ML20134A440

QC Human Factor

ML20134A440
Person / Time
Site:	05000000
Issue date:	12/31/1980
From:	Field A AFFILIATION NOT ASSIGNED
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ML17198A269	List: IR 05000335/1978013 IR 05000389/1974001 IR 05000389/1975001 IR 05000389/1975002 IR 05000389/1975003 IR 05000389/1975004 IR 05000389/1975005 IR 05000389/1976001 IR 05000389/1976002 IR 05000389/1976003 IR 05000528/1974002 IR 05000528/1975001 IR 05000528/1976001 IR 05000528/1976003 IR 05000528/1976004 IR 05000528/1977003 IR 05000528/1977004 IR 05000528/1978001 IR 05000528/1978002 L-75-187, Requests Encl Portion of Insp Rept 50-389/75-01 Be Withheld from Public Disclosure.Previous Ltr Should Be Disregarded.W/O Encl L-76-328, Informs That Insp Rept 50-389/76-01 Contains No Proprietary Info L-76-397, Informs That Insp Rept 50-389/76-02 Contains No Proprietary Info L-78-288, Advises That FSAR & Environ Rept Submittal Date Revised to Mar 1980 Due to Reduction in Const Schedule ML20132B481 ML20132C157 ML20134A387 ML20134A397 ML20134A403 ML20134A440 ML20134A478 ML20134A491 ML20134A501 ML20134A520 ML20134A530 ML20134A536 ML20134A561 ML20134A568 ML20134A579 ML20134A591 ML20134A594 ML20134A596 ML20134A601 ML20134A603 ML20134A608 ML20134A616 ML20134A619 ML20134A623 ML20134A626 ML20134A629 ML20134A633 ... further results
References
FOIA-84-293 NUDOCS 8508150309
Download: ML20134A440 (10)

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. 3 it.a t by Ah.n Fi-id these$

Ccmmonplace answ m to You r.ight think that engmeen at Introduction critical questions are rectily avtD1ble:

M:tushita Communicanon.: Industn:l that the average edu=nonal level of Corpor:: ion souLi be 2:::: lied th.st only one of every thoumnd spe:kers on The days are long nce gene when Japar ese workers is extracriin nly inter:om units they menu /ccrurcif iled Japan could t:ke advanu2e of lower hi;;ht that the investment by m:nare.

cfter seven:/ ycc : of us. dut urstead of wage levels or sho:di:' ind'.:t: 1]

ment in entt:d ec,uqment is mume; that the Jap 2-ete a:e, on the whtle. i rese:Ing with plc.::ure at the di:Overy, te:hniques to unders:U he: :c. pe.uer..

well meuvatei be::use tney k.new. hey they ser cut to fir.d the cau:e of the rcre Japan's present pre:penty res.s f.rmly cz: never (r.l: bn:h on reserves of breakdowns. T~neir sur;r:su:g goal: to on het markecng crly h:;h qu11ity, natur:3 rnineral rescuites er en tne reduce the chance of /citure to one un a high.re:hnology produ:ts, How do Japanese n:ners produce produ:t: cf vast fert;ie it.t.s.

goods of such hi;h quity and Although these poin'.s are widely tr.illion.

Twice each year, employees of te!isbility? How do they cennstently knewn and appre:iated, ien fan.:bst :s -

Hokushin Elec:nc Work Ltd. crowd ine: case levels of produe:my? And 1 the concrete proce:s by wh::h Japane:r !

motiv:ted to ex: ell; bv wc:kers are into c gymnenum to watch a colorful how do they mcovate, :o f2: nly, thnt whi:h the:r bruns att effe:t:sely-anii l disoby of tr:nsparencies projected onto workers at every s:2ge of the produ:non cent:nually-put to cptirn:3 use for the MM.fh J.4 "lh *M : f -_*)'

c huge w !I streen. The progren they proce:s?

e,,

,,;a_ a yn, w.,gmmam,

wate:1 so ir.tcntly is no crdu:a=7 p::k:ge of entertainment, but c sequence of '.L5ls'.",*='JWM+,',il:6sM":

h:ndm;Je dr:wusts and cha-ts illastrat-20,000 > Unic v100 ma.on l

ing the s:ient:)Tc cypros:h their fellow s/

employees used to m.1ke a key mar:ufa:turing poveess fian:non more 15,000 produ:tively.

Almost any evening. wrkers from 10,o30.

l the NHK Sprtng fxtory in Yokohama cat be found ut a local bar huddled over 5,onn?

a row of beer gkss:s or porce!:ut s.:ke cups. But the subie:t of their r.oisy convers:t:cn r: ely tums to wcmen or n

spom. Says one czecunse of the firm:

"What the wrkcts t.11k about at nignt ' 'rnr L*p r ;t.s L' &.s't:

si....*: ; ' *:S ' *'s ; *n LW %:, ' ':r' * *n

':s fj is their work."

$%,m D en trhuev.:v cenar 1930 laor stnsuu j

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i good cf their companies. It is tius Dr. D -e enre:me 'rie rethermt,,

lead:n; Japanese proponent cf QC: !

i process, which the Jacanese c23 "QC" she M Dem A. ras ceremony "De tendency of the current system of i i

for Qudity Control, t$st is areuabiv the

[s work to abenste people," he wrote m -

f most important. loccmouve ~

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--.-+@ ---'v's C M C "'

Af:^#s"*"'

"me am dat powenne I

i'J M. M S

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-6.6hT human betncs are destroyed by werbng.

the surge of Japanese mdustry durmi

[ '.

73..

How c:n we trans orm our present

{ 7.;4/,0,'.a the past decade.

_.; h s

method of produ: tion, under wiuch.

m cds../.

...s human beines bec:me slaves to :

. e.- ^

The Philosophy of QC

". ;..y

.;.h'g $ ;

C mnemes, crganizauens.and rerianons j

~ cf 1..\\ f ' '

1. r

- @~5 for $c sake of a temperry in:resse = i 2

. Tn y. M:

produ:uvi:y, into one in whid human l

'S

Sr Aldough the Japanese have used t-r-;

n bein;s are the masten of the:r work? j Quahty Control te:nnicues to ravage 2

r..

p.J go, 333,,,3:33ng,,y::,=,3:e :

their Amen:an and European i

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yin m33,p,op;,,c,p yo;un:gi;y 2ng i compe titon, the crigins of Qu y,m -

1,1

'2 ".h y

X Inj make them feel wor ny of Imng?" l con:cpts-like most management y

,;33 ne key, fer Kcb:yasn! and his '

i,e {, j,,,b

• T qf3;;

Dt foUowen, w:s to humruse de work science studied in J: pan today--c:n be l

3

.,c::t m.-

found in Amen:an guicance of an

.,la:e a-d rely, mu:h m ore than esilier ger.enti:n. QC was first

?, b""p y."

[angn. undy, en the vcidem an: !

introdu:ed to Japan only in the 1950's, l O <:,

~~~Q expenen:e of the werbng man rumself. I c

when the well.knon Quah:y Contro!

"Hu== bem;s... must te::me the i, specialist, Dr. W. Edwards Deming, paid De phu,,escphi:2! roots of de new g g of g g g..

a cr!! on the leaden of Japan's then management prulosophy were c,uite Kobayadi wrote.

Destou: l sing;1it.;,inf:nt industnes. Spurred by naturauy appealing to a nanon scooled exer:::e of ausenty denies a wert:cr an t a sense of industnal infenon:y, in the need for sensensus and suotle indegendent personah:y. turns h:m inte i -

Japanese busines::nen and scholars took suasson. boding could be rnere a: pea!-

,.:cgwhee!' or *pecue/ rnakes hun i unhappy as a hurnan bem;. It inhibits j to Quality Centrol like relipous ing.-or more ec:nmensensie:a-uun novitiates to the word cf God.

these words from S'ageru.so, :yrr.:. a producimty, resulu in tne mist.se of !

p.f.;a~._;.M >:- -: :M.u.nc.w.me.w W. - 7.k ng:: -'." f ;. : : v=-

-]-

au$enry, and naturdy leads to tne l

.. m c.T.t r

Owrdi h2tiorul Ecormmy

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d se1f.destru:uen cf the eemp:u y." Wnat I

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to M H:w to in:re:: predat uty and.

01970"100) sausfa:non? "Managen and t!::t rub !

i33 orduutes aliic,"

said Ecbayasi, yg *

%cd W e.,

m 6 mes d'

.o g,,,,,

g

,g, obje:uvity humbly, and etey thern wie g f J-

• ~ P confiden:e. What is pnmar.'y impor-west Germuy U.S.A.

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tant.,. is not commano and order but, I

rather, information.

'w... --f-f,._-1."T. -

ne philosophical underpenmgs of ll

\\

Quality Centrol are thus in bemliberal t France democrati: theory :nd cycemeti:s.

From liberal demo:ney, Quahty 33

'c3 70 -

t m

• 14 73 76 Year '

Centre! bonows the notion that the worung man has a vahd view :o impart.

Manufa:turing

. '. T. ; v, c *;.c. e

..v.

Frcm cybemen: theory, it absorbs 156 -(1970-100) laoe the cencept that in well fun::ioning orgaru:suens, information flows evenly and :moothly m all direcucns; that feedba:k from those who ncrm2Dy west Germmy W. - _......- E n gled only receive orders is cru.a! :. surance

~$

U.S.A.

1. , h p agamst system breakdown.

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N 100 Le: ding theonst E:aburo Nishibori

," ~ ~.- %,_ _ 3 :.- d t r ' '

put it another way in dmding al' human a:tivity into the four categenes of l

g Creatmty, Actmty, Appreciauon, and i l

tuiy (Fair) Compeuuon. Ac:ortng to l so

• s s-70 m

m 74 75 76 Yur N:dibon, everyone wants to use fus i f

l brams' be physica!!y a:uve, receive sourn: Jacan Procuctmtv cenur 1983 uc.or sumuu l

l 7

mo.p.. inme,t. ore w,nm tu p

FEATURE

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.f. '~.,,..-.r., r...n - ww. 4,.,.. /.: m..' T.,.*'T, ~ ""'.l ne key instituucn 2:sunng 6e I

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...i v:abili:y cf th:.s pra:u:e is &c Qual::y.

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r Cir:!,s meet regularly befcre er after 1 h.*.b Y...,(.b. ~.'.f.y. [g,,<.<f.i. f f.

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100.000 Qud:y Centrd Cir:!:s '

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.W " M cur:en:lv eperatng m Jap 2n. ane Ocs: i

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p:c;;ams. ' "De key te QC Cit:ies,"

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tr@. f.."-:. P:: :".-,.-t w - #.s 1, wy subst::utes can make :knp wctk

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The..Makaseru.. z.lement appreciative prne, and compete fairly.

who execute the plans are m:=ately And in a fa: tory or efil:c,it is through involved in formulating them.

De benefits, monetary and other.

the Qudity Control Cirde that wise, to mest corporanens are st:rpr.

c everyone, even en the icwest levels.

Circle Activity the ke*y ing. Last year, H::adu Corpcration l enjoys each of the four essenualhuman esumated its owr. dire:: sav:np. from pleasures.

its 6,182 QC Cirdes, at 60 binion yen-Professor Deming made mu:h the How is au this re.ali'ed, in pra:ti:d seme US$290 mi"ica. Advocates of the same peint in develop;ng ks concept of terms? A: in the Urtited States, mest insutution are not surpnsed by the the Manspment Cirde: the four e:sen-Japanese firms have battenes of figures. Says Makoto Sato, man:pr of tial fun:tiens, in any crpncation, ne enpnects trained in the mathemau:2!

QC Cirde a:tmty promenen at Acuan, P!:nning, Demg, and Checkmg.

skills of rneasunng qua!.:ty and reli-Hokushn Ele::nn "Quahty Contre!

When QC is not opersuve, white.coHu abdity. But whereas in the United Cirdes tue the msdem cf the worxers workers use their br:ans and are States, the key mr.nufactunn; proce.

to impime tne qu6ty of the produ:=.

appre:iated. But blue. collar workers use dures assunng Quality Con:rol ue When the guy at the top says,'Do it my only their musdes, and ne not given usua!!y h:nded down from tcp m:na;e.

way,' it means that onJy he can som suf0:ient spprec:2 tion. Thus, in a ment to workers on the bne, m Japan.

any problem that rnight later go wreng.

convenuond fa:t:ry, these who "do**-

many of the irnpertant enpa.eenn; But wnen pe:ple at the bot:cm are that is, carry out plans-are nc: the dettuans and innovanons are sugested respensible fer pneraung the soluuen same pecple who create the plans. All and implemented by the workers them-to the:r own problems, work beccmes th.tl changs with QC, Now the workers Sdves.

mcre interest:ng and probiera.s mcre l

Trson. Ie.te, rei.cne W.nw 1900 8

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w *e FEATU.; RE ar~

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easdy solve d."

The watchword of '

And se:retams get together to senou:!y

. n:g

, _.;a ;.

m.

manarement be:omes m.ste.reru-leave dis:u:s such ooje:tives as the best way t~..

~. _

5-it to the workers-to find t.,,.e be:t to serve Japsne:e gr-en tea at their cwTt solution to the:: own dSen mas. "Tne QC meetmgs. No actmty that t&.es Productivity and safes it.. nom circle: cre designed to produ.e a degree piace in the factory or ofnce is of self.m:e.apment and self.mnovative considered beneath the benef'sts of QC, wtoo ' wt capa: ry." add:.Nevins. J ob: are "enri:n-Yet Quahty Centrol Circles are mm*oa mimon/

.'s.un tumme

'n=

anythin; but undis:iphned "chemng of ed" and "enhrged"- to ur.: cur :nt labor j.;gon-with functions undergo-fat." Thrcugh the years, scholars of the proauevity g

ing both "verti:21" and "hert:ent:1 subje:t have rigorou.:ly set down

,4oo t

loadmg". toth wider re:p:ns:buities expenments! procedure:, wn.i:h r.:ide j

.p

,y 91 (whi:h effecuvely remese tne re!e cf the :::: vites of c:rcles and charply E

5 g p M[d the foreman in =:ny snuadons) and j in:r:ar.e the probatnity tnat QC get, j

j i

e h, (9 pg bq

.2 2

more vaned job tasks (removmg the I together: result in hard and workable E W g

need, fcr ext.mple, to r.:rnpiy turn one tui.gesd:ns. The re:uh is a :c-nchr.en e yp screw cr ras:hme part). In a!!, the atmosphere con:emed wi:h produc.

rystem is de :;ned to produ:c, 2.cng tivity rather than casual banter, q j J rj 4

'Ihe rnost cornmonly uti!!:ed menta.1 Q.

? b i'i I

.4

.1 wor kers, what the Japanese term yanpi-a sen:e of wortn-and iki.e.v-tocis for Quahty Control.analyns-in GqpRg 0

.a sense of fuElnent in Imng. Another the ett:les or among profe:::nr.1 ym.g.3 y.3 7 key term to ces:nbe the rro:ess is engneers and technici:ns-are cer:. mon.

e. -.

... T Promah.Tcvh f.y_Q...j j.

7'; s %..

ly known as the "Seven Quality Centrcl y~S?idT.M<.C. l.[ma.m'.7-t'

-N7.h "wcrher engmeering"-tne workers do W

Toch." Denved from f:rniliar stati:t:s! L-M..

s.,',.

ue:

. r.om ma many of the tasks formerly as.ugned b e app.. to

[..,.a...

..y 3.,.t j g.

.. g,.,

techru. ques, ca:h can

...i,r, virtually any manufacturm; problem in ;. m.K.r *} N..J..' -N"z! M,. F-V'..a only to spe::alize.,. eng:neers.

.N

../q need cf a more produ:::ve soluton.

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How Q, C. les %.ork They are.

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3"Pareto Charts," irl which the = cst

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@1l.E..d. W.'J, 2. N Japanese Quality Cort *:! Cir:les comm:n defe:ts in a product are

.q

.c regu:arly rneet to di:: ss virtua!!y charted. In the case of a es: e ody,' for p c:' ;. M,. E ~. y ! :-L q' I,':'.@b every type of produ:tinty problem, ex.;:nple, a par:to chart : hew: the q

f W,Td.y-Jg

'in:ludin; the very intangb:e "quali:y of number of scrat:he:, paint spots, dis-F

• v

~.4 m 07.,".M ty., i.~ w.

colorations, and so forth, over a g:ven g

6,h..y;;"h' work" itself. Even jarutcrs are fy r[di./t sometimes err ni:ed into QC Circles penod.

' j' '/.[~[.M.., * '.2:

to discuss the most efn:ient way to o Thhbone Chu::," in whi:h sweep Goers c: emp:y trash baskets.

possible causes that c:n delay p.rodc:-. J-if...t v:yisW;L,sQrd

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• E A yie.d useful solutons, menuracie in ven 3

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the tools wi!] in6: ate when no feasible e-

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soluuon to a prob!:m is available.

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--.c-*%rNi$m$c ? ;-.:..M:$33N.

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mensaement of 4.-

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cerect applied because the b

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most Japanese firms Create

-seudo.

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l h,v.t*l!.. M%..pi r's..k".aS"'N*f9Yr~'~

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Cirdes compete with cther QC Cir:les.

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4 32-1 o+1*2+3+4 Amon; Hokushin Electn:'s 300 QC bW-G+,% 3f

.m C.;rdes for en:nple, tne;e m tm:e i

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4 f

n-e 2 %.

g-rm

Fge v.c.a.ff,_:c,ra. 4 Q.W,.',". $,wT<..: A@-**':q W+%,g5.n. :H veany compet:uens between tree or i

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Oiamesee or. wire four QC Cirdes cperne; in e=h

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x. v' t

e-or

! A ::** ': D.;W M manuf=tunng teit. In the ceu se of G-LY5M'%;'.@METM@M dr:=ni: 15 minute on1 presentauens,

%TNMI 7$$;[ Q i".tJf N

.W,.

finalist competiter: pubii:!y :rerent to j an au6en= e ;ueres and correraie }

EgedhMcs:q.V.w*3@g. **.?M. ~.*2'~".MW(.Ii'/S.s k,.j: :p collea;ues, res!

Qur.2:y Control i Test rewit prob: ems, outhn.ng nct eniy why they

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y.... m cy o : their prchiem, but hw its

- 3,. J solucen m!! be of pruu:a1 benent to c.;r.s.~..

i.i i

%v.

N e.: p,.f.F 4:.y r... m n s: g 5 g JG w.? tr.

- S trense 13.3*. ri,* -" 13. Cdb-"r - be+ 6v s or r,~:...e N.,d.3.%we:./~el::5-l-J.h..:..q. aw...,r e <eert.. w--.

1

e skaters, wmners are juuged on the s.

c

.e

. r m.

basis of severa! standards: ho-difn: ult

.%_rdm their problem was in the fir:t pine;how 9::WrM uruns cetect ) IPcm r eauremenal g,

well they app' ed the Sev. Tcols to i N

\\

i g,; 4 j

u their problem; and hew :':se the:r i

/

/

/

l Poor mater:aj j l Poc* toohng j l Poor hanchne j sch:00;get ty tha fundamer; a' *e b.1 f

cal and finan::a! issues. T~ne two i Urry.W fi..Pe 1

eno-2: coacmon

-j thoutand employees of Hoce.hm usual. i g

!m

.. '":Up;cr tumt ] ly produce a total of 12.000 sunasu:ns a'].. W,, r[ [ [.(.

l' durms es:h s:x mond pened, cmm.ual.

F

,.M.I

'?'-

{.

,1 -

ing e the ecmpany.mce competuon. t I/dai s

i*

...j.,' m

• Monday ' Tuesday 'Wednescaw iu rsda t.o iimit -

And fully two.tbrds o. those on the,'j f

r t.

.anormai conaiuon ccmpany's payrc!I a:tually vie for the ;

r.

great honor and prest;e of ennin; a 1 tion, under ncrmal conditions, are strength of wire en the x ax.is, and the QC award. In ad6uen to the award for I charted along Enes resembhng fish.

diameter of mre en the y.r.x:s).

oral comp t.uon, oier pnzes are i bones, showmg how these possible e"Contro! Charts,"in wb:h product causes could relate to the results.

samples can be charted to see whether j given for the mest useful w o" Check Sheets," in which a!: the they are in the theoreuerd ncrma!

suggestien and for the largest number of,

su;psucns effered by any one worker !

detects in a procu:t 6scovered over condition or not.

the peried of a week or month are e"I ayer Differences," on whi:h data o$er a riven pened of cme.

I from other charts can be pre:tsdy Vi-tur seems almost its only reward, l 6ssected to analy : whether the 2.s monetary comper sanon for even the l marked and added up, o"Estegrams," in wbeh a given number of s:.mples of a product are number of defects in any product rnost bnilient meney-savmg concepuans is sant-usually only about Y10.0CC, charted to see how many fa:1 muun varies with who rnade it, en wh2h less than 1.15550.

machtne it was made, or with the hour acceptable specin:ation hmits (e.g. the Yet each of Hoc.:thm's 300 QC in wh:ch it wa completed.

l number of paru of a certrn nature Cir:!es pledges to solve a gnen number l

that do not eiered ta leneth a tolerance cf problems dunng ca:h stx. month of, say, plus or rninus.005 centtmeters).

C mpetition Makes C. les Active penod. And solve they do-usually irc about 1,000 proble ns are sched by QC (

o"S:atter D: prarns," on which test results (e.g. tennen streneth of wtre) members dunng each half. seat te rm.

are marked as dots to see how cause and If this seerns dry, as dust en paper n

. advr.n:ed !

'The goal of the r ost results are related to es:h other te.g. the rarely comes out tnat way e pracace.

t 10 T racerea inure ations vi.nt.' 1Ga3 l

FEAiURE' defe:tive and how to de::p: a bester R': '. **.i".LE"Cl'TCU"~C6-i.:.mw:~.wysa.C 9. < " ~~

.m s ry -

JI,C @:,y. T M,,..,.

-~~____ -~'-

< w:

---n-M,

':.. v. o.

-~,

,g n n.. "

...liow in6ndu11 nrms make use of the l

-d u

A

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I T Quality Control proce:s naturady vanes ;

,r q

y..

• ^h M

I$

' T.).,y I I (-c [-- rG {7, y,1,'m,.M" with the d a:!s of Scir cpert.uonal i

its introdu: ton into Japan. QC was {

}/

t

'L-h."

fI obje:uves. In the early 1960's,ju:t after fs j

[4 5.%

t.- '

.'2,

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, cur t a ns a

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industnal firms as steel makers and I I.-r., A. c,C.;g M.

restn:ted largely to su:h heavy tN uo ;. '.

a w w,o.-..-... _. 4,,..f. A.3. -

. c,.

r chemi:ai manufa:turen. It wu ewest :

'g

-t ^

1.,

. t..

for the management of s00. ;;- is to 1

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... gem.

1

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L.

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cleat enough: a new way to produ:e i l 2,.y -

.- ;. t.

l 3.,.j S. p.

c "---h G.M.' g '~' -

..,:j,W/y@r.-j,;.,,j, steel wid peater strengut; s new j

E,,M '-

~'d prc:ees of prc,cu:mg plast: mate nais..

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~--%:3t...M;p]i,..

i

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whid, becau: it is cone under stats-t

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6:gy opt: num conitens ofj

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temperature and pre:sure, re:uited m l

/

" 71 the 1:s p :::bie chemi:d wate.

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~.

.C/, l....'L. '.i... f?,t:.n/bUQ Q.p' '.- n,,Y.$.L :.,

<s.:

a n

w.

w, QC U.ed bv N,onmanu.,acturers

^

ccmp=ies in QC i: wi..ing the Deming Fri ; offered annudy. ht2kmg it into 4D

/b2 In the late 190's, auto a:,emblen M *. 2d:~e -i-D.N the lirt cf the few nnd qucnen is

. Y '" D J. M and eleeth:a! apphan:e and other a

u pre:tigious in the industria! we rid as PWi' manufacturen took to QC, as the 2;~-5W;'*J.M,.yf-.'-4.'-jj ;ph;.';(E j.C.s-i '

qudifyeg for the f:.:a in tne World

-s con:ept it. elf brcadened to in:!ude tne Cup cf footbd. And :!scugh me rdes k.,;.7% (..

f serious studv cf deie:tve m *---^~

ptchibit a firm ft:m in any way adsenising the fa:t it won the Demm;

$* Pgby(f.Miic:')

what perei$tage of geod: were below Pnz.e, custcmer: and indus ry innden cj par, and how produ: ton of deie:uve bu:: abcut t'.e zwards fer :nonis :f.

j c.L..M...:.u..._.., C.

',.i.

/

merd nite :0dd be m:ru- ;.'ed :. the i future. In the last five yean er se, QC ter the pn::s are pesed out. Ex;1uns g<l.;--p..s.i.r.).s ->

nndy, servi:es. j Sate: "Any firm that w=1 be Deming cJ.M 2.;7 F V hu :pread its w=gs even furmer, into Pnze acquires a reputation for higher

• @.7 lieht indu:tnes and such as banks and insurance :cmpanies. {-

quality, whid mr.kes s. ales easicr." It is 73,p,,,,,,y,g,,

symptomatie of the way Qudity where qudity" is rnere a c,ue: ton of Control has permetted the Japanese speed, gemahty, r.nd penennel reu-industrial s:ene that few of the winners ME Spring " Quality Control results

' abihry than a question of re:: stance to i

cf the De=tng Pn:: are hou.thold in the improvement of people's abili-heat, vibrauen, or du:t.

names oversen.

ces....Each person has a spe:12! talent.

One of the net pieneen to apply whi:h he can contnbute when gathering Qur.hty Control to Gnan::al cperauens in a poup.. a latent abihty he can is the Sanwa Bank of Tokyc, wh::h

/

The Benefits of QC use....ne re: ult is mutual culuvation formed its Snt QC Cir:le m 1977.

l

}

of workers and the enhan:ement of the Ac:ording to QC se:non :cader Jiro l

Although QC Cirdes and their indi.

value of work."

Tsukahara, Sanwa apphes Qua!!ry vidual compenuve representanves Quahty Control makes produ:t: not control to three k:nds of pt, bled:s:

rerularly ccmpute the theoreucal yen only more rebable, but dso cheaper in "Custemer onentauon-worken sculd value cf every solut:en, the retums, for the long run. Ex;!uns T:dshige thmk of the:r customen wnen *he -

both compuues and in6viduals, far

,Fujikawa, reliability enpneenns work; rpentaneiryt and fa:t centrol-to exceed such vder t. mounts. Says Sato:

directer of hiatsushita Communi:ation improve their abihty to hance data."

"nere are direct savinp, in cuttmg Indu: trial Co.'s engneenng 6 vision:

in the case of a manufs::urer, Oudity down assembly time. But also indire:t "It's very costly to make poor cuality Centrol is clearly de::gned a upgrade mug when the quality of your goods, un:e you have to spend ume and the quality of the goods preca:ed, but product goes. up. And intan;;ible money throw:ng away scme of the in a firm produemg serv::es. su:h as rewards, such as harder work, less results....Usually, it's not mu:h more Sanwa, "it is not so mu:h the qu6ty absenteetsm, and hi;her motivation costly te. prodd:e better quahty of the goods, as the quahty of :t.e work among employ e es."

Says Heijiro products. De big expen:e is umply we do, and the speed with which we

' ShQuma, exe:utive u:e.preddent of Endng out why the produ:t was do it."

n m m., -,,-,-..,.

l

a FEAi~URE I

!.ast year, the 2.403 QC Circles how to count money more speedDy, in return, a day cart:er. For an :ndi.

within Sanwa generated many and with more reliability; how to vidual, one day's differen:e in deliverv thousands of sugpstions-18.000 of transfer funds with greater speed. P,ut time mght not be sigmSc=t, but for which were identified by Sanwa pven the great volume of transseuons, a bank, the dividends are tan;th:e in manaEement as " solutions" to work the consequences of soluuons are terms of both pronts and custc.mer problems. Of these, fully 8,000 were signineant.

satisfaction. While that sciuuan rnght eventudy :ophed not ordy to the Consider, for example, cne problem not have requ: red an er.tennve specific problem fint addrened, but to studied by a Sanwa QC Circle in the knowledp of stat sucal andysts.

oien cf a stmilar nature throughout bank's Foreign Exchang Department; in !u6ng the "Seven QC Tec!s,' it l

the Sanwa orgnization.

how to increme the rpeed wii which

.noncdeless revedec de benents of the system. For S= wa executives On the averate,each QC Circle of six foreign trade documents are sent QC if the workers of the Fcre:;n ;

er seven workers pnerated a total of oveness. "Fne objectivet to get thom

insist, three soludens annually, in mecungs documents to overseas custemen one Exch=p Department had nct cevited i

held two or three umes monthly,

, day cariier dan was ordnardy the case.

it themreives. de ide: woul: prec:biy i befcre or after workmg hours. (Over-Memben of the dep:rtment's QC ' t not have been produced. And e.en if I time is paid for attendance.) No Cir:! investigated several z!!emauve j it h.d been su;psted frem de tcp. it l mampment-level-pers:nnel are present sun;enicas, but eventudy rettled en may not have been so resi0y md i j

at sur.h meetines, but an adnsor drawn unng the intem:t:enal Pc:t Office, enmus:ast::2!!y appied :t ce bettom.

from the. nddle ranks of man:pment is wluch they had long over: coked. The "One difference between Amen:2 always available to help any QC Circle sanngs for the bank and its custcmers and hy n," says Tsuk:h:t2, "is ca. in sc!ve its problems.

were hardly trivialt 10.000 de'lars Ameritz, you ordy do wh:t your jcb At the:r most mund:.ne, the annuaDy, becau:e Sanwa's custemen i desenptica says. In hp:n, we help I

problems considered by Sanw: QC now pt their do:urnents a day f: ster, ! each oder and expand our :=ponsi-Circles are simple enough to fathom:

and the bank Eets its letten of credt, I bilities."

r c., N-"TGYM' C'a='n * ** W

~

$am.y Benk'r bench ofGct un Ak=aka. Tokyo

?

h. m

/t pd.-

e n,e

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7

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n f.y. jV S. n,m.%.:.Q_ -m ; u.,_

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Tred*i.e htertirtiorul Wiete< 1GQ 12

FEAlURE),

-~~'~"""-- = ' -

.=..----.m

.,., i

-i :a'a~"'.'. 5$ M "7 'f i~P T ~~* *-

Not content to merely re: pond to r'

-.'.";..* ' 72. '.

_1,3 l

.N.. d.5.

m f.~:

the dem:mds of customers, Sinwa's

!-.+T..'.-..,...l

~

.: +...

= q s:

. w.m e c..e. :.,..

'~4' m'. T:. S

~

Ous.ity Contre! Cir:!es ue turmng

.. ~ -.,

N-1.]* 2

" 6.d,;.J.?...., '.' r.,-.h ',",..3. '[.4.[].

Q..- t.'

q,,

toward the beider objectve of tryin5

,2,,r

^s 0.;.r.

. r,t. _

<l

~

.[,

V

~

m

"~

.M' to piedict demands belt,re they surfa:e.

Our objective now is to ano::pate the

- -%q.

~ f

-..M I.'.i l i'.4G, --.*

• 4.

P-;.

. N. ~"'l<'1 d*'*.-

- v*^ $.$' ',".S*]'

. I e '..

-}[l,5.'. [.E'.".

.o

.C... -

i

.[..

D..=,. 4, E.~,2'%....~m,..M g,,y,,, Ty,m.m..OM-# O

..* N.. t,;. /v

-,,,,h.'; h(. a need.s of Cus!Omtrs, then im*rlement I

rGJ l.

th!m," says Isuhahara.

._._ %.,l

.*j;-

y ^ --

- a.n n;.

lt.u,;h;. g:- G ;.

i

~~~'E*~.,.

. :: O. * ~

$'.,% n% \\M 's g; i ; r M.{ -" (ir?; :%s : ?1-yhWl

.'M f,x.:-

.0:.:::,,-,,;; br ;-Eus=- 9 ~

- Q. q (

A. ;-- 1. - '

Fine-tuned Efficieney w - u" W' D '." d. +. #:,1-J.':;; Q "c..

. ~ ~ * -....,

.,,. :: $.%.~. -

mk

.3 :!1 C. Y # M;. w (S M. # !,; M.jd< Y,-

l

.. w =.

.u

==

2-

.t

^

f, Unlike QC Cir:! s - in service

..mM

.' N%S.,V '?"'-mN,.D.M. ",.M. J' l

_._..'"./,

4 -. - -:.., r_%:.:T. *** -

Ccinpa.i:s, the work pr0diens dn:Ussed J.c. c -.Mg 5,. 1pj[

.v< r

r.HE.' '

.'.N..F + c./; ' g f

. J in mdusmal finns, QC Ca.

2e: are mu:n

.di.a.Q :j.1.~.J -"'.i. -._N...a i

C jy _

rnere likely to invche artsne stausti:21

'J ' srd.6 *,

• i..' ' ' W.-=~'=],

e

.. - > 'f:E@-j

{

analyse and te:hnc!cp:d jarpn. Nor

.Qf -gy

.Tpf.'. l'?l.. Q i:

~ C'f

%.~.'

[.

U.,z '."6. i Y.I.5U '. C!~a=*:li"., :...,-. -;".7 ;~.~~~n.. - <..~'

.4.*

2re the dire:I appli0atlOns-to pre 6t*

t -.c,:

t..d. " ** f,.,;.,.,.. i; * *

'.. ' '. V;e>-i.11 F.4..,. d I abHity or cus!cmer c:nndence-so

• Q,.:, t 6 s

.,--...e 3{.4!,

g'

~__

.,-[N%.;. _ ;,;.~,."r,, g f._ <..

.'.'.f..

ppare!"I at fi.~41 [I:n**, to anyone but s.-

.;. :% y "e-w,~..

,..q....

i an endneer

.M'3 De CierauCns of tht N1.. $pn g I"r.I

. n

7. -.,-

a_._

• * * ~

., j Corp. stand as a represent 2tne Case.

Althouph NHK is the la:pst :uppber of A * *' "'"* *::'Wv h-e er NNr effert as any Jap:.nese fi= in studying 1

.u..JJ. 7 N the breakdown of prcdu:a m:de :n Z$.y< f.;

' sp ri;." to hpanese autemcbiles-50 3

- G ~~~ %;p-MJ dnt ow and suppber plants.

@e *f per::nt cf d! spnnp in Japanese cars

6. % ;.!,"n M./~'s.r.'<J.,3 lI Matsushna's Qudi:y Cent::: profes,,

are made.oy NHK-the rang cf its D...,:

l

. - ~

J ' si:ni-ndiled enL :eers and te:hru. l k

T...di. a 'A J.i:!N ~%@N - l%:

products and nature of its rnanufa:tur.

7 pc..T.QP. '?].? y

,m Q c:=s--00nstan'.!y sinve to redu:e, as !

mg problems are completely fereip to

• F

??" %TL' M mu:h as postbie, the pt:bs:i'i y that l f,.Qt[.y$,.. rg'... ;i.E.h Q*Q pt ducts manufs:tured in the pi.nts j dl but industry insiders.

Yet eff.:sent, h:;h-cu@y produ:.

'I.'i.?ti'.C,l n;_

(%...d-. ~,2

.'J. 2. *. 2

::'.V Ai-}

s~1 eventudly break down. As their i tion by companies like N.;K enables s

r ',.- j:m qua'i:y en=neenn; rnanspr Fu;ikt.wa l E.d hpan.s rnajer auto ass.nblers to explains: "V,'htn vou.e!! trafn: n.tna's, ;

t w "f.8 kr. - W =:

r. -c.-~~.C.

' 1,. -:o as we do, even ene breakdow. of a,'

compete so su::essiuty cn tne inter.

1

,y.r.

nadenal autemobile rnarket. Japan,s

"'~';

t[~.'3. J i S f. [/ a,.-m ;'"' [' M.A unit ::n lead to senous prcblems."

z !.

-t ur.icue automobi:e as,embly system-To enh:nce 'their knowie:p of f('

the k.:nhn heshiki (the "Just.in-Time J/f pr:du:t re!idility, Matsusnita h:s p:---='l%#yL ^Q,-,

(,

System"), whi:h demands that ecmpo.

[_;

e " ---,., L

-l ccadu:ted countless tests en an nent supplien manufa :ure parts for auto assemblers en short not:ee, or "just enormous vanety of parts, tnen fed the in time"-offen palp:ble advantaps to US$300.000-in smnp to tne firm. Ir.

info =2tien en breakdowns-known as auto assemblers and component all, the workers carne up with a total

" test data"-into computers. The result manufs:turers in terms of space and of 27,S.t0 su;psucns, from which is a system allomng Matsushna inventory savmp. But it could not those te:hru: ally vdid " solutions" were er:pneers to instantly retneve many possibly work if the manuf:: urers, culled.

ve:y usefd statisti:4 measurements of such as NHK Spring, did not make high.

lon:.run reliabihty.

Matsushita's Fujikawa expla:ns the quahty, reli:ble pr.oducts on very short Product Reita'oility Important dual cbje:tives of the firm's Quahty notice. Says N, HL Spring,s Shiguma:

Obj.ective Centrol propam: "First, to dis:over "Without Qudity Centrol at each stap of the operation, the knmh r hoshW the Dawed parts before they so into the system would be impossible....We have At giant Matsushita Communi:stion produ:t. Second, to find out why these to be able to produ:e a reliable product, Industnal Cc., executzves offer no parts that looked good before use then quickly retoot our m::hines for

' concrete monetary evaluauon of what eventudly failed." At their laboratones a different product."

their firm has saved as a result of in Yokohama, Matsushita en;:neers subje:t condensen, inte; rated etreutts, The 1,700 factory worken of NHK, Quality Control efforts by both profes.

sutches, cennectors, and a vast array of organi:-d into.170 QC Cir:les, last sional and worker cirdes. But in order year. devised solutions to 277 prob.

to improve product des:p, Mattunuta other ele:troni:

and ele:tn:al i lems, worth YS 6.7 million-dmost engmeers have spent as much trne and F cem;cnents and equipment to brutal l V,

Treeem late en*ms Yv.ater 190.3 t

s 4

e I

1-EAI U, c-P i

U'21.n. ~"

...""*.I.O e7, ' ? )

P~ h..'i. 4,;. w"'~~~J_".~.m~~. ".N..

P a

tests. Intepsted ctreuits are not likelv.

/

q-

~~(~I~

q.

... ~

_.:g,Jt;

- i-.-

['Y to have to endure a temperature of 3,-

RAF 4.TL.~"..."~'._

2;j i,

,S

.. b

.- MC~'

,'.:q 85'C and a relauve hu:nidity of E5

{,v'..; y f,Q L ?.'..py,pL.;. 3 pp g e g l i(t...

pere nt. But such expenments test the e,,

d. 9. @

• M j; g y.0,M. "w

,..,_ e -

, T%)

r c7 limit of Mat::u:.h:ta product:.

-3 u; c;.

-C-

.x./

1. p....w.

-.y4 If Japa.s Quahry Control engneers

-t.1

. D~ ,D M M-, :'JE..l..; iMM 5,.6. ;;#'9

• i2 L.. ' ~

'O

- s-E.U @M.

and circle memoers had their way, no

- W '.~ o..m..

k[1

... ~.

product would ever fail. But as a

,s.. /.,~i :. a --.:, gcn,.., wa.. <:.

.s x.

1

'OE0 l

}n-@. /1' u %Nd'40@.,:.

n....

pra: tied matter, even the best de:igned m7.

-i-$F (M tc @e pL, t.'; 7. h_@,a..

!. 3 components will be deie:uve or break lI h

9.],O.h'd...$. h w w.1 <;

.;f c )4,,.E... Ud.

,,F.,Q:.

.f t

down, even if very, very rarely. The

.~ r g-e.e.v. m... -

,,Q2.77 W.f.'M.

?--~ c a;;.

',7WO.7AC.k J)s capaciters, enndensen, and resistors p~ 3'f**,i f t; r. --

$.i?~$~~l.C. f.'f: % C- ".Y &

used in Japanne televnions and r:dios AN now fnn, s!ter 2:ssmbly, at a rate of

.f 'f.7.',-@]Q.L

~

.a'

?

'. ~~7 QT ' 'c" --.Q" y%' - ;; !

((j -

[-

lf only cne part per nuluon, as tr.coreu=1 M i g's.:12- f.:f '].

1N,,

,d

,r : 7

{r

,'c. lt1[p,.fr -

L cle:c to : ro as ts probably ly

-~~~T.I.].

! J '.'., sf

' i y: ~ -

,L,.;r, -

. M. >. -

a:ruevable.

~

g 0,m_..-

. /Ir/.r t;I ',l

_ g

~c.

.v t ' -'

'~._. iJJ.J. A... _

_.... _. d, ku0s.s. -G, i u.

,~.h_e.g l; N '.;*

Q.,abty Control eneneer: seem

.M, '

't.

.i.- 1

\\

• O. T/- -...

1 ratisfied wid that rate,but thev. are not L.

so elearly h:ppy abcut the failure rate

/-

I of serne cther eie:troni: ccmponents.

and el::where, is whether the extra affords met.her t=~ bie bene:s to de Tnus, they are censtantly simug to cc:t needed to impreve the rehab: lit '

rne m tne street. ru;her pronJuvity l develcp new rninufs:tunng te:h uques of a prohn is rewa.rded by a fin =:n.2 te:uiu in rnajcr deCaten: y sasui.:

to improve produ:t quality and reb.

or psy: holo.c:al retum er bc:A. M:nu.

fer a! consumert. Cennder, for}

abin:y. For cumple, t!.e Japanne have shita see:ns wiH=g =d able to uke nnu c.aznple, whr.t hu ha:pened m de pr.st :*

picneered in the develcpment of fully to expr.nd the rehabihty of:n preh:c, de:ade te the pn:es' cf =mc cf de l automated mterated cir:uit a:sembly esen beycnd the<.e st:n:t:a! level.s icag rnet advan:ed of hpr.n's h:e.tuhno i logy produ:u. Eetween 1969 And 1979,.

plants, with fee re:ults. Tacir p!anu thoucht a::eptacle.

regvlarly produ:e ICs w:th far lower when pn:e leveis m Japan m:re dan i failure rates than those in the U.S. or doubled, the :ost of a bia:k st:ddmte.

Other Benefits teJemion t.et =tusuv ce:.ned 33

~

i elsewhere.

The a:ceptable faDure rate of each per:ent in ab:clute te:.s. Tne average [

produ:t vanes, bod in theory and Besides the ber.efit of tuin; hi;;dy pn:e of a tein;erno ce:hne by 5 i pra:ti:c, but a rate is never :ero. The reliable, high.quehty produ:u, the percent, t.nd dat of a smpe.iera renex i question for ext:uuves, bod in Jap:n propess of Japanne Quahry Cent ' t c:mera, by 17 per:ent. Tne average :

p.....-..sm.7*,.....,,~....... w e r.-e s<......

2.... m.. ~. ( -** s.,..- ----,.~;~ "-- -,,.; u ; ; - v

..e,--=*r.r,:.1, w

,, c

..u o

n q_

. s.m; g gg;;g -

.em v.

t' m.:w.

.. ~

_c

.y-.

'

• H Percent catsctae Eh

., *.w*s em..<

RC24-N 0.&'l

-d m

tt.u. m i

04t

{

2.y Oh1sb

.r... j

c. ole

.w.-q o.ril2'-

,r..u, 0.210-Effocu begun to reduce cefscu to or.e opm.

aDOM-m..

p.

c.0w M*

3,eceived the Dement Prare, _... ' -

l 0

8 0.00L _ _. - -..

4.ti, -.' 67

'ri.*. 9r.7 *-U'70 " 1_..*:1. *.- Z

• D.. '75 '

'7I

'7 6 '

'77

'75

,e

. ' '..e 'Q 5 *r4*

• L5'..--

e Note: A represent 4twe larenese maner of enettoms roon

~-

j Source: Ow.hty Contros (September 1980) 14 Teswo.e 1.cernetrano mate < 1960

n a...

s t t-ATUR

- m. r--mt- - - v.?-E -

i ~ ' ME'.e 2.'2W M. r-.-~:t,SE.i.E.Ud.= i.'i:D.rau w.;;.'.;

i.- -, ~ n. :,-.., -

g. m.-

'f ' "%h.

1.300.c: autcmcbde showed a pnce lf>c.~ee.:.ior hi$r 2odeps '..l.C' E;ErLMuNd t

T nse, but ordy on the order of 29 Hign ichoois'

' ' ~' ~ b ""'* -w.5 ~e e * +-bV T3 b#C

~~

I-?. Q.so.

4.%. .t..%').W.s.;.

percent. All this, while the average W G l*li ?.,.? f.".e;", d - C.J'.C

n..; M @, 'h. r m4 h s-monthly w:ge of hpanc. workers

. d. a'.#, c..:o. :..& C.

..n w.

4 s* r;/

t ra

.w.

m W

Increned ty 333 percent. As Hajime ico

'U b o'6 4 @,T. /;E;3 *@

%C';..)M '.M* ?1

• J-Fm m"* W~.W. r f

Mtsi!,~

Karatsu,. rns.:png director of I%)

i-F..,, __

.s-Matsuduta Ccmmuruestion industna!

c:::. y.;, y~a

.a-Wome%a:e r; r./.... /--.. %g.r.;,*,,}s,

~ p~;t

.,,., vm

/ r..r -s..

.--.s.-

Co., and a professor at Toku. Univerury.

~

.e Total

\\

- --%r.c,;. 3. n <.~/.} ;..

r.:7.;.To 2 c'f*th,G:J;gT,.'.@-q explamed it: "Ris was made possible

- r. taw 2.......-,,.........

M.L by in:r:nmg productivity to offset j,,.,j -- -""*;;q l:.g$yf.;,h:23~Q.:M t

- 4 3

., S..;f.y rising costs. De producunty of l4 f,% ;'ClF

.j; %";-."h l' E.'t @M ~

1

(*; Ziy

"\\

hpanes: TV m:kers incresed 4.9 7

M-

.J

-.'. ;0

~ ;. *, ' ?".?;

31 M**

times, and that of the auto industry was 90-i

.W:~ ~ f 27 N."W:,.:

4.1 times turher thu a decade ago.

//

WE.( sy@i-lW/V" $ !%,,O%$.U'a-9'.t.7t#ew NU..:. C'

W 7;

a&

is l

~

Dese 0;ures indieste that an in:rene in lr'.

T.W r@m'!. h......

~ w-3..i t m

' :6'5.{,$>.g.j ; i.]

producunty (through Qua..my Centre!)

J' -2._

"; tC

/-

]d h2d a dire:t effect en pne: in:reues,

?.m...h.m>S.M.:.$ n.. ' p::

W

-a" Mi? < W.C ".. A.

.."u -.

• ,",h d,'",[! /. j$;e

.,.e.. 3 reducir.g them to reasonable levels."

.r-

.. :v.

c..

m

,j"* 9.Mc M:=

%) M *y'.l4,t

.D;.*.

'79iW ;,' o A '. '154; 07& n'7% tvO,te.>+w.-: -

m-L,.

9,w ~~

so QC Circles Outside Japan?

,';pf.yff,m ' i3f-".]

Year '70

'75 "l3 j

Souru: M;nistry of Eduction Nou th:t the reputation of Japanese prod.ucts hu scared representauves of themselves "nuddle c es"); a highdesel few benents tm]ess management totally {

foreign industry and labor-induding of edu:: tion (:s rnest indunrid ".crkers redefi:es the prcdu:tica pro:e::, from l hi;h s:hoci pdustes, they c=

the bottom up. A good ;!a:: to stut.

those from A:neri:a.-:d1 on hpanese are

Qudity Centrcl experts to seek their absorb the highly mathemats

"QC iscwith. the worker,.who rnu:L 'be f advice. Re ently aired on TV by Tocis"); and a lifetime ernployrnent mouvated to'do h:s b'est-nct only' to j

~

~

America's Natienal Broad:stng Corpo-system, wha:h en: cur:ges corporations t.sve his job, but iso to reests:iith the i

ration, the prop = "If Jauan Can, to make long term msestments in their reputation of his company. M. ere thm

• rnusive investments in new ma:hinery, j Why Can't We... " was widely newed employees.

by industnsh:ts threughout Amen:*-

Nor will it be easy to b er.k down the industn& ed West net is a new c! car endence th:t Amen::n buu:less.

the distrust and suspt:for that mar mana;ernent philcsophy U.st wi!!

men are e:ger to setept adn=e frcm the communi:auen within many a major provide both proSts and ments'sati:fa:.

natien that Harv:rd Professer Ezra American company. As Tom Nevms tion for the workers wno precu:e the Vcgel lauded in his recent book Japan expInns: "De Ameri m executive goods. Dere sre inercasing s:;ns that asNo.1 LessonsfotAmeries.

believes that the workers k:now why the method of Qudity Centrcl, so QC Circles have aheady sprung up there are defe:ts in a product, but he prevalent in Japan, will provide that in the U.S. and Europe. One QC group doesn't tru:t the workers, and believes new direction.

O at Westmghouse Corp, hu already that the workers have to be paid sue:eeded in cutting its. costs by fin.neialincentives to divulge the sour:e ALANFlfl.D is e graduate of Columbis 5630,000 annudly. And an experiment of the diffi:ulty. In contrut, the Univer:ity, where he e:med a master's at the Rolls Royce fa: tory in Detby, Japanese believe that no one really degree in intem:ttonal off:ir:. After England, yielded dramati: ally improved knows why defects oe:ur, but eserycne studying at the Institute of Adr=nced 8 quality as well as lower costs.

must work together to discover the rea!

Intemanon / Studies in Geneva.

But how ently can Americans source of the problem."

Swit:erland. Mr. Field jomed the develop their own efrective Quality editorial s::// of Newsweek m:g::me in j p 7J, l

Control Cirde:,? And will the Amen:an Concluston From 1976 thrcugh early 1980 he worket take to QC as readsly as the served as Newsweek corre::ondent m Japanese have?

De Qudity Control process may not Alarmed at Japanese inreads into

/cpan. Presently he is employed as a work nearly as smoothly out:ide Japan, their tradiuonal in:rkets, foreign auto.

correspondentfor Butiness Week.

for no other industnal nation shares makers have invested billions of dolla:s Besades those in Newsweekand Busi-this country's unique advantsees. a in new automated equipment. De ness Week, crticles by Mr. Field hase highly homogen!: d society (dmded by objective is a much h;gher level appeared in many major puistications, neithet rr.ce, ethruc ongin.nor te!!pon);

.of productivity,-and much hgher inclu.!mg the Internat:r: d Herald relauvely few distinettens of social standards of Qudity Contrel. But the Tribune, the Financial T end the class.(90 per:ent of Japmesa consider investment in :utemation will yield Joumal of Commerce. -

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