ML20198A154
| ML20198A154 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Columbia  |
| Issue date: | 09/20/1985 |
| From: | Brocoum S Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | Justus P NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS) |
| References | |
| CON-WNP-0826, CON-WNP-826 NUDOCS 8509230656 | |
| Download: ML20198A154 (33) | |
Text
,
bb u P s o ises 01@
? . -
MEfiORANDUM FOR: Phil Justus, Leader > 's ' ':,* 9 Geology _ Geophysics Section, WMGT, NMSS FROM: Stephan J. Brocoum, Leader Geology Section, GSB, DE
SUBJECT:
TRANSMITTAL 0F HANFORD AREA CLASTIC DIKE INFORMATION As per telephone request by Richard Lee to Ina Alterman on September 12, 1985, we are forwarding information from the WNP-2 Operating License file on the clastic dikes of the Hanfora region. The excerpted section is from the WNP-2 study of Quaternary sediments of the Pasco Basin and Adjacent Areas. It includes a list of references of primary sources of infonnation as well.
Please direct any questions to Dr. Alterman. She may be reached on x27856.
(_-
,' l O J n ni k( a.ba%
Stepha Brocoum, Leader Geology Section Geoscier)ces Branch, DE Attachments:
As stated cc: w/o attachments L. Reiter I. Alterman p- - ~ .s 1 6 850920 Xfi (We ADOCK -w 05000397/',
m s: p IFC :DE:GSB :DE:GSBig. :DE:GSB g 3 : : : :
IAME :5520/ cit :IAlterman :SBroccum : : : :
IATE :9/18/85 :9/C,/85 :9/ IV/85 : : : :
0FFICIAL RECORD COPY
TASK D3 QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS STUDY OF THE PASCO BASIN AND ADJACENT AREAS Prepared for Washington Pubhc Power Supply System Under the Direction of United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania July,1981 Ka '
Woodward Clyde Consultants y Three Embarcadero Center, Suite 700, San Francisco, CA 94111
Clyde CottSultartis I 5. CLASTIC DIKES l
A clastic dike is a tabular sedimentary body that cuts across l the structure or bedding of pre-existing rock or sedimentary deposits. The dike is formed by the infilling of a crack or fissure, either from below, above, or laterally. Tne infilling may result from either forcible injection or from simple gravity infilling of sediments. The width of clastic dikes ranges from over one millimeter to several meters; height ranges from a few centimeters to many meters; length ranges from a few decimeters to many tens even hundreds of meters.
Clastic dikes may be found. in any type of host rock or soil, provided that the following conditions are met:
1 1. There is a source of material available to fill the crack or fissure.
- 2. There is a mechanism for creating a crack of fissure into which the dike-forming material can penetrate.
- 3. There is a mechanism for getting the dike-forming material into the crack or fissure.
5.1 Previous Investigations of the Genesis of Clastic Dikes Clastic dikes have been reported in the geologic literature at least since Jenkins (1925a) reported their occurrence in east-ern Washington. Since that date, many workers have contriD-uted to our general understanding of clastic dixes, their occurrence, and the mechanisms of emplacement.
Dionne and Shilts (1974) reported the existence of a single clastic dike of Pleistocene age in Quebec, Canada. The dike was 2 m high and 40 cm wide and consisted of glacial till that was forced into a crack that may have been produced when the Page 48
_ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ I
'!!v0d*Cv Clyde Consultants frozen ground was overridden by glacial ice. The length of the dike was reported to be perpendicular to the direction of flow of the glacier.
Elson (1975) proposed a different mode of origin for a clastic dike also found in Quebec, Canada. Normally consolidated or unconsolidated sub-glacial lake deposits, in which pure water is confined by aquitard layers, were compressed from aoove either by sediment or ice. This pressure created positive pore water pressure and dilation of the sand layers. Negative I
pore water pressure developed downstream from the zone of com-pression, causing the overlying material to be sucked in to l fill the negative-pore-water-pressure zone. The dike de-scriced, however, was a single dike, not a complex one such as tnose widely seen in the Touchet beds.
Dionne (1976) described miniature mud volcanoes and clastic dikes tnat are being created today in tidal sand- and mud-flats in Quebec, Canada. These clastic dikes occur in 4- to 6-sided polygons that have sides that range in length from 30 to 125 cm. Dionne proposed that the mechanism of formation involved lenses of curied ice that had been covered by recent sediment. When the ice thawed, the layers became fluid, the density of tne overlying bay mud became greater than tnat of tne now fluid layer, and the " ice lens" rose to the surface, thus creating the clastic dikes. Dionne notes that in James Bay, where the dikes occur, seismic shock is extremely unlikely to occur while the dikes are forming.
He also measured the gradients of the surface of the mud flats and found them to be in the range of 1:400 to 1:800 (0.14 to 0.07 degrees. He concluded, therefore, tha t slumping was an unlikely mechanism for creating tension cracks into which sediment could fill.
Winslow (1977) reported the existence of a swarm of over 300
- g. w=e--+cive. co =m-e P
clastic dikes in southern Chile. The dikes, ranging up to l 150 m in length, are possibly of Mesozoic age and consist of silty sandstone to boulder conglomerate. The dikes were all l
emplaced at nigh angles to noth the fold axes and fracture cleavage of the host rock, and they are thought to have been emplaced during early phases of folding.
l Bruhn (1979), also working in the soutnern tip of South America, reported clastic dikes that were emplaced parallel to the main-phase fold axes in the sedimentary rocks of Tierra del Fuego. Folding is believed to have occurred during tne late Cretaceous, with emplacement of tne dikes following closely af ter.
I Pierce (1979) described clastic dikes emplaced in the fault breccia at Heart Mountain in northwest Wyoming. He suggests that movement on the Heart Mountain fault created a large volume of calcibreccia from the upper plate of the faulted block. The calcibreccia was immediately covered by Tertiary volcanics. As the weight of the overburden increased, the uns table , water-saturated ~ calcibreccia became mooile and was injected upwards as clastic dikes into the overlying volcanic rocks.
I Russ (1979) reports the existence of clastic dikes in the Reelfoot Lake area of northwest Tennessee. A trench excavated to investigate late Holocene faulting encountered 13 sand dikes adjacent to or near the fault plane. The Reelfoot Lake area was struck by large-magnitude earthquakes in 1811 and 1812. Russ suggests that the proximity of tne cand dikes to the fault plane indicates that the clastic dikes were created when liquef action occurred during the earthquakes.
Muir and Fritsche (1981) investigated a complex intrusive dike-like feature in the sediments of Kern Lake, California, Page 50
Woodward Clyde Consadtarits and compared the feature to another that forzed during the Imperial Valley, California, earthquaxe of 1979. They con-cluded that the intruding well-sorted fine sand came from below the water table and that there were confining clay layers both above and below the source bed. The intrusion included more than one event. The Kern Lake intrusion oc-curred along a wide dike zone, accompanied by the collapse of adjacent sediment into the dike, whereas the Imperial Valley intrusion was confined to a single, thin dike with no ad]acent collapse features.
The differences between them were postu-lated to result from the position of the sediments in relation to the water table. At Kern Lake all of the sediment over-lying the source bed was below the water table, whereas at the Imperial Valley area most of the sediment overlying the source bed was aoove the water table and unsaturated.
5.2 Classification of Clastic Dikes Hayashi (1966) proposed a classification of clastic dikes on tne oasis of reports of many clastic dikes observed in g Japan. Tne classification proposed five categories to 5 describe the morpnology of clastic dikes:
- 1. Simple dikes -
clastic l
material filled a single crack or gash
- 2. Multiple dikes more two or gasnes are filled with similar material
- 3. Composite dikes -
a single gash was filled two or more times
- 4. En ecnelon dikes -
clastic dikes consisting of several small-scale dikes composed of the same materi-Page 51
~
Woodward Clyde Consultants al are arranged en echelon
- 5. Swarm of dikes -
a set of numerous parallel clastic dikes.
Subsequent classification of di:<es was then made based on the time of origin:
- 1. Primary Clastic dikes having-- straight-wall (indicating shearing rugged-wall (indicating tension) obscurely-walled (indicating pre-consolidation emplace-ment) branching (upwards, downwards, irregular) tapering (upwards, downwards, lenticular)
- 2. Secondary Clastic dikes whose original shapes have been modi-fied by diagenesis or movement that took place after formation of the dikes. These can be divided into two main groups:
- 1. Penecontemporary deformed clastic dikes, in i which deformation of both dike and host rock is occurring at the same time, as in folding.
- 2. Later deformed clastic dikes, which may t
have been faulted.
Page 52
I.'
'Midard Clyde Consultants 11ayashi notes that lateral offset of (vertical) clastic dikes records bedding plane slippage and that possibly very large masses of sedimentary rocks may slip along bedding planes without any visiole deformation or recognizaole development of gouge or clay along the planes.
l A means of classifying clastic dikes oy genesis was also proposed:
1 tnose in whicn large
- 1. Intrusive clastic dikes are fragments and solfataric muds are forced upwards into country rock during igneous the fissures of the activity.
Injection clastic dikes are those in wnich quicksand 2.
The sediments of is in3ected into cracks or 3oints. nearly these dikes sometimes display laminae running parallel with the walls.
- 3. Infilling clastic dikes are those in which clastic materials accunulate in cracxs or 3oints under the influence of gravitf. The sediments in dikes of this type frequently show horizontal stratification.
in which
- 4. Squeezed-in clastic dikes are those consolidated plastic unconsolidated or partially into crevices, under stress, layers are squeezed, above or below, without destroying their internal The dike-forming materials of such structures.
origin often show a symmetrically arranged layered structure parallel to the walls of the dike and Experiments by display a pull-apart structure.
Jenkins (1925b) showed that such structures originate from the injection of strata rather than re-sorting from a mixture.
Page 53 J
Woodward Clyde Consultants
- 5. Diagenetic clastic dikes are those in which the existing clastic dike has been altered by diagenetic modifications.
5.3 Clastic Dikes of the Pasco Basin 5.3.1 Previouc Work Jenkins (1925a) believed that the clastic dikes of eastern Washington were produced when cracks resulting from earthquake disturbances were filled with sediment in]ected under pressure in an aqueous environment. He felt that the dikes could be filled from the top and that they would die out at depth.
Lupher (1944) presented a thorougn investigation of the occur-rence and mode of formation of clastic dikes particularly as-sociated with proglacial deposits in Washington and Idaho. He recognized that tne dikes were being produced concurrent with tne deposition of the host units into which tney were em-placed. At least four processes were involved in tne filling of the dikes, any or all of which may have been involved in the formation of any individual dike. All of the processes involved filling from above, or movement of sediment through groundwater.
h Lupher (1944) noted that the open fissures into whicn clastic dikes were formed could be created in a number of ways. One
- of Lupher's principal conclusions was that tne clastic dikes found in this area must be related to frozen ground or ice and are therefore Pleistocene in age. Three of Lupher's five pro-posed mecnanisms for the creation of the fissures involved ice indirectly: (1) uneven settling of and ultimately cracking of blocks of sediment overlying layers of melting buried ice; (2) gravity sliding and faulting on inclined zones of sub-Page 54
'Slv0&*WwCtyde Crmuttartts surface melting; (3) formation of cavities where ice blocxs and layers melted. The otner two postulated mechanisms involved erosion by underground streams, and faulting and fissuring Oy landslides in the Columbia River basalts.
The possibility that clastic dikes were formed sub-aerially was examined out discarded as a general method of formation, because many dikes contain medium and even coarse sands that could not be transported aerially. Lupher (1944) likewise discounted in]ection from below because he could find no evidence of plastic or water-charged sediment being injected from below. He also noted that many dikes were traceable to overlying current-bedded sand.
The idea that clastic dikes might have formed cataclysmically at the time of deposition of the Touchet beds was rejected by Lupher, an antidiluvianist. A geologically instantaneous flood would not have provided enough time for the formation and subsequent melting of ice layers, which Lupher regarded as prerequisite for the creation of the fissures into which clastic dikes were emplaced. Lupher could neitner believe that clastic dikes containing up to a maximum of 80 dikelets could be related, other than marginally, to earthquake activi-ty in tne Pasco area.
Newcomo (1962) investigated the dikes descriced oy Lupher I
(1944) and added a number of observations pertaining to their mode of origin:
l I 1. Some dikes occur in polygonal networks that have cell diameters ranging from 15 to 120 m.
2.
The dikes are most profuse within the altitude range i
of 120 to 240 m and are scarce above 300 m.
Page 55
Woodward.ctyde consultants
- 3. Dikes are most nunerous where the Touchet beds overlie highly permeable ma'terials.
- 4. Dixes typically have " roots", a " trunk", and
" branches" near the top.
5.
The dikes cut all but the uppermost 3-6 m of the thickest sections of the Touchet beds.
6.
The silt laminae on the walls, the " wall seams" of Lupher (1944) or " clay skins" of Black (1979), are filter cake, which attest to outward filtration of sediment-carrying fluids from eacn successive dike lamina.
Newcomb (1962) concluded that the above features indicate tnat the clastic dikes were formed by the upward in]ection of groundwater.
Each "dikelet" was procably caused by bank stor-age when a pressure difference was produced by large drawdowns of Lake Lewis, the large body of water ponded upstream of Wallula Gap during the Missoula flood. Lowerings subsequent to the first one caused injection along preferential planes of weakness.
Thus, the clastic dikes formed during the first lowering of Laxe Lewis.
Alwin and Scott (1970) noted that clastic dikes in the Touchet beds penetrate downwards f rom a few centimeters to over 30 m with near vertical dips. They identified features of clastic dikes, such as composite nature, clay wall linings, cross-stratification, graded beds, and oriented grains. Alwin and Scott concluded that these features indicated a downward in-filling of the dikes by silt and sand. They felt that the dikes represent infillings of permafrost-related crevices.
I Page 56
^
Woodwar6Clyde Consultants Black (1979) made a detailed study of clastic dikes in the Pasco Basin for Rockwell-Hanford Operations. He visited ten different sites and concluded that the dikes are multigenet-ic. He considered that previously suggested mechanisms, such as earthquakes, dessication, deep frost cracking, thermal contraction of permafrost, anc upward injection of groundwater are not the primary modes of formation of most cracks.
Neither did he discount the possibility that some or all of j these mechanisms could have been used to produce some of the I cracks. Black ocserved that the bulk of material filling most observed dikes came from aoove during aperiodic and repeated widening and concurrent filling of cracks in an aqueous envi-ronment. In seven of the ten ooserved localities, all of tne dikes were composite (Hayashi, 1966) and were filled from
.acove in a stress environment that indicated tension, not
{ compression.
Black (1979) hypothesized that hydraulically dammed late Pleistocene floodwater, which repeatedly covered the area, was responsible for the formation of the fractures -
for the aperiodic widening of the se' cracks -
and was the primary source of material that filled the crachs. Sudden loading by floodwater on a ground surface whose ground-water level was not close to the surface produced stresses tnat were irregu-larly distributed. These stresses induced cracking of the ground, wnich would have allowed turbid water to enter.
Sediment in tne water would at first have oeen filter pressed against the walls of the crack, creating the " clay skins."
Fractures could have Deen widened as the load increased or as shear resistance decreased witn increasing pocc pressure.
Continued widening o' the crack would have permitted coarser
( sediment to enter. The flow of sediment-laden water along the length of a crack would have produced the foreset-bedding structures frequently seen.
~
Page 57 t _ - - - - -- - - - - - - - -
woodwar6ctyde consultants rence.
In the non-Touchet cases, in basalt and pre-Palouse loess. clastic dikes were observed almost exclusively into Hayashi's The Touchet dikes seen fit injection and composite category: both s imple.
infilling types.
In one case the The dikes seen in basalt were weathered and clastic dikes were intensely The other probably predate the late Pleistocene floods.
clastic dikes in basalt Pleistocene. were proDably late Selected clastic dikes observed described in Appendix B. during this study are The principal observations made in this study regarding the formation valleys are that: of clastic dikes in the Pasco Basin and associated 3 1. No clastic dikes penetrate unequivocally deposits of Holocene age (This suggests a uo-aqueous s eclian development of most of the clastic dikes .).
I
- 2. The vast majority of clastic dikes occurring in the Pasco ' Basin and vicinity occur within th Touchet i ceds. However, e slackwater seen "Toucnet" dikes have been in basalts and pre-Palouse soils whose ages are far older nave also than been the 13 ka of the TouchetDikes reported
. beds in the upper Formation. In all Ringold maximum level of cases the dikes occur below the 350 m.
the floodwaters, approximately 3.
The composite during "Touchet" clastic dikes were formed examples of the deposition of the Touchet beds .
The many '
truncated dikes overlain by more Touchet sediments confirms this idea.
Bedding-plane slippage occurred within the Touchet beds coincidentally with Page 59
Woodward Clyde Consultants the development of some of the clastic dikes.
- 4. Evidence nas been found at the Cummings Bridge exposure for at least two ma3or floods of late Pleistocene age.
The rhythmites contained in the Touchet beds deposited by these two major floods do not represent numerous individual floods of suffi-cient Lewis. size to have filled a lake the size of Lake Instead ing lake.
they represent pulses into an exist-If Baker's (1973) conclusion about the duration of the last late Pleistocene flood is cor-rect, then deposition of the Touchet beds and the formation of the enclosed clastic dikes must have occurred in a matter of weeks.
5.
The time required for the deposition of tne entire flood deposits was so short that freeze-thaw wedging of fissures or sub-aerial dessication could not have produced the numerous composite dixes. The ice-related clastic dike in g tidal flats in northern E Canada (Dionne and Shilts, 1974; Dionne, 1976) are features measurable in decimeters, not decameters, as in the Pasco Basin.
6.
Most of the clastic dikes in the Pasco Basin taper downwards and were filled from the top. Instances of filling from below have been cited by Newcomb (1962),
Black (1979), and in Appendix B, s
these cases. but there are few of
, 7. About time of 5 cm of slip along a fault occurred during the the late Pleistocene floods, as evidenced by slickensided clastic dikes and displaced basal flood
( deposits at Gable Mountain (Golder Associates, 1981).
I Page 60
Woodward.Clyde Cortsultartts Muir and Fritsche (1981) described earthquake-related features formed in sediments in California during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. In saturate'd zones complex dikes were formed, while in unsaturated zones simple dikes were formed. This suggests that some clastic dikes in the Pasco Basin may be earthquake related. Woodward-Clyde Consultants (1980), in a study of reservoir induced seismicity (RIS), noted that man-made reservoirs that are either very deep
(>150 m) or very large (>l x 1010 m3) are the most susceptible to reservoir induced seismic events. The ephemeral Lake Lewis, formed upstream of Wallula Gap during the late Pleistocene flood from glacial Lake Missoula, would have been both very deep (>250 m) and very large (2 x 1012 m3 ).
The RIS study concluded that seismic events were statistically more likely to be triggered if there were active faults present in the vicinity of the reservoir, and if the rate of filling of the reservoir was erratic.
1 If Baker's (1973-) hydraulic model is valid, Lake Lewis both formed and largely disappeared within a period of two weeks.
It is conceivable that reser-voir induced earthquakes may have been associated with the rapid filling and draining of Lake Lewis, Shaking resulting from seismic activity induced by the presence of Lake Lewis could provide a mechanism for the sliding of blocks of Touchet sediments and, the fissuring of Pasco Gravels, pre-Palouse loess, the Upper Ringold Formation, and basalt bedrock.
However, the abundance and widespread occurrence of clastic dikes in the Pasco Ba s in , their composite natures, and the realtively short interval during which they formed all indicate that it is unlikely Page 61
5 Clytie COftSultartts that earthquakes were tne primary factor in tneir formation.
8.
The exposure at the gravel pit Just northwest of Kennewicx snows a flat-lying composite Touchet clastic dike penetrating a thicx calcrete developed on an older gravel (Figure D3-4).
able Tne dixe is trace-near horizontally for over 5 m. No other sucn fissures have oeen seen in calcretes such as this.
It is extremely unlikely that a flat-lying fissure would remain open with while the over 250 m of water above it clastic dike gently filled with sediment.
(Hydraulic injection of sediment appears to De the most viable mechanism for the clastic dike. If clastic dikes canformation of this penetrate indu-rated carbonate-cemented conglomerate, then their injection into loose, be easy.) saturated silts and sands would
- 9. Clastic dikes during folding reportedly created in fissures opened in soutnern Chile (Winslow, Bruhn, 1979) 1977; are not similar to the composite Touchet dikes of the Pasco Basin. Their modes of origin must, therefore, be dissimilar also.
Summary - This Study l
The lack of clastic dikes in eolian deposits predominance of and the clastic dikes in late deposits strongly suggest that Pleistocene flood flooding. they formed at the time of the truncated This is confirmed by the frequent occurrence of clastic dikes being overlain by younger deposits (Touchet beds). flood Page 62
. - oc_m occasionally clastic dikes penetrate the entire sequence of F- flood deposits and extend downwards into basalt, Ringold, pre-Palouse loess and 200 ka cemented gravels.
J
(, High pressure injection is considered to be necessary to
, emplace dikes into the formations beneath the flood deposits, and this mechanism is regarded as the most plausible for the majority of cases, at least in the early phase of a dike's formation. Other processes, such as spreading of blocks of Touchet beds and liquefaction, presumably were also invoked as
.. Blacx (1979) suggested, to continue the growth of the number of dikelets in a composite clastic dike.
I I
I I
I I
I I
I Page 63
- = = - = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 REFERENCES CITED l
Allison, I. S., 1933, New version of the Spokane flood:
l l
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 44, p. 675-722.
E Alwin, J. A., and Scott, W. F., 1970, Clastic dikes of the Touchet beds, southeastern Washington: Northwest Science,
- v. 44, no. 1, p. 58.
B Baker, V. R., 1973, Late Quaternary history of the Columbia Plateau, in Paleohydrology, sedimentology: Lake Missoula, E. Washington: Geological Society of America Special Paper 144.
, 1978a, The Spokane flood controversy, _in, Baker, v.
R., and Nummedal, D., Eds: The Channeled Scabland, A I guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington: NASA Comparative Geology Conference, p. 3-15.
B
, 1978b, Quaternary geology of the channeled scabland and adjacent areas, g Baker, V. R., and Nummedal D., Eds.. The Channeled Scabland, A guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington: NASA Comparative Geology Conference, p. 17-35.
Bjornstad, B. N., 1980, Sedimentary and depositional environ-ment of the Touchet beds, Walla Walla River Basin, Washington: Rockwell Hanford Operations, Report, RHO-BWI-SA-44.
Black, R. F., 1979, Clastic dikes of the Pasco Basin, southeastern Washington: Rockwell Hanford Operations Report, RHO-BWI-C-64.
E -
Woodward Clyde Consultants l
Borchardt, G. A., Harvard, M. E., and Schmitt, R A., 1971, Correlation of volcanic ash deposits by activation analysis of glass separates: Quaternary Research v. 1,
- p. 247-260.
I Bouma, A. H., 1962, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits, graphic approach to facies interpretation: Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 168 p.
Bowen, D. O., 1978, Quaternary Geology: Pe rg amon Press, Oxford, England.
Bretz, J. H., 1923, The channeled scablands of the Columbia plateau: Journal of Geology, v. 31, no. 8, p. 617-649.
, 1928, the Channeled scabland of eastern Washington: American Geological Society, Geology Review,
- v. 18, no. 3, p.446-477.
, 1929, Valley deposits immediately east of the Channeled scabland of Washington II: Journal of Geology,
- v. 37, no. 6, p. 505-541.
Bretz, J. H., ' Smith, H. T. U., and Neff, G. E., 1956, Channeled scabland of Washington; new data and interpretations: Geological Society of America Bulletin,
- v. 67, p. 956-1049.
B rig h t , R. C., 1963, Pleistocene lakes Thatcher and Bonneville, southeastern Idaho: unpublished Ph. D.
dissertation, Minnesota University Minneapolis, MN.
Page R-2
hMadM Brown, R. E., 1970, Some suggested rates of deformation of basalts in the Pasco Basin, and their implications:
Proceedings of the Second Columbia River Basalt Symposium, Eastern Washington State College, Cheney, Washington,
- p. 179-187.
, 1975, Groundsater and the basalts in the Pasco Basin: 13th Engineering Geology and Soils Engineering Symposium Proceedings, April 1975, Moscow, Idaho.
Brown, R. E., and Brown, D. J., 1961, The Ringold Formation and its relationship to other formations: General Electric Company, Richland, Washington. Publication HW-SA-2319.
Brown, R. E., and McConiga, M. W. , 1960, Some contributions to the stratigraphy and indicated deformation of the Ringold Formation: Northwest Science, v. 34, no. 2. p. 43-54.
Bruhn, R. L., 1979, Rock structures formed durIng back-arc basin deformation in the Andes of Tierra lel Fuego:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, part 1, v. 90,
- p. 998-1012.
Bunker, R. C., 1980, Catastrophic flooding in the Badger Coulee area, south-central Washington: Unpublished Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, 184 p.
Carson, R. J., McKhann, C. F., and Pizey, M. H., 1978, The Touchet beds of the Walla Walla Valley M Baker, V. R.,
and Nummedal, D., eds., The Channeled Scabland: A guide to the geomorphology of the Columbia Basin, Washington, NASA Comparative Geology Conference, p.173-186.
Page R-3
Czamanske, G. K., and Porter S. C., 1965, Titanium dioxide in pyroclastic layers from volcanoes in the Cascade Range:
Science, v. 150, p. 1022-1025.
Davis, J. O., 1978, Quaternary tephrochronology of the lake Lahontan Area, Nevada and California: Nevada Survey, Archeological Research Paper, no. 7.
Dionne, J. C., 1976, Miniature mud volcanoes and other injec-tion features in tidal flats, James Bay, Quebec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 13, no. 3, p. 422-428.
Dionne, J. C., and Shilts, W. W., 1974, A Pleistocene clastic dike, upper Chaudiere Valley- Quebec: Canadian Journal of Science, v. 11, p. 1594-1605.
Elson, J. A., 1975, Origin of a clastic dike at St. Ludger, Quebec: an alternative hypothesis: Canadian Journal of Eartt. Science, v. 12, p. 1048-1053.
Farooqui, S. M., 1979, Evaluation of faulting in the Warm Springs Canyon area, southeast Washington: Report prepared for Washington Public Power Supply System, by Shannon and Wilson, Inc.
Farooqui, S. M., and Thoms, R. E., 1980, Geologic evaluation of selected faults and lineaments, Pasco and Walla Walla basins, Washington: Report prepared for Washington Public Power Supply System, by Shannon and Wilson, Inc.
Flint, R. F., 1938, Origin of the Cheney-Palouse scabland tract, Washington: the Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 49, p. 461-523.
Page R-4
Woodward Clyde Consultants Foley, L. L., 1976, Slack water sediments in the Alpowa Creek Drainage, Washington: M.A. thesis, Washington State University. Department of Anthropology, Pullman, WA.
Ginsberg, R. N., 1973, Evolving concepts in sedimentology.
Johns !!opkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
Glass, C. E. , 1977, Remote sensing analysis of the Columbia Plateau, M WPPSS, Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, WNP 1 and 4, Amendment C3, Appendix 2RK.
Golder and Associates, 1981, Gable Mountain: Structural investigations and analyses. Draft Report prepared for Northwest Energy Services Company June 1981.
Grolier, M. J., and Bingham, J. W., 1978, Geology of parts of Grant, Adams, and Franklin Counties, East-Central Washington: Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Sources, Bulletin No. 71.
Gustafson, E. P., 1973, The vertebrate fauna of the lite Pliocene Ringold Formation, south-central Washington:
M.S. thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, p. 164.
1
, 1978, The vertebrate faunas of the Pliocene Ringold Formation, south-central Washington: Museum of Natural flistory Bulletin no. 23, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, p. 62.
t Hammatt, !! . ii. , Foley , L. L. , and Leonhardy F. C., 1976, Late Quaternary stratigraphy in the icwer Snake River Canyon:
toward a chronology of slackwater sediments: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 8, no. 3,
- p. 379.
_ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ -______J
W Jdward Clyde Consultants Hayashi, T., 1966, Clastic dikes in Japan: Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography, v. 37, p. 1-20.
Jenkins, O. P., 1925a, Clastic dikes of eastern Washington and their geologic significance: American Journal of Science, 5th series, v. 10, p. 234-246.
, 192Sb, Mechanics of clastic dike intrusion, Engineering and Mining Journal - Press no. 120, p. 12.
Ku, T. L., Bull, W. B., Freeman, S. T., and Knauss, K. G.,
1979, Th230-U234 dating of pedogenic carbonates in gravelly desert soils of Vidal Valley, Southeastern California: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.
90, p. 1063-1073.
Kuenen, Ph. H., 1967 (referred to in Baker, 1973, 5th special paper 144).
Kuhns, M. J., 1980, Late Cenozoic deposits of the lower Clearwater Valley, Idaho and Washington: M.S. thesis, Washington State University Pullman, WA . 78 p.
Lemke, R. W., Mudge, M. R., Wilcox, R. E., and Powers, H. A.,
1974, Geologic setting of the Glacier Peak and Mazama ash-bed marke rs in west-central Montana: Geological Survey Bulletin, Contributions to Stratigraphy 1395-H, 31 p.
Lindberg, J. W., and Brown, R. E., 1981, Pleistocene catastrophic flood deposits of the Pasco Basin, Washington, and the role of the Snake Rivers GSA Cordilleran Section Annual Meeting, Hermosillo Mexico Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America, p.
67.
Page R-6
Woodward Clyde Consultants Lupher, R. L., 1944, Clastic dikes of the Columbia Basin Region, Washington and Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 55, p. 1431-1462.
Malde, H. E., 1968, The catastrophic Late Pleistocene F Bonneville flood in the Snake River Plain, Idaho: U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 506, 52 p.
Malde, H. E., and Powers, H. A., 1962, Upper Cenozoic stratigraphy of western Snake River Plain, Idaho:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 73, no. 10, p.
1197-1219.
McConiga, M. W., 1955, Deformation of the Ringold Formation:
Hanford Atomic Products Operation, Richland, Washington.
Merriam, J. C., and Buwalda, J. P., 1917, Age of strata referred to the Ellensburg Formation in the White Bluffs of the Columbia River: University of California Publications Bulletin of Geology, v. 10, no. 15, p. 255-266.
Moody, U. L., 1978, Microstratigraphy, paleoecology and tephrochronology of the Lind Coulee Site, Central Washington: Ph.D. dissertation, Washington State University, Department of Anthropology, Pullman, WA.
Muir, S. G., and Fritsche, A. E., 1981, Three dimensional model of probable earthquake-induced intrusion structure in Kern Lake sediment compared with sandblow feature formed during the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake, Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Cordillera Section annual meeting, Hermosillo, Mexico.
Page R-7 P
Woodward Clyde CottSultarits Mullineaux, D. R., Hyde, J. H., and Rubin, M., 1972, Preliminary assessment of upper Pleistocene and Holocene pumiceous tephra from Mount St. Helens, southern Washington: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 4, no. 3, p. 204-205.
Mullineaux, D. R., Hyde, J. H., and Rubin, M., 1975, Widespread late glacial and postglacial tephra deposits from Mount St. Helens volcano, Washington: U.S.
Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 3, no. 3, p.
329-335.
Mullineaux, D. R , Wilcox, R E., Ebaugh, W. F., Fryxell, R.,
and Rubin, M., 1977, Age of the last major scabland flood of eastern Washington, as inferred from associated ash beds of Mount St. Helens Set S Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, p. 1105.
Mullineaux, D. R., Wilcox, R. E., Ebaugh, W. F., Fryxell, R.,
and Rubin, M., 1978, Age of the last major scabland flood of the Columbia Plateau in Eastern Washington: Quaternary l Research, v. 10, p. 171-180.
Myers, C.W., and Price, S.W., 1979, Geologic studies of the r Columbia Plateau--A status report: Rockwell hanford Operations, Richland, WA, RHO-BWI-ST-4.
Newcomb, R C., 1958, Ringold formation of Pleistocene age in type locality, the White Bluffs, Washington: American Journal of Science, v. 256, p. 328-340.
, 1961, Age of the Palouse formation in the Walla Walla and Umatilla River Basins, Oregon and Washington:
Northwest Science, v. 35, no. 4, p. 122-127.
P.,. ...
p
Woodward.Clyde Consultants
, 1962, Hydraulic injection of clastic dikes in the Touchet Beds, Washington, Oregon and Idaho: Geological Society of the Oregon Country vol. 28, no. 10.
Newcomb, R. C., Strand, J. R., and Frank, F. I., 1972, Geology and groundwater characteristics of the Hanford Reservation of the Atomic Energy Commission, Washington: U.S.
Geological Survey Professional Paper 717.
Pardee, J. T., 1942, Unusual currents in glacial Lake Missoula, Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 53, no. 11, p. 1569-1600.
Pierce, K. L, Obradovich, J. D., and Friedman, I., 1976, Obsidian hydration dating and correlation of Bull Lake and Pinedale glaciations near West Yellowstone, Montana:
Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 703-710.
Pierce, W. G., 1979, Clastic dikes of Heart Mountain fault breccia, northwestern Wyoming, and their significance (abs): Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, San Diego, p. 495.
Powers, H. A., and Wilcox, R. E., 1964, Volcanic ash from Mount Mazama (Crater Lake) and from Glacier Peak:
Science, v. 144, p. 1334-1336.
Richman, L. R., 1981, Sedimentary analysis of pre-Missoula gravels in the southeastern part of the Pasco Basin, Washington: M.S. Thesis, Washington State University, Pullman, WA- 82 p.
Richmond, G. M., 1965, Glaciation of the Rocky Mountains, _i_n, n The Quaternary of the U.S. , Wright, H. E. and Frey, D. G.,
Eds., Princeton U. Press, Prinaton, NJ.
Page R-9
Woodwarti Clyde Cortsultarvis 11 Richmond, G. M., Fryxell, R, Neff, G. E., and Weis , P. L.,
1965, The Cordilleran Ice Sheet of the N. Rocky Mts. and.
the related Quaternary history of the Columbia plateau, in,The Quaternary of the U.S., Wright, H. E. and Frey, D.
G. Eds. , Princeton U. Press, Princeton, NJ.
Rig by , J. C., and Othberg, K., 1979, Reconnaissance surficial geologic mapping of the late Cenozoic sediments of the Columbia Basin, Washington: State of Washington, Depart-ment of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Olympia, Washington.
Routson, R. C., and Fecht, K. R, 1979, Soil (sediment) properties of twelve Hanford wells: Rockwell Hanford Operations Report, RHO-LD-82.
Russ, D. P., 1979, Late Holocene faulting and earthquake recurrence in the Reelfoot Lake area, northwestern Tennessee: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 90, Part 1, p. 1013-1018.
Scott, W. E., 1978, Quaternary S tratig raphy of Wasatch Front , National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Summaries of Technical Reports, v. 7, December 1978.
, 1979a, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Wasatch Front:
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Summaries of Technical Reports, v. 8, June 1979.
, 1979b, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Wasatch Front:
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Summaries of Technical Reports, v. 9, December 1979.
Page R-10
-n-
, 1980a, Field Trip #4, Late Quaternary lacustrine i geology and geologic hazards along the Wasatch Front:
Geological Society of America, Rocky Mountain Section Meeting, May 16-17, 1980, Weber State College, Ogden, Utah.
I
, 1980b, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Wasatch Front:
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Summaries of Technical Reports, v. 10, June 1980.
, 1981, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Wasatch Front:
National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Summaries of Technical Reports, v. 11, January 1981.
Shackleton, N. J., and Opdyke, N. D. , 1973, Oxygen isotope and I paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equatorial Pacific core V28-238; Oxygen isotope temperatures and ice volumes on a 105 1 and 106 year scale: Quaternary Research 3, p. 39-55.
I Smith, D. G. W., and We s tg a te , J. A., 1968, Electron probe technique for characterising pyroclastic deposits: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 5, p. 313-319.
Smith, D. R., 1980, The mineralogy and phase chemistry of silicic tephras: M.A. Thesis, Rice University, Houston, Texas.
Smith, G. O.,
I 1901, Geology water resources of a portion of Yakima county, Washington:
Supply Paper 55.
U.S. Geological Survey Water-Smith, H. W., Okazaki, R., and Knowles, C., 1977a, Electron I microprobe analysis of glass shards from tephra assigned to set W, Mount S t. Helens, Washington: Quaternary Research 7, 207-217.
I Page R-11
J *
- Woodward Clyde Consultants L
f Smith, H. W., Okazaki, R., and Knowles, C., 1977b, Electron L microprobe data ' for tephra attributed to Glacier Peak,
, Washington: Quaternary Research 7, 197-206.
Strand, J. R., and Hough, J., 1952, Age of the Ringold Formation: Northwest Science, v. 26, no. 4, p. 152-154.
I Tallman, A. M . ., Lillie, J. T., Caggiano, J. A., 1978, Basalt Waste Isolation Annual Report, WA E!'O-BWl-78-100.
Tallman, A. M., Fecht, K. L., Marratt, M. C., Las t , G. V.,
1979, Geology of the Separation areas, Hanferd site, South central Washington, Rockwell Hanford Operations Repcrt RHO-ST-23.
Waitt, R. B., Jr., 1979, Late Cenozoic deposits, landforms, stratigraphy and tectonism in Kittitas Valley, Washington:
U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1127, 18 p.
, Jr., 1980, About forty last-glacial Lake Missoula Jokulhlaups through southern Washington: Journal of Geology, v. 88, p. 653-679.
Wes tg ate , J. A., and Evans, M. E., 1978, Compositional variability of Glacier Peak tephra and its stratigraphic s ignificance : Canadian Journal Earth Science, v. 15,
- p. 1554-1567.
Wheeler, H. E., and Cook E. F., 1954, Structural and stratigraphic significance of the Snake River capture, Idaho-Oregon: Journal of Geology v. 62, no. 6, p. 525-536.
Page R-12
Woodward Clyde Consultants Winslow, M., 1977, Clastic dike swarm emplacement and early phases of deformation: structural studies in the foreland fold and thrust belt of southern Chile: GSA Abstracts with Programs, p. 1232.
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 1978, 1872 Earthquake Studies for Washington Public Power Supply System units NP 1 and 4, Paleomagnetic measurements of the Ringold Formation and Loess units near Hanford, WA.
, 1980, Potential for reservoir induced seismicity, Chulac dam site, Guatemala. Report prepared for Instituto Nacional de Electrificacion, Guatemala, C. A.
p -
B R
l e
omna Q-11
B .
E f 6 REFERENCES CITED
~
Allison, I.S., 1933, New version of the Spokane flood: Geological Soc.
l America Bull., v. 44, p. 675-722.
l Alwin,/ John A. rl lastic dtke he T 9ds&_ south (n g[
[-~ Washington: %L.Aie' sis, Washington State Universit(%
s.
I ,
Bretz, J.H., 1925, The Spokane flood beyond the channeled scablands:
Jour. Geology, v. 23, p.97-115, 236-259.
Bretz, J.H.,
1969uThe 11ke Jiissoula_ficods and _the_ channel scabland:
Jour. Geology, v. 77, p. 505-543.
Brown, D., 1962, Touchet clastic dikes An the Ringold Formation: Hanford N Atomic Products Operation Report HW-SA-2851, llpp.
Bingham, James W., Londquist, Clark, J., and Baltz, Elmer, 1970, Geologic investigation of faulting in the Hanford Region, Washington with a section on the occurrence or microearthquakes by A.M. Pitts U.S. Geol. Survey, open-file Report.
Bently, Robert D., Farooqui, Saleem M., Kienle, Clive F., Jr., and Anderson, r James L., 1978, Structural elements of the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed belt: Abs. Cordilleran Section, Geol. Soc. America, 74th Annual Meeting.
DeSitter, L.U., 1956, Structural Geology: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
Flint, R.F., 1938, Origin of the Cheney-Palouse scabland tract, Washington:
Geol. Soc. America Bull. , v. 49, no. 3, p. 461-523.
t Glass, Charles E., 1979, Preliminary image interpretation of the Warm Springs, Washington 1reat 4 trar repor_t g ark in progress for
-- Washingte Public Power Supply System. ~- _
Jenk ins, O . 925, lastic dikee f easter Washington e geologic'N significance Amer n Journal of cien series, v. 10, I
- p. 234-246. ---~ ~ s Jones, M.G., Landon, R.D., 1978, Geology of the Nine Canyon map areat Informal report no. RHO-BWI-LD-6, Rockwell Hanford operations, prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract E 77-C-06-1030 P
REFERENCES CITED (continued)
Kienle , Jr. , Clive F. , Newcomb, R.C., Deacon, R.J., Farooqui, S.M., Bentley, R.D., Anderson, J.L. and Thoms, R.E., 1977, Western Columbia Plateau tectonic structures and their age of deformation, in Tectonics and Seismicity of the Columbia Plateau Workshop:
Basalt Waste Isolation Program, Rockwell Hanford Operations, Seattle, Wa. , February 14-17.
Laubscher, H.P., 1977, Structural analysis of post-Yakima deformation Columbia Plateau, Washington: Draf t report, work in progress for shins - . Public Power. Supply System.
Lupher, R. ., 1944, C astic dik of the lumbia n Region, Washington.'.-m yp/'
and Idaho: c. cf America ., v. 55, p. 1431-627 ~' ,x Malone, Stephen D., Ro the , George H. , and Smith , Steward W. , 1975, Details of microearthquakes swarms in the Columbia Basin, Washington:
Bull. Seism. Soc. America, v. 65, No. 4.
Mullineaux, Donald R., Wilcox, R.E., Ebaugh, W.F. , Fryxell, R. , Rubin, M. ,
, _ ___ 1978, Age of the last major Scabland flood of the Columbia Plateau in eastern Washingt W at e ' 1 Research, v. 10, no. 2.
Newcomb, R.Cy, 1962, draulic (n ection of lastic d4 _ in t Touche be'ds, Washing on, 'gon and Idaho s Ge ' . Soc. of the\qregon Country Newslet er, v. 28, no. 10 (a stract) . Ny Newco , R.C., 1000, Guviogy and groundwater resources of the Walla Walla River Basin, Washington-Oregon: U.S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Bull. no. 21.
Newcomb, R.C., 1970, Tectonic structure of the main part of the basalt of the Columbia River Group, Washington, Oregon and Idaho U.S.
Geol. Surv. Misc. Geol. Inv. Map 1-587.
Raisz, E., 1945, The Olympic-Wallowa lineament: Am. Jour. of Science,
- v. 243-A, p. 479-485.
Riedel, W., 1929, Zur Mechanik geologischer Bruchersenc inu:49en: Centralbl.
- f. Mineral. Geol. u. Pal, v. 1929D, p. 354-368.
Shannon and Wilson, Inc., 1979, Tectonic Map: Work in progress for Washington Public Power Supply System, under direction of United Engineers &
Constructors, Inc.
Shannon and Wilson, Inc., 197G, Geologic Reconnaissance of the Cle Elum-Wallula lineament and related structures, by Clive F. Kinele, Jr.,
Robert D. Bentley and James L. Anderson: Report prepared for Washington Public Power Supply System, under the direction of United Engineers & Constructors, Inc.
i REFERENCES CITED (continued)
Shannon and Wilson, Inc. ,1979, Geologic kecon. of the area Lotween Wallula
} Gap, Washington - Blue Mountain - LaGrande, Oregon Regio:n, by j C.F. Kienle , Jr. , M.f.. Hamill, and D.N. Clayton: Report pre-pared for Washington Public Power Supply System under the direction of United Engineers.fr Cone _;;ructorts, Ir,c.
--+
~
, 6hannon and Wilson, Inc. ,1974, Supplemental geologic jnveotigations EDN 7 4 Carty West site; report on trenchifig and clast.ic dikes, Boardma,n ' '/
Nuclear Project, Morrow County, Cregont hoport prepared for j Portland General Electric,v Co. # _
Ske an,u.n., 1965, A continental-oceauic crustal bchndary in the Pacific
, northwest prepared by Boston College, Chestnet tiill, Mass. ,
for Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, O.f fice of Aerospace Research, Bedford, Mass., AFCRL-65-904.
Swanson, D. A. , Wright, T.L., Gardner, J.N., Helz, R.T., trice, S.A., and
- Ros s , M. E . , 1977, reconnaissance geologic map of the Columbia River Basalt Group, Pullman and Walla Walla Quadrangles, south- i
- east Washington and adjacent Idaho: U.S. Geol. Survey, open- ,
file map 77-100.
Swanson, D. A. , Wright, T.L., Hooper, P.R., and Bentiey, R.D., 1979, Rev(sion in stratigraphic nomenclature of the Columbia River Dattalt CJcup:
U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1457-H.
Tchalenko, J.S . , 1970, Similarities between shear zones of different
- magnitudes: Geol. Soc. America Bull, v. 81, p. 1625-1640. ,
U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ,1979, Title 10 e Energy # Chapter 1 - Nuclear Regulatory Commission, part 100, Reactor Site Criteria appendix A
- Seismic and geologic siting criteria for r;ucloor rower plants.
s Waitt, Jr. , Richard B. , 1979, Late Cenozoic deposits, land-forme, i.tratigraphy and tectonics in rdttitas Valley, Washington: Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 1127.
. Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS) , 1977a, Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, WNP-1/4 PSAR, Amendnent 23, Sub-appendix JR H,
/ Chapter 4, " Geologic studies of the Wallulo Gap fault as exposed in the trench", by Saleem M. Farcoqui, Shannon at.d }filson, Inc.
s Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS), 1977b, Preliminary Safety Analysis Report, WNP-1/4 PSAR, Amendment 23, Sub-appendix 2R H, Chapter 5, " Geologic studies-Wallula Gap to Badger Coulee",
by Saleem M. Parooqui, Shannon and Wilson, Inc.
b_