any validated reports collected from f.ake michigan or.'ts d"ainage 2deba and Nhi te 1985).o Corbi='being (~ackae er al.'981 ATTACHMENT A Fntrai.nment, samples, beach collections, and gravel samples~ere again examined in 1983-, 1984.>1985, and.1986;Sampling periods were moved to mid-June,.
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| mid-July,.
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| and mid-August based upon life cycle data gathered for western Lake Erie by Scott-Wasilk et al.(1983)(See Table 1 for sampling dates).No specimens of Corbicula were found in thorough examination of entrainment samples.Several hundred Pisidiidae (fingernail clams)were collected in the beach walks each year, but no Corbicula were located either at D.C.Cook or at the mouth of the St.Joseph River.From a November 1983 diver collected sample near the J.C.Campbell power plant, we identified 18 live Corbicula (White et al.1984)which we assumed were in their first year of growth.<e do not know if that population has survived.On 7 January 1985, I confirmed a single whole shell of Corbicula from divercollected sand and gravel co'lected 22<>lay 1984 from the water intake of D.C.Cook.It was my ooinion that the specimen was auite recent because it was intact, and it apoeared to be o=the same cohort as the specimens collected near J.C.Campbell.In the summer of 1985, I examined a similar samp'e"rom the D.C.Cook water intake but found only natu" ally occ'rring Pisidiidae.
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| To date, the only veri=ied specimen of Coroi"'"uminea collected in the v'cin'ty o.the C.Cook nuc'ear power plant was that foun" it the 1984.sand and grave'o': ect'n.1986 sampl ings.Only a s'ng'e empty shell has been col'ected CONCLUS IONS No Corbicula veligers or sma'1 c'ams were collectec'n tne ,
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| ATTACHMENT A TABf,E 1 Sampling.dates, sample type, and numbers oi Corbicula collected fxom 1982 thxough 1986 at the D.C.Cook nuclear power plant.Date Sample Type1982 25-26 May 18-.19 Aug 21 Sep 5-6 Oct 26 Oct 1983 15-16 Jun 13-14 Jul 17-18 Aug Entrainment none none none none none none Beach Walk none none none none none Sand and Gravel A~II~~I 1984 22 Nay 14-15 JL1n 12-13 Jul 16-17 Aug none none none none none none 1985 13-14 Jun July 12-13 Jul 15-16 Aug none none none none none none-none none none, 1986 16-17 Jun 14-15 Jul 18-19 Aug none none none none none none intact empty she'1 ATTACHMENT A (1983)over the past 17 years of moni tor ing{1978-1986)
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| '..Prom:hese data, it is concluded that individuals, of Corbicula have.occurred in the vicinity.of the D.C.-Cook nuclear power plant;however, at this time, there are no established populations along the southeastern shoreline of Lake Michigan, particularly in tne nearshore areas at or adjacent to 0.C.Cook.
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| ATTACHMENT A REFERENCES CITED Mackie, G.L.I D.S.White, and T.W.Zdeba.1988.A guide to freshwater mollusks of the Laurentian Great Iakes with special emphas i s on the genus P is idium.EPA-688/3-88-968.
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| 144 pp.Scott-Wasilk, J., G.G.Downing, and J.S.Leitzow.1983.Occurrence of the asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea in the Maumee River and Western Lake Erie.9:9-13.J.Great Lakes Res.White, D.S.1979.The effect of lake-level fluctuations on Corbicula and other plelcypods in Lake Texoma, Texas and Oklahoma.Proc.1st Internat.Corbicula Symp.pp.81-88.White, D.S., M.H.Winnell, and D.J.dude.1984.Discovery of the asiatic clam, Corbicula fluminea in Lake Michigan.J.Great Lakes Res.19:329-331.
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| Zdeba, T.W., and 0.S.White.198S.Part 4: Pisidiidae.
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| 93 pp.In: D.S.White (ed.).Southeastern Lake Michigan Ecology of the zoobenthos of near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant.Spec.Rept.Great Lakes Res.Div.,"niv.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.
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| C'I t'Jt t Appendix 1.6 Diver Assessment of the Inshore Southeastern Lake Eichician Environment Near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant 1973-1982 Special Report No.120 Great Lakes Research Division University of Michigan THE Li lb ERSITY OF>MICHIGANDiver Assessment of the Inshore Southeastern Lake Michigan Environment Near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1 982 h JOHN A.DORR III and DAVID J.JUDE Special Report No.120 of the Great lakes Research Division ,
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| DIVER ASSESSMENT OF THE INSHORE SOUTHEASTERN LAKE MICHIGAN ENVIRONMENT" NEAR THE D.C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT, 1973-82 John A.Dorr III and David J.Jude Under contract with American Electric Power Service Corporation Indiana 6 Michigan Electric Company Ronald Rossmann, Project Director Special Report No.120 Great Lakes Research Division The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 1986 C'I CONTENTS'~Pa e LIST OF FIGURES.............................................
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| iv LIST OF TABLES..............................................viii LIST OF APPENDICES..........................................
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| x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................
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| xi INTRODUCTION................................................
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| 1 METHODS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION......................................
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| 15 PHYSICAL FEATURES............
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| Waves and Currents......
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| Thermal Effects.........
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| Surficial Features......
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| Sediment................
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| Transparency............
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| Inorganic Debris........
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| BIOLOGICAL FEATURES~~~~~~~~~~Organic Detritus........
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| Periphyton..............
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| Attached Macro inver tebra Free-living Macroinverte Fish Spawning Juvenile and Adult Fish.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~tes~~~~bra tes.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~15~~~15~~~20~~~22~~~26~~~31~~~35~~~37~~~37 46~o~54~~~58~~~70~~~80 COLOGY~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 1 7 E PLANT EFFECTS................
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| Physical Presence.......
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| Operational Effects.....
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| ~~~125 125~~~127~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~UMMARYoo..o...........................oo..o..o.............
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| 131 S REFERENCES..................................................
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| 140 APPENDIX l..o.............o...o..o..
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| ...o....oo..........o..
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| 145 PPENDIX 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~156 A PENDIX 3..................................................
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| 160 AP LIST OF FIGURESFi ure Number Scheme of the Cook Plant study area in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1973-.1982,.showing loca tions of the scuba-monS tored intake, discharge, and reference structures and s ta tions.S tippled area represen ts approximate dimensions of riprap zone.Depths at, intake, discharge, and reference stations were 9 m, 6 m, and 6 m, respectively...
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| Prescribed format in which observations and measurements were recorded underwater on water resistant paper during dives in sou theas tern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982............
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| ~~Pa e~~~~8~~~~11 Leng th of periphy ton (mm)on top of the sou th intake structure (a t the 3-m depth s tra turn)and on the upper surfaces of riprap (at the 7.4-m de stratum)adjacent to the base of the structure.
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| Measurements were made during dives in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plan t, 1973-1982........................
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| Total number and percent composition by ma j or groups of pe rip hy tic algae collec ted by divers from the top of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, located at the 3-m strata of the 9-m contour in sou theas tern Lake Michigan.One sample was collected each month, April-October, 1974-1981, in most years.A wet-mounted subsample was qualitatively analyzed under a microscope, and algae were identified to lowest recogniza ble taxon.Total number of samples analyzed each year was: 1974~1, 1975 5, 1976 6, 1977 41 1978 7, 1979 7 i 1980 71 1981 7 Numbers of snails observed by divers in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| Snails were seen only at stations within the riprap zone and none was observed af ter 1978.ND~no diving that month................
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| pth~~~~48~~~~51~~~~62 0 Numbers of crayfish observed by divers (1973-1982) and impinged on traveling screens (1975-1981) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.........,,.......,...
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| ~~~~65 iv 0; LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
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| Total numbers of crayfish seen by divers during day and night swims over two adjacent 1 x 10-m transects (20 m2 total area)along the base of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook N uc 1 ea r Plan t, southeastern Lake Michigan, 1975-1982...............
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| 66 Chronology of ma tura tion, spawning, egg incuba tion, and hatching of alewife, spottail shiner, yellow perch, johnny darter, and slimy sculpin, in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Spawning periods were cited from Auer (1982);all other data were compiled during 1973-1982 studies at the Cook Plant...................................
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| Comparison of relative ranked abundance of yellow perch observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, sou theas tern Lake Michigan.Ordina te scale is inver ted and ex tends from lowe s t" to highes t rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch.ND~no diving or 71 sampling......t
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| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~87 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of common carp observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transec t swims (1975" 1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975>>1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te zero observations or catch.ND~no diving or sampling............................................
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| 90 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of alewives observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te zero observations or catch.ND no diving or samplingo~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~94 LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) 12 Comparisoh'of relative ranked, abundance of'pottail shiners observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te zero observations or catch.ND no diving or sampling................................
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| '.......'..
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| '....s II s 13 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of)'rout-perch observed by divers during all" dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-.1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inveited and extends from lowest to highest rank.of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero(.,", observa tions or ca tch.ND no div ing or sampling.................
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| 97 100 14 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of rainbow smelt observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-,1982), collected in standard series field samples, (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) a't the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern
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| 'ake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest.rvank of'relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch.ND no diving or sampling............................................
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| 102 15 Comparison of rela tive ranked abundance of sculpins (Coccus~co ne rue or C.beirdi)observed by divers during sll dives (9973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982);
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| collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale's inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te'ero observations or ca tch.ND no diving or samplinge~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'~~~~~~~~~~e 105 0 LEST OF FIGURES (Continued) 16 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of burbot observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordina te scale is inver ted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te zero observations or catch.ND no diving or sampling............................................
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| 109 17 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of johnny darters observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indica te zero observations or catch.ND no diving or sampling:...,....................,...,,.............
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| 111 18 Comparison of relative ranked abundance of white suckers observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and ex tends from lowes t to highes t rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zeto observations or catch.ND no diving or sampling............................................
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| 114 LIST OF TABLESTable Number Summary of day and night dives performed during 1973-1982 in southeastern Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant neat Bridgman, Michigan................................
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| ~Pa e Direction of'genera tion (quadrant), height (trough-to-crest), and width (crest-to-crest) of ripple marks observed by divers in reference areas north and south of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, during some months from 1973 to 1982.Quadrant: I~north to east (0-90');II~east to south (90-180');
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| III~south to west (180-270');
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| IV west to north (270-360');
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| Asym asymmetric (no clear direction of generation).
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| Dimensions are in cm.Blanks indicate no data................................
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| 23 Depth (mm)of flocculent surf icial sediment measured on riprap surrounding the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant in take structures and at reference s ta tions north and south of the plant, 1973-1982.
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| T (trace)~de tec table, bu t unmeasurable.
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| Blanks indicate no measurements were made..............................................
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| Horizontal visibility (m)as measured by divers on the bottom near Cook Plant intake structures (9 m)and in reference areas (6 m)north and south of the plant, 1973-1982.
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| Asterisk (*)shows months when measurements were not made on the same day at intake and reference s ta tions.Measurements a t reference stations were always made on the same day for any given month.Omitted months and blanks indicate no measurements made..........................
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| z~32 Frequency of observation (X)of organic detritus on the bottom of southeastern Lake Michigan during standard series dives in the vicinity of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| Observa tions of fish (F)are expressed in absolute numbers of fish counted during dives......................,,,.....
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| 39 Record of dead fish observed during all dives in the vicinity of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, sou theas tern Lake Michigan, 1973-1982.
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| Blanks indica te no da ta.................
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| viii 43:
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| LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
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| Total number and number of previously.unrecorded taxa of periphyton identified in diver-collected samples scraped from the top of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1974-1981.
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| One sample per month, April-October, was collected each year with the exception of 1974 (all months but June omitted), 1975 (April and September omitted), 1976 (October omitted), and 1977 (April, May, and October omitted).Fraction (X)of total periphyton taxa that were identified in samples of entrained phytoplankton collected from the plant forebay is also listed.Blanks indicate no samples collected..................
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| 52 8.Composition by number (and percent)of the number of taxa found in diver-collected periphyton samples'craped from the top of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant south intake structure during 1974-1981.
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| One sample per month, April-October, was collected each year with the exception of 1974 (all months but June omitted), 1975 (April and September omitted), 1976 (October omitted), and 1977 (April, May, and October omitted).Algae were categorized as follows: dia toms Bacillariophy ta, green algae Chlorophy ta, blue-green algae~Cyanophyta, golden-brown algae~Chrysophyta, red algae~Rhodophyta, and other algae Euglenophy ta and Pyrrophy ta....................
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| 52 l Annual relative ranked abundance of fish observed during all diving in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| Fish were grouped according to frequency of obser-vation.Blanks indicate no observation.
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| Common names of fish assigned according to Robins et al.(1 980)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~81 10 Annual relative ranked abundance of fish observed during duplicate observations made during transect swims in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1975-1982.
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| Observations were made by two divers swimming side-by-side for 10 m along the base of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Each diver examined an area 1 m wide;observations were summed and then ranked for the total area (20 m)examined.Fish we re grouped according to f requency of observation.
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| Blanks indicate no observation.
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| Common names of fish assigned according to Robins et al.(1980)..........................................
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| 84 ,ix LIST OF APPENDICES A endix Number~Pa e 1 Summary of observations made during dives on riprap substrate surrounding the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant intake and discharge structures in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1973-1982..................................
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| 145 2 Duplicate observations made during transect swims.in southeastern Lake Michigan, April through October, 1975-1982.
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| Observa tions were made,'by two divers swimming side-by-side for 10 m'along the base of the south intake structure;, of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Each diver examined an area 1 m wide.Total area of each;transect was 10 m.Omitted swims are indicated by an asterisk (*).........................
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| 156 ,~3: Sci'entific name, common name, and abbreviations y,l"for species of fish observed by divers in"southeas tern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| Names were assigned ,'according to Robins et al.(1980)....................
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| 160 I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like,to thank the present project director.Ronald Rossmann and past directors John Ayers and Erwin Seibel for their support, guidance, and editorial acumen.Valuable on-site assistance and practical expertise were provided to us by past and present Indiana&Michigan Power Company staff members Jon Barnes, Tom Kriesel, and Eric Mallen.We would like to recognize our colleagues Jim Barres and Laurie Feldt for their efforts to identify the periphy ton collected during the study.Thanks are extended to Sam Ri t ter who draf ted the figures found in this report, and to Beverly McClellan and Marion Luckhardt who assisted in the technical preparation of the report.Many useful suggestions for improvement of the text were provided by Jim Bowers.We would like to recognize and gratefully acknowledge the extensive time, effort, and dedication of Lee Somers who has supervised and guided the devel>>opment of diving activities at The University of Michigan and without whose support and assistance this study could not have been conducted.
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| Finally, our deepest appreciation is extended to the many divers whose efforts, dedication, and sacrifices contributed during the many hours of physically and mentally demanding work made this study possible.This project was funded by a grant from the Indiana&Michigan Power Company, a subsidiary of the American Electric Power Service Corporation.
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| We thank Alan Gaulke for his liaison work throughout the study.
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| .,~III; INTRODUCTION This report is a summary and analysis of observations made by divers in.southeas tern Lake Nichigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| This investigation was one component of a multi-disciplinary environmental n impact study conducted by the Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, for the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant from 1970 through 1982.Overall scope of work included: physical studies" hydrology, sediments, shore erosion, ice effects;chemical studies-standard water chemistry, nutrients, trace metals;and biological studies-psammo-littoral organisms, periphyton, algae, zooplankton, benthos, and fish.In addition, studies by o ther agencies included radiological work, weather and currents, thermal plume mapping, terrestrial flora and fauna, and other environmental, sociological, and economic assessments associated with plant site selection and pre-construction activities.
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| In 1986, the various studies conducted by Great Lakes Research Division were integrated into an overview of the aquatic environment in the study area.The purpose of the underwater assessment program was to gather data via direct observation or analysis of hand-collected samples.Information amassed through these efforts was used to collaborate or augment other studies at the Cook Plant and to provide a unique assessment of the aquatic environment, its 1 ecology, and plant-induced effects.The D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant is located in Berrien County on the shore of southeastern Lake Michigan near Bridgman, Nichigan.The plant si te was purchased in 1959 and pre-cons true tion ac tivi ties began in the 1960s.Construction of the two-unit, 2,200 megawatt plant began in the late 1960s.Placement of in-lake structures (intake and discharge pipes and structures, and riprap field)was completed in late 1972.Unit 1 achieved"on-line".status during.1975, following a'prior startup period in,1974.Un'it 2 went on-line during 1977.Great.Lakes Research Division studies began at the Cook Plant in 1970 and were divided into two general phases: preoperational and operational.
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| Underwater studies were conducted during 1973-1982 and included-10 annual periods of observation from April through October during most years.In accordance wi th the plant construction schedule, the preopera tional s tudy period began in 1970 and extended through 1974 when Unit 1 went on-line.Therefore, the preoperational database for diving observations encompassed the 2-yr period from 1973 to 1974.Operational studies were conducted from 1975 through 1982, although full operational status was not attained until la te Ln the s tudy.An important fea ture of Cook Plant s truc ture and operation regarding.
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| L ts potential effects on the lake was the presence of Ln-lake structures and once-through circulation of water to cool the plant reactors.At peak operation,'6.1 million lL ters per minute (1.6 million gpm)of water are drawn through a system of three water intakes located 223 m (2,250 ft)offshore in 9 m of water, circulated once through the plant, and returned to the lake via.two discharge structures located 109 m (1,100 f t)offshore in 6 m of water.Aquatic biota entrained in the cooling water are exposed to physical and thermal effects, as is the environment immediately surrounding the discharge area.Also, the presence of Ln-lake plant structures (Lntakes and riprap)creates a physical environment that Ls atypical of the surrounding area.Hearshore surf icial sedLments in the study area are typically composed of coarse-to medium-sized grained sand (1.0-0.25-mm diameter)with fine-to very fine-sized sand (0.25-0.06-mm diameter)becoming predominant offshore (Davis; and McGeary 1965, Hawley and Judge 1969).A distinct change in.sediment composition that occurs offshore at about, 24 m.is a function'of.depth and.severity of nearshore physical processes (Seibel et al.1974;Rossmann and Seibel 1977).An accumulation of 1-10 mm of fine particulate material consisting of sediment, periphyton, organic detritus, and diatom tests of ten covers the bottom (Dorr and Jude 1980a, b).Inshore surficial sediments are unstable, and topography can be attributed to nearshore physical processes including waves and currents.Typical manifestations in the study area are an inner and outer bar and a gentle slope oE 1:100 or less beyond a depth of 4 m (Davis and McGeary 1965).Thus most areas of the bottom exhibit only little relief and provide minimal to no surficial shelter or protection for macroscopic biota, e.g., fish, crus taceans, and molluscs.In contras t, substrate surrounding the intake and discharge structures and sub"surface water circulation pipes consists of crushed limestone riprap (0.1"1.0 m in diameter).
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| It was installed during plant construction to reduce scour by plant discharge water on in-lake, cooling-water structures.
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| In its central area, the riprap bed is mounded 1"2 m above bottom, and the structures rise an additional 3 m above the riprap.Consequently, the surface profile in the water intake and discharge areas is considerably more rugose than the surrounding na tural environment.
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| The focus oE our underwater studies was to examine selected features of this man-made environment and to compare and contrast them with those of the surrounding area.Through these observations, a be tter unders tanding of the aquatic environment in the vicinity oE the plant was achieved, as well as of the plant impact on that environment.
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| Patterns oE colonization of aquatic biota were also delineated.
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| Within the report, Cook plant data and,findings.
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| are integrated with oth underwater studies conducted in Lake Michigan".
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| Changes in.)he ecology,.of the Cook Plant area related to the.impact of the plant are.also discussed.
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| The knowledge gained through the underwater assessment study has provided unique insight into the inshore southeastern Lake Michigan environment.
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| This insight augments that obtained from other components of the Cook Plant environmental study.Our results should help guide future similar studies, as well as add to the unders tanding of physical and biological processes in the Great Lakes and elsewhere.
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| METHODS The underwater assessment study at the Cook Plant is unique to the Great Lakes in two respects:, its duration, which encompassed 10 separate field.seasons, and its design.Diving began in 1973 and continued through 1982.During this period, 281 (221 day, 60 night)dives were performed in the study area (Table 1), and more than 161 h of underwater time were amassed.The area was examined by divers each month, April-October, for 8"10 seasons.The second unique aspect of this s tudy was the extent to which observational techniques, effort, and sampling were standardized.
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| During 1973-1974, diving and underwa ter assessment techniques were, developed for the study area and were incorporated into the Cook Plant environmental monitoring scheme for plant operation as required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
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| These environmental technical specifications (U.S.Atomic Energy Commission 1975)were in effect from 1975 through completion of our field studies in 1982, and stringently defined baseline study objectives and sampling regimes for all sections of the Cook Plant environmental survey including underwater studies.Strict adherence to these specif ica tions resulted in a sampling program tha t was both rigorous and relatively inflexible with regard to modifications.
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| However, it had the advantage of generating a continuum of data that permitted identification and analysis of ecological patterns, changes, and plant impacts on the environment over a period of years.Environmental technical specifica tions stipula ted that visual observations would be conducted at least once per month, April through October, at five specified locations, including two dives (one day, one night)in the area of the intake structures, one day dive in the area of the Table I.Summary of day (D)and night (N)dives performed during 1973-1982 in southeastern Lake Hichigan in the vicinity of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant near Bridgman, Hichigan.Diving was not conducted during January, Hovember, and December.Honth 1973 1974 1975 1976 D N D N D H D N 1977 1978 1979 D N D H D H 1980 D N 1981 D N 1982 D N Feb Har Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug S>>p Oct 3 I 4 I 2 I 3 I 5 I 3 I 6 I 2 2 4 I 2 5 I 4 I 3 4 I 4 I 4 I 3 I 3 I I I 4 I I I I 3'4 7 I 4 6 I 4 4 I 4 3 I 5 I I 4 3 I 4 I 9 2 4 I 4 I 5 I 4 I 4 I 8 2 3 I 3 I 3 3 I 3 I 3 I I 3.I I I I I 2 I I 2 I I I I I I I To tB I Div>>s 10 I 15 3 21 8 24 7 25 7 28 5 32 8 27 7 26 7 13 7 Tim>>(min)445 71 576 220 949 369 907 428 1,035 275 799 249 718 315 647 3.0 708 225 266 180 discharg'e structures, and two day dives in reference areas (one north and one.south of the plant)(Fig.,1).'tation names were abbreviated as follows: south intake station-SI, middle intake station-HI, north intake station-NI, south discharge station-SD, north discharge station-ND, south reference station III-SR-III, south reference station II-SR II, south reference station I" SR-I, north reference station III-NR-III, north reference station II-NR-II, and north reference station I" NR-I.Dives were separated into two categories:
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| standard series dives (those which were performed to sa tisfy technical specifications) and supplemental dives.Standard series dives were conducted according to fixed procedures which described the area examined by divers, observational and sampling techniques, and recording of data.The formats for supplemental dives were flexible in response to the objectives of the dive.During standard series dives, two divers equipped with scuba swam side-by-side and either 1 or 2 m apart.Divers made observations and collected samples at the intake structure stations by swimming around the top (61 m in circumference) and base (78 m in circumference) of the structure.
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| While swimming, each diver examined a plot of 2 m in width;the areas examined on top and around the base of the structures were approximately 244 m and 312 m, respectively.
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| In addition, divers swam a 10-m transect along the north side of the south intake structure base following an anchored line placed there for the duration of the study.While swimming a transect along this line, each diver examined adjacent plots 1 m in width, resulting in observations collected from 1 x 10 m (10 m)plots.These observational efforts in measured areas provided a quantified da ta base.Swims and observations at the discharge stations were conducted in exactly the same MIDDLE INTAKE STRUCTURE SOUTH INTAKE STRUCTURE NORTH INTAKE STRUCTURE 4~t'V N4A UXAMtt MAP USOUTH REFERENCE STATION III LAKE MICH!GAN SOUTH REFERENCE STATION I~SOUTH REFERENCE STATION I SOUTH DISCHARGE STRUCTURE NORTH REFERENCE STATION I NORTH REFERENCE STATION II NORTH DISCHARGE STRUCTURE RIPRAP ZONE NORTH REFERENCE STATION II SOUTH RANGE POLE OONALO C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT MICHIGAN'ORTH RANGE POLE Miter'IPig.1.Scheme of the Cook Plant study area in southeastern Lake Hichigan, 1973-1982, showing loca-tions of the scuba-monitored intake, discharge, and reference structures and stations.Stippled area represents approximate dimensions of riprap zone.Depths at intake, discharge, and reference statio were 9 m, 6 m, and 6 m, respectively.
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| 1 1)~'I t~~
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| manner as described for the intake-structure stations.Areas examined on.top (213 m)and around the base (256 m2)of the discharge structures differed slightly in size from areas examined at the intake structures; however, transect swims along anchored lines at the two locations were conducted identically.
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| Of ten, but not always, areas in addition to those described were examined during a dive.This was done to increase the total area examined in the vicinity of the plant structures.
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| At reference stations north and south of the Cook Plant (outside riprap zone in Fig.1), two 1 x 10 m (10 m), side-by-side transects were swum parallel to,shore in line with the discharge structures.
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| At each reference a station, a 10-m line was temporarily anchored for the duration of the transect r swim and divers swam out to the full extent of the anchored line.Zn addition to the two 10-m2 plots examined at a reference station, a 5-to 10-min swim was conducted parallel to shore and toward the discharge structures, following completion of each 10-m transect swim.The 10-m transect swims at the reference stations provided quantified data to compare with those obtained within the plant-structure area (stippled zone in Fig.1).The 5-10-m swims increased the area examined a t the ref erence stations.The previously described stations and observational methods comprised our monthly standard series sampling effort.Whenever possible, this complete standard series effort was conducted April through October, 1975-1982.
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| Occasionally, bad weather or other unsafe diving conditions forced a reduction in this standard series sampling.effort, particularly at the beginning and end of the field season.Also, over the duration of the study several-basic alterations occurred in the standard series diving effort.As noted earlier, 1973"1974 diving preceded the environmental monitoring specifications and slight differences occurred in diving efforts and techniques.
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| During mid-1977,.two-uni t-opera tion,was achieved.and wa ter was discharged from both structures.
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| Consequently, this area became unsafe for divers to enter and the standard series dive at this location was eliminated.
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| Occasionally af ter this, when water was not being discharged from one of the s true tures, supplementary dives were made in this area.Finally, in June 1982, the technical specifications for environmental monitoring were al tered and the monthly standard series diving was reduced to one day and one night dive in the vicinity of the south intake structure.
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| Observations were made following a prescribed format (Fig.2)and were recorded underwater on water>>resistant paper..Occasionally, observations were committed to memory and transcribed at the surface or dictated in a tape recorder for later reference.
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| Observations made by both divers during non-'ransect swims (e.g., swims around the top and base of the structures, 5~10" min swims at reference stations, and during supplementary dives)were pooled and discussed as total observations, observations per unit area (m), or as 2, subjective descriptions of abundance.
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| Transect observations were pooled and a mean and standard error (SE)calculated.
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| For most data, numbers were expressed as numbers per 10 m, 100 m, or 1,000 m to avoid fractional units.Although data were collected in both a qualitative (descriptions or numerical estimations) and quantitative (counts)manner, suspected violations of assumptions associated with normal-based statistical analyses precluded reliable parametric analysis (see Dorr and Jude 1980a for a discussion of these violations as they pertain to underwater observations and studies).Therefore, analytical procedures were limited to subjective interpretation of data, and development and interpretation oi ranked orders of abundance.
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| 10 Depth (ft)Observer Location I p!S be-S SRRR IEOOO': NQ~VES.enit'urbidi V LOW LOW hhFD Hl, V HI, Currenti NO'ES: From Speed s E plxl:snp', n Gravel.Rock Floe (mm)Organic debries (Num/Den):
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| ALGAk/DUNE, GRASS/CHIPS/TERR.PTANTS I SARK I-lEAVES I TTTISS~BRANCHES/TRUNKS/STUMPS/CLAM SHELLS/UNID PLANT Inorganic debris (Item, Num, Den)E UNID ANIML OTHER~Ripple marks: From: Loose algae: NO YES;Color Desert Penphytons NO YESi Color Desut SPARSE hhED LUXURIANT Ht Wdtll Size Len Len Scour: NO YES Num/Den%Coverage Gostropods:
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| Num Shells Descr (location, behav)Clams: Num Shells Live: NO YESt Num/Den Crayeishi Deadr NO YES (Num)Descf (size, location, behav)tive: NO YESt Num/Den bails: NO YES (Desu)Doser Live: NO YES Num/Den Fhh eggs: NO YESE Location Num/Den Rel.size Substrate Color sk Cleor'4 Opaque Tk Fungus Other Misc invert.(sponge.gydia, bryozoa, insects, crustaceans)
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| Nvmtse p Density Site Iorv YOY tvv odt.Loco Pion behov'Nsr 50 Al TP~~Numeiicot ettimotena code.Actvot count orr Fevo If)o I 10 Many IM)Te I I 50 Nvmeiovs (N)o 50-100 Abundant (Al Ee i~Very ebundenc (T)10(O+Commentst Pig.2.Prescribed format in which observations and measurements were re-corded underwater on water-resistant paper during dives in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| ~e Observations and findings presented are.based on objective and subjective analysis.of quantified data, tempered by.our qualitative data,-general,.knowledge of the study-area, and interpretation of the literature., Dorr and Jude.(1980a)discussed limitations associated with underwater visual assessments which include equipment and personnel training limitations and physical and psychological s tress, all of which serve to reduce the accuracy and precision of observational data.Under conditions of limited visibility (of ten less than 3 m in the study area), abundance of pelagic organisms is usually underestimated by divers, particularly for highly mobile animals such as large fish.'Mhere substrate is uneven, abundance of demersal or cryptozoic organisms may also be underestimated.
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| Through standardization of our observational techniques, we attempted to obtain at least consistently biased (underestimated) parameter estimates where the error was proportional to the true population size.Finally, Hiller (1956)described the plateau effect which is related to perceptual handling of simultaneously presented s timuli.Shaw (1975)discussed implications of this plateau effect related to fish schooling and"flash expansion" of schools to present multiple moving targets and promote preda tor avoidance.
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| En a sense, a diver is also a preda tor subjec ted to the confusing effect of these avoidance responses.
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| Experience has shown tha t the visual plateau for divers ranges from 8 to 15 tatgets when present simultaneously, depending on visibility and duration of the observation period.As a consequence, we developed a s tandardized code for estimating numbers of objects in a consistent manner.They included: few 1-10, many 10-50;numerous 50-100, abundant)100.Vhen pooling data (counts)such as these, estimates could be averaged (e.g,, few+many 1-10+10-50, or 5+30 12 35)or lower (1+10 11)and upper (10.+50 60)limits placed on parameter estimates.
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| Small aggregations,.
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| of animals or objects were estimated or counted in total, large aggregations were visually partitioned and the number of items in a single partition counted or estimated and multiplied by the number of partitions to obtain an estimate of total number.These estimates were used during subjective evaluation of fish abundance based upon combined counted and estimated numbers.The preceding discussion underscores our efforts to develop a continuous and consistent data base.Sampling locations were examined in a spatially and temporally consistent manner.Observational targets (Fig.2)and efforts were standardized.
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| Subjective descriptions (Fig.2)and numerical es time tion techniques were also standardized and learned by divers.Finally, to reduce variation associated with differences in personal diving techniques and capabilities, the senior author performed all but two months of diving during the entire study.Therefore, about one half of the observational data base included no diver-to-diver variation.
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| The opera tional and observational diving techniques used during this study were developed over a 10-yr period 1973-1982.
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| Hany of these techniques are described in other underwater studies that we have conducted in the Great Lakes, the resul ts of which are of ten related to this study.They include: Dorr (1982), Dorr and Jude (1980a, 1980b), Dorr et al.(1981a, 1981'b), Jude et al.(1981a, 1982), Ru tecki e t al.(1983, 1985), Schneeberger (1982), and Schneeberger et al.(1982).During June 1974, and April-October 1975-1981, divers collected samples of periphyton from the top of the south intake structure and riprap surrounding the base of the structure.
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| Periphyton was scraped from the 13 structure with a putty.knife into a plastic mason jar.Efforts were directe toward collection of an adequate-sized'.sample; no attempt was made.to sample a quantified or consistently-sized area.A small piece of riprap about 4 cm Ln diameter which supported a noticeable amount of periphyton was selected and placed Ln a second jar.These samples were preserved in 10%formaldehyde for laboratory analysis, but because of time constraints, only the samples collected from the intake structure'ere examined.In the laboratory, the sample of scrapings was stirred thoroughly, and a subsample was removed for wet-mounting in water.Algal identifications were made at 400-600X using a Leitz-Wetzlar Ortholux microscope.
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| Taxa identified Ln these wet-mounts became the yearly lists of perLphyton collected from the Cook Plant area.Data used for comparison with diving observations were derived from companLon studies on impinged fish (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985)and field-collected fish (Tesar et al.1985, Tesar and Jude 1985).Impinged fish were collected and processed every day during 1975 and every fourth day during 1976-1982.
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| Fish were sampled in Lake lfichLgan using seines, trawls, and gill nets at a variety of stations from April-i'november, 1973-1982.
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| 14 RES VLTS AND D IS GUS S ION PHYS ICAL-FEATURES Waves and Current's Surface Waves The fetch of Lake Hichigan ranges from about 100 km west to about'350 km north.For large lakes such as this, the maximum wave height (h)is related to the fetch (x)of the lake as follows: h 0.105x (Mortimer 1975, Wetzel 1975).Based on this, maximum wave heights at the study site would range from 3:3 m from the west to 6.2 m from the north.We observed storm waves with a cycloid diameter or height (trough-to-crest distance)in excess of 4 m, while wave heights of 1-2 m were common during periods of onshore winds.However, it was unsafe for us to dive when wave heights exceeded 1.5 m;therefore, our observations were biased toward conditions extant during quiescent periods in the lake.Wetzel (1975, p.94)stated that for travelling surface waves with a cycloid cross-sectional path," the decrease of vertical movement (of the water)with increasing depth can be approximately described as a halfing of the cycloid diameter for every depth increase of X/9", where A is the wavelength measured as crest" to-crest distance.Wetzel further stated that the ratio of amplitude to wavelength is highly variable from 1:100 to 1:10, bu t tha t excep t a t shallow beach areas, wave leng ths of shor t surface waves are less than the depth.Given this, the waveleng th of a wave 1.5 m high I should not exceed 10 m when water depth is less than 10 m.For a wave with a height of 1.5 m and and a wavelength of 9 m (as might have occurred during our dives at the 9-m stations), the vertical displacement of water on the bottom should be about 3 mm.On top of the Cook Plant intake structures, which are 15 about 4 m.below the, surface, the vertical displacement of wa ter.should be-about 90 mm.These.calculations.
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| are.in agreement with conditions.that we observed during dives in,.the.study area.Zf surface waves exceeded.1 m in height, some water displacement was noticeable on the bottom at all 6-and 9-m stations.Mater displacement was usually evidenced by a swaying of the periphyton or sloshing movements of surficial floe.On top of the intake or discharge structures this movement was greatly accentuated relative to conditions on the bottom.Because the riprap was mounded from lake bottom level at its periphery to several meters off bottom at the base of the intake and discharge struc tures, the movement of water caused by surface wave action a ttenua ted as divers swam f rom the s true tures across the riprap and down to level bottom.Movement of water on the bottom at<9 m occurred when surface waves were less than.1 m high, but the effects were unnoticeable to divers.These observations suggest that circulation of water and resuspension of surf icial sediment and flocculent organic material occurs through surface wav action.The threshold for these effects probably occurs when wave heights are between 0.5-1.0 m;effects increase rapidly with increasing wave height.Evidence that the riprap traps sediment will be presented later.This factor in combination with surface wave action probably contributed to the increased levels of suspended materials observed by divers near bottom in riprapped areas relative to the surrounding sand areas, when lake surface conditions were rough.Barres et al.(1984)noted elevated levels of particulates in phytoplankton samples collected from the Cook Plant forebay during periods of stormy weather and nearshore turbulence.
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| As discussed later, plant intake water was of ten noted by divers to be drawn from the bottom of the water column at the base oi the intake structures.
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| The resuspension of suriicial 16 8 material noted by divers during and immediately.,after periods of rough lake.conditions.
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| may account, for the elevated levels of particul'atesnoted in.these'"',.'samples.Rossmann.et al.(1982)suggested that elevated concentrations of orthophosphate and dissolved silica in water samples collected in the study area may also have resulted from storm-induced turbulence.
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| These observations indicate that surface wave action increased the amount of suspended material in the riprap areas, relative to surrounding areas.Attached algae and invertebrates (sponge, bzyozoans,~gdra);benthic invertebrates, such as worms, insect larvae, snails, and crayfish;and fish with demersal life stages concentrated in the riprap areas were exposed to effects of this increased suspension.
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| Such effects may have included increased siltation and impairment of filter feeding.Surface wave action undoubtedly promoted circulation of water in and around the riprap.The rise of the riprap off bottom in combination with its many interstices permitted surface wave action to more effectively perfuse this substrate.
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| This in turn would improve the availability of oxygen and exchange of gases, while serving to continually remove floe from the surface of the substrate.
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| Currents Wind friction and atmospheric pressure changes result in seiches, differ-ential heating of the lake, diffusion of dissolved materials from the sedi" ments, influx and outflow of water, and geostrophic (e.g., Coriolis)effects (llortimer 1975).In Lake'tichigan, surface currents of ten circulate in large swirls or gyres (Ayers et al.1958)which in turn are subject to modifications by standing wave motions.Lake basin morphometry also influences direction and speed of surface water currents.Although general current patterns may be 17
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| \established in large bodies of wa ter such as the southern basin of Lake Michigan,'urrent velocity.at a'y given point may'vary with local conditions.
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| This is particularly true'or the insho're region where local effects such as presence of offshore winds or sand bars may influence current flow.Studies on currents were conducted in 1975 and 1978 (Indiana&Michigan Power Company 1975, 1976;ETA 1980)at locations about 600 m north and south of the Cook Plant at the 3-and 6-m depth contours.Generally, current speeds measured during 1975 ranged from 6 to 12 cm/s (0.2-0.4 fps)with a maximum speed approaching 60 cm/s (2 fps).Currents tended to'flow to the north, although considerable day-to-day variation occurred.These data suggest that considerable variability existed in both current speed and direction in space and time.Mortimer (1975)has found that current vectors nearshore are predominantly shore-parallel, while offshore, the clockwise rotating current vectors of Poinchre waves dominate the lake.Efforts by divers to establish general current direction and speed at a given location were unsuccessful.
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| Considerable variability was measured among locations separated by only 200 m as well as differences at various depths in the water column.Consequently, no attempt was made by divers to assess current velocities, although effects of currents were recorded when observed.Absence or presence of currents was best observed by the horizontal transport of suspended material past a stationary diver.Vhen surface waves exceeded 0.5 m in height, vertical displacement of the water obscured the horizontal movement of suspended material at depths less than 3 m.%hen currents were present, horizontal movement of suspended material could be discerned within 1 m of the bottom at 6 m and 9 m, regardless of wave heights at the surface.This was the result of the rapid attenuation oi vertical 18 O displacement of water with increasing depth.-In areas where sediment accumulated, such as 1'ocalized depressions in-the sand observed at the reference station or at the-periphery of the riprap field, both current and surface waves acted to resuspend sediment.In general, current flow and direction appeared to be influenced by proximity to the intake and discharge structures at the surface and on the bottom.Strong currents were encountered throughout the water column at stations 100 m north and south of the respective discharge structure during discharge of water.As best as could be determined, the direction of flow was always away from the structure.
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| Strong eddy currents were encountered during dives at a station located in line with, and mid-way between, the two discharge structures.
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| Bu t at the reference stations located 900 m nor th and 1200 m south of the Cook Plant, no effect of plant water discharge on local water current was discerned.
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| Within the riprap area, pronounced currents associated with plant water circulation obscured any general current patterns noticeable to divers.Large differences in the force of the intake current could be felt at different points around the base of each structure.
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| These differences ranged from currents that were almost undetectable to those that were difficult to swim against.The direction and speed of the natural lake current and the recirculation patterns established between the intake and discharge structures influenced the direction and strength of the intake current and the withdrawal of water from various levels of the water column.In both riprap areas and on open lake bottom increased rugosity of the bottom profile acted to reduce current speed within a few centimeters of the bottom.This observation is in keeping with the existence of a boundary layer 19 of slack.water known to.exist as a function of vertical'relief dimensions variability and of current force and direction.
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| Both riprap and large ripple 1 marks would contribute tovariability in vertical relief and current flow at the wetex sediment interface.
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| Thermal Effects Water temperature regimes encountered during our underwater studies paralleled those characteristic of southern Lake Michigan.Water temperatures were 4-8'C during April and increased rapidly during May>>June.Tempera tures less than 10'C were rarely encountered during June-September.
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| During fall, temperatures declined and reached 10'C during la te October-early November as determined from other dive studies in the region (Dorr and Jude 1980a, Dorr et al.1981b).thermal s tra tif ica tion dur ing June-Augus t.Divers experienced three major thermal effects.The first was vertical It was common to encounter a 1 thick layer of very warm water at the surface, particularly when the lake surface was calm.An abrupt drop in wa ter temperature could be felt on exposed skin as divers descended through this layer.Tempera tures in the adjoining layer remained nearly constant until 1-2 m off bottom.At this point, a second abrupt thermal decline was noticed.This layer of cold wa ter on the bottom was of ten more turbid than overlying water, and contained higher amounts of suspended particles.
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| It was believed that these were relatively dis tinct thermal layers and tha t mixing of water among layers was reduced relative to homothermal conditions.
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| Observation of the distinct cold nepheloid layer on bottom supports this contention.
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| 20 The second effect experienced by.dLvers.
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| was that of horizontal thermal stratifica.tion.
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| This condition was again encountered during the warm-water months and was particularly.
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| noticeable during the 5-min swims at reference stations.Divers of ten swam through water masses of different temperatures; thermal interfaces were usually distinct and only a few meters thick.Because all swims were conducted on the bottom at 6 m little is known of conditions in mid-water.
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| It is possible that isolated masses of cooler water were present on the bottom and surrounded by warmer water, perhaps asia result of uneven developmen t or breakdown, of ver tical s tra ti f ica tion f ollowing a change in lake conditions (e.g., surface waves, currents, upwelling).
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| The final thermal effect encountered'y divers was summer upwelling of cold water inshore following periods of strong offshore winds.Unusually cold water was occasionally encountered during typically warm-water periods, L.e., July or August.On some occasions, water temperatures declined considerably during diving which occurred over a 2-day period.Again, cold-water upwellings were of ten accompanied by increased turbidity and pronounced decreases in underwater visibility.
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| Because of lake size and its gentle sloping bottom, the major thermocline between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion lay well offshore of the study area during the period of maximum vertical thermal s tra tif ica tion.During occasional dives Ln deep water ()12 m), a distLnct thermocline was encountered along with a large difference in temperature between the epilimnion and hypo limni on.21 Surficial Features,.Presence of riprap and in-lake plant structures created artificial:
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| features and atypical habitat.Most of the lake bottom in inshore south-eas tern Lake Michigan is composed of coarse-to fine-grained sand with~occasional areas of pebbles, and presents a flat, unbroken profile.Only iso-lated rocks and an occasional log or branch were encountered during our studies.Dorr (1982), Dorr and Jude (1980b), and Jude et al.(1978)conducted'xtensive.
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| diver surveys of areas containing rough substrate of natural (moraines, clay banks)and artificial (reefs, utility structures, harbor breakwalls) origin from Muskegon, Michigan, sou th to Michigan City, Indiana.Areas of rough substrate were isolated within the total inshore system and represented only a small portion ((1Z)of the total inshore area.Ripple marks and occasional large depressions were observed ar, the reference stations and during swims along the 6-m contour.The dimensions and direction of ripple marks observed 1000 m north (Station III)and 1200 m sou (station III)of the plant were measured and recorded during 1973-1982 (Table 2).Most of ten, ripple marks were generated from a westerly-to-northerly direction (quadrant IV-270-360').
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| This was the situation during 84 of the dives at the north station, and 74:l of the dives at the south station.The slight reduction (10:l)in frequency of generation from the fourth quadrant observed at the south station was probably created by the riprap north of the south station.This hypothesis is supported by our observations that ripple marks were consistently smallest at the south reference station (station I)closest to the riprap.Discharge of water in a north and westerly direction combined with the"reef-Like" barrier that the riprap and discharge structures presented, undoubtedly acted to diminish the 22 Table 2.Direction of generation (quadrant), height (trough-to-crest), and width (crest-to-crest) of ripple marks observed.by divers in.reference areas north and south of the D.C..Cook Nuclear Plant, during some months from=1973to 1982..Quadrant: I, north to east (0-90');II~east to south (90"180');
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| III~south to west (180-270');
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| IV~west to north (270"360');
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| Asym.asymmetric (no clear direction of genera-tion).Dimensions are in cm.Blanks indicate no data.North Reference Areas South Reference Areas Month Quadrant Height Width Quadrant Height Width 1973 Sep EV 17 61 1974 Apr Jun Jul IV 3 15 IV IV 18 10 1975 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct IV IEZ III I IV I 5 15 1 ll 4 10 3 9 6 20 5 9 IV III III EV 17 31 13 19 1976 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep IEI IIE IV IV I IV 11 75 4 15 5 16 2 8 6 15 6 8 II III IV IV IV 5 14 5 6 6 1977 Apr May Jun Jul Aug (Continued)
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| .IV IV IV EV IV 13 100 2 18 4 10 3 10 2 5 IV Asym IV IV 11 6 5 15 23 Table 2.Continued.
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| North Reference Areas South Reference Areas" Month Quadrant Height Width Quadrant Height Width 1978 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct IZI IV IV IV IV IV 4 6 5 3 25 3 20 25 18 15 50 10 ZZI Asym ZII ZV IV IV 5<1 5 2 3 2 15<1 20 10 15 5 1979 May Jun Jul Aug Oct IV IV IV IV IV 4 20 5 15 3 10 5 20 3 15 ZV ZV ZV IV IV 4 20 4 12 5 150 5 18 2 6 1980 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct IV IV IV IV IV IV IV 4 14 5 15 4 4 3 12 90 15 60 12 6 5 IV Asym IV IV IV IV IV 20 10 15 8 15 10 6 1981 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct IV IV IV IV IV IV IV 50 100 2 6 20 60 3 10 2 6 6 10 4 8 IV IV IV IV IV ZV I 1982 Apr May IV IV 8 12 10 15 IV Asym 6 10 24 strength of wayes and currents approaching from that direction, which is the prevailing direction of approach at this location.on the lake.In general, ripple marks were smallest and most asymmetrically developed at reference stations (stations I and II)closest to the riprap and discharge area.Very large ripple marks with amplitudes (heights)exceeding 10 cm were occasionally observed at the two most northerly reference stations.These marks of ten had wavelengths of 50-100 cm, and extended for 10 m or more along the bottom.They were always generated from the 270>>360'uadrant (quadrant IV-west-'north), and were never observed at south reference stations.These laige marks usually occurred in isolated patches along the 6-m contour and were s'epara'ted by extensive areas containing much smaller ripple marks.Often~,~~these smaller'marks were generated from a different direction and cross-hatched the large marks.Host likely, these large ripple marks were the remnants of marks generated during conditions of high winds and large surface waves coming from a westerly to northerly direction.
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| Large marks were never observed at the north reference station (station I)closest to the discharge area, again probably a result of the disruptive effect of the north-westerly directed discharge current on incoming waves.In fact, the disruption of surface waves by the plant's water discharge is observable from shore.The other surficial feature of the bottom observed in the vicinity of the reference stations was the presence of localized depressions in the lake bottom.These depressions were only observed during swims parallel to shore between north reference station.II and station III.During the 5"10-min swims, divers occasionally encountered depressions about 1 m deep and 5-10 m across;because the third dimension was not measured, the actual shape of these depress ions is no t known.Me suspect that they may have been roughly 25 oval in shape with the long axis oriented more closely perpendicular.to sho than the short axis.These depressions were surficial features.of the bottom that were distinctly different from the major troughs that were located between the major sand bars.One possibility is that these depressions were trenches or cuts across these major bars and that the depressions connected adjoining troughs.Another possibility is that the depressions were remnants of old troughs that had been mostly filled in during the relocation of a bar.These features are not unique to the Cook Plant area, since we observed them during other underwa ter studies in inshore southeastern Lake Michigan.Sediment Qualitative microscopic analysis of the flocculent
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| ("floe")layer of material overlying the riprap and sand revealed it to be composed primarily of sediment, dia tom tes ts, and some organic de tritus (primarily algae).The thickness of this layer ranged from complete absence to about 10 mm;a layer 2"3 mm thick was typical of the area (Table 3).When present, similar amounts of floe were observed in both referenceareas and on the riprap.However, only once, in April 1982, was floe totally absent from the riprap surrounding the intake structures, whereas, complete absence of floe in reference areas was more common (8 occurrences at north reference station III, ll occurrences at south reference station III).Observations of floe deeper than 10 mm were made on two occasions north of the plant and once south of it.The floe layer on the riprap was never thicker than 6 mm between 1975 and 1982.We attribute the more continuous presence of floe on riprap compared with sand to be the result of the better trapping action of the r'prap surface.26 Table 3.-Depth (mm)~of flocculent surficial sediment measured on ri prap surrounding the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant-intake structures and at reference stations north and south of the plant, 1973-1982.
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| T (trace)~detectable, but unmeasurable;" Blanks indicate no measurements made.Month In take Area N.Reference S.Reference 1973 Jun Aug Sep<5<5<5<5 1974 Apr May Jun Oct)10 5"10<5 5 5-10 1975 May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 6<5 4 3 3 2<5 T 2 T 0 0 1976 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 2 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 20 1 2 0 2 1977 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep (Con tinued).15 2 2 0 T 0 0 0 0 27 Table 3.Continued.
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| Month In take Area H.Reference S.Reference 1978 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 4 3 3 8 2 0 3 2 4 2 4 1979 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1 2 3 T 1 1 3 8 1 2 0 2 5 3 3 2 0 0 1980 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1981 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 2 3 2 0 2 0 2 2 5 2 0 2 3 2 4 2 0 3 20 2 4 4 5 2 2 4 0 1982 Apr May Aug Oct 0 3 2 28
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| .The uneven surface of individual clasts and.the presenceof.periphyton caused floe to.be retained more effectively than on the smooth surface,-of"the sand bottom.Two general observations support this contention:
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| (1)floe accumu-lated in the troughs of the ripple marks, and not on the sides or crests, and (2)surface wave action often caused movement of floe on the sand bottom but not on the riprap.Rarely did floe accumulate on the sides or crests of ripple marks.Host of ten, it was carried into the troughs-by water movement.It was noted earlier that surface wave action could be felt on the bottom at k 6 m when waves exceeded 1 m in height.Also, the threshold for noticeable I II I~water movement occurred when waves were 0.5-1.0 m'in:height.
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| When surface waves were 1 m, a slight oscillation or movement o'f th'e floe in the troughs of r u 1 ripple marks was apparent.Under these same cond':tibns, the periphy ton on I riprap was observed to sway, but no movement of the fl'oc could be seen.Additional evidence that uneven surfaces trapped.sediment more effectively that smooth surfaces was provided by the occasional deep accumulations of floe in depressions observed'in the sand bottom in the north reference area (see previous section-Surf icial Features).
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| Floe 10-20 cm deep was measured in some of these depressions (Table 3).Suspended material, transported along the bottom, probably encountered these depressions where water velocities were reduced resulting in this material being deposited in thick layers.In a sense, these large depressions were analogous to small I pockets or inters tices in the surface of the riprap.A small trough (1-2 m I wide and less than 1 m deep)in the sand, bottom adjacent to the riptap often formed along the perimeter of the riprap.Quite of ten, floe accumulated in t this restricted area to depths of 10-20 mm.Most likely, this was the result of a small area of stagnant water created by the barrier which the riprap 29 imposed as it rose off the bottom-at this point.Observations.
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| made during studies of.other areas.of naturally formed sand (Jude.et al.1978,~Dorr'nd Jude 1980b), rock or clay bottom (Dorr 1982), and artificial substrates (Dorr et al.1981b, Dorr 1982)confirm that rugose surfaces trap sediment more effectively than smooth surfaces.There appeared to be a direct rela tionship between absence or presence of floe and water depth.In this study and others (Dorr 1974, Dorr and liiller 1975, Dorr 1982), floe was rarely observed at depths less than 6 m.However, it was always present at 12 m or mote.Seibel et al.(1974)and Rossmann and Seibel ()977)noted a distinct demarca tion at 24 m where finer-grained sediment predominated.
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| Its occurrence was a function of depth and severity of nearshore physical processes, including wave action and currents.Our observations, combined with the calculated attenuation of even the largest surface waves observed during any period of several years, suggest that at depths greater than 12 m, the movement of water is not sufficient to swe'ep even smooth bottom clear of flocculent material, much less rugose surfaces.This observation has significant implications regarding the depth location of structures such as artificial reefs or natural lake trout spawning reefs, where the removal or absence of floe from the surfaces or interstices of the substrate by natural movements of the wa ter is desired.In a 1977 experimentwe positioned several vertical sediment-collecting tubes 1 m off bottom over Cook Plant intake riprap.Following a 21-day period (25 i!ay-16 June), 74 mm of material was collected in the 3.8-cm diameter tubes.The tubes were constructed to permit diffusion of formaldehyde from an attached reservoir into the collection chamber, thereby preserving the mater-ial from decomposition.
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| About 90.';of the floe collected was sediment;30 the remaining portion was'omposed of diatom tests and organic detritus.This experiment confirmed, the potential,forrapi'd deposition and accumulation of sediment in ins hore depressions.'locculent material may change the circulation of water, dissolved gas exchange, and sediment oxygen demand (SOD)in microhabitats such as surfaces and interstices of subs trates, which might adversely impact biological entities such as incubating lake trout eggs.Trans arenc Water transparency, the maximum distance between two divers at which they remained visible, was measured on the bottom with a line marked at 0.5-m intervals; values were rela tively comparable among riprap and reference stations (Table 4).Highest visibility recorded was 6.8 m at the 9-m intake station, while the lowest was 0.6 m at a north reference station.Typical values were 2-3 m at all stations.Visibility tended to be highest during summer months (June-August).
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| This was probably the result of summer thermal stratification, followed by depletion of nutrients, and reduced plankton productivity.
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| Also, fewer severe storms and reduced turbulence during summer permitted suspended material to settle.Highes t visibili ties occurred following a period of one to two weeks of calm lake conditions.
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| Several patterns were noted in the visibility among s tations.Visibilities were usually lower at the two stations closest to the discharge structures (NR-1, SR-1)than at other reference or riprap stations.Also, there was a noticeable decrease in visibility from surface to bottom (6 m)at these two stations.The reduction in vis ibili ty at these locations was the 31 Table 4.Horizontal visibility (m)as measured by divers on the bottom near=Cook Plant intake structures (9 m)and in reference areas (6 m)north and south of the, plant, 1973-1982.
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| =Asterisk (*)shows months when measurements were not made on the same day at intake and reference stations.Measurements at reference stations were always made on the same day for any given month.Omitted months and blanks indicate no measure-ments made.Month En take Area H.Reference S.Reference 1973 Jun*Aug Sep 2.0 4.5 1.2 2.0 1.8 1974 Apr*May ,Jun Jul Oct 1.0 3.8 3.3 1.2 0.6 3.3 1.7 1975 May+Jun Jul Aug*Sep Oct 2.1 7.6 4.5 3.0 2.7 2.7 2.0 6.1 4.0 3.0 2.7 2.0 4.5 1.5 2.51976 Apr*May+Jun Jul Aug*Sep Oct 2.5 2.0 4~0 1.5 3.0 2.0 3.0 1.8 1.8 4.5 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 1.2 3.0 2.0 3.0 1977 May Jun Jul+Aug Sep (Continued).
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| 3.0 6.8 5.0 6.0 2.5 32 6.1 3.0 4,0 2.0 6.0 4.5 4,0 2,0 R Table 4.Continued..
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| Month intake Area N.
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| ==Reference:==
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| S.Reference 1978 Apr May Jun Jul*Aug Sep Oct 1979 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc t+1980 Apr May Jun Jul Aug*Sep*Oc t+1981 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1982 Apr May*Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 1.3 2.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 1.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 1.5 1.5 3.0 4.0 4'4.0 3.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 3.0 4.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 3.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 3.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 3.0 33 result of increased turbulence and suspension of sediment near the point of water discharge.
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| No effect of plant-induced turbulence and reduced visi6ility was noted at reference stations farthest from the=-discharge structures.
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| ~.On several occasions (Table 4), visibility at intake structures was greater than at reference stations.This situation occurred during summer months when a slight thermal stratification developed inshore (see previous section-Thermal Effects).A warm, clear layer of water occasionally overlaid a narrow band (1-2 m thick)of colder, more turbid water adjacent to the bottom.At reference stations where these layers were undisturbed, visibility was markedly reduced by one-half or more compared to the intake area.The overlying water layer was of ten drawn down into the lower layer at the intake s true tures, thus displacing the cooler, more turbid wa ter and accounting for lower visibili ties at reference stations~While diving on the drawn evenly from both layers at all points around the structures.
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| Our studies in other inshore areas of southeastern Lake Michigan revealed that water transparency, measured as underwater visibility, did not vary consistently among locations.
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| Underwater visibilities recorded at the Cook bottom around the base of the intake structures, divers often swam in and out of these two water masses.This probably occurred because the water was not~'I Plant were typical of the area.Bu t, in another study (Dorr 1982)south of A the plant near New Buffalo, Michigan, we found visibility on the bottom (6-12 m)in an isolated area of clay substrate and extensive submarine trenches to be consistently lower than the surrounding area, including that oi the Cook Plant.This was the result of erosion of the clay substrate combined with relatively stagnant water contained in trenches.The water was usually much more transparent several meters above bottom.34; Observations at the.Cook Plant and elsewhere in, the area suggest that inshore visibility.
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| (transparency),is largely a, function of water movements or currents that suspend sediment off bottom.During quiescent periods, this material settles and transparency increases significantly.
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| Presence of accumulations of sediment or erodable material such as clay may reduce visibility locally.Inor anic Debris We distinguished between inorganic debris observed in the study area and organic material which was termed detritus.Two general types of debris were noted: that which was deposited during initial construction and subsequent repair of in-lake plant structures, and debris which accumulated as a result of activities unrelated to plant construction and maintenance operations.
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| A variety of materials was deposited on the riprap during construction including:
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| steel girders and plates, metal pipe, plastic, steel cable, and tires.For the most part, heavy objects remained in place for the duration of the study.Subsequent repair work on these structures (e.g., replacement of broken ice guards on the structures, addition of riprap or cement scour pads, etc.)resulted in accumula tion of debris which remained in the area.However, some transport of lighter materials (plastic, tires, containers, etc.)from the area occurred during major storms.Zn contrast with the riprap area, debris from plant construction was never observed on the surrounding sand bottom.Ef such debris were deposited in this area, lighter materials were probably rapidly transported from the area, while heavy objects sank into the bottom and were covered over by sand.The end result was that plant construction debris did not remain exposed in 35 T sand bottom areas for an extended time.In, contrast, inorganic debris and organic detritus deposited on, the riprap, could not sink into the substrate,-
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| but snagged on the projections and in the crevices of the rugose substrate and was held in place.This debris served to expand the variety of substrates and habitats available to local biota.The other general type of debris that was noted in the area was that which resulted from the dumping of trash into the lake.Some of this material (beverage containers, clo thing, f ishing tackle, household i tems, e tc.)was dumped directly into the area by people fishing from small boats.It was not uncommon to count 20 or more small boats over the riprap area on a summer day.The other source of this trash came from refuse dumped in surrounding areas of the lake or eroded from the beach.In general, the bulk of this trash was composed of lighter items which were eventually transported from the area.Trash was less abundant in the early spring following the prolonged absence of fishermen from the area coupled with the intense fall and spring storms which swept trash from the area.Evidence of such transport was provided by the occasional observation of such trash at all reference stations.Our observations during this and other studies reveal that while mos t trash is washed onshore or buried and eventually degraded in the substrate, considerable amounts of litter must be exposed and washed along the bottom of the lake at any given time.We base this observation on consideration of the relatively small areas of the lake bottom observed by divers, and the fairly high frequency at which trash was observed.With the exception of the riprap area itself, accumulations and observations of trash near the Cook Plant were similar to those noted elsewhere in the lake.30 While plant cons true tion materials that remained in'lace on the riprap provided expanded substrate.and habi tat, the, trash did.not..Trash was-,.an.inevitable result of the intensive.use of a small.area of.the lake by the fishing populace.BIOLOGICAL FEATURES Or anic Detritus Organic detritus observed in the study area by divers was classified into two groups: microscopic and macroscopic.
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| Microscopic organic detritus was defined as organic material whose original form could not be discerned by the unaided eye.These ma'terials included remains of planktonic organisms or parts of larger organisms that were finely divided, such as shredded plants or decomposed animal tissue.Macroscopic organic detritus included dead algae, parts of plants (e.g., grasses, bark, twigs, limbs, trunks), and dead animals (e.g., crayfish and fish).Accumulations of sediment greater than 10 mm thick were uncommon but amounts less than 5 mm thick were frequently observed in the s tudy area.No diver-collected samples were analyzed for loss of organic material upon igni-tion, at which time organic material would be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.However, in a separate study, analysis of 34 samples collected at depths less than 15 m in the vicinity of the study area showed a mean loss in sample weight upon ignition of 4.3/with a standard deviation of 4.1X (Rossmann and Seibel 1977).Combined with diving observations, these results suggest that both the total accumulation of surficial sediment and its organic component are variable in inshore southeastern Lake Michigan.Typical values for thickness and organic content of inshore surficial sediment are 3-5 mm and 37 4.3%total weight, respectively.
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| These observations also-suggest that smal amounts of microscopic organic material are consistently available to benthic-detritivores including epibenthic zooplankton, sponges, bryozoans,~Hdra, snails, clams, crayfish, insect larvae, and fish.Not surprisingly, all of these organisms were found in the study area, although they were unevenly dis tr ibu ted.Presence of macroscopic organic detritus was recorded in one of several categories contained in the prescribed record format (Figure 2).Some of these groups were later combined and summarized in six general categories of macroscopic material: algae (A), dune grass (B), shreds or chips of wood (C), twigs and branches (D), tree trunks and stumps (F), and Eish (F)(Table 5).Other materials such as mollusc shells, insect larvae exuviae, crayfish, and fish feces were seen on occasion, but not of ten enough to warrant inclusion'in the general summarization of observations.
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| It was not possible to discern count individual detrital objects.Therefore, only presence (or absence)o detritus within the various categories was noted and summarized as frequency of occurrence
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| (%)among stations and years (Table 5).Host types of organic detritus were observed at one time or another at all stations.Twigs and branches were most common and were seen at all s ta tions at least once in all years.Clumps of loose algae were seen during 22%and 26%of all dives at the north-and south-reference stations, respectively, Dune grass was noted more of ten at the reEerence stations than at the intake or discharge stations.Shreds and chips of wood were consistently seen at all stations, but were observed more frequently in reference areas.The smooth, flat bottom at the reEerence stations facilitated diver observation of small detrital objects such as algae, dune 38 ,
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| Table 5.Frequency of observation (7')of organic detritus on the bottom of southeastern.
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| Lake Michigan during standard series dives in'the vicinity of the D.C.Cook"Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.-1 Observations of fish (F)" are-expressed in absolute numbers of fish counted during dives.Cate or 3 Year and No.of s ta tion dives A B C D E F 1973 NR SR I D 1 100 1 4 25 25 25 25 3 33 33 33 10 AL 1974 NR SR I D 1975 NR SR D 1976 NR SR I D 1 3 100 9 6 6 50 4 50 ll 7 14 6 5 12 6 100 100 100 33 5 AL 33 50 50 67 1SS, 1 YP, 1 XX 67 33 1 AL 50 4AL, 1 YP 27~1 AL 14 100 43 17 67 50 1 AL 20 40 1 AL 17 1 AL 33 100 33 7 AL 1977 NR SR I D 8 17 50 75 5 60 20 20 4 75 12 8 4 25 4AL, 1SP 2AL, 1 SM 9 Aji 1 CP, 1 SS 1978 NR SR I D 7 29 6'7 12 8 17 14 8 8 2 AL 1CC, 1XX 1979 NR SR I D Continued).
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| 7 7 14 5 14 29 14 14 14 43 29 14 14 14 80 2 AL 39 Table 5.Continued.
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| Cate or 3 I Year and s ta tion2 No.of dives A B C D E F 1980 NR SR I D 7 7 14 3 14 43 4 AL 14 14 2 AL 14 7 2AL, 1 YP 1981 NR SR I D 1982 NR SR I D~al 1 ears 7 29 7 29 14 3 2 2 14 2 50 100 43 71 14 57 7 7 33 33 3 JD 32AL, 2 YP 9 AL 50 1 AL To ta1 49 46 116 46 257 22 6 35 35 26 9 24 15 4<1 4 13 7 7 20 54 14 4 16 25 14 AL, 1 SP 2 57 AL, 1 CC, 2 13 ALI 20 16 AL, 2 SS)1 XX 5 100 AL, 3 JD, 1 CC)1 SIN)2 XX 3 JD)3 YP)1 XX 1 YP 2 YP)CPI 6 YP, 2 SS, 1 CPI 1 SP,Frequency of observation
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| (%)~-'x 100 Nt Mhere: No~no.dives at station when observed, iV t total no.o f yearly dives a t s ta tion.NR~north reference stations, SR~south reference stations, 1~intake station, D discharge station.A~loose algae, B dune grass, C shreds or chips of eood, D twigs and branches, E trunks and stumps, F fish (AL~alewife, CC~channel catfish, CP~common carp, JD~johnny darter, S;1~rainbow smelt, SP~spottail shiner, SS sculpin, YP yellow perch, XX~unidentified fish).40; grass, and shreds or chips of wood..At the intake and discharge.
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| stations, the uneven surface of riprap and abundance of interstices made.observation of these small objects more difficult than at reference stations.Tree stumps and trunks were observed infrequently (5X of total dives)and only once at a reference station.Stumps and trunks were most often observed at the discharge station.Their projections snagged on the uneven substrate.
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| The solid foundation formed by the riprap also prevented the heavy stumps and trunks from sinking in to the substrate.
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| Ma ter discharge currents from the Cook Plant kept these objects washed free of sediment that might otherwise have eventually covered them.On several occasions (1974-1976), I divers observed tree trunks which were adjacent to the discharge structures and remained in place for several months, including winter.In areas of sand substrate, moderately heavy objects resting on the bottom sank into the substrate and were rapidly covered by sediment.Me observed many large chunks of wood, logs, and stumps during excavation of the lake bottom for placement of plant intake and discharge pipes.A portion of an excavated stump was examined and thought to have been buried along the shoreline during a previous low-level stage of the lake;possibly during the Chippewa (5,000-6,000 years ago)or Nipissing (4,000-5,000 years ago)stages (Hough 1958;personal communica tion, C.I.Smith, Department of Geology, University of Nlchigan)..
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| Shells of snails and sphaeriid clams were observed occasionally, most of ten in troughs of large ripple marks or in shallow, flat-bottomed depressions in the riprap.These shells were often fragmented and many were severely eroded.This suggests tha t the shells were transported by waves and currents and accumulated in these areas of slack water.Divers of ten 41 encountered shells or.fragments when~sif ting through coarse-.sand,-but rarely~when examining'ine.
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| sand.Again, this was probably"the result~"ofthe sorting of sediments by water movement;shell fragments-contained in the fine sand were too small to be observed by the unaided eye.Fish feces were commonly observed at reference stations.Alewife feces were most abundant during May-June when these fish concentrated in the area.Following commencement of heated water discharge from the plant during 1975, common carp began to be attracted to the area and feces of'.this:fish were often found in abundance at reference stations closes t to',the discharge 1 structures.
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| The feces of these alewives and common carp undoubtedly increased t the supply of organic material to detritivores and.recycled."nutrients to algae in the local area, but the significance of this contribution
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| .'is unknown.~t 1p On a few occasions, dead crayfish were observed inthe riprap zone but no 4 pattern was detected in their occurrence.
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| However, crayfish:are often used by fishermen as bait for yellow perch that congregate over the riprap.Some of the dead crayfish seen by divers may have been discarded, by'these local f is berm en.Dead insect larvae and shells were observed occasionally but never in large numbers.Larvae of mayflies, water bugs, caddisf lies, and water beetles h were seen at both sand and riprap stations.The preceding observations indicate that a spectrum of plant and animal f material is available to detritivores inhabiting the inshore region of southeastern Lake Michigan.The role that detri,tal-feeding organisms play in lake ecology is discussed in more detail later in,this report (see ECOLOGY).I~Large accumulations of dead fish were never'observed during dives in the vicinity of the Cook Plant (Table 6).The largest" number of dead fish 42 Table 6.Record of dead fish observed during all dives in the vicinity of the D..C.Cook Nuclear Plant;southeastern Lake Michigan, 1973-.1982.
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| Blanks indicate.no data.Da te Ma ter tern.('C)Fish Time Surface Bottom Speciesl observed Dead Live2 North reference s ta tions 25 Jun 75 13 May 76 9 Jun 76 19 May 77 13 Jul 77 28 Jun 78 25 Jun 79 24 Jun 80 26 May 81 1945 1333 1730 1530 1745 1515 1605 1605" 1615 19.0 13.0 21.7 19.0 23.7 20.5 13.5 19.0 14.8 19.0 12.0 16.2 16.0 21.6 16.5 9.5 17.4 12.3 AL AL AL AL SP AL AL AL JD 75-100 1 South reference s ta tions 15 Jul 76 1910 19 May 77 1630 28 Jun 78 18 Jul 78 28 May 80 26 May 81 23 Jun 8)1620 1556 1804 l635 1835 1 Jul 81 1630 19 May 82 1722 18 Jun 73 1717 22 Jul 74 1945 23 J51 74 1445 17 Jul 75 1450 22.0 15.6 15.6 25'23.5 19.5 20.5 18.0 13.6 14.5 17.4 19.0 18.0 10.0 7.8 22;8 22.7 16.5 19.5 15.0 11.9 12.5 16.0 17.0 AL AL AL AL YP AL AL SM CC YX AL AL AL YP AL YP AL 10 1 4 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 30 1 1 1 1>1)000 25-30 20>100 Entake station 16 Jul 75 8 Jun 76 15 Jul 76 28 May 80 28 Jul'0 26 May 81 23 Jun 81 1 Jul 81 (Continued).
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| 1425 2145 1705 1559 0400 1720 1900 1730 22.2 22.2 19.0 16.2 23.5 22.6 13.0 lory 5 18.0 12.5 15.5 12.0 18.0 16.5 18.0 13.0 AL AL SS AL YP AL AL AL 1>1,000 2 1 60 7 30 43 Table 6.Continued.
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| Da te Mater tern.('C)Fish observed Time Surface Bottom Species)Dead Live>Dischar e station 16 Aug 73 22 May 74 1103 21.1 17.8 YP 1150 12.0 11.0 SS YP XX AL AL SS CP 1920 19.0 16.2 AL 16 Jun 77 12 May 76 1540 14.4 11.8 19 May 77 1330 19.6)5.4 1 1 1 1 11 I 1 1 2 18 8))00 AL tm alewife, YP am yellow perch, SS mt or C.a hridi), JD Johnny darter, CC CP common carp, SH rainhou smelt, XX~unidentified fish.See Appendix names.sculpin (C.~co natus channel catfish, SP mt spottail shiner, 3 for scientific Number of live fish of same species observed during same dive.44
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| *observed during a single dive was 30 alewives, which were seen during a dive in June 1981 at a south.reference s,tation.Observation of more than.5 dead.fish during a dive was rare,~and of the 281 dives made in the vicinity of the Cook Plant during 1973-1982 (Table 1), dead fish were observed on only 35 occasions (12%of the dives).During the 281 dives made near the Cook Plant, 125 dead fish were count-ed.Of this total, 107 or 86%of the fish were alewives (see Appendix 3 for scLentific names);the remainder was comprised of yellow perch (5), slimy sculpin and johnny darter (3 each), common carp (2), spottail'shiner (1), channel catfish (1), rainbow smelt (1), and 2 unidentified fish.All of these fish species were abundant in the study area (Tesar and Jude 1985)and were commonly observed by divers, with the exceptLon of channel catfish.Ho particular pattern or trend was detected in numbers of dead fish observed among stations or years.However, 71%of the dives during which dead fish were seen were conducted during May-June.This observation was not surprising because of the high percentage (86%)of dead fish that were alewives.Annual dieoffs of alewives have typically occurred during Hay-June Ln southeastern Lake Hichigan since the late 1960s (Brown 1968, Jude et al.1979).'n fact, considering the thousands of dead fish occasionally seen floating on the surface of the lake above the divers and washed up directly onshore, the small number of carcasses seen on bottom was unexpected.
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| An unquantified but probably small proportion of the alewife carcasses that sank to the bottom may have been eaten or decayed, but severely eroded or decayed F fish were seldom seen.Host dead alewives seen inshore of the 10-m depth contour of the lake probably floated on the surface or bottom until they eventually washed up onshore.The continuous exposure of this inshore region 45 e I of the lake to waves and currents undoubtedly quickened the transport of dea fish to the beach;Dead fish were never observed during April, September, and October.Inshore water temperatures were lower during these months than in Hay-August, and adult alewife and yellow perch remained farther offshore.The few dead yellow perch (5)observed during the underwater study were probably caught and discarded by local fishermen fishing from boats above the riprap and in-lake plant structures.
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| Observations of all other species of dead fish were incidental and showed no pattern or particular significance.
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| l e~Perk h ree k Ins talla tion of the Cook Plant intake structures and associa ted riprap k, field was completed in late 1972.The surfaces of these objects then underwent a rapid sequence of initial rusting (of metallic surfaces), accumulation of'sediment and organic detritus, and formation of bacterial slime.k'luch;of this occurred in 1972-1973.
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| -As the inshore water warmed during spring 1973, the surfaces of the k structures and riprap began to be colonized by periphyton (attached algae), associated zooplankton, and other microscopic invertebrates.
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| Hacroscopic at" tached invertebrates such as sponges, bryozoans, and Hvdra also appeared in small numbers on these surfaces.'he structures and riprap field were firs t examined by divers in June 1973.'rom 1973-1902, the length of periphy ton on the top of the south intake structure and on riprap surrounding its base was measured by divers during most monthly dives (Appendix 1).Extensive colonization and growth of periphyton on the top of the intake structure occurred during its first year H6; in the lake because the periphyton was already.3.7 cm long when first examined in June 1973.,P'eriphyton 0.5 cm in length also appeared on the upper surfaces of riprap surrounding.
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| the structure at..this time.Periphyton grew rapidly on top of the structure during late spring and attained peak lengths during mid-summer.This was followed by sloughing df the algae during late summer and over-wintering at minimal lengths (Fig.3).Although the pattern of growth for periphyton on top of the structure was similar for all years, peak length attained each year varied.This was primarily the result of mechanical abrasion by ropes tied to buoys surrounding, the structure and diver-construction activities during some years.Periphyton attained greatest lengths on protected portions of the structure (e.g., crevices, flanges, etc.)and along the top edges of the s true ture.Periphyton growth on riprap surrounding the base of the south intake structure followed an annual pattern that paralleled that on top of the structure.
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| Peak lengths were usually less than those attained on top of the structure, except during years of abrasion to the top of the structure.
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| The primary reason for reduced growth of periphyton on the riprap was the increased depth (an additional 3 m)and commensurate reduction in light.Some basic patterns in periphyton growth on the structure or surrounding riprap were detected during the 10 seasons that the area was examined (Fig.1).Periphyton growth was most luxuriant at the edges of the structure top and within 5 m of the base of the structure, probably the result of maximal water currents which occurred at these locations.
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| The movement of water kept the periphyton free of sediment and increased exchange of gases and nutrients.
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| Periphyton growth was limited on vertical surfaces and non-47 E~U Z O cv I-r Q 0 X I I I I I I I I I (~I I I I I I I I I I I j I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I~145~rl$01~SS$t~iS$0%0<IllsaiSSOIC I SQyrlSCIIC I ISO)si$01C te7 s te74 ts75 te75 te77 te7e IJ.O-X I-~C9 z-ILJ Q 0 It It I I I I I I I (I I I I l I I I I I I s>>I I It I I TOP OF STRUCTURE (3.5-m stratum)RIPRAP SURROUNDING BASK OF STRUCTURE (73-m depth)S II II I I II I II I I I s I t I I I I I I I I I I I-t Mls~~$$01c~$1$Ii ss$010<1so tssso~c t SJsaw sSCIO t 1seJJ s$010 ts78 te79 leo lect Ised tSSSS DATE Fig.3.Length of periphyton (mm)on top of the south intake structure (at the 3-m depth stra turn)and on the upper surfaces of riprap (at the 7.4-m depth stratum)adjacent to the base of the structure.
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| ileasurements were made during dives in"southeastern Lake.'tichigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973"1982.
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| 48:
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| existenton the undersides of the structure, riprap, and other unlighted surfaces at all depths.The rapid attenua'tion of light with increasing depth also limited growth of periphy tie algae.Periphyton growth at depths exceeding 10 m was minimal in comparison with that which occurred at lesser depths.A similar ob-servation was made during our underwater examinations in 1978-1981 of fine-mesh screens, intake structures, and riprap at the J.H.Campbell Power Plant at Port Sheldon, Michigan, located 100 km north of the Cook Plant (Jude et al.1982).Periphyton growth on all objects was depauperate in comparison with that observed on the upper surfaces of the Cook Plant structures and riprap.However, depths at the Cook Plant ranged f rom 4 to 9 m, while those at the Campbell Plant exceeded 10 m.At Hamilton Reef, located near Muskegon, Michigan, about 140 km north of the Cook Plant, periphyton was very sparse and~Clads hots uas absent (Cosnalius f984).The minimum depth of this teef is 8m 3 m.Observations on the Campbell and Hamilton reefs suggest that periphy-ton growth is limited at depths greater than 7-8 m in eastern Lake Michigan.These observations also suggest that, given the general light, tern>>perature, and water transparency regime in southeastern Lake Michigan, clogging of water intake s truc tures by periphy tic algae should be limited to horizontal surfaces exposed to direct sunlight at depths less than 8 m.However, clogging of s truc tures by attached invertebrates such as sponges, bryozoans, and~Hdra would not necessarily be eliminated by increasing depth, and in fact these organisms became very dense on the Campbell Plant intake screens (Ru tecki e t al.1985, Jude e t al.1982).For several years prior to 1975, periphyton samples'were collected from artificial substrates placed in the lake.Analysis of these samples provided 49 baseline information on the taxonomic composition.
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| of periphy ton in the-study area.Preliminary studies in 1974 and full sampling efforts occurred from 1975 through 1981.During this time, the sampling program was altered so that samples of periphyton were collected from the top of the south intake structure and surrounding riptap by divers.Comparison of the 1974-1981 diver-collected samples with those collected earlier from the artificial substrates revealed that direct sampling of periphyton from the structures and riprap to qualitatively assess colonization and growth of periphytic algae on these objects was preferable to use of hand-placed artificial substrates.
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| A distinct trend occurred toward increasing numbers of taxa, or taxonomic diversity, with time (Fig.4;Table 7), Total numbers of taxa increased from 97 in 1975 to 189 in 1981.Humbers of previously unrecorded taxa followed a trend similar to that observed for total taxa but was less pronounced.
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| This trend was mostly the result of an increasingly diverse diatom flora.The fraction diatom (Bacillariophyta) taxa made of total taxa increased every ye (except 1980)from 58%in 1975 to 75%in 1981 (Table 8);data from 1974 were considered inconclusive because they were based on analysis of only one sample from June.The percentage of the total that green algae (Chlorophyta) comprised decreased by 14%during the same period.Percent composition oi blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) remained relatively stable and varied from 4%in 1976 to 9%in 1978 (range 5%).Other algae (Chrysophyta, Euglenophyta, Pyrrophyta, and Rhodophyta) comprised from 1%(1979)to 8%(1975)by number of the total taxa recorded for each year.The increase in algal taxonomic diversity was accompanied by a decrease in numbers of dominant forms.In 1977, 8 of 97 taxa occurred in all samples;in 1978, 3 of 117 taxa were present in all samples;in 1979, no taxon was 50 ANNUAL 1OTAL~----a PREVIOUSLY IPRECOROEO x 8 O R 0 h O O I OIATOMS QGREENS$74$75 l976$77 1978 l979 l980$8l YEAR Q a.uE-oREENs QorNER Fig.4.Total number and percent composition by major groups of periphytic algae collected by divers from the top of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, located at the 3-m strata of the 9"m contour in southeastern Lake Nichigan.One sample was collected each month, April-October, 1974"1981, in most years.A wet-mounted subsample was qualitatively analyzed under a microscope, and algae were identified to lowest recognizable taxon.Total number of samples analyzed each year was: 1974~1)1975~5, 1976~6)1977=4, 1978=7)1979~7)1980~7, 1981~7.
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| Table 7.Total number and number of previously unrecorded taxa of periphyton identified in diver-collected samples scraped, from the top of the south intake structure of the D.C..Cook Nuclear Plant, 1974-1981.
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| One sample per month, April-October, was collected each year with the exception of 1974 (all months bu t June omitted), 1975 (April and September omi t<<ted), 1976 (October omitted), and 1977 (April, May, and Octo-ber omitted).Fraction (%)of total periphyton taxa that were also identified in samples of entrained phytoplankton collected from the plant forebay is also listed.Blanks indicate no samples collected.
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| To tal No.of no.of Yea r samples taxa Ho.(%)taxa previously unrecorded Percen tage of taxa entrained 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 21 97 67 97 117 131 141 189 21 (100)66 (68)1 (1)34 (35)43 (37)45 (34)38 (27)54 (29)74 81 79 78 78 Table 8.Composition by number (and percent)of the number of taxa'found in diver-collected periphy ton samples scraped from the top of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant south intake structure during 1974-1981.
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| One sample per month, April-October, was collected each year with the exception of 1974 (all months but June omitted), 1975 (April and September omitted), 1976 (October omitted), and 1977 (April,!ay, and October omitted).Algae we re ca tegorized as follows: dia toms Bacillariophy ta, green algae Chlorophyta, blue-green algae Cyanophyta, golden-brown algae Chrysophy ta, red algae Rhodophyta, and other algae~Euglenophyta and Pyrrophyta.
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| Blue-Golden-Green green brown Red Other Year Dia toms algae algae algae algae algae 1974 15 (71)5 (24)1975 56 (58)28 (29)1976 44 (63)19 (27)1977 61 (63)25 (26)1978 75 (63)29 (25)1979 101 (70)31 (2))1980 91 (64)37 (26)1981 142 (75)29 (15)1 (5)5 (5)3 (4)5 (5)10 (9)11 (8)11 (7)9 (5)0 5 (5)3 (4)2 (2)1 (1)1 (1)1 (1)(2)0 0 1 (1)2 (2)1 (2)0 1 (1)3 (3)0 2 (2)0 0 1 (1)1 (1)0 5 (3)52 present in all samples;in 1980 and 1981, one taxon-was.present in all samples.During the period 1975-1980, the dominant green al'gae on the structure were species of Cladophora.
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| During 1979-1981, length and density of Cladophora filaments growing on the s true ture were reduced rela tive to earlier years.Oscillatoria spp.were the dominant blue-green algae during all years expect 1981 when~Ance"-ris incerta was most abundant.Diatoms of the genera Asterionella,~Cmbella,~Fra ilaria, Nelosira, Navicula, gitzschia, broun algae~Dinobr on sp.was commonly recorded in samples, while red algae, flagellates, and euglenoids were occasionally noted.Successive comparison of total numbers of taxa identified annually in the periphyton samples revealed: 54 taxa were present in 1981 only;48 taxa were present in 2 of the 7 years;23 taxa were present in 3 of the 7 years;17 taxa were present in 4 of the 7 years;10 taxa were present in 5 of the 7 years;17 taxa were present in 6 of the 7 years;and 37 taxa were present in all years.The fraction of perIphyton taxa observed in samples of entrained phytoplankton collected from the Cook Plant forebay was consistently high, varying from 74K to 81%during 1977-1981 (Table 7).This observation suggests that considerable sloughing of periphyton occurs each year.Host likely, sloughing rates are highest during late summer and early fall as decreasing light levels and water temperatures result in die-off of much of the periphyton.
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| Comparison between taxonomic lists of algae collected by divers and those collected in entrainment samples pumped from the plant forebay, suggests that entrainment samplIng is an effective method for qualitatively assessing the diversI.ty of periphyton attached to In-lake power plant structures during months when diving Is not possible.53 Several conclusions may be drawn from the observations presented in thi sec tion.Almos t immedia tely upon their placement in the lake, underwa ter structures were colonized by peri'phyton, and considerable taxonomic diversity'as achieved during the first year.However, there was a steady increase in the total number of taxa recorded each year, which was accompanied by a decline in number of dominant forms noted.A substantial number of rare taxa was recorded each year, and long-term dominant taxa were few in number.The largest number of previously unrecorded taxa was identified in 1981 samples, during the fifth and final year of the periphyton study.This suggests that ecological succession continued to occur 7 years af ter the structures and riprap had been placed in the lake, and that the taxonomic composition and relative abundance of periphyton had not yet stabilized at the end of this period.Evidence (Fig.4)also'ndicated that periphytic succession would continue and that taxonomic stabilization was not imminent.s The decline in abundance of Cladophora during 1979-1981 was significant because, prior to tha t, these algae comprised mos t of the mass of periphy ton seen and sampled from the area.Reasons for this decline are not known, but reduced abundance oE~Clado hors is related to deciiaing phosphorus levels in Lake s1ichigan due to the phosphate ban in 1977 and reduced discharges at Chicago and Vaukegan, illinois.Presence (absence)oE Cladoohora on subs tra tes was shown to affect the distribution of some invertebrates (Lauritsen and 4hite 1981).A t tached.'lacro inver tebra tes Several taxa of invertebrates having one or more sessile stages during which they must attach to a substrate were observed by divers and included: 54 freshwater sponge, bryosoans, and~Hdra spp.~Observations of these aaimals were generally.incidental relative to those.of other invertebra'tes (snails and crayfish), but a-few patterns emerged from the limited data (Appendix-1);Attached invertebrates were only observed on substrates in the riprap zone.Attached invertebrates were not observed in reference areas because of the absence of s table subs tra te.Branched or multi-filamentous
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| ~Hdra were first observed during September 1973 and were attached to riprap surrounding the intake structures.
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| They were not observed again until 1978 when they were seen during standard series diving in October.~Hdra were subsequently observed twice in 1979, and once in 1980 and 1982.These da ta are somewha t misleading in tha t they sugges t the abundance of~Hdra was low in the study area.When observed,~Bdra occurred in tremendous numbers and often completely covered the upper surfaces of the riprap.During February 1977, a supplemental dive was made in the Cook Plant forebay where mats of~gdra I-I cm thick and more than 10 m in diameter were seen attached to the forebay walls.Commercial divers noted similar occurrences of~gdra during inspection of the interior walls of the plant intake and discharge pipes (personal communication, A.Sebrechts, Bridgman, Mich.).The abundance of~Hdra on the intake structures and pipe explains its consistent occurrence in large numbers in entrainment samples.ln the open lake,~Hdra were seen only during Hay and augustWctober, sugges ting that conditions (e.ge g water temperature, availabili ty of specific planktonic prey)during June-July were not conducive to~Hdra growth.Another possibility is that~Hdra competed for substrate wirh algal periphyton which attained maximum growth during June>>July.
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| This hypothesis is consistent with diver observations that,~Hdra were concentrated on the lateral and undersides.
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| of the rip'rap and pl,ant structures where periphyton was absent.The long-term distribution of~Hdra shoved.a distinct pattern.of initial colonization within one year of placement of subs trates in the lake, followed by an extended period (1974-1977) of gradual expansion in distribution and density on these substrates.
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| Peak abundance was achieved during 1978-1980, although~Hdra continued to be obsetved throughout the dura rion of the study.Bryozoans were observed during monthly dives once in 1974, three times in 1976, once in 1977, 1978, and 1980, and twice in 1981.Colonies were isolated and generally small, never exceeding a centimeter in diameter.No seasonal or temporal pattern in the abundance or distribution of this organism was detected during this study.Colonization of the structure and riprap by bryozoans occurred during the f irs t two years tha t these subs trates were in the lake.Freshwater sponges were not observed in the study area until 1975, when they were seen during two monthly d1ves.Subsequently, they were seen during 3 mo in 1976, all months in 1977, 4 mo in 1978, 3 mo in 1979, 1 mo in 1980, 4 mo in 1981, and 1 mo in 1982.Both its seasonal and temporal distributions were more continuous than that of~tt dra or bryozoans.
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| About two years were required for sponges to colonize the plant structures and riprap in sufficient numbers to be noticed by divers.Kt is possible that colonization of these substrates may have occurred more slowly than for Hvdra or bryozoans, although this cannot be substantiated by our data.Numbers of sponge colonies appeared to stabilize during)976-1978 and remained at similar levels of abundance through the remainder of the study.56 Both the structures and riprap served as substrates for attachment of sponges, although they were observed most frequently on the'.riprap.
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| Sponges were not observed during dives in early spring (April"May) except in 1977.Generally, colonies were first observed during June, continued to increase in numbers throughout the summer, and remained abundant during the fall (September October).In late summer, sponges were often bright green in color, a result of the inclusion of algal cells in the sponge matrix.Colonies usually appeared as flattened disks up to 1 cm in thickness and 10 cm in diameter, but occasionally formed finger-like outgrowths 2-3 cm in length.During late fall, sponge colonies became flattened and tan or white in color as the algal cells died, and a reduction or die-off of sponge was suspected to occur during the winter.Winter die-off and dormancy of most living cells contained in upper strata of the underlying skeletal matrix is typical of temperate freshwater sponges (Pennak 1953).The general pattern of colonization of Cook Plant substrates by attached invertebra tes was one of early appearance followed by slow expansion to avail-able substrates.
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| Riprap appeared to provide a more suitable substrate than did the metal structures, perhaps because rusting and sloughing of the metal surface occurred throughout the study, although the rate at which this process occurred declined in later years of the study.Peak abundance of attached macroinvertebrates occurred four to six years af ter placement of substrates in the lake.During the last several years of the study, the abundance of~Hdra and bryozoans declined, while numbers of sponge colonies continued to fluc-tuate and showed no particular pattern or trend.Availability of substrate combined wi th moving (plant-circula ted)wa ter and presence of surf icial sedi-ment, organic detritus, and periphyton combined to provide a hospitable but 57 isolated micro-environment that was atypical of the surrounding inshore en-vironment.
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| Underwater observations at both the Campbell Plant reef near Port Shel-don, Michigan (Jude et al.1982)and Hamilton Reef near Muskegon, Michigan (Cornelius 1984)documented the colonization of riprap by sponges within one to two years of substrate placement in Lake Michigan.At the Campbell Plant, sponge colonies attached to wedge-wire intake screens in addition to the riprap, eventually necessitated cleaning of these screens.Farther north of the Campbell Plant at Hamilton Reef, sponges and unidentified fungi were common in diver collected samples of invertebrates attached to the riprap (Cornelius l984).Free-livin Macroinver tebra tes Oiver observation of unattached or free-living macroinvertebrates in the study area included aquatic s tages of insect larvae, molluscs (clams and il snails), and crustaceans (crayfish).
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| These observations are summarized in Appendices l-2.Within and outside the riprap zone, divers observed larvae of Diptera (Chironomidae
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| -true midges), Ephemeroptera (mayflies), and Trichoptera (caddisf lies).Observations of these larvae were infrequent with no clear pattern.However, insect larvae were observed only during mid-spring (April-May)in the study area.Other invertebrates observed in the area included the crustaceans
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| .'Ivsfs summer and fall (August-October) and never during spring or early summer.58 Sightings of the above.invertebrates were generally limited to the riprap zone.Of ten, these organisms were seen clinging to the sides or.undersurfaces of stones.These animals were rarely seen in areas north or south of the plant.Most likely, invertebrates living in such areas of shif ting sand substrate either buried themselves in the upper layers of the sediment and were not visible to the divers or were quickly eaten by fish.Molluscs observed during the study included Sphaeriidae (fingernail clam)and Gastropoda (snails).Live sphaeriids were not observed because they were buried in the sediment.However, large numbers of empty shells were commonly seen at all stations.Sphaeriid shells accumulated in the troughs of ripple marks and in open depressions among the riprap.These accumula tions were often several centimeters thick and several meters in length or diameter and a t tes ted to the abundance of these organisms in the study area.On one occasion one valve of a large pocketbook clam (~iam silis ventricose) vas found at 6 m at the most northerly reference station (Fig.2).Whether the specimen came from Lake Michigan or was transported from a connected inland lake was not known.However, we found lampsilid clams in abundance in the Grand Mere Lakes, a chain of shallow bar lakes located about 3 km north of the Cook Plant and which connect to Lake Michigan via an intermittent outlet.Gas tropods (snails)observed in the area during 1973-)992 included~ph sa, Goniobasis, and~Lmnaea.~Lmnaea were easily recognized by the high, sharp spire of their shell.Only shells of this snail were seen on a few occasions, and live specimens were never observed.~ph sa and Goniobasis were distinguished underwater by differences in the coil of their shell (sinistral and dextral, respectively).
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| Laboratory identification of snails collected over a period of several years revealed that most specimens were~Ph sa~knee ra 59 and documented-this.snail to be the predominant, gastropod inhabiting the Coo Plant riprap.Gastropod speciation at the J..H.-Campbell Plant differed considerably from that observed for the Cook Plant.The Campbell Plant riprap was initially colonized by Valuate vhich vere later displaced by~Lmnaea, and~Ph sa vere never observed at the Campbell Plant (Rutecki et al.1985).Interesting3.yp Valvata were seen in great abundance during a pre-construction underwater survey of the site in 1977 (Jude et al.1978)and were the most abundant gastropod in Ponar grab samples of sediment collected during 1977-1979 from areas north and south of the plant (Winnell and Jude 1981).The difference in species distribution of gastropods between the Cook and Campbell reefs was probably related to differences in physical and biological conditions at the two reefs.The increased size of the riprap and interstitial spaces, combined with greater depth and subsequently reduced'I s storm-generated vs ter turbulence, less periphyton, and absence of~Clado hors t on the Campbell Plant reef, may have favored or excluded certain species of snails.Pennak (1953)noted that Phvsa occurs in greatest abundance where there is a moderate amount of aquatic vegetation but is rare in areas where there are dense mats of vegetation.
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| This may, in part, explain why~Ph sa initially colonized the Cook riprap but disappeared in later years as periphyton became more abundant on the reef.Absence of periphyton or other vegetation on the Campbell riprap may have discouraged colonization of this reef by~ph sa.On the other hand, Lvmnaes is found in a vide variety of habitats (Pennak 1953).This snail was abundant on the Campbell reef and its shells we re occasionally collected a t the Cook reef.Ho exac t explanation could be made for the presence of Valvata on the Campbell reef and its absence 60' on the Cook reef.However, there is a ma)or'natomical and physiological difference in the respiratory mechanism of the Valvatidae when, compared with the Physidae and Lymnaeidae.
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| The Valvatidae have external plumose gills;whereas, the Physidae and Lymnaeidae have a"lung" or pulmonary cavity.Also, most pulmonate snails come to the surface to breathe (although a large number do not)and therefore generally tend to inhabitat shallow water.The increased depth of the Campbell reef along with absence of periphyton that might interfere with external gills may have favored the valvatid snails.Numbers of snails (primarily
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| ~Ph sa)at the Cook Plant did not show any s trong pattern of seasonal abundance during April-October, except that they tended to be most abundant during April"June and August-October and were never abundant during July (Fig.5).However, a clear pattern of temporal abundance emerged during the study.Snails were observed in large numbers during 1973-1975 and peaked in abundance during Hay 1975 when 30-100 snails/m were counted, during dives at the south intake station..These numbers include only snails immediately visible to divers without disturbing the riprap.In actuality, the density of snails was probably several times greater than 30-100/m, because they were abundant on the sides and undersurfaces of the riprap as well as on stones beneath the surficial layer of riprap.Following 1975, a precipitous decline in snail abundance occurred during 1976-1978.
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| No snails were observed in the study area from 1979 through 1982.The riprap was colonized by snails during its first year in the lake and supported large populations of~Ph sa for about three years.At that point, I habitat conditions or some other ecological effect occurred that rendered the riprap unsuitable for~Ph sa.As previously noted, it is possible that after several years, the accumulation of sediment and periphyton on the surface of 61 O O~~~NLASER GREATER THAN IQQQ 4 NUMBER GREATER THAN IQO W O 0 Z Q G Q 0 O F MAM J JASONO FMAMJ JA SONO F MAM JJ ASONO.F MAM JJ ASONO FMAMJJ A SONO F MAM JJ ASO$73 I97~l975 I976 I977 I978 DATE VII,.5.Hninbers of snails observed by dive rs in southeastern Lake Hichigan near the D.C.Cook IInc 1 ear Plant, 1913-1982.
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| Sna I ls ucre seen only at stations ui thin the riprap zone and none uas observed after 1978.ND~no divlnI, that mon L the riprap-reached a point.at which it interfered with the respiration or movement of the snails., Another possibility is that composition of~microscopic flora and fauna that snail's fed upon was altered through the accumulation of sediment and periphyton, and eventually the riprap surfaces no longer provided suitable food for the snails.Yet another possibility is based on the observation that snail egg cases were commonly observed during the first few years of diving bUt not in later years.Perhaps as the surface of the riprap aged and accumula'ted material, it was no longer sufficiently clean to serve as substrate for the attachment and incubation of these eggs.On a few occasions,.live snails were seen on the metal surfaces of the Ih intake and discharge structures.
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| However, only isolated animals were observed and densities never exceeded.','one snail per several square meters.The surface pl of the structures was always'covered with either periphyton and sediment, or, when periphyton was absent,;rust.
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| The snails may have avoided all such surfaces.Also, snails were quite obvious on the flat surface of the structure and may have been, more susceptible to predation by fish.Tn contrast to sightings of Valvata in areas surrounding the Campbell reef, live snails were never observed by divers in sand-substrate areas surrounding the Cook Plant riprap zone.LVo explanation can be offered for this difference.
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| However, snails were observed in areas of natural (clay, cobble)rough substrate north and south of the Cook Plant (Dorr 1982).These isolated areas of naturally occurring, stable substrate probably served as preserves on the lake bottom where snails, along with crayfish and attached invertebrates c'ould survive and emigrate to areas of newly placed artificial subs tra te.63 s Information on.the abundance and distribution-of decapods (crayfish) in the study area originated from two sources:-diving observations made during 1973"1982 and records of their impingement from 1975 through 1981 on Cook Plant traveling screens (Fig.6).Three species of crayfish were present in impingement samples;Orconectes
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| ~ro in uus, O.virilis, and Cambarus~dfo ence~dfo enas.Only isolated specimens of the latter tuo species vere collected, representing only a fraction of a percent (0.08%)of all crayfish collected (Winnell 1984).Crayfish were observed during all years of the underwater s tudy, al though their abundance flue tua ted during this period.I t was assumed that most crayfish observed by divers vere O.~ro in uus, based on the predominance of that species in impingement samples.Crayfish were observed more frequently at night than during the day (Fig.7).This was in accordance wi th the generally nocturnal habits of this'animal which remains hidden in burrows or under substrate during the daytime v (Pennak 1953).At the Cook Plant, crayfish could be found during daytime by excavating some of the riprap.At night, crayfish emerged and rested on top of the s tones or among the in ters tices.Comparison of total numbers of crayfish observed by divers each month with numbers of crayfish impinged documented a general pattern of initial low abundance, followed by rapid population growth, and then by a decline to about one-tenth of peak abundance.
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| Crayfish were observed in 1973 and had therefore colonized the reef within one year of its placement in the lake.During 1979-1982, numbers of crayfish observed and fmpinged fluctuated but remained within the same general.upper and lower limits during the period.During April-October, 1975-1982, day and night observations were made at two side-by-side, 1 x 10 m transects adjacent to the base of the south intake 64 O I" Il II II II'I I II I I I I II I I I I 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I R" t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I (I~(>J fs pv nn Sg<~ng~gE(~0~~~'p t f I I (I Il I I I I I ((I II)O O O O O'EI MAMJJ A SONO (978 O 2 g F MAMJJASON MAMJ JA SOHO F MAM JJASOHO F HAMJJ ASOHO Cl (973 (974 (975 (978 l977 LLI CBSERYED V)~--~IMPINGED CQ Ci UJ Z: CL O WI II Il ll I I I I I I I I I 7 I (I (I I I f 4 I'i II II I((I II II I I I I ((I ,>n,<'u I I A (I I l/I I I I I ('O O O O EI FHAMJJASON MAMJJASONO FMAMJJASONO FHAMJJASONO IIAMJJASOHO 1978 1979 880 198((988 (983 DATE Fig.6.Numbers of crayfish observed by divers (1973-1982) and impinged on traveling screens (1975-1981) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1975-1981, sou theas tern Lake Iiichigan.
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| 65 0 ED 0 0J 0 CU 0 OJ 0 0 Z II II Il I I I I I p sf bo F MAM J JASON MAM J JA SONO FMAM JJ ASONO F MAM JJ ASONO l975 I976 877-l978 l979 0 CU FMAMJ JASON MAM J JA SONO FMAM JJASONO FMAMJJ ASONO l979 I980 I98I I982 l985 DATE I:ig.7.Total numbers of crayfish s<<en by divers during day and night swims over two ad]acent i x 10 m trans<<cts (20 m total area)along tlute base of the south intake structure of the 0.C.2 Nuclear Plant, south<<as tern lake Hichigan, 19 982.0, I I I t+'~i~4+~~
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| structure.
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| These observations were pooled to yield numbers of crayfish (and other organisms) observed per 20 m.These quantified observations were based on standardized me thodology and cons ti tu ted the mos t reliable da tabase from which conclusions could be drawn based on underwater observations.
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| Comparison of transect observations of crayfish (Fig.7)with total numbers of crayfish observed and impinged in the study area (Fig.6)revealed a corroborating
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| 'I pattern of temporal abundance.
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| As with total numbers of crayfish observed and impinged, peak abundance of crayfish recorded during transect observations l (72/20 m2)also occurred during 1976, although more were seen during September than August.Transect observations also suppor t the conclusion tha t'crayf ish were most abundant on the Cook Plant riprap during 1975-1977 and that their abundance declined precipitously during 1978.They continued to be obs'eryed in small numbers through 1981 but none was seen in 1982.The reason for the abrupt decline in abundance of crayfish in 1978.is unknown.Peak numbers of crayfish impinged during 1978 approached 1977 levels but sustained impingement during 1978 was clearly less than that'of 1977.Total and transect observations of crayfish declined by a factor of 10 during the period 1977-1978.
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| It appears that some environmental factor or ecological relationship changed during the period fall 1977-spring 1978 and caused a rapid decline in abundance of crayfish on the Cook Plant riprap.A similar decline in abundance of snails was discussed earlier, although it occurred I during 1976, about two years in advance of the crayfish population decline.Peak abundance of crayfish recorded during transect observations (September 1976-Fig.7)was 72/20 m2 or about 4/m2.However, this number included only those animals visible to the divers who did not displace the riprap during transect swims.Based on non-transect observations during which 67 the riprip was overturned, it is possible that actual abundance of crayfish, may have peaked at 8-10/m2.Based-on numbers and'weights of",crayfish impinged during the same month, the average weight of these crayfish was 5.1 g.This extrapolates to an observed abundance of 20.4 g/m2 (162 lbs/acre)and an es time ted abundance of 41-51 g/m2 (364-445 lbs/acre).Pennak (1953)noted that pond populations of crayfish generally do not exceed 100 lbs/acre but in exceptional cases may attain 500-1,500 lbs/acre.These data suggest that at peak abundance, the riprap supported a relatively dense population of cray-fish.It is possible that within rwo to three years the carrying capacity of the habitat may have been exceeded which resulted in the subsequent decline in crayfish abundance observed during la ter years of the study.Unlike the Cook Plant reef, no crayfish were observed during four years of diving (1978-1981) on the Campbell Plant reef.Rutecki et al.(1985)attributed this disparity to differences in reef composition and configuration, Surf icial riprap surrounding the Cook Plant intakes was composed of stone ranging from about 0.1-0.6 m in diameter and weighing about 1-50 kg.Campbell Plant riprap was considerably larger than Cook Plant riprap, usually exceeding 1 m in diameter and weighing 225-900 kg.The inters tices among the Campbell riprap were much larger than those of the Cook Plant and may have provided crayf ash with less protection from fish predation (e.g...slimy sculpin, yellow perch), especially during the egg and juvenile s tages.Another possible explanation for the absence oi crayfish on the Campbell reef is that, in contrast to the Cook riprap, periphyton was extremely depanperare cn the Caapbell riprap and~Clads hera aas absent.Prince et al.(1975)found that in Smith.'1ountain Lake, crayf ish were abundant in areas suppor tlag luxuriant~Glade hors and, absent from areas with little or no growth of this alga.Crayfish are omnivorous and are, known to-eat aquatic vegetation
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| -, (Pennak 1953).it is possible that~Clado hors constituted an important component of the diet of crayfish at the Cook Plant and that absence of this or other aquatic vegetation on the Campbell riprap resulted in an inadequate supply of food.Lauritsen and White (1981)found that the seasonal abundance of some predacious and filter-feeding zoobenthos was correlated with the the luxuriance of~Glade hors on the Cook Plant riptap.These zoobenthos may have served as prey for crayfish, thus providing a trophic link through which the abundance of~Glade hors could affect rhe abundance of crayfish on the reef.These observations correspond with those of Cornelius (1984)for Hamilton Reef near tkluskegon, tklichigan.
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| This artificial reef is similar in composition and location to the Campbell reef, although its configuration is somewhat different in that the riprap is separated into numerous piles several meters apart which are interspersed by areas of sand.Like the Campbell reef, periphy ton uas scarce on the!luskegon reef,~Clado hors was absent, and crayfish were not observed during three field seasons of diving, Elsewhere in the area, Dorr (1982)documented the presence of crayfish in areas of na turally occur r ing cobble subs tra te loca ted near Sauga tuck and Sou th Haven, ilichs 9 between the Campbell and Cook Plants.These substrates also supported periphyton, although growths were never as luxuriant as those seen at the Cook Plant.However, abundance of crayfish was also lower at these locations than at the Cook Plant.The above observations argue for the existence of a relationship between abundance of periphy ton,~Glade hors in particular, and that, of crayfish on inshore reefs in eastern Lake Hichigan.69 Ouring 10 years of diving at" the Cook Plant, only one crayfish was see in an area of sand substrate outside the riprap zone.This attests to the critical role that substrate plays as a limiting factor in the life history and distribution of crayfish, particularly in such a harsh environment as occurs inshore in eastern Lake Michigan.Fish S awnin Spawning by numerous species of f ish has been inf erred f rom ca tches of male and female fish with:ripe-running gonads ia the inshore region of Lake Michigan near the Cook Plant (Jude et al.1979, Tesar et al.1985).Occurrence of newly hatched yolk-sac larvae in plankton net hauls in the lake and entrainment sam les collected from the lant foreba (Bimber et al.1984 P p y Noguchi et al.1985)supports this inference.
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| lahore direct evidence of fish i1 spawning in the immediate vicinity of the Cook Plant was provided by in situ observation of eggs of five fish species: alewife, spottail shiner, yellow perch, johnny darter, and slimy sculpin.fish eggs were observed during all years of the study except 1982 (Appendix 1).Eggs were observed exclusively during i1ay-August (Fig.8).Duration of occurrence for a given species ranged from about 3 weeks for yellow perch and sculpin to about 10 weeks for alewife.The line graphs in Figure 8 must be interpreted with care because they present information on different components of the reproductive cycle.The basic progression oi events during reproduction should be the appearance of ripe-running fish 1n the area followed (or paralleled) by spawning and deposition of eggs."Next would come a period of egg incubation during which 70 8' VISI~ISI~ISISIQISISISISISISI
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| ~'LW%%%'LW'POTTAI.
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| 99NE R~ISISISI~ISISII%%WVNSSSN%%94%%%%%
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| Eo W w YELLOII 0 PERCH CO JENNY DARTER SLIMY SCIA.PUI~ISIS I~IS I~Isssss&%%%A1
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| ~I~ISIS IS I NISI~I NISI 5 LWM%%C ISISISI~ISISI~IS I NISI~'A%%%1 SOURCE OF WFORMATIOH
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| ~I S I~IS UTERATURE NNTXSSSI PNEOCAANANCE OF ICE FEMALES N FIELD SAINT.ES (l91S-I979)
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| OCOVISVSCE CV VCEK SIC OOSISE N FIELO SAMPLES O9YS-l979)
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| OCCURRENCE OF YCLK-SAC LA%Sf N ENTIIANQGIT SAIR.ES DSTS-)9TSI EOOS COSOIVEO KV CIVKII~JAH FEB MAR APR MAY JUH JIA-AUG SEP OCT HOI DEC MONTH Fig.8.Chronology of maturation, spawning, egg incubation, and hatching of alewife, spottail shiner, yellow perch, johnny darter, and slimy sculpin, in southeastern Lake Hichigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Spawning periods were cited from Auer (1982);all otl)er data were co)npiled during 1973-1982 studies at the Cook Plant.
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| eggs might be observed in situ followed by hatching-and appearance of yolk-sac,'arvae in the area.Host data ptesented in Figure 8 were compiled exclusively from diving observations and concurrent studies of adult and larval fish at the Cook Plant, with the exception of the literature survey.Therefore, some disparity between reported spawning periods and the timing of other events in the reproduc tive cycle shown in Fig 8.was expected.This occurred because the literature survey included habitats other than the Cook Plant where environ-mental conditions might elicit spawning at other times of the year.For ex-ample, temperature-dependent spawning of fish may occur earlier in the year in a shallow inland lake where the water warms more rapidly in spring than in Lake'lichigan.
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| Another cause for the disparity among events depicted in Figure 8 may be that these data'ummarize the findings from several years of study.Some varIability occurred among years in the timing of reproductive events (e.g., maturation of gonads, deposition of eggs, and hatching of larvae).Therefore, for any g Even year, the dura tion of reproductive events was probably shorter than the periods shown.Alewife showed the most protracted period of reproductive activity among the five species.Over a 4"6-yr period, yolk-sac larvae were taken in field samples as early as April and appeared in both field and entrainment samples until the beginning of October.Occurrence of ripe adults (early.'lay-mid-July)and observation of eggs (June-mid-August) were in close agreement in terms of the sequence of these reproductive events.The spawning period reported in the literature for alewife was longer than tha t suggested by adult fish studies and diving observations but agreed with the occurrence of yolk-72 S sac larvae late in the summer.The appearance of yolk-sac.larvae in field and entrainment samples during Ap'ril.was difficult, to explain in terms of the.data.presented in Figure 8 bu t may have resulted from exceptionally early spawning by a few fish.Yolk-sac larvae were never captured in large numbers during April or early Hay.The period from mid-May through July appeared to encompass the bulk of alewife spawning and egg incubation in the study area.Most eggs observed during late July and August were either opaque or fungused, indica ting that they were no longer viable.Of these five fish, alewife, spottail shiner, yellow perch, johnny darter, and slimy sculpin, only alewife has pelagic eggs that are randomly broadcast during spawning;the other four species have demersal eggs that adhere to the substrate.
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| Also, only alewife eggs were observed in areas outside the t'iprap zone.The eggs of ten accumulated and formed a thin layer in the troughs of the ripple marks at the sand-substrate reference stations north and south of the plant.Alewife eggs were commonly observed on top of the riprap and plant structures, trapped among the filaments of periphyton.
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| Eggs were seen in about equal abundance in the riprap zone and at reference stations.No indication of area-or substrate-selective spawning was noted.During 1973-1982 adult fish studies near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, several thousand yellow perch stomachs were examined.Many were found to 4 contain alewife eggs, thereby documenting predation by yellow perch on these eggs (unpublished data, Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.).These studies and those of Dorr (1982)showed extensive yellow perch predation on young"of" the-year and adult alewife as well.Yellow perch predation on large larval alewives was suspected, but larvae were not found in the stomachs of yellow perch, probably because of the rapid rate at which this material was 73 digested beyond recognition..
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| The Cook Plant adult fish studies also documented a dramatic.,increase in abundance of yellow.perch, in the area and a concurrent decline in abundance of alewife (Tesar and Jude 1985, Jude and Tesar 1985).The recent decline in abundance of alewife in Lake Michigan probably resulted from salmonine predation.
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| Increased abundance and predation of yellow perch on eggs, larvae, juveniles, and adult alewife combined with that from stocked salmonids may cause a possible future collapse of alewife stocks in Lake Michigan.Spottail shiners were observed spawning on top of the south intake structure during a night dive in 1973.As the eggs were broadcast over the mat of periphyton that covered the surEace of the structure, they settled into the periphyton and adhered to the algal filaments.
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| Spawning was not observed on the riprap.On several occasions during later years, a few eggs were collected from the top of the structure and incubated in the laboratory, and the newly hatched larvae were identified as spottail shiners.The chronology of reproductive events observed for spottail shiners in the study area (Fig.8)closely paralleled the expected timing oE events.Ripe fish were caught during mid-April-mid-July.
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| Spawning and eggs were observed during June.Yolk-sac larvae appeared in field samples from June through mid-August and in entrainment samples from June through mid-October.
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| The bulk of spottail shiner spawning, egg incuba tion, and hatching occurred during June-mid-July in the study area.The only unexplained component oi the data (Fig.8)was the observation oE yolk-sac larvae in entrainment samples.?during September and October, one to two months af ter ripe Eish ceased to be collected in the area.The spawning period reported in the literature Eor 74 spottail shiners was in close agreement with that which would have been pr ed ic ted f rom f ield s tudy da ta.Spottail shiner eggs were occasionally seen on the riprap but never at reference stations.This is probably due to the more nearshore distribution
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| ((3 m)of their eggs.Maturation, spawning, egg incubation, and hatching of yellow perch in the study area was examined in detail by Dorr (1982).He documented that spawning and incubation of yellow perch eggs was limited to areas of rough (natural or artificial) substrate.
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| Yellow perch egg masses were never observed on sand substrate during nearly 500 dives in the study area which encompassed 10 spawning seasons (Dorr and Jude 1980a,b;Dorr 1982).These findings concur with those reported in the literature and clearly establish that in southeastern Lake Michigan yellow perch spawned selectively on stable, rugose subs tra te.These subs tra tes probably serve to anchor the eggs and suspend them slightly above bottom, thereby reducing settling of eggs into the substrate or transport to areas with conditions less favorable to survival, e.g., the turbulent beach zone.In addition to the Cook Plant reef, evidence of yellow perch spawning on F two other artificial reefs in eastern Lake Michigan has been compiled.Al-though yellow perch egg masses were never observed on the Campbell Plant reef (Ru tecki et al.1985), the high abundance of ripe fish and yolk-sac larvae in field samples and predominance of yellow perch larvae in entrainment samples (Jude e t.al.1982)suggest that perch spawned on this reef.Yellow perch eggs e were usually observed in situ for no more than 2 weeks (Dorr 1982);most like-ly, the timing and intensity of diving on the Campbell reef was inadequate to 75 permit observation of, eggs.Biener (1982)reported aggregation and spawnin of yellow perch on Hamilton Reef near Muskegon,.
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| Michigan, in 1981.Yellow perch egg masses were also observed in areas of natural rough subs tra te by Dorr (1982).Masses were seen at 6-9 m on co'bble substrate near Sauga tuck and South Haven, Michigan, and on rugose clay substrate 3 km north of the Cook Plant and on New-Buffalo shoals south of the plant.Egg masses have also been seen on clay substrate near Michigan City, Indiana (personal communication, G.McDonald, Ball State Univ., Muncie, Indiana).Capture of ripe yellow perch during early April-early June and observa-tion of eggs during mid-May-early June corresponded with the expected timing of these events.Occurrence of yolk-sac larvae in field and entrainment sam-ples during mid-May-July corresponded with maturation andspawning.
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| The oc-currence of yolk-sac larvae in the study area during April and early May has been attributed to riverine input of larvae'spawned in inland waters that warm to spawning temperatures earlier in the spring than inshore Lake Michigan waters (Wells 1973;Jude et al.1979, 1981a;Dorr 1982;Perrone et al.1983).Appearance of yolk-sac larvae in Augus t entrainment samples may have been the result of some isolated la te spawning or unusually slow maturation oi larvae.The spawning period (mid"May to mid-June)reported for yellow perch in southern Lake Michigan corresponded closely with that predicted from Cook Plant fish and underwater studies, Lake Michigan yellow perch have a short reproductive season relative to other fish species, and the bulk of spawning, incubation, and hatching occurs during a 3-4-week period from mid-May through early June in this area of the lake.Johnny darter eggs were found on two occasions in 1977, during May and June.In May, one cluster oi eggs was found attached to the underside of a 76 Cl fiberglass washtub and another was attached to the underside of a swim fin."Both of these objects had been lost from the dive boat during the previous month.In June, two more clusters of eggs were found attached to the underside of a flat slab of wood.The female darter of ten lays her eggs in several clusters each containing 20-200 eggs (Scott and Crossman 1973);the two clusters of eggs found on the wood slab may have been spawned by a single fish.The clusters were 2-3 cm in diameter and were composed of several hundred eggs packed closely together in a single layer.The eggs were collected, hatched in the laboratory, and larvae verified as johnny darters.The concurrent appearance of ripe fish in field samples and observation of eggs during mid"May to mid-June (Fig.8)defined a short spawning period for johnny darters in the study area.The occurrence of yolk"sac larvae in field and entrainment samples during mid-Hay-July was in general accord with the timing of spawning and incubation of eggs, as was the spawning period reported in the literature.
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| But, like the other species, both early and late occurrences of yolk-sac larvae were noted.These data suggest that the bulk of johnny darter spawning, incubation, and hatching occurs from mid-Hay through late June in the study area.Sculpin eggs were found on two occasions, in i'lay of 1974 and 1978.In both instances, the eggs occurred as a flattened mass attached on the underside of a piece of riprap.These masses were similar in appearance to the johnny darter egg clusters except that both the individual sculpin eggs and si e of the egg mass were larger than those of the darter.On both occasions, the collected eggs were incubated in the laboratory until the larvae hatched and were identified as slimy sculpin (Cottus~co natus).77 The chronology of reproductive events documented'for slimy sculpin by Cook Plant fish and diving studies was nearly.perfect, in biological terms.Ripe adults were caught during April-mid<<May, and eggs were observed during the first three weeks of May.Yolk-sac larvae appeared in entrainment samples from mid-May through June and in field samples during June.Larvae appeared in entrainment samples about two weeks earlier than in field samples, because sculpin spawning was concentrated in the riprap zone where Eield net taws were not conducted.
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| Netting was conducted north and south of the riprap, and some time probably elapsed before the newly hatched larvae migrated from their nes ts in the riprap zone to surrounding areas of the lake where they were subsequently netted.The spawning period repor ted in the literature generally agreed with that predicted from Cook"Plant data.AgaLn, spawning reported during March-early April probably occurred Ln inland waters that warm to spawning temperatures more rapidly than inshore Lake Michigan.These data (FLg.8)indicate spawning, egg incubation, and hatchLng of sculpins occurs during a relative brief period, wi th the bulk oE thLs ac tivi ty taking place during late April-la te May.Several conclusions may be drawn Erom the preceding discussion on reproductive activity of fish in the study area.Two general modes of spawning were noted: fish that broadcast their eggs at random without regard to substrate type and fish with substrate-specific spawning requirements.
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| , Alewife was a primary example of the first ca tegory of spawner.l ts eggs were pelagic and ubiquitously distributed.
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| Fxamples of the other spawning mode included spottail shiner, yellow perch,)ohnny darter, and slimy sculpin.Spottail shiner eggs were demersal and adhesive and were found attached to a variety of stable substrates, It appeared that while this species selects 78-9 stable substrates for spawning, the composition and configuration of that substrate is not a critical factor in the selection process.Johnny darter and slimy sculpin were more selective in that eggs were laid on the flat, clean undersides of riprap and inorganic or organic debris.As in other studies Ln the area (Biener 1982, Dorr 1982, Rutecki et al.1985), yellow perch were found to have rather specific substrate requirements that focused on substrate configuration and rugosity.Finally, related'studies (Dorr and Jude 1981a, Dorr et al.198lb, Jude et al.1981b)Ln the area have compiled evidence that some species such as lake trout have extremely specific spawning-substrate requirements that include characteristics such as composition, configuration, rugosity, and interstLtial dimensions.
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| With the exception of alewife and spottail shiner, spawning was concentrated in the riprap zone, and much of the reproduction of the species discussed occurred during."lay-June.
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| During this perLod, survival and growth of these fish populations could be affected by perturbations of specific events (spawning, incubation, ha tching and early survival)Ln their reproduc tive cycle.Populations of pelagic spawners such as alewife that broadcast their eggs randomly over a wide area are less likely to be affected by a point ecological impact than populations of fish which concentrate their spawning in the area of the impact.With regard to johnny darters, slimy sculpins, and to a small degree spottail shiners, an ecological trade-off exists between reproduction and plant operation.
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| These species concentrate around and spawn on in-lake plant structures, thus increasing their vulnerability to impingement, entrainment, and physical (heat)and chemical (chlorine) discharges.
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| But at the same time, populations of these fish have 79 been enhanced by the crea tion of this ar tif icial subs tra te,.and would no t exi in such abundance if-the plant"structure.were not present.Juvenile and Adult Fish Twenty-two taxa encompassing 24 species of fish were observed by divers during the study and were grouped according to frequency of observation (Table 9)from data presented in Appendix 1.Frequently observed species included alewife, yellow perch, sculpins (slimy sculpin and mottled sculpin), johnny darter, and spottail shiner.All of these fish were seen at least once during each year of the s tudy.Commonly observed species included trout-perch, common carp, rainbow smelt, burbot, and white sucker.These fish were I seen during seven to nine years of the s tudy.Uncommonly observed species included largemouth bass, lake trout, channel catfish, black bullhead, smallmouth bass, and longnose sucker.These fish were seen in more than one 4 year but less than half of all study years.Species that were rarely observ and were seen during only one year included emerald shiner, brown trout, quillback, walleye, coregonids (bloater and lake herring), and shorthead redhorse.The 10 taxa that were frequently or commonly observed composed the bulk of the observations of fish.The remaining 12 taxa were seen too infrequently to make detailed inferences based on underwater observations.
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| A total of 72 species of fish were identified among the 1.1 million fish collected during 1973-1982 field studies near the Cook Plant (Tesar and Jude 1985)and 5.8 million fish impinged on its traveling screens during 1975-1982 (Thurber and Jude 1985).Therefore, about one third (31':)of the species documented in the study area by Cook Plant studies were observed by divers.These observations suggest that a large number of the species that occurred in 80 Table 9.Annual relative ranked abundance of fish observed during all diving in southeastern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1973-1982.
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| Fish were grouped according to frequency of observation.
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| Blanks indicate no observation.
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| Common names of fish assigned accord-ing to Robins et al.(1980).Species No.yrs Year observed 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82~Fre uent Alewife Yellow perch Cottus spp.l Johnny darter Spottail shiner 10 10 10 10 10 2 6 1 3 4 3 5 1 2 6 3 4 1 2 5 1 1 1 3 3 2 5 4 5 2 4 4 7 7 3 1 1 1 4 2 2 5 5 4 6 4 6 3 7 5 Common Tr ou t-perch Common carp Rainbow smelt Burbo t Mhi te sucke r 4 5 6 7 7 7 5 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 8 6 6 4 2 9 9 10 8 8 3 6 7 6 7 2 8 9 9 10 9 Uncommon Largemouth bass Lake trou t Channel ca tf ish Black bullhead Smnllmouth bass Longnose sucker 9 10 9 10 10 9 10 Rare Emerald shiner Brown trout Quillback'walleye CCore ionus spp.Shor thead redhorse 10 10 10 To ta 1 taxa 6 12 12 11 10 11 11 13 10 14 Includes both C.~co natus (alley sculpin)and C.bairdi (mottled sculpin).Includes both C.artedii (cisco or lake herring)and C.~ho i (bloa ter).81 the area were.rare,.and that diver observations of fish werelimited, to.the.more abundant species.The 5 fish taxa'most-,frequently observed by-divers were also among the 10 fish taxa most frequentlycollected in field and impingement samples.Total number of fish taxa observed each year varied from 6 to 14 (Table 9).If 1973 data are ignored (both the diving methodology and schedule were incomplete that year), numbers of fish taxa observed ranged from 10 to 14, annually.Considering that 11 taxa were seen at least 7 out of 10 years, and 5 taxa were seen every year, the diversity of species regularly observed by divers was low in comparison with total number of species occurring in the area.However, the most abundant species in field and impingement samples were nearly always observed by the divers.These observations suggest that diving is, effective Eor documenting the presence of abundant species but ineffective for studying rare species.Fish species observed by divers could be divided into two categories based on their behavior and response to the presence oE the Cook Plant.The Eirst ca tegory described orientation oE Eish in the wa ter column-pelagic or demersal.The second ca tegory was rela ted to the response of fish to the physical presence or aspects oE plant operation-attracted or indifferent (species repelled by the plant were not discetned by this study)(see Tesar and Jude 1985).Four combinations of these behavior-response categories were represented in the observational data base: pelagic Eish that were attracted to the plant (pelagic-attracted), pelagic fish that were indifferent to the plant (pelagic-indifferent), demersal fish that were attracted to the plant (demersal-attracted), and demersal fish that were indifferent to the plant (demersal-indif f erent)~82 Ill Pelagic fish that appeared to be attracted to the in-lake structures or operation of the plant included yellow perch and common carp and possibly largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye.Pelagic species that appeared generally indifferent to the in-lake presence or operation of the plant included alewife, spottail shiner, trout-,perch, rainbow smelt, lake trout, emerald shiner, brown trou t, and coregonids.
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| Demersal f ish tha t appeared'to'e attracted to the in-lake presence or operation of the pl'ant included sculpins, burbot, channel catfish, and black bullhead.Demersal fish that III appeared indifferent to the in-lake presence or operation of the plant included johnny darter, white sucker, longnose sucker, quillback, and shorthead redhorse.Inspection of relative ranked abundance of fish within and among years revealed that in most years alewife was most abundant.Yellow perch'lways attained one of the next three ranks (second-fourth).
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| Alewife, yellow perch,)ohnny darter, spottail shiner, and sculpins always comprised at.least four of the top five ranks each year.Relative ranked abundance of fish species observed during transect swims I along the base of the south intake structure (Table 10)generally.'aralleled that established for total dives (Table 9).Total number of fish species~g t~~observed each year ranged from five to nine.Number of species observed I during transect dives was always less than the total number'bserve'd for any I given year, primarily because the observational effort for.tiansect swims was much less than for total dives.however, during transect swims, observations were focused on the bottom and did not extend above bottom beyond the range of visibility, which was usually between 2 and 3 m (Table 4).Consequently, a slightly higher percentage (44%)of those species classified as demersal was 83 Table 10..A'nnual relative ranked abundance of fish observed during duplicate observations made during transect swims in so'utheastern Lake Michigan, 1975-1982.
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| Observe tions were made, by two divers swimming side-by-side for 10 m along the base of the south intake structure of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Each diver examined an area 1 m wide;observations were summed and then ranked for the total area (20 m)examined.Fish were grouped according to frequency of observation.
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| Blanks indicate no observation.
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| Common names of fish assigned according to Robins e t al.(1980).Species No.yrs observed Year 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82~Fre uenu Alewife Yellow.perch Cottus spp.l 1 1 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 4 6 2 4 2 2 3 4 1 3 5 3 2 1 3-Common Johnny darter Spottail shiner Rainbow smelt Trou t-perch 4 3 2 3 5 6 3 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 6 5 6 1 2 8 6 7 7 Uncommon Burbot Rare Black bullhead 6 7'otal taxa 5 8 5'7 9 7 4 includes borh C.~co nurus (slimy sculp(n)snd C.be lcd f (so soled sculpin).84 seen than of those classified as pelagic (38%).Of those species frequently or commonly observed during the total diving effort, only burbot and white sucker did not appear in these same observational frequency categories during transect dives.These two species were not abundant and never attained a rank higher than ninth in to tal dives conduc ted af ter 1974.As with total dives, alewife was the most frequently observed fish species during transect dives.Sculpins displaced yellow perch as the second-most abundant fish species observed during transect swims.This was not unexpected considering the generally high abundance and demersal behavior of sculpin.Yellow perch was generally the third-most abundant species seen during transect swims.Johnny darter and spottail shiner occupied a lower frequency category for transect dives than for'total dives.However, the significance of this shift was rela tively inconsequential considering the overall abundance of these two species in the study area.No pelagic species classified as uncommon or rare among total diving observations (Table 9)were observed during transect swims (Table 10).In addition to total diving observa tions (summarized from Appendix 1)and transect observations (summarized from Appendix 2), summary data are presented from standard series field sampling (Tesar and Jude 1985)and studies on impingement of fish on the Cook Plant traveling screens (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985)for 10 species of fish: yellow perch, common carp, alewife,.spottail shiner, trout-perch, rainbow smelt, sculpins, burbot,)ohnny darter, and white sucker.The remaining 12 species of fish observed during underwater studies at the Cook plant were seen too infrequently to permit meaningful analyses based on observational data.Species discussions are 85 grouped according to the four behavioral ca tegories noted, earlier: pelagic-'attracted, pelagic-indifferent, demersal"a ttrac ted, and.demersal-indifferent.
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| Pelagic-A t trac ted-The species complex of diver-observed pelagic fish that appeared to be attracted to the in-lake structures or plant operation included yellow perch, common carp, and possibly largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye.SuEEicient evidence (Tables 9, 10)was compiled during the study to infer the attraction of yellow perch and common carp to the plant.The attraction of the other three species to the plant was hypothesized more from general knowledge of the species and their habits than from empirical data, Yellow perch was usually the second-or third-mos t abundant species observed during all dives and transect swims and was never lower than Eourth (Fig.9).I t was also among the Eive most abundant species in Eield and impingement samples.During 1973-1977, the relati,ve ranked abundance of yellow perch fluctuated among the four sampling categories.
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| A distinct decline in abundance occurred in field and impingement samples between 1977 and 1978 and was followed by a steady increase in relative abundance.
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| Although this pattern was not reflected in diving observations, yellow perch were frequently observed during 1978-1982 underwater studies.The disparity in trends of relative ranked abundance between Eield and impingement sampling and all dives and transect swarms may be explained by the C documented affinity that yellow perch have for rough substrate in the generally smooth, sandy-bottom areas of inshore eastern Lake.'michigan (Dorr 1982, Rutecki et al.1985).The attraction of yellow perch to the riprap zone, es tablished through underwater observations, elevated their local CP cu CO UJ"~O ND ND>>>>C IMPINGEMENT SAMPLES>>2a~D c)CQ CC>U cn Oo?>>>>>><<k<s'>>p FIELD SAMPLES~CV IO 0 LLt~>m+~o ND ND'jan,s L sw'.'>>'>>.si i TRANSECT SWIMS~4p s;t'>>'~t~>>t.i f'Sy , t<<<<3>>>>" i, Pc's 4 s>>&s't<<>>'tg: Js<<"qs>>?>>~t~t>>C , t>>ALL DIVES I 1973;I974,$75 l 976 l977 1978 l979 l980 l98I l982 YEAR Fig.9.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of yellol?perch observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake s'Iichigan.
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| Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ND no diving or sampling.87 abundance in comparison with field sampling, which was-conducted, onlyin area of sand substra'te (Fig.9)..The parallel in ranked abundance, of yellow perch in impingement samples with that of field samples suggests that rate of-impingement was related more closely to their general field abundance than their attraction to the riprap zone.Host yellow perch observed by divers were adults;)uveniles were seldom seen, although they were abundant in field and impingement
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| 'samples.A dis-tinct pattern in the temporal distribution of yellow perch was noted.Adult fish moved inshore into the s tudy.area during April.This movement appeared to be more closely related to inshore spawning than initial feeding, because most fish did not eat until spawning was completed (Dorr 1982).Spawning oc-curred in the study area during late Hay, and yellow perch remained concen-trated in the riprap zone throughout the summer.Feeding commenced shortly 1 af ter spawning was completed.
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| During fall, yellow perch moved offshore and were seldom seen by divers during October dives.Largest numbers of adult fish were collected in field samples during Hay-August.
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| Young"of-the-year were collected in trawl and seine hauls during late summer and fall and in impingement samples during fall and w'inter.At least rwo patterns in the spatial distribution of yellow perch were discerned by this and related s tudies.The f irs t pattern was the seasonal inshore migra tion of adults in spring and an of f shore migra tion dur ing fall.These movements were documented by underwater observations, field studies (Tesar and Jude 1985), and impingement studies at the Cook Plant (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).Juvenile yellow perch inhabited the inshore area throughout fall and winter, as evidenced by their impingement at the Cook Plant during these months.The second pattern in spatial distribution was the SS 45 concentration of adult fish in areas of rough substrate.
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| As water temperatures increased in spring, adult fish moved inshore and onto natural and artificial reefs present in the area.Although Dorr (1982)compiled some evidence that limited movement off the'reefs occurred after spawning, the bulk of the fish appeared to remain close to areas of rough substrate.
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| Yellow perch were never observed at smooth-bottomed reference stations;however, they were commonly collected there during summer months in trawls and gill nets (Tesar and Jude 1985).Adult yellow perch were distinctly day-active and at night rested on the bottom, often in crevices formed by the riprap.As further evidence of yellow perch nocturnal inactivity, divers were able to grasp fish at night.During the day, fish on several occasions were fed crayfish by divers.Fish formed ,loose schools composed of various sizes of fish with a length range of ten exceeding 100 mm.Random swimming or"milling" was typical;closely coordinated group movements were not observed.Both solitary fish and schools remained within 1-3 m of the bottom or the plant structures., Common carp was the sixth or seventh most commonly observed fish in the study area;they were seen during all years except 1973.Field sampling and impingement of common carp at the plant suggested that the overall abundance of this species in the study area was relatively constant during the study period (Fig.10).However, several patterns and changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of common carp were evidenced by underwater observations and other studies of adult and larval fish.Diving observations documented a distinct increase in abundance of these r fish near the plant following the start-up of warm-water discharge.
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| This local increase was, paralleled in field study catches (Tesar and Jude 1985).Of 89 Cu QJ Ol~O cZ~~D lo CD~U Oo NO ND IMRNGE MENT SAMPLES FIELD SAMPl ES Cl Q OJ lO h3 g 0 m UJ~ND ND TRANSECT SWNS'1'i I l973 874 875 l976 l977 l978 l979 l980 l98I l982 YEAR ALL DIVES Fig.10.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of common carp observed by divers during all dives ()973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973"1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake llichigan.
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| Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;M)~no diving or sampling.90 I the m're than 460 common carp observed during the study, none was seen in 1973, and only two were seen in 1974, preoperational years.Nine fish were seen in 1975.From 1976 to 1982, numbers of fish observed annually varied from 14 to more than 200 (Appendix 1)and averaged about 40.Larval common carp were never collected in preoperational years 1973-1974 at the Cook Plant but were collected and entrained at the plant during its first operational year (1975)and in most later years of the study (Noguchi et al.,1985).
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| Larval common carp were not collected during 1973-1979 at reference stations located 7 km south of the Cook Plant near Varren Dunes State Park, but a few larvae were taken at these reference stations during the last years of the study.Bimber et al.(1984)attributed this uneven distribution of larval common carp to spawning in the warm<<water plume of the plant.Although common carp were attracted to the plant, annual impingement was low and ranged from zero to 34 fish between 1975 and 1982 (Thurber and Jude 1985).This suggests that the fish were not particularly susceptible to entrapment at the intake structures, probably because they concentrated near the discharge area.Further evidence of attraction of common carp to the warm-water plume was that of the more than 460 fish observed by divers, only 12 were seen at the intakes and none was seen at reference stations.All other observations were made in the vicinity of the discharge stations.On several occasions during late spring and summer, divers in boats and on shore observed schools of common carp swimming in the vicinity of the discharge structures; none was seen in the vicinity of the intake structures.
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| Divers observed common carp in greatest abundance during the period May-August.Host fish taken in field samples were collected during the same.period.However, the impingement of common carp did not show any temporal 91 pattern, probably because their susceptibility was low even when they were, abundant in the, vicinity of: the discharge.
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| I~Common carp were day-active and seldom, seen at night.The few fish that were observed during night dives were on the bottom, solitary, and inactive.Most often, common carp were seen in groups rather than individually.
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| Most diver-observed fish were swimming randomly in the vicinity of the discharge structures,.
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| They of ten approached the.divers closely and on several occasions swam into the divers.As noted earlier, their feces were of ten abundant at the closest reference station north of the discharges (north reference station I-Fig.1)but were rarely seen at other diving stations.Largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye were seen three times, twice, and once, respec tively, during the study (Table 9)and never during transect swims (Table 10)or at reference stations.In all instances, the fish were seen in close proximity to the intake or discharge structures.
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| It is believed that these fish were attracted to the structures and not just the surrounding rough substrate, perhaps because of the elevated profile that the structures presented.
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| All fish were seen during the warm-water months (May-September) and during the day.Only solitary fish were observed.Pelagic-Indifferent
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| "-The species complex of diver-observed pelagic fish indifferent to the in-lake structures or plant operation included alewife, spottail shiner, trout-perch, rainbow smelt, lake trout, emerald shiner, brown trout, and unidentified coregonids (bloater or lake herring).Sufficient observational data were compiled on the first, four species to permit meaningful discussion 92 and inferences.
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| The remaining fish species were seen infrequently and little can be concluded based on these sightings.
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| Alewife was generally the most abundant species observed and collected in the study area.Comparison of summary data (Fig.11)revealed few fluctuations in annual relative ranked abundance within each of the four data categories.
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| Field sampling data and other evidence indicated that the abundance of alewife in the study area declined during 1980-1982 relative to previous years (Jude and Tesar 1985).'his decline was paralleled by transect swim data where annual observational effort was standardized.
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| The decline was not reflected in data compiled from all dives.It is possible that the small annual variation in total diving effort that occurred during 1975-82 may have obscured this decline, although more dives were conducted annually during 1975-1979 (17-19 dives yearly)than during 1980-1982 (15-17 dives yearly).Another explanation may be that large schools of alewives were rarely encountered during transect swims;whereas, they were frequently encountered during non-transect diving.Also, estimation of these large schools of fish (often containing more than 1,000 individuals) may have smoothed and obscured yearly variations in abundance.
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| Nonetheless, alewife were the most abundant and ubiquitously distributed fish in the study area.No patterns or trends were observed in the spatial distribution of alewife during the underwa ter study.Individual and schooling fish were observed at both riprap and reference sta tions.A distinct temporal pattern was noted in the abundance of alewife.Alewife were rarely observed during April but were usually seen in great abundance during May-June, and the impingement of alewives usually peaked during the same period.Adult fish were collected in field samples in 93 tal~O lD~Z>>W IA CD~U e ()O'I'v~p ji j JI~I IMRNGEMENT ,SAMPLES FIELD SAMPLES Oc LLJ~ND ND TRANSECT SWNS IO EO CO O I973 874 875 l976 l977 l978 l979 l980 l98I l982 YEAR ALL DIVES Fig.11.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of alewives observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook lVuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;VD no diving or sampling.94: '1 greatest abundance during the same period.The abundance of alewife.in the study area during this period corresponded with their spring migration from offshore areas of the lake to the more rapidly warming inshore waters where they subsequently spawned during late May-August.
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| Adult fish continued to be observed throughout the summer, although numbers of fish observed were reduced from peak levels that occurred during May-June.Numbers of adult fish seen during October were always low and corresponded with the fall migration of fish to offshore areas.Young-of-the-year (YOY)alewives'ere usually firs t observed by divers during August or September and large schools were often seen during September-October.This fall pattern was paralleled by an increase in impingement of YOY alewives, which by this time were large enough ()50 mm)to be retained by the traveling screens (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).Young-of-the-year fish were of ten seined in great abundance during August-September.
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| Hhen observed, schools of both adult and YOY alewives were distributed throughout the water column.Schooling of adult fish was observed only during the day.Movements of individual fish were rarely coordinated into simultaneous group movements and considerable"milling" of fish occurred.Solitary fish were commonly seen.At night, fish of ten occurred in groups or a clustered at various locations around the intake structure.
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| Although the fish were active at night, swimming appeared undirected, and fish could of ten be approached closely or touched by divers.Schools of YOY alewife were only observed at night and were closer to the surface than the bottom.On several occasions, adult fish were observed to group near the intake structure and face into the oncoming current., Some individuals made snapping or sucking 95 (not coughing)movements.wi th their mouth and may have been.ingestingzoo plank ton in the wa ter.Spottail shiner was included among the group of-frequently observed species;they were seen during all years of the study.It was also included among the five most-abundant species in field and impingement samples.The relative ranked abundance of spottail shiners in impingement catches fluctuated somewhat among years but remained nearly constant for field samples (Fig.12).A nearly constant level of relative abundance was also reflected in transect-swim data.Pooled obsetvations from all dives suggested that the relative abundance of spottail shiners declined during the late 1970s, but this decline was not reflected among the other three da ta bases.Therefore, it was concluded that the relative ranked abundance of spottail shiners remained relatively, unchanged during the study.Spottail shiners were not observed at reference stations, but field and~imp ingemen t s tudies did no t irtdica te any no table di f f erences in spa tial distribution.
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| However, diving was more extensive in the riprap area and the small size of the fish made them difficult to see off bottom, particularly when visibility was low.iVo other evidence of substrate-selective behavior or attraction to plant structures or operation was compiled during the underwater s tudies.A distinct tempotal pattern was noted in the seasonal distribution of spottail shiners as observed by divers.Fish were rarely seen in the study area in April and October and were most of ten observed during June-August.
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| A similar pattern of seasonal abundance spottail shiner (Tesar and Jude 1985).was reflected in field catches of This temporal pattern of abundance resulted from, movement ot fish into the inshore area of the lake during June-96:
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| Ol lO tO QJ Cl~O ND ND IMPINGEMENT SAMPLES G~W IA LQ~c ()o 1'~f C FIELD SAMPLES Q Ol tO lX LLJ~Om g t2 ND ND Jj,h'4+v TRANSECT SWIMS\~$O'I VI4.~gp 1975 874 875 I976 l977 l978 I979 l980 l98I l982 YEAR ALL DIVES Fig.12.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of spottail shiners observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), col-lected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate scale~is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations'r catch;ND no diving or sampling.97 4 August when, spawning and feeding occurred.During fall,, fish moved offshore.Although peak impingement of spottail.-shiners usually occurred during May-..Augus t, fish were of ten impinged in large numbers throughout the-year.The relatively high impingement of fish during periods of low field abundance may have resulted from their seeking shelter near the structures during fall and winter storms or from their general disorientation and increased susceptibili.ty to entrapment during these periods of severe inshore turbulence.
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| Spottail shiners were more commonly observed at night than during the day, but this was believed to be more the resul t of increased vulnerability to approach and observa tion at night because of reduced light than to actual increases in nocturnal activity.This belief was based on the observed similarity between daytime and nighttime behavior, including levels of activity and alertness.
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| Most spottail shiners seen by divers were adults;)uveniles and YOY fish were rarely observed.Although schooling probably occurs for this species (iVursall 1973), it was not observed by divers.iVo differences in diel activity were noted.Fish were seen throughout the water column and did not appear attracted to the structures or riprap.,During a 1973 night dive on the south intake structure, several thousand spottail shiners were observed, some of which were seen to broadcast their eggs over the periphyton growing on top of the structure.
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| Spawning was not observed in subsequent years, but spottail shiners were usually seen in considerable abundance during June night dives in the vicinity of the structures.
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| The fish are abundant and widely distributed in Lake Michigan, and no evidence supporting substrate-selective spawning was compiled during 98 this study.Spottail shiner eggs are demersal, adhesive, and probably randomly broadcast without regard to substrate configuration or composition.
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| Most spawning occurs in the (3 m depth zone (Tesar and Jude 1985, Noguchi et al.1985).Trout-perch were seen during 9 of the 10 study years (Table 9)but usually not in great abundance, i.e., more than 60 fish during any set of monthly dives (Appendix 1).Trout-perch were never seen in abundance during transect swims along the base of the south intake structure (Table 10).This was attributed to their tendency to remain off-bottom during the day, which encompassed half of the transect diving effort.The relative ranked abundance of trout-perch remained similar among years for impingement and field samples and transect swims (Fig.13).A decline in relative ranked abundance occurred in data summarized from all'dives, but this decline was not reflected'n the other three data sets.Although trout-perch were never seen at reference stations, no evidence was compiled during field sampling and impingement studies to suggest that they were attracted to the plant structures or riprap or by plant operation.
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| A seasonal pattern was evident in the temporal distribution of the fish.Generally, trout-perch were seen most frequently during May"August; sightings during other months were rare.Boch field and impingement catches of trout-perch were largest during May-September and small during the winter.No pat-tern was noted in the diel distribution of fish as observed by divers.All fish observed were solitary.During the day, trout-perch were alert and active and were difficult to approach.At night, most fish were seen within 1-2 m of the bottom, and although they were active, swimming was 99 cu¹ND ND IMRNGEMENT SAMPI ES I'lO CD~LX a Qo~CV LtJ~0 m~Cll UJ~I I ND ND I I FIELO SAMPLES TRANSECT SWNST ALL OIVES I973 874 I975 l976 I977 l978 l979 l980 198I I982 YEAR Fig.13.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of trout-perch observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect suims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Iichigan.Ordinate scale is inver ted and extends from loves t to highest rank of rela tive abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ID~no diving or sampling.100 undirected and sporadic, and the fish appeared disoriented and of ten darted against the bottom when approached.
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| Rainbow smelt were seen during 8 of the 10 study years.Adult fish were never seen in abundance although schools of YOY fish were occasionally ob-served during September and October.The relative ranked abundance of rainbow smelt remained similar among years for field samples but varied among impinge-ment samples, transect swims, and overall diving observations (Fig.14).A pronounced seasonal pattern was noted in the temporal distribution of rainbow smelt.Fish were most commonly collected in field and impingement samples during the early spring when the fish moved inshore to spawn and during fall af ter the lake water cooled.Exceptions to this pattern occurred during summer when upwellings brought fish associated with offshore cold-wa ter masses into the study area.Much of the variability among years for diving observations was attributed to the sporadic occurrence of upwellings inshore during summer months and the association of rainbow smelt with these masses of cold water.Rainbow smelt were not observed at reference stations, but no pattern or differences in spatial abundance of fish were established during the underwater studies.Quite likely, fish avoided the warm-wa ter discharge area and plume, but this was undoubtedly a local effect and had negligible impact on the overall inshore distribution or abundance of rainbow smelt.Adult fish were seen more of ten at night than during the day.Fish were solitary, active, and alert.They were usually seen off-bottom and did not exhibit any affinity for the structures or riprap.Schooling was not observed for adult fish, but small schools of YOY fish were seen during some night dives in Sep tember and Oc tober.101 OJ tO UJ~O ND ND J't V I JV IMRNGEMENT SAMPLES Ze Q3~LL a Qo~J FIELD SAMPLES~cu tO hl g~m+~o ND ND I I~V Jt J~TRANSECT SWlMS 9: Ill CO co iJl o ALL DIVES l973 I974 l975 l976 I977 l978 l979 1980 l98I l982 Pig.14.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of rainbov smelt observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect svims (1975>>1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake lfichigan.
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| Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ND~no diving or sampling.102 I Lake trout were seen during three of the study years, and emerald shiner, brown trout, and unidentified coregonids (bloaters or lake herring)were seen during one year.Brown trout, emerald shiner, and unidentified coregonids were seen too infrequently to permit meaningful inferences regarding these fish.However, no evidence was compiled during the underwa ter studies which indicated that any of these four species of fish were attracted or repelled by presence of i'n-lake structures or riprap or by operation of the plant.In a separate study, lake trout were seen in abundance in the Cook Plant intake area and at 6 m in an area of rough clay substrate 5 km north of the Cook Plant off the Grand Here Lakes during night dives conducted on 14 Novem-ber 1977.The fish were active, alert, and occurred in groups, but spawning was not observed.The substrate was examined closely, but no eggs were found (unpublished data, Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan).
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| The only other observations of lake trout were inci-dental sightings of solitary fish made primarily at night.During 9-10 Novem-ber 1975, an intense storm passed through the Great Lakes region, and thou-sands of windrowed lake trout eggs were observed along the beach at the Cook Plant (personal communication, J.Barnes, Indiana&Michigan Power Company, Bridgman, Mich.)as well as near Charlevoix, Michigan (personal communication, T.Stauffer, Marquette Fisheries Research Station, Marquette, Michigan).
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| However, lake trout eggs were never observed by divers or taken in entrainment samples pumped from the plant forebay.On a few occasions, salmonid eggs were found in the stomachs of slimy sculpins impinged at the Cook Plant, but the species and location where the eggs were spawned and eaten were not estab-lished.During 10 years of study, no evidence was compiled to suggest that lake trout spawned on the Cook Plant riprap.103 Demersal-A t trac ted-The speci'es complex of diver observed demersal fisli that appeared to be I s attracted to the in-lake structures or plant operation included sculpin (Cottus~co natus or C.bairdi), turbot, channel catfish, and black bullhead.We believe sculpins and burbot were attracted to the plant area.The at-traction of channel catfish and black bullhead to the plant area was hypothe-s sized more from general knowledge of the species and their habits than from empirical da ta.Three species of sculpin were Eound in field and impingement samples col-I lected in the study area: Cottus~co natus or slimy sculpin, C.:bairdi or mot-h sculpins were rarely collected and are excluded from this discussion.
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| tt Both slimy sculpins and mottled sculpins were identified in fiel'd and impinge-ment catches made in the study area (Tesar and Jude 1985;Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).There was some evidence that mottled sculpin were more abundant inshore during summer than slimy sculpin.However, it was not possible for divers to dis tinguish be tween the two species;therefore, they are trea ted as a single group and referred to collectively as sculpins.Sculpins were seen during every year of the study for both total standard series dives (Table 9)and transect swims along the base oE the south intake structure (Table 10).Overall, it ranked as the fourth-or fifth-most abundant fish species seen by divers during the study.Comparison of the relative ranked abundance of sculpins observed duri'ng all dives and transect swims with their ranked abundance in impingement and field samples indicated the attraction of this fish to the plant area (Fig.-15).Sculpins ranked'as only the sixth-to ninth-most abundant fish in field samples".at were 104 I tO QJ~O ND ND IMPINGEMENT SAMPLES Cl~Ze EQ a)LX o Qo se rh I ds" FIELD SAMPLES cu K~LLJ>Q C9 f-~ND ND op P ,s.a vita tr 1~gm.'hy tr rr TRANSECT SWlMS IA co cn O j~h'~s=IJ I!h j.r'@bl+utj v I'dj~pig haah b+E'jj ,"f:th~r, ALL DIVES I l973 I974 I975 l976 l977 l978 l979 l980 l98I I982 YEAR Fig.13.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of slimy sculpins (Cottus~co atua or C.bafrdi)observed by divers during all dives ()973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series fijeld samples (1973" 1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan.Ordinate'scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of.relative abundance., Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ND ga no diving or sampling.105
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| !collected exclusively in sand-bottom areas.But in impingement samples, they ranked as the fif th to sixth mos t abundant species and were always among the first five most abundant species in,transect and total diving observations.
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| Sculpins are cryptozoic in their behavior which is reflected in their preference for rugose substrate (Scott and Crossman 1973).The interstices among the riprap provided ideal shelter and habitat for these fi.sh.Sculpins were probably attracted to the riprap and the protection it afforded rather than to any specific factor associated with plant operation (e.g., circulati.on, heated-water discharge, turbulence, suspension of sediments and locally elevated turbidity, e tc.)Evaluation of'he temporal abundance of sculpins as reflected in their relative abundance among years showed that a decline occurred during 1976-1977, which was followed by a gradual recovery during 1978-1982 (Fig.15).This decline and recoVery was noted in both field and impingement collections as well as in diver observations of sculpins.No explanation can be offered for these changes in annual abundance.
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| Of all fish observed by divers, sculpins were the most evenly distributed throughout the observational period (April-October).
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| Unlike most other fish, sculpins were frequently observed in the study area during April-i'lay and September-October.
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| Although sculpins were impinged during most months, numbers of fish taken during April-ifay usually peaked at levels 10<<fold higher than during other months (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).This was probably related to higher levels of activity and movement associated with spawning in riprap areas surrounding the intakes and subsequently, increased vulnerability to impingement.
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| Elsewhere in the area, sculpins were found to move shoreward in early spring to spawn but generally avoided the warm inshore waters during summer (Tesar and Jude 1985).106 8 Comparison of diving observations and impingement catches with the field distribution of sculpins underlines the attraction and concentration of fish in the riprap zone during periods (summer)when the overall abundance in the inshore area was low.The uneven spatial distribution of sculpins reflects their preference for rough substrate and their attraction to the riprap.Sculpins were rarely observed in sand-bottom areas surrounding the riprap, although small numbers of fish were trawled and seined from these areas (Tesar and Jude 1985).Sculpins were also observed during other underwater studies in areas of natural rough substrate north and south of the Cook Plant (unpublished data, Great Lakes Research Division, Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.).All sculpins observed by divers were solitary.Most fish were adults, but juveniles were occasionally seen during late summer.Sculpins showed a distinctly nocturnal activity pattern which was reflected in the large number of fish observed during night transect swims (Appendix 2).During the day, fish remained hidden below the top layer of riprap and were less"frequently observed.At night, they moved onto the upper surfaces of the stones where they remained active and alert.None was ever seen swimming off bottom, and only an occasional fish was sighted at night on top of the intake s true tures.Burbot were commonly observed in the riprap area and were seen during 7 of the 10 study years.They were consistently the ninth-most abundant fish observed during all dives (Table 10)bu t were among the least frequently observed fish species seen during transect swims (Table 10).Similar to sculpins, burbot were relatively less abundant in field samples collected outside the riprap area than in impingement catches and diver observations 107 which sampled the population on the riprap (Fig.16).These data suggest th*burbot concentrated in the riprap area.The attraction was probably related to the increased protection that the more rugose substrate provided and not to some aspect of plant operation.
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| Diving observa tions revealed no temporal pa t team in the seasonal inshore abundance or distribution of burbot, although field sampling and impingement catches indicated that the fish lef t the inshore area during summer months.Underwater observations of burbot revealed a clear pattern in their diel distribution.
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| Nearly all fish were seen at night, and they remained out of sight during tlie day.As with sculpins, all burbot observed were solitary, alert, and acti've~divers.They were although they could usually be approached and grasped by;always seen on the bottom and were usually entwined among the riprap.Despite the relatively low abundance of burbot in the area, on one occasion a specimen was found lodged headdown inside a 7-cm diameter tube th I had been su'spended perpendicular to and 1 m off the bottom for three weeks to collect suspended sediment.This attested to the active exploration of the area by this particular species.Burbot were never observed at reference stations, and their spatial distribution reflected their attraction and concentration in the riprap area.The relatively frequent impingement of burbot in relation to their low field abundance also reflected their concentration in the area.Construction divers working inside the intake and discharge pipes and plant forebay reported seeing burbot in high abundance rela tive to the riprap area (personal communi-cation, A.Sebrechts, Sebrechts inc., Bridgman, L'fichigan)
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| .Quite possibly, 108 tO UJ~0+N Ch~Ze~D 4)CQ a)0 a o ND ND IMPINGEMENT SAMPLES FIELD SAMPLES Q OJ fO UJ~~Ch ND ND'RANSECT SVlNS V~4<',<<:..;kg'Pi",.ALL DIVES l 975 874 l975 l976 l977 l978 l979 1980 198I l982 YEAR Fig.16.Comparison of rela tive ranked abundance of burbot observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), collected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, sou theas tern Lake Michigan.Ordina te scale is inverted and extends.from lowest to highest tank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ND no diving or.sampling.109 h the fish were attracted to the dark interior of these structures, and ended being impinged as.a result.Channel catfish and black bullheads were seen during two years of the study (Table 9), and a black bullhead was seen once during a night transect swim along the base of the south intake structure (Table 10).These fish were never observed at reference stations and were not seen in abundance on the reef.Host sightings occurred at night;fish were solitary and alert.No fish were seen swimming off bottom, and they were usually found in the interstices among the riprap rather than on top of it.Demersal-Indif ferent--The species complex of diver-observed demersal fish that appeared to be indifferent to the in-lake structures or plant operation included johnny dar ter, whi te sucker, longnose sucker, quillback, and shor thead redhorse.The composite of diving observations, field studies, and impingement sampling indicated that these fish were distributed throughout the study area and did not appear tp congregate in the riprap area.Johnny darters were observed during all study years (Table 9)and during transect dives in all but the las t year of diving (Table 10).They were typically about the fourth-most frequently observed species of fish.Although johnny darters were observed in abundance in the riprap area, they were also frequently seined in the beach zone and trawled at 6-and 9-m stations during field studies of fish (Tesar et al.1985, Tesar and Jude 1985).Comparison of the relative ranked abundance of johnny darters showed that they were the sixth-to eighth-most frequently collected species in field sampling and the 110 N CO QJ Ol~O ND ND IMPINGEMENT SAMPLES Z>>~D lA CO~U o+o ,>><<<<4<<FIELD SAMPLES~CV tO LLJ~>m~+o ND ND E>>*W TRANSECT SWlMS LA Cl to 0)O<<J,<<>>I,"4>><<I J'w'I'.~'<<!'P.ALL DIVES l973 l974 875 l976 1977 l978 l979 l980 198I l982 YEAR Fig.17.Comparison of relative ranked abundance of)ohnny darters observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect suims (1975-.1982), col-lected in~standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Iichigan.Ordinate scale is inverted and extends-.from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;ND~no diving or sampling.111 I in absolute value of, annual rank.between these data sets never exceeded three and was often only one.These differences were probably not significant and did not suggest an unusually high rate of impingement of fish in relation to their general field abundance.
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| Johnny darters were occasionally observed at dive study reference stations, although they were seen in far grea ter abundance on the riprap.The rela tive ranked abundance of johnny darters observed during transect swims and for all dives differed slightly in absolute value but followed nearly identical patterns in terms of annual variation.
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| The close similarity in these patterns of abundance was attributed to the abundance, demersal beHavior, and rather even distribution of johnny darters on the riprap.As a result, the small areas of riprap examined during transect swims served well as representative samples of the abundance of johnny darters.Several patterns appeared in the temporal abundance and distribution of johnny darters.Diver observations and field and impingement catches suggested that the abundance oi johnny darters relative to other species declined af ter 1977 and then fluctuated at lower levels during remaining years of study.The rebound in relative abundance was more apparent in field samples than in impingement samples or diver observations.
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| This suggests that the decline was more pronounced in the riprap area relative to the surrounding area and that recovery to former levels of relative abundance was slower.Quantitative substantiation and explanation for a differential decline and recovery in abundance of johnny darter between the riprap and surrounding sand area are lacking.Secondly, johnny darters were absent from the area during April and October, in contrast with their high abundance and widespread distribution 112 during warm-water months (May-September).
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| Monthly peaks in numbers of fish observed, impinged, and collected in field samples of ten occurred in May and coincided with the spawning period for these fish (Fig.8).A final temporal pattern occurred in diel abundance.
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| Although johnny darters were commonly seen during the day, numbers observed during transect swims were consistently higher at night'(Appendix 2).As noted earlier, although johnny darters were seen in much greater abundance at riprap stations than at reference stations, no overall patterns or differences in the spatial distribution of this species were supported among the three general studies (diving, field, impingement).
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| While johnny darters may prefer rough substrate, particularly for spawning, they appear to be widely distributed inshore during spring, summer, and fall.The decline in rate of impingement of johnny darters during winter suggested that either the fish moved offshore, or their activity and susceptibility to impingement were lower during this period.Nearly all johnny darters seen were adult fish, which were solitary, alert, and active during day and night.All fish were seen on the bottom and of ten rested on the upper surfaces of the riprap.Occasionally, a fish was observed on top of the intake structure.
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| White suckers were seen during 7 of the 10 study years and ranked as the ninth-or tenth-most frequently observed species of fish (Table 9).White suckers were never observed during transect swims, primarily because of their low abundance in the area.The reia tive ranked abundance of white suckers in field samples remained the same (seventh)for all but two years, when it declined by one rank (Fig.18).Relative ranked abundance of, white suckers in imp ingemen t samples flue tua tedsl igh tly bu t showed no strong patterns or 113 Ol¹Ze aD c)Q3 u)U a Oo Q CV UJ~~m~Ol LLJ~lX n ND ND I I ND ND IMRNGEMENT SAMPI ES+c?a FIELD SAMPLES TRANSECT SWIMS 9 IA (0 C)Ol O ALL DIVES l973 874 I975 l976 1977 1978 l979 l980 l98l l982 YEAR Pig.18.Comparison of rela tive ranked abundance of whi te suckers observed by divers during all dives (1973-1982) and transect swims (1975-1982), co'lected in standard series field samples (1973-1982), and impinged (1975-1982) at the D.C.Cook LVuclear Plant, southeastern Lake Llichigan.
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| Ordinate scale is inverted and extends from lowest to highest rank of relative abundance.
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| Blanks indicate zero observations or catch;!ID~no diving or sampling.,
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| trends.White suckers were observed consistently but in low numbers during most years of the underwater study.A seasonal pattern in the temporal abundance of white suckers appeared in bo th underwater observations and f ield catch of this species.Fish were observed exclusively during May-August except on one occasion in September; most collected in field samples were also taken during May-August.
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| Impingement of these fish tended to be greater in summer, but white'uckers were impinged during most months and occasionally in relatively high numbers during winter.These data suggest that white suckers are generally more abundant inshore during warm-water months.It is possible that they move offshore during winter or some fish may have sought shelter from storms and ice inside the intake structures and pipes, thus accounting for the relatively high impingement during winter when field abundance was relatively low.White suckers were most of ten seen at night when they were solitary, alert, and active.Tesar and Jude (1985)found that this species moved shoreward at night in the study area.Although white suckers were not observed at reference stations, there was no evidence that they were attracted to the plant structures or riprap or that operational factors affected their distribution.
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| In fact, analysis of gill net data revealed that white suckers were significantly less abundant near the Cook Plant than at a reference station located 11 km south off Warren Dunes State Park, Michigan (Tesar and Jude 1985).These data indicate that white suckers may actually have avoided the Cook Plant area, perhaps in response to some operational factor such as discharge of heated water.A similar pattern of avoidance was noted at the J.H.Campbell Plant located north of the Cook Plant (Jude et al.1982).115 Longnose suckers were seen on several occasions during the study.Quillback and shorthead redhorse were each observed on one occasion.All of these fish were observed in the riprap zone, but attraction of these species to the area was not established.
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| The overall abundance and distribution of most fish observed by divers were influenced by several factors.One factor was the annual water temperature regime.Fish abundance, diversity, and levels of activity as observed by divers were generally highest during the warm-water months (May-September), with lowest levels of abundance, diversity, and activity occurring during April.Abundance and diversity of fish observed by divers was generally higher at night than during the day.Part of this was because many fish were less wary at night and did not flee the area as divers approached.
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| Also, many species of fish seen were nocturnal or showed no clear pattern of diel activity.Those species that were day-active of ten remained on bottom at night where they were readily visible to the divers.inshore turbulence associated with storms and surface waves appeared to cause many fish to retreat from the area.Offshore movements were most likely, but some fish (alewife and yellow perch)in the immediate vicinity of the Cook Plant appeared to seek shelter in the lee of the intake structures and were consequently more vulnerable to impingement during these periods.This response to storms was also documented by Lif ton and Storr (1977).Finally, for many of the species of fish observed during this underwater study, their onshore movements and peak abundance in the study area were of ten direc tly correla ted wi th spawning ac tivi ties.This was true for species tha t were attracted to the plant area for spawning substrate (e.g., yellow perch, 116 sculpins, johnny dar'ter)or an operational, factor (common carp)and for species that appeared indifferent to the presence or operation of the Cook plant (e.g., alewife, spottail shiner, rainbow smelt).The spatial and temporal abundance of Lake Michigan fish found in the study area appears to be strongly influenced by environmental factors (subs tra te conditions, water tempera ture, storms, turbulence, ice, diel period)acting in concert with physiological needs of the fish (maturation, spawning, feeding, survival, growth)and the distribution of other aquatic biota (predators and prey).Our studies also indicate that the level of influence that these factors assert on fish abundance, distribution, and behavior changes as fish pass through various stages in their life history and physiological needs.ECOLOGY Given some annual variation, most of the physical, chemical, and biological features of the study area remained basically unchanged, during preoperational and operational phases of the Cook Plant (Rossmann 1986).Such factors included composition and configuration of surficial sediments, presence of lake currents and occasional occurrence of storms, annual water temperature regime, nutrient cycling, and the seasonal appearance of various animal populations in the area.These factors along wi th many others comprise the environment and dictate the growth and survival of plants and animals in the area.En most instances, these environmental interrelations and responses are complex and difficult to isolate or explain.However, construction and operation of the Cook Plant resulted in some gross alterations in local environmental conditions, which could be identified 117 and explored.The placement of plant structures and riprap in the lake., created a small, isolated benthic environment that was atypical of the surrounding area.Subsequent operation of the plant which included withdrawal of water, circulation and warming of water inside the plant, and discharge of water back into the lake further affected both the benthic and pelagic environment in the immediate vicinity.Two basic themes underlie the initial discussion in this section: the first is an evaluation of the response of selected biota to the introduction of new habitat or sets of environmental conditions.
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| The second theme is the response of these biota to habitat aging and changes in environmental conditions.
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| The discussion is limited to observations and inferences that are derived from this underwater study.The inshore physical environment in this region of the lake is variable in comparison with many other aquatic environments.
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| Waves, currents, shif ting surficial sediments, exposure to ice scour, and widely fluctuating wa ter temperatures contribute to the set of conditions that stress plants and animals living in the area.The riprap and in-lake plant structures provided a stable substrate that afforded increased protection for mobile benthic organisms and a surface for attachment of sessile biota.This was reflected in the rapid colonization of this habitat by organisms not found in the surrounding environment, (e.g., periphyton and attached invertebrates) or which normally occurred in lesser abundance (e.g., snails, crayfish, and some fish).Following placement of the structures and riprap in the lake, aging of their surfaces commenced and altered the conditions of this micro-environment.
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| The structure surfaces first rusted and then accumulated bacterial slime, fine sediment, and par ticula te organic ma terial.Bacterial slime grew on the surface of the riprap while the holes and crevices, particularly those in its upper surfaces, trapped sediment and organic matter.Periphyton rapidly colonized the exposed, upper surfaces of the struc>>tutee and riprap,and
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| ~Clads hors was often abundant.Snails appeared on the riprap within a year and attached invertebrates
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| (~Hdra, bryosoans, and sponges)colonized the substrate in the first few years.Crayfish also appeared on the reef within the first several years.Abundance of snails, crayfish, and some invertebrates peaked during the first three to five years and then declined to varying degrees.Snails disappeared completely from the riprap by the sixth year, and numbers of crayfish observed and impinged declined dramatically by the seventh year.The abundance of most attached invertebtates declined in later years of the study, but these organisms continued to be observed throughout the 10-yr study period.Interestingly, f'luctuations occurred in the abundance of fish that were attracted to the area, bu t clear pa tterns or trends in their abundance were no t evident.The reason for this may be that those factors which attracted the fish (e.g., shelter, circulating water, etc.)were not altered as much during the study as the micro-environment on the surface of the riprap.This in turn suggests that attraction of fish to the area may have been more a response to the physical configuration of the reef than to biological factors such as availability of prey (e.g., sculpin feeding on snails or perch feeding on crayfish).
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| In a stable environment, associated physical, chemical, and biological conditions often achieve some balance with each other.Patterns, trends, and random variations in these conditions are expected to occur during long periods of observation, but radical changes are either atypical (e.g., damage 119 or des true tion of the s true tures)or a t leas t predic table (upwellings)
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| .When existing habitat is.altered or new.habi tat is introduced,, the extant environmental condi,tions change and a new set of physical, chemical, and biological conditions begin to appear.Usually, some period of time is required to reform a stable and relatively predictable balance with this new set of conditions.
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| The response of individual organisms to these environ-mental changes varies but is eventually reflected in population abundance and diversity.
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| Populations may increase or decrease in numbers, and the rate at which this occurs may also vary.However, several basic patterns are known, and some occurred at the Cook Plant.One pa ttern, shown by snails at the Cook Plant, is where population density follows a J-shaped curve over time.initially, a positive acceleration phase occurs, followed by a logarithmic growth phase.Eventually, population density peaks and is then followed by a logarithmic decrease in population density and lacer, a negative acceleration phase (Knight 1965).Coloniza tion, rapid population increase, peak abundance, and population decline of snails took place within a 4-yr period;over the next two years the population trailed off into extinction on the reef, The primary factor which initially encouraged population growth was most likely the ap-pearance of clean, stable substrate.
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| The major factor which eventually caused the extinction of snails on the reef may have been the accumulation of a thick coating of material (sediment, organic detritus, and algae)on the surface of the substrate.
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| This material may have interfered with snail movement, ventilation, or incubation of eggs attached to the substrate.
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| Changes may also have occurred in the composition of the detrital material upon which sna i 1 s fed.120 Cl A second population density curve which develops in response to changing environmental conditions is the sigmoid curve.In this instance, the ascending limb and peak of the curve are followed by a series of oscillations which may be cyclic or nonperiodic and show trends and'atterns or totally random changes in popula tion abundance over time.Attached invertebrates and crayfish followed this general form of population density'curve.Given time and eventual stabilization of environmental conditions on the reef, the population density curves of these organisms might eventually flatten or show some periodicity or trend.But the duration and intensity of sampling conducted during this study, were insufficient to r'eveal such features in these population curves.The seasonal growth of~Clado hors followed a variation of this curve where the length and density of the alga showed cyclic fluctuations according to season (maximum in summer, minimum in winter).However, no long-term trend superimposed on these cyclic oscillations was identified during the s tudy.Changes in surficial substrate conditions suspected to have affected'1~snails probably also affected attached invereegrates and crayfish.Evidence It indicated that~Ciado hors may have had a direct.effect on these animals.~1/In studies of artificial substrates placed on, the Cook Plant riprap, Lauritsen~~It and White (1981)found that~tlado hors increased space available for clinging 4 invertebrates such as Naididae, Oligochaeta, water mites, and amphipods.
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| With the disappearance of most~tlado hors lin the fall, the total number of benthic invert'ebrates decreased, and filter feeders dominated the fauna.Prince et al.(1975)found that at Smith ilountain Lake, Virginia, crayfish uere most abundant in areas oi luxuriant~Glade hors growth and absent from areas of the reef with little or no~Clado hors growth.These.observations 121 t combined with those of the present study (see Free-living Macroinvertebrates) suggest that a direct relationship exists betueen,tha presence of~Clado hors..(or factors which promote growth of the alga)and the abundance of invertebrates at the Cook Plant.The population growth of snails may have been repressed by luxurianr.
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| ~Clado hors growth;uhereas, the population grouth of crayfish may have been enhanced.Attached invertebrates may have had to compete with the alga for substrate, and some of the aquatic insect larvae observed during the study may have fed on organisms living in association with~Clado hors.Another population density curve is asymptotic in shape.Unlike the J<<shaped curve, no clear peak density is achieved but rather an asymptotic or flat, linear phase is es tablished.
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| Some possible examples of this curve were the population densities of yellow perch, sculpin, johnny darter, and burbot that were attracted to the rough substrate.
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| Unfortunately, diving was not conducted before and immediately af ter placement of the substrate in the lake.Therefore, the initial increase in density which occurred as fish located and colonized the area was not recorded and the ascending limb of the curve was not reflected in the data.However, the relative ranked abundance of many oi these fish underwent only minor fluctuations following colonization, and the actual abundance of these reef fish may have stabilized.
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| As noted earlier, the attraction of these fish to the reef may have been more a response to its gross physical configuration and stability which remained nearly unchanged during the study, than to reef organisms (algae or invertebrates) that served as prey, or to micro-environmental conditions on the surface of the riprap.Znterestinglyp lake trout, which appear to have extremely specific requirements regarding spawning-substrate conditions, were never found tos 122 utilize the Cook Reef for spawning;whereas, other fish (yellow perch, slimy sculpin, johnny darter, spottail shiner, and alewife)with less stringent spawning-substrate requirements spawned extensively on the reef.En contrast, lake trout did spawn on the newly-placed large riprap at the Campbell Plant (Jude et al.1981b).The population density curves of periphytic algae at the Cook Plant reef I followed a pattern typical for colonial algae but unique in comparison with curves previously discussed.
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| Zn general, abundance of individual algal forms peaked soon after colonization and then decreased slowly, thus defining asymmetric population density curves that were skewed to the right.However, as individual population densities decreased and more stability was attained;total diversity of forms increased almost linearly throughout the study.These opposing processes may have been the result of aging and increased stability of surficial substrate conditions acting in concert with the large number of rare forms present in the lake.Host organisms studied during this investigation exhibited both temporal and spatial variation in their abundance and distribution.
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| The three most obvious environmental effects were substrate conditions, water temperature, and photic conditions.
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| Pronounced effects of substrate were found on the distribution of periphyton, attached invertebrates, snails, and crayfish and on the distribution and spawning of some fish.For all animals studied, presence of stable, rugose substrate attracted and concentrated biota that were less abundant in the surrounding environment of flat, exposed, shif ting-sand bottom.Hos t organisms no t attracted to the riprap zone (e.g., pelagic fish)were distributed in the area in a manner similar to that of the surrounding environment.
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| However, the faunal distributions of some organisms 123 that would undoubtedly have been reduced by the presence of hard substrate,, such as those, of burrowing.invertebra tes, including sphaeriid, clams or worms, were no t s tudied.Although short-term fluctuations in water temperature, such as upwellings, were encountered, their effects on the abundance and distribution of local biota were difficult to discern through diver observations.
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| However, seasonal changes in wa ter tempera ture had obvious effects on both plan ts and animals.In general, abundance and diversity of most organisms observed by divers were far greater during months of warm water than during early spring (April)or late fall (October).
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| Part of this reduction was likely the.result of reduced metabolic activity and movements as a function of lower water tempera tures.Bu t, frequent s torm-genera ted turbulence and scouring of the bottom by ice made the inshote area considerably more inhospitable during the caid-weather period of the year.The diel di,stribution of some animals was a direct result of phototrophi responses.
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| Crayfish were distinctly more active at night as were sculpin and YOY alewives.Yellow perch and common carp were active during the day and inactive at night.While abundance of adult alewives appeared unaffected by photoperiod, schooling was a distinctly daytime activity.In general, most fish were less alert and more approachable by divers at night than during the day.Also, orienta tion of f ish to the s true tures and riprap was of ten clearly obvious during the day and obscure or absent at night.Finally, a distinct process of tcolonization and succession of biota on the Cook Plant structures and riprap was documented during this study.Although specific population density curves have been discussed, the overall pattern was one of initial location of habitat by extant biota, explosive 124 O, population growth which peaked during the first few years of the reef's existence, and a decline in population abundance to lower levels of fluctuating population abundance or extinction.
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| This general pattern was most strikingly exhibited by sessile biota, perhaps because they were more directly affected by'hanges in substrate conditions than were motile organisms such as fish.These changes probably included shifts in micro-habitat conditions such as circulation of water and exchange of gases and nutrients at the'I substrate/wa ter interface.
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| The physical occlusion of the substrate surface, pores, cracks, and interstices by an accumulation of algae, sediment, and organic detritus probably influenced these micro-habitat conditions and dictated the response of organisms to that habitat.Generally, artificial reefs are used throughout the world to increase local biological productivity (Rutecki et al.1985).Such increases are achieved by expanding the variety and abundance of habitat available to biota.These conditions favor the survival and growth of individual organisms and promote local population increases.
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| The Cook Plant structures and riprap have provided j us t such an envi ronmen t which through 1 ts phys ical presence and ,'mo'dification of extant environmental conditions acting in combination with ,effects of plant operation have had a distinct impact on the local ecology.1 From the standpoint of diver-observed effects, this impact appears limited almost exclusively to the reef itself and has not influenced the ecology of'I the surrounding area to any noticeable extent.PLAiNT EFFECTS Ph sical Presence The physical presence of Cook Plant in-lake structures and riprap 125 appeared to have several effects on the local environment that were not.related to plant operation.(e;g., circulation or discharge'of heated water).These effects were generally related to an expansion of habitat which provided.increased substrate for attachment, shelter, or reproduction of biota.The structures and riprap provided stable substrate for the attachment and growth of periphytic algae and attached invertebrates including~Hdra, bryozoans, and freshwater sponges.These animals were not found on shif ting-sand subs tra te in the surrounding area.Snails were attracted to the clean, stable substrate that provided a surface on which they could move about and lay their eggs.Crayfish may have fed on~Glade hors or other periphyton attached to rhe riprap hut also used the in ters tices among the stones for shelter and protection.
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| Several species of fish were attracted to the structures and riprap.Yellow perch congregated in the area in the late spring and remained more concentrated in the riprap zone than the surrounding area throughout the I summer.Although alewives did not show any particular attraction to the area based on diver observations, impingement records indicated that fish clustered near the structure during storms and were thereby more vulnerable to entrapment (Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).Demersal fish including sculpins, burbot, johnny darter, black bullheads, and catfish were attracted to the riprap probably as a result of their cryptozoic behavior.En all cases, the presence of the structures and riprap increased the amount oi protected habitat available to these fish.Therefore, strictly from the standpoint of their physical presence, the structures and riprap enhanced and expanded local populations of some fish species in a manner that would not have occurred in the absence of this habitat.However, this enhancement mus t be balanced 126 9 against the operation of the plant which of ten contributed to mortality of fish occurring in the area.The riprap served as spawning substrate for yellow perch, slimy sculpin, and johnny darter, and through this process may have enhanced the growth of local populations of these fish.Spottail shiners were observed to spawn on M periphyton growing on top of the south intake structure, which provided an additional but probably insignificant amount of spawning habitat.Zn overview, the physical presence of in-lake plant structures and riprap created an atypical, more sheltered, and more diverse habitat as compared to the surrounding area.These factors served to attract and concentrate biota which normally would be absent from the area or occur in considerably reduced numbers.En most instances, the presence of this habitat enhanced local populations of some plants and animals, while others (e.g., those of burrowing animals)were likely reduced.Bu t, the attraction and enhancement of these populations must be balanced agains t their increased vulnerability to operational effects of the Cook Plant and plant-induced mortality.
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| 0 era tional Effects The entrainment of organisms during intake of plant cooling water and discharge of heated water and currents associated with the withdrawal and dis-charge of water were the major effects of plant operation that were noted by divers.Some of the physical impacts from plant operation have already been described and are summarized here.A shallow surface layer of warm water was occasionally encountered by divers at reference stations closest to the dis-charge structures.
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| Warm water was also encountered when diving in the dis-charge area during one-unit plant opera tion.Elevated turbidity was occasion-127 ally encountered at the north reference.station nearest the plant, and on on d'ive, debris was flushed from the north discharge during" cleaningof the:plant forebay.Intake and discharge of water modified lake currents and waves.in the immediate vicinity of the plant.Me observed changes in ripple mark pat-terns on the bottom, encountered eddy currents at the discharge, and detected water masses of clearly differing temperature and transparency in the strati-fied intake water.Although the riprap trapped sediment and organic debris, some of these materials were re-susp"nded by plant-generated water currents.Although the pelagic life stages of attached organisms were vulnerable to entrainment and possible plant-induced mortality, sessile adult organisms were co'nsiderably less susceptible to operational efEects of the plant.Oiver ob-servations revealed that portions of the intake structures most directly exposed to intake water currents of ten supported, the most luxuriant periphytoa n growth.I Crayfish were attracted to the riprap.However, intake currents strong enough to dislodge these animals from the substrate and result in their subsequent impingement in the plant were never encountered.
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| Crayfish, which show pronounced negative photota tie behavior (Pennak 1953), most likely were attracted to the dark interior of the intake structures and pipes and eventually entered or were entrained into the the plant forebay and impinged on the traveling screens.The same process may have occurred Eor sculpins which concentrated in the riprap area;sculpins are also nocturnally active.Diver observed effects of plant operation on Eish were limited to attrac-tion of common carp to the heated dischar ge wa ter and a general responsiveness of some species to currents at the intake structures.
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| Although common carp spawned in the warm water as evidenced by the concentration oE newly hatched 128 O larvae at sampling stations nearest the thermal plume (Bimber et al.1984), they may have been attracted to the plume for other reasons.No evidence was compiled to indicate that common carp would have been attracted to the area strictly in response to the physical presence of plant structures or riprap.Several species of fish, including yellow perch, alewives, and spottail shin-ers, were observed to exhibit positive rheotaxis and some position-holding in the area of strong intake currents.On occasion, some of these fish were observed to selectively congregate at various locations around the intake where the incoming water was warmer or less turbid than at other points.Cook Plant impingement records and other studies suggest that both alewives and yellow perch may have concentrated near the intake structures during storms and periods of extreme inshore turbulence, perhaps in search of shelter in the lee of the s true tures (Lif ton and S torr 1977;Thurber and Jude 1984, 1985).t Such concentrations, combined with the increased activity of fish during storms and possible disorienting effects of extreme turbulence, may have resulted in increased impingement of fish during and immediately following severe inshore turbulence.
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| Pelagic fish, including juvenile and adult alewife, spottail shiner, and yellow perch, were observed to swim in and out of the intake structures.
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| This observation suggests that water intake currents outside the structures and at many points within the structures were not so strong as to over-power the fish.Rough measurements of current speed made by divers at the intake screens of the structures by timing the transport of suspended material along a measured distance indicated that intake currents at the screens were usually less than 0.5 m/sec.During seven-pump plant operation, currents at the in-take screens occasionally approached 1 m/sec at points along the structure 129 which faced directly into the oncoming lake current.Commercial divers re-, pairing the intake structures reported that there were specific locations within the structures where intake currents would suddenly increase (personal.
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| communication, A.Sebrechts, Sebrechts Inc., Bridgman, Mich.).These loca-tions varied with the number of pumps operating, direction and speed of lake currents and surface waves, and eddy currents caused by recirculation of dis-charge water.Review of fish swimming performance, summarized by Hocutt and Edinger (1980), indicates that water velocity at the Cook Plant intake screens is con-siderably less than the"burst" swimming speeds of most pelagic and)uvenile fish found in the study area and does not exceed the"sustained" swimming speed for species such as alewife and yellow perch.They also reported that alewife demonstrate a countercurrent orientation in streams and prefer high v elocity flow;whereas, yellow perch are inconsistent in their orientation to current.We theorize that at the Cook Plant most fish voluntarily enter the s tructure and then may be unexpectedly subjected to strong currents occurring.
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| at varying locations within the structure.
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| Upon entering the structure and suddenly encountering these currents, many fish probably retreat to areas of reduced current within or outside the structure; this scenario may be repeated many times before the fish eventually leave the area or are entrapped.
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| Intake currents inside the pipes may approach 1.8 m/sec (6 ft/sec)during seven-pump opera tion, which would be 10 body lengths/sec for a 180 mm fish.Based on fish swimming performances ci ted in Hocutt and Zdinger (1980), this value (10 lengths/sec) probably exceeds the"burst" swimming speed for many oi the species of fish commonly impinged at the Cook Plant, particularly small fish.130 I Hocutt and Edinger noted that swimming performance is also related to the rate of velocity increase.Therefore, if a fish unexpectedly encounters a strong intake current inside the Cook Plant structure, escape may be difficult, particularly if the fish has been drawn through the structure and down into the intake pipe.If fish congregated near the structures for shelter during storms, the increase in turbulence could well disorient them or mask the intake current so that the fish might have increased difficulty sensing the sudden increases in intake current flow inside the structure.
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| The end result would be that more fish would be entrained and impinged during storms, which was exactly what was observed at the Cook Plant.Divers noted plant effects that were the result of the simple physical presence of the structures and riprap and some that were a function of plant operation.
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| Host of these effects served to enhance local population densities of organisms attracted to the area.Negative effects (e.g., primarily entrainment and impingement) appeared to be limited more to plant operation than the physical presence of the structures and riprap in the lake and were inferred from other aspects of the Cook Plant studies.Barring a large change in the in-lake structure of the Cook Plant or its operation, future diver observation of additional major or significant ecological changes or plant impacts are not anticipated.
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| SUHHARY The physical, chemical, and biological features of the inshore environment surrounding the Cook Plant in-lake intake and discharge structures and riprap defined a harsh regime of environmental conditions relative to many.other aquatic environments.
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| A spectrum of flora and fauna existed in this 131 environment, but the abundance and.distribution of most organisms appeared to be rather strictly dictated by the environmental conditions they'ncountered.,**The inshore Lake Michigan environment evaluated during this underwater study appeared relatively homogeneous, and considerable opportunity existed for the mobile life stages of flora and fauna to migrate and colonize new habitat.Knshore surface waves may attain 4 m in the study area during intense storms, which contribute to the harsh nature of the environment.
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| Effects of waves 0.5-1.0 m could be felt on the bottom by divers at depths less than 10 m.Lake currents were occasionally encountered by divers, but their effects were masked in areas where plant"generated currents could be felt.Both uni-directional and eddy currents were detectable throughout the water column within 100 m of the discharges; at stations more than 300 m from the discharges, weak plant-generated currents were noted occasionally, but lake~%currents appeared to predominate.
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| Variable current speeds were encountered at the intake structures, but distinct differences of ten occurred at various points around the structures.
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| Currents were strongest during seven-pump operation, and presence of warm water drawn into the shoreward sides oi the s truc tures sugges ted some recircula tion of discharge water.Thermal effects encountered during diving included seasonal large-scale changes in wa ter tempera cure, shor t-term processes, including upwellings, and temperature stratification within the water column.A thin layer of naturally warmed water was occasionally found at the surface.Plant effects included presence of warm water near the discharge area and recirculation or discharge wa ter.The bottom profile of the inshore Lake.'1ichigan environment was typically flat and unbroken.Sediments were composed of coarse-and fine-grained 132 I shif ting sand.Occasional"islands" of rock or clay substrate occurred in the inshore area of eastern Lake Michigan but were extremely limited in number and areal extent.These islands included habitat and environmental conditions'ore dissimilar to the surrounding area than to the physical conditions created by the Cook Plant in-lake structures and riprap.Accumulations of surficial flocculent material typically ranged from 1 to 5 mm thick.Occasionally, large (10-m diameter, 1 m deep)depressions con-taining 20-40 mm of floe were encountered at reference stations.The riprap trapped sediment along with other inorganic and organic materials.
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| Mater transparency ranged from less than 1 m to more than 6 m and was reduced during periods of inshore turbulence.
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| High transparency was usually associated,with extended periods (days to weeks)of stable weather and calm lake conditions.
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| Transparency was occasionally reduced in the vicinity of the discharges and at specific points around the intake structure.
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| These reduc-tions were attributed to discharge turbulence and withdrawal of water from discrete water masses of differing turbidity.
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| Inorganic debris and organic detritus were more commonly observed in the riprap zone than at reference stations.This was believed to be primarily a function of the increased trapping action of the more rugose surface of the riprap.Inorganic trash accumulated as a result of plant construction and items discarded by fishermen angling over the reef.Organic debris was composed primarily of terres trial plant material.Periphyton colonized the structures and riprap within a year of placement in the lake.Seasonal growth patterns were clearly obvious, with algal length, density, and taxonomic diversity peaking during summer months.Most algae sloughed from the substrate durfng minter.~Clads hors uas abundant and 133 g was suspected to have affected the abundance of other organisms on the-reef, including attached or clinging invertebrates, crayfish, and.possibly, snails.No long-term pattern in length or luxuriance of periphyton growing on the, plant structures or riprap was identified.
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| However, taxonomic diversity and number of new forms recorded each year increased almost linearly throughout r the study.The'se observations documented a pattern of colonization and succession that was typical f'r periphytic algae and also attested to the large number of rare forms present in the lake.Attached tuvertehrates chsetved durtug the study tucluded~gdra, bryozoans, and freshwater sponges.~Hdra colonized the s'tructure and riprap during its first year in the lake, as did bryozoans.
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| Freshwater sponges appeared to require about two years to colonize the substrate.
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| Peak abundance of these invertebrates on the reef occurred four to six years af ter placement in the lake.During the last several years of the study, abundance of~Hdra and bryozoans declined, while numbers of sponge colonies continued to fluctuate and showed no particular pa t tern or trend.Riprap appeared to provide a more suitable substrate than did the metal structure, although large mats of~Hdra were observed on the interior walls of the intake pipes and plant forebay.Snails and crayfish colonized the riprap within its first year in the lake.Abundance of snails (~Ph sa)peaked during the third year of the reef and then declined rapidly.No snails were observed during the last four years of the study.Extinction was believed to have been caused primarily by changes in the surface of the substrate as it aged and accumulated sediment, bacterial slime, periphyton, and organic detritus.Crayfish abundance peaked one year af ter that of snails.A rapid decline in abundance then occurred, 134.
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| but unlike snails, crayfish continued to be observed in low numbers throughout the duration of the study.Decline in crayfish abundance was believed to be related to changes on the reef substrate surface operating in combination with initial overpopulation of the habitat.For both snails and crayfish, predation on eggs, juveniles, and adults by other crayfish and fish may have contributed to the decline in abundance of these invertebrates.
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| Several species of fish including yellow perch, slimy sculpin, and johnny darter spawned on the reef in preference to the surrounding sand"bottom area.Spottail shiners were observed to spawn over periphyton growing on top of an intake structure.
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| Alewife eggs were seen in abundance but were about equally distributed over riprap and sand substrate, indicating that this species broadcasts its eggs at random without regard to substrate composition.
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| Observa tion of f ish eggs was limi ted to Hay-Augus t, and spawning ac tivi ty of the above species appeared to be concentrated in May-June.Twenty-two taxa, encompassing 24 species of fish, were observed by divers V during the study and we re grouped according to frequency of observation.
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| Frequently observed species included alewife, yellow perch, sculpins, johnny darter, and spottail shiner.All of these fish were seen at least once during every year of the study.Commonly observed species included trout-perch, common carp, rainbow smelt, burbot, and white sucker.These fish were seen during seven to nine years of the 10-year study.Uncommonly observed species included largemou th bass, lake trou t, channel ca tf ish, black bullhead, smallmouth bass, and longnose sucker.These fish were seen in more than one but less than half of the study years.Species that were rarely observed and were seen during only one year included emerald shiner, brown trout, quillback, walleye, unidentified coregonids, and shorthead redhorse.135 Pelagic fish that appeared to be attracted to the in-lake presence or operation of, the plant included yellow perch and common carp and possibly largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye.Pelagic species that appeared generally indifferent to the in-lake presence or operation of the plant included alewife, spottail shiner, trout-perch, rainbow smelt, lake trout, emerald shiner, brown trout, and coregonids.
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| Demersal fish that appeared to be attracted to the in-lake presence or operation of the plant included slimy sculpin, burbot, channel ca tfish, and black bullhead.Demersal fish that appeared indifferent to the in-lake presence or operation of the plantincluded johnny darter, whi te sucker, longnose sucker, quillback, and i shorthead redhorse.Several generalizations rela ted to fish behavior may be made based on this study.Species diversity and overall abundance of fish were higher during the warm-water months (June-Augus t)than in the spring or la te fall and higher at night than during the day.Day-active fish included yellow perch, common carp, and johnny darter.Nocturnally active fish included sculpins and burbot.Alewife, spot tail shiner, trout-perch, and rainbow smelt showed no obvious pattern in diel activity.Daytime schooling was observed among adult alewife (500-1,000/school), yellow perch (10-50/school), and common carp (5-20/school), although aggregations tended to be loose and of ten included fish of widely differing sizes.Schooling among YOY fish was observed for alewife, yellow perch, and rainbow smelt.For all species that were active at night, swimming was more undirected and slower, and fish were more easily approached by divers than during the day.Schools of YOY alewife were observed in September and October during most years.Schools of YOY yellow perch were occasionally seen in August.136 Observation of these YOY fish coincided with their appearance inshore at this time of the year and was further documented in field and impingement catches.Fish abundance and diversity were greater in the riprap area than in the surrounding area of sand substrate.
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| Yellow perch, slimy sculpins,)ohnny darter, burbot, channel catfish, and black bullheads were probably attracted to the vertical relief and protection that the rugose substrate offered.Common carp appeared to be attracted to the warm-water discharge.
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| Largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, and walleye were seen in close association with the structures and may have been attracted to the vertical relief that these objects presented.
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| Alewives were seen in abundance in all of the study area but may have sought shelter near the structures during periods of inshore turbulence.
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| Spottail shiners, rainbow smelt, and trout-perch did not appear attracted or repelled by the physical presence of the reef or.operation of the plant.Excluding the operational effects of entrainment and impingement on fish at various life stages, the physical presence of the structures and riprap appeared to enhance fish populations by providing additional habitat for spawning, feeding, and protection from predation and harsh inshore lake conditions.
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| The seasonal abundance of fish observed by divers in the study area was of ten direc tly correla ted wi th their spawning activities.
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| This was true for species that were attracted to the plant area for spawning substrate (e.g., yellow perch, sculpins, johnny darter)or by an operat'ional factor (common carp), as well as for species that appeared indifferent to the presence or operation of the Cook Plant (e.g., alewife, spottail shiner, rainbow smelt).The spatial and temporal abundance of Lake Michigan fish found in the study area.appeared to be strongly influenced by environmental factors 137 (substrate conditions, water temperature, storms, turbulence, ice, diel period)acting in concert wi th physiological needs of the fish (matura tion,spawning, feeding, survival, growth)and"presence of other lake biota (preda tors and prey).Our s tudies also indica ted tha t the level of influence that these factors assert on fish abundance, distribution, and behavior changes as fish pass through various stages in their life history and physiological needs.The Cook Plant structures and riptap have created habitat atypical of the surrounding environment.
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| Through its physical presence and modification of extant environmental conditions acting in combination with effects of plant operation, it has had a distinct impact on the local ecology.Population increases for some organisms, including periphytic algae, attached and free-living invertebrates, and pelagic and demersal fish, have been achieved through the expansion of substrate to provide increased shelter and a more diversified habitat relative to the surrounding environment.
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| Environmental conditions on the reef have favored the survival and growth of individual, organisms and resulted in local population increases.
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| From the standpoint of diver observations, effects of these changes appeared limited almost exclu" sively to the reef itself and have not influenced the ecology of the.sur" rounding area to any noticeable extent.Presence of the riprap served to enhance local population densities of organisms attracted to the area.The attraction and enhancement of these Q'i populations must be balanced against their increased vulnerability to operational effects of the Cook Plant and plant-induced mortality.
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| LVega tive effects (e.g., primarily entrainment and.impingement) appeared to be limited more to plant operation than the physical presence of the plant structures and 138 riprap in the lake and were inferred more from other components of the Cook Plant studies than from diver observations.
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| Barring major modifications to the in-lake structures or operation of the Cook Plant, future diver observation of additional large or significant ecological changes or plant impacts are not anticipated.
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| -139 REFERENCES Auer, H.A.(ed.)1982.Identifica tion of larval fishes of the Great Lakes basin with emphasis on the Lake Michigan drainage..Spec.Publ.No.82-3.Great Lakes Fish.Comm., Ann Arbor, Mich.744 pp.Ayers, J.C., D.C.Chandler, G.H.Lauff, C.F.Powers, and E.B.Henson.1958.Currents and water masses in Lake Michigan.Publ.No.3.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.169 pp.Barres, J., L.Feldt, W.Chang, and R.Rossmann.1984.Entrainment of phyto-plankton at the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant-1980-1982.
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| Part XXXII.Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies.Spec.Rep.Ho.44.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.92 pp.plus microfiche.
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| Biener, M.E.1982.Evaluation of an artificial reef placed in southeas tern Lake Michigan: fish coloniza tion.M.S.thesis.Mich.S tate Univ., East Lansing, Mich.40 pp.Bimber, D.L., M.Perrone, Jr., L.S.iVoguchi, and D.J.Jude.1984.Field distribution and entrainment of fish larvae and eggs at the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan, 1973"1979.
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| Spec.Rep.iVo.105, Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.320 pp.Cornelius, S.D.wa ter reef.Brown, E.H., Jr.1968.Popula tion charac ter is ties and physical condition of Tech.Rep.No.13.Great Lakes Fish.Comm., Ann Arbor, Mich.20 pp.1984.Macroinvertebrate colonization of the Muskegon fresh-M.S.thesis..'lich.
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| State Univ., East Lansing, Mich.109 pp.Davis, R.A., and D.F.R.McGeary.1965.S tability in the nearshore bottom topography and sediment distribution, southeas tern Lake iMichigan.
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| Pages 222-231 in Proc.8th Conf.Great Lakes Res., Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.Dorr III, J.A.1974.Underwa ter operations in southeastern Lake Michigan near the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant during 1973.Pages 465-475 in E.Seibel, and J.C.Ayers, eds.The biological, chemical and physical char-acter of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Donald C.Cook iVuclear Plant.Spec.Rep.No.51.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.Dorr III.J.A.1982.Substrate and other environmental factors in repro-duction of the yellow perch (Perca flavescens).
| |
| Ph.D.thesis.Univ.iVich., Ann Arbor, Mich.276 pp.Dorr III, J.A., and D.J.Jude.1980a.SCUBA assessment of abundance, spa~n-ing, and behavior of fishes in southeastern Lake Michigan near the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant, 1975-1978.
| |
| iVich.Acad.12: 345-364.140 O Dorr III, J.A., and D.J.Jude.1980b.Scuba observations in eastern Lake Michigan near Muskegon Harbor, 13-14 September 1979.Spec.Rep.No.76.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.15 pp.Dorr III, J.A., and T.J.Miller.1975.Underwater operations in southeastern Lake Michigan near the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant during 1974.Part XXII.Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies.Spec.Rep.No.44.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.32 pp.Dorr III, J.A., D.V.O'onnor, N.R.Foster, and D.J.Jude.1981a.Sub-stratee conditions and abundance of lake trout eggs in a traditional spawn-ing area in southeastern Lake Michigan.N.Amer.J.Fish.Mgt.1:165-172.
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| Dorr III, J.A., D.J.Jude, G.R.Heufelder, S.A.Klinger, G.E.Noguchi, T.L.Ru tecki, and P.J.Schneeberger.
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| 1981b.Preliminary investigation of spawning habitat conditions and reproduction of lake trout in eastern Lake Michigan near Port Sheldon, Michigan.Pub.No.MICHU-SG-81-213.
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| Mich.Sea Grant Prog., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.22 pp.ETA.1980.Repor t on the characteristics of thermal discharge from D.C.Cook Units 1&2.Vol.I.Environmental Technical Assessment.
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| Chicago, Illi-nois.50 pp.Hawley, E.F., and C.W.Judge.1969.Characteristics of Lake Michigan bot-tom profiles and sediments from Lakeside, Michigan to Gary, Indiana.Pages 198-209 in Proc.12th Conf.Great Lakes Res., Internat.Assoc.Great Lakes Res.Hocutt, C.H., and,J.E.Edinger.1980.Fish behavior in flow fields.Pages'143-181 in C.H.Hocutt et al., eds..Power Plants: effects on fish and shellfish behavior.Acad.Press.New York, New York.Hough, J.L.1958.Geology of the Great Lakes.Univ.Ill.Press.Urbana, ill.313 pp.indiana&Michigan Power Company.1975.Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Unit 1 environmental opera ting repor t, July 1, 1975 through December 31, 1975.American Electric Power Service Corpora tion.New York, New York.Unnum.pp.Indiana&Michigan Power Company.1976.Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Unit 1 environmental opera ting report, January 1, 1975 through June 30, 1975.American Electric Power Service Corpora tion.New York, New York.26 pp.plus appendices.
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| Jude, D.J,, and F.J.Tesar.1985.Recent changes in the forage fish of Lake Michigan.Can.J.Fish.Aqua t.Sci.42: 1154-1157.
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| Jude, D.J., B.A.Bachen, G.R.Heufelder, H.T.Tin, M.H.Winnell, F.J~Tesar, and J~A.Dorr III.1978.Adult and Juvenile fish, ichthyoplankton
| |
| " and benthos.populations in the vicinity of the J.H.Campbell Power Plant, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1977~Spec.-Rep.No.65.Great Lakes Res, Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.639 pp.141 Jude, D.J., F.J.Tesar, J.C.Tomlfnson, T.J.Miller, N.J.Thurber, G.G.Godun, and J.A.Dorr III.1979.Inshore Lake Michigan fish, populations near the Donald C.Cook Nuclear, Power Plant during preoper-a tional years-1973, 1974.Spec.Rep.No.71.Gree t Lakes Res.Div., Univ.ifich., Ann Arbor, Mich.529 pp.Jude, D.J., H.T.Tin, G.R.Heufelder, P.J.Schneeberger, C.P.Madenjian, T.L.Rutecki, P.J.Mansfield, N.A.Auer, and G.E.Noguchi.1981a.Adult, juvenile and larval fish populations in the vicinity of the J.H.Campbell Power Plant, eastern Lake Michigan, 1977-1980.
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| Spec.Rep.No.86.Grea t Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.364 pp.Jude, D.J., S.A.Klinger, and M.D.Enk.1981b.Evidence of natural repro-duction by planted lake trout in Lake ilichigan.
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| J.Great Lakes Res.7:57-61.p d Jude, D.J., C.P.Madenjian, P.J.Schneeberger, H.T.Tin, P.J.Mansfield, T.L..Rutecki, G.E.Noguchi, and.G.R.:Heufelder.
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| 1982.Adult, juvenile and larval fish populations in the vicinal.,ty of the J.H.Campbell Power Plant, 1981, with special reference tb the effectiveness of wedge-wire intake screens in reducing entrainment an'd impingement of fish.Spec.Rep.No.96.Grea t Lakes.Res.Div., Univ.Mi'ch.:, Ann Arbor, Mich.516 pp.p Knight, C.B.1965.Basic concep ts of ecol'ogy.The Macmillan Company, New York, New York.468 pp.f.auri tsen, D.D., and of a na tural and Michigan.Spec.Ann Arbor, i'fich.D.S.White.)981.Comparative studies of the zoobenthos a man-made rocky habitat on the eastern shore of Lake Rep.No.74.Crea t Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., 65 pp.Lif ton, ft.S., and J.F.Storr, 1977.The effect of environmental variables on fish impingement.
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| Pages 299-311 in L.0~Jensen, ed.Proceedfngs of the Fourth National Workshop on Entrainment and Impingement.
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| Ecological Analys ts, Inc., ifelville, New York.hfiller, G.A.1956.The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on ouq capacity fot processing information.
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| Psych.Rev.63:82-97.Mortimer, C.H.1975.Environmental"s ta tus oi the Lake ifichigan region.Part 1, physical characteristics of Lake fichigan and f.ts responses to applied forces.Environ.Cont.Tech.Earth Sci.Argonne Nat.Lab, Argonne, Ill.121 pp.Noguchi, L., D.Bimber, H.Tin, P'.Mansfield,.and D.Jude.1985.Field dis-tribution and entrainment of fish larvae and eggs at the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant, southeastern Lake ifichigan, 1980-1982.
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| Spec.Rep.No.116, Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.'lich, Ann Arbor, Mi.251 pp.Nursall, J.R.1973.Some behavorial interactions of the spo ttail shiner (~Nocto is hudsonius), yellou perch (Perce flevescens), snd norrhern ptee (Esox lucius).J.Fish.Res.Board Can.30:1161-1178.
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| 142 Pennak, R.W.1953.Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States.The Ronald Press Company, New York, New York.769 pp.Perrone, M.Jr., P.J.Schneeberger, and D.J.Jude.1983.Dis tribu tion of larval yellow perch (Perca flavescens) in nearshore waters of southeastern Lake Michigan.J.Great Lakes Res.9:517-522.
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| Prince, E.D., R.F.Raleigh, and R.V.Corning.1975.Artificial reefs and centrarchid bass.Pages 498-505 in R.H.Stroud and H.Clepper, eds.Black bass biology and management.
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| Sport Fish.inst., Washington, D.C.Robins, C.R., R.M.Bailey, C.E.Bond, J.R.Brooker, E.A.Lachner, R.N.Lea, and W.B.Scott.1980.A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada.4 th ed.Spec.Pub.No.12.Amer.Fish.Soc., Bethesda, Maryland.174 pp.Rossmann, R.(ed.)1986.Southeastern nearshore Lake Michigan: impact of the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Publica tion 22.Grea t Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Hich., Ann Arbor, Mich.440 pp.Rossmann, R., and E.Seibel.1977.Surficial sediment redistribution by wave energy: element-grain size rela tionships.
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| J.Great Lakes Res.3:258-262.
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| Rossmann, R., W.Chang, and J.Barres.1982.Entrainment of phytoplankton at the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant-1979.Part XXX.Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies.Spec.Rep.No.44.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.98 pp.Rutecki, T.L., P.J.Schneeberger, and D.J.Jude.1983.Diver and underwater television observations of fish behavior in a Great Lakes Commercial trap ne t.J.Grea t Lakes Res.9: 359-364.'u tecki, T.L., J.A.Dorr IIE, and D.J.Jude.1985.Preliminary analysis of colonization,and succession of selected algae, invertebrates, and fish on two artificia'1 reefs in inshore southeastern Lake Michigan.Pages 459-489 in F..M.D'Etri, ed.Artificial reefs: marine and freshwater, applications.
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| Lewi's Publishers, Enc., Chelsea, Hich.Schneeberger, P.J.1982.Observa tions and modeling of fish gilling in commercial trap net pots.M.S~thesis.Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.Schneeberger, P.J., T.L.Ru tecki, and D.J.Jude.1982.Gilling in trap-ne t pots and use of catch data to predict lake whitefish gilling rates.N.Amer.J.Fish.Mgt.2:294-300.
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| Scott, W.B., and E.J.Crossman.1973.Freshwa ter fishes of Canada.Bull.184.Fish.Res.Board.Can., Ottawa, Ont.966 pp.143 Seibel, E., R.E.Jensen, and C.T.Carlson.1974.Surficial sediment.distri bution of'the nearshore waters in southeas,tern Lake Michigan..
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| Pages 369-432 in E.Seibel and J.C.-Ayers, eds.-The biological, chemical, and physical character of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Spec.Rep;No.51.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.Shaw, E.1975.Schooling fishes.Amer.Sci.66: 166-175.Tesar, F.J., and D.J.Jude.1985.Adult and juvenile fish populations of inshore southeastern Lake Michigan near the Cook Nuclear Power Plant during 1973-82.Spec.Rep.No.106.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.94 pp.Tesar, F.J., D.Einhouse, H.T.Tin, D.L.Bimber, and D.J.Jude.1985.Adult and juvenile fish populations near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant, southeastern Lake Michigan, during preopera tional (1973-74)and operational (1975-79)years.Spec.Rep.No.109.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.341 pp.Thurber, N., and D.J.Jude.1984.Impingement losses at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant during 1975-1979 with a discuss1on of factors responsible and rela tionships to field ca tches.Spec.Rep.No.104.Crea t Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.24 pp.plus 75-page appendix.Thurber, N., and D.J.Jude.1985.Impingement losses at the D.C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant during 1975-1982 with a discussion of factors'esponsible and possible impact on local populations.
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| Spec.Rep.No.115 Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mi.158 pp.U.S.Atomic Energy Commission.
| |
| 1975.Environmental technical specif ica tions for the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2, Berrien County, Michigan.Docke t Nos.50-315 and 50-316.Direc tora te of Licensing, Washing ton, D,C.Wells, L.1973.Distribution of fish fry in nearshore waters of south-eastern and east-central Lake Michigan, May-August 1972.Admin.Rep.Grea t Lakes Fish.Lab., Ann Arbor, Mich.24 pp.We tzel, R.G.1975.Limnology.
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| W.B.Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Penn.743 pp.Winnell, M.H.1984.Ecology of the zoobenthos of sou theas tern Lake Michigan near the D.C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant.Part, 5: Malacostraca (Amphipoda, Mysidacea, Isopoda, and Decapoda).
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| Spec.Rep.No.99.Great Lakes Res.Div., Univ.Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich, 94 pp.Winnell, M.H., and D.J.Jude." 1981.Spatial and temporal distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates and sediments collected in the vicinity oi the J.H.Campbell Plant, eastern Lake Michigan, 1980.Spec.Rep, No.87.Grea t Lakes Res.Div., Univ..'lich., Ann Arbor, Mich.110 pp.]44 O:
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| Appendix 1.Summary of observations made during dives on riprap sub-strate surrounding the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant intake and discharge structures in southeastern Lake Nichigan, 1973-1982.
| |
| Ca tegory No.of dives>~Peri h eeai Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc t 1973 3 3 S true ture Riprap Inver tebra tes Crayfish Sna ils~Hd sa Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther Fish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB Sil LB BT LS QB SR 3.7 0.5 95 12 10 50>1,000>200 3'3'2.0 2.5 1 1>100 26 X 3 5 6 50~Fish e sd Riprap Sand (Continued).
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| SP 145 Appendix 1;Continued.
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| 'Ca tegory Apr May.Jun" Jul, Aug~Sep,, Oc t.1974 l i ss vi v I v No.,of divesl~Peri h reev S true ture Riprap Inver tebra tes3 Gray f ish.Snails v~Hd ra Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther F ish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB SM LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Pish e sV Riprap Sand (Continued).
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| 2 3 3 0 3.8 7.5 0 0.5 1.0 1 5 30 0 100>100 25 45 39 60>100 2 50>100 35 1 1 1*1 1 1 SS SP 1 2 3.0 1.3 50 1 75>100 P 2 75 72 6 F 146 O; Appendix 1.Continued.
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| Ca tegory No.of dives 1~Peri h ton~Apr May Jun Jul 1975 3 Aug Sep Oct S true ture Riprap denver tebra tes3 0 0.5 2.5 13.8 12.5 1.0 12.5 5.0 7.5 4.0 5.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 Crayf ish Snails~Hd ra Bryozoans Sponge Other 5>1,000 37 95 30 89 28 103 7 70 Fish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP BS BB LT WS SB Si1 LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Ftsh e s~5 4 19>100 4>100 1>100>1,000 67 62>100 60>1,000 1 3+1*54>133>128 15 51 32 2'>1, 000>1)000>1, 000 Riprap Sand (Con tinued).AL)SP,YP AL 147 Appendix l.: Continued.
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| Ca tegory Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No.of dives 1~Peri h reeF 3 3 1976 3 3 3 3 1 S true ture Riprap Inver tebra tes3 Crayf ish Sna il s~Hd ra Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther 3 18 27>216>382>134 5 2 1 T E X X X X 0 0 2.5 11.5 10.0 6.3 5.0 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 0.5 P 1 sh4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB SM LB BT LS QB SR XC'WL~Fish e sF 2 1>119 13 79 2 8 1 1 107 13 24 ll 89 59 1 2 2 7 2>1,000>100 1 135 9 8 3 2 3>243>1,000 108 1 7 30 t'iprap Sand (Con tinued).SP,AL AL AL AL AL 148 Appendix 1.Continued.
| |
| Ca tegory Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No.of dives>~Peri h reai 3 3 1977 3 3 3 2 S true ture Riprap denver tebra tes3 Gray f ish Snails~Hdra Bryozoans Sponge Other Fish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB Si'1 LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Fish e si Riprap Sand (Continued).
| |
| 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.8 3.0 1.5 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.5 0.3 X X 7 43 14 200 50 21 42 8 187 13 28 11 7 5 1'9>1,000 1 16>1,000 1 5 13 31 14>102 JDP YP JDF YP PAL AL AL AL>225 122>125>298>151 15 1 149 Appendix 1.Continued..
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| 9 Ca tegory Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No.of divesl 2 3 3 1978 3 3 3~Peri h teeP S true ture Riprap denver tebra tes3 0.3 0.1 7.5 10.0 3.0 2.0 1.7 0 1.0 3.5 8.0 7.5 2.5 2.0 Crayf ish Snails~Hdre Bryoaoans Sponge 0 ther 5 7 1 1 il,C 1 11 47 X X X Ffsh4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB SsM LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Fish e sd Riprap Sand (Continued).
| |
| 11 13 25~7 6 15 5.14 8 2>360>1,000 2 5 25 50 4 SS AL,SP AL Al 1 5 5.8 10 3 ll 2 3>100>1,000 150 Appendix 1.Continued.
| |
| Ca tegory No.of divesl~Peri h reaP S true ture Riprap Inver tebra tes Crayfish Snails~Hd r'a Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther Fish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS, SB SM LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Fish e sd Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1979 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 6 X X X X 99 8 3 1 2 36 9 1 1 170 5 9 3 8 2 36 8>1,000 1 1 1 2 8 3 327>1,000 8 4 1 1*5 3 0 0.5 1.5 3.0 6.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.2 3.0 5.5 5.0 3.0 2.5 Riprap Sand (Continued).
| |
| YP AL AL 151 Appendix 1.Continued.
| |
| : Ca tegory No.of dives>~Peri h eee2 S true ture Riprap denver tebra tes3 Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct.1980 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 0 2.0 1.6 6.5 1.0 3.0 1.8 1.5 6.0 1.0 1.3 1.0 Crayfish Sna ils~Hdra Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther 4 7 X X 13 10 5 Fish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB Si!LB BT LS QB SR XC'4L~Fish e s~Riprap Sand (Continued).
| |
| 79 15 2 53 1 1 1 1 114 7 7 10 3 3 31 38 27 1 106 7 15 40 50)103 30 AL AL 2 6 41 5 210 s r I-h 152 ,
| |
| 'Appendix 1.Continued.
| |
| Ca tegory Apr Hay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oc t No.of dives>~Peri h teaP 1981 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 S true ture Riprap denver tebra tes 0 1.5 12.5 7.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.0 ,2.5'.0 2.0, 1.5 1.8 Crayfish Snails~Hdra Bryozoans Sponge 0 ther 4 9 X X X P X X X P Ffsh4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB Sil LB BT LS QB SR XC WL~Fish e sd Riprap Sand (Continued).
| |
| >110 2>109 28 21 89 11 1>175 5 7 31 4 60 15 18 30 ll 15 9>243 5 4 1 1 3 22 30 3 1 1 1 40 2>1,000 153 Appendix 1.Continued.
| |
| -Ca tegory No.of divesl~peri h reeP Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1982 2 2 3 3 2 S true ture Riprap Inver tebra tes3 Crayf ish Snails~Hd re Bryozoans Sponge Other F ish4 YP JD SS TP SP AL BR CC CP ES BB LT WS SB Sif LB BT LS QB SR XC ML~Ff s h e ed Riprap Sand 0 0.5 1.0 12 44>765 5 84 1 1 1 2>178 1 1>100 4.0>131 7 34 1 5 3 2 1 12>170>114>1,000 1>100+6*154 ,
| |
| Total number of standard series dives (usually three)made in the ripraped area surrounding the plant intake and discharge structures.
| |
| From August 1977 to May 1982, diving in the area was reduced to only those occasions when wa ter was not being discharged from one of the structures.
| |
| During June 1982, the technical specifications for monitoring were reduced to two dives per month in the intake area only.Length (cm)of periphyton on top of the structure and on riprap adjacent to the base of the structure as measured by divers.Numbers of crayfish and snails were counted by divers.Values showing the greater than ())symbol are totals which included open-ended estimates of 100+or 1,000+(see Fig.2 and Methods).Presence of other invertebrates was noted (X)but animals were not enumerated.
| |
| C tm Chironomid (midge)larvae, E~Ephemeropterid (mayfly)larvae, M~Msfs, M Motomectid (back svimmer), See Appendix 3 for scientific and common names, and abbreviations for fish.*~observed at intake stations.Denotes observation of eggs of the fish species indicated during'tandard series dives on riprap substrate or during dives at reference stations north and south of the plant in areas of sand subs tra te.m I is s s I~~~v.155 Appendix 2.Dupl Ice te observations aade during transect sul>ss In sou thea s tern Lake Nlchlgan, April through Oc to-ber, 1975-1982.
| |
| Observations vere aad<<by tvu divers svlanlng side-by-side for lo>s along the base of the south Intake structure uf the D.C.Cuok Nuclear plant.Fach diver exaalned an area I s>vide.Total area of each transect vus Io s>.Oal tted svlns are Indicated by an asterisk (*).D" day, N night.Invertebrates Croyflsh Sna I ls Apr N D 1 a*N D 5,0*3U, 100~Jun N D 8,4 16,0 O,U 0,0 Jul N U 1975 6,30 54,0 1,0 5,0 Aug N D 18,7 13,8 2,0 3,1 Sep N D 5>3 3>l 1,2 0,0 Oct N D 14,6 6,2 0,0 0,0 Fish Yel lou perch Alevlfe Join>ny darter Sculpln Sputtall shlncr 4,0+I 0 40+5U,IOU 0 0 a A 30,0 s 35,80 a~0,0 a e 6,0 1 50,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 15,0 0,0 2,1 0,0 50,21 0,0 15,3 23,0 5,17 16,0 O,O U,U 8,7 7,100,7,100 9,4 7,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,4 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,100,7,100 0,0 0,0 4,0 3,2 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7, 100,7, 100 0,0 0,0 4>8 I~3 0,0 0,0 Invertebrates Crayfish 3,0 Sna I I s 0~0 Fish Ye I luv perch 2>0 A 1ev1 le U>U Juluu>y darter U,U Soul pin 3,1 Sputtall shiner U,U l(ulnbuv seel t I>0 durbut U,U Truut-perch 0,0 U,o U,o U,U U,U U,o I,o U,o U,O U,o U,o IU~6 U,o 11,4 2,0 l,o I,U U,U 0,0 I 0 00 4 5 00 0,0 12,10 30,0 2>0.4>6 8>4 4>3 178 25 1617 23 0,0 0,0 1,0 U,o l,o 0,0 U,U 0,0 U,U O,U l,o 0,0 00 0~0 I,U UU 40,23 0,0 4,1 2,0 0,0 5,6 0,0 0,0 O,U 0,0 1976 3,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,o 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 32.4 15,8 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0>100, 30 0,0 0,0 I,o 14,1 1,4 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,o 0,0 0~0 0,0 50,22 0,0 l,o 2~18 0,0 1,6 l,o 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,o 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,o 0,0 U,o U,o 0,0 2,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2>4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Appendix 2.(Continued).
| |
| Invertebrates Apr Nay N D Jun N D Jul N D 1977 Aug Sep Oct N D Crayfish Sna lie lp~8 5~2 8~0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 13,6 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 17,35 5,0 0,0 l,p 23,26 I,p 0,0 0,0 9,4 2,0 0,0 0,0 a a a*Fish Yellou perch Aleulfe Johnny darter Sculpln Ra lnbou snel t 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,2 4,2 2,0 0,0 2,6 0,0 7,6 4,6 l,p 1,0 l,p 4,7 0,0 0,0 1,1 2,1 15,8 50,25 4,6 l>2 3,1 3,0 0,0 0,0 6>3 0>0 l,p 0>0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,1 0,0 b,p 4,1 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,p 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0********Inver tebra tes Crayfish Snails*a 2 5**Q P 0,0 0,0 0,0 10 00 00 1978 0,0*0,0 1,3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0*0,0*0,0 Fish Yellou perch Aleul f c Johnny darter Sculp ln Spottall shiner Ralnbou sacl t Con tinued.*l,p**Q P**p 0**0 P**p p**-0,0 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,8 8,0 2,5 30,30 I,p 1,3 1,0 0,0 l,p 0,0 0,0 0,0*0,0*0>0*3,5*l,p*0,0*0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0>0 1,0 0,0 l,p 0,0 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 l,p 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0*0,0*>1,000,>I,QQQ
| |
| *0,0 p*0,0*0,0 Appendix 2.(Continued).
| |
| lnver tebra tes Cruyflsh Apr N D i*Nay N D 3,1 0,0 Jun N D 0,0 0,0 Jul N D 1979 8,0 0,0 Aug N D 1,0 0,0 N D 0,0 0,0 Oct N 0 0,0 3,0 Pfsh Yel lou perch Aleulfe Johnny dsrter Sculp ln Spo t ta I I shiner turbot Trout.-perch 6~6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 U,U O,U 0,0 I.U O,U 0,0 U,O 0,0 U,O 5,0 O,U 5,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 8,10 0,0 1,10 0,0 0,0 U,O 2,0 0,0 0,0 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 6,0 0,0 0,0 0,0)1,000,)I,OOO 0,0 0,0 1,01 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 1,0 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Inver to bra tea Crayfish 0,0 Pish Yel lou perch 0,0 Aleulfe O,U Juhnny>Isrter 0,0 Sculpln 0,0 Spottull slllner 0~0 Lta lnbuu s>>el t O,U turbot 0,0 Truut-perch 0,0 Con t lnued).0,0 0,0 0,0 U,O U,O U,O U,O U>O U,U I~I 0,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 6'0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 O,U 0,0 0,0 0,0 D,O 0,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 1,3 O,U 0,0 0,0 3,0 0,0 I,O 0,0 1,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 U,O 0,0 1980 3,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 I,O 0>0 2,1 0,0 2,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,3 0>0 0,0 0,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 2,0 0,0 30,20 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,'0 0>0 Appendix 2.(Concluded).
| |
| hpr N D Nsy N D Jun N D Jul N D 1981 hug N D Sep N D Oct N D Inver te bra tee CrsyElsh 4,0 1>0 4;0.0>0>->>.0,0 0,0 I, I 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 Pish Yellou perch A leullc Jolruny dsrter Sculp ln Spo t ts I 1 eh Incr Rs lnbou s>>>el t Trout-perch 0,0 4,0 2,0 20,0 5,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-8;0 0,0 0,0 2,0 5,0 0,0 0,0: 0,0 0,0 3,1 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0-2>0 0,0 2,0 3.3 0,0 6,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0, 0,0 0,0 5,10 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 2,0 0,0 I,o 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 2,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 2>l 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0=0>0 0,0 Pish Yellou perch Aleul Ec Sculp ln Spottnll shiner 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0'>0 0>0 0>0 2,0 5,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0>0 2,5 30,30 1,0 0,0 1,0 0,0 1982*s**********1*******s***s***
| |
| Appendix 3.Scientific name, common name, and abbrevia-tions.
| |
| for species of fish observed by divers in southeastern, Lake.Michigan near the D..C.Cook Nuclear Plant,.1973-1982.
| |
| Names were'assigned according to.Robins et al.(1980).Scientific name Common name Abbrev ia tion~Car fades~cronus (Lesueur)Ca tos tomus ca tos tomus (Fors ter)Ca tos tomus commersoni (Lacepede)
| |
| ~core onus spp.l Cottus spp.2 Cg>rinus~car io Linnaeus Etheostoma nflfrum Raffnesque Ictalurus melas (Rafinesque) ic talurus Eunc ta tus (Rafinesque)
| |
| Lota iota (Linnaeus) t'loxos toma macrole ido turn (Lesueur)~Retro is atherinoides Rafinesque
| |
| ~Retro is hudson(us (Clinton)Osmerus mordax (t'li tchill)Perca flavescens (lfi tchill)Salmo tru t ta Linnaeus Eolvelinus
| |
| ~name tush (Walbaum)S tizos tedion vi treum vi treum (Ni tchill)alewife quillback longnose sucker white sucker.uniden t.coregonid uniden t.co t tid common carp)ohnny darter black bullhead channel ca tf ish burbot smallmouth bass largemouth bass shorthead redhorse emerald shiner spottail shiner rainbow smel t yellow perch trou t-perch brown trou t lake trou t walleye AL QL LS XC SS CP JD BB CC SB LB SRSP Sil YP TP LT Hay include both~Core onus artedii Lesueur (lake herring or cisco)and~Core onus~ho i (Gill)(bloater)because divers could noc dis tinguish be tween these species while underwa ter,:(ay include both Cot tus co"natus Richardson (slimy sculpin)and Cottus bairdi Girard (mottled scul pin)because divers could not distinguish between these species while underwater.
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| 160 Appendix 1.7~E-for Related to the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant Special Report No.119 Great Lakes Research Division University of Michigan THE U>'IVERSITY OF MICHIGAN.iN Interactive Data Base Management System for Ecological Studies Related to the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant WILLIAM Y.B.CHANG a ncl MARYAM S.SHAHRARAY Special Report No.119 of the Great Lakes Research Division 9, Interactive Data Base Management System for Ecological Studies Related to the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant by William Y.B.Chang and Maryam S.Shahraray Under Contract With American Electric Power Service Corporation Indiana 6 Michigan Electric Company Special Report No.119 of the Great Lakes Research Division Great Lakes and Marine Waters Center The University of Michigan 2200 Bonisteel Blvd.Ann Arbor, MI 48109 1986 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 8 We would like to acknowledge the cooperation and assistance obtained from all the Principal Investigators of the D.C Cook Nuclear Power Plant water quality studies during various phases of this pro)ect, and are particularly indebted to Dr.Ronald Rossmann for his continuous support and insightful com-mentaries during the course of this prospect and for his critical review of this document.Assistance rendered by Michael Winnell, James Barres, and David Bimber is gratefully acknowledged.
| |
| We thank Drs.James Bower and David J.Jude for reviewing this document and for providing valuable.suggestions.
| |
| TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pa e LIST OF TABLES..ooooo.o......o..
| |
| ~oa~osoooooo...oo.o.oo.ooooooooooo.woo vi LIST OF FIGURES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~vii INTRO DUCT ION~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Chapter 1.DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Advantages of Using a DBMS Data Base Design Types of Computer Data Base Models Hierarchical Model Network Model Relational Data Model Availability of DBM Language Utili,zed File Organization Access Method and Level of Criteria for Selecting'a DBMS~~1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Sy~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ers~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~stem Us~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 11 11 12 Chapter 2.DBMS SUPPORTED BY MTS~.o..o.......oo...o..o.
| |
| Michigan Terminal System....................
| |
| DBMS on MTS Supported by the Computing Center Taxir SPIRES~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o'~~~~~Other DBMS MICRO~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MIDAS and OSIRIS ADBMS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ARCHoMODEL
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Relational Management System (RIM)Criteria for a Suitable Self-oriented DBMS Justification for Selection of Taxir~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~13 13 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 17 18 18 18 Chapter 3.TAXIR ORGANIZATION Taxir Data Base Flat-File Data Model Flat-File Nature of Taxir Data Bank Design of the Data Bank Type of Data Supported by Taxir Running Taxir Data Entry and Data Compression Retrieving Data and Boolean Expressions Displaying Data in Taxir~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 26 (continued)
| |
| Chapter 4.TABLE OP CONTENTS (continued)
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE COOK.'DATA, BASE.Description of the Cook Data Base General Procedures
| |
| ....-.......
| |
| .......'~~~~,~~~~~'~Lake Phytoplankton
| |
| .~~~...~..~~.....~~~.~......~.~.~~.Phytoplankton Data Piles and the Reformat Programs Taxir Create Program.............................
| |
| Added Parameters Data Tape and Taxir Table An Example for Preparing the Phytoplankton Computer Data Base Entrained Phytoplankton Original Data and Reformat Program...............
| |
| Taxir Create Program for Entrained Phytoplankton..
| |
| Added Parameters
| |
| ......"."...........
| |
| .~Data Tape.~.~...~..~~.~~..~...~..~~......~~.~.~.Lake Zooplankton
| |
| ...~~....~~~~~~~~~.~.~~~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lake.Zooplankton Data Bank Data Tape Entrained Zooplankton Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton Data Bank~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lake Benthos Lake.Benthos Data Bank."......Reformat Programs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Taxir Create Program"."....~...........
| |
| Entrained Benthos Entrained.
| |
| Benthos Data Bank......................
| |
| Reformat Program~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Taxir Create Program.......Impinged Benthos Impinged.Benthos Data Bank Reformat Program..............................
| |
| Taxir Create Program............................
| |
| Summary Statistics for Adult Lake and Impinged Pish Adult.Pish.Summary.Statistics Data Bank..........
| |
| Field-caught and Impinged Pish Reformat Program~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Taxir Create Program"".".".".".'"..." P eld 1A~ield o Larval Pish e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ref ormat Programs~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Taxir Create Program........-..-..............
| |
| Entrainment:
| |
| Larval Pish Reformer Program~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Taxir Create Program..........................
| |
| Nutrient and Anion.....................................
| |
| Taxir Create Program.....................
| |
| ~..~~~~~Lake Water Chemistry Taxir Create Program.............................
| |
| Sediment Texture and Chemistry Taxir Create Program........-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pa e~27 27, 28 29 31 32 38 38 42 44 46 48 48 52 53 55 57 59 61 62 64 66 71 73 75 76 76 79 81 82 82 85 87 89 92 94 96 99 103 105 107 107 111 113 115 116 119 120'continued) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS (concluded)
| |
| Chapter 5.INTERACTIVE PROGRAM~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program INTERACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t~~~~~Interface With Taxir Using INTERACT Program LINK..............................
| |
| Procedures for Operating INTERACT and LINK Unit Assignments for Programs INTERACT and~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\~~~~~LINK~~~~~~~~t~~~~Pa e 123 123 124 149 150 152 Chapter 6.DISCUSSION 154 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................o.o.e.......o.o...........woo...
| |
| 157 Nuebec LIST OF TABLES~Pa e 1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4'4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 4.45 5.1 5.2 5.3 Summary Of, dcL'ta Sets,'~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~,~~The number of data items.in Lake.Phytoplankton*data:bank Program REFOR fAT1 o o.e..o e e~.o o.~o~.o.e o..e~..o~o...o..o..o.~o o~o.Program REFORMAT2 ooeeo.o..~~ooo..~o.ohio...o
| |
| ~~o~~~o..o.o.~o~oo..~.o ProgrcgL REFORMAT3"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~Program REFORMAT4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program PLTAXIRCR.".~"~~...~~"~~"~~~~~~~~....................
| |
| P 1 Og ram REDUNDANCY
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~Program PREDUNDANCY
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~An example of generating tables using Taxir program...The number of data items in Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank....Program EREFORMAT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~Progam PETAXIRCR~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program ORGANTABLE
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The number of data items in Lake.Zooplankton data bank...........
| |
| Program ZLTAXIRCR~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~The number of data items in Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton data bank"....The number of data items in Lake.Benthos data bank...............
| |
| P rogam BLARRAN1.o..e o o o o o o...o o e o~.o.o o.o o~o~o.o~o~o.o.o~.o.~.o o.Program BLARELAN2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program BLTAXIRCR The number of data items in Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank..........
| |
| Program BUSES e.o.oooo.~~~~~oooeoo~o.eocene'~.oeo.o.ooooo
| |
| ~~oeo.eev e eec'\A'LT Program BETAXIRCR~.~~...............................
| |
| ~...~~~~~~...The number of data items in Impinged.Benthos data bank.Program BIAESAN~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program BITAXIRCR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The number of data items in Adult.Fish.Summary.Statistics data bank Program AFSSTAXIRCR
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The number of data items in Lake.Adult.Fish data bank The number of data items in the Impinged-Adult.
| |
| Fish data bank.....Program CHNGFRMT eee~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~o~e~~~~oe~~~o~~~e~~oooo P1'Ogram AFTAXIRCR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~~~The number of data items in Lake.Larvae data bank Program LLARVARR...~...~...~....~..~~~.....~....~.~~...~~..~.....Program MERGE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~Program FLTAXIRCR...........................................
| |
| The number of data items stored in the Entrained.
| |
| Larvae data Program ELARVARR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program ELTAXIRCR~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~e~The number of data items stored in the Nutrients data bank.......Program NUTTAXIRCR
| |
| ~oooo~ooo.o.o~~~~~~.o~.~o~ooo~ooe~oooo.o.o.oooo The number of data items in the Lakewater data bank.............
| |
| Program TAXSOURCENAT.
| |
| ~.~~~~~~..~~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~The number of data items in the Sediment data bank P1ogram TAXSOURCESEDo
| |
| ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program INTERACT~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~~~File HELP~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Program LINK~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'2 30 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 45 47 49 50 54 58 60 63 67 69 72 74 77 78 80 83 84 86 88 90 91 93 95 97 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114 116 117 120 121 125 141 144~~~~~bank.vi LIST OF FIGURES Number 5.1~Pa e Flow-chart representation of stages involved in operations of INTERACT and LINK~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~.~~~~~...151 l PI Cl ,PI INTRODUCTION Ecological studies related to the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant are unique.They differ from most environmental impact research in the extent of their coverage and the great length of the research period.This investigation in-eluded studies of bacteria, phytoplankton ecology, zooplankton ecology, benthic macroinvertebrate populations, fisheries, water chemistry, and physical limnol-ogy (winds, currents, ice, sediments).
| |
| This study can serve as a valuable example for future environmental monitoring and is a great source of information for the enhancement of our understanding of the long-term dynamics in the near-shore region of a large lake.Accumulated data can be used for future power plant site planning and siting on the Great Lakes coastline.
| |
| The data base was begun in 1970 and has since grown rapidly in size.Although data archiving has been mqintained continuously by each section, the I archived information.
| |
| does not interface easily and cannot be used readily by a person without computer training.Purthermore, due to the rapid expansion of the data base, few individuals can maintain complete awareness of all available data and utilize pertinent information when analyzing a problem.The result is inefficiency in report writing and data'nterpretation.
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| To improve this situa-tion, a pro)ect to devise an interactive data base management system was initiated.
| |
| This data system can improve efficiency in data retrieval and C storage and house in one place all information from the studies related to the D.C.Cook Nuclear Power Plant.The latter provides a safeguard for access to I these data by other interested persons for their research on Great Lakes ecosystems after the completion of the pro'feet.This data base encompasses 13 individual studies.and is'ummarized in Table 1.The total includes more than TABLE 1.Summary of data sets, O Sub-project Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos Field-caught Pish Larval Pish Nutrient and Anion Lake Water Chemistry Sediments Sample Type Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Impingement Samples Summary Statistics Lake Samples Impingement Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Entrainment and Lake Samples Lake Samples Lake Samples Years Archived 1970-1982 1975-1982 1970-1982 1975-1982 1970-1982 1975-1982 1975-1981 1973-1982'973-].982 1973-1982 1973-1982 1975-1982 1974-1982 1973-1982 1973-1977 O-one-half million cases of biological, chemical, and physical information on the nearshore of southeastern Lake Michigan.The data base management program used is Taxir, which is an information storage and retrieval program and has general purpose features for keeping track of large organized data sets.The capability and benefits of such a system extend far beyond this and include the following items: l.It offers a centralized data source and can be controlled and monitored effectively 2.It allows for multiple users'.It reduces the data redundancy and increases efficiency in data retrieval and storage.4.It can enhance data integrity, consistency, and accuracy and can provide security while greatly reducing efforts needed for generating reports and tables.For this study, a general procedure was followed.The first step was to reorganize"raw data" in a form compatible with the Taxir data program.Comments were then solicited from each sub-project leader with respect to the appropriateness and adequacy of the information.
| |
| If important parameters should be included but were not yet included in the data base, efforts were made to incorporate such information.
| |
| Data verification was then performed, and errors were corrected.Because it was our intent that the data base be accessible to all interested persons, an interactive user program was written which was designed to improve user access and ease of operation'his report documents in detail the procedures used and the programs writ-ten for establishing the data base management system for the D.C.Cook ecologi-cal'tudy and describes the data=-contained in the data base's well as the ways in which these data can be accessed.An overview of.each chapter is given,.below.Chapter 1 is a review of Data Base Management Systems (DBMS)and their.importance in scientific z'esearch, as well as the elements that need to be considered when selecting a DBMS program.Chapter 2 is an introduction to available (DBMS)pz'ograms from the Michigan Terminal System{MTS)of The University of Michigan along with the character-istics of each DBMS program.Comparisons between these systems are made.The reasons for choosing the Taxir program for this task are discussed.
| |
| Chapter 3 is an introduction to data organization and how Taxir handles data structure.
| |
| It also describes ma)or terms and notations used in association with the establishment of the data base.Chapter 4 is a description of the procedures and the flow diagram for establishing a data base for each sub-pro5ect.
| |
| Details are given regarding the structures of different data sets, which include formats, parameters, ranges, software progz'ams, and methods.All pz'ocedures and software programs used are described and documented.
| |
| Explanations of how to access the data sets are also given.Chapter 5 includes a presentation of the Interactive Computer Program, 9'hich is written in FORTRAN and can be interfaced with Taxir.This program is intended to improve user access and can help persons with little experience in accessing data with computers.
| |
| CHAPTER 1 DATA BASE MANAG~NT SYSTEMS Data Base Management Systems (DBMS)is a term that refers to the computer technology necessary for data collection, organization, storage, retrieval, and manipulation.
| |
| A data base system (DBS)deals with record-keeping and making the computer function as a super filing system.A Data Management System (DMS)works with the smallest unit of data, which is usually called a data item.A collection of items is called a record, and an organized collection of records constitutes a file.The occurrences of the records in a file are associated by means of a specified relationship.
| |
| The generally-accepted requirements for a DBMS include the capability to create, revise, add, and delete records from a file;retrieve records;sort;perform limited computations; and generate reports.ADVANTAGES OF USING A DBMS The advantages of working with a DBMS rather than a non-computer filing I system are that the data can be accessed in a greater variety of ways, searched quickly, and changed more easily;and auxiliary programs can be applied to the data in the DBMS to produce reports, copies of the data, and other outputs.In,non-computer filing systems, such outputs usually must be produced manually, a process which is time-consuming, sub)ect to transcribing errors, and ineffi-cient.5 e The advantages of Data Base (DB)technology in areas other than data filing, can include::-data independence,-data shareability,-non-redundancy of stored data,-reliability,-integrity,-access flexibility,-security,~i'-efficient performance (especially in view of large"size files), and"-greater administrative control.I I These advantages are essential for developing and supporting modern inte-grated information systems, which bring together a variety of data and inter.relate it for a variety of users, not gust for one or for a Limited few.The ability to share or use these data also minimizes the amount of redundant'i storage.DATA BASE DESIGN Data base design is the most important attribute of a data base management system and shows how the data items are classified and interrelated.
| |
| In design-ing non-computer filing systems, an office-clerical typically invents a number.of filing categories and decides which files are in which categories and what kinds of things are sorted in each file~The same design decisions must be made when computer systems analysts set up data bases-TYPES OF COMPUTER DATA BASE MODELS Technically, data base designs can be grouped according to their logical characteristics.
| |
| One data base design may have many file categories with files within each category, another may allow each file to belong to several cate-gories at once, and so on.Each DBMS has certain capabilities and restrictions regarding the data base designs that it will support.The set of rules that determines which data base designs a given DBMS can support is called the"data model" of the DBMS.The term"data model" is used because the data base design rules for each DBMS constitute a set of assumptions about how a filing system generally behaves'ecause most data base management systems are expected to be general-purpose computing tools, it is the goal of most data models to be as general and as simple as possible.There are three ma)or kinds of data models that are common: hierarchical, network, and relational.
| |
| Of these, only the relational model maintains the logical simplicity of so-called flat files.A brief des-cription of these models follows.Hierarchical Model The hierarchical model keeps data in a form resembling the following out-line.For example, suppose there is a need to keep records of university stu-dents who are bei.ng used as sub)ects in psychology experiments.
| |
| A hierarchical system would organize the data like this:
| |
| I.Researcher, Address Experiment,.Type, A.Subject Telephone Major Sex:Dr.Know.=-.:Medical Bldg.:Attention
| |
| ..:John:665-9988:Computer Science: Hale.O.Bo C~II.Researcher The basic idea of the hierarchical model is that the data are organized into groups (in our example, researchers) which have subgroups (individual subjects in this instance);
| |
| in turn, they can have subgroups, and so on, to the required degree of complexity.
| |
| It is important to note that each group in a hierarchical data base may I have many subgroups, but each subgroup is in one and only one group.This is an example of what is called a"1-N" relation between groups and subgroups.
| |
| The major failing of this model is that few data base management problems remain strictly hierarchical'or example, if one person serves as a subject for two different reseachers, then the data would no longer behave in a strictly hierarchical manner.Network Model The network model could be considered an extension of the hierarchical data model.A network data model is simply a model that allows more or less arbitrarily complex relationships
| |
| ~Thus, in our example not only can the records of one researcher be related to those of many subjects, but also one subject record can be related to many researcher records.This is called a man~an relationship
| |
| ~The following relationships can serve as an example: Researcher Dr.Know Researcher Dr.Best Sub ect John~Sub ecr.Mary~Sub ect Bob Sub ect Nancy The biggest problem with the network data model is that the data base can become excessively complicated.
| |
| Relational Data Model The relational data model is the most modern of all the data models.This is actually an extension of the flat-file data model (see Chapter 3).The flat"file data model treats data as a single collection of ordered items, each with the same format-For example, the following flat file contains the information about the subjects in our previous example,~Sub ect John T~ele hone 665-9988 I~tbt ot Computer Science t Sex Male while the following flat file keeps track of'esearchers:
| |
| Researcher Dry Know Address Medical Bldg.I Ex eriment T e Attention Then if we need to store the information about-the relationship between re-1 I'earchers and-subJects, there will be another flat file, such as the o'e below: Researcher Dr.Know I~Sub ect John I Date Assi ned 4/1/82 In order to have a practical records system using these flat files, we would need some data base management capable not only of storing them but also of manipulating them to;,retrieve aad update the stored information.
| |
| C l This data base management system';would have to extract and combine information from the flat files ia various'ways, but the relational model has a flexibility 4 M s>that the flat-file data model cannot attain.In general, aay data base design that can be represented in the hierarchi-cal or the aetwork models can also be represented as a set of relations in the relational model~While it is true that the relational model is conceptually simple, there still remains a good deal of work to make that simplicity avail-able to users at low east'VAILABILITY OF DBM The commercial products associated with data bases and data management systems have changed dramatically in the last several years, especially because of new hardware and"software technologies'n the 1970s there were no more than two dozen widely marketed DBMS product lines;today there are hu'ndreds.
| |
| MaJor data management systems differ primarily in language utilized, file organization, and access method and level of system users.t 10 Lan ua e Utilized This deals with the difference between what are called self"contained and host-contained systems.The former usually provide a language designed for the non-programmers, whereas the latter are tied to such languages as COBOL, PL/1, ALGOL, and FORTRAN, and are especially for the application programmers who use these languages.
| |
| Self-contained systems provide their own language, which is user-oriented and designed to be used by managers and others with mini-mal knowledge of programming't is important to note that self"contained languages are usually machine dependent.
| |
| Few systems can operate effectively on more than one type of com-puter equipment.
| |
| File Or anization In examining data management systems, one must separate logical and physi-cal file organization.
| |
| A study of logical organization will show whether user t requirements can be satisfied.A study of physical file organization indicates the handling procedures, file maintenance, retrieval capability, output, and similar operational features of the data management system.Access Method and Level of S stem Users A data management system makes it possible for various users to work s with a common data base when the data base is an interrelated.set of organiza-tion files.Three levels can be defined within the system users: l.systems~Desi ners determine long-range objectives
| |
| ~2."fiddle~Hang anent oversees the daily operations of a company.3.General Users need to'ave no knowledge of programming, and/or self-.contained system language.11 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A DBMS Too often, decisions on the selection of a DBMS are based on incomplete and inaccurate factors that, can result in revisions and costly long"range repercussions
| |
| ~Selection of a DBMS should be done carefully in order to avoid a loss of time and money in the long run.In selecting a data base management-system, four criteria should be considered:
| |
| 1.suitability of the DBMS to the specific characteristics of the data to be handled, 2.simplicity'f the system used, 3.time and cost involved, and 4.future needs.A good DBMS should offer: ')data independence, 2)data dictionary to define'and control the data environment, 3)good query language to allow access to the I data base, 4)good report-generating features, and 5)a simple high-level user language.The time dedicated to an analysis and evaluation of the user's requirements and limitations, as well as the evaluations of the assets and limitations of the various DBMS available, can be the time m'ost valuably spent.The planning time, carefully spent, can make the installation and use of a DBMS a profitable expe-rience in both financial and managerial terms~12 CHAPTER 2 DBMS SUPPORTED BY MTS MICHIGAN TERMI~i SYSTRt~~'he Michigan Terminal System (MTS)is a very powerful operating system supported by the University of Michigan Computing Center.Like most large computer installations, it prohibits direct operation of the equipment by anyone but professional operators.
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| The computer is under the combined control of its human operators and'a master program called the operating system, which coordi-nates the jobs of the various users and provides them with a variety of auxil-iary computing services.MTS permits its users to operate in either interactive mode or batch mode.In interactive mode, a large number of users at remote terminals are able to use interactive mode on his terminal key-the next statement, is the same, but no The user submits his for the entire output the computer concurrently and independently.
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| The user in usually types a message (e.g., command, statement, queiy)board and sees'response from the computer before typing which may be a modification of the first one.For jobs running in batch mode, the operating system*~I'ialogue is possible between the user and the computer.entire job at once (in the form of a card deck)and waits of the job.: Batch mode is useful when there is no need for human-computer interaction.
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| In both modes, the user appears, from his own point of view, to have the entire computer to himself.13 DBMS ON MTS,'SUPPORTED BY THE COMPUTING CENTER.The computing center supports the Taxir and SPIRES data base management systems.Both systems are used primarily for academic applications, although they have been applied to a few administrative projects.TBZK 2 Taxir is a generalized information storage.and retrieval system which can be used at any computer installation within the MTS operating system.It is written and supported by the University of Michigan Computing Center.It is a completely self-contained system that provides facilities for defining, searching, and managing data bases that can be implemented as flat-file data bases.Taxir is the simplest data base management system available on MTS at The University of Michigan and is the easiest system to learn and use.In general, Taxir is very inexpensive to use.It stores data in a highly compressed form, which reduces the cost of storage,'and it retrieves data very rapidly, thereby reducing computer processing costs.Taxir can be run in both interactive and batch mode.It provides a number of features that make it an attractive data base management system for many data base applications.
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| It has a single high-level language, somewhat resembling English, that provides simple commands for defining, manipulating, updating, ,and querying data bases.The system has flexible report-generation facilities, which allow users to produce ordered, labeled, formatted outputs-Taxir pro-vides an interface with MIDAS, a powerful statistical analysis program available to compensate for Taxir's few facilities for statistical features.In addition, it can be called through standard FORTRAN-calling conventions.
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| In general, Taxir can best be used for data base applications in which 1)the data are represented in a flat-file structure, 2)the application requires a cheap, easy" to-use system, 3)users want to search on any field or combination of fields, and 4)MTS security facilities are sufficient.
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| SPIRES The Stanford Public Information Retrieval System (SPIRES)was written at Stanford University.
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| It is an on-line general"purpose information and retrieval system available in the MTS operating system and supported by the Computing Center at The University of Michigan.It is a completely self-contained DBMS that provides extensive facilities for defining, searching, updating, and managing data bases.SPIRES is based on the hierarchical data model, but it also provides some network capabilities (see Chapter 1).Although SPIRES is a-general-purpose system, it has special features for efficiently and conveniently storing and retrieving text or character data.Any application that requires storage of lengthy textual material is a strong candidate for SPIRES.For example, designers of bibliographic data bases would probably find SPIRES the most appropriate data base management system on MTS.Output formats and other special SPIRES features can be used to generate reports, construct tables, sort data, and display data in a variety of formats.Because SPIRES is so flexible, it is also very complex.This means that it is more costly and often more difficult to use than the other DBMS available on MTS-It is true that searching an existing SPIRES data base is not difficult, but defining a new data base usually is not a simple task.Some programming background is often required for a better understanding of this language.In general, one should consider SPIRES for data bases when the data 1)involve lengthy textual materials such-as characters, or strings, 2)require many 15 repeating fields,.3)can best be stored hierarchically,.4).are very large in number, and-5)require extensive DBM.facilities
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| ~OTHER DBMS Other units at The University of Michigan also support some DBMS on iITS, which may be used by anyone with a computing MICRO, MIDAS, OSIRIS, ADBMS, ARCH:MODEL, and A brief description of each system follows.center account.The major ones are Relational Management System (RIM).MICRO~~~~I The MICRO information management system, which'.operates only on MTS, l is written and supported by the Institute of Labo&:and Industrial Relations,~P l a joint institute of The University of Michigan and'ayne State University.
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| l MICRO is a self-contained information, storage, and retrieval system.It is based on the relational data model.I MICRO permits non-programmers to define, enter, interrogate, manipulate, I'nd update user-defined collections of data in a relatively unstructured and unconstrained environment.
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| It has general" applicability to a wide varietyof educational, administrative, and research data processing activities.
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| t Its capabilities lie roughly between those of Taxir and SPIRES.It is designed to be run interactively from computer terminals, but caution is required when trying to run a batch job.MICRO is very powerful in terms of the programming language because of its English-like grammer, which makes't easy to learn and use.Predetermined l t procedures can be easily executed in MICRO to deal with complex reporting and retrieval problems.It has limited facilities for character string (text)16:
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| data.It can be interfaced to MIDAS (the statistical package on MTS)for any statistical analysis.MIDAS and OSIRIS These are both statistical analysis packages which provide some data man-agement capabilities.
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| MIDAS is supported by the Statistical Research Labora-tory.OSIRIS is supported by the Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research.They both work in interactive and batch modes.ADBMS This is a host"language-dependent DBMS based on the network data model.Users must write their own"interface" program to use ADBMS.It is written in FORTRAN but can be called from programs written in FORTRAN, COBOL, and PL/1 on MTS.ADBMS is particularly useful when one is faced with complex structures and when access and reporting requirements are algorithmic in nature.It also can be used with many different operating systems, and computers.
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| ADBMS is written and supported by a Research Pro)ect of the Information System Design Optimization Society (ISDOS)in the department of Industrial and Operations Engineering (IOE), the College of Engineering at The University of Michigan.ARCH:MODEL ARCH:MODEL is a DBMS designed for applications involving geometric model-ing, such as computer-aided architectural design.It is supported by the Archi-tectural Research Laboratory of the College of Architecture and Urban Planning at The University of Michigan.17 Relational Mana ement S stem (RIM)This is a self"contained system based on the relational model.It'provides features for combining and manipulating flat files-Data can include real and integer vectors and also matrices.It has extensive on-line documentation and help facilities.
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| It is supported by the Architectural Research Laboratory but is available to all in the University community.
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| CRITERIA FOR A SUITABLE SELFWRIENTED DBMS In choosing a good self-contained high-level language, one should consider the following properties:
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| 1)A substantial number of prospective users of the language must exist;2)The language must solve a substantial portion"of the problems confronting the intended users;3)It should not be needlessly difficult to.learn;4)It should be natural to write programs in the language which are easy to understand; Cli 5)Any limitation of the language should be clearly]ustified (e.g~, learning ease, processing efficiency, available capacity);
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| and 6)The language should provide the users with appropriate access to facilities for effective communication with the environment.
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| JUSTIFICATION FOR SELECTION OF TAXIR After careful study and comparison of the available DBMS on MTS, Taxir was chosen for this project.Comparisons were done mainly between Taxir, SPIRES, and MICRO.All three are general-purpose DBMS and are simpler 18 and stronger than the others.Although SPIRES has many good features, running SPIRES programs is costly and time consuming.
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| Furthermore, the advantage which SPIRES has in dealing with bibliographic features is not of interest here.Because of the complexity involved in the design of a new SPIRES data base, it has been recommended that, when possible, one should use Taxir or MICRO instead of SPIRES.Because in this study data sets are represented in forms of flat files, the final comparisons were done between MICRO and Taxir.Although MICRO can work with several data sets simultaneously and has rather good on-line documen-tation, Taxir has the following advantages:
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| 1)Taxir is written, supported, and maintained by the Computing Center of The University of Michigan;2)Taxir is the simplest DBMS to learn and use', 3)It is cheaper to run a Taxir program;4)Taxir stores data in a highly compressed form (less memory space is needed);5)Information retrieval is faster with Taxir;6)Taxir has flexible querying and display features;7)It is possible to call Taxir from a FORTRAN program for further applications; and 8)Taxir can be run safely in both interactive and batch modes.These advantages determined the choice of Taxir for the DBMS for the D.C.Cook environmental impact study.19 CHAPTER 3 TAXIR ORGANIZATION TAXIR DATA BASE A Taxir data bank is a collection of items, each of which contains data belonging to information categories called descriptors containing all the relevant information about some entity being described by the data bank.Por example,'a phytoplankton data bank would contain one item for each species on the.'lists Each item in that data bank would consist of several pieces of information about one presented species, such as day, month, year, location, ma]or gr'up', call number, and so on.'t Each descriptor represents an attribute of the entities being described by the data bank.For example, a phytoplankton data bank could have the des-criptors such as day, month, year, location, ma)or group, cell numbers, etc.That is, each item in a data bank is associated with a series of data values (descriptors).
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| There should be one value for each descriptor.
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| Thus a Taxir data bank may be thought, of as a two-dimensional matrix in which each row cor-'responds to an item and each column corresponds to a descriptor.
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| This data organization is called a flat-file structure (discussed in next section).I Every Taxir data bank has the following structure:
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| Descriptor 1 Descriptor 2 Descriptor 3.~~~~~~~~~.Descriptor N Item 1 Item 2 States States States States Item N 20 The range of values allowed for a descriptor in a data bank is called a descriptor state, which may be integer/real numbers or strings of characters.
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| This concept is identical to that of range for a parameter.
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| For example, if the descriptor state for years is 1971 to 1973, then the descriptor year could have the states 1971, 1972, and 1973.PLAT-PILE DATA MODEL As was mentioned in Chapter 1, the relational model is the extension of the flat-file data model.The flat-file data model is the simplest and the oldest data model.A flat-file DBMS keeps data in the form of a flat file, (e.g., mailing list data bank)~Each item in the flat file is called a records Each record corresponds to a single complete entry in the file.Records are composed of data elements'data element is basically an irreducible data component~Each data element has a name or a value~Data e'ements are sometimes called fields~Every record in the flat-file data base has the same number of elements, and each record has data values that represent one object in the real world.FLAT-FILE NATURE OF TAXIR DATA BANK The way in which Taxir organizes and manipulates data is based on a simple notion of set theory using a flat-file data model.In general,, if the infor" mation can be stored as a single flat file, then the'data base can be stored as a Taxir data bank.In each Taxir data bank, each item has one and only one state for each descriptor.
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| .That is, each item in a Taxir data bank corresponds to a record in a flat-file data base,, each-descriptor corresponds to a field, 21 and each descriptoz-state, corzesponds to a value.Furthermore, like, other flat-f'ile DBMS,'Taxir.does not'allow stzucture fields (i.e.,-descriptors may not consist of other descriptors);
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| and it provides no direct access to the items in one data bank based on information stored in another data bank.DESIGN OF THE DATA BANK Before using Taxir, one needs to consider the following for the design of a data bank: 1)Number of data banks needed 2)Item(s)in each data bank 3)List of the descriptors for each item 4)List of states for each descriptor 5)Kind'f queries (questions) expected 6)Nature of information flow and work flow 7)Cost and time involved 4ll In most cases, planning and time will be needed to decide upon these points, but it is essential to study all the constraints in order to design and create a data bank that meets all the requirements'YPE OF DATA SUPPORTED BY TAXIR Associated with each descriptoz in a Taxir data bank is a descriptor type which specifies what data values may be used as states for that descriptoz.
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| Taxir permits three descziptor types: from-to, order, and name, which provide the capability to store numerical (integer/real values), codified (categorical), and general character-string (wozds)data, respectively.
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| Taxir also provides 22 some features for handling missing data for each of these descriptor types identified as unknown states.The descriptor types are specified by the designer of a data bank when the data bank is defined.The thing to consider here is that Taxir automatically assigns code numbers for both descriptors and their states to a data bank.Thus a user can have the choice of typing either the name of the descriptors and their states or the codes for both of them when communicating with Taxir.RUNNING TAXIR There are three ways to use Taxir: 1)as an interactive system from a'erminal;2)as a non-interactive system in batch mode, and 3)as a subroutine by calling it from a user program.In each case, user inputs to Taxir must be in the form of Taxir statements, MTS commands, or input data.Each Taxir state-ment is a request for Taxir to do some data processing or to modify the Taxir environment.
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| Each statement begins with a statement name, known as a statement type.Most statements also include additional information, which further speci-fies what the user wants Taxir to do.The system reads and executes each state-ment before treating the next statement.
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| There are no facilities for condition-al)umps;hence, no program branching or looping.In other words, the execution of the Taxir statements is sequential.
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| DATA ENTRY AND DATA COMPRESSION Taxir provides the following data entry capabilities:
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| 1)Data can be entered in batch mode or in interactive mode.23 2)Data can be entered.directly from punch.cards, MTS disk files, or terminals, and,indirectly.
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| from magnetic tapes and other available machine-readable forms.3)Data to be entered can be in a variety of user-specified fixed or free formats.4)Taxir assigns a default state for any missing values.5)Taxir does some data validation on all data.6)Data are automatically stored in a highly compressed form.This last capability of Taxir is particularly important in saving memory space.The compression process is completely automatic and unseen by Taxir users who cannot (need not)control it~, RETRIEVING DATA AND BOOLEAN EXPRESSIONS The power to retrieve information selectively from a data bank is the power to name subsets of interest from the total bank.For this purpose, Taxir applies the language of boolean algebra.A boolean expression which defines the subset of items from the data bank consists of a series of operators and operands.A set of rules defines how the operators act on the operands to yield a result.These operators are complement (NOT), intersection (AND), and union (OR)~24 The operands are sets, as are the results.The figures below explain these concepts graphically:
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| U A Complement, if U~all the students in the class and A~those vith hats, then NOT A those without hats (shaded area).Intersection, if U all the students in the class and A A those with hats and B those with coats, then A AND B those with both hats and coats (2)(shaded area).Union, if U all the students in the class and A those with hats and B those vith coats, then A OR B those'ith hats or coats or both (shaded area)~25 Taxir boolean expressions provide simple, flexible ways for users to*select N items by, specifying simple or complex search, criteria.involving any-or all-of the descriptors in a data bank.The retrieving statements enable Taxir users: to: 1)Pind out how many items meet some user specified criteria, prior to displaying, deleting, or updating them.2)Retrieve and immediately display some user"specified set of items.3)Retrieve items based on the states of any descriptor in a data bank.4)Issue complex search requests involving any combination of descriptors.
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| 5)Narrow a search result before displaying or updating the items in it.DISPLAYING DATA IN TAXIR Taxir display facilities include features for: 1)Displaying some or all of the descriptor-state for selected items.2)Displaying data in a variety of formats.3)Sorting output in terms of any descriptor
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| ~.4)Generating a report, including subtotals and totals.9 (Note that Taxir can interface with NIDAS for further statistical computations.)
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| 26 CHAPTER 4 PROGRAMMING PROCEDURES FOR ESTABLISHING THE COOK DATA BASE DESCRIPTION OF THE COOK DATA BASE a The methods used to establish the Cook Pro)ect data base are, discussed in this chapter.This data base includes 15 data banks which are shown below:~Gazoo Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos Field-Caught Fish Larval Fish~Data T e Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Impingement Samples Summary Statistics Lake Samples Impingement Samples Lake Samples Entrainment Samples Name of Data Bank 1.Lake.Phytoplankton 2.Entrained.Phytoplankton 3.Lake.Zooplankton 4.Entrained.
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| Zooplankton 5.Lake.Benthos 6.Entrained.
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| Benthos 7.Impinged.Benthos 8.Adult.Fish.Summary.Statistics 9.Lake.Adult.Fish 10.Impinged.Adult.Fish 11.Lake.Larvae 12.Entrained.
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| Larvae Nutrient and Anion Lake and Entrainment Samples 13.Nutrients Lake Water Lake Samples Chemistry 14'akewater Sediments Lake Samples 15.Sediments The explanations for the methods used along with the lists of the programs, e the examples, and other helpful comments are provided in the sections which follow.It is hoped that this information can facilitate users in accessing data of interest,-
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| retrieving the needed information, and using the provided methods for establishing a.similar data base in the future.27 GENERAL PROCEDURES CS To establish a data base, using Taxir, the data must be in flat-file form.Once they are in that form, a Taxir program is used to enter these data to the computer data base program.Because most of the Cook data were not in the form of flat files, PORTRAN programs vere written to reorganize these data into the flat-file forms~The general procedures involved in this operation are shown in the following flov chart.Original Data Sets Data are already flat f il'es Other than flat files, FORTBAN program is used to reorganize the data into a flat file.Plat Data Files Taxir-Create Program: Data Bank Por each data set, the PORTRAN program and the programs to create a Taxir data base for this data set are presented along vith the flov chart diagram.It is noted that the PORTRAN programs vritten for this pro)ect are used not only to reformat the data sets but also in some cases to combine the parameters of interest from several data sets into a single flat file.28 S, LAKE PHYTOPLANKTON r The Lake.Phytoplankton data bank is one of the largest data banks created for this pro)ect.It contains 13 descriptors and 90,076 items.The descriptors and their codes are listed belo~.1-DAY ,2-MONTH 3-YEAR 4-LOCATION 5-NAME 6-TEMPERATURE 7-SPECIES CODES 8-MAJOR GROUPS 9-CELLS 10-FRACTION 11-TOTAL CELLS 12-DIVERSITY 13-REDUNDANCY The monthly number of phytoplankton items collected since November 1970 is listed in Table 4.1.29 TABLE 4.1.'The number, of data items.in the Lake.Phytoplankton data bank for the D.C.Cook Plant data.Cll Total 0 Year Month of Items Year ,Month Total 0 of Items Year Month Total 8 of Items 70 NOV 71 APR JUL SEP NOV 72 APR JUL OCT 73 APR JUL OCT 74 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 75 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT (1,179)(988)(10799)(1,589)(985)(1,078)(758)(1,607)(1,621)(1,321)(1,495)(1,628)(513)(498)(1,654)(393)(338)(2,190)(1, 727)(393)(685)(1,461)(455)(643)(2,839)76 APR (2,105)MAY (735)JUN (545)JUL (1,925)AUG (504)SEP (880)OCT (2,441)77 APR (2,405)MAY (602)JUN (598)JUL (1,861)AUG (708)SEP (991)OCT (2,390)NOV (590)78 APR (2,432)MAY (852)JUN (989)JUL (2,897)AUG (638)SEP (671)OCT (2,610)NOV (743)79 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 80 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 81 APR MAY'JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 82 APR MAY (2,302)(674)(736)(1,516)(690)(491)(2,045)(724)(2,108)(696)(653)(1,919)(850)(725)(2,180)(555)(1,705)(695)(-371)(1,248)(571)(762)(2,080)(655)(1,749)(429)I'l 30 CS'.
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| The flow chart representing the stages in the creation of the Lake.Phytoplankton data bank is as follows: Original Phytoplankton Data Use Reformat Program Flat Data Files Use TAXER Create Program LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON Add Additional Parameters LAKE e PHYTOPLANKTON Ph toplankton Data Files and the Reformat Pro rams The original phytoplankton data files are stored in the files: RDmonthyear (for example, RDNOV70)~The data between November 1970 and December 1980 are saved on the tape"Phyto," the 1981 and 1982 data files can be found on the"Phyto2" tape~Because there are some differences in the data structures in these files, especially in the formats of the headlines, different reformat programs are needed to handle these forms of the data structures.
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| The following is a list of the names of the reformat programs for different sets of the data.31 Reformat Pro ram REFORMAT1 Data Set All months of 1971, 1972, 1973 and May,.REF ORMAT2 REF ORMAT3 REFORMAT4 June, August, September.
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| in 1974.November 1970;all months of 1975;and April, May, July, October in 1976.April, July, October in 1974.-June, August, September in 1976;and all months of 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, and 1982.These reformat programs are listed in Tables 4.2-4.5.Taxir Create Pro ram Reformat programs discussed in the last section vere used to provide the phytoplankton data in the form of flat files.The Taxir Create program PLTAXIRCR was then used to create the LAKE.PHYTOPLAKCZON data bank.The contents of the PLTAXIRCR program are given in Table 4.6.32 Cl, TABLE 4.2.Program REPORHAT1.
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| C PROGRAM REFORMlTf IS RUH TO RfORGAHIZE LAKE PHTTOPLAHKTOH RAW DlTl C FILES.THIS PROGRAM IS tlSED FOR ALL MOHTHS OF 1971.19T2, 1913;AHD C MAT.JUHE, AUGUST.SEPTEMBER IH 19T4.C UHIT S IS ASSIGHED TO IHPtlT FIt.E.(RlM DlTA fILE).C UHIT 6 IS ASSIGHED TO OUTPUT FILE,'(REFORMATTED DATl FILf).C t!HIT T IS ASSIGHED TO AHOTHER OUTPUT FILE FOR THE VlLUES OF DL 6 SW'.C C C C Co~0~0~0 Ca~0~04~IHITIlLIZE VARIASLES.
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| Caaaaoaa C LOCICAL01 CObE(8,200)
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| REAL CTS(200)oFRAC(200)ok(16)C CO~ST-1./*LOC(2.)
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| C Ca~0~4~0 Cooaaaaa READ THE HEADLIHES.
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| Co~0~0~0 C READ{5, 100.EN0099)(k(I), I~1, 16), IDL, IS'M 100 FORMAT(16A4, I2, 1X, I 3)VRITE(7,200)
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| IOL, ISV 200 FORI4AT(I2.
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| 1X, I3)C SUM00.NS~1 C Co~0~0~0 Coaoa~4~READ THE DATl LIHES.Coaa~aa~C 5 READ(5.300.END010)(CODE(J,NS),J
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| ~1,9).CTS(NS) 300 FORMAT(9A 1, F7.0)IF(CTS(NS).LT.1.)
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| CO TO 18 CTS(NS)oCTS(NS)/1000.
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| SUM~SUMoCTS(NS)
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| ~NSaNS01 COT05 C 10 DIV00.NSoNS-1 C~~0~0~~Co~~~0~~Ca~~~0~~CORRECT THf FRACTIOH lHD DIVERSITT VlLUES.00 15!~1,NS FRAC{I)oCTS(I)/SUM DIV00IV+F RAC(I)~ALOC(FRAC(I
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| ))oCOkST FRAC(I)~F RAC(I)0 100.15 C Ca~oooa~Ca~0~0~0 Ca~0~0~0 C WRITE THE CORRECT VAt.UfS.C 99 STOP END 33 00 20 I01.NS 20 VRITE(6,400)(k(K),K02,9),k(10), (CODE(J, I),J01.9), 1CTS(I)~FRAC(I),SUM,OIV 400'FORMAT(8A4,6X,A4,2X,9A1,F8.
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| 1.F7',F8.1,F6.2)C CD TO 1 TABLE 4.3'rogram REZOWAT2..
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| C PROCRAH'EFORktAT2
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| 'IS RUH TO REORGAHI2f LAKE PHYTOPLAHKTOH RAY OA1'l C FILES.THIS PROGRAM/IS USED FOR HOVEH8ER 19TO:.lLL HOHTHS Of 19T51 C AHD lPRIL.HAY,'ULY.OCTOSER IH 19/6, C UHIT 5 IS ASSICHED TO IHPUT FILE.(RlV DATl FILE).C UHIT 6 IS ASSICHED TO OUTPUT FILE, (REFORHlTTED DATl PILE).C UHIT 7 IS ASSICHED TO AHOTHER CUTPUT FILE FOR THE VlLUES OF DL 4 SH.C C C C C14~4~4~Co~4~1~4 IHITIALIZE VARIABLES Co~4~4~4 C'LOCICAI 11 CODE(9,200)
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| REAL CTS(200)~FRAC(200)eH(16)CQNST4 1./ALQC(2.)
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| C Co~1~1~1 Co~1~1~4 READ THE HEAOLIHES.
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| C114~1~4 C 1 READ(5.100, END199)(H(I).I~1.16), IOL~ISV 1CO FORMAT(16*4ol2o 1Xol2)WRITE(7.2CO)
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| IDL~IS%200 FORMAT(I2, 1X, IQ)C CF~(IOL+1,)441.4516/ISM SUM40.NS41 C Cooooooo Coooo~1~READ THE DlTl LIHES.Coooooo~C 5 READ(5+2COoEND410)(CQOE(deNS)odom 9)ACTS(NS)2CO FORMAT(SA1eFT.O)
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| IF(CTS(NS).l.T.
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| 1.)CO TD 10 CTS(NS)oCTS(NS)oCF SUMoSUMoCTS(NS)
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| NSoNS41 CQ TD 5 C 10 DI V10.NSoNS-1 C C144~144 Cooooo~4 Co~4~44~C CORRECT THE FRACTIOH AHO DIVERSITY VALUES.OO 15 I~1,NS FRAC(I)oCTS(I)/SUM OIVoOIV4FRAC(I
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| )4At OC(FRAC(I))oCQNST 15 FRAC(I)~F RAC(I)1 100~C~4~1~1~~1~4~1~~4~41~1 VRITE THE CORRECT VALUES.OO 20 I~1,NS 20 VRITE(6,400)(H(X),K42,9),H(10),(CODE(d, I),J11,9), 1CTS(I),FRAC(I
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| ), SUM,OIV 400 FORMAT(8A4 o 6X o A4 e2X e 9*1 o F8~1 o FT o 2m F8~1 o F6.2)C CQ TO 1 C 99 STOP END 34 TABLE 4.4.Program REPORHAT3.
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| ~~C PROGRAM REFORMAT3 IS RUH TO REORGAHIZE LlKE PHVTOPLAHKTOH RAV DlTl C FILES.THIS PROGRAM IS USED FOR lPRIL, JULY, OCTOBER IH 19T4.C UHIT 5 15 lSSIGHED TO IHPUT FILE, (RAV DATA FILE).C UHIT 6 IS ASSIGHED TO OUTPUT FILE, (REFORMATTED DATA FILE).C UHIT T IS ASSIGHED TO AHOTHER OUTPUT FILE FOR THE VALUES OF DL 8 SV.C C C C Co~oo~o~Co~o~o~o IHITIlLIZE VARIABLES.
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| Cooooooo C LDCICALo1 CODE(9.200)
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| REAL CTS(200), FRAC(200),H(16)
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| C CONSTo 1./ALOD(2,)
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| C Co~o~o~~Co~o~o~~READ THE HEADLIHES.
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| Co~o~ooo C 1 READ(5, 100.ENDo99)(H(I), I~1,'16), IDL, ISV 100 f ORHAT(16A4, I2, 1X, 13)VRITE(7.200)
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| IDL, ISV 200 FORMAT(I2e 1Xe I3)C IF((IDL.EO.O).AND~(ISV.EO.O))CF~1 IF((IDL.NE.O).OR.(ISV.NE.O)
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| )CF (IDL+1,)41.4516/ISV SUM%0.NSo1 C Cooooooo Co~o~~~~READ THE DlTl LIHES.~o~o~o~C 5 READ(5,300.
| |
| ENDo10)(CODE(J.NS),Jo1,9),CTS(NS) 300 FORMAT(QA1,F7.0)
| |
| IF(CTS(NS).LT.
| |
| 1.)CO TO 10 CTS(NS)~(CTS(kS)/1000.)oCF SUMoSUMoCTS(NS)
| |
| NSokSo1 CO TO 5 C 10 DIVRO.NSokS-1 C Co~o~o~~Co~o~o~~Co~o~o~o C CORRECT THE FRACTIOH AHD DIVERSITY VALUES.DO 15 I~1eNS FRAC(I)oCTS(I)/SUI4 DIVoDIVoFRAC(I
| |
| )oALOG(FRAC(I)
| |
| )~CONST FRAC(I)oFRAC(I)~100.15 C Coooooo~Coo~~~o~Cooo oooo C VRITE THE CORRECT VlLUES.DO 20 I~1,NS 20 VRITE(6,400)(H(K),Ko2,9),H(10).(CODE(J, I).Jo1,9).
| |
| 1CTS(I), F RAC(I), SUMe DIV 400 FORI4AT(BA4e6XeA4e2XeQA1eFB.1eF7.2eFB
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| ~1eF6.2)C GO TO 1 C QQ STOP END 35 TABLE 4.5.Program REFORHAT4.
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| C PROCRAkf RCFORNAT4 ls'RvH TO-REORCAHIZE LARE pHYTOpLAHftroH RAv DlTl C PILESe THIS PROCRAff IS USED POR VVHC~AVCVST>>SEPTEHSCR IH 19rdt AHD C ALL ffOHTHS OP 19rre l9TSe 19T9e 19COe 19fle 1992o C VHIT 5 I5 ASSICHED TO IHPVT PILC.(RAv Dlrl PILE), C VHlr e ls ASSICHED rO OvrPVT PILE.(REPOaHATTED Dlrl PILE).C VHIT T l5 ASSICHED TO AHOTHER CVTPVT PILE f'R THf VALVES OP DL 5 SV.C C C C CO<<00001 CO~0~1~0 IHITIALIEE VARIASLE5.
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| CO~11000 C LOCICAt.~1 CODE(Qe200)
| |
| REAL CTS(2CO)e FRAC(200)oN(15)C55T<<~1e/ALDO(2
| |
| 'C C<<010000 C<<4100~0 READ THC HCAOLIHE5e C<<414104 C READ(5, 100, EXO<<99)(N(I)I<<1~12),DL SV 1CO FORMAT(12A4etXo2F4e2)
| |
| IDt.<<DL ISv<<Sv VRITE(7,200)
| |
| IDI.~ISV 2CO FORMAT(I2 1X~I2)C CF~(IDt01.)041.4510/ISV SVMOO.ks<<1 C CO<<014~0 CO<<0<<44~RCAD THE DA1'A LIHCSo C1411~1~C 5 READ(5~200eCNO<<10)(CteDE(4eHS)
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| ~401 eS)~CTS(HS)200 FORMAT(OA1,FT.O)
| |
| IF(CTS(XS).LT.1.)
| |
| CO TO 10 CTS(XS)<<CTQXS]OCF SVMOSVM<<CTS(NS)
| |
| Ns<<ks<<1 CD TO 5 C 10 OIV<<Oo NS<<NS-1 C C<<1110~0 CO~10<<~1 C<<111~0~C CORRECT THf PRACTIDH AHD DIVERSITY VALVESo DO 15 I~1,HS F RAC(I)OCTS(I)/SttN DIV<<OIV<<f RAC(I)<<ALDC(FRAC(I
| |
| ))<<CONST 15 FRAC(I)<<f RAC(I)~100e C C<<0~0001 COO~4<<~<<Valrf THE CORftfCT VlLVE5, CO<<1~0~4 C DO 20 I~1,NS 20 VRITE(d.400)(N(K),t(42,9),N(12),(~E(4
| |
| ~I)e44'1.9), 1CTS(I)~FRAC(I)~SlfMeDIV 400 FORMAT(EA4edXeA4e2Xe941eFSo1,FTo2
| |
| ~FE~1efse2)C CO TO 1 C 90 STOP ENO 36 TABLE 4.6.Program PLTAXERCR.
| |
| RUN~TAXIR CREATE LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON, DAY(FROM 1 TO 31), MONTH(ORDER,JAN,FEB,I4AR,APR,MAY, YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85)s LOCATION(NAl4E
| |
| ), NAME(NAME), TEMPERATURE(FROl4
| |
| .1 TO 40+0), CODE(NAME)
| |
| ~CROUP(ORDER,C AD,FeCeH+OoPoR AS)~CElLS(FROM
| |
| .1 TO 9999.9), FRAC(FROl4
| |
| .01 TO 100~00)e TOTALCELLS(FROM
| |
| .1 TO 100000.0), DIVERSITY(FROM
| |
| .01 TO 6.00)~ENTER DATA LQCATION<LREFORM, FOR DAYc5 6>, MQNTHc8 10>, YEARc12 13>, LOCATIONc14 25>, NAMEc27 30>, TEMPERATUREc39-42>, CQDEc45-52>, CROUPc53>, CELLSc55 61>, FRACc63 68>, TOTALCELLSc69-76>, DIVERSITYc79-82>
| |
| ~SAVE STOP JUNeJUL~AUGoSEPeOCTeNQVeDEC)e MAT~FIXED, 37 Added Parameters C When the Lake.Phytoplankton data bank was first created, it contained 12 descriptors but did not include-redundancy indexes.It was later felt that there was a need to add such indexes;a 13th descriptor called REDUNDANCY was created, and its values were added to the data bank.Because the values needed to calculate redundancy were not available, they were derived as follows: Step 1: Use Redundancy program (Table 4.7)to assemble the values corres-ponding to the numbers of'forms, diversities, and total cells from the phytoplankton tables~Step 2: Use Predundancy program (Table 4.8)to compute redundancy indexes from these values assembled from the phytoplankton tables.The newly created descriptor REDUNDANCY was then added to the Lake.Phyto-plankton data bank by first using the Taxir Statement of Define More Descriptor which is shown as follows: DMD REDUNDANCY (FROM 0.000 to 1.0000)Then, Correction Statement was used to enter the values of the descriptor into the data base.An example of this procedure is shown later.Data Ta e and Taxir Table The complete Lake.Phytoplankton data bank is saved on tape with volume name COOK and ID Code COOK, beginning at first position.An example of'the use of the Taxir program to generate a table for reports is shown in Table 4.9.38 Cll TABLE 4.7.Program REDUNDANCY.
| |
| C PROGRAM REDUHDAHCT PROVIDES THE VALUES CORRESPOHDlHG TO THE C NUMBERS OF FORMS, DIVERSITIES AHD TOTAL CELLS C UHIT 5 ls lHPUT FILE, (PHTTOPLAHKTOH TABLES).C UHIT 8 lS ASSlGHED TO OUTPUT FlLE.C C C C Caoaaaaa Caaaoaao IHJTIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| Ca~oo~a~C LOGICALa4 UNDL/'-'/,UNDL1,TITLE/'Tots'/,T1 LOGICAL 1 bATE (9).CODE (9).EDUC, TOTAL(9)C Co~~o~~o Co o~o~o~READ THE LOOP, Cao~oooo C 1 READ(5, 100, ENDo99)UNDL1 100 FORMAT(3X,A4
| |
| )IF(EDUC(UNDL.UNQL1))
| |
| GQ TO 2 GQ TO 1 C 2 CALL SKIP(0.2,5)
| |
| READ(5,101)
| |
| DATE,CODE,N,OIV 101 FORMAT(2X~9A1~9X~9A1~55X~I4~34X~F6~2)N1~(No1)/2+5 CALL SKIP (0.N1,5)READ(5, 102)T1, TOTAL 102 FORMAT(101XeA4o4Xe9A1)
| |
| IF(EDUC(T1o TITLE))GO TO 4 5 C DO 5 I~1,N1 READ(5, 102)T1, TOTAL IF(EQVC(T1,TITLE))
| |
| GO TO 4 CONTINUE Co~~~~~~0~~~o~~~Co~~~~~~CHECK THE ERRORS.C Co~~o~~o Co~~~~~o Cooooo~o C 4 103 C WRITE THE CORRECT VALVES'RITE(6, 103)DATE,CODE,N,TOTAL.DIV FORMAT(1X,BA1, 1X,BA1, 1X, I4, 1X,9A1, 1X,F6.2)GO TO STDP END WRITE(6, 104)CODE.DATE 104 FORMAT('~~ERROR~~o TOTAL NOT FOUND FOR STATION: ',9A1, 1X, 6'Ok DATE: ',9A1)STOP 99 39 TABLE 4.8.'rogram PREDUNDANCY; LOQICALo1 DATE(9),CDOE(9)
| |
| C Co~o~o~o Cooooooo Cooooooo C 3 1 C Cooooooo Coo boffo Co~~o~o~C READ THE STATISTICS, READ(5.1.ENDo4)DATE,CODE.N.A,DIV FORMAT(1X,QA1, 1X,RA 1, 1X, IA, 1X, FQ.1, 1X, F6.2)COMPUTE THE REDUHOAHCT IHDEZ.Bo2 A 3.1416 doSORT(B)BoALOQ10(B)
| |
| CoA/2.71828 CoAoALOQ10(C)
| |
| Oo2 o3~1A 16o (A/N)DoSORT(O)O ALOQ10(O)Eo(*/N)/2.71828 E~(A/N)oALOQ10(E)
| |
| F~(BoC)Qo(DoE)oN OMAXo(3.3219/A)
| |
| ~(F-Q)To2 3~1A16~(A-(N~1.))Uo(A (N 1.))/2.7'1828 ToSORT(T)ToALCQ10(T)
| |
| Vo(A-(N-1.
| |
| ))UoVoALDQ10(U)
| |
| UoUoT OMINo(3.3219/A)o(F U)RI~(DMAX OIV)/(OMAX-DMIN)
| |
| C Coo~o~~o~oooooo WRITE THE OUTPUT.Co~o~o~o C C PROGRAM PREDUHOAHCT READS IH STATISTICS OH PPh'TOPLAHXTOH CATCHES C FROM UNIT 5, CC>PUTES A RECVHOAHCT IHDEZ AHD WRITES THE OUTPUT C TO UNIT 8.C C C C Co~o~o~o Co~o~o~o IHITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| Cooooooo C 2 C C A VRITE(6,2)
| |
| DATE,CODE,RI FORMAT('0',SA1, 1X~9A1,'REOUNOANCT
| |
| ~'.E10.3)STOP END 40 rt~~TABLE 4.9~An example of generating tables using Taxir program o RUN iTAXIR GET LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON 0'I YEAR I lfONTH I LOCATION I CODE I GROUP I CELLS'<<P1>~No.of fiats fn query response: 161 Ho.of fteiss fn data bank: 90078 Percentage of t'esponse/total data bank: 0.59%!<<P1>, ('('<<P1,A>, YEAR<<P4>,'('<<PS,A>.
| |
| NONTH<<P13>,'('<<P18,A>.
| |
| LOCATION<<P22>,'<<P31,A>, CODE<<P34>e
| |
| 'I'<<P44oA>o GROUP<<P4S>o
| |
| '!'<<P54oA>I CELLS<<P57>o
| |
| '<<P65,A>)FOR ITEMS WITH FRAC>50.0i
| |
| !YElR'NONTM ,'LOCATION ,'CODE GROUP CELLS 10'OV 71 JUL SEP 72 JUL OCT I I I I I.I I 73 I JUL I I I eo e e Dc 2 DC 3 Dc 5 HOC.21 HOC.SO HDC.51 NDC1 1 HOC2 0 SOC.21 SDC.SO SDC1 0 SOC2 4 SOC4-0 SDC1 2 SDC7-3 Dc 2 Oc 4 OC 5 HOC1 1 HDCT 2 NDCI HDC.S2 HDC2-4 NDC4 0 SDC.52 SDC.53 SDCt SDC1-3 SDC4 3 SOC4-4 HDC1 HOC4 3 NDC7-5 SDC.52 Dc 6 NDC1 0 HDC1 1 HDC2 0 HDC2 1 HDC4 0 HDC4 HOC4 4 HDC7,1 NDC7 3 SDC1 0 SDCt-1 SDC2-0 SDC4-1 SDC4-4 DC-3,, SOC4-'3 OCSPECAA CGSPECAA OCSPECAA CGSPECAA GLSPECAA NESPECAA GLSPECAA TAFEHEST FRCROTOH CGSPECAA TAFEHEST CHLINHET NEGRlHUL CHLINHET NEGRANUL CHLINHET CYSTELLl I 41 F P R C R c" I I 531~3 525.3 131.1 551.5 504.8 169.0 158.0 420~0 61.'1 41.9.118.2 155.1 348.2 300.3 321.9 1118.3 1208.1 351.3 2793.1 1 194.8 1894.6 169.4 161.0 803.1 t26.1 216.1 125.1 181.0 572.5 121.1 63'585.2 39.9 104.4 460.3 834.8 1400.4 ff05.6 1500.6 1254.0 3964.1 415.3 3984.5'758.8 2919~8 1'136.3 89'7.8 1098.8 368.9 311.4 821.5 An Example for Pre aria the Ph toolankton Com uter Data Base In order to add a nev'data'file which ve call"RDJUN82" and itis redundancy index to the established data base, the folloving procedure is folloved:PSIG XXXX (signon MTS)(Password)
| |
| &~(The folloving statements reformat the data set.)ARUN*PTN SCARDS~REPOMAT4 SPUNCH~FOR.OB J: ARUN POR.OBJ 5 RDJUN82 6>REPORMJUN82 (To'run the Taxir program to enter the data into the data bank)ARUN MAXIR GET LAZE.PHYTOPLANKTON ENTER DATA LOCATION~LREPORM JUN82 PORMAT~P IZED, DAY<5&>, Same as in PLTAXIRCR SAVE STOP (To compute the redundancy, index)ARUN*FTN SCARDS+REDUNDANCY SPUNCH~RED.OBJ ARUN RED.OBJ 5~PHYTOJUN82 6~RJUN82 ARUN*PTN SCARDS'>PREDUNDANCY SPUNCH~PRED.OB J ARUN PRED.OBJ 5 RJUN82 6 PRJUN82 (Run Taxir program to enter redundancy index into the data bank.)42 6:
| |
| ARUN*TAXIR GET LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON CORRECTION (REDUNDANCY~*.***)
| |
| *MONTH~JUN AND YEAR~82 AND LOCATION~DC-0*
| |
| I (entering redundancy values for different locations of month of June)CORRECTION (REDUNDANCY~*a***)
| |
| *MONTH~JUN AND YEAR~82 AND LOCATION~NDC7-5*
| |
| SAVE STOP PSIG$(sign off MTS)43 ENTRAINED PHYTOPLANKTON.
| |
| The Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank contains 63,748 items and 21 des-criptors.The descriptors are listed as follows: 1-DAY 2WONTH'-YEAR 4-LOCATION 5"TIME 6-SPECIES CODES 7-MAJOR GROUPS 8-CELLS 9-FRACTION 12-REDUNDANCY 13~OROPHYLL A 14MHLOROPHYLL B 15MHLOROPHYLL C 16-PHAEOPHIN 17-CHLOROPHYLL A INCUBATED 18MHLOROPHYLL B LNCUBATED 19MHLOROPHYLL C INCUBATED 20-PHAEOPHIN 10-DIVERSITY 11-TEMPERATURE 21-HOURS INCUBATED The number of data items collected for Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank beginning in 1975 is listed in Table 4.10.44 TABLE 4.10.The number of data items in Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank.Year Month Total 8 Total 8 of Items Year Month of Items Year Month Total 8 of Items 75 FEB MAR APR MAY JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 76 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 77 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 460)465)290)237)590)619)534)441)659)604)559)653)687)711)673)723)789)(1,054)(641)(1,017)706)686)678)635)666)557)769)692)563)724)627)559)677)78 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 79 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC (692)(587)(483)(661)(983)(1>023)(1,254)(899)(1,208)(1,408)(871)(991)(1,074)(838)(1,021)(537)(465)(384)(870)(1,033)(1,210)678)(732)80 81 82 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB i~fRR APR MAY (795)(788)(795)(870)(793)(638)(487)(1,099)(1,259)(1,047)(634)(617)(879)(811)(797)(742)(793)(513)(475)(865)(1,174)(632)(754)(792)(911)(624)(888)(723)(706)45 The steps for creating the Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank vere similar.to the ones that vere described for the Lake'.Phytoplankton data bank.They are shovn as follovs: Rav Data Pile Reformat Program Flat Data File Taxir Create Program ENTRAINED.
| |
| PHYTOPLANKTON Add Additional Parameters ENTRAXNED.
| |
| PHYTOPLANKTON Ori inal Data and Reformat Pro ram Original data are stored on the computer tape in a file such as RDENTXCCK, where the first XXX is a code for month and the second XX is a code for the year (for example, RDENTAPR82)
| |
| ~The entrainment data files prior to 1980 are stored on a tape called PHYTO.The 1980, 1981, and 1982 data files can be found on a tape called PHYT02.The Reformat Program for entrained phytoplankton is called EREFORMT.This program is very similar to that used for lake phytoplankton.
| |
| A listing of this program is given in Table 4.11'6 45 I TABLE 4.11.Program EREFOWAT.LOCICAL01 CODE(9.200)
| |
| REAL CTS(200)e FRAC(200)eH(13)CONST'./ALOC(24)
| |
| C Co~0'00 CO~~0~0~READ THE HEADLINES.
| |
| CO~0~0~0 C 1 READ(5,100,END 99)(H(I),I~1.13)~DL,SV 100 FORllAT(13A4, 1'F442)IDLOOL ISNoSV VRITE (7 4 200)IDLo ISV 200 FORKAT(I2 e 1X 4 I 3)CF~(IDL01~)41.4$1C/ISV C SVNOO.NS01 C CO~0~0~0 300 FO C00~0~0~READ THE OATl LINES, CO~0~0~0 C 5 RE 0 AD(5,300,END 10)(CODE(al,NS),001,9)
| |
| CTS(NS), RllAT(QA1,F740)
| |
| IF(CTS(NS)
| |
| .LT~1.)CO TO 10 CTS(NS)OCTS(NS)OCF SUKOSUNOCTS(NS)
| |
| NSONS01 COTO5 C PROCRAN EREFORNAT IS USED TO REORCAHIZf EHTRAIHNENT PH1'TOPLANXTOH C Rlh'lTA FILES.C VHIT 5 1$ASSICHED TO 1NPVT FILE, (RAN OATl FILE), C VHIT d 1S ASS1CHED TO OVTPVT FILfo (REFORNlTTED Olrl FILE).C VHIr T 1S AHOrHER OVrPVr F1Lf FOR rHE VALVES OF DL AHD SN.C I C C C CO~0~0~0 CO~0~0~0 INITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| COO~0~0~C C 10 DIV00.NSokS 1 C C00~0~0~CO~00~0~COO~0~0~C CORRECT THE FRACTION AHD DIVERSITY VALVES.DO 15 I01.NS FRAC(I)OCTS(I)/SVN OIVoOIVOFRAC(I)~ALOC(FRAC(I
| |
| ))OCONST 15 FRAC(I)~FRAC(I)~100.C CO~0~0~0 COO~~0~0 NRTTE THE CORRECT VALVES.COO~0~~0 C I OD 20 I~1.NS 20 VRITE(4,400)(H(K),K02,9), (CODE(V, I),001~9)~1CTS(I), FRAC(I), SVM.DIV,H(12)400 FORINT(444,2X,QA\,Fb.
| |
| 1,FT.2~Fb, 1,FC.2~2X,A4)C CO TO 1C QQ STOP END 47 Taxir Create Pro ram for Entrained Ph tonlankton To establish the'Entrained.Phytoplankton.data bank, a Taxir Create program PETAXIRCR (Table 4.12)is use'd.'his.program uses the entrained phytoplankton data in flat"file form to store them in a Taxir data bank called Entrained.Phytoplankton.
| |
| CS Added Parameters Additional descriptors were added to the Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank.These descriptors are Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll c, Phaeophin, Chlorophyll a Incubated, Chlorophyll b Incubated, Chlorophyll c Incubated, Phaeophin Incubated, Hours Incubated, and Redundancy Index.The values for Chlorophyll and Phaeophin are obtained by using the computer program ORGAÃZABLE (Table 4.13).This program selects the parameter information from the chloro-phyll and phaeophin tables.Running the above program results in the output I data files corresponding to these parameters which are in a form such that Taxir.Statement CORRECTION can be applied.In this way, these additional descriptors are stored in the already established Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank.In order to merge the additional descriptors with appropriate cases of entrained phytoplankton, identification codes (ID codes)of Y~, MONTH, DAY, LOCATION, and TIME were used.Because the specific times of collection are different at each sampling but the periods basically correspond to morning, noon, and evening periods, these periods were used in place of actual sampling time for ID codes.These periods are shown as follows: Morning Noon Evening 2-8:30 a.m.8:30-14:00 p.m.18:00-24:00 p.m.48 TABLE 4.12.Program PETAXIRCR.
| |
| RUN iTAXIR CREATE ENTRAINED.PHYTOPLANKTON.
| |
| OAY(FROM 1 TO 31), MONTH(ORDER,JAN.FEB,MAR.APR.MAY.JUN.JUL.AUG,SEP
| |
| ~OCT,NOV,DEC)
| |
| ~YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85), LOCATION(NAME), TIME(FROM 1 TO 2400), CODE(NAME).
| |
| GROUP(ORDER.C,O,F.G.HoO.P.ReS)o CELLS(FROM
| |
| .1 TO 9999.9), FRAC(FROM.Ol TO 100.00), DIVERSITY(FROM
| |
| .01 TO 6.00), TEMPERATURE(FROM 0.0 TO 100.0)~P ENTER DATA LOCATION~EREFORM, FORMAT~FIXED, DAYc7 8>>, MONTH c 10-'1 2>>, YEARc14 15>>, LOCATION~18 20>>o TIME<22 25>>, CODEc35 42>>, GROUPc43>>, CELLS<46 51>>.FRACc53 58>>, DIVERSITYc69-72>>, TEMPERATURE<74 78>>~SAVE STOP 49 ALE 4.13.Program ORGANTABLE.
| |
| RKAL LOCTON,MKANA DEMEANS,14KANC,MKANP INTEGKR l4ONTH,OAY,YKAR.TI14K.HRSINC C Co~0~~~~Co~0~4~~READ THE MEAN VALUES, (OHE lr l TIME).Co~~0~~~C 100 RKAO(4.1.END<99)MONTH, DAY.YKAR, TIME.LOCTQN, HRSINC.lIKANA READ(5.2)MEANS READ(So2)MKANC READ(7,2)l4EANP ANAT(11X.S(I2.
| |
| 1X).IA, 1X,A2, 1X, I2,9X~E10.2)RMAT(29X E iowa)1 FO 2'FO C Ceooeoo~Ceoooooo Co~04~I~Cocoa~oo C CHECK THE TOTlL HOURS Of IHCVBlrIOH FOR ElCH SAMPLE AHO COHSTRVCT rlZIR CORRECTIOH STATEHEHTS.
| |
| IF(HRSINC.EO.O)
| |
| GQ TQ 10 IF((TI14E.CK.200).AND.(TIME.LE.820))
| |
| GQ TQ 20 IF((TIME.GT.$
| |
| 20).ANQ.(TIME.LE.1400))
| |
| GQ TO 20 VRITK(da2)
| |
| MKANAoMKANBoMKANC+MKANPoHRSINCo YKAR+MCNTHeOAYoLOCTCN FORMAT (1X,'(Irw'F 8.4.'', 1X,'ISED', F 8.4,'', 1X, 1'(19~',FS.4,')','(20'',F8.4,')',1X,'(21
| |
| ~',I2,')',1X,'2>', 1I2.'2>'.12.'1~',I2,'4<',A2,'5>1800 b 5c2400i')GQ TO 1CO C PROGRAM ORGlHrlBLE IS FOR REORGAHI2IHG THE CHLOROPHYLL*AHO PHAEOPHIH.
| |
| C VALVES FROM THEIR TABLES'HE IHPVT FILES ARE: C VHIT 4t CHLOROPHYLL, A TABLE.C VHIT St CHLOROPln'LL 8 TlBLE.C UNIT 6: CHLOROPHYLL C TABLE.C UNIT Tt PHAEOPHYTIH TABLE C THE OUTPUT FILE IS UHIT 8 ttHICH COHTlIHS THE TlXIR CORRECTIOH C STATEMEHTS.
| |
| LATER BY SETTIHG THE SOURCE FILE EOUlL To THE OVTPUT C FILE THE UHKHottH CHLOROPHYLL AHO PHAEOPHIH VALVES CAH BE AOOEO To C EHTRlIHEO.PHYTOPLAHKTOH OArl BlHK, C C C C Co~~ooao Co~~~~4~INITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| Co~~4~~4 C C 20 4 C 20 5 C 10 WRITE(8,4
| |
| )MEANA e MEANS~MEANC o MEANP a HRSINC e YEAR o MONTH a OAT e LOCTCN FOR14AT(1X,'C (17<',F~.4,')',1X,'(l$>',F8.4,')'.1X, I'19~', F$.4,'','20~', F8.4,'', 1X~'21<I, I2,''1X.'2~', 1I2.'2>'.I2.'1~'.I2,'4>',A2~'50200 b 5+820~')GQ TO 100 IIRITK(do5)
| |
| MKANA,MKANB,MEANC 14EANP,HRSINC,YEAR,MQNTH,OAY
| |
| ~LDCTON FORMAT(1X,'C (Irs',FS:4,')',1X,'(l$<',F8.4,'', 1X.1'19'FS~4 e'''20~'FS~4~''.1X.'21~'12 m''.1X~'~'12.'2<'.I2,'1~', I2,'4<',A2,'5>$20 b 5<1400~'GQ TO 100 IF((TIME.GE.2OO).AHo.(TIME.LE.820))
| |
| GQ ro 4o If((TIME.GT.eJO).AHD.(TIME.LE.t400))
| |
| Go To So ItRITE(8.6)
| |
| MEAHA.MEAHB.MEAHC.MEAHP.HRSIHC.YEAR.MOHTH.OAY.LOCTOH FORltlT(tX.'C (12'.F8.4.')', lX,'(14~'.F8.4~')'.1Z.I'(IS~',F8.4.')'.'(16~'.F'8.4~')'.1Z.'(21~'.12~')', tX.'Si'112.'2',12'd 1'.12,'4',A2,'S>1800 d Sc2400')Go To tOO Conttnuect on next page.50 TABLE 4.13.(Continued).
| |
| 40 7 C 50 8 VRITE(8,7)MEANA, MEANB, MEANC, MEANP, HRS INC.YEAR, MONTH.DAY, LOCTON FORMAT(1X,'C (13', F8.4.'', 1X,'14~',F8.4,'',, 1X, 1'(15~'.F8.4.')','(16>'.F8.4,')'.1X,'(21>', I2.')', 1X,'~3~'.112,'2~'.I2.'1~',I2,'4~',A2.'5>200 6 5<830'')CO TO 100 VRITE(8')MEANA~MEANB~MEANC~MEANP~HRSINC~YEAR.MONTHeOAY
| |
| ~LOCTON FORMAT(1X,'C (13~',F8.4,'', 1X,'14<',F8.4,'', 1X, 1'(15~',F8.4,')','(16~',F8.4,')'.1X,'(21~', I2,')',1X,'~3>', 1I2,'2', I2,'1'.I2.'4~'.A2.'5>830 6 5<1400')CO TO 100 C 89 STOP ENO 51
| |
| ,Computer-commands used in this process, are shown-below:" 1 9'ARUN*FLf SCARDS~ORGAÃZABLE SPUNCH~-LOAD.
| |
| ARUN-LOAD 4&HLORAXX 5 atCHLORBXX 6WHLORCZL 7~PHAXX 8~CHLPHAXX RESOURCE CHLPHAXX (XXaa YEAR)(4,5,6,7)~INPUT FILES 8WUTPUT PILE~Data Ta e The complete Entrained.Phytoplankton data bank with 21-descriptors is saved on the tape called COOK beginning at the 2nd position.9'2 9 LAKE ZOOPLANKTON The Lake.Zooplankton data bank contains 32,113 items and 10 descriptors.
| |
| The descriptors are: 1-STATION 2-MONTH 3-YEAR 4-DEPTH 5-TAXON 6 MOUNT 7-PCCOMP 8-TAXON 9-TEMPERATURE 10-SECCHI DISC The monthly number of data items collected for lake zooplankton beginning in July 1970 is listed in Table 4.14.53 TABLE 4.14.The number of data items in Lake.Zooplankton data bank.Total 8 Total 0 Year Month of Items Year Month of Items Year Month Total'of Items 70 JUL SEP NOV 71 APR JUL SEP NOV 72 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 73 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT 74 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT (459)(508)(461)(189)(464)(603)(402)(421)(90)(104)(353)(121)(116)(393)(115),(417)(134)(167)(566)(173)(171)'582)(389)(223)(247)(511)(307)(307)(606)75 76 I 77 I 78-APR MAY JUN'UL AUG.SEP.'CT;DEC~APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT~APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV (441)(228)(312)(630)(718)(322)(611)(281)(391)(488)(260)(637)(336)(323)(593)(442)(215)(250)(635)(318)(321)(660)(288)(238)(454)(260)(282)(570)(304)(337)(702)(309)79 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 80 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 81 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV 82 APR MAY (431)(211)(204)(582)(298)(280)(677)(296)(488)(253)(262)(489)(299)(342)(625)(251)(401)(243)(214)(456)(305)(312)(547)(290)(416)(186)54 The steps for constructing this data bank follow the flow diagram shown below: SURVEY70-82 l Taxir Conversion Flat Data File Error Corrections Corrected Plat Data File Taxir Create Program LAKE.ZOOPLANKTON Added Parameters LAKE.ZOOPLANKTON Lake.Zoo lankton Data Bank The Lake.Zooplankton data bank was established using the steps listed above.These steps are the same as those taken for the establishment of the phytoplankton data bank, except that the length for each descriptor name vas reduced to six characters, which is the maximum number of labeling characters that MIDAS permits.Tvo descriptors, TEMPERATURE and SECCHI DISC, were also added to this data set.These additions vere made using the Taxi,r Statement CORRECTION.
| |
| Both the steps for adding.additional parameters and procedures which vere used to create the Lake.Zooplankton data.bank are shovn below: 55 1)Convert the SURVEY70-,82!
| |
| to a line file.//RUN*TAXIR GET SURVEY70-82!
| |
| Q<DATA, SURVEY>ALL*ALL*STOP 2)Correct the errors in the SURVEY data filch PEd SURVEY: AQA/F JANUARY;JANbbbb;t I:A8A/F;DECEMBER;DECbbbbb;
| |
| :AQA/F'DCWW;DCWbb'A8A
| |
| /F;NDC-7-5;NDC 7-5b;:STOP 4SOURCE ZLTAXIRCR 3)(Add values of SECCHI DISC and TBPEMTURE to the data bank.CORRECTION (SECCHIDISC~.
| |
| ~~~)AND (TEMPERATURE
| |
| ~~~~)56
| |
| *MONTH~.~~~AND YEAR~.a~a AND STATION~~~.*SAVE STOP ZLTAXIRCR is presented in Table 4a15.~Data Ta a The final version of the Lake.Zooplankton data bank is saved on the tape called COOK at the 3rd position.57 TA3LE 4.15.Program ZLTA.'HRCR.
| |
| RUN iTAXIR CREATK LlÃK.ZOOPLANMTON, STATION(NAME), MONTH(ORQER
| |
| ~afANoFESoMAR
| |
| ~APR~MAY~JVNo4Jle~AUSeSKP~OCT~NOV~OKC)
| |
| ~YEAR(FROM 6s TO es), OEPTH(FROM 0 TO 60), TAXON S(FROM 10001 TO 99999), COUNT(FROM 0 TO 1CCCCCO), PCCQMP(FROli O.C0 TO 100.00), TAXON(NAME), TEMPERATURK(F'RQM 0.1 TD 40.0), SECCHI OISC(FROM O.CO TQ 100.00)~ENTER CATA LQCATIQNrSVRVKY
| |
| ~FORMATaF IXEO~STATIQNc1 dh, MQNTHc10~1dh, YEARc20-21m, OEPTHc23 24>, TAXON ec26 30~, CQUNTc32-3e~.
| |
| PCCQMPc40@Sing TAXQNc47 d1o, TEMPERATUREc83-66>, SECCHI OISCcde-93><
| |
| SAVE STOP 58 ENTRAINED ZOOPLANKTON I The Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton data bank consists of 19,703 items and 11 des-criptors~The descriptors are listed below: 1-TYPE 2WRATE 3-MONTH 4-DAY 5-YEAR 6-TIME 7-TAXON 8-COUNT 9-PCCOMP P 10-TAXON 11-TEMPERATURE The monthly number of data items collected for entrained zooplankton beginning in 1975 is listed in Table 4.16.59 TABLE 4.16.'The number of;data items.in Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton data bank.9 Total 8 Total 8 Year Month of Items , Year Month of Items Total 0 Year Month of.Items 75 76 77 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC (30)(149)(118)(126)(121)(166)(204)(218)(222)(203)(182)(142)(153)(101)(101)(109)(156)(258)(312)(509)(192)(189)(184)(173)(33)(187)(160)(138)(175)(436)(598)(312)(290)(174)(164)78 JAN'EB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC (165)(95)(88)(120)(184)(336)(523)(550)(355)(445)(197)(401)(235)(179)(210)(151)(191)(166)(396)(535)(436)(383)(273)(266)80 81 82 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB APR MAY (304)(170)(151)(185)(224)(163)(146).(266)(330)(276)(169)(155)(203)(134)(150)(119)(216)(117)(152)(326)(417)(138)(158)(258)(220)(128)(213)(179)(171)I'0 O.
| |
| Entrained.Zoo lankton Data Bank The Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton data bank contains 11 descriptors; the last of which, TEMPERATURE, was added to this data base after it was created by the Taxir program.The final version of the Entrained.
| |
| Zooplankton data bank is stored on the tape COOK at the 4th position.61 LAKE BENTHOS The Lake.Benthos data bank has 72,504 items and 16 descriptors
| |
| ~The descriptors are: 1-YEAR 2 MONTH 3-REGION 4-ZONE 5-DEPTH 6WON+PACT 7-AREA 8-STATION 9~0UP 10MODE 11 ILLS 12-PRIM SED 13-SEC SED 14-TERT SED 15UAT SED 16-VOLUME The number of data items collected for the Lake.Benthos data bank is shown by months in Table 4.17.62 TABLE 4.17.The number of data items in Lake.Benthos data bank.Year Month Total 8 Total f/of Items Year Month of Items Year Month Total 8 of Items 70 7 11 71 4 7 11 72 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 73 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 74 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (595)(817)(702)(857)(610)(898)(318)(363)(1,970)(371)(294)(1,996)(335)(1, 774)(222)(440)(3,074)(448)(486)(2,173)(2,030)(600)(753)(1,629)(879)(844)(1)327)75 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9'0 11 12 (1,065)(696)(784)(1,862)(1,030)(934)(1,301)(561)(1,081)(667)(434)(1,360)(536)(495)(1,036)(1,153)(533)(515)(1,884)(565)(614)(1,373)(642)(543)78 79 80 81 82 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4'6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 (, ((839)586)598)(881)("490)556)476)980)482)564)(1, 881)(585)(652)(1,572)(599)(698)(556)627)949)576)531)911)545)625)570)539)922)582)625)882)445)701)478)532)63 Procedures for=establishing the Lake.Benthos data bank are shovn by.the following flow diagram: MIDAS Lake Benthos Data 79-82 MIDAS Lake Benthos Data 70-78 Use MIDAS Conversion Line File Line File Use Reformat Program Add Additional Parameters Flat Data File Flat Data File Taxir Create Program LAKE.BENTHOS Lake.Benthos Data Bank The original Lake Benthos data vere stored in MIDAS internal files CCOIQKRGE and COOK79-82'he former houses the data between 1970 and 1978, and the latter contains the data betveen 1979 and 1982.The procedures for establishing this data base are: (1)to change these MIDAS internal files to line files, then (2)to change the line files to flat files, and (3)to use a Taxir Create program to create the Lake.Benthos data bank.64 To accomplish the first step, we used the following computer statements to convert COOKMERGE to a line file: (while in MTS mode)ARUN STAT:MIDAS
| |
| ?READ INTERNAL FILE~COOKMERGE VARIABLE~ALL (writing the variables of interest in the required order in the file LINVMIDAS, an MTS line file)?WRITE VARIABLE 1-5j9,155-156,10-147,150-154,200-205,300-303,400-406,500-510 PILE LINVMIDAS CASES~ALL FORMAT~(2(F3.0,2X),2(F2.0)2X),F4.1)2X)P5.2)2X,F2.0)2X, F4~0 2Xi 166(F 10~2~2X))4 (P2~0~2X)~F4~1)?FINISH Note that the order of the variables in the file LINVMIDAS follows the sequence of variables, YEAR, MONTH, REGION, ZONE, DEPTH, CON.PACT, AREA, STATION, 166 SPECIES VALUES, PRIMSED, SECSED, TERTSED, QUATSED, and VOLUME.With a slight change, the above.statements were applied to change COOK7982 to a line file.The complete statements are as follows: ARUN STAT:MIDAS
| |
| ?READ INTERNAL PILE~COOK7982 VARIABLE~ALL
| |
| ?WRITE VARL4BLE 1-31,34-61 FILE~MCOOK7982 CASES~ALL POR!6lT~(2(F3.0,2X),F2.0,2X,2(P2.0,2X)>F4.1,2X,F5.2,2X,4(F2.0,2X),F4.1,2X,46(P10.
| |
| 2,2X),P4.0)
| |
| ?FINISH 65 4 The order of the variables in file MCOOK7982 is-different from that in the LIÃMIDAS and is shown as'follows: YEAR, MONTH,.AREA, REGION, ZONE,DEPTH j CON FACT~PRIMSED j SECSED~TERTSED~QUATSED~VOLUME~46'" SPEC IES VALUES and STATION.Reformat Pro rams Each benthos species in the BLINVMIDAS is treated as a parameter.
| |
| There are 166 species included in this file, but only 46 species occur frequently.
| |
| A large amount of space in the file is, therefore, occupied by species occurring only rarely;this represents an inefficient utilization of space.We decided to change the form of data storage so as to make more efficient use of file space.Programs BLARR&fl and B~t3AN2 were written for this purpose.These programs ignore those species with counts of 0.0;the remaining species are placed in a flat-file form with one species per line.The program BLARRAN1 is used for I restructuring the 1970-1978 data while BLDGLQ/2 is used for rearranging the 1978-1982 data.The results of these programs are stored in files REMCOOK7982 and BLREMIDAS.
| |
| The command statements for using these programs are listed below: ARUN*FTN SCARDS~BLQQ4Qll SPUNCHWBJ1
| |
| !/RUN*FTN SCARDS BLAEG4Qi2 SPUNCHWBJ2 2!RUN OBJ1 5~BLINVMIDAS 6~BLREMIDAS ARUN OBJ2 5~MCOOK7982 6~RBfCOOK7982 The contents of these programs are listed in Tables 4.18 and 4.19.66 TABLE 4.18.Program BLARRAN1.C PROGRur BLARRAN1 IS USED TO ORGANIZE LAKE BENTHOS DATA SETS FOR C THE PERIOD OF 19TO TO 19TB.THE OUTPUT FILE IS IN THE FORM OF C FLAT FILE WHICH LATER CAN BE ADDED TO LAKE.BEHTHOS DATA BANK.C UNIT 6 IS THE INPUT FILE.C UNIT 6 IS ASSIGNED TO OUTPUT FILE, (FLAT FIlE)~C C C C Co~0~0~0 CO~0~0~0 INITIALIZE VARIABLESe Co~0~0~0 C REAL YEAR,l40NTH,REGIN.ZONE.DEPTH.CONFAC,AREA, STAT.PRSD, 15ESD.TESD.QUSD.VOLUME.SPCONT(166)REAL 0 8 SP NAME (166)INTEGER IYEAR.Il40NTH, IREGIN, IZONE~IAREA.ISTAT.IPRSD, 1ISESD, ITESD.IQUSD LOCICAL~1 GROUPN(166)
| |
| Co~1~1~1 CO~1~0~1 Co~0~11~INITIALIZE DATA.C DATA SPNAME/SH CD FLUVeSH C.ANTKReSHCHIRNMUSeSH CLADOe 18H C.ROLLI,BHCRYPTO 1,8HCRYPTO 2,8HCRYPTO 3,8H CRICOT, 18KQEMICRYP, SHK.CHANGI, SH H.OLIV, BH HYDROB, SH MI CROP, 18H M.TUB.SH P~ABORT.BKP.NEREI5, SHP.UNDINE, SHP.CAMPTQ, 18K P.VINN,SH P.FALLX,SH P~SCAI.,SH POLY 2,8H P.LONG, 18H PROCI ADeSH P~SI14ULeSHRHEOTANY
| |
| ~SH R DEMdeSH 5'YLUSe 18H TANYTAR.BHTHIEN GR,BH 0.CHIR,SH A.LEYO,SHA.LQMOND.
| |
| 18H C.DIAPH,BH CD DIASoSHC.SETOSUeSH DEROeBK N.PA'ROe 18KN.PSEUDO,BH N.VAR,SH N.SIMP,SH P.LIT,SHP.SIMPLX, 18H P MICHeBHP~FORELIeSKP
| |
| ~LONQISeBHP
| |
| ~OSBORNeBHS
| |
| ~APPENOe 18H S.aIOSIN,SH S.LACUS,SH U,UNCIN,SH V.INTER,BHIl4 VO HC,'18H IM W HC.BHL~ANCVST.SH L.CLAP SHL.CERVIX,BH L.HOFF, 18H L.PROF,SK L.SPIR,BH L.UDEK,SH P.FREYI,BH PELO MM, 1SH PELO ML,BH P~SUPER,SHP.BEDOTI.SH P.440LO,SH P.VEU, 18H A.AI4ER,SK A.LIMNO,SH A.PLUR,BH I.TEMP,SHT.TVBIFX
| |
| ~18H R.CQCC, SH V.SIN, SH V.TRI,BKAMNI COLA, SHBYTHINI A, 18H SOMATO,SH LYMNAEA,SH PHYSA,SHQ.
| |
| GAS R, SK S.NITID, 18H S.STRIA, SH 5.TRANS, SH S.CORN, BHP.ADAMS I, BH P.CASER, 18H P.COMP,BK P.CQNV,SH P.FALL,SH P.FERR,BK P.HENS, 18K P~IDAHO e BH P~LILLU e BH P~MILL e SK P~NIT e SH P~PAUP e 18H P.SUPIN,SH P.SVB.SH P.VAR.BH P.WALK,SH H.STAG.18H D.PARVA, SH N.OBSC.SH G.CDMP, SHQ~HIRUO, SHQ INSECT, 18KP~HOYI 1 e BHP~HOYI 2o SKP~HQYI 3e SHP~HOYI 4 e BKP~KOYI Ce 18HP.HQYI S,BHP.HOYI M,SH TPQNTO,SH TMYSIS,BH TGAMM, 18H THYALLeBH TCHIReSH TNAIDeSH TTUBIF eSH TENCHYe 18H TSTYLO,BH TOLICO.SH TGASTRO,SH TSPKAER,SH TPISIP.18H TPELECY,BH TKYDRAC,BH THIRUD,SH THYORA.BHTTURBELL, 18H.TOTHER,BH TANII4AI.,SH TAEOLOS,BH ASELLUS,BH 0~NAID, 18K 0'ERPeBH N~CQI4MeSH PE FRICieSHN.BRETSCeSHN
| |
| ~BEHNQI~18HO.TUBIF, SH P.VARI Q, SH P,HAMM,BH A.PIG, SHM.P ISID, 18KU.PISID,BK S.RKQMB,SH P.AMNIC,SH S.SECVR.SHO.
| |
| SPHAE, 18HP.VENTRI
| |
| .SH M.CHIR, SH KIEFF, BH C.HALO, SHPARACLAQ, 18HHARNI SCH.SH PKAENOP.SH DI CRO, SH CLYPTO, SHPARATANY, 18HRHEOTANY,SH STICTO/DATA CROUPN/32~1HC~21~1HNe22~1HTe801HG 4~1HS 1611KP 15 1 1KH e 1HO e 8~1KA e 1HQ o 2 0 1HA e 1HC e 1HN e 1HT e 3 0 1HQ e 1HC e 1HS e 1HP e 12 1 1HO.1HH, 6 1 1HO, 6 0 1KN, 4 0 1HT, 2 1 1HP, 1H5, 1HP, 2 0 1H5, 1HP, 1'1 0 1HC/Cs~1~~~~Cs~~~~0~Co~~1~~~67 o Continued on next page.READ DATA LINES CONTAINING 166 SPECIES COUNTS.
| |
| TABLE 4e18.(Continued)
| |
| IYEAR<YEAR INQNTH~ICONTH IRKCIN>REQIN IZONE<ZONE IARKA<AREA ISTAT<STAT IPRSD<PRSD ISESD<SESD ITESD<TESD IQUSD<QUSD C Co~11~~~Co~oltll Ct4~4~1~Co~0~0~1 C VRITE THE FLAT FlLE NlTH THE SPECIFICATlOHS OF OHE SPKClES AT EACH LlHE.QO 20 I~1.166 IF(SPCQNT(I).LE.O
| |
| ~)CO TO 20 telRITE(6.
| |
| 30)IYEAR, IMCNTH.IREQINe IZQNK,DEPTH, CQNFAC.IAREA, 1ISTATeQRQUPN(I
| |
| )e SPNANE(I)eSPCQNT(I)e IPRSOe ISESOe ITESD~1IQUSD,VOLUME 30 FQRNAT(2(I3.
| |
| 3X).2(I2,3X).F4.1.3X, F5.2,3X~I2~3X, I4,3X,A1, 13X~ASe3X~F10 2~3Xe4(I2~3X)eF4~1)20 CONTINUE C CO TO 100 100 RKAO(5, 10 END~99)YEAR,ANTH.REGIN.ZONE,DEPTH CQNFAC,AREA.
| |
| 1STATe(SPCQNT(J)eJ+1e 166)ePRSDeSESOeTESDeQUSDeVQLUME 10 FQRNAT(2(F3.0e2X)e2(F2.0e2X)eF4.
| |
| 1,2X.F5.2 2Xel'2 Oe2XeF4~Oe 12X~166(F 10.2,2X),4(F2.0,2X), F4.1)C C QS STOP ENO 68 TABLE 4.19.Program BLARRAN2.C PROGRAM BLlRRlH2 IS USED TO ORGANIZE LlKE BEHTHOS'lTA SETS FOR C THE PERIOD OF t9T9 TO 1982.THE'UTPUT FILE IS IH THE'FORM OF C FLlT FILE 1'HICH LATER CAH BE ADDED TO LAKE.BENTHOS DlTl BAHK.C UNIT 5 IS THE IHPUT FILE.C UNIT 6 IS lSSIGHED TO OUTPUT FILE, (FLAT FILE), C C C C Caa~~aaa Caaaaaa~IHITIALIZE VlRllBLES.
| |
| Ca~~o~~~C REAL YEAR, MONTH, AREA,REGIN,ZONE, DEPTH,CQNFAC,PRSD,SESD, 1TESD,QVSD.VOLUI4E.SPCONT(46),STAT REALoS SPNAME(46)
| |
| INTEGER IYEAR.1140NTH.IAREA, IREGIN.IZONE, IPRSD, ISESD.11TESD.IQUSD, I STAT LOGICA!.a1 GROVPN(46)
| |
| Co~~o~~a Ca~~a~~~Co~~a~~~C IHITIALIZE DATA.DATA SPNAME/BHP.HOYI 1,8HP.HOYI 2,8HP.HOYI 3,8HP.KOYI 4, 18HP.HOYI Q,SKP.HQYI S,BHP.HOYI M,SH TPONTO,SH TMYSIS.18H TGAMM~BH TKYALL~SH ASELLUS~BHV~LEVIS I~SH V~SIN~18HAMNI COLA, SHBYTHINIA,BH SOMATO, BH LYMNAEA, SH PHYSA, 18H TGASTRO e SH TPISID, SHS~MARGIN e BH 5~NITIO e SHS~SIMILF e 18H 5~STRIA e SH S.TRANS e BH TSPHAER e SH TPEL ECY e SK TCHIR, 18H TSTYLO,SH TNAID,BH TTUBIF,BH TENCHY,SK TOLICO.18HGLDSSOPH,SH H.STAG,BH D.PARVA,BH N.OBSC,BKO.
| |
| HIRUD.1BH THIRUD,SH THYDRAC,SH THYDRA,BHTTURBELL,SH TOTHER, 18HO INSECT,BH TANIMAL/DATA Q'ROUPN/Ba 1HA 1HO 2a 1HA~1KO~Ba 1HC~1HP~6a 1HS~1HO~11HCe 1HQe 1KNe 1HTe2o1HOe6 1HHe6a1HO/
| |
| C Co~~a~~~Co~~a~a~READ OlTl LIHES COHTAIHING 46 SPECIES COUHTS.Caa~~~~~C 100 READ(5, 10.END~99)YEAR, MQNTH, AREA, REGIN, ZONE, DEPTH, 1CQNFAC,PRSD,SESD,TESD,QUSD,VOLUME,(SPCQNT(ot),et F 1,46).STAT 10 FORMAT(2(F3.0.2X),F2.0,2X,2(F2.0,2X),F4
| |
| ~1,2X, 1F5.2,2X~4(F2.0,2X),F4.
| |
| 1,2X,46(F10
| |
| ',2X),F4.0)
| |
| IYEARaYEAR IMONTHaMONTH IAREAoAREA IREGINa REGIN IZONE OZONE IPRSDaPRSD ISESDRSESD ITESDRTESD IOVSDaQUSD ISTATaSTAT IF(IYEAR.E0.10)
| |
| IYEAR F 79 IF(IYEAR.E0.11)
| |
| IYEARo80 IF (IYEAR.EQ".12)I YEAR~81 IF(IYEAR.E0.13)
| |
| !YEAR~82 IF(CQNFAC.EO.
| |
| 1.)CQNFACa60.60 IF(CQNFAC.E0.2.)
| |
| CONFAB 20.40 IF(CQNFAC.E0.3.)
| |
| CQNFAC~30.30 Continued cn next page.69 TABLE 4.19.(Continued).-
| |
| C C1~~4~4~C1~1~IQ Co~~4~1~Cool100~WRITE THE FLAT FILE ARITH THE SPECIFICATIOHS Of OHE SPECIES AT EACH LIHE.DO 20 I<1,46 , IF(SPCONT(I).LE.O.)
| |
| GO TO 20 VRITE(6e 30)IYEARe IHQNTH.I REGIN, IZQNE~DEPTH, CQHFAC, 1IAQEAe ISTATeGAQVPN(I) e SPHAME(I)eSPCQNT(I) e IPQSDe 1ISESD.ITESD, IQUSO,VOLUME 30 FO$WAT(2(I3,3X),2(I2,3X), FA~1 e3Xe FS~2~3Xe I2~3Xe IA 13XeA1e3XeAS
| |
| ~3Xe F10~2e3X~4(I2~3X)~F4~1)20 CONTINUE C GO TO 100 C SS STOP EHD 70 Taxir Create Pro ram Program BLTAXIRCR is a Taxir Create program for establishing the Lake.Benthos data bank.This Create program uses the result of the reformat programs establishing a Taxir data base, LAKE.BENTHOS, which is saved on the COOK tape at position 5.The Taxir Create program for the Lake.Benthos data bank is shown in Table 4.20.71 TABLE 4.20.Program BLTAXIRCR.
| |
| RUN iTAXIR CREATE LAME.BENTHOS, YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85)S MONTH(FRCM 0 TO 12), REGION(FROM 0 TO 9)~2DNK(FROM W TO 9)~DEPTH(FROM M.O TO 9Q~9), CON.FACT(FROM M.CO TO 99.99), AREA(FROM 0 TO 9)i STATION(FROM M TO 999).CROUP(ORDERS A C 6 H N 0~P~5~T)~CODK(NAME).
| |
| CELLS(SSCll 0.01, TC 1CCCCCC.SS)
| |
| ~PRIM SEO(FROM 0 TO 9).SEC SEO(FROM 0 TO 9), TERT SED(FROM 0 TO 9), OUAT SED(FROM 0 TD 9), VOLUME(FROM 0.0 TO 99.9)~ENS ER DATA LOCATION>BLREMIOAS, FORMAT<FIXED, YEARc1 3>>, MONTHc7 9>>, REQIONc13 14>>, 2ONEc18 19>>, OEPTHc23 26>>, CON.FACTc30-34>>, AREAc38 39>>.STATIONc43 46>>, CROUPc50>>, COOEc54 61>>, CELLSc65-74>>, PRIM SEDc78 79>>.SEC SEDc83-84>>, TERT SEOc88-89>>.
| |
| OUAT SKDc93 Qe, VOLUMEc98 101>>i SAVK STOP 72 ENTRAINED BENTHOS The Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank contains 11 descriptors and 7,911 items'he descriptors are: 1-SAMPLE 2-YEAR 3-MONTH 4WEEK 5-PERIOD 6-PUMP 7-REPLICATION SWUBIC.METER 9-GROUP 10-CODE 11MELLS The monthly number of data items stored in the Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank is shovn in Table 4.21.73 TABLE 4.21.The number of data items in Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank., O Total 0 Total 0 Total 9 Year Month of Items Year Month of Items Year.Month of Items 75 76 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (54)(94)(25)(48)(47)(65)(69)(109)(83)(39)(61)(125)(66)(31)(95)(68)(79)(97)(135)(70)(77)(45)(6)(24)(26)(51)(5)(123)(67)(222)(90)(136)(23)(150)78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (75)(22)(21)(46)(98)(195)(159)(189)(96)(86)(112)(119)(50)(32)(20)(109)(100)(178)(134)~(183)(80)(97)(117)(99)(131)(43)(29)(50)(75)(235)(142)(207)(102)(107)(108)(109)81 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 (62)(42)(79)(59)(131)(281)(185)(200)(99)(131)(105)(184)(29)(21)(9)(29)(5)74 Q The steps used to create the Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank are shown in the following flow diagram: Entrainment Benthos I MIDAS Conversion Line File Reformat Programs, Additional Parameters Flat Data File Taxir Create Program ENTRAINED.
| |
| BENTHOS Entrained.Benthos Data Bank The original entrained benthos data are stored in an internal MIDAS file as ENTRAINMENT-REV.
| |
| This file was first converted to an MTS line file and then changed to a flat file.The detailed procedures for creating a line file from'f an internal MIDAS file was discussed previously.
| |
| The similar procedures for creating a line file for entrained benthos are shown belo~: ARUN STAT:MIDAS (reading all the variables)
| |
| ?READ INTERNAL FILE~ENTRAIRKNT-REV VARIABLE ALL (writing the required variables with.the desired order).WRITE VARIABLE~1-7,9-16,18-22,24-25.FILE~EINVMIDAS CASES~ALL FORMAT~(F4.0, 1X, 6(F3.0, 1X),F6.2, 1X, 34 (F10.5', 1X))?FINISH The order of the parameters in the EINVMIDAS is as follows: YEAR, MONTE, REEK, PERIOD," PUMP, REPLIC, CUBIM, and 34 parameters for species.Reformat Pro ram Each species in the entrained benthos file EINVMIDAS is treated as a parameter in the same vay as that in the lake benthos file.The program BEARRAN was written for the same purposes as those for the lake benthos data, to reduce the space reserved for those species that shov no counts and to rearrange the data by placing one species per line in a flat file.The content of this program is listed in Table 4.22.The result from program BEARRAN vas saved in a file named BEREMIDAS.
| |
| Taxir Create Pro ram A Taxir Create program, BETAXIRCR, vas used to create the Entrained.
| |
| Benthos data bank.This computer data bank is saved at position 6 of the COOK tape.The contents of BETAXIRCR are listed in Table 4.23.76 TABLE 4.22.Program BEDPAN.C PROGRAH BflRRAN JS VSfD TO ORCAHJZE ENTRAJHVENT BENTHOS DlTA SETS C FOR THE PERJOD Of 1915 TO 1992.THE DUTPtlT FJLf JS JN THE FORH Of C FLlT FILE VHJCH LlTER CAN Bf ADDED TO ENTRlJHED.BENTHOS Dill BANK.C VHJT 5 JS THE JNPtlT FILE, C VHJT 5 Js THE OUTPUT FILE, (FLAT FILE).C C C C Co~0~0~0 Co~0~0~0 INITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| Coo~0~0~C REAL SAIIP,YEAR
| |
| ~kQNTH,VKEK,PERID.PVkP
| |
| ~REP~CUBICk,SPCONT(3A)
| |
| REAL,ob SPNAkf(34)
| |
| INTEGER ISAkP~I YEAR~IlCIMTH>>I'VKEK IPERID~IPUkP~IRKP INTEGER%2 CROUPN(3A)
| |
| Coo%oooo Coo~0~0~Co~0~00~INITIALIZE DATA.DATA SPMAkf/BH P.HOY11,4H
| |
| ~.HQYI2,4H P.HQYI3,4H P.HOYIA, 14KP.HQYI C,BHP~HOYI S,BHP.HQYI k>>4H T kYSIS>>BH T CAXko 14H 7 HYALL~BHCRANCQMX,BH T ASKLt.,bH T CHIR,BH T MAID>>14H 7 TUBIF,BH T STYLD>>4H T ENCHY>>BH T HIRUDebH TCASTRO>>14HT SPHAER,BH T PISID,bHT HYDR*C~BH 7 HYDRA,4H T TUB&, 14HCRAYFISH,CH OTHERS,BH TRICHOP~BH EPHEk,bH OOOMATA, 1dH CQt.EQPT,BH CHAOBOR,dH CULICID~BHSIMULIID,BHQIMSKCTA/
| |
| DATA CROUPN/7'HAk,2HXY.3
| |
| ~2Hlk.2HAS.2HCH>>A 2HQL.2HHI.
| |
| 12HCA~2HSP.2HPI~302HQT,2HCR,2HOT
| |
| ~4%2ICII/C Coo%oooo Co~00~0~Rf AD'lT A L JHES CONT A JH JHG 3l SPE C I 5 S COtlHTS e Co~0~0~0 C 100 READ(5~10>>EMQ099)SAXP>>YEAR>>kQNTH>>VEEK>>PERID>>PUkP>>
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| RKP~1CUBICk~(SPCQMT(1)e I~1~3+)10 FQRKAT(FA.O, 1X,C(F3.0, 1X), FC.2, 1X~3A(F10.5~1X))ISAxP05AKP IYEAR~YEAR IIIOMTHokQMTH IVEEKRVEEK IP ERIDRPKR IQ IPUKP~PUIIP IREE REF C~~00~0~Co~~0~00 Co~0~0~0 CHANGE YEAR CDDES, (EZl CHANCE 1 TO 75).IF (I YEAR.EO.1)IF(IYEAR.E0.2)
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| IF (I YEAR.EQ.3)IF (I YEAR.EO.A)IF(IYEAR.E0.5)
| |
| IF (I YEAR.EO.C)IF(IYEAR.KO.T)
| |
| IF (I YEAR.EO.4)I'YEARRT5 IYEARRTC IYEAR F 77 IYEARRTB IYEAR~79 IYEAR~40 IYKAR AD&1 IYEAR042 Coo%~~0~Coo%oooo Coooo~0~Co~0~~0~VRJTE THf FLAT FILE VJTH THE SPECJfJCATJOHS Of OHf SPECJES lT EACH LJHE.OO 20 I~1,34 IF(SPCQMT(I
| |
| ).LE.O.O)CQ TO 20 VRITE(C.30)
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| ISAxP.IYKAR, IIIQMTH.IVEEK.IPERID, 11'UMP, 11REP.CUBICk
| |
| ~CRQUPM(1),SPMAkf(1),SPCQNT(1) 30 FORXAT(13'X>>C(12'X)~FC.2'X>>A2 F 3'b>>GX>>F10.5) 20 CQMTII>>UE CQ TO 100 C 99 STOP ENQ 77 TABLE 4.23.Program BETAXIRCR.
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| RVN ITAXIR.CREATE ENTRAINED.SENTHOS.
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| SAMPLE(FROM 100 TO 999), YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85), MONTH(FROM 1 TO 1'2)~VEEX(FROM 1 TD 5)~PERIOD(FROM 1 TO 9)~PUMP(FROll 1 TD 2)~RKPLIC(FROM 1 TO 2), CUBIC M(FROM OoCO TO QQ9 F 99)o CROUP(OROERoAMeAS
| |
| ~CH+CReCArHI
| |
| ~OIeOL~OToMYePIoSP)e CODE(NAME), CELLS(FROM 0.00000 TD 9999 F 99999)~KNTKR DATA LOCATION>BERKMIDAS, FORMAT<FIXED, SAMPLE<1 3>, YEAR<7 da, MONTHc12 130, WEEK<17 18>, PERIODc22 23>, PUMP<27-28), RKP!IC~32 33+a CUBIC Ii<37 42>, CROUP<48 47>,'COOEc51 ddt, CELLS<62 71>i SAVE STOP 78 IMPINGED BENTHOS The Impinged.Benthos data bank contains 4,103 items and 11 descriptors, which are listed below: 1-YEAR 2 MONTH 3-PERIOD 4-CASE 5-NARK 6-SEX 7-REPRODUCTION 8-SIZE 9-NUMBER 10-TOTAL NUMBER 11-TOTAL WEIGHT The monthly number of data items stored in the Impinged.Benthos data bank is shown in Table 4.24.79 TABLE 4.24~The nnmber of, data items in Impinged.Benthos data bank.O Total 8'otal 8 Total 8 Year Month of Items Year.Month of Items Year Month of Items" 75 76 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11'2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (13)(26)(51)(104)(101)(46)(18)(638)(525)(150)(120)(39)(57), (30)(36)(57)(22)(48)(102)(102)(81)(41)(38)(33)(11)(9)(39)(94)('6)(69)(110)(45)(29)(24)(18)(50)78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 2 3'5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 (27)(19)(26)(53)(10)(17)(28)(47)(17), (19)(19)(4)(4)(4)(18)(9)(2)(41)(49)(32)(16)(16)(2)(16)(38)(59)(66)(12)(15)(63)(31)(21)(2)(13)81 1 (34)2 (12)3 (40)4 (34)6 (10)7 (56)8 (49)9 (14)10 (11)11 (15)12 (14)80 9 The steps for establishing this data bank are shown in the following flow diagram: Impinged Benthos MIDAS Conversion Line File Reformat Program&Additional Parameters Flat Data File Taxir Create Program IMPINGED.BENTHOS Im inged.Benthos Data Bank The data for impinged benthos are also in an internal MIDAS file.I MTS procedures used for both lake and entrained benthos are used here.computer statements for the operations are listed belo~:~I ARUN STAT:MIDAS (read all the variables)
| |
| ?READ INTERNAL FILE~IMPINGE VARIABLE~ALL (write the required parameters)
| |
| ?WRITE VARIABLE"1-44, 46-49 FILE~IINVMIDAS CASES~ALL FORMAT~(3(F3.0, 1X),45(F7~1, 1X))?F INISH The same 81 The order of the original variables in IINVMIDAS is as..follows:;
| |
| YEAR,'MONTH, REPRODUCTION, SPECIES (the paramet'ersof:43 species), TOTAL" NUMBER, TOTAL WEIGHT.Reformat Pro ram The reformat program BIARRAN was used to reduce the space occupied by those impinged benthos species that show no counts and to rearrange the data so that each species is in the form of one species per line in a flat file.The contents of BIARRAN are listed in Table 4.25.Taxir Create Pro ram The Taxir Create program BITA.'GRCR was used to create the Impinged.Benthos data bank.The complete Impinged.Benthos data bank is stored on tape COOK at position 7.The contents of the program are listed in Table 4.26.82 TABLE 4.25.Program BIARRAN.C PROGRAH blARRAH IS VSED TO ORGAHIZE IHPINGEHEHT bEHTHOS OlTl SETS C FOR THE PERIOD DF t575 TO tbtt.THE OVTPVT FILE IS IH THE FORK OF O'LlT PILE VHICH LATER CAH bE ADDED TO INPIHGEO.SEHTHDS DATA SANK.C VHIT 5 IS ASSIGNED TO IHPUT FILE, C VHIT b IS THE DUTPVT FILE, (FLAT FILE).C C C C Coo%oooo Co~0~000 tHITtlLIZE VARIASLES.
| |
| C0000000 C REAL, YEAR($15),ICONTH($
| |
| 15),PERIOD($
| |
| 15)~Sl CONT($15~42)o 1 TOT ALN ($15), TOT ALV($15)REAL~4 NAKE(42)INTEGER IYEAR($15)~IVOMTH($15)~IPERID($15)INTEGERS 2 SEX(42),RKPRQQ(42)
| |
| ASSIZE(41)
| |
| C Coo%~0~1 Co~1~111 C01~0~1~C IHtTtALIZE Dill DATA NAME/41~CHQRC'PROP,CHVUTILATK,CHQTHER SP/DATA SKX/212H Fe2HN1e2HK2e202H Fe2f4l1o2HK2
| |
| ~212H Fi 12%41,2HMZ
| |
| ~2'H F,2&41,2l442,$
| |
| 2H F,2HN1,2HK2,2 2H F, 121441,2HM2.2
| |
| 'H F,2HH1~2HK2.2%2H F,2HK'I'HK2.202H F, 12HK1o2HKZe2 2H Fe2HI1iZHK2
| |
| ~2H Ke2 2H/DATA REPROD/2H RE 21441,202H
| |
| ~2H RE 2HG1,202H~2H RE 12HMR.1%2H ,ZH R,2~R,2~2H ,ZH RE 2HNR~2%2H o2H RE 12HNR,2 2H~2H RE 2HNR,2'H~2H RE 214V1~202H ,2H RE 12141R~2%2H~2H RE 2141R~5'H/DATA SIZE/401H 1,402H 2,402H 2,4%2H 4,4 2H 5,4~2H 4, 1402H T,402H$,4%2H$,4 2H10,112H/CO~0~00~C~1~0~1~Co%11~10 READ DATA LINES CONTllNING 45 SPECIES CDUNTS.),lCQMTH(I
| |
| ),PKRIOD(I), (SPCQMT(I,J),J
| |
| ~1,41), I),45(FT.1, 1X))DQ 10 I%1,$.15 READ(5,20)
| |
| YEAR(I 1TQTALN(I),TOTALV(20 FORRAT(1(F1,0.
| |
| 1X)!YEAR(I)~VEAR(I)IIIQMTH(I)~KQMTH(I)IPERID(I)%PERIOD(I
| |
| )C C~oho~0~~1~0~1~CHANGE TEAR COOKS, (EZs CHANGE 1 TO 75).C100100~C IF(IYKAR(I
| |
| ).EQ.1)IF (I YEAR(I).EO.2)IF(!YEAR(l).E0.1)
| |
| IF(IYEAR(I).E0.4)
| |
| IF(!YEAR(l
| |
| ).E0.5)IF (!YEAR(I).EQ.4)IF(IYEAR(I).EQ.7)!YEAR(I)075 IYEAR(l)%7$
| |
| IYEAR(I)077!YKAR(l)07$
| |
| !YEAR(!)OTQ
| |
| !YEAR(I)%40 IYEAR(I)0$
| |
| 1 Coo~oo~1 Co~1~~1~C11~1~11 Co~1~0~1 VRITE THE FLAT FILE VITH THE SPECIFICATIONS OF ONE SPECIES AT EACH LINE.OO 10 K~1,41 IF(SPCQNT(I,K).LE.O.
| |
| )CQ TD 10 VRITE(4,40)
| |
| !YEAR(I), IVOMTH(I), IPERID(I);I,NAKE(K).1SEX(K), REPRQD(K), SIZE(K), SPCQMT(I,K), TOTALN(I),TOTALV(I)40 FOR+AT(2(I2
| |
| ~1X)~I1~1X~AC~2(2X~A2)~1(1X~FT~1))10 CONTINUE 10 CONTINUE C STOP EMQ 83 TABLE 4.26'rogram BITAXIRCR'UH
| |
| ~TAXIR CREATE IMPINCKD.BKHTHOS
| |
| ~YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85), MONTH(FROM 1 TO 12)i PERIOD(FROM 1 TO 9), CASK(FROM 1 TO 999), NAME(NAME), SEX(NAME), RKPROO(NAME), SIZE(FROM 1 TO 10), NUMBER(FROM 0.0 TD 99999.9), TOTAL(FROM 0.0 TO 99999.9), TOTALS(FROM 0.0 TO 99999.9)~ENTER DATA l.OCATION<BIREMIDAS YEARc1 2P, MONTHc6~70
| |
| ~PERIODc11 12m, CASEc 16 180', NAMEc22 29~e SKXcQQ-Sea, REPROOc28 29i, 5 I2EcAQ~liv, NLIMBKR<<48-54>, TOTAl.Nc58 64), TOTALWc68-74)
| |
| ~SAVE STOP FORMAT FIXED, SlMfARY STATISTICS FOR ADULT LAKE AND QfPINGED FISH This Adult.Fish.Summary.Statistics data bank is one of the largest in the Cook pro)ect.It consists of 102,238 items and 10 descriptors.
| |
| The descriptors are listed below:.1-SPECIES 2-MONTH 3-YEAR 4-GEAR 5-STATION 6-SERIES 7-TEMPERATURES j 8-INTERVAL 9-TOTAL NUMBER~10-TOTAL WEIGHT~I'I'I~The monthly number of data items stored in the Adult.Fish.Summary.Statistics data bank is listed'in'able 4.27.85 TABLE 4.27.The number of data items in the Adult.Pish.Summary.Statistics data bank.Year Month Total 8 of Items.Year Month.Total 0 of Items Year Month Total 0 of Items..:.73 74 75 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (25)(127)(282)(847)(922), (1, 257)(891)(1,126)(792)(870)(145)(, 68)(114)(21)(445)(805)(1 5160)(867)(1,564)(1,097)(725)(584)(326)(165)(285)(215)(791)(2,843)(2,698)(3,286)(1,872)(1,875)(1,580)(1,682)(2,279)(2, 102)76 77 78 1 2 3 4 5 6" 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 86 (992)(728)(569)(1$125)(1$314)(997)(1,652)(1,006)(1$016)(761)(316)(233)(51)(67)(257)(507)(936)(951)(1,115)(891)(1,088)(936)(748)('179)(150)(56)(141)(412)(718)(1,128)(1,359)(1,368)(1,140)(1,373)(724)(222)79 80 81 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (261)(87)(267)(1, 227)(788)(1,042)(1,131)(1,177)(1,445)(1,000)(752)(112)(62)(149)(185)(669)(1,562)(1,681)(15006)(1,141)(1,496)(1,288)(730)(491)(307)(143)(123)(959)(1,562)(1,722)(1,617)(840)(966)(1,176)(1,233)(550)(250)(90)(128)(1,147)(908)(1,131)(875)(709)(817)(584)('602)(91)O The procedures for establishing this data bank are shown as follows: Adult Fish Summary Statistics Files Taxir Create Program ADULT.P ISH.SURGERY~STATISTICS Data Bank Adult.Fish.Summar.Statistics Data Bank The original data for adult lake and impinged fish summary statistics are stored in flat-file form, therefore, no procedure is necessary to rearrange this data format~A Taxir Create program was used to create the Adult.Pish.Summary.Statistics data bank directly from the original data files~These corn" puter data are stored on tape COOK at position 8.The Taxir Create program AFSSTAXIRCR is shown in Table 4.28.87 TABLE 4.28,.Program APSSTAXIRCR.
| |
| RUN iTAXIR CREATE AOULT~FISH~
| |
| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| ~STATISTICS, SPECIES(FROM 0 TO 9Q), MONTH(FROM 1 TO 12), YEAR(FROM 70 TO 55).CEAR(FROM 0 TO 99), STATION(f ROM 0 TO 99)e SERIKS(FROM 0 TO 99)o TEMPERATURE(FROM 0.0 TO 99.9)~INTERVAL.(FROM 0 TO 999), TOTALNUMSER(FROM 0 TO QQ9999), TOTALVEIGHT(FROM 0.0 TO Q9999999.9)
| |
| ~ENTER DATA LOC*TION<44ASTERFIL.K
| |
| ~FORMATS FIXED, SPEC IESc1-2>>, MONTHc2-a>>, YEARc5-6>>, CEAR+7 6>>o STATI ON<9 10>>, SERIES<11-12>>, TEMPERATURE<13 16>>, INTERVA(.c17-19>>, TOTAUAMBKRc20-25>>, TOTALVEICHT<26 35>>~SAVE STOP I~g 1'l i'I kl li~~88 FIELD-CAUGHT AND IMPINGED FISH The data for field-caught and impinged fish constitute the largest data set in the Cook progect~Because the data are too extensive to be held in a single file, the data were divided into two files.The first one contains the raw data on adult lake fish stored in computer data base Lake.Adult.Fish;the second one includes the raw data on impinged adult fish stored in the computer data base Impinged-Adult.
| |
| Fish.Both data banks have 22 descriptors:
| |
| 1-MONTH 2-DAY 3-YEAR 4-TIME 5-GEAR 6-SERIES 7-STATIC 8-WATER TEMP.9-FISHUSE 10-BIOL.COND.11-PHY.COND
| |
| ~12-SPECIES 13-FISH NO~14-LENGTH 15~IGHT 16-SEX 17-GONAD CONDo 18-GILLNET HRe 19WILLNET MIN.20-FOOD PRESENT 21-SUB SAMPLE 22-TWNON SUB The Lake.Adult.Fish data bank has 181,156 items, and the Impinged.Adult.Fish data bank includes 110,843 items'he numbers of data items stored in the data banks are shown in Tables 4.29 and 4.30.89 TABLE 4 29.The number of data items in Lake'Adult.Pish data bank.CP Year Month Total 0 of Items Year Month Total 8 Total 8 of Items'ear Month'f,Items 73 74 75 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (80)(830)(25611)(2,445)(3,746)(2, 219)(3, 130)(1, 568)(2,263)(211)(7)(82)(419)(1,866)(3,516)(2,448)(3,177)(2,256)(1,526)(1$284)(567)(91)(94)(376)(703)(2,319)(3,156)(2,055)(1,753)(2$495)(1$541)(1$208)(917)76 77 78 79 2 3 4 , 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (143)(205)(2,146)(2$700)(2,008)(3,302)(2,117)(2,153)(1,448)(326)(206)(413)(2,057)(1,947)(20554)(2,205)(2,646)(2,063)(1,494)(40)(434)(1,313)(2%854)(3>417)(2,976)(2,175)(3,227)(1,313)(2,399)(1,934)(3,004)(2,967)(2$647)(3,509)(25677)(1,719)81 82 80 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (953)(4,508)(3,819)(2,957)(2,411)(3,738)(2,887)(1,725)(2,324)(2,973)(4$264)(4,443)(1,275)(1,769)(2,418)(2,099)(1,663)(1,711)(2,128)(1,433)(1,621)(2,258)(896)(1,186)'0 TABLE 4.30.The number of data items in the Impinged.Adult.Pish data bank.Year Month Total 8 of Items Year Month Total 8 of Items Year Month Total 8 of Items 73 74 75 76 1 2 3 4 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (33)(157)(11)(99)(2)(6)(140)(98)(30)(745)(255)(173)(38)(1,193)(767)(276)(52)(122)(205)(467)(424)(1,063)(8,084)(4,853)(6,153)(2,097)(1$735)(1,344)(3,879)(4,189)(3,697)(2,626)(1,249)(1,611)(574)(759)(616)(1,099)(548)(575)(593)(378)(522)77 78 79 10 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7~8 9 10 11 12 (68)(118)(456)(588)(337)(325)(521)(80)(148)(622)(326)(316)(305)'(73)(376)(333)(470)(408)(1,235)(1,286)(468)(628)(388)(484)(719)(130)(514)(661)(45)(5)(1,053)(1,027)(1,359)(814)(124)(276)80 81 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (132)(383)(572)(2,667)(1,667)(2,159)(488)(1,384)(2,260)(1,530)(51)(1$294)(1,247)(284)(256)(708)(3,466)(2,231)(1,326)(983)(519)(997)(1>754)(2,606)(565)(206)(262)(2,140)(1,575)(1,872)(1,032)(296)(134)(384)(562)(228)91 The procedures" for creating these tvo data banks are shovn in.the flov diagram belov:., The Original Adult Pish Data Piles Reformat Program Plat Data Piles Adult Lake'ish Data Flat Data Piles Adult Impingement Pish Data: Taxir Create~'rogram Taxir Create Program LAKE.ADULT.F ISH LPINGED.ADULT FISH Reformat Pro ram I The program CHNGZRMT vas used to reorganize the data for the adult lake and impinged fish vhich are stored in a file named TRANSREC.It separates lake fish It data from the impingement data and enters the results of this program in flat-I'ile forms stored in REPTRANPIE and REPTRANGQ', vhere the former contains the lake data and the latter houses the impingement data.These procedures are shovn belov: ARUN*PTN SCARDS~GFLiT SPUNCHW+OBJ ARUN C.OBJ 5~TRANSREC 6~REPTRANFIE 7~REPTRAN26'Table 4.31 is a copy of program CHNGFRMT)92 TABLE 4.31~Program CHNGFRMT.INTEGER AB REAL O,E.H LOGICAL~1 A(13)eAC(7)oB(20)oC(18)C Cs~~~~~~CS~4~~~~Co~~~~~~C 100 READ(5.1,EHO 99)A.AS.AC.O,B.E.C,H 1 FORMAT(1341, I'1,741, F4.1,2041.F5.0, 1841,F7.0)
| |
| C Co~~~4'~Co~~ooo~Coo~~0~0 C READ THE DATA LIHES FRON TRAHSREC FILES.CHECK THE TYPE OF THE RECORDS (INPINGENEHT OR FIELD).IF(H.E0.0.0)
| |
| CO TO 10 IF(AB.EO.1)GO TO 20 C Co 1 I~0~~Co~~~~~~Co~~0~~~C WRITE THE INPIHGENEHT AND FIELD RECORDS'RITE(6,2
| |
| )A,AB,AC,O,B,E,C.H FORMAT(1341.11,741, F4.1,20A1, F8.2, 1841, F9.1).GO TO 100 Al C PRDGRAN CHHGFRNT IS USED TO SEPARATE fiELD RECORDS FROM THE INPIHGENEHT C RECORDS IH THE TRAHSREC FILES.THE OUTPUT FILES PROVIDED BY THIS PROGRAN C ARE IH THE FORN OF FLAT FILES.C UHIT 5 IS THE INPUT FILE.(TRAHSREC FILES).C UHIT 6 IS THE OUTPUT FILE FOR INPIHGENEHT RECORDS.C UHIT T IS THE OUTPUT FILE FOR FIELD RECORDS.C C C C C1~~44~~C1~0~0~0 IHITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| CI~~0~~1 C C 20 C 10 WRITE(7,2)A.AS, AC,O, 8, E, C.H GO TO 100 IF(AS.EO.1)CO TO 30 WRITE(6,3)
| |
| A,AB,AC.O,S,E,C FORMAT(1341.I 1,741, F4.1.20A1, FB~2.1841)CO TO 100 C 30 WRITE(7I3)
| |
| AeABeACeOoSoEoC GO TO 100 I C 99 STOP ENO 93 Taxir Create Pro ram The Taxir Create program AFTAXIRCR (Table.4.32) was used.to create adult lake and impinged fish data banks, from the flat files REPTBANPIE and REPTRANLW.
| |
| The results of the Taxir Create program are saved in the Lake.Adult.Pish and Impinged.Adult.Pish data banks.The final version of Lake-Adult.
| |
| Fish is saved on tape COOK at position 9, and that for Impinged.Adult.Pish is stored on the same tape at position 10.94 TABLE 4.32.Program APTAXIRCR.
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| RUN iTAXIR CREATE IMPINGED~ADULT.FISH, MONTH(FROM 1 TO 12), DAY(FROM 1 TD 31), YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85), TIME(FROM 0 TO 2400).GEAR(FROM 0 TO 9), SERIES(FROM 0 TO 99), STATION(FROM 0 TO 9).VATERTEMP.(FROM 0.0 TO 99~9)e FISHUSE(FROM 0 TO 9), BIOL.COND~(FROM 0 TO 9), PHY.COND.(FROM 0 TO 9).SPECIES(FROM 0 TO 99).FISHNQ.(FROM 0 TO 999999), LENGTH(FROM 0 TO 9999), LtEIGHT(FROM 0.00 TO 99999~99).SEX(FROM 0 TO 9), GQNADCOND.(FROM 0 TO 9), GILLNETHR.(FROM 0 TQ 99), GILLNETMIN.(FROM 0 TO 99).FOODPRESENT(FROM 0 TQ 9), SUBSAMPLE(FROM 0 TO 99), TWNQNSUB(FROM 0.0 TO 9999999.9)~
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| ENTER DATA LOCATIQN~REFTRANIMP
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| ~FORMATS FIXED, MONTH<1 2>, OAYc3 4>, YEAR<5-6>, TIME<9 12>, GEAR<<14>, SERIES<<15 16>.STAT I ONc 19>, NATERTEMP.<22 25>.F I SHUSE<29>~BIOL.COND.c30>, PHY.COND.<<3 1>, SPECIES<<32-33>, FISHNO.<34 39>~LENGTHc4 1-44>, VEIGHT<46-53>, SEX<56>, GQNADCQND.<59>, GILLNETHR.c60 61>, GILLNETMIN.
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| c62 63>, FQQDPRESENTc64>, SUBSAMPI.E<68 69>~TVNQNSUB<<72-80>
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| ~SAVE STOP 95 FIELD: LARVAL FISH The Lake.Larvae data bank contains 20 descriptors and 14',110 items.The descriptors are as follows: 1WODE NOo 2-SAMPLE NO.3-PERIOD 4 MONTH 5-DAY 6-YEAR 7-DIAL 8-TIME 9WEAR 10-TOM DEPTH 11~TE 12-STATION 13-TEMPERATURE 14-REVOLATION 15-SPECIES NAME 16-SPECIES DENSITY 17-IVaaERVAL 18-NUMBER 19-SUM LENGTH 20-SUM SQUARE LENGTH The monthly number of data items stored in the Lake.Larvae data bank is listed in Table 4.33.96 TABLE 4.33~The number of data items in Lake.Larvae data bank.Total 0 Total 8 Total 8 Year Month of Items Year Month of Items Year Month of Items 73 74 75 76 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tj 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 (8)(80)(55)(404)(372)(151)(45)(52)(10)(4)(12)(58)(171)(395)(463)(336)(155)(58)(30)(74)(120)(300)(521)(419)(102)(80)(68)(8)(73)(79)(299)(930)(439)(73)(47)(12)77 78 79 80 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll (56)(56)(213)(398)(311)(91)(17)(17)(78)(86)(150)(121)(237)(74)(19)(13)(72)(88)(125)(507)(358)(122)(34)(12)(73)(169)(124)(743)(207)(96)(14)(13)81 82 4 (77)5 (139)6 (239)7 (184)8 (480)9 (111)10 (12)11 (12)4 (76)5 (106)6 (483)7 (492)8 (466)9 (12)10 (12)ll'(12)97 The flov chart below shovs the different'stages involved in the creation o'f the Lake.Larvae data bank.Input Data Piles TOTAL, STAT, HISTO Reformat Program 1 Output Data Piles Sort in terms of species name and code number Line Files Reformat Program 2Flat Data File Sort in terms of species name, code number, and interval Flat Data Pile Taxir Create Program LAKE.LARVAE 98 Cl The purpose of this operation is to combine the data in various formats in three files into one single flat file, which is then entered into the Taxir data base management program to create a data base management file.,The origi-nal data are contained in three files called HISTOYR, STATYR, and TOTALYR, where"YR" indicates the year when the data were collected.
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| Both the open lake and the nearshore beach data are included in these files.The HISTOYR file contains the following parameters:
| |
| CODE NO., SAMPLE NO., PERIOD, DATE, DIAL, TIME~GEAR~TOW DEPTH~GRATE~STATION~TEMPERATURE
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| ~REVOLATION
| |
| ~SPECIES NAME~and 51 different densi.ty intervals.
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| The first 12 parameters of the STATYR file are the same as those in HISTOYR file but the parameters which follow are SPECIES CODES and statistical values of TOTAL NUMBER, SUM, and SUM OF SQUARE for 20 species.The first 12 parameters of the TOTALYR file are also the same as those in the HISTOYR file, but are followed by the single parameter, total egg counts.Reformat Pro rams All three files are identical in the first 12 parameters but are different in the parameters which follow.Reformat programs are needed to rearrange these files, so that all parameters can be merged into one single flat file.Two reformat programs were used.The first reformat program is called LLARVARR, as shown in Table 4.34.The major functions of this program are 1)to change STATYR file from 20 species per line to one species per line, 2)to delete those lines with no density values in the HISTOYR file, and 3)to add the character"EG" to each line in TOTALYR file to indicate that these data are for fish eggs.99 TABLE 4.34.Program LLARVARE.C f'RCCRAV LLARVARR HAS THRtt FUNCTIONS.
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| IT CHWGC5,STAT FILI JHTO A fLAT 0 flLC, DELETE5 THC DATl LJHC5 ARITH NO HJSTCCRAV VlLUCS FRCV HISTO fJLE, C'NO FIHlLLT IT lOO5 CHARACTER'EC TO CACH.LINE Of TOTlL flLt.C UNITS 2.4.WD d ARC THt INPUT FILC5.C UNITS 5.5.WO T ARC THC OUTPUT FILES.C C C C C00~0~0~C0~100~0 INITIALIZE VARIASLKS~C00~0~0~C INTEGK'R SPN(20)~)AJQI (20)~SLVPNQ~PRD<<DAT'C~DIEL<<TIVE~CKAR~1TQVQKP, CRATE, STATN, SPECN, IRCV, ECCCQN RtAL SUVI(20)<<SUVSI(20)<<TEVP<<RCV<<RCUNQC(S1)<<SP~(20)
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| <<RCAL04 CQQENO C C00~1~0~C0~0~0~~PCLCTC THE DlTA LIHC5 PROV STlT fILE VITH NO STATJSTJC5, C0~1~1~1 VANE STAT FILC f LlT~C0~00~0~C 100 RCAO(2~10,EN0094)
| |
| CQQCNO,(SPN(I
| |
| )~)LIVE(I)~SUVI(I)~15VVSI (1).1~1.20)10 FORVAT(AS<<42X<<20(1X<<A2
| |
| ~1X<<14<<1X~Fb<<1~1X,F11~1))C IF (ILIV I (1).CO.0)CQ TQ 1CO 20 20 C DO 20 I~1<<20 Il (Mhll(I)~EO.O.)CO TQ 20 VRIT'C(2,20)
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| CQDCN0.5PN(1)
| |
| <<141VI(1)<<SUVI(1)~SUVSI(1)FQRVLT(AS~1X~A2~1X~14~1X~Fb~1 o'IX~F 11~2)CONTI%It CO TO 100 C C0~1~0~0 C~\~100~C00~001~C 99 READ(4.11~CN00999)CQOENQ.SAVPNO,PRO.OATE
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| ~Oltt..?INC
| |
| ~1CCAR,TQVDEP,CRATE
| |
| ~STATN,Ttl4P,REV,SPECN,(RQUNOC(I).I 1,S1)FORVAT(AS~1X,A4~1X~12, tX<<IC<<1X~11<<tX<<14<<1X<<L1<<tX~1*2~A1,A2~1X, F4.1~1X~f 4.0, 1X~A2~51F4.0)OCLETt DATA LJNC5 fROSr HISTO f ILK WITH NO HI5TOCRAV VALUES.21 C DO 21 I~1.51 IF(RQUNQC(I
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| ).EO.O.)CQ TD 21 CQ TQ'01 CONT INUC CO TO 99 C 101 VRITE (5~1 1)CQQCNO, SAVP145~PRQ, DATE, DI CL,TIVE~CKAR, 1TQVO t P o CR*T E~STATN o TENP o R CV e 5 P ECN<<(RQ(RR)C(I)~I~1 o S 1)C CO TO 99 ADO CHARACTER'CC'O EACH LINC OF TOTlL flLK~C 9999 STOP ENO C C0~10000 C00~0~1~C0~0~0~0 C 999 RCLO(4.12.END09999)
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| CODKNO,SLVPNO,PRO, DATE,DIEL~TIVt~1CEAR, TDVOEP, CRATE, STATN, TEVP, RCV, ECCCDN 12 FORVAT(AS~1X~A4~1X~12~1X~I~o 1X~I 1~1X~14~1X~A1 o 1X<<L2<<A1~1L2~1X,F4.'1,1X Fb~0 CX 19)IRCV0RtV VRITt(T.21)
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| CDDENO~SAVPNO.PRO.
| |
| DATE,DIEL,TIVE,CCAR, 1TOVQEP<<CRATE ST*TH,TEVP JREV<<ECCCQN
| |
| '1 FORVAT(AS~'1X~44~1X~12~1I~14~'IX<<1'1~1X~14~'IX<<A1~1X~A2~141.42<<1X of 4.1~1X~IC, 1X~'EC'1X<<19)CQ TO 999 100 The second reformat program is called MERGE, as shown in Table 4.35.This program merges the three output files provided by the LLARVARR program.In order to use this program, the output files were first sorted by species name and code number.The sorted data were stored in files SRSTATYR, SRHISTOYR, and SRTOTALYR, respectively.
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| The MERGE program was then used, first to copy the SRTOTALYR at the beginning of a new file, and then to combine every pair of lines (one each from SRHISTOYR and SRSTATYR)into a single line of parameters in the new file.The 51 density intervals, however, were changed to a single density interval per line~Thus, the new file is flat, containing all informa-tion for fish species with their statistical values and one density interval per.line.The new file, called MERGEYR, was sorted again at the end of the operation.
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| This final sorted flat file named SMERGEYR was set as input to a Taxer Create program.The computer commands and statements used in this process for the 1981 field larval fish data are shown below: ARUN*FIN SCARDS LLARVARR SPUNCH LLARV.OBJ ARUN-LLARV.OBJ 2 STAT81 4 HIST081 6 TOTAL81 3~RSTAT81 5~RHIST081 7~RTOTAL81 (to sort the output files in terms of species name and code number)ARUN*SORT PAR~SORT~CH,A,1,5,CH,A,7,2 INPUT~RSTAT81,U,35,35 OUTPUT~SRSTAT81,U)35y35 END ARUN*SORT PAR~SORT~CH,A, 1,5,CH,A,49,2 INPUT~RHIST081,U)356,356 OUTPUT~SRHIST081,U)356,356 END ARUN*SORT PAR~SORT~CH,A,1,5 INPUT~RTOTAL81,0,64,64 OUTPUT~SRTOTAL81)U,64>64 END 101 TABLE 4.35..Prosram MERGE.C PROGRAM NERGE IS USED TO NERGE SRSTAT AHO'SRHISTO FILE.THE OVTPVT,'OF THIS PROGRAM IS IH THE FORM OF FLAT FILE~C UHITS 3, S.AHO T ARf THE IHPVT FILES.C VHIT 9 IS THE OUTPUT FILE.(FLAT FILE).C C C C CO44~4~4 CO~4~44~IHITIALIZE VARIABLES.
| |
| Co~4~4~4 C INTECER NUMI, SAMPNO.PRO.DATE.DIEL,TIME,CEAR, TQVOEP, 1CRATE,STATN,IRKV,SPN,IROUNQ(51)
| |
| REAL SUMI,SUMSI,TEMP,RKV,ROUNOC(51)
| |
| RKALob CDOENQ CO~4~4~4 CO~4~4~4 Co~4~4~4 Co~444~4 VR!TE THE SRTOTAL FILE IH THE BEGIHHIHG OF THE OUTPUT FILE.10 READ(3.10, Eh0499)CQDEND,SAMPNO.PRO.DATE.DIEL.
| |
| TINK~CEAR.tTQWOEP.CRATE, STATN.TKMP, IREV, 5PN, ECCCDN FORMAT(A5~1X~A4~1X~I2~1X~I8~1X~I 1~1X~I4~1X~A1 e iX~A2~A1~1A2e 1Xe F4~1 e 1Xe I6e 1XeA2e 1Xe IQ)VRITK(9e 10)CDQENQ e SAMPNQe PRO e DATE eDIELe TIME e CKARe TOVDEP e 1CRATE~STATN,TEMP, IREV,SPN,ECCCDN C Co~4~44~CO~4~4~4 Co~4~4~4 CO~4~44~C 99 RE 20 FD READ OHE LIHE FROM SRSTAT FILE AHO OHE LIHf FROM SRHISTO FILE AT A TINf.AO(5.20.ENDOQQQ)NUMI, SUMI.SUMSI RMAT(9X, I4, 1X.FQ.1, 1X, F 11.2)READ(7,30,ENO4999)
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| CQOENQ.SAMPNO.PRO,DATE.DIEU, TIME.1CKAR, TQWDEP, CRATE, STATN.TKMP, REV.SPN.(RQUNDC(I).I~1,51)30 FORMAT(A5e 1XeA4>>1Xe I2e 1X~l8e 1Xe ll~1Xel4e 1XeA1e 1XeA2eA1e 1A2, 1X, F4.1, 1X, F8~0, 1X, A2.51F6,0)IRKVOREV C Co~~4~4~Co~~4~4~NRITE THE NfRGEO LIXES.C444~4~4 C 50 40 C OQ 40 I~1.5t IF(RQUNDC(l).EO.Q.)
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| CO TO 40 IRQLIND(l)OROUNDC(I
| |
| )VRITE{9,50)CDDKNQ, SAMPNQ, PRO, DATE, DIEL, TIME, GEAR, tTQVOEP.CRATE.STATN, TEMP.IREV,SPN,IROUND(I), I, 1NUMI, SUMI~SUMS I FORMAT(AS, 1X.A4, 1X, I2, 1X, I8, 1X, I 1, 1X, I4, 1X, A1, 1X, A2, A1, A2, 11X e F4~1 e 1X e I 8 e 1X e A2 e 4X e I6~1X~I2, 1X~I4 e 1X e F 9~1 e 1X e F 1 1~2)CONTINUE CQ TQ 99 C QQQ 5TQP ENO 102 (to produce MERGE81){!RUN+FTN SCARDS~MERGE SPUNCH~MER.OBJ ARUN MER OBJ 3~SRSTAT81 5~SRHIST081 7~SRTOTAL81 9~MERGE81 (to sort MERGE81 in terms of species name, code number, and Intervals)
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| ARUN*SORT PAR~SORT~CH,A,1,5,CH,A,49,2,CH,A,62,2 INPUT~MERGE81,U,90,90 OUTPUT~SMERGE81,U,90,90 END Taxir Create Pro ram A Taxir Create program FLTAXIRCR is used to create the Lake.Larvae data bank from SMERGEYR files.This data bank is stored on the tape COOK at position 11.The contents of FLTAXIRCR are presented in Table 4.36.103 TABLE 4.36.Program PLTAXIRCR.
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| R<<TAZIR CREATE LAKE.LARVAE, CODENO(NAME), SAMPNO(NAME)p PERIOD(FROM 0 TO 99)p MONTH(PROM 1 TO 12), DAY(FROM 1 TO 31), YEAR(FROM 70 TO 85)., DIET (FROM 0 TO 9), TI ME (FROM 0 TO 99 99), GEAR (NAME)p TOWDEP (NAME), GRATE (NAME), S TATN (NAME), TEMP(FROM 0.0 TO 99.9), REV(PROM 0 TO 999999), SPECN(NAME), SPECDEN(FROM 0 TO 999999), INTERVAI(FROM 0 TO 99), NUM(FROM 0 TO 9999), SUMLEN(FROM 0.0 TO 9999999.SUMSLEN(FROM 0.00 TO 999999 ENTER DATA LOCATION~SMERGE, CODENO<1-5>, S AMP NO<7-1 0>, PERIOD<12-13>, MONTH<1 5-1 6>, DAY<17-18>, YEAR<19-20>, DIEL<22>, TIME<24-27>, GEAR<29>, TOWDEP<3 1-32>, GRATE<33>, STATN<34-35>, TEMP<37-40>, REV<42-47>, SPECN<49-50>, SPECDEN<55-60>(INTERVAI<62-63>, NUM<65-68>, SUMLEN<70-78>, SUMSLEN<80-90><<
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| SAVE STOP 9), 9.99)<<FORMAT~FIX"D, 104 ENTRAINMENT:
| |
| LARVAL FISH The Entrained.
| |
| Larvae data bank contains 12,111 items and 25 descriptors.
| |
| The descriptors in this data bank are shown below: 1-CASE 2-CODE 3-SAMPLE NUMBER 4-MONTH 5-DAY'6-YEAR 7-J DAY 8-MONTHPD 9-GEAR 10-SERIES 11-GRATE 12-NORTH/SOUTH 13-INTAKE/DISCHARGE 14-DEPTH 15-STARTH 16-STARTM 17-STOPH 18-STOPM 19-TTIME 20-DIEL 21-TEMP 22-REVS 23-SPEC 24-SPDEN 25-INTERVAL The monthly number of data items stored in the Entrained.
| |
| Larvae data bank is listed in Table 4.37.105 TABLE 4.37..The number of data it'ems stored I'n the Entrained.
| |
| Larvae data bank..Total 0 Total 8-Year Month of Items Year Month of Items Total 0, Year Month of Items 75 76 77 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (8)78 (8)(8)(17)(72)(423)(603)(201)(22)(21)(22)(34)(21)79 (25)(25)(50)(44)(191)(761)(306)(33)(34)(33)(40)(32)(40)(46)(489)(311)(210)(42)(32)(16)(32)1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (27)(31)(34)(28)(45)(109)(192)(154)(58)(56)(34)(31)(28)(32)(29)(32)(66)(242)(482)(384)(54)(43)(32)(32)(34)(32)(31)(36)(62)(208)(238)(108)(38)(33)(32).(32)81 1 (32)2 (32)3 (31)4 (33)5 (73)6 (721)7 (380)8 (679)9 (42)10 (32)11 (32)12 (31)82, 1 (32)2 (32)3'32)4 (32)5 (93)6 (1,070)7 (1,024)8 (143)9 (40)10 (40)11 (32)12 (32)106 The procedures for establishing this data bank are as follows: Entrainment Larvae Fish Data Reformat Program Flat Data Piles Taxir Create Program ENTRAINED.
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| LARVAE Reformat Pro ram The original entrainment larvae fish data were stored in the file ENTXXHISTDEN, where XX indicates the year when the data were collected.
| |
| The reformat program ELARVARR was then used to convert the entrained larval fish data into a flat-file form and to abbreviate the codes for the species names.These codes are shown in the reformat program (Table 4.38)~It is noted that eggs are considered as one category for larvae and are coded as"EG." The'omputer control statements used are shown belo~: Y f/RUN*FTN SCARDS~ELARVARR SPUNCH~EL.OBJ ARUN EL.OBJ 5~ENTXXHISTDEN 6~REFENTXXHDEN Taxir Create Pro ram A Taxir Create program ELTAXIRCR was used to create the Entrained.
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| Larvae data bank.The data bank is saved on the COOK tape at position 12.The program ELTAXIRCR is presented in Table 4.39'07 TABLE 4.38..Pxogram ELARVARR.'
| |
| PROGRAM ELARVARR'IS USED TO CONV"-RT THE ENTRAINMENT LARVAE FISH DATA INTO" C A FLAT FILE FORM AND TO ABBRVIATE THE CODES FQR THE SPECIZS NPBKS, C UNIT 5 IS TEK INPUT FILE.C UNIT 6 IS THE OUTPUT FIIF (FLAT FILE)~C C C C Ctsssees-Cassette INI TIALI ZE VARI ABLZS~Cassette C INT GZR CASE, CARD,CODE,SNO,MO,DAY INTEGER YR,JDAY,MOPD,IGEAR INT-GZR SFRIES,GRATE,NS,IID,DEPTH INTEGER STARTS STARTM~STOPHtSTOPM INTEGER TTIHE,DIM, REVS, EGGS, C80 INT GER CCBO,SP,SPDEN(51)
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| INTEGZR$2 SPEC REAI TK6'IVISION SPEC(19)C Cassette Cassette Ctsesses C INITIALIZE DATA, DATA SPEC/2HAL,2HSP,2HSM,2HYP,2HTP,2HJD,,2HXP,2HSS,2HMS, 12HCPt2HNS~2HFSt2HQL 2HBRt2HUC~2HZM 2HXC~"2HXE
| |
| ~2HXX/C Ctssasss Cteeesss ICHTHYOPLANKTON SPECIES AND GROUP ENTRAINED AT THE Ctsseess D+Co COOK PLANTe Cassette C esssesestessssssssseeseessssssessssssessstsssesssssssesstsssssstsstttstte C t CODE.$COMMON NAME QR CAT GORY t SCIENTIFIC NAME QR CAT GORY C$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$'ssstssseseeesssssettettttsstteettttttt C$(1)AL t ALEWIFE AI,OSA PSZUDOHARENGUS (WILSON)C t(2)SP t SPQTTAIL SHINER NOTRQPIS HUDSQNIUS (CLINTQN)C t(3).SM$RAINBOW SMELT OSMERUS MORDAZ (MITCHILL) t C t(4)YP$YELLO'W PERCH PERCA FLAVESCZNS (MITCHILL)
| |
| C s(5)TP t TROUT-PERCH PERCOPSIS QMISCQMAYCUS (WALBAUM)t C s(6)JD s JOHNNY DARTER ETHEOSTOMA NI GRUM (RAFINESQUZ)
| |
| C$(7)XP e UNIDENTIFIED FISH LARVAE t C AS A RESULT OF POOR t C e a CONDITION e t C t(8)SS e SLIMY SCULPIN COTTUS CCGNATUS (RIQQRDSON)
| |
| C s (9)MS t MOTTLED SCULPIN C~iS BAIRDI (GIRARD)t C$(10)CP s COMMON CARP CYPRINUS CARPIO (LINNAEUS)C$(11)NS s NINESPINE STICKLEBACK e PUNGITIUS PUNGITIUS (LINNAZUS)
| |
| C$(12)PS t DEEPWATER SCULPIN MYOZOC-PHALUS THQMPSONI (GI BARD)t C t (13)QL t QUILLBACK CARPIODES CYPRINUS (IZSUEUR)C$(14)BR t BURBOT LOTA LOTA (IINNAEUS) t C t (15)UC t UNIDENTIFIZD SCULPINS s CO~S SPP.t C$(16)XM t UNIDENTIFIED MINNOWS$CYPRINIDAE t C t (17)XC t UNIDENTIFIED COREGQNIDS s COREGQNUS SPP.t C t(18)XE t UNIDENTIFIED DARTZRS t ETHEOSTQMA S?P~t C$(19)XX t UNIDENTIFIED FISH LARVAE t C t ZG e EGGS t t'C$$$$$$$$$$'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$tsttstststttttttttttttttttttttttt't 108 TABLE 4.38.(Continued)
| |
| ~C Cesssess Ceesaeas READ THE FIRST DATA LINE FROM THE TRANSREC FILE.Csseesss C I 00 READ (5 I 0 i END~999)CASE g CARD CODE SNO WHO i DAY~YR JDAY~IMOPD g I GEAR i SERIES i GRATE t NS g I ID~DEPTH~STARTH i STARTM g ISTOPH,STOPM,TTIME,DIEL,TEMP, REVS, EGGS,C80 10 FORMAT(I4iI I i IXiI4 IXtI4t IXi3I2i IXiI3i IXiI2i IX 2I I IXi2I I~I IX, I I, I 2, IX, ZI 2, IX,2I 2, IX, I 4, IX, I I, IX, F4~I, IX, I 5, 2X, I 10, I I)C Ceseaesa Csssssss Cssaessa Cssssese C WRITE THE FIRST RECORD WHEN THERE ARE NO HISTOGRAM VALUES EXISTED.20 WRITE(6,20)
| |
| CASE, CODE,SNO,MO,DAY,YR,JDAY,MOPD,IGEAR,SERIES/
| |
| IGRATEiNS~IID~DEPTHiSTARTH
| |
| ~STARTMiSTOPH
| |
| ~STOPM~TTIME QADI Lg ITEMP,REVS, EGGS FORMAT(I4,2X, I4, IZ, I4, IX,3I2, IZ, I3, IZ, I2, IX,2I I, IX,2I I, IX, II I~I2~IX~2I2~IXi 212 IZi I4 t IXi I I~IXiF4~I~IX~I 5~2Zi EG i 2X I 10)IF(C80~EQ.'0)GO TO 100 C Cssseass Cessssss READ THE SECOND DATA LINE~Csaeasee C 200 READ(5,30,ENDa999)
| |
| SP,(SPDEN(L),LaI,SI),CC80 30 FORHAT(',IOX,52I5tSX
| |
| ~I5)C Cssasasa Csesaaaa Caaaaasa Caaaaaaa C COMBINE THE FIRST AND SECOND RECORDS WHEN THERE ARE MORE THAN ONE HISTOGRAM VALUES.50 DO 40 I%1,51 IF (SPDEN (I).EQ.0)GO TO 40 WRITE(6,SO)
| |
| CASE, CODE,SNO,MO,DAY,YR,JDAY,HOPD,IGEAR,SERIES, IGRATE,NS, IID,DEPTH,STARTH,STARTM,STOPH,STOPM,TTIH ,DIEL,TEMP, IR VS,SP C(SP),SPDEN(I),I FORMAT(I4i 2Z I4 i IX I4 i IX~3I2~IXiI3i IZ~I2t IZi 2I I~IX 2I I~IIXiIliI2 IX~2I2 IX 2I2i IX I4 IX I lt IX F4 I~IX IS~2X A2 12X g I 10 i 2Xt I 2)40 CONTINUE C IF(CCBO.EQ
| |
| ~0)GO TO 100 GO TO 200 C 999 STOP END 109 TABLE 4.39.., Program ELTAXIRCR.
| |
| RUN iTAXIR CREATE KNTRAINED.LARVAE'ASK(FROM 0 TD QS09)o CODE(FROI4 0 TO QSSS)o SAl4PLKNO(FROl4 0 TO QS99)~l4CNTH(FROM 1 TO 12)~DAY(FROM 1 TQ 21)>>YEAR'(FROM 75 TO 85)~>>lOAY(FROM 0 TO Q9S)o MCNTHPD(FROM 0 TO 00).CEAR(FRQl4 0 TO 0)o SERIES(FROM 0 TD 0), CRATE(FROM 0 TO 9), NQR/SQU(FROl4 0 TO 0)~INT/QIS(FROM 0 TO 0)>>DEPTH(FROM 0 TO 90), STARTH(FROM 0 TO 00)~STARTM(FROM 0 TO QS), STOPH(FRQI4 0 TQ 09), STOPli(FROl4 0 TQ QQ)o TTIME(FROM 0 TO QQ9Q), DIEL(FRQl4 0 TQ 9), TKl4P(FROM 0~0 TO SQ~0)o REVS(FROM 0 TD QQSSS)o SPEC(NAl4E)o SPOKN(FROM 0 TO 9QS99QQSS), INTERVAL(FROl4 0 TO 00)~ENTER DATA LCCATICN~RKF KNTHIST~FORMAT~FIXED, CASEc1 i0 o COQKc7-10>.
| |
| SAMP LKNQc12-15>>, MCNTHc17 18+o DAYct9-20>, YEARc21-22m
| |
| >>>>lOAYc2i 26>o MCNTHPOc2$
| |
| 2S>, CKARc21~, SERI ESc22i, CRATEcoi>, NCR/SCUc25o, INT/DISc27~.
| |
| OEPTHc28 2So, STARTHci1~i2i, STARTl4ciQ-ii), STOPHci6 i7>, STOPMci8-40m, TTIMEc51 Si>o DIELc56), TKMPc58-C la, REVSc82 67>, SPECc70 71>.SPQKNc7i 82>, INTERVALc86 870 i SAVE STOP 1LO NUTRIENT AND ANION The Nutrients data bank contains 12 descriptors and 10 items.It in-cludes the data from both entrainment and lake samples.The descriptors for this data bank are: 1-STATION 4 2 MONTH 3-YEAR 4-TOTAL P 5-ORTHOPHOSPHATE P 6-DISSOLVED SILICA S102 7-TEMPERATURE 8-NITRATE N 9-NITRITE N 10-CHLORIDE 11-SULFATE 12WXYGEN SATURATION Total P and orthophosphate P are in units of ppb while'dissolved silica Si02, nitrate N, nitrite N, chloride, and sulfate are in units of ppm.The number of data items stored in the Nutrients data bank is shown in Table 4.40.111 TABLE 4'40.The number of data items in the Nutrients data bank.O Total 8 Total~J Total 8 Year Month of Items Year Month.of Items Year, Month of Items 74 75 76 77 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 7 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (18)(23)(18)(25)(25)(11)(15)(24)(30)(18)(19)(31)(31)(31)(31)78 79 80 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (31)(31)(31)(31)(31)(31)(31)(31)(31)81 82 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 (31)(31)(31)(31)Cll 112.
| |
| The steps for establishing the Nutrients data bank are shown on the diagram below: Plat Data Pile NUTRIENTS Taxir Create Program A Taxir Create program NUTTAXIRCR was used to create the Nutrients data bank which is stored as NUTRIENTS on tape COOK at position 14.The contents of NUTTAXIRCR are shown in Table 4.41'13 TABLE 4.41~~Pzogran.HUTTAXIRCR.
| |
| R*TAXI R CREATE NUTRIFNTS, STATION(NAME), MONTH(FROM 1 TO 1'2), YEAR(FROM 74 TO 82), TOTAL P(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), ORTHOPHOSPHATE P(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), DISSOLVED SILICA SIO2(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), TEMPERATURE C(r ROM 0.00 TO 100.00), NITRATE N(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), NITRITE N(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), CHLORIDE(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), SULFATE(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999), OZYGFN SATURATION(FROM 0.000 TO 9999.999)>>
| |
| ENTER DATA LOCATION~REFREMI FORMAT~FIZEDp STATION<1-20>, MONTH<21-30>, YEAR<3 1"40>, TOTAI P<4 1-50>, ORTHOPHOSPHATE P<5 1-60>, DI SSOLVED SILICA SIO2<61-70>, TEMPERATURE C<71-80>, NITRATE N<81-90>, NITRITE N<91-100>, CHLORIDE<10 1-110>, SULFATE<1 1 1-1 20>, OXYGEN SATURATION<121-130>>>
| |
| SAVE STOP 114 LAKE MATER CHEMISTRY The Lakewater data bank contains 48 descriptors and 735 items.The data are solely from lake samples.The descriptors for this data bank are: 1-STATION 2-MONTH 3-YEAR 4-TOTAL PHOSPHORUS-PPB 5-ORTHOPHOSPHORUS-PPB 6-DISSOLVED SILICA-PPM 7-TEMPERATURE-DEGREES C 8-NITRATE-PPM N 9-NITRITE-PPM N 10-CHLORIDE-PPM 11-SULFATE-PPM 25-DISSOLVED SODIUM-PPM 26-DISSOLVED NICKEL-PPB 27-DISSOLVED LEAD-PPB 28-DISSOLVED STRONTIUM-PPB 29-DISSOLVED ZINC-PPB 30-PH 31-SECCHI DISK-M 32-EH-MV 33-CONDUCTIVITY-UMHOS 34-SAMPLE DEPTH-M 35-PARTICULATE BARIUM-PPM 12WXYGEN SATURATION PERCENT 36-PARTICULATE CALCIUM-PPM 13-ALKALINITY-MEQ/L 14-DISSOLVED BARIUM-PPB 15-DISSOLVED CALCIUM-PPM 16-DISSOLVED CADMIUM-PPM 17-DISSOLVED COBALT-PPB 18-DISSOLVED CHROMIUM-PPB 19-DISSOLVED COPPER-PPB 20-DISSOLVED IRON-PPB 21-DISSOLVED POTASSIUM-PPM 22-DISSOLVED MAGNESIUM-PPM 23-DISSOLVED MANGANESE-PPB 24-DISSOLVED MOLYBDENUM-PPB 37-PARTICULATE COBALT-PPM 38-PARTICULATE CHROMIUM-PPM 39-PARTICULATE COPPER-PPM 40-PARTICULATE IRON-PPM 41-PARTICULATE POTASSIUM-PPM 42-PARTICULATE MAGNESIUM-PPM 43-PARTICULATE MANGANESE-PPM 44-PARTICULATE MOLYBDENUM-PPM 45-PARTICULATE SODIUM-PPM 46-PARTICULATE NICKEL-PPM 47-PARTICULATE STRONTIUM-PPM 48-PARTICULATE ZINC-PPM 1 The unit for each descriptor is indicated in the descriptors after the sign"-".The number of data items stored in the Lakewater data bank is shown in Table 4.42.115 TABLE 4.42.The number of data items in the Lakewater data bank.Total 0 Total 8'otal 8 Year Month of Items Year Month of items Year Month of, Items 74 4 (18)(23)6 (18)7 (25)8 (25)9 (11)10 (15)75'(24)7 (24)8 (6)10 (18)76 77 78 79 4 (18)7 (30)4 (30)7 (30)10 (30)4 (30)7 (30)10'30)4 (30)7 (30)10 (30)80 4 (30)7 (30)10 (30)4 (30)7 (30)10 (30)4 (30)Taxir Create Pro ram A Taxir Create program TAXSOURCEWAT was used to create the Lakewater data bank which is stored as LAKEWATER on tape COOK at position'15.
| |
| The content of TAXSOURCEWAT is shown in Table 4.43.The line file from which the Taxir data base was created is named COOKWATER.
| |
| 116 TABLE 4.43.Program TAXSOURCENAT.
| |
| RUN e TAXI R CREATE LAKEWATER, STATION(NAME), MONTH(FROM 1 TO 12)~YEAR(FROM 73 TO 85), TOTAL PHOSPHORUS-PPB(FROM 0.00 TO 3300 F 00), ORTHOPHOSPHORUS-PPB(FROM 0.00 TO 1500 F 00);DISSOIVED SILICA-PPH SI02(FROM 0+00 TO 12.30)~TEHPERATURE"DEGREES C (FROM 0.0 TO 30.0)i NITRATE-PPM N'(FROM 0 F 00 TO F 50)i NITRITE"PPM N (FROM 0.000 TO 0.100)~CHLORIDE-PPM (PROM 1.00 TO 110.00), SULFATE-PPM (FROM F 00 TO 70 F 00), OXYGEN SATURATION PERCENT (FROM 0'TO 160'), ALKALINITY-MEQ/L (PROM 1.00 TO 5.00), DISSOLVED BARIUM-PPB (FROM 10.0 TO 130+0), DISSOLVED CALCIUM-PPM (FROM 20.0 TO 80')~DISSOLVED CADMIUH"PPM (FROM 0.120 TO 0'50), DISSQLMM COBALT-PPB (FROM 0.050 TO 5.000), DISSOIVED CHROMIUM-PPB (FROM 0.500 TO 3.700), DISSOLVED COPPER-PPB (FROM 0.900 TO 10.600)g DISSOLVED IRON PPB (FROM 1'0 TO 460 F 00)~DISSOLVED POTASSIUM"PPH (FROM 0.700 TO 7.100), DISSOLVED MAGNESIUM-PPM (FROM 7.40 TO 32 F 00), DISSOLVED MANGANESE PPB (PROM 0 F 050 TO 184 F 000)DISSOIVED MOLYBDENUH-PPB (FROM 2'0 TO 4 1 50)~DISSOLVED SODIUM-PPM (FROM 2.80 TO 69 F 50), DISSOLVED NICKEL PPB (FROM F 00 TO 54 F 50)~DISSOLVED LEAD-PPB (FROM 0.600 TO 0.680), DISSOLVED STRONTIUM PPB (FROH 40'TO 190')t DISSOLVED ZINC PPB (PROM 0'0 TO 97 F 00)PH (FROM 7.40 TO 8.85), SECCHI DISK-H (FROM 0.65 TO 12'0), EH-MV (FROM 370 TO 640), CONDUCTIVITY-~QS (FROM 2 12 TO 672), SAMPLE DEPTH"H (FROM 0.0 TQ 30.0), PARTICULAT BARIUM-PPM (PROM 0.0000 TO 0.0160), PARTICULATE CALCIUM-PPM (FROM 0.00 TO 2.32), PARTICULATE COBALT-PPM (FROM 0.00 TO 0'1), PARTICULATE CHROMIUM-PPM (FROM 0.0000 TO 0.0110), PARTICULATE COPPER-PPH (FROM 0 F 00000 TO 0.00930), PARTICULATE IRON-PPM (FROM 0.000 TO 1 F 000), PARTICULATE POTASSIUM-PPM (FROM 0.000 TO 0.380), PARTICULATE MAGNESIUM-PPM (FROM 0.000 TO 1 F 000), PARTICULATE MANGANESE-PPM (PROM 0,000 TO 0.120), PARTICULATE MQLYBDENUH-PPH (FROM 0.00000 TO 0.00570), PARTICULATE SODIUM-PPH (FROH 0.0250 TO F 8000), PARTICULATE NICKEL-PPM (FROM 0.00000 TO 0'0270), PARTICULATE STRONTIUM-PPH (FROM 0.00000 TO 0'0260), PARTICULATE ZINC-PPH (FROM 0.0000 TO 0.2200)*ENTER DATA LOCATION~WATER, FORMAT~PI~~
| |
| t STATION<1-20>, HONTH<21-23>, YEAR<24-26>, TOTAL PHOSPHORUS-PPB
| |
| <27-38>, ORTHOPHOSPHORUS"PPB
| |
| <39-50>, DISSOLVED SILICA'-PPH SIQ2<51-62>, TEMPERATURE-DEGREES C<63-74>, Ni'iiATE-PPH N<75-86>, NITRITE-PPM N<87-98>,
| |
| TABLE 4.43.(Continued)
| |
| ~t CHLORIDE-PPM<99-1 10>, SULFATE-P PM<1 1 1-1 22>, OXYGEN SATURATION PERC~VP<123-134>, ALKALINITY-MEQ/L
| |
| <135-146>)
| |
| DISSOLVED BARIUM-PPB
| |
| <147-158>, DISSOLVED CALCIUM-PPM
| |
| <159-170>, DISSOLVE)CADMIUH-PPM
| |
| <171-182>)
| |
| DISSOLVE)COBALT-PPB
| |
| <183-194>, DISSOLVED CHROMIUM-PPB
| |
| <195-206>, DISSOLVED COPPER-PPB
| |
| <207-218>, DISSOLVED IRON PPB<219-230>)
| |
| DISSOLVED POTASSIUM-PPH
| |
| <231-242>, DISSOLVED MAGNESIUM-PPM
| |
| <243-254>, DISSOIVED HANGANESE-PPB
| |
| <255-266>, DISSOIVED MOLYBDENUM-PPB
| |
| <267-278>, DISSOLVED SODIUM-PPH
| |
| <279-290>, DISSOLVED NICKEL-PPB
| |
| <291-302>, DISSOLVED LEAD-PPB<303-314>, DISSOLVED STRQNTIUH-PPB
| |
| <315-326>, DISSOLVED ZINC"PPB<327"338>, PH<339-350>, SECCHI D!SK"H<351-362>, 9L-MV<363 374>, CONDUCTIVITY-UHHQS
| |
| <375-386>)
| |
| SAMPIE DEPTH-H<387-398>, PARTICULATE BARIUH-PPM
| |
| <399-410>)
| |
| 'ARTICULATE CALCIUM-PPM
| |
| <411-422>, PARTICULATE COBALT-PPM
| |
| <423-434>, PARTICULATE CHROMIUM-PPM
| |
| <435-446>, PARTICULAT COPPER-PPM
| |
| <447-458>, PARTICULATE IRON-PPH<459-470>)
| |
| PARTICULAT POTASSIUM"PPH
| |
| <471-482>, PARTICULATE MAGNESIUM-PPM
| |
| <483-494>, PARTICULATE HANGANESE PPM<495-506>, PARTICULATE MOLYBDENUM-PPH
| |
| <507-518>, PARTICULATE SODIUM-PPH
| |
| <5 19-530>, PARTICULATE NICK%"PPH<531-542>, PARTICULATE STRONTIUM-PPH
| |
| <543-554>, PARTICULATE ZINC-PPH<555 566>+SAVE STOP SEDIMENT TEXTURE AND CHEMISTRY The Sediments data bank contains 52 descriptors and 430 items.The data are from lake samples.The descriptors for this data bank are 1-STATION 2-YEAR 3-STATION DEPTH 3 4-STATION NUMBER 5-SAMPLE DEPTHWM 6-LOSS ON IGNITION-X 7-WATER CONTENT-%8-3 PHI-X~9-2 PHI-X 10-1 PHI-X 11&PHI-X 12-1 PHI-X 13-2 PHI-X 14-3 PHI-X 15-4 PHI-X 16-5 PHI-X 17-6 PHI-/i 18-7 PHI-X 19-8 PHI-X 20-9 PHI-%21-10 PHI-%22 CARAVEL-%23-SAND-X 24-SILT-%25-CLAY-/i 26-MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI 27-STANDARD DEVIATION OF MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI 28-KURTOSIS OF GRAIN SIZE 29-SKEWNESS OF GRAIN SIZE 30-INSOLUBLE FRACTION-X 31-BARIUM-X 32-TOTAL CARBON-X 33-INORGANIC CARBON-X 34WRGANIC CARBON-1.35-CALCIUM-X 36-COBALT-X 37-CHROMIUM-X 38-COPPER-X 39-IRON-X 40-POTASSIUM-%
| |
| 41-MAGNESIUM-%
| |
| 42-MANGANESE-%
| |
| 43-MOLYBDENUM-X 44-SODIUM-%
| |
| 45-NICKEL-X 46-LEAD-X 47-STRONTIUM-X 48-ZINC-X 49-EH-MV 50-PH 51-X-LOCATION 52-Y-LOCATION The number of data items stored in the Sediments data bank is shown in Table 4.44.119 TABLE 4.44.The number of data items in the.Sediments data bank.Year Total Number of Items 1973 1975 (158)(160)1977 (112)Taxir Create Pro ram A Taxir Create program TAXSOURCESED was used to create the Sediments.data bank which is stored as SEDIMENTS on tape COOK at position 16.The content of TAZSOURCESED is shown in Table 4.45.The line file from which the Taxir data base was created is named COOKSEDIMENT.
| |
| 120 S TABLE 4.45.Program TAXSOURCESED.
| |
| ), (FROM 0.130 TO 2'00), 500),.000), I FIXE~RUN e TAXI R CREATE SEDIMENTS, STATION(NAME)i YEAR(FROM 1973 TO 1977), STATION DEPTH-M (FROM 4.5 TO 61.5)g STATION NUMBER (FROM 1.TO 233.)~SAMPLE DEPTH-CM (FROM 0.5 TO 62.5), LOSS ON IGNITION-X (FROM 0.7 TO 60.4), WATER CONTENT-X (FROM 14.4 TO 95'),-3 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 8.47),'-2 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 20.7 1),-1 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 42.38), 0 PHI-X (FROM 0 F 00 TO 57'5), 1 PHI X (FROM 0~00 TO 65~41)i 2 PHI-X (FROM 0~00 TO 82.51), 3 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 81~01), 4 PHI'X (FROM 0~00 TO 85~70)5 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 39.40), 6 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 26.86), 7 PHI-X (FROM 0 F 00 TO 64.76), 8 PHI-X (FROM 0.00 TO 23.58), 9 PHI-X (FROM,O.OO TO 9.36), 10 PHI-X (FROM 0 F 00 TO 19.62), GRAVEL-X (FROM 0.00 TO 63.10), SAND X (FROM 15'0 TO 102 F 00)g SILT-X (FROM O.OO,TO 62.30), CLAY-X (FROM 0.00 TO 47'0), MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI (FROM-1'00 TO 6.100 STANDARD DEVIATION OF MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI KURTOSIS OF GRAIN SIZE (FROM-5.600 TO 2.SKEWNESS OF GRAIN SIZE (FROM-3,000 TO 35 INSOLUBLE FRACTION-X (FROM 6.00 TO 99.00)BARIUM-X (FROM 0.000000 TO 0.019000), TOTAL CARBON X (FROM 0'5 TO 7'5)INORGANIC CARBON"X (FROM 0.00 TO 5.30), ORGANIC CARBON-X (FROM 0.00 TO 5.30), CALCIUM-7 (FROM 0.000 TO 11.700), COBALT-X (FROM 0.000140 TO 0.004200), CHROMIUM-X (FROM 0.000018 TO 0.025000), COPPER-X (FROM 0.000020 TO 0.005000), IROH-X (FROM 0.120 TO 9.200), POTASSIUM"X (FROM 0.035 TO 0.760), MAGNESIUM X (FROM 0+000 TO 8'40)MANGANESE-X (FROM 0.000730 TO 0.095000), MOLYBDENUM-X (FROM 0.000000 TO 0.003580), SODIUM-X (FROM 0.0100 TO 0.0860), NICKEL-%(FROM 0.000000 TO 0.010300), LEAD-X (FROM 0.000094 TO 0.001090), STRONTIUM-X (FROM 0.000380 TO 0.010700), ZIHC-X (FROM 0.00100 TO 0.03000), EH-MV (FROM-70.0 TO 485.0), PH (FROM 6.95 TO 8.55), X-LOCATION (FROM 1.00 TO 18.00), Y-LOCATION (FROM 0'5 TO 10.00)s ENT"R DATA LOCATION~COOKSEDIMEHT, FORMAT>-STATION<1-16>, YEAR<17-21>, STATION DEPTH-M<22-3 1>, STATION NUMBER<32-41>, SAMPLE DEPTH-CM<42-51>,
| |
| TABLE 4.45'Continued)
| |
| ~IOSS ON IGNITION" X<52-61>, WATER CONTENT-X<62-71>,"3 PHI-X<72"81>,-2 PHI"X<82-91>,-1 PHI-X<92-101>I 0 PHI-X<102-111>, 1 PHI-5<112 121>~2 PHI-I<122-13 1>I 3 PHI-X<132-141>, 4 PHI-X<142-151>, 5 PHI-X<152-161>, 6 PHI-X<162-171>, 7 PHI-%<172-181>, 8 PHI-X,<182-191>, 9 PHI-X<192-201>, 10 PHI-X<202-211>, GRAVEL-X<212-221>, SAND-X<222-231>, SILT-5<232-241>, CLAT-X<242-251>, MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI<252-261>, STANDARD DEVIATION OF MEAN GRAIN SIZE-PHI<262 271>, KURTOSIS OF GRAIN SIZE<272-281>, SKEWNESS OF GRAIN SIZE<282-291>, INSOLUBLE FRACTION-X
| |
| <292-301>, BARIUM-'X<302-31.1>, TOTAL CARBON-X<312-321>, INORGANIC CARSON-5<322-331>, ORGANIC CARBON-I<332-341>, CALCIUM-5<342-351>, COBALT-X<352-361>, CHROMIUM-X
| |
| <362-371>, COPPER-X<372-381>, IRON-X<382-391>, POTASSIUM-X
| |
| <392"401>, MAGNESIUM-%
| |
| <402-411>, MANGANESE-X
| |
| <412-421>, MOLYBDENUM-I
| |
| <422-43 1>, SQDI.UM" X<432 441>,\NICKEL-X<442 451>, LEAD-X<452-461>i STRONTIUM-5
| |
| <462-471>, ZINC-X<472-481>)
| |
| EH-MV<482-491>, PH<492-501>, X-LOCATION
| |
| <502-511>, 7-LOCATION
| |
| <5 12-52 1>e GAVE STOP 122 CHAPTER 5 INTERACTIVE PROGRAM PROGRAM INTERACT The program INTERACT (Table 5.1)is an interactive computer program which is written to provide on-line instructions to users wishing to access the Cook V water quality data base.It is hoped that this interactive program can facili-tate the use of this data base by users with little or no knowledge of computer programming, MTS, or Taxir.The program INTERACT consists of seven ma5or commands for accessing the data base.A brief description of these commands is given below.1~"H"~HELP This program offers a HELP file (Table 5.2)which users can request at any point in the data.accessing process.By simply typing in the II command"H," users are provided with a complete explanation of other commands used in connection with the data base~2."S"~SELECT DATA BANK Any one of the 13 data banks contained in the data base system can be selected using this command.Since it is impossible to keep all 13 data banks on line at all times, an additional program has been written to access those data which are stored on a computer tape.This FORTRAN program is called LINK (Table 5.3).It will select and restore information from a tape whenever a file restoration request is made.When the job is completed, the computer will return to this main program INTERACT.123 3."0"~SELECT OUTPUT OPTION This command provides.three possible options for, output: terminal screen, temporary, or permanent line file,.and MTS line or page printer.4."V" VARIABLE DESCRIPTION The list and types of descriptors in this data base management system can be obtained using this command.5~"P"~PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DATA ITEMS The percentage of total data items can be obtained by applying this command.6~"Q"~QUERY This is an important command for retrieving data.By typing"Q," users can query the needed information and generate necessary tables and reports with requested data.7~"T"~TERMINATE THE PROGRAM Entering"T" results in the termination of the execution of the program.t In the following presentation of the computer programs INTERACT and LIKE, boxes have'een used to provide information and explanations of the different stages of operations, as well as the assignments for the input and output units and devices'NTERFACE WITH TAXIR USING LVZERACT INTERACT is a FORTRAN-based interactive program.It acts as an inter" mediary between the users and Taxir by asking the users a series of questions 124 TABLE 5.1.Program LtTERACT.C THIS INTERACTIVE PROGRAM INTERFACES WITH TAXIR TO RETRIEVE DATA C FROM THE 13 DATA BANKS CREATED FOR COOK PROJECT, TO WORK WITH A C PARTICULAR DATA BANK, THE DATA SHOULD BE AVAILABLE ON LINE IN A C TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT FILE.HOWEVER, THIS PROGRAM HAS AN OPTION C TO RESTORE THE DATA BANKS FROM A TAPE.C C TO RUN THIS PROGRAM TYPE: "SOURCE INTERACTIVE" C C IN THE RUN COMMAND UNITS ARE ASSIGNED AS FOLLOW: C UNIT 5 IS ASSIGNED TO$MSOURCEi TO READ THE INPUT FROM THE'SCREEN.
| |
| C UNIT 6 IS ASSIGNED TO$SINKt TO PRINT THE MESSAGES ON THE SCREEN.C TAXIR MESSAGES ARE WRITTEN ON SERCOM, IN THIS PROGRAM SERCOM IS C ASSIGNED TO A TEMPORARY FILE CALLED"-CHECK".C UNIT 7 IS ALSO ASSIGNED TO"-CHECK" TO CHECK TAXIR MESSAGES.C C C C$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$C C MAIN PROGRAM TO INITIALIZE C CALL$C SYSTEM SUBROUTINES.
| |
| t C$$C ttttiitttttitatttttattttttttttttatttttatttatttttt C C C LOGICAL'RESP LOGICAL EQUC C~C CALL INITLZ WRITE(6,1)
| |
| FORL1AT(//,'ARE YOU ALREADY FAMILIAR WITH THE PROGRAM?'/, 1'TYPE"Y" FOR YES TO SK!P THE DESCRIPTION OF THE COK%ENDSo'/, 1'TYPE"N IF YOU NEED HELP.')C C CALL FREAD(5,'TRING: ', RESP, 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 1000 CA?L HELP(0)C C 1000 CALL CMDNOE('SEM-CHECK'p 10')WRITE(6,4) 4 FORMAT(//,'SELECT NEXT COMMAND: (H,S,O)V,P,Q,T)')
| |
| C Ctitttaa Ctttiiit Ctaaattt C ACCEPT A COMMAND AND DECODE IT.C 10 C 20 CALL DECODE(NCOh9JD)
| |
| GO TO (10,20,30,40,50,60,70), NCOMND CALL HELP(1)GO TO 1000 CALL SELDB GO TO 1000 C 30'ALL OUTOP 125 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| GO TO 1000 C 40 CALL.VOCAB GO TO 1000 C 50 CALI PERCNT GO TO 1000 C 60 CALI QUERT GO TO 1000 C 70 CALL TERMIN GO TO 1000 C C END SUBROUTINE INITLZ C C C C C C C C C C C CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',0)
| |
| CALL PREAD(-2,'LENGTH',.TRUE.)CAIL PREAD(-2,'DELIMITERS','/XC/;/'C C RETURN END SUBROUTINE DECODE(NCOMND)
| |
| C C C C C C C C C C C C$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$SUBROUTINE DECODE;TO RECEIVE THE COMMAND l$$DECODE IT.$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$IOGICAL$1 RESP LOGICAL ZQUC$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$'$$$$$$$$$$$$$'$$$$$$$SUBROUTINE INITLZ;TO INITIALIZE TAZIR PROGRAM.$$0~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$10 NERR~0 NCOMND$0 LZN$1 CALI FARAD(5,'STRING: ',RESP,IZN)
| |
| IP(ZQUC('Hr,RESP)+OR.ZQUC('h',RESP))
| |
| NCOMND$1 IF(ZQUC('S',R SP).OR.ZQUC('s',R SP))NCO&lD 2 IF(EQUC('O',RESP).OR.ZQUC('o',RESP))
| |
| NCOMND~3 I.(EQUC('V',RESP).OR.
| |
| QUC('v',RESP))
| |
| NCOMND~4 126 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| IF(EQUC('P'ESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('p',RESP))
| |
| NCOMNDsS IF(EQUC('Q',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('q',RESP))
| |
| NCOMND 6 IF(EQUC('T',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('t',RESP))
| |
| NCOMNDs7 I F (NCOMND.GT.0)RETURN C C NERR~NERR+1 IF(NERR.GE.2)
| |
| GO TO 20 C WRITE(6, 1)1 FORMAT(//,'NVALID COMMAND, TRY AGAIN.'GO TO 10 C Cassssaa Cssssass PRINT THE LIST OF COMMANDS.Csassssa C 20 WRITE(6,2) 2 FORMAT(//,'NVALID COMMANDl THE COMMANDS ARE:'//, 1'H HELP'/, 1'S SELECT DATA BANK'/, 1'0 SEIECT OUTPUT OPTION'/, 1'V VARIABLE DESCRIPTION'/, 1'P PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DATA ITEMS'/, 1'Q QUERY'/, 1'T TERMINATE THE PROGRAM!'C C NERR~O GO TO 10 C C END SUBROUTINE HELP(I)C C C C C C C C C C C C C C ssaaasssassssasasasssssas'ass vasss'sasssssaasssssssassssaaasssas s s s SUBROUTINE HELP'HIS ROUTINE IS USED TO HELP s THE USER TO UNDERSTAND THE QUERT COKAANDS USED s IN THE PROGRAM.THE PROGRAM CONTENTS ARE READ s a FROM THE MTS LINE FILE SDIS:HELP s s s ssaaafs'saasaassaass' ssassssssassassaaasssaassssasssaassasaa'ssa IF(I.NE.O)
| |
| GO TO 5'ALL CMDNOE('SCOPT SDLS:HELP(001,071)
| |
| TO sSINKaOSP',38)RETURN C C S WRI TE(6, 1)1 FORMT(//q'HELP:
| |
| SEL CT THE COMMAND THAT YOU WANT TO'/q 1'BE.EXPLAINED: (H,S,O,V,P,Q,T)')
| |
| C C 127 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| CAIL DECODE(NCOMHD)
| |
| QO TO(10t20t30t40't50t60
| |
| ~70)t NCOMND C 10 CALL CMDNOE('SCOPY SDLS:HELP(072,089)
| |
| TO RETURN C 20 CALL CMDNOE('SCOPY SDLS:HELP(090, 104)TO RETURN$SINK$0SP',38)sSINKsOSP',38)C 30 CALL CMDNOE('COPY SDLS:HELP(105, 120)TO$SINK$0SP',38)RETURN C 40 C 50 CALL QC)NOE('COPY SDLS!HELP(121, 135)TO RETURN CALL CMDNOE('COPY SDLS:HELP(136, 151)TO RETURN sSINKsOSP',38)~~C 60',38)CALL~NOE('SCOPY SDLS:HELP(152, 166)TO sSINK$0SP RETURN t l I C 70 CALL Ca(DNOE (SCOPY SDLS HELP (l 67 t 1 8 1)TO C C RETURN END SUBROUTINE SELDB C C C C C C C C C C C C$SINK$0SP',38)INT GER ERRNUM IOGICALs 1 RESP LOG I CAI EQUC C Csssssss Csssssss Csssssss C 10 WR!2 FO PRINT THE LIST OF DATA BANKS~TE(6,2)RMAT (//t THE DATA BANKS AND THEI R 1//, 1'AKE.PHYTOPLANKTON 1'HTRAI HED.PHYTOPLAHKTON l'AKE.ZOOPLANKTON 1'NTRAINED.
| |
| ZOOPLANKTON 1'AKE.BENTHOS 1'NTRA I NED.BENTHOS 1'MP IHGED.BENTHOS 1'DULT.F I SH.
| |
| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| .STATI STI CS 1'AKE.ADULT.F I SH CODE NUMBERS ARE;'1 t/2'/,/4t/5~/6t/7~/8'/, 9~/$$$'$'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$s$$SUBROUTINE SELDB;TO SELECT A SPECIFIC s DATA BANK.$s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$~$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$128 TABLE 5.1.(Continued)
| |
| ~1'MPINGED~ADULT.FISH 1'LAKE.LARVAE 1'ENTRAINED.LARVAE 1'NUTRIENT.AND.ANION 1'LAKEWATER.CHEMISTRY 1'SEDIMENTS OR 10'/, OR 11 OR 12'/, OR 13'/, OR 14'/, OR 15'C Cssseses Csssesss CHECK THE AVAILABILITY OF THE DATA BANK(S)~Cssessss C 20 WRITE(6,3) 3 FORMAT(//t THE DATA SHOULD BE AVAILABLE ON LINEo/t 1'IS THE DATA BANK OF YOUR INTEREST AVAILABLE ON LINE?'/, 1'PLEASE ANSWER"Y" OR"N"o')C C 30 4 LEN~1 CALL FREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP,IEN)
| |
| IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 30 CAI L CNDNOE ('OURCE RESTORE', 1 4)STOP WRITE(6,4)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'TO PLACE THE REQUESTED DATA BANK IN THE TAXIR PROGRAM,'/, 1'ENTER THE DATA BANK CODE NUMBER:'/g 1'(EX: ENTER 1 FOR LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON)')
| |
| CALL FREAD(5,'I: ', IC)GO TO (110i 120l 130i 140'50~160'70t 180'90i200i210i220
| |
| ~230t240~250)iIC WRI TE(6,5)FORMAT(//,'AD OPTION!'GO TO 10 C Csssssse Cssssess TAXIR INTERFACE WITH THE DATA BASE.Csseeses C 110 CALL TAXIR('GET LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON',22)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('SEM-CHECK',10)
| |
| 'CALL TAXIR('GET-LAKE.PHYTO', l5)CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN GO TO 300 C 120 CALL TAXIR('GET ENTRAINED.PHYTOPLANKTON'i27)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN CALL TAZIR('Dt&KY',-
| |
| 1)CALL CMDNOE('SEM"CHECK',10)
| |
| CALL TAXIR('.GET-ENT.PHYTO',14)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.ZQ.O)
| |
| RETURN 129 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| C 130 C 140 C 1$0 C 160 C 170 C 180 GO TO 300 CALI TAXI R('GZT LAKE~ZOOPLANKTON',20)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(EKQ1UM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQe 0)RETURN CAII TAXIR('DUMMY'-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('EM-CHECK', 10), CALL TAXIR('GET-LAKE ZOO'13)CALL ERRCHK (ERRNUM)IP (EitRNUM ZQ.O)RETURN GO TO 300~CALL TAXIR('GET ENTRAINED+
| |
| ZOOPIANKTON',25)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK (ERRNUM)IP (ERRNUM.EQ.
| |
| 0)RETURN CALL TAXI R('DUMMT',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('EM-CHECK'10)CALL TAXIR('GET-ENT ZOO', 12)CALL ERRCHK (ERR')I F (ERRNUM o EQ, 0)RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXI R ('ZT LAKZ~BENTHOS', 1 6)CALI ERRCHK (EKQRJM)IF (EKQAJMo EQ.0)RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMJNOE('R4-CHECK', 10)CALL TAXIR('GZT LAKE.BEH', 13)CALL ZRRCHK(ZRRNUM)
| |
| IF (ERRNUM, EQ o 0)RETURH GO TO 300 CALL TAXIR('GET ENTRAINEDiBENTHOS',21)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(EKQfUM)
| |
| I P (EKQiUM.EQ.0)RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUMONT',-1)
| |
| CALL QC)NOE('R4-C¹CK', 10)CALL TAXIR('GPT EHT+BEN', 12)CALL ERRCHK (ERRNUM)IF4 ZRRNUM EQ.0)RE~i GO TO 300 CALL TAXI R (GZT IMPINGED o BENTHOS I 20)CALL ERRCHK(EK1NUM)
| |
| IP (EJ1RNUM, EQ.0)RETURN CALL TAXIR('DtPKT', 1)CALL QC)NOE('EM CHEZ(', 10)CALL TAXIR('GET-IMP~BEN', 12)CALL ERRCHK (EKQfUM)IF (FXRNUM EQ,0)RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXI R('ZT ADULT.PISH.
| |
| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| ~STATISTICS
| |
| ', 33)CALL ERRCHK (EJKNUM)IF(ERRNUM.EQ.O)
| |
| R TURN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CANOE('ZM-CHECK', 10)CALL TAXIR('~c,"AD.PISH.S.S',16)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK (EKQ1UM)I P (ERRNUM, EQ, 0)RETURN 130 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| C 190 C 200 C 210 C 220 C 230 240 GO TO 300 CALL TAXI R (GET LAKE~ADULT FI SH g 1 9)CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ>>0)
| |
| RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY'-1)
| |
| CAIL CMDNOE('EM-CHECK'0)CALL TAXIR('GET-L AD FISH', 14)CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ,O)
| |
| RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXI R(GET IMPINGED ADULT>>FISH g 23)CALL ERRCHK(ERRHUM)
| |
| IF (ERRNUM.EQ,O)
| |
| RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY', 1)CALL CMDNOE (SEM CHECK~1 0)CALL TAXIR(GET I~AD>>FISH~14)CALL ERRCHK (ERRHUM)IF (ERRHUM.EQ.0)RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXIR('GET LAKE.LARVAE', 1S)CAI L ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN CALL.TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('SEM-CHECK', 10)CALL TAXIR('GET-L.LARVAE',13)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.O)
| |
| RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXIR('GET ENTRAINED.
| |
| LARVAE',20)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN CALL TAXIR('DUKAY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('SEM-CHECK', 10)CALL TAXIR('GET-E.LARVAE',13)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURH GO TO 300 CALL TAXIR('GET NUTRIENTS','13)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRHUM)
| |
| IF(ERRHUM.EQ.O)
| |
| RETURN CAIL TAXIR('DUMMY' 1)CALL CMDNOE('SEM-CHECK',10)
| |
| CALL TAXIR('GET-NUTRIENTS', 14)CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN GO TO 300 CALL TAXIR('GET LAKEWATER',13)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IF(ERRHUM.EQ.O)
| |
| RETURH~CALL TAXIR('DUMMY' 1)CALL CANOE('SEM-CH CK', 10)CALL TAXIR('GET-LAKERATER'4)
| |
| CAIL ERRCHK(ERRHUM)
| |
| IF(ERRNUM.EQ.0)
| |
| RETURN GO TO 300 131 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| 250 CALL TAXIR('GET SK)IMEHTS',.12)
| |
| CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| I P (ERRNUM.EQ.0)RE'eeN CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL QC)NOE (SEM'HECK p'1 0)CALL TAXIR('GET SEDIMENTS', 14)CALL ERRCHK (ZRRHUM)'IP (EIGQRJMe ZQ e 0)RETURH C C40004$0 Cesaasss CHECK'TAXIR MESSAGES'0$
| |
| 00000 C 300 CALL TAXIR(DUMMY', 1)CALL CMDNOE(>SZM-CHECK'10)WRITE(6,6) 6 FORMAT(//g
| |
| 'REQUESTED DATA BANK IS NOT AVAILABLZ~'/, 1'DO YOU MANT TO SZLZCT AHOTHER DATA BANKS'/, 1'ENTER"Y" POR YES,'N" POR NO')CALL PReeD(5,,'TRING:
| |
| ',RESP,LEH)
| |
| IP(ZQUC('Y''RESP).OR.ZQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 20 C\C'R TURN END SUBROUTINE OUTOP C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 0000000000$
| |
| 00$0000000$000'40004000$
| |
| $00000$000000000$
| |
| 00 0 0 SUBROUTINE OUTOP;TO SELECT AH OUTPUT 0 0.PILE OR DEVICEe 0 0 (0 0040000000$
| |
| $$$4$$$404000000$
| |
| 00$$$$0$$000$00$040004400 LOGICAL*'1 LINE(29)DATA LINE(1)~LINE(2)JLINE(3)~LINE(4)~LINE(5)tLIHE(6)1 LINE (7)/'1HS e 1 HEI 1HT e 1H~1 HO f 1HU e 1HT/DATA LINE(8),LINE(9),IINE(10),LINE(11)/1HP g 1HUg 1HTg 1H$/C Cesaessa C$004000 , OUTPUT PILE/DEVICE OPTIONS'ssaeaea C 5%RITE(6, 1)1'ORMAT(//,'S LZCT OUTPUT PIIZ/DEVICE TYPE!'//13Xi'TERMIVAI'/i 13X,'2 LINE PRINTS'/, 13X,'OUTPUT PILE NAM~'C C CALL PREAD(5,', IC)IP(IC.EQ.I)GO TO 10 IP(IC.EQe2)
| |
| GO TO 20 Ir(IC.EQ.3)
| |
| GO TO 30 132 TABLE 5.1.(Continued)
| |
| ~C C WRITE(6,2) 2 FORMAT(//,'BAD OPTION)')GOTO 5 C Csssstas Csaesaes Cassette C 10 CA INTERFACE WITH TAXIR LL TAXI R (SET OUTPUTssMSINKs
| |
| ~'1 8)RETURN C 20 CALL TAXI R (SET OUTPUTasPRINTs g 1 8)RETURN LENs 18 CALL FREAD(5,'TRING: ',LINE(12),LEN)
| |
| LEN AL LEN+1 1 CALL TAXIR(LINE,LEN)
| |
| C C C 30 WRITE(6,3) 3 FORMAT (//~ENTER NAME OF THE OUTPUT F I LE)C Cssseaet Cassette INTERFACE WITH TAXIR, Cesssasa C~C C C C C C C C C C C RETURN END SUBROUTINE VOCAB tssaaessstsaassassesaeaasaaatsessesssaatastssesaastestsatsststt t t SUBROUTINE VOCAB;TO PROVIDE THE USER WITH THE t s LIST OF DESCRIPTORS FOR THE SELECTS DATA BANK.t s a sssstsaaattssssaaaassssasssassssasssssssssssstassstsssss'attests INTEGER ERRNUM LOGI CAL$1 LINE(87),ASTRIS,RESP IOGICAL EQUC C C DATA ASTRI S/1Ha/DATA LINE(1)~LINE(2)~LINE(3)LINE(4)/1HS~
| |
| 1)U(g 1HO~1HW/DATA LINE(5)/1H
| |
| /C Cassette Cassette Ctaastaa C OBTAIN DICTIONART INFORMATION.
| |
| WRI TE (6, 1)1 FORMAT(//i ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH ALL THE OPTIONS FOR OBTAINING'/g 1'INFORMATION ABOUT DATA DESCRIPTORS7'/, 133 TABLE 5.L.(Continued).
| |
| 1'TTPE"T" FOR TES'O SKIP THE DESCRIPTIONS.
| |
| '/, 1'TTPE"N" IF TOU NEED THE DESCRIPTIONS
| |
| ~')CALI PREAD(5,'STRING: ',RESP, 1)IP (EQUC (T pRESP)oOReEQUC (p~RESP))GO TO 1 0 C C 40 2 5 WRITE(6,2)
| |
| FORMAT(//, 1'PTION 1: WRITE (6, 3)FORHAT(//, 1'TPE'/, 1''I 1'RITE(6,4)
| |
| FORMAT(//, 1'HEIR'/, 1'''RITE(6,5)
| |
| FORMAT(//, 1'AME'/, 1''''I 1'''THE OPTIONS ARE LISTED BELOW:'///g TTPE'SUM" TO GET THE DATA SUHMART FQR THE'/, SELECTED DATA BANK+''OPTION 2: TO OBTAIN INPORHATION QN DESCRIPTORSg
| |
| 'THE NAHES OR CODES OP THE DESCRI PTORS p/J (SEPARATED BT p)~/g ENTER"ALL" FOR ALL THE DESCRIPTQRS
| |
| ~'/g (EX',2,3 OR MONTH,DAT OR ALL)''OPTION 3!POR LISTINGS QP BOTH DESCRIPTORS AND', STAT S, TTPE F FOLLOWING A PARA''/, NAHE QR CODE AS IN TH" ALE BELOW.'/, (EX: 1 P,2 P,3 P OR MONTH F,DAT F OR ALL F)')'OPTION 4: TO OBTAIN THE LIST OP THE CODE(S)AND', (S)OF DESCRIPTOR STATE(S)THAT CONTAINS'/, OR BEGINS WITH A PARTICULAR STRING'TPE'/, THE DESCRZPTOR NAHE OR CODE ALONG WITH'/~THE WORDS"BEGINS OR"CONTAINS AND THE'/g SPECIFIED STRING~'/, (EX: NAHE CONTAINS HART OR NAME BEGINS M)'/, eNOTE THAT FOR THIS OPTION THE DESCRIPTOR'/
| |
| TTPE SHOULD BE NAHE OR ORDER+'C C 10 6 WRITE(6,6)
| |
| FORHAT(//,'~
| |
| THE DESCRIPTOR NAHE(S)QR CODE(S)AIONG'WITH', 1'THE REQUZ~~STRING (IP ANT)')C Ceasasss Cssassss Cssassas C TAXZR INTERFACE WITH THE DATA BASE LEN>80 CALL PREAD (5 t STRING LINE (6)/LATE)LEN<LEN+6 LINE(~)~ASTRIS C C CALL TAXIR(LINE, LEN)C Cessssss Csesssse Csssesss C CHECK TAXIR HESSAGESo CALL ERRCHK (ERRNUM)IP(ERRNUM.EQ
| |
| ~0)GQ TO 20 134 TABLE 5'.(Coatiaued)
| |
| ~CALL TAXIR('DUMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('CEM"CHECK', 10)WRITE(6,7)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'THE INFORMATION YOU ASKED CAN NOT BE LISTED,'/, 1'THE STATEMENT YOU HAVE TYPED CONTAINS ERROR(S).'/, 1'DO YOU WANT TO TRY AGAIN?(Y/N)')C C 30 8 CALL FREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP>
| |
| 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 30 GO TO 20 WRI TE(6,8)FORMAT(//,'DO YOU NEED HELP TO CONSTRUCT YOUR QUESTION?(Y/N)!)CALL FREAD (5~STRI NG t RESP~1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR~EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 40 GO TO 10 C C 20 RETURN SUBROUTINE PERCNT C C C C C C C C C C C C'eeeeeteeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee t e t SUBROUTINE PERCNT;TO PRODUCE STATISTICS IN e e TERMS OF PERCENTAGES FOR A DATA BANKS e t e eetteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeteeeeeet'eeetteeeeeeetteeee'eeeeet INTEGER ERRNUM LOGICALe 1 I INE (86), ASTRI S, RESP LOGICAL EQUC DATA LINE(1)~LINE(2)~LINE(3)LINE(4)~LINE(5)/1HHJ 1HMt 1H g 1Htg 1H/DATA ASTRI S/1He/CALL FREAD(5,'STRING: ',RESP, 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 10 GO TO 20 C C 10 2 WRIT (6,2)FORMAT(//,'TO SP CIFY YOUR QU STION YOU SHOULD EN.ER TH-', NAbK'/,'OR COD" OF THE DESCRIPTOR ALONG WITH ITS TYPE'/1'SEPARATE BY).'C Cteeeeee Ceeeeeee INSTRUCTIONS TO OBTAIN THE NECESSARY STATISTICS.
| |
| Cteeeeee C 30'RITE(6, 1)1 FORMAT(//,'DO YOU NEED HELP TO CONSTRUCT YOUR QUESTION.(Y/N)')C C 135 TABLE 5.1.(Continued)
| |
| ~C C 20~ITE(6,3)3 PORMAT (//~ENTER THE QUESTION~)C Cesseses Cesosese Ceeeeese C TAXIR INTERPACE WITH THE DATA BASE, LZNs80 CALX PREAD(5,'TRING: ',LINE(6)gLEH)LEHsLEH+6 LINE(LEN)sASTRIS C C CALL TAXI R(LIHE, L'1)1'EX1 DAT,31 OR'EAR,80)
| |
| '//t''TO COMBINE THE DESCRIPTORS USE LOGICAL STA~NTS'/, 1'AND/OR".'OU.CAN ALSO USE PAR&THESES TO'P THE'/1'SUBSET OP INT REST PROM THE TOTAL BANK,'/, 1'EX: TEAR,80 AND MONTH,MAT'/g 1'EAR,80 OR MONTHgMAT/~1 (TEARt80 AND MONTHtMAT)
| |
| OR DATt3 1)C Cssssese Cseessse Csesesse C CHECK TAXIR MESSAGZS~C C CALL ERRCHK(ERRNUM)
| |
| IP(ERRNUM~EQ+0)
| |
| GO TO 40 CALI TAXIR('DUMMT',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE('EM-CHECK', 10)WRITE(6,4)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'THE PERC~AGZ CAH NOT BE COMPUTED.'/, 1'THE STATEMENT TOU HAVE TTPED CONTAIHS ERROR(S)e/p 1'DO TOU WAHT TO TRT AGAIN?(Y/N)')CALL PREAD(5,'TRING: ',R SP, 1)I (EQUC('T',R SP).OR.ZQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 30 C C 40 RETURN END SUBROUTINE QUZRY C C C C C C C C C C C C INT GER ERRNUM LOGI CALe 1 LINE (166), ASTRI S, RESP LOGICAL EQUC sseeeee'eeeseeeeessseseoeseeeseeoeeeeoeeoseeeessosseeeeses e e s SUBROUTINE QPMT;TO RETRI~~INPORMATION e e FROM THE SELECTED DATA BANK s e e e''eeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeeesseeeesseeeesssseeesssssssssessesse 136 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| DATA ASTRIS/1He/
| |
| DATA LINE(1),LINE(2)/1HQ, 1H/C Ceeeeeee Ceeeeeee Ceeeeeee C 40 1 C C INSTRUCTIONS TO CONSTRUCT THE QUERIES.CALL FREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP, 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 10 GO TO 20 WRITE(6, 1)FORMAT(//,'DO YOU NEED THE INSTRUCTIONS TO MAKE YOUR QUERY?(Y/N)')C C 10 2 WRI TE(6,2)FORMAT(//,'THE QUERY"Q" COMMAND IS THE MOST POWERFUL RETRIEVAL''OOL'/,'N THIS PROGRAM.THE CONSTRUCTION OF A QUERY'1'TATEMENT'/,'CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS:'///, 1 I~THE SPECI FI CATION OF THE DESCRI PTOR (S)WHI CH MUST BE/g 1'ISTED IN THE DATA OUTPUT.THERE ARE FIVE OPTIONS FOR'/t 1'HIS PART AS SHOWN BELOW:'//1'.THE NAME(S)OR CODE(S)OF THE DESCRIPTOR(S)
| |
| CAN'/, 1'E ENCLOSED IN PARENTHESES, (SEPARATED BY ,)o/p 1'YPING AN"A IN ENCLOSED ANGLE BRACKETS"<>"'/, 1'OlLOWING DESCRIPTOR CODE OR NAME WILL RESULT IN'/,''PRINT OF DUPLICATE STATES'~'/, 1'X: (YEAR, MONTH,DAY)'/g 1'YEAR<A>,MONTH<A>,DAY<A>)'//, 1'.TYPING"ALL" RESULTS IN THE LIST FOR ALL OF THE'/1'ESCRIPTORS.
| |
| '/, 1'X: (ALL)')WRITE(6,3)
| |
| FORMAT(/,'.
| |
| h TOTAL OR SUBTOTAL OF NUM=RICAL DESCRIPTORS 1'E OBTAINED BY TYPING A"TN" IN A PAIR OF ANGLE'/, 1'RACKETS, WHERE N INDICATES THE SUBTOTAL FOR THE'/, I NTH DESCRI PTOR~I F N I S ZERO g THEN THE GRAND/g 1'OTAL IS PRINTS+AN EXAMPLE IS SHOWN BELOW IN'/, 1'WHICH TO IS THE GRAND TOTAl AND T1 AND T2 ARE THE'/, 1'UBTOTALS FOR DESCRIPTORS 1 AND 2'/g 1'X (YEAR g MONTH g SPCONT<TO g T1 g T2>)//g 1'.IF THE OUTPUT IS DESIGNED TO SERVE AS AN INPUT TO'/, 1'I DAS FOR FURTHER STATI ST I CAL ANALYS I S THE'f 1'TATEMENT
| |
| "<STAT,FN>" SHOULD BE TYPED BEFORE THE'/, 1'ESCRIPTOR LIST, WHERE"FN" IS THE NAY OF THE'/g 1'UTPUT FILE PROVIDED BY THE"0 COMMAND'/1'X:<STAT, RESULT>(YEAR, MONTH,DAY,SPCONT)'//g 1'.IF THE WORD'TAB" IS USED IN A PAIR OF ANGLE'/, 1'RACKETS BEFORE THE DESCRIPTOR IIST, THE'/, I'ERCENTAGE OF DATA ITEMS FOR EACH CELL IN AN'/, 1'-WAY TABULATION IS PRINTED'/1'TAB>(YEAR, MONTH,SPCONTS)')
| |
| WRITE(6,4)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'I.
| |
| THE.BOOLEAN EXPRESSION, WHICH DEFINES THE SUBS-T ITEMS FROM THE DATA BANK, WHICH MUST BE~RETRIED.'/, 1''O COMPBETE.HIS, THE NA~OR COD" OF THE D"SCRIPTOR'/, 1'AND ITS T PE SHOULD BE ENTER~M, (SFPARATED BY ,),'/, CAN'/, pg i/137 TABLE 5.1., (Continued).
| |
| EX: MMRr 80'/, MONTH, MAY'/, THIS SUBSET MAY.CONSiST OF A COMBINATION OF'/, DESCRIPTORSr IN THIS CASE THE LOGICAL STAT ANTS'/r"AND/OR" AND PARENTHESES
| |
| "()" CAN BE USED TO SELECT'/, THE SUBSET.IF'ALL" IS ENTERED THE SUBSET OF'/, INTEREST IS EQUAL TO THE WHOLE DATA BANK~'/r EX: YEAR,80 AND MONTH,MAY'/, YEAR,80 OR MONTH,MAY'/, (MMR,80 AND MONTH,MAY)
| |
| OR DAY,31'/, ALL')1''''I 1''~1'''C 20 I COUNTa 3 WRITE(6,5)
| |
| FORMAT(//r ENTER THE DESCRIPTOR LIST AND THE NECESSARY KEYWORDS'1 EX (YEAR<A>rMONTH<A>rSPCONT<A>)
| |
| /r 1'YEAR,SPCONT<TO,T1>)'/, 1'STAT, RESULT>(YEAR, MONTH,SPCQNT)'/r 1'TAB>(YEAR,SPCQNT>')
| |
| LZNa80 CALL FARAD(5r'STRING'',LINE(ICOUNT),LEN)
| |
| ICQUNTaICQUNT+LEN+1 IINE(ICOUNT)aASTRIS ICOUNTalCOUNT+1 MITE(6, 6)FORMAT(//,'ENTER THE BOOLEAN EXPRESSION TO NAME THE'1 SUBSET OF/r INTEREST FROM THE TOTAL BANK~/r 1 r EX'EAR~80 AND MONTH r MAY C C C Ceeeeeae Csseeeee Ceeeesss C TAXIR INT~ACZ WITH THE DATA BASE.LZNi80 CALL FREAD(5 r STRING r LINE(I COUNT)r LF 1)I CQUNTa I CQUNT+LBf+
| |
| 1 LINE(ICQUNT)
| |
| ~ASTRIS CALL TAXIR(I INE, ICQUNT)C Ceeeaase Cseeeeee Ceeeesee C CHECK TAXIR MESSAGZSo CALL ERRCHK (ERRNUM)IF(ER11NUM.EQ.O)
| |
| GO TO 30 CALL TAXIR('UMMY',-1)
| |
| CALL CMDNOE ('EM-CHECK', 10)WRITE(6,7)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'THE LIST CAN NOT BE PRINTED.', 1'THE STA~T YOU HAVE TYPED CONTAINS ERROR(S)~'/r 1'DO YQU WANT TO TRY AGAIN7 (Y/N)')138 TABLE 5.1.(Continued).
| |
| C C 30 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C 1 C C C C 2 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C CALL FREAD(5'TRING: ',RESP 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 40 RETURN END SUBROUTINE TERMIN$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$SUBROUTINE TERMIN;TO TERMINATE THE EXECUTION$OF THE PROGRAM.e t$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$sttttttttt LOGICAL EQUC WRITE(6, 1)FORMAT(//,'DO YOU WANT TO END THE EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAM?(Y/N)'CALL FREAD (5~STRI NG~RESP g 1)IF(EQUC(Y gRESP)~OR~EQUC('y',RESP)
| |
| )STOP WRITE(6, 2)FORMAT('OMMAND IGNORED'I RETURN END SUBROUTINE ERRCHK(ERRFLG) tttttteattattttetttattttstttfttttasatttttattttttattattttttttta
| |
| $$SUBROUTINE ERRCHK'O CHECK THE ERROR MESSAGES t$PRODUCED BY TAXIR PROGRAM.t t tttatatstftattttt'$$
| |
| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ttattttttsatta INTEGER ERRFIG LOGICAL>1 ERROR(6)LOGICAL EQUC C Caaataaa Ctaattaa Cataaaaa Csaaaaaa C R AD TAXIR~SSAGES FROM THE FILES ASSIGNED TO SFRCOM, WHICH CONTAINS ERROR MESSAGES RECOGNIZE)
| |
| AT THIS POINT.READ(7, 1)ERROR.FORMAT(6A1) 139 TABLE 5.1.{Continued).
| |
| C C CALL VKINOE('SEM-CHECK',10)
| |
| ERRFLG~1 lF (EQUC('READY', ERROR))ERRPLG~O 140 TABLE 5.2.Pile HELP.eeTHIS IS AN INTERACTIVE PROGRAM++IF YOU ARE NOT NOW USING THE"UPPER CASE" OPTION, PLEASE DO SO.SINCE THIS PROGRAM CAN WORK ONLY WITH THE"UPPER CASE OPTION.THE GOAL OF THIS PROGRAM IS TO HELP YOU TO RETRIEVE THE INFORMATION YOU NEED FROM ANY OF THE 13 EXISTING DATA BANKS, WHICH ARE LISTED AS FOLLOW: LAKE.PHYTOPLANKTON OR 1 ENTRAINED.
| |
| PHYTOPLANKTON OR 2 LAKE.ZOOPLANKTON OR 3 ENTRAINED.
| |
| ZOOPLANKTON OR 4 LAKE.BENTHOS OR 5 ENTRAINED+BENTHOS OR 6 IMPINGED.BENTHOS OR 7 ADULT.FISH.
| |
| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| .STATI STI CS OR 8 LAKE.ADULT+FISH OR 9 IMPINGED.ADULT o F I SH OR 10 LAKE~LARVAE OR 11 ENTRAINED.
| |
| LARVAE OR 12 NUTRI ENT.AND.AN I ON OR 13 LAKEWATER.CHEMISTRY OR 14 SEDIMENTS OR 15 THERE ARE SEVEN COMMANDS IN THIS PROGRAM HELP SELECT DATA BANK SELECT OUTPUT OPTION VARIABLE DESCRIPTION PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DATA ITEMS QUERY TERMINATE THE PROGRAM HINTS: FOR DATA RETRIEVAL, THE SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS LISTED BELOW IS USUALLY FOLLOWED;<1)(2)(3)FIRST YOU SHOULD SELECT THE DATA BASE OF INTEREST.ONCE THAT IS DONE, YOU SHOULD TELL THE COMPUTER WHAT DEVICE YOU ARE USING AND HOW YOU WANT YOUR INFORMATION PRINTED'HIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY TYPING"0" AND RESPONDING TO THE QUESTIONS WHICH APPEAR AFTER THE COKVdiD'0 THREE TYPES OF INFORMATION CAN THEN BE ACCESSED'F YOU NEED THE VARIABLES CONTAINED IN THE DATA BASE, TYPE V".IF YOU WANT TO.KNOW THE PERCENTAGE OF DATA ITEMS IN THE DATA QUERY TYPE P".IF YOU NEED THE ACTUAL DATA FOR ALL OR PART OF THE DATA BAS-, TYPE"Q".PLEASE ANSWER TO ALL OF.HE QUESTIONS, WHICH'PPEAR AF.ER YOU TYPE THE COMQND.141 TABLE 5.2.(Continued).
| |
| (4)FINALL7, WH~rR TOU'DO NQT MANT TO PROCEED FURTHER,"T" WILL TERMINATE THE RETRIEVAL OPERATIONS AND RETURN YOU TO MTS~TO GET THE DESCRIPTION OF THE COMMANDS TIPE"H POR HELP, THEN TYPE THE PIRST LEKVAR OF EACH CQRVd63 WHILE YOU ARE IN HELP MODE, (EX: S, POR SELECT DATA BANK).HELP rrsa"H" FUNCTION: TO EXPLAIN ONE OR MORE COMMANDS FOR THE USER+HOW TO CALL:~W PRESS"H" TO GZT A LIST QP ALL THE EXISTING COMMANDS~IP TOU ARE INTERESTED IN A SPECIPIC COMMAND ENTER THE F I RST LETTER OP THAT COMMAND, (H~S,O,V,P,Q,T)
| |
| ~SELZCT DATA BANK'S" ssrsrrrssssasrss FUNCTION: TO SELECT ONE OP THZ EXISTING DATA BANKS.HQW TO CALL: 0 PRESS'S" TO CHOOSE A DATA BANK AND TO GET A LIST OP EXISTING DATA BANKS+SELECT OUTPUT OPTION"0'rrrarraaasaraaarrrs FUNCTION: TO CHOOSE AN ORAT PILE/DEVICE THAT OUTPUTS GET PRINT~ON, (M: FINAL SCRE N, LINE PRINT R, LINE PILE)o HOW TO CALL: PRESS'0" TO SZLZCT THE OUTPUT FILE/DEVICE.
| |
| 142 TABLE 5.2.(Continued).
| |
| VOCABULARY"V rsssssssss FUNCTION: TO GET THE VOCABULARY LIST FOR SOME OR ALL OF THE DESCRIPTORS.
| |
| HOW TO CALL: PRESS"V" TO GET THE VOCABULARY LIST.PERCENTAGE P"$$$$$$$$$$FUNCTION: TO PROVIDE THE USER WITH THE PERCENTAGE OF ITEMS IN THE TOTAL DATA BANK BELONGING TO THE SUBSET OF INTEREST.HOW TO CALL: PRESS'P" TO GET THE PERCENTAGE+
| |
| QUERY"Q"$$$$$FUNCTION: TO RETRI VE INFORMATION FROM THE SELECTED;DATA BANK.HOW TO CALL: PRESS'Q" TO RETRIEVE THE ACTUAL DATA FOR ALL OR PART OF THE SELECTED DATA BASE.TERMINATE THE PROGRAM"T'$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$FUNCTION: TO TERMINATE THE EXECUTION OF THE PROGRAMS HOW TO CALL: PRESS'T" TO END THE PROGRAM.143 TABLE 5.3.Program LI'K.I NTZGER I ARR (I 5)i NUM t N I,OGI CALLI RESP LOG I CAI ZQVC C Cissssss Cissssss Csssesss C 30 I E'ITER THE CODE NUMBER(S)OF THE DATA BANK(S)~WRITE(6, I)FORHAT(//,'ENT R THE CODE 1'LIKE TO ViQRK ARITH DURING I'THESE DATA BANKS WILL BE I'BE ACCESSZD LATER QNE AT I'SZPARATZD BT A'(EX NUMBER(S)QP THE DATA BANK(S)WHICH YOU'/, THE EXECUTION QP THIS PROGRAM+'/, RESTORED FROM THE TAPE AND CAN'/, A TIHE~CODE NUMBERS SHOULD BE/f 1,2,3,4)')
| |
| Ns FREAD (5 I NTEGER VZCTOR i I ARR~'I 5)IP(N.NE.O)
| |
| GQ TO 10 WRITE(6,2)
| |
| FORHAT(//,'NO ZNTRTI'/i I'DO TOV NEED THE LIST OF THE DATA BANKS?(7/N)')CALL PREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP, 1)IP(EQUC('I',RESP).
| |
| OR EQUC('p',RESP))
| |
| GQ TO 20 GO TO 30 C Csssssss Cissssss Cissssss C 20 WRI 3 FO PRINT THE LIST OP DATA BANKS IF NEEDED.TZ(6,3)RHAT(//,'THE DATA BANKS 1//, I'AKE.PH ITOPLANKTON 1'NTRAINED.
| |
| PHYTOPLANKTQN 1'AKE.ZCOPLANKTON I'NTRAINED.
| |
| ZOOPLANKTON
| |
| ''AKE.BENTHOS I'NTRAINED.
| |
| BENTHOS AND THEIR CODE NUMBERS ARE;', OR 1'/, OR 2'/I OR 3'/, OR 4'/, OR 5'/, OR 6'/, C RUN PROGRAH LINK RESUL S" IN CMATION QF T%QRARV" PILE-F, C WHERE"F INDICATES THE NAHE OF THE FILE WHICH CONTAINS THE C COMMANDS NECESSARY FOR RESTORATION OP THE DATA BASES FROM A C eFS TAPE.C UNIT 5 IS ASSIGNED TO iMSOURCZs TO READ THE CODE NUMBER(S)C OP THE DATA BANK(S)%iICH NEED TO BE RESTO~~~C VNIT 6 IS ASSIGNED TO iSINKe TO PRINT THE MESSAGES ON THZ C TERHINAI, C UNIT 7 IS ASSIGNED TO PILE"-G" FOR sFS VSE.C UNIT 8 IS ASSIGNED TO PILE-P" POR RESTORATION CQMHANDS.C C C C esssssessesssssssssssessssessessssssssssssssessse C s e C PROGRAM lINK;TO RESTORE THE DATA s C BASES FROM THE TAPE+s C i s C sesesssssssssssssssssissessssesssssssssssssssssss C C C TABLE 5.3.(Continued).
| |
| 1'MPINGED.BENTHOS 1'DULT.F I SH~
| |
| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| .STATISTICS 1'LAKE.ADULT.
| |
| FISH 1'MPINGED.
| |
| ADULT.FISH 1'LAKE.LARVAE 1'ENTRAINED.LARVAE 1'NUTRIENT.ANDoANION 1'LAKEWATER.CHEMISTRY 1'SEDIMENTS C GO TO 30 OR 7'/, OR 8 OR 9'/g OR 10'/, OR 11'/, OR 12'/, OR 13'/~OR 14'/, OR 15'C Ceeesees Ceeesees Cesssess C 10 CHECK THE ENTERED CODE NUMBER(S).
| |
| 40 C IF(J.EON)GO TO 50 IF((J.NE.O).AND.(J.LT.N))
| |
| GO TO 60 GO TO 70 JsO DO 40 Is 1,N IF((IARR(I
| |
| ).NE.O).AND.(IARR(I).LT.16))GO TO 40 Ja J+1 CONTINUE C 50 4 80 5 C 60 6 WRITE(6,4)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'THE ENTERED CODE NUMBER(S)ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE.')
| |
| WRITE(6,5)
| |
| FORMAT(//,'DO YOU NEED THE LIST OF THE DATA BANKS?(Y/N)')CALL FREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP, 1)IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 20 GO TO 30 WRITE(6, 6)J FORMAT(//,15, 1X,'WRONG CODE NUMBER(S).'/, 1'DO YOU WISH TO REENTER THE LINE?(Y/N)')CALL FREAD(5,'STRING:',RESP,1)
| |
| IF(EQUC('Y',RESP).
| |
| OR.EQUC('y',RESP))
| |
| GO TO 80 CREATION OF FILE"-G CALL CMDNOE('M-G',6)DO 90 I~1,N WRIT (7,8)FORMAT('Y' CONTINUE 8 90 C Csesssee Csseseee Csssssse C CREATION OF FILE F~WRITE(8,9)
| |
| FORMAT('CO~~DS' C Csesesse Ceeeeess Csesseee C 70 WRITE(7,7) 7 FORMAT ('ESPONDS'C TABLE 5.3.-(Continued).
| |
| C C CALL QC)NQE('EH"F',6), DQ 100!~1,N NUM~IARR(I)GQ To (120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190,210,220,230,240,250,260,270)
| |
| /NUM C 120 12 C WRITE(6, 11)NUH FORMAT(//g I 5~1X GQ To 100 WRITE(8, 12)FORMAT(~azs Toaz Go TO 100 t'NOT AN ACCEPTABIE CODE NUMBER~'LAKE, PHTTOPLANKTON-LAKE~PHTTO'130 WRITE(8, 13)13'FORMAT('RESTORE ENTRAINED PHTTOPLANKTON-ENT PHTTos)Go To 100 140 14 C 150 15 C 160 16 C 170 17 C 180 18 C 190 19 C 210 21 C 220 22 C 230 23 C 240 24 C 250 WRITE(8, 14)PQRMAT ('ESTORE GQ To 100 WRITE(8, 15)PQRHAT ('ESTORE GQ TO 100 waI TE(8, 16)FORMAT('zs Toar.GQ To 100 WRITE(8, 17)PQRMAT('zsToaz GQ TO 100 WRIm(8, 18)FORMAT('zs Toaz GQ TO 100 Wa?TE(8,19)
| |
| PORHAT('RESTORE GQ To 100 WRITE(8,21)
| |
| PORMAT('zs Toaz Go TO 100 WRIT (8,22)PORMAT('azsToaz GQ TO 100 WRITE(8, 23)FORMAT ('ESTORE GO To 100 waIT (8,24)PORHAT('RESTORE GQ TO 100 WRIT (8,25)LAKE.ZOOPLANKTON-LAKE.ZOO'ENTRAINED o ZCQPLANKTON-ENT.ZOQ'LAKE.BENTHOS-LAKEiBEN' E'.1TRAINED.BENTHOS
| |
| -~~.BEN'IMPINGED.BENTHOS
| |
| -!HP.BEN'ADULT.PISH
| |
| ~SUGARY.STATISTICS-AD.PISH o S is'LAKE+ADULT+PISH LoAD+FISH' IHP!NGED.ADULT.
| |
| FISH-I.AD.FISH'LAKE.LARVAE-L.LARVAE'
| |
| ~STRAINED.LARVAE-Eo LARVAE' TABLE 5.3.(Continued).
| |
| 25 FORMAT('ESTORE NUTRIENTS-NUTRIENTS
| |
| 'GO TO 100 C 260 WRITE(8,26) 26 FORMAT('RESTORE LAKEWATER-LAKEWATER')
| |
| GO TO 100 C 270 WRITE(8,27) 27 FORMAT('RESTORE SEDIMENTS-SEDIMENTS' 100 CONTINUE C Csssssss Csssssss END OF THE sFS COMMANDS IN FILE'-F" e Csssssss C WRITE(8,28) 28 FORMAT('STOP' C WRI TE(6,29)29 FORMAT(//,'AT THIS POINT THE TAPE IS BEING MOUNTED AND THE REQUESTED'/g 1'DATA BANK(S)ARE BEING RESTORED.COMPLETION OF THIS'/~1'PROCESS WILT TAKE A FEW MINUTES+PLEASE STAND BTl')C C STOP END 147 and then passing their responses on to the Taxir program.This program is made.possible by the fact that Taxii.can be loaded;and run as a.subroutine of a',.larger program.Using this feature in programming, two programs can be loaded together, and control commands can be passed to each other without unloading the first program.This allows both programs to remain loaded and maintain an updated value of their variables.
| |
| However, if a program is loaded along with the initialization of the variables by using an ordinary run command, problems can occur when a second run command is issued.This results in loading the new program and unloading of the first program, and can lead to the loss of the updated values for the parameters of the first program.The program INTERACT, using a Taxir FORTRAN callable subroutine, stores the necessary commands (statements) in an array of characters and passes them to Taxir as an argument of the subroutine, as shown in the following form: CALL TAXIR (ARRAY, LENGTH)ARRAY is the first calling argument containing the Taxir command, and LENGTH is the 2nd calling argument representing the length in characters of the com-mand.The LENGTH argument is important because at each call Taxir should look only at the meaningful characters stored in the array at that time so as to avoid problems which can be caused by the characters left by the previous com-mands of greater length.As an example, the Taxir call (as seen in various uses in program I~i RACT)can be: CALL TAXIR ('SET OUTPUT~*MSINK*', 18)Here, 18 is the number of the characters in this command, and this call could be made when the terminal screen is to be selected as the output device.148 4$
| |
| The above explanations show how, in general, different Taxir commands are passed by INTERACT (or any other FORTRAN program)to Taxir.However, Taxir can be called from INTERACT in two other special forms for two specific purposes.On these two calls, the LENGTH arguments have definite values, but the ARRAY arguments can be ignored and replaced by dummy parameters.
| |
| These two calls are explained as follows: 1.LENGTH~0 CALL TAXER ('DUMMY',0)
| |
| This call initializes Taxir and is equivalent to invoking Taxir with the SRUN*TAXIR command.This call is made only once in the beginning of the program INTERACT.2.LENGTH~-1 CALL TAXIR ('DRAY')-1)
| |
| This is equivalent to pressing the return key (in case Taxir is running by itself)to cancel a statement or a data item.This call is used in INTERACT whenever an error in the statement (command)passed to Taxir is detected.PROGRAM LINK There are 15 different data banks contained in the Cook data base~Some of these data banks are very large and occupy a large memory space.As a result, it is not economical to keep all the data on-linc'ur approach is to save these data banks on magnetic tape and to restore them in temporary files when they are needed'The program LINK (shown in Table 5')is designed to accomplish this task.This program can be called by INTERACT whenever the request is made 149 to restore some or all of the data base~When users respond to the computer'uery as to the.names of data;.banks to be restored,'the restoration of thes'e.data banks vill be.made in temporary files.This process, however, often:takes considerable time, especially during peak computer use periods~PROCEDURES FOR OPERATING INTERACT AND LINK To run the program INTERACT, the user should first sign on to NTS.This is done by entering the computer center account ID (CCID)and the passvord for that account shown as follows: DSIGNON XXXX (account ID)?KCK (Password)
| |
| Then enter the command: PSOURCE INTERACTIVE O: This statement vill start the execution of the program INTERACT.The com-munication from this point on is interactive; the users simply respond to the questions asked by the program.To ensure the success of the data retrieval, it is important to respond to all the questions asked by the program.However, during the execution of the program if there is a need to select a data bank, which may or may not be on-line, the program vill first check vhether the data bank being requested is on-linc'f the file is not on-line, the program LINK vill be run automatically to restore part or all of the requested data.The flow-diagram in Figure 5.1 represents the ma]or steps in the above operations.
| |
| 150 6 START SIGNON PASSWORD SOURCE INTERACTIVE f RUN INTERACT+OBJ+
| |
| TAXIR.e.S (SELECT DATABANK)IS DATABANK ONLINE CONTINUE WITH NEXT STEPS NO SOURCE RESTORE RUN LINK.OBJ.o~MOUNT 9TP M*+o~RUN*FS 0~&*...RUN INTERACT.OBJ~MAXIR.
| |
| ~~(TERMINATE THE PROGRAM)Figure 5~1.Flow-chart representation of stages involved in operations of INTERACT and LINK.151 UNIT ASSIGiiENTS FOR PROGRAMS INTERACT AND,LINK" Any CCID which is used to run the interactive program will have access to the following four files: File I: INTERACT.OBJ This file contains the ob)ect codes for the IiiERACT program.File II: LINK.OBJ The object codes for the LINK program are in this file.File III: INTERACTIVE This file consists of the following RUN command: RUN INTERACT.OBJ+*TAXIR 5~*MSOURCE*
| |
| 6>*SINK*7~-CHECK SERCOM~-CHECK This run command invokes Taxir and INTERACT, simultaneously.
| |
| H Units 5 and 6 are assigned to the terminal screen to serve as interactive input/output devices.Taxir error messages are written on a device called SERCOM.SERCOM and Unit 7 are assigned to the temporary file-CHECK.This file is used to detect and control typing errors made by the user.: File IV: RESTORE There are four commands in this file: Command A: RUN LI'iiK.OBJ 5~*MSOURCE*
| |
| 6~*SLY*7~G 8~-P Unit 8 is assigned to file-PE Pile-P contains the restoration commands.Units 5 and 6 are assigned to the terminal screen as explained in III.Unit 7 is assigned to M to be used later in MTS file saving program (*PS)~152 6 Command B: MOUNT C0073A 9TP M*VOL~COOK'COOK'his line of file RESTORE specifies that the 9-track computer tape should be mounted.Command C: RUN*FS 0~*T*SCARDS~-F" GUSER~-G SERCOM~-S SPRINT~-SP Running the*FS program will result in restoration of the requested databanks.
| |
| SCARDS is assigned to-F for input com-mands.GUSER is assigned to-G which is created by Command A for the source of response's to*FS prompting messages.SERCOM is assigned to-S for the error messages and SPRINT is assigned to-SP,for saving other messages from*FS.Command D: RUN INTERACT.OBJ+*TAXIR 5~*MSOURCE*
| |
| 6~*SINK*7~-CHECK SERCOM~-CHECK Finally, this last line of file RESTORE is the same run command as I in Command A.This identical run command will restart the program INTERACT.At this point, the file restoration is complete and data retrieval can be continued.
| |
| 153 CHAPTER 6 DISCUSSION 9 This report documents in detail the procedures used and the programs writ-ten in establishing the data base management system for the D.C.Cook ecologi" T cal study and describes the data contained in the data.base as well as the way in which these data can be accessed.This documentation can be used as a reference when accessing the data base and to clarify questions that arise during the use of this system.A computer data.base management system is essential for a large pro)ect because it can increase efficiency in report writing, data analyses, and data interpretation.
| |
| It can also enhance data exchange and utilization; provide an efficient way to archive the data;and act as a safeguard for access to and centralized management of the data.The Cook computer data base encompasses 15 indiuidual data banks.The total includes more than one-half million cases of biological, chemical, and physical information on the nearshore of southeastern Lake Michigan.This data base is considered one of the largest water quality information bases for the southeastern portion of the lake.Considerable experience has been O gained from the establishment of this data base.This experience can be useful for establishing a computer data system for other pro)ects and is discussed in the paragraphs which follow.Any sizable research pro]ect should have a computerized data base manage-ment system.Such a system should be established at the onset of the research project, beginning at the same time as the beginning of data collection.
| |
| Nhen one is still in the research planning phase, considerations should be given to 154 1)the type of data which will be collected, 2)the kind of analysis and report format which will be needed, 3)the type of access which is expected, and 4)the type of information retrieval which will be used frequently.
| |
| These considera-tions are critical to ensure that the computerized data base meets the needs of the users.Once the answers for these questions are provided, a uniform data reporting format should be used.This can reduce the time and effort needed to establish a data base management system.One needs to know what DBMS programs are available from the main, frame of the computer and at what cost for data entry and subsequently updating'ne should also know the capabilities and limitations of the available DBMS programs, whether the capabilities of a DBMS program meet the basic needs for a project, and whether the limitations would impose a serious restriction on the operation and use of the data base.Considerations of DBMS should also cover the maintenance and expansion of a data base and the degree of difficulty for a person to use and operate the data base management system.'I The discussion thus far has assumed that the state of computer technology and data base management has remained unchanged.
| |
| Et is important to realize that is not the case, that a DBMS which serves you today will certainly differ greatly't some time in the future.We have observed rapid progress in the use and operation of computers in the past 10 years.We can expect that similar even faster progress may be made in the time to come~For example, it would not be unthinkable that one could simply speak to a computer receiver to retrieve needed-information from a DBMS in the near future, as voice recognition and natural language queries become components of data base management systems.As computers become more powerful and able to store large amounts of data less expensively, a DBMS could include graphics or instant results of statistical 155 analyses vith a few simple commands.Simplified protocol can make the use of DBMS an easy task and,vill enable the user to access many on-line informati'on services vithout learning specialized techniques, or command languages for each one.Accessing an ecological data base in this case would not differ too much from getting cash from your bank account by using a computer terminal~By then, DBifS will truly be an integral part of our daily life.The tedious task of data selection and analyses for aquatic studies can be accomplished in a matter of a few minutest While dreaming of possible future directions in computer technology for data base management systems, we hope and believe that the Cook data base management system represents the state of the art for the present and can facilitate the use and access of ecological data for southeastern Lake"fichigan.
| |
| 45 156 I; BIBLIOGRAPHY Ayers, J.C., and E.Seibel.1973.Benton Harbor Power Plant Limnological Studies.Part XVII.Program of aquatic studies related to the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.Univ.of Michigan, Great Lakes Res.Div., Spec.Rep.No.44, ii, 1, 2 pp~Bassler, R.A., and J.J.Logan.1976.The technology of the data base management systems.College Readings, Inc., Virginia.Berryman, J.1981'ata base managements Computing Center Newsletter.
| |
| Univ.of Michigan, Computing Center.Vol~11, Nos~10, 11, 12.Bridges, T.1982.Data base machines.J.Data Management 11: 14-16.Brill, B.C.1983.TAXIR Primer Manual.Univ.of Michigan, Computing Center.Cordenas, A.F.1979.Data base management systems.Allyn and Bacon, Inc., Mas sachuse tts~Enger, N.L.1983.Developing data base structure specifi,cations.
| |
| J.Data Management 2:16-19.Hamper, R.1983.Integrating WP and DP.Data Processing J.London 1:17-18.Hermann, K.H.1983.Caught between two stools.Data Processing J.London 1:11-13.Kahn, M.A., D.L.Rumelhar t, and B.L.Bronson.1977.MICRO Manual.Univ.of Michigan and Wayne State Univ., ILIR.Kaplowitz, H.1981.Application development in a data base environment.
| |
| J.Data Management 9:24-26.Lane, L.L.1980.First evaluate user needs, limits, then product assets, limits~J.Data Management 5:52-55.Martin, J.1977'Data base organization.
| |
| Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey.157 Omar, M.H..198O DBMS simplified.
| |
| J., DataManagement 10:,23.-26.
| |
| Russell, J.'.1983'll the info-all the time-on=line-.J.Data Management' 2: 41&2.Schussell, G..1983~Mapping out the DBMS territory.
| |
| J.Data Management 2:24-27.Silbey, V.1979.Documentation standardization.
| |
| J.Data Management 4:32-35.1976.SPIRES Normal~Stanford Univ., Stanford, California.
| |
| I 158 Appendix 2.1 ,1986 Annual Report Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2 Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc..
| |
| Ill'l t.
| |
| AMERICAN ELECTRIC POV/ER SERVICE CORPORATION DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT RADIOLOGICAL EN VIRON MENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1986 SUBMITTED BY: CONTROLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, INC.l925 ROSINA STREET SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO 87502 Copy No.Prepared By: 3 Bob Bates, Contract Manager Approved By: ames J.Mveller, President CONTENTS Section l.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 Title Abstract Introduction Description of the Monitoring Program Analytical Procedures Major Instrumentation
| |
| ~Pa e l2 5.0 Isotopic Detection Limits and Activity Determinations l6 6.0 7.0 S.O Quality Control Program Data Interpretations and Conclusions Missing Samples List 24 Appendix A: Appendix 8: EPA Cross-check Program, CEP TLD Cross-check Data II2 l23 TABLES Number Sampling Locations Collection Schedule~Pa e l0 IV Aliquot Used For Detection Limit Calculation and Actual Analysis Detection Limits By Other Than Camma Spectrometry 21 V YI VII YIII IX XI Sample Counting Times Detection Limits By Gamma Spectrometry Cross Beta In Air Particulates, First Quarter 1986 Cross Beta In Air Particulates, Second Quarter l986 Cross Beta In Air Particulates, Third Quarter 1986 Cross Beta In Air Particulates, Fourth Quarter l986 Cross Beta In Air Particulates, Quarter Statistical Summary 22 23 27 29 3l 33 35 XII Cross Beta In Air Particulates, Statistical Summary l986 36 XIII XIV Airborne Radioiodine, First Quarter l986 Airborne Radioiodine, Second Quarter l986 5l XY XVI X YII X VIII~XIX XX Airborne Radioiodine, Third Quarter l986'irborne Radioiodine, Fourth Quarter l986 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry (TLD}Fresh Milk, Schuler Farm-Radiochemical Fresh Milk, Schuler Farm-Camma Spectrometry Fresh Milk, Totzke Farm-Radiochemical 53 55 72 73 7 t XXI XXII XXIII XXIV Fresh Milk, Totzke Farm-Gamma Spectr'ometry Fresh Milk, Lozmack Farm-Radiochemical Fresh Milk, Lozmack Farm-.Gamma Spectrometry Fresh Alilk,'5'yant Farm-Radiochemical 75 77 TABLES Number XXV XXVI XXVll XXVIII XXIX XXX XXXI X XXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX YXXX XXXXI XXXXII XXXXIII XXXXIV XXXXV XXXXVI XXXXVII XXXXVIII Title Fresh Milk, Wyant Farm-Gamma Spectrome'try Fresh.'Ailk, Livinghouse-Radiochemical Fresh Milk, Livinghouse-Gamma Spectrometry Fresh Milk, Zelmer Farm-Radiochemical Fresh Milk, Zelmer Farm-Gamma Spectrometry Fresh Milk, Warmbien Farm-Radiochemical Fresh hiilk, Warmbien Farm-Gamma Spectrometry Croundwater
| |
| -Radiochemical
| |
| 'roundwa ter-Gamma Spectro me tr y Vegetation
| |
| -Gamma Spectrometry Fish-Gamma Spectrometry Bottom Sediment-Gamma Spectrometry Drinking Water, Lake Township-Radiochemical Drinking Water, Lake Township-Camma Spectrometry Drinking Water, St.3oseph-Radiochemical Drinking Water, St.3oseph-Camma Spectrometry Drinking Water, New Buffalo-Radiochemical Drinking Water, New Buffalo-Camma Spectrometry Surface Water, North Lake-Radiochemical Surface Water, North Lake-Camma Spectrometry Surface Water, South Lake-Radiochemical Surface Water, South Lake-Gamma Spectrometry Circulating Water-Radiochemical Circulating Water-Camma Spectrometry
| |
| ~Pa e 79 SO Sj 99 100 101 102 103 100 105 106 107 ICS 109 110 Figures Number Title Collection Locations Map-D.C.Cook Plant Collection Locations Map-Surrounding Locations Gross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONS1 Weekly Activity~Pa e 37 Gross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONS2 Weekly Activity 38 Cross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONS3 Weekly Activity 39 Cross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONSET Weekly Activity 90 Gross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONS5 Weekly Activity Cross Beta in Air Particulates
| |
| -Station ONS6 Weekly Activity Gross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station NBF Weekly Acti rity 43 l0 Cross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station SBN Weekly Activity Cross Beta In Air Particulates
| |
| -Station DOW Weekly Activity 12 Gross Beta In Air Particulates
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| -Station COL Weekly Activity 13 Gross Beta In Air Particulates
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| -blean iVeekly Activity IO Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location ONS l 59 l5 l7 l9 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location ONS2 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location OYS3 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location ONS<Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location OYS5 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location OYS6 59 60 6l 6l' Figures Number 20 21 Title Therrnoluminescent Dosimetry-Location ONS7 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location ONSS~Pa e 62 62 22 23 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-t Thermoluminescent Dosimetry,-
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| Location ONS9 Location OFSI Thermoluminescent Dosimetry;-
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| Location OFS2 63 6Q 60 25 26 27 2S 29 30 Thermoluminescent Thermoluminescent Thermoluminescent Thermoluminescent Thermoluminescen t Dosimetry-f Dosimetry-l Dosimetry-Dosimetry.-
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| Dosimetry-Thermoluminescent Dosimetry.'-
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| Location OFS3 Location OFSO Location OF55 Location OF56 Location OFS7 Location OFSS 65 65 66 66 67 67 3l Thermoluminescent Dosime'try
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| -Location OFS9 32 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location OFSIO 33 3g Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-
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| /Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location VBF Location SBN 69 69 35 36 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location DO~V Thermoluminescent Dosimetry-Location COL 70 70 37 Tritium in Croundwater
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| -l986 90 Abstract Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc (CEP)has conducted a operational radiological environmental monitoring program for American Electric Power Service Corporation (AEPSC), Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant, Units I and 2, starting October 1, 1985.This annual report presents data for 1986.Analytical results are presented and discussed along with other pertinent information.
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| Possible trends and anomalous results, as interpreted by CEP, are discussed.
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| 1.0 Introduction This report presents an analysis of the results of the Radiological Environmental Mon!toring Program conducted during l986 for American Electric Power Service Corporation, Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant, Units I and 2.In compliance with federal and state regulations and in its concern to maintain the quality of the local environment, AEPSC began its radiological monitoring program in 1973.The objectives of the radiological environmental monitoring program are as follows: I)to establish baseline radiation levels in the environs prior to reactor operations; 2)to monitor potential critical pathways of radioeffluent to man;3)to determine radiological impact on the environment caused by the operation of the D.C.Cook Nuclear Plant.A number of techniques are being used to distinguish Cook Plant effects from other sources during the operational phase, including application of established background levels.Operational radiation levels measured in the vicinity of the Cook Plant will be compared with the pre-operational measurements at each of the sampling locations.
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| In addition, results of the monitoring program will help to evaluate sources of elevated levels of radiation during reactor operation in the environment, e.g., atmospheric fallout or abnormal plant releases.The Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant is located on the shore of Lake 5!ichigan approximately one mile northwest of Bridgman, 1!ichigan.
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| The Plant consists of two pressurized water reactors, Unit I, l030 RIFLE and Unit 2, IIGG 5!O'E.(:nit I achieved initial criticality on 3anuary IS, 1975 and Unit 2 achieved initial criticality on Klarch IG, l97S.
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| During the weekend of April 26, 1986,,a Soviet Union (USSR)Nuclear reactor located at Chernobyl (north of Kiev)suffered a major accident, resulting in a significant release of radioactivity.
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| Due to the easterly flow of the upper air, the radioactive plume drifted over the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean before arriving on the west coast of the United States.D.C.Cook first detected contamination from the plume in the air particulate samples collected on 05/13/86.Other sample matrixes indicated increases in activity during the second quarter 1986.All elevated levels of activity can be directly attributable'o the Chernobyl accident and the resulting radioactive plume.Changes to the monitoring program during 1986 are as fo11ows: November 21, 1986-Two new milk farms are added to the REMP.2.November I, 1986-The D.C.Cook plant personnel began collecting all environmental samples, taking the place of the CEP hired sample collector.
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| '3.5.September 8, 1986-Air samples are collected on llonday's versus Tuesdays.i%lay 15, 1986-New Buffalo drinking station is deleted by Technical specification (Amendment 90 for Unit f/I and Amendment 80 for Unit//2).3anuary IP, 1986-All air samples began to be collected on the same day of the week.This replaces the old system where on-site samples were collected on a different day than the offsite samples.2.0 Descri tion of the Monitorin Pro ram American Electric Power Service Corporation has contracted with Controls for I Environmental Pollution, Inc.starting October I, 1985, to determine the radiation levels existing in and around the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant area.From 3anuary I, 1986 to December 31, 1986, CEP and Cook Plant personnel have collected the samples and shipped them to CEP for analysis.The type of samples collected during 1986 were: milk, airborne particulates, airborne radioiodine, direct radiation(TLD), grounds ater,, food products, fish, bottom sediment, drinking water and surface water.Supplemental i'/I G</20/87 Locations of the monitoring sites are shown in Figures I and 2.Table I presents monitoring.
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| sites and the respective samples collected.
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| Sample collection frequency for each of the monitoring locations is depicted in Table II.Meanings of sample type codes used in Table I are as follows: CODE MEANING ONS SBN DO'dt'OL OFS LS On Site Location New Buffalo, A!I Location South Bend, IN Location Dowagiac, MI Location Coloma,,'.ll Location Off Site Lake Sediment Figure I UN R E STRICT ED A R EA NORTH NORTH PROPERTY LINE-Wi.Al.A7 A2 ROAD M/chfgon Ll=%5 I Ln I==L2 SHORE LINE I N-S PLANT ,,I==L3 RAIL.ROAO~: A(:,XjP;:.'':
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| TRACK ('r9 ,A8 545kV l YARD I I ,'/.';:::,,:: ,j::.'..-",.':;,.-.;:,',:,::::
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| r',;,i',,::",:::'=IB PLANT ,::.:-j 765kY~3.:!j y j':: YARD.~/A4:-'j'"'::j
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| //::::-j.:-'j',000 FOOT.,'"'je"C'0 L IOOO 2000 SCALE 3000 4000 FEET A Air, Precipitation, TLO Stotions Q/Well Water Sample Stations L Lake Ntater Sample Stations Note Stations A7 8 and 9 are TI,D Stations Onlv A air particulate, TLD, racllolod Inc.'M milk T TLD Figure Z 20 rr!EZS~A~Watervttet Coloma BENTON HARBOR ST, JO PH New Buffalo Stevensviete D.C.COOK Lll PLANT~Qridgrnan~)5 Ber rien Springs'Eau Claire NILE S" I DOWAG IAC/+el/////as jo i~/CHION iNOIaNA 5 IO New Carlisle SOUTH BEND 20 SCALE OF MILES TABLE I SAMPLING LOCATIONS'LOCATION CODE ONS-l (Al)ONS-2 (A2)ONS-3 (A3)ONS-0 (A0)ONS-5 (A5)ONS-6 (A6)NBF SBN DO%COL ONS-7 (A7)ONS-3 (AS)ONS-9 (A9)OFS-l OFS-2 OFS-3 OFS-0 OFS-5 OFS-6 OFS-7 OFS-g DESCRIPTION+
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| 0.0 mi NiNE, Meteorological Tower 0./i mi NE, Yisitors Center road 0.5 mi ENE, 765 KV Yard 0.4 mi ESE, Onsite 0.4 mi SC', Qnsite QA mi SS%', Shoreline and Fence Line 3unction l6.0 mi SSEV, Town of New Buffalo, Ml 24.0 mi SE, City of South Bend ID 26.0 mi ENE, Town of Dowagiac, i'll 20.0 mi NNE, Town of Coloma, Ml 0.0 mi NNE, Onsite 0.0 mi ENE, Onsite 0.3 mi SSE, Onsite 3.5 mi NNE, Intersection of Red Arrow Highway and X',arquette 5'oods Road, Pole//B294-00 3.0 mi NNE, Stevensville Substation 0.0 mi NE, Pole//B296-I3 3.2 mi ENE, Pole//B350-72 3.2 mi ESE, Intersection of Shawnee and Cleveland, Pole i/B3S7-32 3.5 mi SE, Intersection of Snow Road and Holden Pole//B<26-70 2.0 mi S, Bridgman Substation 3.0 mi SSE, California Road, Pole//B424-20 SAMPLE TYPES Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD Air, TLD TLD TLD TLD TLD TLD TLD TL C'LD TABLE I (Continued)
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| SAMPLING LOCATIONS 45 LOCATION CODE OFS-9 OFS-IO DESCRIPTION+
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| 3.25 mi E, Riggles Road, Pole//B369-210 2.6 mi SSW, Intersection of Red Arrow Highway and Hildebrant Road, Pole//B022-I52 SAMPLE TYPES TLD TLD WI W5 W6 W7 Totzke Wyant Lozmack Schuler Livinghouse Warmbien Z elmer ONS-5 ONS-iV OFS-5 OFS-N LS-2 LS-3 LI 0.0 mi iViVE, Rosemary Beach 0.5 mi NE, Scrapyard 0.7 mi ENE, itSU Trailer O.OI mi iVW, Onsite O.OI mi W, Onsite O.OI mi SSW, Onsite 0.0 mi S, Livingston Beach.0.5 mi ENE, Totzke Farm, STV (At)IS.O mi E, Wyant Farm, DOW (~t)9.0 mi SSE, Lozmack Farm, TOK (iit)l.25 mi SE, Schuler Farm, BRD (it)20 mi S, Livinghouse Farm, LPT (At)7,8 S, Warmbien Farm, TKS (At)0.75 mi SSE, Zelmer Farm, BDC (~t)0.5 mi S (maximum), Lake iitichigan 0.5 mi iV (maximum), Lake~tichigan 0.5 mi S (minimum), Lake Michigan 0.5 mi N (minimum), Lake~itichigan 0.25 mi N, North Shoreline, Lake!~tichigan 0.25 mi S, South Shoreline, Lake~tichigan Circulating intake Well'Water Well Water Well Water Well Water Well Water'Well Water Well Water i>>titk i tiik.>>t ilk.itiik'tilk i Iilk Fish Fish Fish Fish Sediment Sediment Circulating Supplemental
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| //I 00/20/S7 4S TABLE I (Continued)
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| SAMPLING LOCATIONS LOCATION CODE L2 L3 DESCRIPTION+
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| O.l mi SSW, from point of discharge (South Lake)O.l mi NNE, from point of discharge (North Lake)SAMPLE TYPES Surface Water Surface Water Vl V2 STZ (D)LTW (D)NBF (D)" Onsite Onsite St.3oseph Station Lake Township Station New Buffalo Station Vegetation Vegetation Drinking Water Drinking Water Drinking Water W I II~~J f t I 1+All distances are measured from the center line between Unit l and Unit 2.++Deleted from REMP on May l5, l986, as per Technical Specification change 3.12.1, Table 3.12-I, Item 3C (Amendment No.90 for Unit dl and Amendment No.80 for Unit 82).
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| Collection Site ONS-I (AI)ONS-2 (A2)ONS-3 (A3)ONS-0 (AO)ONS-5 (A5)ONS-6 (AC)ONS->.(Az)
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| ONS-fl (A3)ONS-9 (A9}Of.s-I Ol S-2 Of.s-3 OI-S-O Of.s-5 OI.S-6 OI S-7 Ol S-8 Of S-9 OI S-l0 NI(l SIIN I>OW COL Air Particulates W W W Air lladioiodine W W TABLE II COLLECTION SCHEDULE Well Lake Drinking Water Water Water Sediment Fish Milk~Ve etatinn Tkts Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q TA.II (Continued)
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| COLLECTION SCl lEDULE Collection Site Air Particulates Air Radioiodine Well Water Lake Drinking Water Water Sediment Fish Milk~Ve etatien TLD W-5 W-6 W-7 i3DG (M)STY (M)TKS (M)BOW (M)LPT (M)TOK (M)l3RD (M)ONS-S ONS-N Ors-S OPS-N LS-2 LS-3 LI L2 L3 Yl Y2 STj (D)LTW (D)NDl-(D)M(2)M(2)>>M(2)<<SA(2)>>>>SA(2)<<>>SA(2)<<>>SA(2)<<>>SA(2)<<>>SA(2)>>>>M(2)<<M(2)<<M(2)<<M(2)>>M(2)<<M(2)<<M(2)>>"Twice a Inonth SA=Semi Annual W=Weekly Q=Quarterly Y=Yearly M=Monthly I 3.0 Anal tical Procedures The analytical procedures.discussed in this report'are those routinely used by CEP to analyze.samples.3.1 Fresh Milk 3.1-1 Iodine-131 Two liters of milk containing standardized iodine carrier are stirred with Dowex 1 X 8 anion exchange resin for one hour.The iodine is stripped from the resin with sodium perchlorate (NaCIOii)and precipitated with silver nitrate (AgNO3).The precipitate is filtered onto a tared glass fiber filter, and dried.The dried precipitate is weighed for percent recovery and counted for iodine-131 in a thin window, gas flow, proportional counter.3.1.2 Gamma S ctromet A suitable aliquot of sample is placed in a marinelli beaker anC counted with a multichannel analyzer equipped with an intrinsic Germanium detector which is coupled to a ii096 channel, computer based, mu!ti-channel analyzer (Tracor Northern TNii500).o 3.2 Ve etation (Food Products)3.2.1 Camma S ctromet Refer to Milk Subsection 3.1.2.3.3 Surface Water Ground Water and Drinkin Water 3.3.1 Gamma S ctromet Refer to Milk Subsection 3.1.2.3.3.2 Cross Beta A one liter aliquot of sample is evaporated to dryness and trar.sferred to a stainless steel planchet.The Cross Beta radioactivity is measured by counting the planchet in an internal gas flow, simultaneous proportional, low background counter.3.3.3 Tritium Three milliliters of the sample are mixed with Packard Optif ivor cocktail.The mixture is nineteen percent sample in a clear gel type aquasol.The'ials are then counted for Tritium in a Beckman Model LS-5801 Liquid Scintillation System for 000 minutes.3.0, Air Particulate 3A.1 Gross Beta The filter is placed in a stainless steel planchet and counted for Gross Beta activity using a low background, internal gas flow, simultaneous proportional counter.3.0.2 Gamma S ctrometr The air filters are sealed in small, plastic Marinelli beakers and counted utilizing the method described in Milk Subsection 3.1.2.3.5 Airborne Radioiodine (Alkaline Leach Method)Radioiodine is removed from activated charcoal along with a standardized iodine i~carrier using concentrated ammonium hydroxide (fAHqOH)and hydrogen peroxide'H202).The charcoal is filtered and the remaining solution is acidified with nitric acid (HNO3)and extracted with carbon tetrachloride (CClq).A 0.2~o hydrazine solution supplies futher purification and an aqueous media for precipitation.
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| iodine is precipitated with silver nitrate (AgNO3)and filtered:onto a tared glass fiber filter as silver iodide (Agl), The dried precipitate is weighed for recovery and counted for iodine-131 in a thin window, gas flow, proportional counter.
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| 3.6 Sediment(Shoreline)
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| -Gamma S tromeRefer to Milk Subsection 3.I.2.3.7 Fish-Gamma S ctrometr Refer to Milk Subsection 3.I.2.1.0 Ma or Instrumentation 0.1 Beckman Li uid Scintillation Countin S stem A Beckman LS-5801 Liquid Scintillation System will be used for all Tritium determinations.
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| The system has a tritium counting efficiency of sixty percent in a wide open window.0.2 Tracor Northern Com uter Based Gamma S trometer The Gamma Spectrometer consists of a Tracor Northern TN-4500 Multichannel Analyzer equipped with: I)a DEC LSI-II/23 microprocessor; b)a DEC RT-II version IV operating system;c)a free standing console consisting of a full ASCII keyboard;d)a comprehensive MCA Control Section and e)two solid state Ge(LI)detectors and three intrinsic detectors having 2.S KeV, 3.0 KeV, 2.07 KeV, 2.20 KeV and I.S5 KeV resolutions and respective efficiencies of l6.I.6, 8.9%, 22.6%, 30.6'nd 25.IF~.The Computer Based Tracor Northern Gamma Spectrometry System is used for all Gamma Counting.The system uses Tracor Northern developed software (automatic isotope analysis)to search and identify, as well as quantize the peaks of interest.0.3 Beckman Wide Beta II Low Back round Gas Pro rtional S stem The Beckman Wide Beta ll two-inch detector counting system has an average of 2.5 cpm Beta background and O.l cpm Alpha background.
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| The system can also be set up'with a one-inch detector.The system capacity is one hundred samples.The detector has an efficiency of 60K~for Strontium-90 and 4095 for Plutonium-239.;
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| ~~~'OA Beckman Wide Beta II Low Back round Cas Pro rtional S stem (Simultaneous)
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| The Beckman Wide Beta II two-inch planchet counting system has an average of 2.5 cpm Beta background and O.l cpm Alpha background.
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| The detector has a sixty percent efficiency for Strontium-90 and forty percent for Plutonium-239.
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| This system has been designed for simultaneous Alpha and Beta counting.The system sample capacity is one hundred samples.4.5 Beckman Low Beta II Low Back round Beta S stem The Beckman Low Beta II Cas proportional one-inch detector counting system has an average of l.5 cpm Beta background and O.l cpm Alpha background and detector efficiency of sixty percent for Strontium-90 and forty percent for Plutonium-239.
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| The system capacity is one hundred samples.The system can also be set up with a two-inch detector having 2.5 cpm Beta background and 0.1 cpm Alpha background.
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| 0.6 Tennelec LB5100 S'stem The Tennelec LB5100 System has two-inch planchet counting system and has an average of 2 cpm Beta background and O.l cpm Alpha backgorund.
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| This system has been designed for simultaneous Alpha and Beta counting.The system sample capacity is fifty samples.The system efficiency for Alpha (Plutonium-239) is twenty-one percent, while the Be ta (S tron tium-90)e f f iciency is fi f t y-one percent.0.7, Berthold-10-Channel Low-Level Planchet Countin S stem The Berthold LB770 is capable of simultaneously counting 10 planchets for Cross Alpha and Cross Beta activities alternately with proportional gas flow detectors.
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| The system has an average background count rate of less than 1 count per minute for Beta and less than 0.05 count per minute for Alpha.The instrument has an Alpha efficiency of thirty-three percent for Plutonium-239 and Beta efficiencies of forty-five percent for Strontium-Yttrium-90, and forty-three percent for
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| !Cesium-i37..
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| The system is connected to-a computer to calculate samples pCi/unit volume.5.0 Isoto ic Detection I.imits and Activi Determinations Analytical Detection limits are governed by a number of factors including:
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| The sample size taken is based on the numerical data one wishes to obtain which can describe a particular situation and can be interpreted as a basis for possible action.The sample size has to be representative and provide for accurate analysis or the entire process is invalid (Table III).5.2 Countin Ef ficien The fundamental quality in the measurement of a radioactive substance is the number of disintegrations per unit time.As with most physical measurements in analytical chemistry, it is seldom possible to make an absolute measurement of the disintegration rate but rather it is necessary to compare the sample with on or more standards.
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| The standards determine the counter efficiency which may then be used to convert sample counts per minute (c'pm)to disintegrations per minute (dpm).5.3 Back round Count Rate Any counter will show a certain counting rate without a sample in position.This background counting rate comes from several sources: l)natural environmental radiation from the surroundings; 2)cosmic radiation; and 3)the natural radioactivity in the counter material itself.The background counting rate will depend on the amount of these types of radiation and the sensitivity of the counter to the radiation.
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| 5A Back round and Sam le Countin Time The amount of time devoted to counting background depends on the!evel of activity being measured.In general, with low level samples, this time should be about equal to that devoted to counting a sample (Table V).5.5 Time Interval Between Sam le Collection and Countin Decay measu'rements are useful in identifying certain short-lived isotopes.The disintegration constant, or its related quantity, the half-life, is one of the basic characteristics of a specific radionuclide and is readily determined if the half-life is sufficiently short.5.6 Chemical Recove of the Anal tical Procedures Most radiochemical analyses are carried out in such a way that losses occur during the separations.
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| These losses occur due to a la'rge number of contaminants that may be present and interfere during chemical separations.
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| Thus it is necessary to include a technique for estimating these losses in the development of the analytical procedure.
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| The Lower Limits of detection are calculate'd using the following formula: LLD=0.66 sb E~V~2.22~Y exp (-X5 t)WHERE: LLD"A priori" lower limit of detection as defined above (as pCi per unit mass or volume).sb V Standard deviation of the background counting rate or of the counting rate of a blank sample as appropriate (as counts per minute).Counting efficieny (as counts per disintegration).
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| Sample size (in units of mass or volume).2022 Y 8umber of disintegrations per minute per picocurie.
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| Fractional radiochemical yield (when applicable).
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| Radioactive decay constant for the particular radioisotope.
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| 6 t=Elapsed time'etween sample collection (or end of the sample collectio period)and time of counting.The value of sb used ln the calculation of the LLO for a particular measurement system is based on the actual observed variance of the background counting rate, or, of the counting rate of the blank sample, (as appropriate), rather than on an unverified theoretically predicated variance.In calculating the LLD for a radionuclide determined by gamma-ray spectrometry, the background included the typical contributions of other nuclides normally present in the samples.The activities per unit sample mass or volume are determined using the following formula: C-8+1.96 C+8 Yi T2 (2,22)(V)(R)(E)(e-X t)(2.22)(V)(R)(E)(e-A t)WHERE: 2.22 (e X t)1.96 Activity as pCi per units sample mass or volume.Sample count rate in counts per minute.Background counts per minute.Sample volume or mass analyzed.Counter efficiency as cpm/dpm.Numerical constant to convert disintegrations per minute to picocuries.
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| Decay factor to correct the activity to time of collection.
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| Counting time in minutes.Statistical constant for the 959~confidence level.Chemical recovery or photon yield..6.0 ualit Control Pro ram CEP employs a mutli-faceted Quality Control Program designed to maintain high performance of its laboratory.
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| The overall objectives of the program are to: l.\20 Verify that work procedures are adequate to meet specifications of AEPSC.Coordinate an in-house quality control program independent of external programs, to assure that CEP is operating at maximum efficiency.
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| -Ig-Objectives are met by a variety of procedures that oversee areas of sample receipt and handling, analysis and data review.These procedures include standard operating procedures, known and unknown spike analysis, blank analysis, reagent, carrier and nuclide standardization as well as participation in the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency's Interlaboratory Cross-check Program.(See Appendix A for EPA Radiological Cross-check results).
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| TABLE III ALI UOT USED FOR DETECTION LIMIT CALCULATION AND ACTUAL ANALYSIS Sam le T Cross Beta Gamma S c Iodine-I 3 I Tritium A ir Par t icula tes Airborne Radioiodine Milk Vege trr t ion (Food Products)Surface Water Ground Water l)rinking Water Sedirrrent (Sltore linc:)Fisb 265 rn3 1000 ml 265 m3 1000 ml 500 g 1000 ml 1000 ml 1000 ml 200 g 200 g 265 rn3 2000 ml 3 rnl 3 rnl 3 nr1 4 TABLE IV DETECTION LIMITS OY OTHER TI-IAN GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sam)Ie T Gross Beta Iodine-l3l Tritium Air Particulates Airborrre Radioiodirre Mill<Surface Water Grouu<l%'a ter Drirrkinl, Wa ter 0.00rr pCi/rn3 2.0 pCi/I 2.0 pCi/I 2.0 pCi/I 0.005 pCi/m3 O.rr pCi/I 0.5 pCi/I 0.5 pCi/I 0.5 pCr/I 300 pCi/I 300 pCr/I 300 pCi/I TABLE V SAMPLE COUNTING TIMES Sam le T Gross Beta Iodine-l 3l Tritium Air Particulates Airborne Piadioiodine Milk Vegetation (Food Products)Surface Water Ground Water Drinking Water Sediment (Sl>orelinc) l isli l00 min l00 benin l00 n)in l00 n>in 8 lirs 8 brs 8 l>rs 8 brs 8 l)rs 8 lirs 8 I>rs 8 l>rs l00 min 100 min 000 min 000 min 000 min TABLE VI DETECTION LIMITS BY GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Isoto Vegetation i/K (wet)Vater Milk Air Filter~CI/I~CI/I~I/m3 Fish Ci/K (wet)Soil Ci/K (dr)Cer ium-104 Barium-La-100 Cesium-130 Ru, Rh-106 Cesium-137 Zr, Nb-95 hlanganese
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| -50 iron-59 Zinc-65 Cobalt-60 Cobalt-58 121 75 29 143 00 66 21 21 60 63 30 17 5 2 3 15 5 5 10 16 0.005 0.030 0.023 0.001 0.001 Q.026 0.001 0.006 0.045 0.019 0.02%~I 80 00 00 60 100 100 30 60 QP 70 Qp 80 30 100 80+Charcoal Trap 7.0 Data Inter retation and Conclusions Interpretations and conclusions regarding all types of samples analyzed during 1986 are discussed in the following sections.For the calculation of means the detection limit value is used for all samples with activities below the detection limit.7.1 Air Particulates Air particulate samples were collected from each of the ten monitoring sites on a weekly basis during 1986.During the year, four samples could not be reported due to the following reasons: Date Station Reason 01/21/86 02/00/86 03/1 1/86 07/22/86 ONS6 ONSET, iVBF ONS5 Malfunctioning meter Lost during shipment Sample missing at site Po~er off at station Air filters were analyzed for Gross Beta activity.Gamma Spectralanalysis o the air filters is done on the individual station composites on a quarterly basis.Table VII presents the Gross Beta activities observed during the first quarter of 1986.L'evels ranged from a low of less than 0.000 pCi/m3 to a high of 0.038+0.003 pCi/m at Station OiVS3 (02/18/86).
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| Mean weekly activities ranged from less than 0.000 pCi/m3 at the offsite collection locations, to 0.022+0.016 pCi/m3 at the onsite collection locations on 02/18/86.This data is consistent with preoperational data.Table VIII presents the Gross Beta activities observed during the second quarter of 1986.Levels ranged from a low of less than 0.000 pCj/m3 to a high of 0.155+0.005 pCi/m3 at Station SBiV (05/27/86).
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| Mean weekly activities ranged from 0.005+0.001 pCi/m at the offsite collection locations on 00/15/86 0.135+0.020 pCi/m at the of f si te collection sites on 05/27/86.
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| Gamma spectralanalysis of the second quarter composites indicated the following activity due to the Chernobyl accident (See Section 1.0).GAMMA SPECTRALANALYSIS SECOND QUARTER 1986 COMPOSITE oe/01/86-07/01/86 Location ONSI'NS2 ONS3 ONSET ONS5 ONS6 COL DOW NBF SBN CS-130 0.023+0.008+0.002 0.01 1+0.001 CS-137 0.001+0.013+0.002 0.009+0.002 0.0 I 0+0.002 0.008+0.002 0.0 I 2+0.002 0.010+0.002 0.005+0.002 0.016+0.002 0.006+0.002 RU-103 0.001+0.005+0.011 0.031+0.0 I 0 0.000+0.019 0.022+0.010 0.062+0.010 0.023+0.011 RU-106 0.001%0.059~0.027 0.00 1+0.020 0.090~0,016
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| +Lower limit of detection++Less than lower limit of detection l Table IX presents the Gross Beta activities observed during the third quarter of l986.Levels ranged from a low of less than 0.004 pCi/m3 at several locations to a high of 0.063+0.004 pCi/m3 at station ONS2 (09/02/96).
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| %lean weekly activity ranged from 0.010+0.005 pCi/m3 at the onsite collection locations on 09/29/86, to 0.033+0.023 pCi/m at the offsite collection locations on OS/19/86.This data is consistent with previous quarters (excluding the second quarter of l986).Table X presents the Gross Beta activity observed during the fourth quarter of 1986.Levels ranged from a low of less than 0.004 pCi/rn3 af location SBN (12/22/86) to a high of 0.059+0.003 pCi/m 3 at station'COL
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| (}2/29/86).
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| I Mean weekly activity ranged from 0.009+0.003 pCi/m3 at the onsite collectio locations on 10/06/86, to 0.052+0.007 pCi/m3 at the offsite collection locations-=-on 12/29/86.Table XI contains the mean Gross Beta activities by sampling station.Mean quarterly and mean annual activities are calculated using all weekly activities except those marked invalid.If a particular sample was below the detection limit, the detection limit is used for that sample when calculating means.Mean activity for each qua'rter ranged from a low of 0.006+0.004 pCi/m3 at Station ONSl during the first quarter to a high of 0.057+0.059 pCi/m3 at Station SBN during the second quarter.Table Xll contains the mean Gross Beta activities by station for 1986.Annual mean activities compare well to one another and range from 0.020+0.025 pCi/m3 at station 005'o 0.030+0.030 pCi/m3 at station ONS5.The annual mean activity for onsite stations was 0.028+0.027 pCi/m during 1986.The offsite station's annual mean activity was 0.026+0.028 pCi/m3, Mean activities seen during 1986 are elevated due to the activity from Chernobyl being detected during the second quarter.Man-made Gamma-emitting Nuclides were less than detection limit in all of the quarterly composite air filter samples during 1986, except as noted during the second quarter.
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| TABLE Vll GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)1986 Collection Date ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONSO ONS5 ONS6 Weekly Mean Gross Beta Activities
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| +Standard Deviation of the Mean Ol/O7/86 01/I Ii/8 6 01/21/86 0 I/28/86 02/00/86 02/I I/86 02/18/86 02/25/86 03/00/86 03/II/86 o3/ls/s6 03/25/86 00/01/86 0.006~0.002 0.013~0.002 0.000 i 0.001 0.008+0.002 0.020'.003 0.009>0.002 0.018>0.002 0.008~0.002 0.020~0.001 0.00<(t 0.003 0.019>0.000 0.008~0.003 0.020 i0.000 0.011+0.002 0.010~0.002 0.016'.002 0.01 3i 0.002 0.018 i 0.002 0.023+0.002 0.038 i 0.003 0.020~0.003 0.01 2 i 0.005 0.017'.003 0.012+0.002 0.023'.002 0.013~0.002 0.013~0.002 0.016+0.002 0.000'.001 0.023+0.002 0.036~0.003 0.025+0.003 0.017i0.002 0.018 i 0.002 0.010 i-0.002 0.011~0.002 0.01 3 i0.002 0.011+0.002 0.000+0.002 0.015'.000 0.028+0.005 0.012+0.003 0.000+0.002 0.016+0.002 0.012+0.003 0.022+0.003 0.026+0.000 0.010~0.000 0.006+0.001 0.018+0.002 0.006~0.002 0.017+0.002 0.015~0.002 0.019+0.002 0.036+0.002 0.026+0.002 0.025+0.002 0.023+0.002 0.017+0.002 0.021+0.002 0.008+0.000 0.008~0.005 0.013+0.005 0.012+0.010 0.01 I+0.006 0.016+0.010 0.022+0.016 0.0 15 i 0.010 0.020+0.007 0.015+0.009 0.009+0.006 0.01 I+0.000 0.019+0.003 0.006 i 0.009 Mean Gross Beta Activity~Standard Deviation of thc Mean 0.011 i 0.008 0.017>0.008 0.017 w0.008 0.010+0.008 0.018+0.010
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| <Less than lower limit of detection (0.000 pCi/rn3)alnvalitl sai>>pic (malfunctioning meter)bSarnplc lost during shipping TABLE VII (Continued)
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| GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)FIRST UARTER 1986 I hJ 00 I Collection Date 01/Qrr/86 01/I ri/86 01/21/86 Q I/28/86 02/Qrr/86 02/I I/86 02/I'8/86 02(25/86 03/Qrr/86 03/11/86 03/18/86 03/25/86 Qrr/0 I/86 NBF 0.005~0.001 0.019'.002 0.000 r 0.002 0.008 r 0.002 0.01rr r 0.002 SBN 0.009>0.007 0.006~0.002 0.00rr r 0.002 0.005+0.003 0.007 r 0.002 0.021 I 0.002 DOW 0.009+0.001 0.008~0.002 0.013i0.002 0.005+0.003 0.018r 0.00rr 0.012'.003 O.Q I 0>0.002 COL 0.020 r 0.006 0.000+0.003 0.011~0.003 0.008 r 0.005 0.00540.002 0.015>0.002 Weekly Mean Gross Beta Activities
| |
| +Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.005~0.002.0.005~0.002 0.012 r 0.006 0.009>0.007 0.006+0.000 0.008+0.007 0.007+0.000 0.006+0.002 0.015~0.005 0.006 r 0.005 Mean Gross Beta Activity r Standard Deviation of'tile Meal l 0.006 r 0.005 0.008~0.005 0.007>0.005"Less tlran lower limit of detection (0.000 pCi/m3)aSarrrple rrrissinI; at site ,
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| r TADLE VIII GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES
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| {Ci/m3)SECOND UARTER 1986 Collection Date ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONSrr ONS5 ONS6 Weekly Mean Cross Deta Activity+Standard Deviation of the Mean~.Qrr/08/86 OO/15/86 Orr/22/86 0rr/29/86 05/06/86 05/13/86 05/20/86 05/27/86 06/03/86.06/10/86 06/17/86 06/2rr/86 07/01/86 0.0 I rr>>0.002 0.005>>0.001 0.0 I 0>>0.001 0.028>>0.003 0.028 r 0.003 0.131>>0.005 0.122>>0.00rr O.I rr 2>>0.005 0.093 r 0.00rr 0.103>>0.00rr 0.017 r 0.002 0.025>>0.003 0.011 r 0.002 0.013+0.002 0.005>>0.001 0.008+0.001 0.030>>0.002 0.020>>0.002 0.132 r0.00rr 0.1 28+0.004 0.127>>0.00rr 0.083>>0.003 0.067>>0.00rr 0.020>>0.003 0.019>>0.002 0.007>>0.002 0.013>>0.002 0.005>>0.001 0.015>>0.002 0.025>>0.003 0.018>>0.002 0.1 31+0.005 0.106>>0.00rr O.I rr 2>>0.00rr 0.I I I+0.00rr 0.068+0.003 0.02 I+0.002 0.02rr>>0.002 0.008>>0.002 0.013+0.002 0.005+0.001 0.009+0.002 0.020>>0.002 0.015+0.002 0.093+0.00rr 0.113>>0.00rr 0.131+0.005 0.087+0.005 0.051>>0.003 0.015+0.002 0.021+0.OQ3 0.011+0.002 0.00rr>>0.001 0.011>>0.002 0.020+0.002 0.016+0.002 0.131+0.00rr 0.118>>0.00rr 0.127+0.000 0.10rr+0.000 0.069 40.003 0.023+0.002 0.02rr+0.002 0.012>>0.002 0.016+0.002 0.006+0.001 0.012+0.001 0.032>>0.003 0.018+0.002 0.120+0.00rr 0.016 r 0.003 0.09rr+0.005 0.10rr>>0.007 0.085+0.006 0.019+0.002 0.026+0.002 0.013+0.002 0.013+0.002 0.005+0.OQ I 0.011+0.003 0.026+0.005 0.019+0.005 0.123+0.015 0.101+0.0rr 2 0.127<0.018 0.097+0.011 0.07rr+0.018 0.019+0.003 0.023+0.003 0.009+0.003 Mcarl Gross Acta Actlvrty>>Standard.Deviation tlrc Mcarr 0.056 r 0.053 0.051>>0.050 0.053>>0.051 0.0rr 5>>0.0rr 5 0.052>>0.050 0.0rr 3+0.0rr I"Less tlran lower lirrrit of dctcction{0.00rr pCi/rn3)
| |
| TABLE Vill (Continued)
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| GIKOSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)SECOND UARTER 1986 Collection Date NBI.SBN DOW COL Weekly Mean Gross Beta Activities
| |
| +Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.0 13 i 0.002 0.011>0.002 0.019'.002 0.015~0.002 0.105'.000 0.102'.000 0.15</t0.005 Q.I Q I)O.ppll 0.008 i 0.003 0.018'.002 0.029>0.002 0.011 i 0.002 0.008)0.0<19 0~/08/86 OO/15/86 Oi>/22/86 04/29/86 05/06/86 05/13/86 05/20/86 05/27/86 06/03/86 06/10/86 06/17/86 06/20/86 07/01/84 Mean Gross Beta Activity w Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.010 i 0.002 0.005~0.001 0.012 i 0.002 0.016 i 0.002 0.0 19 e 0.002 0.166 i 0.005 0.107<0.000 0.15540.005 0.120<0.005 0.067 i 0.000 0.022 0 0.002 0.026)0.003 0.009)0.002 0.057 i 0.059 0.009~0.002 0.0 I I i 0.002 0.0 36 i 0.003 0.011~0.002 0.117i0.000 0.078'.000 0.122+0.005 0.058+0.000 0.057+0.003 0.020~0.002 0.020~0.002 O.OD9~0.002 0.003'.001 0.0124 0.002 0.005+0.001 0.012<0.002 0.021~0.002 0.016~0.002 0.130~0.005 0.108+0.000 0.107~0.000 0.077~0.000 0.055 i0.003 0.015<0.002 0.017i0.002 0.009+0.002 0.005+Q.py6 0.012~0.002 0.005 i 0.001 0.012~0.00 I 0.023+0.009 0.015 i 0.003 0.131+0.027 0.099<0.010 0.135+0.020 0.089+0.027 0.057 i0.008 0.020+0.OP<i 0.023~0.006 0.010~0.001>Less than lower limit of detection (0.000 pCi/in3)
| |
| T ABLE IX GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (CI/m3)TI IIR D VARTER 1986 Collection Date ONS I 07/08/86 0.020 i 0.002 07/15/86 0.01 I i0.002 07/22/86 0.014 i 0.003 07/29/86 0.018 i 0.002 08/05/86 0.025 I 0.002 08/I 2/86.0.020 i 0.003 08/19/86 0.024 i 0.003 08/26/Sf>0.026'.003 09/02/86i 0.033 i 0.002 09/08/86 0.023 i 0.003 09/15/86 0.029 i 0.002 09/22/86 0.0 16 i 0.002 09/29/86 0.01 I>0.002 Mean Cross Beta Activity Stand ird Dcviatio)i thc Mean 0.021 i0.007 ONS2 0.0 I 5+0.002 0.0 I 6 i 0.003 0.01 4+0.003 0.0 18+0.004 0.0 I 7+0.003 0.036 i 0.005 0.032i0.003 0.007 i 0.002 0.063 i 0.004 0.022'.003 0.063~0.003 0.020'.002 0.014 i 0.002 0.02 Gi i 0.0 I 8 ONS3 0.023 i 0.002 0.017 i 0.002 0.016~0.003 0.024~0.003 0.018>>0.003 0.020 i 0.002 0.026'003 0.0 39 i 0.00 3 0.020 i 0.002 0.021 i 0.003 0.022 i 0.002 0.021 i0.002 0.0 I 9 i 0.005 0.022 i 0.006 ONS4 0.026~0.007 0.02 I+0.005 0.0 I 3+0.003 0.0 I 8~0.003 0.0 I 8+0.003 0.014'.002 0.024 i 0.002 0.042 i0.003 0.0 I 5+0.002 0.0 3 I i 0.003 0.0 I 7 i 0.002 0.028~0.002 0.017+0.002 0.022~0.008 ONS5 0.024<0.002 0.0 I 9+0.002 0.01?o 0.003 0.026+0.003 0.026~0.003 0.030~0.003 0.027 i0.003 0.022~0.003 0.026~0.00 3 0.027 i 0.003 0.053 i0.003 0.006+0.002 0.025~0.01 I ONS6 0.040+0.003 0.025+0.002 0.035+0.003 0.029+0.003 0.024+0.002 0.042i0.003 0.040+0.005 0.023+0.002 0.020+0.002 0.0 I 7+0.003 0.022+0.002 0.018+0.002 0.0 I 6+0.002 0.027~0.009 Weekly Mean Cross Beta Activity+Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.025+0.008 0.0 I 8+0.005 0.0 18+0.009 0.02 1+0.005 0.02 1+0.004 0.026+0.01 I 0.029+0.006 0.027+0.013 0.029+0.0 I 8 0.023+0.005 0.030+0.0 I 7 0.026'.0 14 0.0 I 4+0.005 alflvall(l sarnplc-power of f at station TABLE IX (Continued)
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| GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)TICIRD UARTER 1986 Collection Date NBF SBN DOW COL Weekly Mean Gross Beta Activities
| |
| +Standard Deviation of the Mean 07/08/86 0.023<0.003 07/15/86 0.031<0.003 0?/22/86 0.017<0.003 07/29/86.0.023<0.002 08/05/86 0.019<0.002 08/12/86 0.022<0.002 08/19/86 0.040<0.003 08/26/86 0.024+0.003 09/02/86 0.019<0.002 09/08/86 0.023~0.003 09/15/86 0.024<0.003 09/22/86 0.015<0.002 09/29/86 0.01 I<0.002 Mean Gross Beta Activity+Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.022<0.007 0.021<0.003 0.021<0.002 0.017<0.003 0.021<0.003 0.021<0.002 0.025<0.003 0.060+0.003 0.030<0.003 0.020<0.002 0.026<0.003 0.018<0.002 0.013<0.002 0.015<0.002 0.024<0.012 0.019+0.002 0.016+0.002 0.013<0.003 0.033+0.003 0.010>0.002 0.013<0.002 0.024<0.003 0.026+0.003 0.020'.002 0.027+0.003 0.023+0.003 0.014<0.002 0.019<0.003 0.020~0.007 0.021<0.003 0.017>0.002 0.017<0.003 0.018<0.003 0.048<0.003 0.023+0.003 0.006+0.002 0.035+0.003 0.033+0.003 0.023+0.003 0.037+0.003 0.018<0.02 0.018+0.002 0.024 i 0.011 0.021<0.002 0.021<0.007 0.016<0.002 0.024+0.007 0.025<0.016 0.021<0.005 0.033+0.023 0.029<0.005 0.023+0.007 0.025+0.002 0.026+0.008 0.015+0.002 0.016+0.004 TABLE X GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (CI/m3)FOURTH UARTER 1986 Collection Date 10/06/86 10/.I 3/86 10/20/86 10/25/86 I I/03/86 ll/10/86 II/17/86 Il/2>>/86>12/01/86 12/08/86 12/I 5/86 12/22/86 12/29/86>ONSI 0.008<0.002 0.015<0.002 0.014<0.002 0.035<0.003 0.020<0.003 0.019<0.002 0.024<0.002 0.030<0.002 0.020<0.003 0.020<0.002 0.020<0.002 0.014<0.003 0.042<0.003 ONS2 0.009+0.002 0.018+0.002 0.012+0.002 0.035~0.003 0.021+0.002 0.024~Q.003 0.026'.003 0.036+0.003 0.025~0.003 0.021~0.002 0.024~0.003 0.018 4 0.003 0.051~0.003 ONS3 0.0104 0.002 0.016<0.002 0.012<0.002 0.040~0.003 0.023<0.002 O.Q19<0.002 0.028~0.003 0.041<0.003 0.024<0.003 0.022~0.002 0.024<0.003 0.017<0.003 0.048<0.003 0.009+0.002
| |
| -.0.015 i 0.002 0.01 I<0.002 0.040<0.003 0.021+0.003 0.020+0.002 0.025~0.003 0.0324 0.003 0.022<0.003 0.021~Q.OQ3 0.022+0.002 0.012~0.003 0.046'.003 ONS5 Q.Q04+0.002 0.029+0.003 0.014+0.002 0.044+0.003 0.035+0.003 0.020+0.002 0.029+0.003 0.039+0.003 0.027+0.003 0.023'.002 0.028+0.003 0.023+0.003 0.053+0.003 ONS6 0.012<0.002 0.023'.003 0.019<0.002 0.048>0.003 0.022t0.003 0.019+0.002 0.032+0.003 0.038+0.003 0.026t0.003 0.024i0.003 0.026t0.003 0.033+0.003 0.051 t0.003%'eekly Mean Gross Beta Activity+Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.009+0.003 0.019+0.006 0.014+0.003 0.040+0.005 0.024+0.OQ6 0.020+0.002 0.027~0.003 0.036+0.004 0.024+0.003 0.022+0.002 0.024+0.003 0.020+0.008 0.049>0.004 Mean Gross Octa Activity<Standard Deviation thc Mean 0.022<0.009 0.025<0.011 0.025<0.012 0.023+0.011 0.028~0.013 0.029<0.011 TABLE X (Continued)
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| GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)FOURTI I VARTER 1986 Collection Date 10/06/86 10/13/86 10/20/86 10/25/86 I I/03/86 I I/10/86 11/17/86 I I/20/86 12/01/86 12/08/86 12/15/86 12/22/86 12/29/86 NBF 0.011'.002 0.016~0.002 0.013i0.002 0.000 i 0.003 0.020'.002 0.019'.002 0.015'.007 0.030 i 0.003 0.021 i 0.002 0.018~0.002 0.020 i 0.002 0.013'.003 0.003~0.003 SBN 0.010>0.002 0.017'.002 0.010~0.002 0.003'.003 0.025~0.003 0.023'.002 0.029~0.003 0.030 i 0.003 0.027~0.003 0.018 (0.002 0.023~0.002 0.052 i 0.003 0.017~0.002 0.019'.003 0.0 12 i 0.002 0.007 i0.003 0.021~0.003 0.022'.002 0.027~0.003 0.033~0.003 0.027<0.003 Q.O I 8~0.002 0.027 i0.003 0.019>0.003 0.052 I 0.003 COL 0.007~0.001 0.020~0.002 0.0124 0.002 0.000+0.003 0.020+0.003 0.022'.002 0.029'.003 0.035~0.003 Q.Q 20+0.003 0.020'.003 0.025+0.003 0.020 i0.003 0.059~0.003 Weekly Mean Gross Beta Activities
| |
| +Standard Deviation of the Mean 0.0 I I i 0.000 0.018 c 0.002 0.013~0.001 0.000+0.003 0.023+0.002 0.022>0.002 0.025~0.007 0.033+0.002 0.025+0.003 0.020~0.003 0.025+0.002 0.010 i0.007 0.052~0.007 Mean Gross Beta Activity+Standard I')eviation of the Mean 0.022'0.010 0.025'.013 0.026ip;012 0.027~0.013<<Less than lower limit of detection (0.000 pCi/m3)
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| TABLE XI GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3)UARTERLY STATISTICAL
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| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
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| 1986 ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONSET ONS5 ONS6 I IRST QUARTER SECOND QUARTER TIIIRD QUARTER FOUR Tl I QUARTER 0.006~0.000 0.056i0.053 0.021+0.007 0.022+0.009 0.011~0.008 0.051 i 0.050 0.026 i 0.018 0.025 i 0.011 0.017~0.008 0.053'.051 0.022~0.006 0.025+0.012 0.017+0.008 0.005+0.005 0.022+0.008 0.023+0.011 0.010~0.008 0.052+0.050 0.025~0.011 0.028+0.01 3 0.018>0.010 0.003+0.00 I 0.027+0.009 0.029+0.011 FIRST QUARTER SECOND QUAiiTru TIHIR D QUARTER FOURTI.I QUARTER NBF 0.006<0.005 0.008 i 0.0<19 0.022>0.007 0.022 4 0.010 0.006 i 0.005 0.057 i 0.059 0.020 i 0.012 0.025'.013 DOW 0.008i0.005 0.003~0.001 0.020+0.007 0.026+0.012 COL 0.007~0.005 0.005<0.006 0.020~0.011 0.027+0.013 TABLE XII GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES (Ci/m3 ANNUAL STATISTICAL
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| | |
| ==SUMMARY==
| |
| '986Station ONS 1 ONS2 ONS3 ONSET OiVS5 ONS6 Onsite Stations Mean SBiV DOW COL Offsite Stations Mean Mean 0.026+0.032 0.028+0.0 30 0.029+0.030 0.027+0.026 0.030+0.030 0.029+0.02~
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| 0.028+0.027 0.025+0.029 0.028~0.035 0.020+0.025 0.026 0.027 0.026+0.028 Low Value<0.000<0.000<0.000<0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 1986 Ran e Hi h Value 0.142~0.005 0.132+0.000 0.102+0.000 0.131+0.005 0.131~0.000 0.120+0.004 O.150~0.005 O.166+0.005 0.122+0.005 O.1 34+0.00 Fig<(re 3 GROSS BETA It't AIR PARTICULATES WEEKLY ACTIVITY-STATION Otl51~o6 18)4
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| .20 Fig<ire 4 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES VfEEKLY ACTIVITY-STATION ONS2 1986.I8.I6.12 08.06 04--02 l'~+
| |
| OQ Figure 5 GROSS BETA)t')A)R PART)CULATES WEEKLY ACT)VITY-STATION Ot'I55 19 6.06 Q4-++0 I t~~I-I}~I~I-l-~,27 WEEK+++
| |
| .20 Figure 6 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES V/EEKLY ACTIYITY-STATION ON54 1986 16.'I 0 0-1-OS l-.O6-Q4-02 27 WEEK
| |
| .20 Figure 7 GROSS HFTA IN AIR PARTICULATES V/EEKLY ACTIVITY-STATION ONS5 1986 18".16.14.12 10..08.06 04-.02 27 V!EEK Figure 8 GROSS BETA IH AlR PARTICULATES WEEKLY ACTIYITY-STATION.
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| Ot'IS6 19 6 27 20 Figure 9 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES WEEKLY ACTIVlTY-STATION NBF 19o6 16 14-.I2.10 08..06 Q4 02-+t.a.++++++++-4 14+++
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| Figure 10 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES WEEKLY ACTIVITY-STATION 5HN 1 9u~6 V/EEK Figcire'I1 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES NEEKLY ACTIVITY-5TATION DON 1986 16-Q4.-n."-++++++++<)I I~~>I AM>~I-I-27 V!EEK
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| ')p Figure 12 GROSS BETA lbl AIR PARTICULATES WEEKLY ACTIVITY-STATION COL 1986.18 I6.14 qn~~I J.10 I-oa-I-C)O6-
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| .20 Figure 13 GROSS BETA IN AIR PARTICULATES MEAN V/EEKLY ACTIVITY-ON SITE COLLECTION 19S6 I5 O CL)0 l-05.20 CROSS BETA It<AIR PARTICULATES MEAtI 0/EEKLY ACTIVITY-OFF SITE COLLECTION 19S6 l3 39 7.2 Airborne Radioiodine Samples for airborne radioiodine were collected concurrently with the air particulate samples from the ten monitoring stations.These sampl'es were collected in charcoal cartridges and analyzed for l-13l: Airborne radioiodine levels for the four quarters of l986 can be seen in Tables Xlll through XVI.As noted, elevated levels of radioiodine were detected during the second quarter and are directly attributable to the Chernobyl accident.The detected levels of radioiodine during the first, third, and fourth quarters were less than the plant Technical Specification detection limit (7E-2 pCi/m3)of table O.l 2-l.
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| TABLE XIII AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m3)FIRST UARTER Collection Date ONS I ONS2 ONS3 ONSET ONS6 0 l/07/86 ol/Irr/86 01/21/86 0 l/28/86 02/04/86 02/I I/86 02/l 8/86 02/25/86 03/orr/86 03/I I/86 o3/l8/86 03/25/86 , Orr/O.l/86 0.009+0.007"Less tlran lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m3)alnvalid Sarnplc (meter problem)"Sample lost during slripping TABLE XIII (Continued)
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| AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m3)FIRST UAIKTER l986 Collection Date NBF SBN DOW COL 0 I/04/86 0 I/I 4/86 0 I/2 I/86 0 I/28/86 02/04/86 02/I I/86 02/l 8/86 02/25/86 03/04/86 03/I 1/86 03/l 8/86 03/25/86 04/Ol/86<Less tlian lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m3)Sample cnissinI;at site TABLE XIV AIRIIORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m)SECOND UARTEIK f986Collection Date ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONS4 ONS5 ONS6 04/08/86 04/I5/86 04/22/86 04/29/86 05/06/86 05/I 3/86 05/20/86 05/27/86 06/03/86 06/lo/86 06/I 7/86 06/24/86 07/0 I/86 0.06 I~0.009 0.122+0.009 0.044'0.007 0.009'.007 0.0 I 0>>0.006 O.I I 5 i 0.009 0.096 i 0.006 0.070 i 0.006 0.060 i 0.008 0.027~0.008 0.008 i 0.006 0.093+0.0 I 0 0.098 i 0.008 0.050+0.006 0.0 I 4'.006 0.073+0.009 0.087~0.007 0.048'.009 0.008+0.006 0.020+0.005 0.0 I 3+0.007 0.0 I I~0.006 0.088+0.0 I 0 0.093~0.007 0.055 i 0.007 0.008~0.005 0.0 I 3i 0.004 0.0 I 6~0.005 0.08 I~0.009 0.0 l 8~0.006 0.048'.0 I 0 0.013~0.010"Less titan lower limni t ol detection (0.005 pCi/rn3)
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| TABLE XIV (Continued)
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| AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m)1986 Collection Date SON COL 00/08/86 oo/is/86 00/22/86 00/29/86 Os/O6/86 05/13/86 05/20/86 05/27/86 06/03/86 o6/io/86 06/17/86 06/20/86 07/0 I/86 0.081~0.009 0.088m 0.007 0.050 i 0.007 0.025+0.010 0.0 1 2 t 0.006 0.008)0.005 O.O97,0.O iO 0.109+0.008 0 007~0 006 0.092 io.o l 1 0.075+0.007 0.006'.008 0.060+0.010 0.107<0.008 0.038+0.011 0.010'.000 0.018+0.007"Less than lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m3)
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| TABLE XV AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m3)l986 Collection Date ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONSrr ONS5 ONS6 07/08/86 07/IS/86 07/2?/86 07/29/86 o8/os/86 O8/i2/86 08/l9/86 08/26/86 o9/oz/86 09/08/86 09/l5/86 09/22/86 09/29/86 0.0124 0.005<Less tlrarr lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/rn3)Invalid sarnplc-power off at station TABLE XV (Continued)
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| AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m}THIRD UARTER l986 Collection Date NBI'ON DO%COI 07/08/86 0?/I5/86 07/22/86 o7/29/86 08/05/86 08/05/86 OS/l2/86 oS/l9/s6 08/26/86 09/02/86 09/08/86 09/I 5/86 09/22/86 09/29/86 0.020+0.008 Q.OO9.O.OO~
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| Less than lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m3)
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| ABLE XVI AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m3)1986 Collection Date ONSI ONS2 ONS3 ONSO ONSET ONS6 io/06/36 io/i3/s6 Io/zo/s6 io/25/86 I l/03/86 I I/Io/s6 Il/I7/S6 ii/20/86 l 2/0 I/36 Iz/03/86 l 2/l 5/86 lz/22/s6 iz/29/86"Less titan lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m3)
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| TABLE XVI (CONTINUED)
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| AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE (Ci/m3 l986 Collection Date NBI.COL 10/06/86 10/13/86 10/20/86 10/25/86 11/03/86>>/10/86 1 I/Ir/86 11/20/86 12/01/86 12/08/86 12/15/86 12/22/86 12/29/86 0.017)0.010"Less than lower limit of detection (0.005 pCi/m) 7.3 Thermoluminescent Dosimetr Thermoluminescent Dosimetry (TLD)was employed to determine direct radiation t in and around the Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant.The TLD's were placed at 23 locations and exchanged quarterly.
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| Listed below are the mean quarterly readings in mR/week for all TLD's.First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter Annual Onsite 1.19+0.09 0.75+0.09 1.09+0.16 1.16+0.16 1.05+0.32 mR/week Offsite 1.02+0.20 0.71+0.10 1.13+0.07 1.29+0.20 1.06+0.27 Back round 0.80+0.37 0.76+0.12 1.00+0.06 1.26+0.09 0.95+0.27 Figures 10 through 36 present the mR/week values obtained for each TLD station collected during each quarter of 1986.The highest reading for Onsite stations was seen at Station ONS-7 during the first quarter with a value of 2.07 mR/week.The highest reading for Offsite stations was at Station OFS-5 (1.65 mR/week)in the fourth quarter.Background stations had a high value of 1.36 mR/week during the fourth quarter at Station SBN.
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| TABLE XVII Tl IERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY (mR/week)1986 Station Location ONS-I ONS-2 ONS-3 ONS-4 ONS-5 ONS-6 ONS-7 ONS-8 ONS-9 Mean TLD+Standard Deviation Of thc Mean OFS-1 OFS-2 OFS-3 OFS-4 OFS-5 OFS-6 or-s-7 ors-8 OI-.S-9 OI.S-I 0 Mean TLD+Standard Deviation Of the Mean NB I.SBN DOIV COL Mean TLD i Standard Deviation Of thc Mean First uar ter 01/Q I/86-04/06/86 0.96 0.74 0.59 1.18 1.18 O.S9 2.07 1.85 1.26 1.19~0.49 I.l I 1.33 0.89 0.89 0.81 I~IS 0.71 Missing l.41 0.89 1.02'.24 0.37 1.26 0.74 0.81 0.80'.37 Second uarter 04/06/86-07/07/86 0.69 0.83 0.86 0.76 0.65 0.89 0.63 0.72 0.72 0.?5~0.09 0.66 Missing 0.78 0.73 0.78 0.63 0.55 hlissing 0.67 0.85 0.7 I i0.10 0.76 0.68 0.66 0.92 Q.?6~Q.12 Third uarter 07/07/86-10/04/86 1.14 1.26 0.90 1.09 0.96 0.98 1.35 1.22 0.92 1.09~0.16 1.15 1.29 1.10 1.03 1.1 I 1.14 1.09 1.21 1.15 1.06 1.13~0.08 1.02 0.98 1.07 0.92 1.00.0.06 Fourth uarter 10/04/86-01/05/87 1.18 1.18 1.40 0.80 1.18 1.24 I.l I 1.16 1.18 1.16+0.16 1.26 1.36 1.22 1.23 1.65 1.44 1.27 1.32 0.86 1.32 1.29'.20 1.30 1.36 1.20 1.16 1.26~0.09 2.0 Figure QUARTERLY THERMOLU}Alt IESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATION 0 N S-1 19S6 1.5 1.0 j 2,0 QUARTER Figure 15 QUA RTERLY THERMOLUMltIESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATIOt'I ONS-2 1SS6 1.5 1.0.5 QUARTER
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| '7 P Figure 1S QUARTERLY THERMOLUMINESCEI'IT DOSIMETRY LOCATION 0 N S-5'1 986 Ld CL V)O Q Lsl).5'I.0.5 K I, S 0 p QUARTER Figure 17 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMIt'IESCEIIT DOSIMETRY LOCATIGt I ONS-0 1986 1,5 1,0 EZ t'ai O 0 rr v~4 s j r i<~.~4*QUARTER
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| '7 P Figure f 8 0 U ART E RLY THE P MOLUM I t I ESCE NT DOS I METR Y LOCATION ONS-5 1986 f.5 1.0.5 CL t~sip'7 Q 1.5 1,0 QUARTER Figure f 9'UARTERL'(THERMOLUMlt IESCEI'(T DOSIMETRY LOCATIOt"I ONS-6 1986.5 QUARTER Figure 20 QUARTERLY THFPMGLUMINESCEt'tT DOSIMETRY LOCATION ONS-7 1986 v!v!'!t'!2 QUARTER, Figure 21 QUARTERLY THE P MOLU W INESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATION ONS-8 1986 ,!!v~Pp v vv jk , v~v.'vi~.!".~.Aii~~vk QUARTER FIQUt 8 22 QLjP RTERLY THERMGLUMIPIESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATION ONS-9 1986'F~,+~sw~'9 QUARTER ,~
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| f (gut'0 25 QUARTERLY THEPMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMFTRY I OCATiON OF S-1 1986 O.5 i f~)I (I)Q QUARTER f Igut 8 24 QUARTERLY THEPMGLUMIHESCENT DQSIMETRY LOCATION OFS-2 1986 CA C tr7 O ,5 2.0 Flgut e 25 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMlt JESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATIOl I OFS-5 i986 i.5 1,0.5 re'~rr*q r 2,0 1.5 1.0 QUARTER Figure 26 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMJ>JESCEJ JT DOSIMETRY LOCATIOl I OF'S-4 1986*.l QUARTER 2,0 Figure 27 QUARTERLY THERMGLUMlt'lESCENT DOS lb/ETRY LOCATION OFS-5 1986 LIJ 1,5 1,0 O LLI Ck 2,0 1,5 1,0 QtJARTER Figure 28 QUARTERLY THER MGLUM It lESCENT DOS lMETRY LOCATlQtl OFS-6 1936 f'I~h+LJJ C')C}.5'I JI$I~*QtJARTER 2 V)O 2,0 1.5 1.0.5 F I g 0 t'8 29 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMltlESCENT DOS1METRY LOCATlON OFS-7 1986 QUARTE Flgul 8 5Q QUARTERLY THER MOLUM It lESCEI'JT DOS IMETRY LOCATlOtl OFS-8 1986+i LaJ LJ LLI QUARTER 2.0 f,5 1.0 Figure 31 QUARTERLY THERMQLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY' LOCATION OF S-9 , 1986 CL lA O CL ,'1 2,0 QUARTER Figure 32 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMINESCEHT DOSIMETRY LOCATION l OFS-1 0 1986 LLI C LtJ CY O CL>C Ld 1.5 1.0 QUARTER Figure 35 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATION NBF 1986 Lh O CL OC t~.5 w C)I 2 QUARTER'2 Q Figure 34 QUARTERLY THER MOLUMINESCENT DOSIMETRY LOCATIOtl SBt'I tSG6 Ld C?'.V')O Q.5 QUARTER flgut e 35 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMINESCEHT DOSIMETRY LOCATION DOVj 1986)gtg~iR.I QUARTER Figure 36 QUARTERLY THERMOLUMII'IESCEHT DOSIMETRY LQCATIOIl COL 1986 r'I v'QUARTER 7.0 Milk (Fresh)Fresh milk samples were collected on a twice monthly basis during 1986 from the following locations:
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| I.Schuler Farm 2.Totzke Farm 3.Lozmack Farm Wyant Farm 5.Livinghouse Farm Beginning November 21, 1986, two new milk sampling locations were added to the program.These are the Zelmer Farm and the Warmbien Farm.All milk samples were analyzed for Iodine-131 and Gamma-emitting nuclides.Results of these analyses are presented in Table XVIII through XXXI.Iodine-131 was detected in the milk samples during the period 05/2w/S6-06/21/86;activitv which is directly attributable to the radioactive plume caused by the Chernobyl accident.Activity during that period ranged from!ess than the lower limit of detection (0.4 pCi!I)at the Totzke Farm (06/07/S6) to a high of 22.2 pCi/I at the Wyant Farm (05/24/86).
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| All other samples during 19S6 were less than the lower limit of detection.
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| Gamma-emitting nuclides of interest remain below the level of detection for all milk samples collected in 1986, with the exception of one sample.The sample was collected at the Lozmack Farm on OS/16/S6 and indicated Cesium-137 activity of 11.3+4.7 pCi/I, but it is less than the detection limit (!S pCi/I)of Cook Plant Technical specification 3.12.1, Table a.12-1.-71-Supplemental fi'Oa/20/S7 TABLE XVIH FRESH MILK 5am le Location Schuler Farm Collection
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| .Date Ol/II/86 Ol/18/86 02/01/S6 02/15/86 03/01/86 03/15/86 03/29/86 00/lz/86 00/26/86 05/10/86 05/24/86 06/07/86 06/21/86 07/05/86 0?/19/S6 OS/02/86 08/16/86 09/02/S6 09/13/86 09/27/86 10/11/86 IO/25/86 11/07/S6 II/21/S6 IZ/O5/86 12/19/86 RaChochemical (C>/I)I-1 31 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Q.g 0.4 5.7+0.9 I.l+0.8 0.7+0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0,0 Q.O O.O 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 0.0 p,g TABLE XIX FRESI I MILK GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Collection Date Cs-134 5>>Cs-137 Mn-54 2>>Co-58 3>>Ci/I Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fc-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-I 40 5>>8>>3>>16>>4>>Schulcr Farin Ol/I I/86 ol/I8/86 02/0 I/86 02/l5/86 03/0 I/86 03/29/86 04/12/86 04/26/86 05/lo/86 05/24/8G 06/07/86 06/2l/86 07/05/86 07/I9/86 08/02/86 08/IG/86 09/02/86 09/I 3/86 09/27/86 IO/II/86 IO/25/8G II/07/86 II/2l/86 l2/05/86 I 2/I 9/86 LESS TIIAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower limit of dctcction TABLE XX FRESH MILK Sam le Location Totzke Farm Collection Date 01/II/86 01/18/86 02/01/86 02/15/86 03/01/86 03/15/86 03/29/86 00/12/86 00/26/86 05/10/S6 05/20/86 06/07/S6 06/21/S6 07/05/86 07/19/86 08/02/86 OS/16/86 09/02/S6 09/13/S6 09/27/86 10/I I/86 10/25/86 II/07/S6 II/21/86 12/05/S6 12/19/86 Radiochemical (Ci/I)I-131 0.0 O.O 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.8+0.7 0.0 1.6+0.7 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 TABLE XXI FRESH MILK CiAMMA SPECTROMETR Y Sample Location Co I lee t I on Date Cs-I 34 5>>Cs-I37 4>>Mn-54 2>>Co-58 3>>Ci/I Co-60 5>>Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 Zn-65 Ba,l a-140 3>>t6>>4>>Totzke l.arm ol/II/86 ol/I8/86 02/0I/86 02/I5/86 03/Ol/86 03/29/86 04/l2/86 04/26/86 05/lo/86 05/24/86 06/07/86 06/2l/86 07/05/86 07/I9/86 08/02/86 08/l6/86 09/02/86 09/I 3/86 09/27/86 lo/I I/86 IO/25/86 II/07/86 II/2l/86 l2/05/86 l2/l9/86 LESS THAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower limit of dctcction TABLE XXII FRESH MILK Sam le Location Lozmack Farm Collection Date 01/I i/86 OI/I9/86 02/02/86 02/16/86 03/03/86 03/15/86 03/29/86 04/13/S6 00/26/86 05/I I/86 05/25/S6 06/07/86 06/21/S6 07/05/86 07/19/86 OS/02/S6 08/16/86 09/02/86 09/13/86 09/27/86 10/I I/86 10/25/S6 I I/07/86 I I/21/86 12/05/86 12/19/S6 Radiochemical (Ci/I)I-I 31 0.4 0.0 0.0<.0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.0 1.3+0.7 2.0+0.8 1.2+0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,>>0.4 0.4 0.4 0.>>0.>>O.>>'.4 TABLE XXIII FRESH MILK CAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Lozrnack Farm Collection Date Ol/II/86 Ol/l9/86 02/02/86 02/IG/86 03/03/86 03/I 5/86 03/29/86 Orr/I 3/86 Orr/26/86 05/I I/86 05/25/86 06/07/86 06/2 I/86 07/05/86 07/I 9/86 08/02(8G 08/I 6/86 09/02/86 09/I 3/86 09/27/8G I 0/I I/86 IO/25/86 II/07/86 I I/2 I/8'6 I 2/05/8G l2/l9/86 Cs-13rr 5%Cs-I 37 I l.3~rr.7 N X Mn-50 2+Co-58 3%Ci/I Co-60 5%Zr,Nb-95 8" Fc-59 3 rr Zn-65 l6~Ba,La-1 rr 0 lg%"Lower lirrrit of dctcction""Less tlran lower lir>>it of dctcction TABLE XXIY FRESH MILK Sam le Location%'yant Farm Collection Date 01/l I/86 o I/18/86 02/01/86 02/15/86 03/01/86 03/15/86 03/29/86 OO/I2/86 00/26/86 05/10/86 05/20/86 06/07/86 06/21/86 07/05/86 07/19/86 08/02/86 OS/16/86 09/02/86 09/13/86 09/27/86 10/11/86 10/25/86 II/O?/86 II/21/86 12/05/86 12/19/86 Radiochemical (Ci/I)I-131 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.O 22.2+1.3 22.1+1.3 2.5+0.7 0.0 0.~0.0 0.4 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.0 O.~0.0 0.<0.4 0.0 TABLE XXV FRESH MILK GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Loca t ton Collection Date Cs-l30 5>>Cs-l37 Mn-50 2>>Co-58 3>>Ci/I Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fc-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-l00 5>>8~3" l6~8~Wyant Farm Ol/I I/86 Ol/l8/86 02/0 I/86 02/I 5/86 03/0 I/8G 03/I 5/86 03/29/86 00/I 2/86 00/26/86 o5/lo/86 05/20/86 oG/o7/sG 06/2I/86 07/05/86 O7/I9/86 os/o2/sG 08/I6/86 09/02/86 09/I 3/8G 09/27/86 IO/II/86 lo/25/8G II/07/86 II/2I/86 I 2/05/86 l2/l9/86 LESS THAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower liniit of detection TABLE XXVI.FRESH MILK Sam le Location Livinghouse Farm Collection Date 01/I I/86 Ol/IS/86 02/01/86 02/15/86 03/01/86 03/15/86 03/29/86 04/12/86 00/26/86 05/Ip/86 05/25/86 06/07/86 06/21/86 07/05/86 07/19/S6 08/02/S6 08/16/86 09/02/86 09/13/86 09/27/86 10/11/86 10/25/86 I I/07/86 11/21/86 12/05/86 12/19/86 Radiochemical (Ci/I)I-131 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (0 0.0 2.9+0.8 I 1.0+I.I 2.3+0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.<0.0 0.0 p,y 0.0 0.0 0.9 (p,i'.Q 0.0 TABLE XXVII FRESH MILK GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Col ice tion Date Cs-I 34 Cs-I 37 5I Mn-54 2>>Ci/I Co-5S Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 3%5%Fe-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-I 40 3~16>>>~Livingtiouse Farin oi/i i/86 Oi/iS/86 02/0 I/86 02/I 5/86 03/0 I/86 03/I 5/86 03/29/86 04/l2/86 04/26/SG o5/io/86 O5/25/86 OG/O7/86 06/2 I/86 07/05/86 07/I9/86 08/02/S6 08/I6/86i 09/02/86 09/I 3/86 09/27/86 I 0/I I/86>I 0/25/86>i i/O7/86 I I/2 I/86 I 2/0 5/8Gi I2/I9/86 LESS TII AN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION 5~4*j I"Lower Ii<nit of detection TABLE XXVHI FRESH MILK Sam le Location Zelmer Farm Collection Date I I/21/86+12/05/86 I 2/I 9/86 Radiochemical (CI/I)1-131 0.0 0.0 0.0+First collection date TABLE XXIX FRESI-I MILK GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location 2elrner Farm Co I I ec t I on Date I I/2 I/86 12/05/86 I 2/I 9/86 Cs-I 30 5N Cs-l37 g~Mn-50 2>>Ci/I Co-58 Co-60 3%5%Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 Zn-65 Da,La-l 00 3a[ga ya LESS TIIAN LO%ER LIMIT OF DETECTION~Lower limit of detection TABLE XXX FRESH MILK Sam le Location ,%'armbien Farm Collection Date 11/21/86+12/05/86 12/19/86 Radiochemical (Ci/I)I-131 0,9 0.0 0.0+First collection date TABLE XXXI FRESH MILK GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Collection Date Cs-l34 5+Cs-137 Mn-54 2>>Co-58 3%.Ci/I Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-140 5a 8" 3%I6>>Warrnbien I arm I I/21/86 12/05/86 12/19/86 LESS THAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower Iiinit of detection 7.5 Groundwater Quarterly groundwater samples were collected from seven wells.A groundwater samples were analyzed for Tritium and Gamma-emitting nuclides.Results obtained from the analysis of the samples is presented in Tables XXXII and XXXIII.Four groundwater sites;Well No.0-Onsite, Well No.5-Onsite, Well No.6-Onsite and Well No.7-Livingston Beach exhibited tritium activity during 1986.These sites had activity ranging from 049+270 pCi/1 at Well No.7-Livingston Beach (03/06/86) to 3012+300 pCi/1 at Well No.5-Onsite (08/15/86).
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| Well No.5 was resampled on 08/21/86 and indicated tritium activity of 0730+302 pCi/l.Well numbers 1, 2, and 3 had no tritium activity above the lower limit of detection (300 pCi/1)during 1986.Gamma spec tralanalysis of the groundwater samples revealed no gamma-emitting isotopes of interest.
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| TABLE XXXII CROUN D%'ATER Sam le Location Well No.I-Rosemary Beach Well No.2-Scrapyard Collection Date 03/06/86 06/06/86 08/15/86 IO/09/86 03/06/86 06/06/86 08/15/86 10/09/86 Radiochemical (Ci/I)TrltlUm~Ci/i<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300 Well No.3-MSU Trailer'Well No.0-Onsite I Well No.5-Onsite Well No.6-Onsite Well No.7-Livingston Beach 03/06/86 06/06/86 08/15/86 10/09/86 03/06/86 06/06/S6 08/15/86 10/09/S6 03/06/S6 06/06/86 OS/15/S6 08/21/S6 IO/O9/S6 03/06/S6 06/06/86 OS/i5/S6 10/09/86 03/06/86 06/06/S6 08/15/86 10/09/86<300<300<300<300<300 1209+207>>2500+295" 2270~320>><300 1066+210>>3012+300>>4734~302>>2167-370"<300<3GO 965~2SO>><300 009+270>>717+205>>1530+288 2412+30G>>>>Verified by reanalysis TABLE XXXIll GROUNDWATER GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Well No.l Rosemary Beach Well No.2 Scrapyard Well No.3 MSU Trailer Well No.4 Onsite Well No.5 Onsi te Collection Date 03/06/86 06/06/86 os/l5/s6 l0/09/86 o3/o6/86 06/06/86 08/l5/86 lo/09/86 03/06/86 o6/o6/s6 08/l 5/86 lo/09/86 03/06/86 06/06/86 08/l5/86 lo/09/86 03/06/86 06/06/86 os/l 5/86 10/09/86 Ci/I Cs-l 34 Cs-l37 Mn-54 Co-58 Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-l40 7>>2>>5" 5>>3>>I5>>4>>LESS Tll AN LOWER LI MI T OF DETECTION"Lower limit of detection TABLE XXXIII (Continued)
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| GROUNDVf ATER GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Well No.6 Onsi te Col lee tion Date 03/06/86 06/06/86 08/15/86 lo/09/86 Ci/1 Cs-130 Cs-137 Mn-50 Co-58 Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 7%2+2>>.5>>5>>5>>3>>Zn-65 Ba,La-IOO 15>>0>>Well No.7 03/06/86 Livit>l;ston Beacli~06/06/86 08/15/86 l0/09/86 LESS T)IAN LOWEI(LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower liinit of detection 3500 5000~2500-C3 CL 2000 n+1500 Figure 37 TRITIUM IN GROUNDWATER
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| .1986 LOCATION VIELL H0.1%ELL t40.~VfELL NO.Z V/ELL H0.4 DWELL W0.S NELL t40.6%El L N0.7 1000 500 500 03/06 o6/o6 oa/<5 COLLECTION DATE<o/o9 LLG=3 i/t 7.6~Ve etation Five vegetation samples were collected from two sectors during l986.All samples were analyzed for man-made gamma-emitting isotopes.Table XXXIV presents the results of the gamma spectralanalysis of the vegetation samples.Gamma-emitting nuclides of interest were less than lower limit of detection.
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| TABLE XXXIV VEGETATION GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Sample Identification Sector D Date Collected Cs-130 60>>Ci/K (wet)Cs-I37 80>>Broad Leaf Grapes-Gfape:Leaves 08/l3/86 08/20/86 08/20/86 LESS THAN LOV/ER LIMIT OF DETECTION Sector B Grapes-Grape Leaves 08/20/86 08/20/86 4 c+Lower limit of detection 7.7 Fish Fish samples were collected from four locations on a twice yearly basis.Species of fish collected during 1986 include coho salmon, brown trout, white sucker, lake trout, and longnose sucker.Camma spectralanalysis was performed on all fish samples.All results are in terms of pCi/Kg (wet).Table XXXV lists the results of analysis.All samples collected on 05/15/86 indicated the presence of Cesium-137.
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| Activity ranged from 08+8 pCi/kg at the onsite-south sample point (Coho Salmon)to 291+08 pCi/kg at the offsite-south sample point (brown trout/white sucker).Two samples collected 09/17/86 indicated the presence of Cesium-137.
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| The lake trout sample (ONS-S)had an activity of 32+9 pCi/kg and the other lake trout sample (OFS-N)had an activity of.62+8 pCi/kg.All other gamma-emitting nuclides of interest were less than the lower limit of detection in the 1986 fish samples.
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| TABLE XXXV rlsii GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Location Identification Collection Date Cs-130 00>>Cs-l 37 00>>Mn-50 6o>>i/K (wet)Co-58 60" Co-60 30>>Fe-59 l00>>Zn-65 loo>>ONS-S ors-s ors-N ONS-N Coho Salmon Brown Trout/White Sucker Coho Salmon Coho Sai<non 05/I 5/86 OS/i 5/86 OS/iS/86 OS/iS/86 08~8 29 I F48 8l~0.8 85+II ONS-S I<ors-s or.s-N ONS-N Lai<e Trout Loni, nose Suci<er/Whi te Suci<er Lake Trout Longnose SuckeI O9/i7/86 09/l 7/86 09/l7/86 09/i7/86 32+9 62~8>>Lower limit of detection>>Less than lower limit of detection Not.ook Plant tech, spec.detection limit for Cs-137 i>Ci/kg (wet)and reportable level is 2,000 pCi/kg (wet).t 7.8 Bottom Sediment Bottom sediment samples were collected twice from two locations of Lake Michigan in 1986.Samples were analyzed for gamma-emitting nuclides.Table XXXVI lists the results of the gamma spectralanalysis.
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| One sample, LS-3 (05/30/86) indicated a Cesium-13?
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| activity of?3+23 pCi/Kg, but it is less than the detection limit of 180 pCi/kg (dry)as per Cook Plant technical specification 3.12.1, Table O.I2-1.All other gamma-emitting nuclides of interest were less than the lower limit of detection in the bottom sediment samples.
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| TABLE X X X VI...BOTTOM SEDIMENT GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Ci/K (dr)Location LS-2 LS-3 Collection Date 05/30/86 05/30/86 Cs-134 70" Cs-I 37 40>>73t23 Mn-54 80>>Co-60 80>>Zr,Nb-95 40>>Fe-59 30>>Zn-65 Ba,La-l 40 1 00>>10~LS-2 LS-3 I 0/20/86 I 0/20/86"Lower limit of detection'Less than lower liinit of detection 7.9 Water Three types of water samples are collected.
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| Drinking water samples were collected from Lake Township, St.Joseph, and New Buffalo during 1986.Surface water samples were collected from North Lake and South Lake.Circulating water samples were also collected during 1986.Tables XXXVII to XXXXII list the results of the analyses of the drinking water samples.Gross Beta activity for 1986 ranged from less than the lower limit of detection (2.0 pCi/1)to a high of 125+3 pCi/1 in the New Buffalo sample of 05/15/86.This sample indicated Cobalt-60 activity of 140+10 pCi/1 when analyzed by gamma spectrometry.
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| This is the only anomalous sample from New Buffalo during 1986.All samples before and after 05/15/86 were routine and the composite sample that included the time-frame of the anomalous sample was routine.Tritium analysis of the drinking water samples indicated activity in two samples during 1986.Lake Township (09/25/86) was 520+309 pCi/1 and St.3oseph (08/21/86) was 050+268 pCi/l.All other samples were less than the lower limit of detection (300 pCi/1).Gamma spectranalysis of the drinking water samples indicated that no gamma-emitting isotopes of interest were above the lower 4 limit of detection.
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| The exception is the New Buffalo sample (05/15/86).
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| Tables XXXXIII to XXXXVI list the results of the analyses of the surface water samples.Gross Beta activity for 1986 ranged from less than the lower limit of detection (2.0 pCi/1)to a high of 20.5+1.6 pCi/1 in the South Lake sample of 12/18/86.Tritium analysis of the surface water samples indicated activity in three samples during 1986.North Lake (06/,ll/86) was 015.+265 pCi/1, North'I Lake (08/10/86) was 966+266 pCi/l and South Lake (07/J7/86) was 650+271-97,-
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| pCi/l.All other samples were less than the lower limit of detection (300 pCi/I Camma spectralanalysis of the surface water samples, indicated"that no gamma emitting isotop'es of interest were above the lower limit of detection.'ables XXXXVII and XXXXVIII list the results of the analyses of the circulating water samples.Gross Beta activity ranged from less than the lower limit of detection (2.0 pCi/I)to a high of 20.2+2.8 pCi/l (l2/l8/86).
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| Tritium analysis 3 indicated all samples less than the lower limit of detection (300 pCi/I).No gamma-emitting isotopes of interest were detected in any of the circulating water samples during 1986.
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| TABLE XXXV1I DRINKING V/ATER 1986 Radhochemical (Ct/I)Sam le Location Lake Township Collection Date 02/27/86 03/13/86 03/27/86 00/IO/86 00/20/86 00/25/86 o5/os/s6 05/22/86 O6/O5/86 06/19/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 Os/i~/86 OS/2S/S6 09/II/S6 09/25/S6 10/09/86 Io/23/S6 il/O6/S6 Il/20/86 12/00/86 i 12/IS/S6 12/31/S6 Gross Beta 2.0+'<2.0<2.0 2.5+1.1<2.0<2.0<2.0 2.1+0.9<2.0 5.5+I.o<2.0 3.0+1.2 2.S+1.0 2.7+I.I 3.0+I.I 5.7+1.0<2.0 2.3+1.5<2.0<2.0 3,3+0.9 6.4+I.S Tritium 300+<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300 520~309a<300<300<300<300<300<300<300+Lower limit of detection (LLD)++Quantity not sufficient for analysis Value is lower than the tech.spec.LLD of 2000 pCi/I TAB--X Vill DRINK<ATER GAMMA SPECTROMETRY CI/I1 Sample Location Collection Date I-131 Cs-130 Cs-137 Mn-50 I>>7%2>>2>>Co-58 Co-6O 5%5%Zr,Nb-95 5%Fe-59 Zn-65 Oa,La-100 3%15%Lake Township O2/27/86 03/13/86 03/27/86 00/10/86 00/20/SG 0~/25/86 05/08/86 05/22/86 06/05/86 06/19/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 08/Io/86 08/28/86 09/I I/86 09/25/86 10/09/86 10/23/86 I I/06/86 I I/20/86 12/00/SG 12/18/86 12/31/86'LESS THAN LO%'ER LIMIT OF DETECTION>>Lower limit of detection Supplemental 81 ols/20/87 TABLE XXXIX DRINKING WATER 1986 Radiochemical (Ci/I)Sam le Location St.3oseph Collection Date 02/27/86 03/13/86 03/27/86 00/Io/86 00/20/86 00/25/86 o5/os/s6 05/22/S6 06/05/S6 06/19/86 07/03/S6 07/31/S6 os/ie/86 OS/2S/S6 09/11/S6 09/25/S6 10/09/S6 Io/23/86 11/06/86 11/20/86 12/00/86 12/I 8/S6 12/31/S6 Gross Beta 2.0+2.0 2.9+0.5 0.3+I.I 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.7+1.0 2.0+0.9 2.0 2.0 2.0 3.2+I.I 2.0 6.3+1.0 2.0 2.5+1.5 3.0+0.5 2.0 2.0-"..0-0.9 Tritium 300+<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300 300,<300<300 050 268<300<30G 3GG 30G<3GG 300 300 300 3OC+Lower limit of detection++Quantity not sufficient for analysis-101-TABLE XXXX DRINKING WATER GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Ci/1 Sample Location St.3os<<ph Collection Date 02/27/86 03/13/86 03/27/86 00/10/86 00/20/86 00/25/86 05/08/86 05/22/86 06/05/86 06/19/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 08/JO/86 08/28/86 09/ll/86 09/25/86 lo/09/86 10/23/86 ll/06/86 1 1/20/86 12/00/86 12/18/86 l 2/3 l/86 1-131 Cs-130 5<<Cs-137 4~Mn-50 2" Co-58 3<<Co-60 5>>Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 3>>Zn-65 16>>Ba,La-lOQ Q<<r limit of detection tban lower limit of detection not, icie ar a...sis'.I supplemental 0 t TABLE XXXXI DRINKING WATER 1986 Sam le Location Collection Date Gross Beta 2.0+Tritium 300>>Radiochemical (Cj/1)New Buffalo 02/27/86 03/13/86-03/27/86 00/10/86 00/20/86 00/25/86 o5/os/s6 05/22/86c 08/29/86 1O/17/S6 10/23/86 1O/31/S6b 11/06/86b 2.0 2.8+0.9 2.1+1.0 2.0 2.5+0.9 7.8+1.2 2.0 125+3++2.2+1.8 2.0 2.5+1.5 d<300<300<300<300<'00<300 300<300<300 300<300 300+Lower limit of detection++Verified by reanalysis Special sampling to check Gross Beta/Gamma bDip sample c This is the last data required by tech.specs.Station deleted by tech.spec.change (Amendment ft90 for Unit 81 and Amendment/Iso for Unit L/2).dQuantity not sufficient for analysis-103-TABLE X X X X II DRrNKfNG WATEfC GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Ci/1 Sample Location Collection Date I-13I ia Cs-130 5a Cs-137 Mn-50 2I Co-58 3l Co-60 5%.Zr,Nb-95 Ba Fe-59 3%Zn-65 16~Ba,La-100 4I New Buffalo 02/27/86 03/13/86 03/27/86 00/10/86 04/20/86 00/25/86 05/08/86 05/22/86c 08/29/86a 10/17/86 10/23/86 10/31/86b>>/06/86b 100+10"Lower limit of detection>>Less than lower limit of detection aSpecia 1 sampling"Dip.pie cDe rom tech, spec.and no longer required to be sampl Supp tal//l 00/2 TABLE XXXXIII SURFACE V/ATER 1986 Radiochemical (Ci/1)Sam le Location North Lake (L3)Collection Date Oe/10/86 00/25/86 05/15/86 06/12/86 07/03/S6 07/31/86 QS/28/86 09/25/86 10/23/S6 11/20/86 12/1S/S6 Cross Beta 2.0+2.2+0.5<2.0 3.2+1.0 3.6+1.0<2.0 2.4+1.0 3.5+1.1<2.0 17.0+1.0 Tritium 300+300 015+265<300<300<300 300 466~266<300<300<300 300+Loafer limit of detection++Quantity not sufficient for analysis-105 TABLE XXXXIV SURFACE V/ATER CAMMA SPECTROMETRY Ci/1 Sample Location Collection Date I-131 I>>Cs-134 7>>Cs-137 2" Mn-54 2" Co-58 Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 5>>5>>5>>Fe-59 3>>Zn-65 Ba,La-140 15" 4>>Nortli Lake (L3)04/l0/86 04/25/86 05/l 5/86 06/l 2/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 08/28/86 09/25/86 10/23/86 ll/20/86 l 2/l 8/86 LESS TIIAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION>>Lower limit of detection Supplemental 8 l 04/20/87 TABLE XXXXV SURFACE WATER 1986 Radiochemical (Ci/I)Sam le Location South Lake (L2)Collection Date OO/io/86 00/25/86 05/15/86 06/12/86 07/03/86 07/31/S6 08/28/S6 09/25/86 10/23/S6 11/20/86 12/IS/S6 Gross Beta 2.0>>2.6+0.5<2.0 3.0+1.0 3.0+1.0<2.0<2.0<2.0 20.5+1.6>>>>
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| Tritium 300>><300<300<300<300<300 650+271 300 300 300 300 300>>Lower Limit of detection>>>>Verified by reanalysis Quantity not sufficient for analysis-107-TABLE XXXXVI SURFACE WATER GAMMA SPECTROMETRY Ci/1 Sample Location Collection Date I-131 Cs-130 Cs-137 Mn-50 7N 2t Co-58 Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 5>>5+5I Fe-59 3%Zn-65 Ba,La-100$5a Qa I Cl Oo I South Lake (L2)Orr/10/86 Orr/25/86 05/15/86 06/12/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 08/28/86 09/25/86 10/23/86 11/20/86 1 2/18/86 LESS TllAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION"Lower limit of detection Supplemental 81 00/20/87 TABLE XXXXVH CIRCULATING WATER 1986 Radiochemical (i/I))Sam le Location Circulating Intake (L I)Sam le 8//I I/2 I/I//2 II I k/2 II I I/I I/2 Collection Date oe/10/86 00/10/86 00/25/86 00/25/86 os/is/86 os/is/86 06/12/86 07/03/86 07/03/86 07/31/86 08/28/86 09/25/86 I 0/23/86 11/20/86 12/18/86 Gross Beta 2.0+2.0 2.0 3.6+I.I 5.3+I.I 2.1+0.9 2.0 3.I+1.0 2.5+1.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 20.2+2.8"+Tritium 300+<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<300<<Lower limit of detection++Verified by reanalysis aguantity not sufficient for analysis-109-TABLE XXXXVIII CIRCIJLATING WATER Ci A M MA SPECTROMETRY Sample Location Collection Cs-134 Date 7%Cs-137 2" Mn-54 2" Ci/I Co-58 Co-60 Zr,Nb-95 Fe-59 Zn-65 Ba,La-1 40 5x 5a 3%15>>4" Cir cul at ing Inta i<e//I//2//I//2//I//2//I//I//2 04/io/86 P4/IP/86 04/25/86 04/25/86 05/i5/86 05/i5/86 06/l2/86 07/03/86 07/03/86 07/3 I/86 08/28/86 09/25/86 I 0/23/86 I 2/I 8/86 LESS TIIAN LOWER LIMIT OF DETECTION L..!r limit of detection Sam le 7 Required Location Collection Date Reason Air particulate/radioiodine Air particulate Radioiodine Air particulate TLD TLD TLD Drinking Water Drinking Water Air particulate/radioiodine ONS-6 ONS-0 COL iVBF OFS-8 OFS-2 OFS-8 Lake Township St.3oseph OPS-5 OI/2I/86 02/00/86 02/II/86 03/II/86 00/06/86 07/07/86 07/07/86 07/10/86 07/10/86 07/22/86 Malfunctioning meter Lost in shipment Lost in shipment A1issing at site 11issing at site Missing at site K1issing at site Lost in shipment Lost in shipment.Power off at station APPENDIX A Results of the EPA Cross-Check Program 1986 For Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc.-112-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986 Gross Al ha/Beta In Water Date I/S6 3/S6 7/S6 9/S6 Parameter Cross Alpha Cross Beta Gross Alpha Gross Beta Cross Alpha Cross Beta Gross Alpha Cross Beta EPA Known Value Ci/I+la 3+5 7+5 15+5 6+5 IS~5 15+5 S+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/I+2 a 5+I 6+I 7+I 7+I 9+I 10+I 13'15+3 16+3 15+3 16+3 17+3 5+I 6+I 6+I 15 3 16 3 IS 3 12+2 12+2 IO+2 17+0 IS+3 20 3 ,,-113-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986Gamma In Water Date 2/86 6/86 10/86 Parameter Cesium-130 Cesium-137 Cobalt-60 Zinc-65+Cesium-137
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| :inc-65 Ruthenium-106 Cesium-130 EPA Kno~Value Ci/1+1 a 30+5 22+5 IS+5 40+5 10+5 86+5 70a5 28+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/I+2~29+4 20+0 33+5 18+0 16+0 21+0 25+2 29+0 21+3 57+15 56+12 56+12 9+2 12+2 10+2 S7+8 80+8 90+8 65+21 67+6 71+23 22+2 26+2 2S+2.I+Spike sample was reanalyzed and a value of 01+10 pCi/I was obtained Supplemental 81 00/20/87-114-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986 Gamma In Water (Continued)
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| Date 10/86 Parameter Cesium-137 Cobalt-60 Zinc-65 EPA Known Value Ci/1+1 o 31+5 85+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/1+2(y 02+0 03+1 08+3 28+0 29+0 29+0 77+7 78+7 79+7 (~~~I~a~t-115-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM.1986 Tritium in Water Date 2/86 6/86 10/86 Parameter Tritium Tritium" Tritium EPA Known Value Ci/I+I a 5227+523 3125+360 5973+597 CEP Reported Value Ci/1+2 a 9 100+0IO 0590+459 0190+019 2290+230 2170+220 2050+210 5062+600 5257+600 5880+600+Spike sample was reanalyzed with the LS-5801 and a value of 3533+565 pCi/I was obtained-116-Supplemental 81 oe/zo/87 EPA CROSS-CHECK PROCRAM 1986 Iodine-131 In Water Date 0/86 8/86 Parameter Low Level High Level+EPA Known Value Ci/1+la 9+6 05+6 CEP Reported Value Ci/1+2o 9+0 7+0 7+0 30+0 33+0 39+0+Spike sample was reanalyzed and a value of 00+0 pCi/1 was obtained Supplemental 81 00/20/87-117-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROCRAM l986 Radionuclides In Milk Date 6/86 Parameter Iodine-131 Cesium-137 EPA Known Value Ci/I+I a OI+6 31+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/I+2 a 36+6 32+0 00+7 30+5 26+0 28+0 10/86 iodine-131 Cesium-137+
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| 09+6 39+5 43+3 33+9 37+0 53+25 58+22 08+20+Spike sample was reanalyzed and a value of 30+5 pCi/I was obtained Supplemental
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| //I 00/20/87-118-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986 Iodine-131 In Milk Date 2/86 Parameter Low Level EPA Known Value I/L+I a 9+6 CEP Reported Value Ci/I+2 o 9+I 9+i IO+l I t~~-119-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986 Radionuclides in Air Filters Date 0/86 9/36 Parameter Gross Alpha Gross Beta Cesium-137 Gross Alpha Gross Beta Cesium-137 EPA Known Value Ci/filter+1 g 15+5 07+5 10+5 22+5 66+5 22+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/filter+2 o 15+3 15+3 16+3 56+6 57+6 58+6 8+3 9 3 9 3 23+2 22+2 26+2 60+2 63+2 66+2 23 L 3 25 3 22+3-120-EPA CROSS-CHECK PROGRAM 1986 Radionuclides In Food Date 1/31 Parameter iodine-131 Cesium-137 EPA Known Value Ci/k+1 a 20+6 15+5 CEP Reported Value Ci/k+2 a 20+5 21+7 22+7 15+5 16+5 17+5 Potassium 950+103 910+91 950,+95 900+90-121-APPENDIX B TLD CROSS CHECK DATA-122-FIFTH INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL DOSIMETER!NTERCOMPARISON PROJECT)rttanirers:
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| T F.Ccs il I.'ntvcrxtty of Texas School ot Public Heahh I'.O.Box 20lt)6 Houston, Texas 77025 (713)792 4376 C.de Planque U.S.Department of Energy Environmental
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| '4Ieasurements Laboratory 37o Hudson St.Yew York, N.Y.10014 t212)o20-3635 Commercial t212)oo0-3o35 FTSSponsors: iJ.S.Department of Energy University of Texas School ot Public Heahh August 03 19gl Fifth Enternational Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters k
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| ==Dear Participant:==
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| Enclosed is an individual data record for each dosimeter which you entered in the intercomparison, an explanation of the coding used for the individual data record, and a few preliminary summary statistics.
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| The individual data record has been generated directly from the data that we have in our computer file.Please check each entry carefully for accuracy and report any discrepencies to me as soon as possible.This computer file will be used for further, detailed analyses so the accuracy oi the input data which you provide is extremely important.
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| Please note that we do not computerize all the data which you provide so blank spaces do not imply missing data.Where data is missing, a field of 9's appears.Please supply missing data if possible.Table l-3 provide summary statistics for the three exposure cond'tions and the corresponding figures provide the dsstribut'on.
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| ln general.there was very good agreement between the average of all participants and independently measured values.After a reasonable period of time is allowed for corrections to the data file to be received, and noted, we will perform a more detailed analysis and forward the results to you.Sincerely, Thoma F.Gesell, Ph.o.Associate Professor of Health Physics TG:ls:"nc;l.Endividual data record(s)2.xplanation of the individual data reco.'d 3.Summary statistics and figures for the intercomparison First lntercomparison Houston.Texas~1974 Fourth lntercornparison Houston.Texas~1979 Second lntercomparison Third Imcrcomparison
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| ,'v'ew YorL Ci:y, x'eiv York~1976 OaL Ri'ge.Tennessee~1977 Fifth lntercomparison Idaho Falls.Idaho~lo80 EXPLANATION OF THE INOI VIDUAL OATA 0 The serial number.appears in the second line of the record.Please check to see that it corresponds to the serial number(s)of your dosimeter set(s)~The sections labeled"I total exposure measured" and" II estimated exposures, participant's results" should exactly reflect the corresponding information which you provided on your response forms.The corrections are coded as follows: no corrections analytical correction physical correction both analytical and physical corrections no information supplied The section labeled"II estimated exposures, author's results" reflect our calculation of the estimated exposures based upon sure data from section I.Where a discrepency of more than 0.1 mR occurs we plan to use the author'results in the subsequent analyses unless you contact us.Section IIIB should be equal to the sum of the estimated storage exposures which you provided under item IIIB of the response form.Item IIIc gives the estimated transit exposure which you calculated as well as the author's calculations As with the lab and field data, where a discrepency occurs we intend to use the author's result unless you notify us.The remainder of the individual data record should be self explainatory except for the codes which are given below: IV A.REAOER TYPE 1 Eberline TLR-5, TLR-6 2 EG&G (all)3 Harshaw 2000 4 Harshaw 4000 5 Harshaw 2271 6 Harshaw CP-1112/PO 7 Teledyne 7100 8 Teledyne 7300 9 Teledyne 8300 10 Teledyne UO-505A 11 Victoreen 2600 12 Krackow 748 13 Conrad 5100 A and 8 14 Harshaw 3000 15 ROC MKIV,1000 16 Victoreen 2800 17 LOT-20 18.National and Panasonic UO 505A 19 Atomic Energy of Canada AEP 5256A 20 TNO Automatic 2)Kyokko 1200 22 Matsushita National UO 502B 23 Aloka 202 24 Teledyne 9100 25 Pitman Toledo 26 Studsvik Auto 1313A 27 Victoreen 2810 28 Panasonic 710 A 30 Non-Commercial TLO 31 Non-Commercial TSEE 32 Oensitometer (all)33 Toshiba FGO 6 ,
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| 34 Therados AB, Uppsula 35 Panasonic UD?02A 36 RDL 78 37 TLD-04 38 X-Rite Model 301 IV.B DOSIMETER MATERIAL TLD 1 BeO 2 CaF2:Dy 3 CaF2:Mn 4 CaF2:natural 5 CaS04:Dy 6 CaS04:Tm 7 LiF:Mg,Ti 8 LiB,LiF in combination 9 Mg2 Sig: Tb 13 CaS04: in Lif 14 LiF:Mg,Cu,P 15 A1203 IY.E LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE TSEE 20 BeO FILM 30 All RADI OPHOTOLUMINESCENCE 40 AgP03 99.Not~eported l.2.3.9.Routine Best Effort Experimental system not used in routine monitoring Not reported V.CAL I B RAT I ON INFORMATION Calibration isotope 60 90 137 226 238 500 999 Ca 1 i brat i on 1.2.3.9.cobal,t 60 strontium 90 cesium 137 radium-226 uranium-238 x-rays not reported geometry collimated beam point source in free air other not reported V.C..PACKAGING DURING CALIBRATION 1.same as intercomparison dosimeters 2.different fran intercomparison dosimeters 3.other 9.not reported V.D.'.CALIBRATION DURING OR BEFRE READOUT 1.during r eadout 2.before readout 3.other 9.not reported.
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| Page 3 V.E.CALIBRATION"METHOO 1.individually 2.by the batch'.by the batch with individual corrections 4.other 9.not reported V, F.CALIBRATION EXPOSURE DETERMINATI CN 1.calculation frcm source strength 2.measurement 3.other 9.not reported PREVIOUS PARTICIPATION 0.did not participate in any previous interccmparison l.participated in one previous interccmparison 2.participated in two previous interccmparisons 3.participated in three previous interccmparisons 4.participated in four previous intercomparisons TYPE'F ORGANIZATION Uni ted States Par ti ci pants 1.Manufacturers and ccnsultants 2.Government agencies and national laboratories 3.Universities 4.Utilities Participants outside the Uni,ted States 5.All F Ir fl<<I>Tf i<I<At lii>>hL IHTt, t<l'hl<I'.Ou OF f HV II<A(<>f'f<fhL AOSI(lETERS f>>f)IVII>l>hL OnTA l<EC<)kl)FOI<Sfl<IAL Huiiof'R 0660I To Tnl l>I'n~>l<ir
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| >I h'..Olil.t>
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| f t r L I><.>s I><f.1 Ek I F lrLu I)nit<<f TEP 2 r Cl>n,~<ll<r I>k)ER><Ok I<<k I CORRECTIONS FAOt(in El>EI<OT O(REC f TONAL Sf I.F ll\RAOTAT(ON I)f<=1<>i<INi)
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| I hfl I>n)>t'il Tl I>I!f<" IH<<IH<: I r<I un'>14'f Trk'>0 0 Ion.n r<n Lnn L>)c(~L fI I<1 t hn Lnu l!Dst<LIE(I 2 t(1~0 1(5'rn<<tkoL<))5 t: E (LI<<('O<<TR<>I.
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| f)~)>: IlwL1L<<19 0 19.i)Ec(I HA Il n<>><~i>su<<LO I'hli T I<.Il"><'sS kl buL~S I I r I')t<<>u<<<l.E)If<: I<<><I<<<I.AP I X<'I'><I<<E f rill LA<I I><l><>i<k!f 26.i)')9.0 9>>~n (.O 2 S~t<0 0 0 n n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 hut(><)k~I lil><<I I><Il I.<)r><>>u)>uf<f
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| <3r'<<N I Nn LPQ E xl>05<0'I t,)<O<.RII 6>>POSvkt 2(>.n 70.5>'r<.0 I I f.<f wt I 1(t I>Nli>>rtf I I!I>>s>>leer 0~0 I I Ir real>.ht>I>fi>n<~><I 1 I.XI ii,<><if I'hl<I'C I<'0>I ik kl'><'L i S h<~1<~<0<r<lif s>'I I 1.0 Ip.n 5~>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~>~~~~~~~e~~~~~~~~i~~~>~~+~~~~~~~~1 I 1 t~~>~0 E~~~~~i~~~~i~~~~~i>i>~~t i~~t r 0~i~~'>0 1~1 4~~i~'~i~lt 0'~~tl 4 t I v F>l NE f(AL l(if ul<<ll<I 0>>A I<(ADt)I I 1)>t 8 DOSIHl 1)ft (<A<<<<(h<.E I.I V<<.<r INI>>>ORr(ANCI v chl I(3khT(uw INF ok<nht totv P f'I<ST CAL I(3RAI I>>)f I 5OTOPE.SLCO><t)rhLI(tkhfleN ry<l.Iltkh1 I<>l4 G<DW Ik T<<AC Kh<)I<<I><)VI<I<<<i CAII 8RA I I<>N I)rhl.lpJ<ht lok I!u<<IH<ok ftt'F<>>>E kl>tDODT E mt lllkhTlv)I MI I)lon<INDI<>lt)uh<, pjAIL<<.r fr.l f C<>L(l<l(AT<ON I><<'<>bv><L nLTfl<h<I<<A(IOH
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| (;6 I I~h)f D rnL(tlWATIOH Ekf(0>t I><PE<3<.L4T riil)E.03 02 3 137 999 2 I I I I 9!9.9 1<<E<l'OuS I>AN T I CI Ph f I DH TYF>f O>t(hk I ZAT I ON ItI Appendix 2.2 Surface and Drinking Water Results January-March, 1986 Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Units 1 and 2 Note: Drinking and Surface water sample results for the remainder of 1986 are to be found in Appendix 2.1 of this report.
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| 12 THP 6010.RAD.OSO ATTACHMENT 2TABLE I~DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT NATERBORNE, SURFACE RITIUM, QUARTERLY COMPOSITE (~LD=2000 pCi/E)Concentrations in pCi/2 1st Q R 2nd QTR 3rd QTR 4th QTR L2 L3+Semen Coo&hJo7 Ek TRK~<~<~>~<o~~~Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTAQQKNT 3 TABLE II COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATEEKORNE SURFACE GM9Q, I SOTOP I C NONTLHY'OMPOS I TE Concentrations in pCi/2 Cs-137 (LLD=1S pCi/2)SAlG'LZ LOCATION: COLLECTION DATE~Fl 2-t3-S'Q 8-f 3-.F(Ll~L,uO c.LL Q L2 I-I a-SY...-i3-8(8->3-S's-134 (LLD=15 pCi j2)~LLb-cLb-~Lb+Same r Qc~.D ga-2-T&czq D~-I c Ter ON LR<E'age 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 THP'6010.RAD.050 ATTACE4ENT 3 SAMPLE LOCATION: COLLECTION DATE 8-I 3.-34 TABLE II DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT VATE3&ORNE, SURFACE QQPJA ISOTOPIC, MONTIBR COMPOSITE Concentrationtm in pCi/i C-40(LLD=I5 pCi/S)Ll-LLQ-LLQ-c.I Q L3 La ling'LLD~l5 pCi/E)*L-cf Q-L.N l 4 I II+.gg'+ZAN CCgM blCT HF/Ak'EPJ L6 o Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 QIJ~e 12 THP 6010.RAD.0S0 ATTACHMENT 3 SAMPLE LOCATION: COLLECTIOH DATE-i@-Sk>-I-Zi Z-13-Sk TABLE II DONALD C-~COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATERBORNE, SURFACE GAL(ISOTOPICg NOHTLEY COMPOSITE Concentrationa in pCi/E F~.H(LLD=30pCirx><ILI-uQ L3I-'~--5k>-i3-$4 Z-19-S"C+&$:LLD~, 3C pCi/2)-L I U3 NCi Hc lAKcP'.'6'G ZC'C GQ MKE Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 ,
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| 12 THP'6010.RAD.050 ATTACHNENT 3 SANPLZ LOCATION: COLLECTIOH DATE i-Ia W 4-(3 9(,-r3-2 TASLE II DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT MATIDRORNE, SURFACE GAyyg<ISOTOPIC, NONTLHY CONPOS I TE Concentrations in pCi/E Q~~S(LLD=l5 pCi/t)Ll L2 c LLQ 4~Q<<L~%4&f:LLD~I-pCi/R)c.~Q'+SAmpm ('a~@M~7-g=Tedge D'e To;z'c.'F GJ~BC Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 SAHPKZ LOCATION: COLLECTION DATE~-i 3-SY 12 THP'010.RAD.050 ATTACHMENT 3 TABLE II DONALD C.COOK NJCLEAR PLANT MATEEKORNZ, SURFACE Gag~ISOTOPIC, NONTLHY CONPQS ITE Concentrations in pCi/i Zr IBLLD=30 pci/~)Ll"LLD cLD I gb-ggLLD~i~~pCi/9)L W+~p~Qpgg Qg-, gp'QJ3lcGJ DQETo~t='n/LAKE.Revision 0 ,
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| 12 THP'6010.RAD.050 ATTACHMENT 3 SAMPLE LOCATIONS COLLECTIOH DATE TABLE II DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATERBORNE
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| ~SURFACE QA&R ISOTOPIC<NONTLHY CONPOS ITE~'Concentrations in pCi/E Z-/3i (LLD=I pCi/E)L1 L2 I 1 4 I e,p.-pj's'LLD
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| ~QQ pCi/2)c LL I~" w SRm~C'ot:t.g~+Ter~Re Io~c'<~,~,~,~~Od LP<E.Revision 0 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHMENT 4 TABLE III>ONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT NATERBORNE, DRINKING TRITIUM, QUARTERLY COMPOSITE (LLD=2000 pCi/2)Concentrations in pci/R Il St.Joseph Lake Township New Buffalo ls: QTR 2nd QTR 3rd QTR 4th QTR 0 Page 1 of 1 Revision 0:
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| 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHMENT 5 TABLE IV DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATERBORNE, DRINKING GROSS BETA, MONTHLY COMPOSITE (LLD=4 pCi/2)Concentrations in pCi/2 SAMPLE LOCATION: SAMPLE DATE: z-z-,P(/-/s-h(/-3()-$'6 ST.JOSEPH g.s3 egg)LAKE TOWNSHIP-.2, PC"P, 7$'d.75 NEW BUFFALO'.Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 THP 6010.RAD.060 ATTACHNE2FZ 6 TABLE V DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATERBORNE, DRINKING GAL(I SOTOP I C, MONTHLY COMPOS ITE Concentrations in pci/i SAMPLE LOCATION: SAMPLE DATE/-4.$k'-BO-Zb<LL U C/f Q-LLb~LLQ Cs-137 (LLD~18 pCi/2)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TOWNSHIP NEW BUFFALO~EL'LQ c.+J Q Cs-134 (LLD=15 pCi/2)~EL L>g-lC-LLD"L.LI Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 0 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHK'NT 6 SAMPLE LOCATION: SAMPLE DATE s-~-sb r-/-8'o-Zb TABLE V DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATEEgeRNE, DRINKINQ QANNA ISOTOPIC, MONTHLY COMPOSITE Concentrations in pCi/E Z.-(3i (LLD~I pCi/X)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TOWNSHIP~LLQ-~cb c I<LL~LL)l I-ld-0-cV-/'Q~-IAO(LLD
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| =60 pCi/L)~LLD cEL IO*LLD I L zt.b~L,Lt0~Lt-LL Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 THP 6010.RAD.OSO ATTACHHERT 6 TABLE V DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR=-PLANT WAKM3ORHE DRI2KI2%GAKKAI ISOTOPIC, NOPZHLY CONPOSITE"1 SANPLE LOCATIOH: SANPLZ DATE i-a-sb~LLQ~LLQ~LL~LLQ-~cb~LLb~LL Conccntrationa in yCi/JL ZR-15 (LLD~80 yCi/I)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TC%NSHIP NEM BUFFALO~LlQJ i-ld-NG 75(LLD=l5 pCi/~)~LgQ~LLb*LLEW LL Lab-t cb LL~LLQ~LLE)Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 THP 60?O.RAD.050 ATTACBKWZ 6SmrLZ LOCATION: SAKPLE DATE s-~-sb i-/-8'-Zd TABLE V DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT WATERBORNE DR INKINQ GAMBA ISOTOPIC, MONTHLY COMPOSITE Concentrations in pCi/E CG-5~{LLD~l9 pciya)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TCNÃSHI P~l LQ-cLb~LLb~LL cJ gj)s.~a~@~LLQI-/6-0-gg-gg(LLD=/~pCi/I)-LLD~LLEW*LLEW)"LL~j Lb~LLE)LL~LLEW~LLE)Page 1 of 1 Revision 0 12 TBP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHKBlT 6 TABID V DONALD C;COOK NUCLEAR PLANT MATE'.GARNE,DR INKING QAKNA I SOTOP IC i'cMNTHLY COMPOS ITS Concentrations in pCi/S: , P SAMPLE LOCATION: SAMPLE DATE s-a-sb c.gag LL~LLQ<LL FC-5R(LLD~80 pCi/X)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TOMÃSBIP~tl b x~Q~LLQI t-/6-~~~~(LLD=30pCi/~)~pc Q~LLEW*LLEW"'I L LL.b-ub egg 4L~Lt.Q~t LE)Page 1 of 1 Revision.0 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHNENT 6 SAMPLE LOCATIOM: SANPLE DATE s-~-rb-Z c.gag<<I LQ TABLE V DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT MATEIU3ORNE, DRINKINl~~ISOTOP IC MONTHLY COMPOSITE Cont:entzationa in pci/E Qp-Cga(LLD
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| ~15 pCi/L)ST.JOSEPH LAKE TEWHSHIP<LI b~LL~-Igg(LLD=l5~pCi/i)-LLD cLL IO~LLD-LLPage 1 of 1 Revision 0
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| ~-I P 1 I Appendix 2.3 Enhanced Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program Results Arising from the Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station 10
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| .4 f=3.I 1 iJ 1317 TECHNICAL-PHYS ICAL SC IENCES OEPARTHENT ACTION REQUEST R.J.Clendenning TO: SECTION: Radiation Protection I/1/~Action Request due to Oepartment Head on This date has been chosen to allow for adequate review and preparation of supplemental responses.
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| Recommendations/Assignment:
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| Review I.E.Information Notice 86-32: Request for Collection of Licensee Radioactivity Heasurements attributed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant accident and address the plant, manager's comments.Reference Oocument: I, E.Information Notice 86"32~.Additional Res onse Oue To: Oue Oa te: N/A A.C.CD Technical/Physical Sciences Superintendent Oate Issued Response:/~Q(w~Qf v4)li~Y~wu Completed 8y: Techn ica I/Phys ica I Sc i ences Super intenden t Sate: ic Ma te~Extension dates may be'obta ined from Technical-Physical Sc ienc'es Superintendent for those items with no responses due outside tne Oeoartment.
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| All AR's wit5 iesponses due outside t'e Department are expected to 5e completed on
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| ~~/p RECBVEO t4tY 13 l986 Technical Oe pt.
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| PRIORITY ATTENTION RE(UESTEO UNITED STATES.,'UCLEAR REGULATORY CtMISS ION OFFICE OF INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT WASHINGTON, O,C.20555 Hay 2, 1986 SSINS No.: 6835 IN 86-32+~~~p , PLCkg~c-4~0~g IE INFORNATION NOTICE NO.86-32: REQUEST FOR COLLECTIOH OF LICENSEE RADIOACTIVITY HKASURENENTS ATTRIBUTED TO THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR PLANT ACCIDENT Addressees:
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| All nuclear power reactor facility licensees holding an operating license (OL)or construction permit (CP).~Put ose: The purpose of this information notice is to update lfconsoes of tho recent Chornobyl nuclear power plant accidorft and to roquost voluntary reporting og any licensee envf r onmental r adioactfvfty measurooont data probably caused hg.that event.In order to enhance the Federal and state monitoring progi ams,'ll nuclear power reactor faci litios with on-going environmental monftorfng programs are requested to consider the NRC request to report confirmed anomalous environmental radioac-t'vity measurements probably caused by radfoactive material released in the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in tho U.S.S.R.It is rcqueste d that recipients review tho attached fnforaatfon and provide tho onvfromental data discussed heroin.Descri tion of Circumstances:
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| Information issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)concerning the recent reactor accident in Chernobyl, USSR is contained in Attachments 1, 2 and 3~In the week following the accident at, Chernobyl, elevated levels of radioactivity have been detected in air, rainwater, soil and food in many European countries.
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| The radfonuclfdos that have been detected in air in these countries include: I-131, Cs-137, Cs-134, Te-132, Ru-103, Ho-99, Np"239, and Nb-95.Although estimates of plume arrival tfmo and location of entry into the continental United Statos are highly uncertain at this time, the plume may arrive in tho Pacific Northwest United States during Nay 7-10, 1986.Discussion:
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| It appears likely that radioactive material from the Chernobyl accident may arrive i ri e within the continental U.S.in concentrations that are readily detectab e.-I d to nhance nationwide environmental surveillance, the EPA (and some n or er e nc>es to be better s a e t t s)have increased the airborne"monit'oring s~ling frequo t and reinforce-a e o-bl to detect any traces of the plume.In order to supplomon this state and federal nationwide surveillance program, th.e.NRC licensees<as wan~Q w G3+(<'~y qD+ca~ca'8605020492 q,~~+<c=+a~
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| ~p~g~gt 2!00 P 8 p KKRSOAYi HAY 1~l986 CCSTACT 4 OAVK COBRA (202)382-C]SS On Tuesday, the Environmental Protection Agency, which ma f ntaf ns tho nat'ion'radiation moni toring net<orkz increased f ts sanplfng freauency tor ai rborno ra f foact f vity to, daily.Result: 'bta f ned thus f ar sho~no i nero aso i n rad i oact iv i ty above normal background levels.The Canadfan air monitoring network has also increased fts sampling froauency to daily.Results thoro sho~no increase fn radioactivity.
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| ~.Tho air~ass containing the radioactivity fr~~the fnk~ipl Chernobyl nuclear ovont is no<<idaly dfsporsed throughout northern Furore and Polar rogfons.Portf.inc of radfoactf vile of C the north~est tlo~eqfan coast yesterday morning should continue to disporse vf th possible noveaont toward the east f n the next saveral days.Other portions of the radioactive air mass any novo east through the Soviet Union and through the Polar regions over th coning~oek.Tho Soviets havo reported they have snothwred the fire.Fro~our information it is not clear~bother tho fire is out or not.ae aLso cannot confi rn n~<<c'eports of da~age at a second react ir, hu~the second hot spot seen in the LVAS~T photos is not a reactor.The U.S.Government has offe.ed to provide technical assis ance to the Soviet Government to deal with the accident.On M dnesday afternoon, a senior Soviet of.icial frnm their Embassy in Washinctton delivered a note to the Department of State exnressinct appreciation for our offer of assistance and stating tha for the cine being, assiscancu is not n eded~At the present tine, the U.S.."~o i.rnnent has no data on radiation level~or contamination Levels at any Location vie.'~in the Soviet Union.We also have no firn information concetni~4'.4 the number of casualties from the accident.(nore)
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| Attachtnent 2 IH 86-32 Hay 2, l986 T~IgQ POINTS i CBERCORTL gQCLEAR ACCIDENT'~>f~"'April 30'96<'ril 25.or early Saturday.April 26$a@prod at the Chernobyl nuclear facility serious accident occurred at ant, the facility experienced a coro f iro Causes of tho acc ident'are meltdown, explosion, and fire.auaes not kncwn.o The oxp o ion and r osulting fire released a plume of do i e reactor coro, fire continues<
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| 'radioactivo gases v of f.volvod is a graphite~oratod,~
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| o Tho facility involve ressure-tube un t.g p such units at Chornobyl.
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| To g unit<kn~as Vnit 44, is involv n o avelod in a northwest.diroction o The initial plume trave o it~ill move i~'tmrard Scandanavxa.
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| Predictions nm suggest 1 bove normal background an oas t~a rd d i rect ion.Radiation love s a have b on,det cted in Scan Scandanavian countr e~levels pose no significant risk to human ea 0nvil onmen to vernment has made an offer of technical sist to th out of gonulne concern onded April 30 that no people.o The Soviet government respon e od~f ore ign ass is tance is nood tod s ecific information on the f 11 spos to~e have not received a u that request.This is also a matter o States.Unl t pd ation lume emitted as'result of the Chernobyl accident ill d~sp Homi6phoro
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| ~Eventually, some rad xo ct ason to believe that t i k vc.there, is no r easo g t vill pose any b environment.
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| ease fact sheet on radiation health effects or on exposure.
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| p~Attachment' IH 86-31.May 2, 1986 Fact Sheet-Chornobyl SOVIET NUCLEAR ACCIOEHT FOR RELEASE: 2:00 P,M., FRIOAY, MAY 2, l986 COHTACT: OAVE COHEH (202)382-4355 Radiation monitoring networks.in the United States and Canada are continuing to analyze for airborne radioactivity daily, No increases in radioactivity above normal background levels have boon dotoctod in either country.Canadian officials intend to increase tho sampling frequency of their mf lk monftorfng network, which consists of 16 stations near population centers in southern Canada, to wookly bogfnnfng next week.It fs believed that air containing radioactivity now covers much of Europo and a la~go part of tho Soviet Union.The distribu-tion of radioactivity is likely to be patchy.Air containing radioactivity detected by aircraft at 5000 feet about 400 miles west of northern Norway is believed to have moved westward and ew appears to be heading south or southeastward perhaps to return to~estern Europe.There is no independent conffraation of the radio-activity in the air moving eastward across Asfa.(A~cather map should bo attached to today's Task Force Report.If you do not have a copy, it can bo picked up in the EPA press office, room 311, Most Tower, 401 M St., S.M.(202)382-4355.)
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| Environmental monitoring data have been provided by the Swedish government for tho Stockhol@area for April 28-30.Extrapolations of those data suggest that radiation exposure levels at the Chernobyl site would have boon in a range from 20 rem to hundreds of reN whole-body for tho two-day period over which most of tho radiation release probably took place.Radiation doses for tho thyroid gland have boon estimated to be in a range froo 200 rem to thousands of rea for the same period.These doses are sufficient to produce severe physical trauma including death.It should be emphasized that these are estimates subject to consider able uncertainty.
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| The U.S.has as yet no information from the Soviet Union as to actual radiation levels experienced at the accident site.O ,
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| ~3&/P The Sl)tb House has established an Interagency Task Force to coordinate the Government's response to the nuclear reactor accident in Chornobyl.
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| The Task Force is under the direction of Lee H.Thomas, Administrator of the Environaontal Protection Agency, with representatives frow the White House, Oopartment of State, EPA, Oeparteent of Energy, Nuclear Regulatory Coeaission, National Oceanic and Ataospheric Achinistration, U.S.Air Force, Oepartsont of Agriculture, Food and Drug Administration, Federal Eaergency management Agency, Oepartaont of Interior, Federal Aviation A@sinistration, the U.S.Public Health Service, and other agencies.PLEASE NOTE: THE EPA PRESS OFFICE WILL BE OPEN OVER THE MEEKEHO FOR UPDATING.HOURS MILL BE FROH 10am TO 2N.202-382-4355.'"
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| SSIHS Ho.: 6835 IH 86-32,-Suppleient 1, I cc:.t.p.AI exi ch T.a.Ar,"enea S.J.Braver J.M.Cleveland C.Jl.Erpceon UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COHHISSIOH J.B.shl~t OFF ICE OF INSPECTION ANO EHFORCEMEHT D.H.villi arne.Jr.WASHINGTON, D.C.2OS56 g'Ji i 6 N5 E INFORHATIOH NOTICE No 86-32 SUPPLEMENT 1 REquEST FOR COLLECTION OF IE INFORHA LICEHSEE RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREHEHTS ATTRIBUTEO TO THE CHERHOBYL NUCLEAR PLANT ACCIDEHT Addressees:
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| All nuclear power reactor facilities holding an operating license (OL)or a construction, permit (CP).Purpose: The purpose of this supplement is to provide an update on the risponse to Information Notice 86-32 and to inform the licensees that the reporti ng of environmental monitoring data.attributable to Chernobyl (within 24 hours)i longer needed.Discussion:
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| I f t'otice (IH)86-32 issued May 2, 1986 requested that reactor licensees report within 24 hours any environmental data collected at their facility attributable to the Chernobyl reactor incident.To date over 46 1'ponded by reporting evaluated levels of fission products-131 in around their facility.All licensees responding to IN 86-32 reported I-rain water and air samples.Measurable levels of Cs-134, Cs-137, Ru-103, Ba-140, La-140, and Te-132 also were frequently.
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| reported in.air samples.Many of the I-131 concentrations reported in air, milk, and food product (leafy vegetables) samples, although low, were above the special reporting levels listed in Table 3.12-2 of the standard Radiological Effluent Technical Specifi-cations (RETS).IN 86-32 were entirely on a voluntary basis.The HRC appreciates Responses to-wer the cooperation received on this effort.The licensees a d ta were rovided to p the e era n crag h F d 1 I t ragency Task force established to deal with the Chernobyl"the environ-acci en.e'd t.Th Environmental Protection Agency has indicated that mental radiation data supplied by NRC l>censees were instrumenta 1 in under-standing particular aspects of the UPS, radiological situation and in answering concerns of U.S.citizens relative to gaseous radioiodine in the air"., 8606040003 AN cLgc)HD)AHP 8, glCHlGAH ELECTRIC COMPAHY>WCR SYST<September 9, E988 8807 tusJECT'E Infozmation Notice 86-32 Request for Colleccion of Licensee Radioactivity Measurement attributed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident.FROM<TOt S.R.Khalil R.J.Clendenning In response to the Chernobyl reactor accident on April 26, 1986, we started a special sample collection and analysis program to evaluate the levels of radioactivity resulted from this accident and to assure chat the detected materials are properly identified as to source (e.g.either plant operations or the Chernobyl event).Three sample stations vere selected, tvo on-site scacions (ONS-2 and ONS-4)and one off-site station (Coloma).Airborne samples were collected from these stations three times per veek (i.e.Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday).
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| The enhanced sample collection program starts on May 3, 1986 and was completed on July 3, 1986.The results of airborne radioiodines and airborne particulates (gross beca)samples are presented in Figures 1 and 4.Samples were also collected in a routine basis according to our plant REMP every seven days from six on-site stations and four off>>sice stacions.The results of the weekly routine samples from these ten stations during second quarter of 1986 are shovn in Figures 2,3, 5 and 6.On May 10, 1986, the iodine levels showed a very slight increase in all three stations, followed by a sharp increase for both airborne particulate and iodine levels on May 13, 1986.During the second half of che month of May 1986, Figure 1 shows that three radioiodines levels were detected on May 15, May 22,.and May 31, 1986 vhich indicate two decay periods for the I-131 radioactivicies in our plane area.Also, Figure 4 shovs that three peaks of the airborne parciculate activity during May 13 throughc June 5, 1986 period.Following this time, the radioiodines and particulates activities were decreased to normal background levels during the month of June until the enhanced sampling program was discontinued.
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| Our roucine sampling program continued without interruption as scheduled and indicates that these observed levels vas due co the Chernobyl event, noc from D.C.Cook Plant.A rain sample vas obtained on May 20, 1986 from Coloma stacion and the gamma spec.analysis indicaced no detectable activicy in chis sample.The analysis of our routine milk samples collected every 14 days duzing che second quarter of 1986 are presented in Figure 7 for.five milk farm scat'ons.Milk samples collected on May 24 and June 7 shovs a I-131 level increased, specially zrom Wyanc station samples in Dowagiac, MI.On June 2), 1986 che iodine radioactivity level vas decreased in all stations.~v.q S.R.Khalil/lg cc: ARd 1317 IHTRA SYSTEM APR29 MAY3 MAY6 MAYS MAY10 MAYl3 MAY 15 MAY17 MAY20 MAY2 2 MAY24 MAY27 MAY29 MAY3 1 JUN3 JUN5 JUN7 JUN10 JUN12 JUN14 JUN 17 JUN19~21 f~824 g uH26 JUN2 8 JUL1 JUL3 ONSET[I131]'(5<5 c5 w5 67 185 206 131 65 94 39 30 15 63 c 5 36 c 5 27 c 5<5+5 c.5 (5 c5 c5 c5 (5 c.5 (X131]<5 (5 4 5~8 54.182 209 110 58 88 47 41 19 34 11 28 c.5 8 c5 c5 20 47 18 10 c5 c5 c.5 c,5 x COLOMA{I131]<5 (5 C5 (5 49 202 222 80 55 113 36 27 41 45 13 23 20 c 5 32 (5 10 (5 c 5 27 c 5 c 5 c 5 ONS2 (BETA]30 19 20 9 27 318 333 128 46 300 99 69 53 74 183 510 42 67 20 33 20 31 42 17 8 22 10 ll ONS4 (BETA]20 18 15 8 20 314 303 112 42 374 99 67.33 81 173 188 39 51 28 16 15 32 40 11 7 20 9 COLOMA[BETA]21 14 16 9 23 313 318 77 24 338 17 69 47 93 196 153 40 55 26 25 15 38 38 12 11 16 12 8 APRXL12 APRIL26 MAY 10 MAY2 4 JUNE7'UNZ21 IODINE TOTZKE<0.4<0.4~0.4 0.8 0.5 1.6 RESULTS SC1KLZR<0.4 (0.4~0.4 5.7 1.1 0.7 PCi/Liter LOZMACK LXVXNGHOU (Qo 4 (0~4<0 4 wQ cQ~4~0~4 1~3 2'2'11 1~2 2.3 NYANT (0.4 e Q~4<<0~4 22.1 22 F 1 2.5 AIRBORNE IODINE RESULTS PCi/M3
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| .~R8 APRlS APR22 APR29 MAY6 MAY13 MAY2 0 MAY27 JUN3 JUN10 JUN17 JUN2 4 JULl'!3~!ON81~0.005<0.005<0.005 cp,pps~0.005 0~061 0~122 0.044<0~005 0.009<0.005 0 F 01 c.p.005."<<%%ate,~gi
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| ~<<(<<ONS3-4O.aos<0, ooS (0.005 cp.pps (0~005 co~005 (0~005-(0~005<0.005 (0.005 0.115.0.093 0.096 0.098 0.07 0.05 0~06 c 0 F 005 0.027 0.014 cp.pps c.p.pps 0.008 (0.005<0.005~.005 ONS4 cp 005 co F 005 c 0.005 c 0.005 c 0.005 0.073 0.087 0.048 c.0.005 0.008 0.02 0~013 cp.005 ,ONS5&.005~0.005~0.005 co.oos 0.011 0,088 0'93 0.055~0.PPS 0.008 0~013 0~016 c,p~005 ONS6 cp~005 c0.005<0.005 co F 005 cp~005 0'81 0~018 0~048 c 0.005 0~013 co~005 c.p.pps (0~005 NBF~0.005~0~005 c 0.005<0.005 cp.005 0~081 0.088 0.054 0~025 0.012 (0~005 0.008 co~005 SBN, (0.005 cp.pps~0.005 c.p.005~0.005 0.097 0.109 c.o.pps<<.0.005 c.0~005<<.O.005 O'.007 cd 005 AlRBORNE APR8 APR15 APR22 R29 6 813~Y20 MAY27 JUN3 JUN10 JUN17 JUN2 4 JULl ONS1 ONS2 0~014, 0~013~0~005 c 0~005 0.01 0.008 0.028 0.03 0.028 , 0.02 0~131 0~132 0.122 0.128 0.142 0.3.27 0.093 0.083 0.103 0.067 0.017 0.02 0~025 0~019 0.011 0.007 PCi/M3 ONS3 0~013<0.005 0.015 0.025 0.018 0~131 0.106 0~142 0.111 0.068 0~021 0~024 0.008 ONS4 0~013 cp.005 0.009 0~02 0~015 0.093 0~113 0.131 0.087 0~051 0.015 0~021<0.005 ONS5 0.011 cp.004 0~011 0~02 0~016 0~131 0.118 0.127 0.104 0.069 0.023 0.024 0~012 ONS 6 0~016 0.006 0~012 0'32 0~018 0~12 0.016 0.094 0.104 0~085 0.019 0.026 0.013 NBF 0~013.;.(0 F 004 0.011 0~019 0.015 0.105 0.102 0.154 0.101 0.048 O.O18 0.029 0.009 SBN 0.014 4 0.005 0.012 0~016 O.019 0.166 0~107 0'55 0.12 0.067 0'22 0'26 0.009
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| )W c 4.005 (0~005<0.005 (0.005~0.005 0~092 0.075 0.046 c 0.005 q 0.005~0.005 c'.005 c.p.005 COG (0.005 (0.005~0,005~0.005 c 0~PQ5 0.064 0.107 (0.005 0.038 (0.005 0 F 01 0.018<0.005 DOW 0.009 0.004 0.011 0.036 o.011 g.117 0.078 0.122 0.058 0.057 0.024 0.02 0.011 COL 0.012<0.005 0.012 0.021 0.016 0.134 0.108 0.107 0.077 0.055 0.015 0.017 0.009 D.C.COOE PLAN T (REAP)184 ONS4':: 46 APED h!AYlb LfAY25 JUN12 JUN26 DATE APRlL 29 TO O'ULY 8 f986 D.C.COOK PLANT (REMP)0 13.0 O.OM 0.052 0.026 0.000.:.:-OQ5't ONS3 OjtlS4 APAB AP 829 NN20 JUNO APRIL 8 TO\UL'Y 1 1986 D.C.COOK PLANT (REMP)0.M 0.088 0.066 0.044 0.022g8E-8iN DON 0.000 C APAB APA29 NAY20 NNt0'PRIL 8 TO'JULY 1 1986 D.C.COOK PLANTl,REMP)l l(V}PPAB INN NN23 NN2 NNS'PRIL 29 T JULY 3 1986 D.C.COOK PLANT (REMP)O.t50 0 tN.0.0O0 0.M 0.0@0 0.000 APRIL 8 TO JULY 1 1986 T s;i D.C, COOK PLANT (REMP)Q.tN Q,f86 0.>02 0.068 Q.QQQ APR8 C APR29 NAY20 gggg gPIt BATE APRIL 8 TO OU Ly]]986 s.c.coo@az,<xv (zsuaj 10.4 IM T0TLKE'-:.'.SCHULM L028ACK LWINGHOUS 4,6 0,0 APRIL12.MAYIO APRIL26 JUNL'21 NY24 3ATE A P RI L 70 2 U'5'E/986
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| ~giC>>KL.ZC q C IHPIPHP g hllCHIGAH ELECTRIC COMPAHY/ONCR SY5TE, 1$808 September".~
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| %986 IZ Information Notice 86-32 S.R.Khalil R.J.Clendenning I reviewed the Radiological Support Section,AEPSC Report, which was prepared by H.Jones on June 23, 1986.The following are some incorrect information in Mr.Jone's report:-a)Sample results for May 31 and June 5, 1986, are not listed in this report's table.b)Graph presents only results for May 3 through May 29,, 1986, and neglecting the rest of the data.c)This report was dated June 23, 1986, inspite of it contains results up to July 3, 1986.d)It contains a misleading statement that the normal sampling routine was resumed when the enhanced sampling program was discontinued.
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| Routine sampling was never stopped'..and no violation to Techni'cal Specification 3/4.12.1.:
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| .requirements as Mr.Jone's statement could be interpreted.
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| e)It contains an incorrect statement for no activity detected in milk samples.Samples collected on May 24 and June~..'1986, showed increased and detectable I-131 level.~c S.R.Khalil cc: AR 51317+~', I H T R A~S Y S T E ki DATIs AIaQRICAK ELECTRIC PO ER~r Juno 23, 1986 OasCASd%S.S C~ufo 5ERV)CE CORPORATIOK
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| ~+~gal Oiprafg Svart+SUIJKCTs NRC IE Information Notice 86-32-Request for Collection of Licensee Radioactivity Heasuraments Attributed to the Chernobyl Nuclear Plant Accident Closo-Out Information Summary f Rahh TOs H.V.Jones AEP:NRC'9455 Following the Chernobyl reactor accident and tha resulting release of radioactive matexial to the atmosphere, tho Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued NRC IE Information Notice 86-32 in vhich they xoquostod licensees'to report any anomalous findings in thoir radiological onvironmantal monitoring pxogram vhich would reasonably be attributod to tha Chornobyl plume.C'onsequently the D.C.Cook Plant's Radiation Protection Section roquostodg
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| .that Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc, (CEP)begin an enhanced seCple collection and analysis regime on air-borne particulate and air-borne radioiodine samples.A total to three (3)sample stations waro soloctod for this regime, tvo on-sita (ONS-2 and ONS-4)and one off-sita (Coloma)stations vhich vere sampled three times a veek (Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday).
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| The results of this s~pling regime are attached in both tabular and graphical form to this report.and is summarized belov.All three air sample stations shoved background levels of airborne particulates (i.e.gross beta)and I-131 up until Iay 8, 1986.At vhich t'me only ono of the on-site sample stations shoved a very slight incxeasa in I-131.From this ciao until May 15, 1986;both the airborne particulates and I-131 levels steadily increased.
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| After this date, the radioactivity levels decreased gradually except for those samples which showed an increase in both airborne particulates and I-131 levels collected on May 22, 1986.This transitory increase is hypothesized to have occurred because of a change in the direction of the upper atmospheric jet stream prior to sample collection.
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| +g/8'I 1 The notod decroase in activity levels continued to approach normal background'evels, until suc increased sampling vas d'iscontinued and the normal sampling routine vas resumed In addition to chase airborne particulate and iodine samples, a special rain sample vas obtained on May 20, 1986;no detectable activicy uas observed.ln addition to chess samples, r'outine mi~smples collected during this cime vere found to have n o 1.t.fable levels of activity noted.Per a dis'cussion vich a member of tha Radiation Proc~eac on Section (on iiay 30, 19863 havo been reportod to che NRC.On June 6, the NRC issued Supplement 1 to NRC IE Information Notice 86-32, notifying Licensees that such enhanced environmental sample analysis regimos are no longer required, and the Plant-Radiation Protection Section vas subsequently notified on June 17, 1986.
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| AEP.NRC: 9455 Juno 23, 1986 Pago 2 Zf you have any please contact me ac questions concerning any information found in this memo, edg Attachments cc: S.J.Brewer M.P.Alexich.R.W.Jurgensen D.V.Shaller T.A.Kriesel, w/o act.R.J.Clendenning, w/o acc.S.R.Khalil, w/o atc.D.Allen, w/o act.J.Kambach, w/o act.i
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| ~~I H"'l'lP'J&v~iicc>Xi yl;l~>ar'pe n~.ez.~'a+ers+.<<"iu iin.iu (,<'..c>>: (ri~,z,'~vy~ii~
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| J I (~rose I-<'SL I I O.P ,O 0 s I I I I I o~m I I I")-~j I o/l~'L I 7$xsy f C?il/y~r P J r..'lg rn/'t niny~
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| Badiological Environttle>>t.al Honitoring Program Enllanced Sam!)le Analysis Results-3 3 l-131{10 pCi/m)ONS-2 OHS-4 CO!.E)HA-3 3 Cross Beta{10 pCi/aa)ONS-2 OHS-4 COMHA-3-86-6-06 j l-13-06 l:)-15-06 i-17-llE)3-20-06 5-22-06 5-27-06 5"29-06 g)I-3-:IG D a~E)10 064 6-12-06 6-14-86 6-17-86 4 6-2)-86 6-24-86 6-26-86 6-28-86 7-1-06 c 5 c.5 I E)7-1 E)I 1 ll')-l 4 2I)l.-l 7 1 ll-1't I+9-l2+39-9 3ll-0+15-0 I'La>c 5 3C gX C 2 I->>c 5 a 5+EI-l 102-l4 , t I)lt'I 1 I I!llI-l!')'>>-'I.t 4'I-l 0 4 I-II I 0-I>~)20-5 47-1 ll-7 t 10-7 5 5 4 5 I~I')-I l I Jl).'.-]I(I..'-I>>I~(I I l 1)-!5 t~l l-l II t 10-4 5 27-9 c 5~5 4~)+')ll-'>7-4 31>>-7 c t~lt)-l~lj9 5 t E)9-4+.53-5 rl~lj ly I~t 2ll-4 33-4'v j 31-4 t 42-4+17-2 El-3 10-4 15-2+8-1 20-3 314-7.303-9+'.112-5 , t 42-3+374-9 99-5 t 67-4+33"4 yf 173-~1 t+7 39-4 t 5.-3+28-4+15-2+32-4 40-4 20-4+8-2 14-4 16-2 gal 23-'3 3l 3-7 77-4 24-2+'330-9+17-3 69-4+47-5 40-4+55-3 26-4 t 25-3 15-3El-4+38-4 12-2 11-3 16-4 t 12-2 i..7E).,', C)s~~~...w I r(~~ll(ll()I)I l'.i 11-4 I".~lg~4-logical m~vironmental Nonitoring Program~no~Sample Analysis Results Cs-134~~i>i SPEC BCSCQPY ANAI.YSIS Composite Partaculate SamPLes o3 3 HAH-HADE RAQIQNUCLIDES
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| {10 pCi/m)Cs-137 I 131 Ru 103 90-13 166+86-34+299 19 Remarks r)II Appendix 2.4 Milk Farm Census-1986 11 0 I~I 0'I 0, 12 THP 6010.RAD.050 ATTACHMENT 9 TABLE VIII DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT MILK ANIMAL SURVEY TABLE SECTOR SURVEY TEAR DISTANCE (ETLES)NAME ADDRESSl3: c)Qckht QT z.Cma~JdCP tAlS NtX2 5 T cg~VV El i'd~l e OL)lE.hl 3 pRltJ S SPAitd Q-i 8'.o Sd Ro,&RorAA r I Shou'SAADb+K 0.7 Z TH Pp 70/5.GhsTRD BAibe S.~Bairn.'Ti zm Oars Rt).QamOecs I OPEC AkS SmÃ6 0 kb.Haec Ohes.All other sectors are over vater.Reporting Year=I'RS(u b Year Prior to Reporting Year=/I R5 Page 1 of 1 Revision 1
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| '
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| Appendix 2.5 Residential Land Use Census-1986 12 7 II 1 k>>4;l' 12 THP 6010.RAD,0SP ATTACHMENT 8'ABLE VII DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT RESIDENTIAL LAND USE SURVEY TABLE SECTOR SURVEY YEAR HOUSEI~DISTANCE IN FEET LOTO D n7 7 L 7-%-.oo-7.P/0 7-lO>7-(0 3'7-IO 3-/Q.5 All other sectors are over water..House4 indicated is not address but reference number used on map when obtaining the raw field data.Report'nq'Year b Year Prior to.Reporting Year=/Rgb Page 1 of 1 Revision 1 F 1 f Appendix 2.6 Condition Reports-REMP 13 l-~I J P IoolaaM o Iofcoloao aocrolc coaaaaor DONALD C.COOK NUCLEAR PLANT P.O.Box 458, BricIlman, Michigan 49106 (tI161 4864%1 May 1, 1986 Donald C.Cook Nuclear Plant Unit Nos.1 and 2 Docket Nos.50-315 and 50"316 License Nos.OPR-58 and OPR-74 Mr.J.G.Kepp'ler, Regional Administrator United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Inspection and Enforcement Region III 799 Roosevelt Road Glen Ellyn, IL 60137
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| ==Dear Mr.Keppler,==
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| In accordance with Technical Specification 3.12.1 we are submitting this special report to advise you that the minimum lower limits of detectability in the lake water sampling stations and the drinking water stations exceeded the limits of Table 4-12.1.During 1985 samples of water from Lake Michigan were composi ted by three (3)indicator and three (3)background srations.Samples collected throughout the year for the three (3)background stations were ccmposi'te'd on a monthly basis and analyzed for gaarna emitters and gross beta.Samples.for'the three (3),indicator stations were composited on a bi-monthly basis and anal,yzed.
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| for gamma emitters and gross beta, The results were included in the Annual Environmental Operations Report for 1985 which was submitted on May 1, 1986.~g It was identified by plant personnel that the radiochemistry counting equipment was ,unable to meet the required technical specification Lower Limits of Detection (LLO of T/S 4-12.1)and that the Minimum Detectable Activity (MDA)" in some cases exceeded the reporting values as specified in T/S 3.12.1.The LLO is defined as the detection capability for the instrument only using the equat'ioh in T/S Table 4.12-1 and the MDA, as the detection capability for a given instrument,'procedure and type of sample.This was not previously identified because the LLD values were never compared to the maximum values for LLD in Table 4,12-1 or the reporting levels required by T/S 3.12.1.<e do not have the data to prove compliance with the LLD values required by T/S 4'I2-I since April 15, 1983 when the Radiological Environmental Technical Specifications went into effect.However, the system backgrounds would have increased with time and efficiency reduced, both of which we believe, would generate LLO vaiues equal to or lower than those presently obtainable.
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| Prior to this date, no maximum values for LLD were required, In two instances for Cs-134 and 1-131 the MDA values obtained exceeded the reporting levels in Technical Specification Table 3.12-2.The following is a comparison of the D.C, Cook'Plant MOA, the Technical Specifications maximum value for the LLO (Table 4.12-1), Cook LLD limits, and the reporting levels required by Table 3.'12.2.
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| Mr.J.G.Keppler'ay 1, 1986'Page 2 MAXIMUM LLO pC I/1 COOK MOA VALUE COOK LLD L'MITS RAO I ONUCL I OE T/S TABLE'4'.12-1)pC i/I oC i/1'EPORTING LE (T/S TABLE 3.)Gross Beta H-3 Mn-54 Fe-59 Co-58, 60 Zn-65 Z r-95 Nb-95*1-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Ba-140 La-1 40 LLO>Repor t i ng I eve I'OA>Reporting Level 2000 15 30 15 30 30 15 15 18 60 2700-3540 500-610 29 57 58, 49 40 75 75 48 50 45 196 196 2700-3540 500-610 2.8 15.4 15.8, 18.6 15.6 10.6 10.7''4.9 8.4 i2.8 i2.6 21.8 N/A.20,000 I 1000 400 1,000-300 300 400 400 30 50 200 20~In addition to the cases of Cs-134 and I-131 MOA values exceeding the reporting level, there was one instance where alrhough the LI 0 value was less than the reporting level, the quarterly average concentration exceeded the reporting level, This occurred during the first quarter of 1985 for the lake water sample station Li for Cs-137.The cause of this occurrence has been determined to be the elevated MOA values for two (2)months of the quarter when combined with the somewhat higher results For the third month of the quarter.No elevated releases which would have been expected to increase the environmental sampling radioactivity levels above the maximum LLO were made ar.anytime.It is believed that the MOA being over the required reporting level is an analytical problem and not a result of plant operations.
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| These Findings are summarized below: RAOIONUCLIOE Cs-134, 1-131 Cs-137 SAMPLE STATION Li, L2, L3 St.Joseph Lake Township New Buffalo CALENOAR QUARTER I, 2, 3, 4 I, 2, 3, 4 I, 2, 3, 4 I, 2, 3, 4 CAUSE MOA>Reporting Level MOA>Reporting Level MOA>Reporting Level MOA>Reporting I evel Elevared MOA caused aver quarterly concentrar.ion t exceed reporting level.
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| Mr, J.G.Keppl er 8aP 1, 1986 Page 3 To prevent recurrence we have started and will continue sending the lake and drinking water samples to the radiological environmental monitoring program contractor, Controls for Environmental Pollution, Inc.(CEP), or another qualified laboratory with the capability to reach the required limits.In addition, a plant procedure now directs the review and comparison of the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program Data to Technical Specification requirements'he required LLD values currently achievable by CEP are sunmarized below: RADIONUCLIDE Gross Beta CEP DETECTION LIHITS-oCI/I HAXIHUH LLD-pCI/I (T/S TABLE 4.12-1)H-3 500 2000 Mn-54 Fe-59 Co-58, 60 Zn-65 Zr-95 15 15 30 15 30 30 Nb-95 15 I-131 Cs-134 Cs-137 Ba-140 La-140 18 60 15 Plant Hanager/sg cc: John E.Dolan M.P, Alexich R.F.Kroeger C.A.Erikson R.W.Jurgensen J, F.Stietzel R~C~Ca I I en, EPSC'G.Charnoff, Esq.D.Hahn INPO PNSRC S.R.Brewer B.A.Svensson A.A.Blind Dottie Sherman, ANI Library T, A.Kriesel R;J.Clendenning NRC Resident Inspector PMI-70 30 ATTACHMENT NO.l C/R Category: A B Classified By.D N D C.COOK NUCLEAR lfV CONDITION REPORT ,\E P PLANT Page 1 C/R No.: LER No.;Offsite Notification:
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| ()NRC-ENS ()NRC-Res.()AEPSC ()ZgM Completed By: Date/Time:
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| EZC-PA Investigation Assigned To: LZR Assigned To: 'T-4~'e e~Condition Report Due Date: (A~-/-LZR Due Date: PNSRC Review Date: Mtg.Na.: PNSRC S jgnatete: 55SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS C/R Initiated (Date):;~I Date of Event: SSSSSSSSSSS e Unit Affected: Time of Event: SSSSSS Plant Conditions at Time of Event: Item Reported On:$'a~v~y,'-1 Made 1 U-2 Mode I g Pover Paver Level Level CaJe"j Event,
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| == Description:==
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| gg.'oe iL;M I W~~~Csia ICy o d~~t.>R WiO 4~le it.t.cs (.~~4~8<<-0'<>reste J~).+~4 A rd.:rRA Lt-b 1t~t~5 ie.<.S'f IX)O z 0 Co S 0 l e 4'.~Ca~W-Cog*R(<<e~t~C.l 4 Reported By: Immediate Actions: Se.e~H-~A.e J.i'4 i~J lA ve<<<<4&~45+4 4e r gJ I Melee S z 0 C5'z 0 Zob Order No.: Act'on Taken By: i'w~~k'HALD'CATEGORY A,C,D,E INITIAL DISTRIBUTION:
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| Plant Manager', PNSRC.Secre Originator, QC Superintendent, AEPSC QA Supervisor, NRC;Rasjdept...
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| Inspector, Originating Depar ment Head, Others: Page 1 of 3 v Rev.7 PMI-7030 ATTACHMENT NO.1 DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS The evaluators are to review each event description to determine if this event warrants PNSRC review of investigation and closeout actions.Zf any question is answered"Yes", the event is significant and requires PNSRC revie~for closeout.Zf the answer to all questions is"No",, the event is not significant enough to warrant PNSRC review of the investigation and the event is to be evaluated and dispositioned by the assigned Department Head in accordance with paragraph 5.5.1.Yes Q No-Does the event constitute a violation of applicable codes, regulations, license requirements or Technical Specifications (an LCO/Action Statement not met)2 Q Yes g No-Zf the event involves Technical specification/safety related equipment, is'additional followup warranted other than Job Order completion oz drawing revision/review (consideration for Part 21 reporting)?
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| ~e (Q Yes No-Zs the event of generic interest which should be entered as an operating experience on the Nuclear NETNORK System?(Requires Distribution to STAs)Q Yes:,.No-~~Zs this a repetitious occurrence which requires resolution beyond the specific corrective action'?(e.g., adverse trend from frequency of occuzzence.)
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| NOTE:~1)2)If"Yes" box is checked, the investigation and closeout of this event must be reviewed by PNSRC.Other events may be des'gnated for PNSRC closeout review at the discretion of the evaluators.
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| ~>~:, e>s~y~~~'~RQ~~~~Lead Reviewer DateAPR r.1~F6 OONgU)C.COOK PLANt g, g.PEPAHTMEL!
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| r Page 2 of 3 Rev, 7 PMI-7030 ATTACHMENT NO.1/CONDITION REPORT NO,:-OV each 3 9Investigation Report: gC ee>>~$4C L d.S-~h?age 2 of J cad~b t-I l l v~C~l I-I~4,4~i+-I'b~~i ka.)t<4e4v<<k4 V 4 4oi 4 C';V,, 4.ltl,;'1 C..C5 M+U4 W<~1$4, Ve<4%Q.+CMI.A~4VA,Jf 4~454L%5tek M 44l A AIR<ea~~M I i g~e4 Q>-t-~, u-J Cause of Event: Q Personnel Ezror Q Defective Procedure+External Cause Q Component Failure Q Design, Manufacturing, Construction/Installation
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| +Environmental Qualification Q Electrical Component Aging~Unknown IZ Other:~mW~~$'~C 4<Id f i<We 6 e Should this Event be Considered For: 10CFR21 ls the Corrective/Preventive Action applicable to other equipment/unit?
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| Yes Q res+Preventive Action Taken: cu-~~4 v, S~~M~J c4'''Il~~~l Q~E-o a.<<dg J'b~>3w~l~\@JAN.I.I t.-I I i 5d o'6 Oek'Ta r 4~~4.J~~a a~4 c, 0 si Investigation Completed By: Preventive Action Taken v: wA~M~.~4~~Date: i S4 Date: '//dd Department Head Approval: Date: Page 3 of 3 Rev.7 CgR 12-04-86-388 Review ReDozt escri tion of Condition:
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| During preparation of the Annual Environmental Operating Report for 1985 as per 12 THP 6010.RAD.050, it appears to us that the waterborne (sur face and drinking)results do not meet the Technical Specification, Table 4.12-1 LLD limits for all reported radionuclides, except tritium.These results have been reviewed in accordance with 12 THP 6010.RAD.052.
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| The , average concentration for calendar quarter was calculated for any sample result equal to or greater than the reported LLD value, and compared to the Technical Specification, Table 3.12-2.Technical Specification Review: Technical Specification 3/4.12.1, Table 3.12-2 and 4.12-1 were reviewed for the reporting level concentration and LLD concentration for all reported radionuclides.
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| It was found that the LLD values for all radionuclides, except tritium, are higher than the LID limits of Table 4.12-1.Also, the average concentration per calendar quarter for Cs-134 (Lake Township Station-2nd quarter and L1 Station-1st quarter)and Cs-137 (Ll Station-1st quarter)are higher than the reporting level concentrations of Technical Specification, Table 3.12-2.Cause of Occurrence:
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| This event was caused due to the Chemistry Section counting equipment was not able to reach the required lower limits of detention without using large volume samples and extremely long count times.The reporting level concentration fo" Cs-134 and Cs-137 exceeded the Technical Spec'cation, Table 3.12-2 because of the uncertain LLD reported values for these two isotopes.Corrective Action: Action has been taken to send the waterborne (surface and drinking)samples to Cont ol for Environmental Pollution, Inc,, (CEP), the current contractor"or our Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program..he CEP Laboratory has the capability to reach the equi ed Technical Spec'fication LLD limits fo" all radionuclides (see at" achment)~Preventive Action: The waterborne sample results w'll be reported as part of the current contractor
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| 'monthlv report.=or the Rad'ological Environmental Monitoring Program.
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| 7 C/R Category: A Classified By: 0 Offsite Notification:~+~
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| ()NRC-ENS ()Completed By: Date/Time:
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| NRC-Res.()AEPSC ()ZaM ()PMI-7030 ATTACHMENT NO.1/DONALD C.'OOK: NUCLEAR PLANT.-CONDZTZW.REPORT,'',.--Page 1~nunc-WP~P'C QD R F C/R No.:W-OP-/LER No.: , a EXC-PA Znvestigation Assigned To: , A.LER Assigned To: Condition Report Due LER Due Date:~14 pAsCt'ls-8 Mtg.No.:gd PNNRC Ni gaetur el)-I-)PNSRC Review Date: 5 5 S 5 5 S 5 5 5 5 S 5 5 S S 5 5 5 5 5 5 S S S 5 S S 5 S S 5 AS S S Item Reported On: U o V(Lt w%Ul C/R Xnitiated (Date): I ft Date of Event: Plant Conditions at Time of Event: Unit Affected: Time of Event: U-l Mode i Power U-2 Made 2 Pawer P>>,.C, Na la Level 9b Level D a Event Descript'n:
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| 14e.isa~c~~~c fo X c i'd&'ich 0-ccr We t'~C.a~Wold m 8'mmediate Actions: Reported By: C 2: O R O V Job Order No.: Action Taken By: CATEGORY A,C,D,E INXTXAL DZSTRIBUTXON:
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| Plant Manager, PNSRC Secretary,-
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| Originator, QC Superintendent, AEPSC QA Supervisor, NRC Resident Inspector, Originating Department Head, Others: Pace 1 of 3
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| *N.PMI-7030 ATTACHMENT NO.1 DETERMINATION OP SIGNIFICANT EVENTS The evaluators are to reviev each event description to determine if this event varrants PNSRC reviev of investigation and closeout actions.Zf any question is answered"Yes", the event is significant, and requires PNSRC reviev for closeout.Zf the answer to all questions is"No", the event is not significant enough to varrant PNSRC review of the investigation and the event is to be evaluated and dispositioned by the assigned Department Head in accordance with paragraph 5.5.1.>~use'Zep~C a+re.Yes Q No-Does the event constitute a violation of applicable codes, regulations, license requirements or Technical Specifications (an LCO/Action Statement not met)?Yes Q No-Zf the event involves Technical Specification/safety related equipment, is additional followup warranted other than Job Order completion or draving revision/reviev (consideration for Part 21 reporting)
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| ?Q Yes o No-Is the event of generic interest which should be entered as an operating experience on the Nuclear NE WORK System'?(Requires D'stribution to STAs)Q Yes No-1s this a repetitious occurrence which requires resolution beyond the specific corrective action?(e.g., adverse trend from frequency of occurrence.)
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| NOTE: 2)If"Yes" box is checked, the'nvestigation and closeout of this event must be reviewed by PNSRC.Other events may be designated for PNSRC closeout review at the discretion of the evaluators.
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| )"1D;Er MlCH.ELECT APR 2 Bl9nn6 CO.l~'I Lead Reviewe DONALD C.COOK PlANT n o ncnaATMENT Page 2 of 3 PMX-7030 ATTACHMENT NO.1"'CONDITION REPORT NO,: 2)4-Investigation Report: page~or~C ause of Event: Q Personnel Error Q Defective Procedure+External Cause Q Component Failure Q Design, Manufactu'ring, Construction/Xnstallation Q Environmental Qualification Q Electrical Component Aging Q Unknown Other: Should this Event he Considered For: 10CFR21 Is the Corrective/Preventive Action applicable to other equipment/unit?
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| Preventive Action Taken: Yes+res W Ho Q~P 0 Investigation Completed By: Preventive action Taken gy: k(sg C~Department Head Approval:
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| C/R 2-04-86-474 A.Technical Specification, 4.11.2.1.1 was violated in that the Lower Limit of detectability determined for Xenon-138 exceeded the allowable lower limit of detectability.
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| This violation will be reported in the Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report@(''0 05+0'~4~~hL~~~(/~B.For purge, three samples are taken: Upper Containment, Lower Containment, and Instrument Room.There is only one counting system, in the counting room, for analyzing these gas samples.The'ount time for each gas sample is 4000 seconds (66.67 minutes).By the time the Upper Containment gas sample could be counted, the Xenon-138 activity had decayed off enough so that we could not achieve the Tech.Spec.Lower Level of Detectability., C.D.E.No corrective action was taken.ago M~Chemical Section Update~was issued directing that no more than~minutes elapse between sample time and count time.~4~5 No previous occurrences are known to the investigator.
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| F.No previous commitments are known to the investigator.
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| IHDIAHA 8 MICHIGAH EI RCTRIC COQPAHY'hemical Section-Update Ho.290.."OwER syitc May 13, 1986 Time Limit for Counting Gas Marinelli's Russ Looker All Chemical Section Personnel In order to achieve the Tech.Spec.LLD required on a gas sample, the gas marinelli must be.counted within 35 minutes after sampling.This time limit is to insure we meet the T.S.LLD for the Xenon/Krypton (Xe133, Xe133m, Xe135, Xel38, Kr87, Kr88)isotopes.The determining isotope is Xel38, which has a half life of 17 minutes.This will mean that gas marinelli samples on the CAEJ, GSE, GDT's,.Vent Stacks, and purge samples cannot be drawn together.In''the case of the purge samples, we will try to get R.P..to'tagger the samples by at least 1)hours, and we may have to count them at the ECF.For the CAEJ, GSE, GDT's, and Vent Stacks, they will have to be drawn approx.lj hours apart.The, T.S.LLD for the GDT's and purge samples, for gases, is 1 x 10-" gCi/ml.The T.S.LLD for the CAEJ, GSE, and Vent Stack is 1 x 10-6 pCi/ml.Upon completion of analysis, if these LLD's are not met, a new sample will have to be taken and analyzed.9 This Chemical Section Update supercedes Update 4 287.R ss Looker RL: bw cc: J.T.Wojcik Chemical Section Files (1)
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| ~brac<>Ct.tg~~L 4~C'gQIgNA L MICHIGAN KI ECTRIC COMPANY A~A owge MATC>December 18, 1986 Ivliecv: Condition Reports PNSRC T04 R.A.Palmer/L.G.Holmes PNSRC Th C dition Report(s)listed below have been completed and the data is The Condition epor ready for your review and approval.1X-.10-86"1165
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| .Technical ACC attachment cc: STA Section
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| ~~~ATTACHMENT NQ, CRTEQDRY A B C DQEF p~I.~DITIca (~ptcArcv At(o calm(pTIOII Ce;~~nota/Ceto oI CcctdCace ccOOorc'//04~ot O~cory: os%C'~tton Ietaot r wWwC Iteportod by: bc(coodhko Aeon Tdcoa~~~%~MORO up s Q&c (4E,~BAOc A aCA~~LI Mi 90%'%EM i W~CS L ns~P re&~v.Au.r mac S 6-a-p mWaN.Z)o~h4 4 Q-p Contmttcc(Neo'atcn Tc(con..L.(G'6 K PART 2 e QFP4PZ 74OTIPICAVX4 Qg OeOI unct mesa Seam 7rto(R%Acoeochtce Cl yco IK3(te Clyde 53 hlo Ac4cct~cont Rshomtt!C3y~QIIo Clyoo QIIo Cm~t IO I~ba: OASCC:~C Repat Io(abc:o C3 ARPC~Eo Contocbrcb Oota C3 IaCSPcnon Contoctock Oota~IIACICNO Pcceon Contcc~Oota+(neo(erA~(ott(Iotton Oy I3 Octo: Oy: Tea Oy.Thea Qy.Thea lO 4 Oy: T(nBa RadbDO mL~WC baOcoerN IhepcwCReSag I(ho.RN~RO~AQPStCC: Le@or Nh.RRFQRIIIOCII OOCVCLBfTS 7~by.Octo er+NHC See(dent~~Contoctcd Qy Oo(a PART 5 PAO AEVI@V+LXll DMo ta PNOIIC by: HIIC by: Aookynod Ia+Otttor I(oporto Ooo ta PmI(C by: IDe NACe or ocher oottNdo ega(cy by'oo(O(tod ia+Pert R'n(noter to Cot((oebcl P AO.I OIbt Trorw torrod to AIPSCtQA: Port 21 Ootone(netkn Ouo Oy.Prob(era Pn~Report N AIDBOC biota(co y(eO(rbed F QONPICMIT P (ICILYlPI45RC Ihociecr Jteqolroco; II~+Cond(5on Itoport Iheoponeo Aequ(rod Oy.TLE(a Qy Te Io Detente(nod Tooh~Qqdcsaccct hcopcntb(o Qyoo QIte Tech Oooo.htccnss(cnt h(cpcrob((o
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| +Too@Ito Drecrtn(I Nccebon Oooo(Coodcn Revalue OCC~~~~~OC~y(Ore~OCC OC Ittcr.Ihotoronco PH Ncabx~PIN ItoIcronca Ihc4scence PO Iecalec: Ihehronce I(PC ItaoBbcc:~AO lttrQw ly: rOI C I cc: Ret(Ment lnapector, Plant Moneyer, QA Superrteor, OC Superfnton&mt, PNSM Seoul~, g.L.5(~~(~~Page 1 of 3 Rev.10 PXI-7030 ATTACHMENT NO~1 DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS The evaluators are to review each event description to determine if this event warrants PNSRC review of investigation and closeout actions.Zf any question is answered"Yes', the event is significant and requires PNSRCrevie~for closeout.Zf the answer to all questions is"No', the event is not significant enough to warrant pNSRC review of the investigation and the event is to be evaluated and dispositioned by the assigned Department Head in accordance with paragraph 5.5.l.Q Yes No-Docs the event constitute a violation of applicable codes xegulations, license requiremants or Technical Specifications (an LCO/Action Statement not met)2 Yes Q No-Zf the event involves Technical Specification/safety related equipment, is additional followup warranted other than Job Order completion or drawing revision/review (consideration for Part 21 reporting) 2\Q Yes No-Is the event of generic interest which should be entexed as an operating experience on the Nuclear NET%)RK System?(Requires Distribution to STAs)No-Is this a repetitious occurrence which requires resolution beyond the specific corrective action?(e.g., adverse trend from frequency of occurrence.)
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| NOTE: 2)If"Yes" box is checked, the investigation and closeout of this event must be reviewed by PNSRC.Other events may be designated for PNSRC closeout review at the discret'n o f the evaluators.
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| Lead Reviewe e Ore&Pago 2 of 3 Rov.7 asts.slreosap+4
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| 'Q-Z mal pRpaLEM REPORT Ho.+-i 0-8 I XV%571 QATlQ N-~r 0-ZZ I~, C C>>wc~4 4 vx K.iO~CAuaE OtLtChteytaX I v 4Q 0 QQC'L~s c Ix 17.'tt'Pr a u ct-OATA, Pttrt 2f Ptottcayo Net.~.Cyme Cognac GZZZK3.5CArty~tora'ction Sttttentenga)(ncyor~.Men R".Clyeo~auttdtne~tsm Codet.65 ptcor Ocectton hcosrr Coco I R21ZZ O P~xent~~:~E2.~ttuctco troctoro~~~QenutocturtrtO,~e~Crkanag Cguto OO4eettee Prtscodsrre CO AltICTt&f ACTtcth tr" C~at Aoottrtrtce.Osrr tcttncy~~~Otttot co~cytva~cccag PltRY!WTIVtr ACTI)N PACVlPCT1YIACTKlpt to Preclude hocurrerscsc
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| -~-Hcctrn Portent t rrccttcn Ache@Conocthort
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| ~~~~CofleesttCra
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| ~e Preoesarre Corrosrttco
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| -~-ProOrtsrtrcsctto Correct!on Ott~OLtT OOCULNBfT4
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| &otortton Are (~tvel Preventtve Actkrser~To bo trropternentod betor>>a mode cttenyeT QO~To bo lmpternest ted by ttto end ol next refuottng outrsyeT~Q JJ7 NL Octpt.Ouo 0+~5 MRs ho-ss-Pgt+x (Qt Qr a z CII Hx+r Qz Qx Qi Oe Qt+e OKPARTQIDJT HKAQlohlOIHATOh APPPrOYAt I.Irsreetf/retioe le fstfleieet to Oetenioe Root Casse I~coxfscIITe Acttrxte tseeeet pyesptoee ot treeless 0~tpsrzrrtIti ACTIcce treolo4e tecsrreece ot casse 1.Ieeeetieetioa teeeele oetel4e Asreooy sotiricattoss Aesrstre4$.ticatticxrrt ttOIIarr ttleec Aevlee Aecrslre4t t.torsse Axe tllle4 Ost Cosspletety t.Ooeesetattoe le Cossplete p.Ieeeetipatloe xeporr Aetsroe4 for tsrttser Actloe Tos hf4C No, Oetrt.0ue CosttPt.bete torseree4 s~te s Approeed ft s Oepertsaeet eee4 A/pgsrssee4 tt s Oklrutec Octo s Octo s Coseeeeto s C4//csn Originacing DrtParrItonc Head/Originator, IRC.Original, Qk SuPorvfaor, SLL Sections HSDRC Subcotoraitrao on Corporate and Plane Occurrences PACE 2 RKV.of 3 Ll I*"~vs((m CONTlNUATlON SHEET Qp ga-s-St-ala PR NO.C:ls~(VgV ATTACH~iIP,'Sot ZS Dose<<P tlon of Condition/Finding:
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| Method of OiscovecY:
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| immediate Action Taken aaRS uO Investigation:
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| MAi m~~>KlLho P Q.P 0~i%%<QS PQm~', R 0 E<Cb<VP ew~p N.&t'u xYw N BL5 P Q Q ioN.Q A PL AU Pw MR Q C 0<0'0 o WV'S'LX o VwC.v'El 0 A 0.4A, R X VcC.AXkQg.
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| >Y-3W>>9'Pr 4 a&%SON%N w 3~9~KP 6 P.64vi"r o x es=R<c+wK OV 9 c.@bi'aalu, 0 N Rune<~G.MW U OiW P&c u v RVwcu->0&iE 0 om~r OF Gescription of Cause: CORRECTIVE ACTION Taken: REYENTIVE ACTION Taken To Preclude Recurrencs:
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| PACE 3 of 3 RZV.11
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| /.p~~w 4 oE B.I grg.-g~)/~f>/r"4'/"~/'"/i ez vsse).77-f r~/e.7 j C-I I/P 7g 4 g~~/rp/r g jar-,~/'=->8-,+//rciP./a c.y/Fr'8=g"'/f 7 r/~~O C~--ne Rl~I v,/~/..r/rr 6 7~c~/4r fir 7'" l/P~r/F=r.i)WJg-,/<rd7~r1 g//g r ,'./~g~~a,F~.4~~,~rq~Jr+~7//Cry/~"'~~~/p r~J////w rr~-/c.mW/,
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| Yi k'~GAS DECAY TANK" Lr<LO o.b Fy, ftgi<<'jys7.r'j (ri)r..09 OCT 86 RPC-310.~-110.00 HIHI=150.00 07: 5I)s.au g~VuMI Yi 2no.18n'%p~~Q4~..ga r gyes'r 160 pan 120 inn.Po 40 tc 1<q')r'qi':P..>>".;
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| ,'g)\:,, b 30.2O~kg''..:'r*r OISPLAYi,90 80..PAGE LEFT FOR 2 HOUf4 r 10 0 PAGE:-Q3 3 5.:." 3 2 1 0 r;4<'.XIX Ug V'04Y OATA TRKN5.&LOT HENU RANGC:<CtfAftCE
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| =QQ p~+C 2 HR TREND PLOT ii'''ddic:.'V OCT 86 11-17:36 uH 1 I.Y 1 GAS DECAY TANK 1 LtlL 0 0.00 25.'PS P 5 I G RPC-310 110.00 HI HI=150.00 9pt n.Cp a~.t~1 C h,.t r r~V t"~Y'.4(8-c.n r w~6r c 60.Ct 3n.0 a'4"a'%aI a la 22.5-.~Y1'VS Y2 120 1 10 100 90 80 rt'0 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 HI NUTES P4GE RIGHT FOR 90 H I NVTES URRENT VALVES:CH TREND PLOT HENU R4NGE CH4NGE Y1 Y2 P4GE LEFT FOR PREVIOUS 120 tlINUTW LIHIT LINC'RE C D I SPLAY TREND WLO"Y'-'HO.
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| >-CQ i t, l.;'t=.~2:.~3=Qj 6 It)g w)'R%)~F~ge(Yi HF TPEND PLOD" t I DEC~Y TANK 1 O'A L I IL O 0.00 a T" MLITT'0'4 OCT 86 12-06: 50-, 6~07 PSIG-RPC-310 110.00 HIHI=150.00 1 100.C I~~ace))aki g.iar~/~)a 8FJ 70.(i (i~." 6 I I 4 Fi 0.))'I I~~J r)r)I~-Q]Y 1 VS Yi Y2 Y2 240 230 220 210'500 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120'C HIN)H PAGE RIGHT FOR HEAT 120 INVTES...."4P'451.PAGC DISPLAYED TREND PLOT HENV RANGE CHANGE DISPLAY TIIKfQ'):ga.'j,-:QQ 1.QQ 2.Q 3-Q I-Q 5-+6 L O F C)9 Kg yo 84-hi~Per a io Or-25 O HP, TPEND PLOT PTgg D C COOK 0'9 OCT 86 12:05-06 Yi AS DECAY TANK-1 PRESS.6.O7 PSIG RPC-310 LO(O 0.00 LO N,~~'.00 KI=iiO.OO HIHI=15O.OO Yi 1 Fin, 6l I 5Fl l)Fl 2(l:~Y 1"5 Y2 120 1 10 100 90 80 70 60 50'90 30 20 10 0 NINVTES PAGE LEFT FOR PREVIOUS 120 MINUTES PAGE RIGHT FOR 90 NIHUTES LINIT LINKS ARE CVRRKHT VALUES TREND PLOT NEHV Y2=~'i A 4"~i@M;RANGE CHANGE DISPLAY TRKND PLOt NO.-):~I-.Q3 3-g]w-~5-.Q3 6 CQ 4>-io-8t-lt~Veau ii ow~I,~*" HF.'P.EBB PLOT 0ygp D C COOK 04 OCT 86 12: 06: 03 Y 1 G"5 CECAY T4HK 1 PRESS.'.-ig 6.07 PSIG RPC-310 0.00 LO-','.)~~'.d." 00 HI=1 10.00 HI HI=150.00 Yf f 00 I IIIIj'11'0.7 CI 411 311 211 f 01~Y 1 115 Yt Y2 0 240 230 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 1'40 130 120 HIH PAGE RIGHT FOR NEXT 120 MINUTES L4ST PAGE DISPLAYED-.[T]TREND PLOT MENU RANGE CH4HGE DI SPL4Y TREND PLOT MO.->.-Q]1:jg 2:Q3 3-Q3 4 H3 5 Kl
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| 'R TREND PLOT OT)g D C c00K 0'4 OCT 86 12:04:46 Yi GAS DECAY T4NK 1 PRE55 OLO O.OO LO 6.0V PSIG RPC-310 0.00 MI=110.00 HI HI=150.00'All Y 1'l~v J,>a~(,tr'I)60 50.qn kl i(((Ir I)V~20 in/(.n-~Yi U-Y2 120 110 100 90 80 P4GE LEFT FOR PREVIOUS 120 MINUTES LI NIT LINE5~'i+..s g~P~,Qi.2 DI5PL4Y TREND PLOT HO.->To 60 50'tO 30 20 10 0 HINVTES PAGE RIGHT FOR 90 NIHUTES 4RE CURRENT VALVES;H3 TREND PLOT HENU R4HGE CH4HGE-Q]1-[g 2:Q3-[g I:+5-.CG 6 3(<HIfl TREND PLDT PTgP D C COOK 0't OCT 86 12: 03: 34 (1 GA=DECAY TAt4K i PRESS Le HALO n.oo Lo=Y1 100, 7.99 PSIG RPC-310 o.oo Hi=1 io.nn HIHI=1 so.00<0, I~6 I I 50, 40 30 24 (t)pl (0 j'I (t-~l p I~1 10 0 9n sO 7o 60 50.'to'0 20 10 HIN P4GE LEF'T F'R 2 HOUR D4TA LIHIT LINES ARE CURRENT VALUES Yi Y2 DI SPL4Y TREND PLOT NO.->-.+1:+2:Q3 3 5't 3 2 1 0 H It4 PAGE UP FOR 2 D4Y DATA TREND PLOT HENU R4NGE CH4NGE-.[Q S:.Q 6 I.~~k~:
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| C)S<~-1~-8t-iit S W 0 E'Q@3;HIrt TPEND PLOT a, 0 D C COOK0't OCT 86 12139" 52 AS CtEC AY T4NK 1 PRESS r345 DEC AY TAttK 5 PRESS 1 59 PS IG 28.39 P IG PPC-310 Ppi 350 f FtA f Ftit 8lt 70 6Ft 5(t 50.<<tt 3Ft 2tl 2(t f A f A A.<<6 8Q 7Q PAGE LEF'T F'R 2 HOUR D4T4 Yl Y2 60-50 t0 30 20 10 HIN--.-6--., EXECUTE COHPLETE PAGE 5 tt 3 2 1 0 HIN VP F OR 2 DAY DAT4 TREND PLOT HENV RANGE CH4NGE DISPLaY TREND PLOT MO.->-:g3 1~-CO 2-CG-3-[Q 5-Q3 6
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| 'Pan.F-L4 oW~$P~/ZOo c~f Q~c<<4f~4~px)~~Egg+y~~g 4~~4LC c~~&i~~*c CA, 4r'/~W~P.>iSC..24',~~P ah+g CPS'PT~~~.~.CCM i~:~n M wc'c-~a~g a 724'~~~L-a z~.E'-+'a acr~(~Eec-f rw 9-d'C r 1arse~~axr~zz)r.Q4a~o~*Q C~>z.zs i).d~~~/ger.g me~'~~+~C./A~M//F'~~rc-y-P'C Cl~12-lo-gt->i~5 12 PNP 601Q URE.001 9Aaw ig o P~%6.2.2.2 Enter concentrations and flows, for" the following as applicable:
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| '.CONCENTRATION RELEASE POINT FLOW*CFN/Eo5 zoo>2)I'~D p 505~To~('.V/I>d pci/cc-7 I'P x ia p ci/cc~IO Pci/CC 9~xi/ci/cc I.&<<pci/cc/~lf Xio ci/cc Unit 1 Unit Unit 2 Unit Unit 1 GSLO Unit 2 GSLO Unit 1 SJAE Unit 2 SJAE (I).O 5 x//Vent X I a CFM$74'ent~<aX CFM CFM CFM (CFM CFM 6.2.2.3 6.2.2.4 (o/(W4->>~z f Vaioanw SIQ*Read vent flow from 1, 2-NR-54 or from the monitors flow channel.See PNP 2080 EPP.001-ECC-13 to determine if an Emergency Condition Classification has g been entered based on the RMS readings.(One hou-r NRC notification if the Emergency Plan is entered.)pr/o~/.7,-zQ)See PMP 2080 EPP.006 to determine the site boundary dose rate using existing weath+conditions.(One-hour NRC notification if the Emergency Plan is entered.)I 8o+Tt~/-~o+~(~~6.2.2.5 E., ZC 0/Qi CI (oTR 4 PAGE 5 OF 7 REV.2 Q uantify the release (assuming Xe-133)using the following equation for each release point, as applicable:
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| ~ci/cc X CFM X MlN()X 2.83E-2 RELEASE*CURIES KOALA(ak yqq7 g~~)'3 io g5T.RELEASED*The release duration is defined as the time from the first indication of release (high alarm)to whenever the monitor returns to normal or to the present time if the release has not been terminated.
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| qgsG C-X Pg oy.xiW)(~/X R FRXio P5 (FS, INC-~/>v<<vg<Z.Fa/io I"7)('lo/(~V g 8C)/M(M 1<S ro-4-<C~i o SJW C.
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| C(Q A.->o-la-!~4 8 12 PMP 6010 URE.001 Ad o>KQ 6.2.3 Estimation of the Percent of the Technical Specification Whole Body Dose Rate.6,2.3.1 The release rate limit of<500 mrem per year to an individual at or beyond the site boundary is provided to insure that the dose rate from gaseous effluents from both units on the site will be within the annual dose limits of 10 CFR Part 20 for unrestricted areas.The annual dose limits are the doses associated with the concentrations of 10 CFR Part 20, Appendix B, Table II.6.2.3.2 Using the concentrations and flows~~from 6.2.2.2, convert to release Io ('I" SIO" q,0 Unit 1 Unit Vent~ci/cc X CFN X 4.72E+2=/~><ci/sec y~7y (o 1 Unit 2 Unit Vent~ci/cc X'~CFM X 4.72E+2=2~22 ci/sec Unit 1 GsLo J~cj/cc x'" cFN x 4.72E+2=~~ci/sec to<<l~(a~w7 Unit 2 OSLO 9"~ci/cc X 1'~W" CFM X 4.72E+2=~~ci/sec Unit 1 SJAE is>~>>'i/cc X CFN X 4.72E+2=>pci/sec Unit 2 SJAE~,qs~>>'0 ci/cc X I CFM X 4.72E+2=~>ci/sec 8><X 60=p ci/min S,z.W X (o~~C;/If the release rate in pci/min exceeds 4.25E+6, when averaged over 1 hour, then 2 times the 10 CFR 20 concentrations have been exceeded and the NRC must be notified within 4 hours.See PMS0.034.PAGE 6 OF 7 REV.2 Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit Unit 1 GSLO 1 SJAE-~0 ci/sec X 2.48E 3-=6 mrem/yr 2 SJAE~O ci/sec X 2.48E 3-=+mrem/yr C(0.ia-<O-8b-ilb5 12 PMP 60l0 URE.001 F~w<9a c Z~6.2.3.3.Using the release rate, the whole body dose rate can be calculated, using the whole body dose rate factor for Xe-133 (2.94 E+2)and the average annual X/Q (8.44E-6).
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| $)7 1 Unit Vent pci/sec X 2.48E-3=~mrem/yr g'D 2 Unit Vent+pci/sec X 2.48E-3=.~mrem/yr a<~pci/sec X 2.48E-3=~mrem/yr r~04 2 GSLO~pci/sec X 2'8E 3=so~mrem/yr 6.2.4 After the total release and percent of the Technical Specifications has been calculated, issue a Condition Report with all data included and follow PNI-7030 instructions.
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| The sum of the dose rates from all release points divided by 500 (the whole body dose rate limit)multiplied by 100 is equal to the percent of the Technical'pecification limit.~2~>+mrem/year X 100=i~cf the Tech.Spec.Limit y93 5006.2.5 6.2.6 A thirty-day written report is required if any airborne radioactive release exceeds 2 times the applicable concentrations of the limits specified in 10 CFR 20, Appendix B in unrestricted areas, when averaged over one hour.Ensure that data generated by the use of this procedure is forwarded to the Environmental Section.The total quantity released is required to be included in the Semi-Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report.Off-site doses due to unplanned gaseous releases will be included in the quarterly and yearly dose calculations.
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| PAGE 7 OF REV.*2 LNlT VENT E h4OMTOR (vas~50 605)CltGEC OUT VENT 10 MENTOR REM%49 (pcilcc)10'10 METER DOSE RATE (RADnlR)100-10'ASQULL CATEGORY UNlT VEHT F FLOW RATE (ewe 20,000--10 I 10-lo t--10 t--10'O'0 10'-10 1O'10'lO'0 C 50,000 60,000 70,000 80.000 ,000 100,000 lo'o-'~io-lO'>2 x 10'105 0>O~06 Yahd towards~~ns g l AKf dtd Doss Bats (Silo Borardary By gP'o c.Pc LNIT VENT EFFLUENT MD4TOR=(VRS 1505/2505)
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| Cl/SEC OUT VENT 104 LlONfOR RE A!%48 (pc1/cc)10'10 METER DOSE RATE (RAD/1H)1O4-10 I 1l/P tDl'ASOVLL CATEGORY UN1T VENT F R ON RATE (can 20,000--10 I 10 10'2 10-10'0 10'0'10-1O'-10'4 1O'4 1O'0 C 60,000 70.000 SO,OOO 60.000 100.000 10'0 1O'3 2 x 10 010~OT Oa O2 Word towards~)-C.dtd Doss Rato y.l tt to rdd D/rid Da tot rind l~io laos Doundara Doss Rata)Dtr~C/>X/0~@~/f~
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| 09IOENATO A L OEPARTMENT OATE JOS OROE UNIT I~UNIT 2@SNARED DESIGN CHANGE NO.NIA r~~9 99 9~PM~TURBINE SERVICE LOCATION DESCRIPTION PROBLEM DESCRIPTION AUXILIARY~SCREENHOUSE
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| ~CONTAINMFNT
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| ~SERVICE EXT.~OFFICE~OTHER: z FILE DESIGNATOR (OF DEPT.PERFORMING JOB)VAE N UNCONTROLLED DOCUMENT x BLUE JOB ORDEII TAG~YES G2EIO o HUNG2 E2~i z Q EMERGENCY Q REGULAR EXPEDITE HOURS DAYS EVENTS 2 TECH SPEC IF"YES" ATTACH FORM RELATED2 Q YES NO WILL COMPLETION OF THIS JOB EUMINATE A PERSONNEL SAFETY HAZARD~YES NO C OEc JQB ORDER ASSIGNED TQ c2~~MAINT.~TECH.P.S.~TECH.ENGR.CE g~OPS.~QC~CONST.~OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION RE 0 BY OATE , NEAO APPROVAL OA'TE 9 O FURTHER EVALUATION iF-YES" FiLL iX"SCOPE OF OF JOBSCOPE f WORK" SECTIQN BELQW REQUIRED~YES SCOPc OF WORK~NO SAFETY RELATED OR~IF"YES", ATTACH SAFETY INTERFACE~ES FORM PMI 229M~NO 9 UE DRAWING REFERENCES 2-FLOW DIAGRAM Z 2 ELECTRICAL a.OTHER 12-SIST~TECH.SPEC.IF"YES", ATTACH FORM PMI 22EELS~YES IF NOT ALREADY ATTACHED O NO ES~NQ SdZ/c.8Z PROCEDURES REQUIRED (OTHER THAN FOR POST MAINT TESTINGI PROCEDURE NO, 99 T~D a.PLAN/CONDITIONS REQUIRED o M REGULAR MLOAD REDUCTION~OUTAGE.~OTHER 6>>,>>9'2 EPBT PA E APPRPVEO ST PATE EEanc E nF2 ISSUEQ TO USIABSISSAPPR>E CR, a,-io-W-)Y S, r AIARTWORK~YES IESfNO K~0 w~, JOB OROER NUMS PERMITS REOUIRED OLEARANOO~YES C]NO RWR:~YES~NO OTHER:~YES~O NO.NO.ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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| ~t Ev (~HAr&'LEANLINESS RATING PER PMI 2220 Q I Q 2 3 QNIA APPROVAL TO START NI VS I ASS I SS DESCRIPTION OF WORK DON)~c,x ACC'T I W.O.I GATE , SYSTEM INTERNAL CLEANLINESS P.INSPECTION BY~~NIA IN IVIOVAL P FOR NQ WORK VERIFIEO BY NIA CLEANLINESS INSPECTOR OATE WORK PERFORMED BY lo....I--IA VS I ASSI SS f BLUE TAG~YES REMOVEO[j7j NIA WORK AND WORK AREA INSPECTED BY IN TO S GNATU OA E ITS+A/.'r, RYI r ,~4,I Ir ADDITIONAL INFORMATION PARTS I MATERIAL OESCRIPTION ,MATE NUMSER A'TAO NO.I io~2 W S OTY.OSTAINEO OTY.USEO DOCUMENTATION REVIEWED ANO ACCEPTED BY SUPERVISOR
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| /~+OATS Fl I.REVIEWER/0~IP'+GATE QN.SPEC.REFERENCE(sl'ECHHl-CQ.n.<o-Pg-" E>a Q A~a FORM JOB OROER NUMBE<ON STATEMENT ALREADY ENTERED P Y'ES SS NOTIFIED BY NAME OATE TIME ACTION STATEMENT WILI.BE ENTERED IF WORK IS NOT r COMPLETED BY'ATE/TIME OR OPERATIONAL MOO E P YES ACTION STATEMENT ENTRY REQUIRED TO PERFORM WORK Q YES NO BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MOST LIMITING"ACTION STATEMENT" REQUIREMENTS'PPLICABIUTY:
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| DETERMINATION PERFORMED BY'AME IPI.EASE PRINT)SURVEILLANCE AND MAINTENANCE OF ENVIRONMENTALI Y QUALIFIED, SAFETY RELATED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT(REFERTO PMI 5025)P YES NO RESULTS ACCEPTABLE ST OR INSPECTION REQUIRED (PROCEDURE NUMBER.JOB ORDER NUMBER OR DESCRIPTION)
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| DEPT.PERSON TO CONTACT YES NO VERIFIED BY DATE~S (A R KS.'LI.REQUIRED TESTS AND INSPECTIONS VERIFIED SIGNED OFF: SU ERVISO SIONATURE OATE Cg.tz-ic-ce-<<sS P~~~XSa C p~~~'p~~Q,~'~L~8'Aa 7 r+c-dS I J'.MC+r'p~R4 T ZZ7 g.dc7 AC-re~4.d9~F0~i~Wrg 4', I' INDIANA 8 MICHIGAN ELECTRIC COMPANY<PECAN EL,EC>C'December 4, 1986 OWER SYStS.N964 sue>acT: Condition Report gl2-11-86-1347 FROMi TOi D.M.Allen S.J." Brewer/H.W.Jones According to Radiation Protection procedure II12 THP 6010.RAD.052, Revision 0, a condition report was issued for a violation of the Cook Plant Technical Specification 3/4-12.1 concerning air sample collection frequency.
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| Please find attached a copy of this condition report which should be included in the NRC submittal of the Annual Environmental Operating Report for 1986.jm attachment cc: W.G.Smith, Jr./L.S.Gibson T.A.Kriesel R.J.Clendenni IHT RA-SY STEM ceca~s CONDlT1QN REPORT No.PART t-CONDITION IDENTIFICATION AHO DESCRIPTION u ao'IL IVER+ATTAC~T Np, TREHOINQ/TRACItlNQ DATA Oeacrlp t ton at Condl tlon/Flndln+
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| VIO S>Z 4sCr Condtucn Report Date: Date ct Condltlon:
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| 3 J.Method ol Discovery.
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| Ccnttnuatlcn Sheen Cl/Ss/4 Immediate Action Taken:/Ot.Reported b.Asks sd rrl>.I2"l eP~HIS DITI e e AN SeQVE I 8~ESP S o Ccntlnuatlcn Sheet: Action Taken by: PART OFF SITE HOTIFIC TIOH C3, AEPSC/Poracn Contacted:
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| 0'ate: C3, I@M/Peracn Contacted; Date: C3 NRC/ENS Pasacn Contacted:
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| Date:+NRC Reatdent Inapector Contacted By''Date.Q Mtchtgan/Peracn Contacted:
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| Date:+Hct Applicable/Determined by.Date:+fnltfat STA lnveallgallcn Sy PART 5 PAQ REVIEW Sy.Time: By.Time Sy.Time: Time: By.Time: Time: Data: Q aetere te Orlateeters oetes t/trac~I~s4 tercet t Q Oaattee aeeert Qrrssotees aresslee aeaesst aessssers Q atositleeet rssshslee I aerie aestelreat s tss ae oeteaelee4 Q teveetieettee aeetaee4 Tos'~~1sseeetleottsse oee its~/~/~Q aatac see teteeee aeqsttre4 s?rsses s oeefys I/Q ve ae Wterea es aetsssca ayetee IOee te Oeeerfe letereetl+tart lls vreeeter te cet~tea, oetes I I Octo Vrsaeterree te arrSSC (sls~I tera ll oetessstesttee oee ays I I te t ivy~/Cga<~Unit Affected C3 I C3 2@Both Unit 1 Mode: Power taveb sI Reactor Trltc ESF Actuatlc~n QYea p,No QTes Action Statement Ento/sash Yea+No Unit 2 Made: Power Level: Af Reactor Trip: ESF Actuation:
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| CIYea lgHo+Vss gs Actton Statement Ense (@Yea Q Ho Component ID Number.QA/QC/NSORC Report Number.Flndlng Hc.NRC Inspection Report/Ftndlng Ho.815/21/t/AEP.HRC: Latter No.REFERENCE DOCUMENTS Tech.Reterence:
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| ~~Tech.Spec.Table Relerence Tech Spec.Equipment lneperable D Yea No Tach Spec.Instrument Incperabl~+Yea c Drawing Hum Rev.Rev.~ProceduyHum.Cs-st Rev.Revi Speclltcaucn Number: OCC Q C R tv.DCC QC Rev.Relerence PM Number P M Rav.Code/Standard Rat erences oee vss~Late Q other aetserte~frea~oetse.~tyae et aeeects tsee ves s I I o~~l/~i/~/Relerance PO Number.Re/erence RFC Number.Re/erence JO Number.CC: Resident nspector, Plant laager, QA Supervisors PNSRC Secretary,&TA Section, A/tsigned Dept.(Original) 4I Originator, IRC(Pile Copy)-
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| ~I<<<<~t CCCXI~<<.IM<<<<<<<<<<0~~PROBLEM REPORT No.INV ESTIQATION AATAI.n tc..<<i hQ<<TRENOINQITRACKINQ DATA lnveaUga 3/'<<I Continua Uon Sheen DoecrfpUon of Cauae.ŽT CAUSE OESCRIPTIOH 3~0.~ConUnuaUon Shoe<CI CORRECTIVE ACTIOH CORRECTIVE ACTION: LL, NV I C F T S's RE Con Unua Uon Sheen PREVENTIVE ACTION P REVENTIVE ACTION lo Preclude Recurrence:
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| ShtttP a%F4 V l5 u ttV l R4AXNEDZZX ConUnuaUon Shoot~Oat<<Evaluator.
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| Aro CorroctlvolPravontko ACUona: Cl To be Implemontod bofors a mod o chan@ay C3 To be Implomontod by the ond ol next refuel!nff out>>goy<<, Part 21 Package No.Pfant Syatem Cod<<CEILED Safety Syatom Action Statemontfa)
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| Inoperable Mot: Yoe C3Yea ClND No.C3 SuUdf nfl Location Cod o: Roor ElevaUon Room Codo: Li'.:I~!Oopartmont Invokect':
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| L CAUSE CODES I ,~Human Fatter Oeatgn, Manura"..'IiI
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| '".Construct!Or:,I I II: l'stl.~'~~Extorllal Cau~s Dofoctko p--~ManatfsmsII<<,'.
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| ~autarIC~r Dlhor CORRECTIVE ACTION~.'-Human Factors Cence!'co M.M Actklty Correction External Correction Procedure Correct!on
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| -.-Programm>>UC Correction
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| -.-Other CLOSE OUT DOCUMENTS LER No.Dept.Ouo Compt.J.O.No.Dept.Oue Cornpl.Procoduro Dept.Due Com pl QZ Q>>Qy Q>>Qy C3>>Qy Q>>QZ Q>>Qy Q>>C3y C3>>Qy Q>>l~2~2.4~S~S~y~a<<DEPARTMENT HEAOIORIQINATOR APPROVAL Zsrestiqatioa ia Soificieat to Dstsnaiss loot Caws coaaactxva Ac.ZDNS xssedy aysetoss,ot tvooxes taavaÃyzva
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| ~DMS Preclsda ascszrssoo OX Cases zarsstiqatxoo laveals Dstsids Aqescy>>otixicatioo as@strad SZC>>XPZCA>>y'aOBLQI IP>>alC lsrtev.ascpIXred!
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| tona Aca tilled OIIt Cosplatsly DoosssDtatioa is Cosa lets xsvsstxeatxoD aapozt Aatcrsed rot PIIstrIar Actio4 TOI Draw!nfl Dept.Ous Compl.RFC No.Dept.Oue Compl.PM No.Dept.Oue Compl.Date totvardedI Cosweo ts I Appcorsd ayI Department lead Appro red ay I Ol/>>SDOC*Cosssotsl Date I Data I Spec.No Oopl.Due CompL P.O.No.-OopL, Oue Compt.AEP:NRC No.Dept.Oue Compl.Other Dept.Dus CompL cc: Originating Department Bead/Originator, IRC Original I gA Supervisor, STA Section, NSDRC Subcommittee on Corporate and Plant Occurrences PACE 2'REV.
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| Al%l QPp Jill/W~CQNTINUATlON SHEET CalJ i Jglg ATTAC'cBENT NO.ca Na.PR HO.Description of ConditioniFinding:
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| Method of Discovery:
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| Immediate Action Taken'nvestigation:
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| Description of Cause: CORRECTIVE ACTION Taken: PREVENTIVE ACTION Taken To Preclude Recurrence:
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| v i S's 6.I~V2)PACE 3 oi 3 REV.l I Ig PIAZZA 6 MICHIGAH ELECTRIC COMPAH Y<aiC i>E'~~4 owgss sy5TE DATEs November 24, 1986 sue>ECTs Condition Report investigation A g 12-11-86-1347 rReao R.A.Palmer/L.G.Holmes TDs'lf.'.'I'andennMg
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| 'The attached Condition Report has been assigned to your section for t''on Please complete the investigation and return o 12/15/86 the Technical Superintendent by Upon completion of the Condition Report investigation, insure that copies of any Job Orders which resulted either from the original occurrence or any which were generated as a result of your investi-gation are attached to the Condition Report.Zf the Condition Report investigation cannot be completed ted within the time period specif ied above, please forward a xeroxed copy of the Condition Report to the Technical ACC, stating your estimated date of completion, prio to the completion da-e shown on the.Condition Report'over letter.Re orts f eel"~ee Zf you have anyŽuestions concerning Conc'tion Reports, feel ee to call.Technical ACC/sg Attachment IKTRA SYSTEM
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| \I'J t}}
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