ML17138A532
| ML17138A532 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Susquehanna  |
| Issue date: | 05/10/1973 |
| From: | Hoffman, Melchior PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML17138A531 | List: |
| References | |
| KWU-E3-2594, NUDOCS 7903150318 | |
| Download: ML17138A532 (112) | |
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COHQEi<SATIGil Al'ID VEi'(T CLEARIHG TESTS IH GQt 0
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PROPRIETARY, INFORMATION This document has been made NON-PROPRIETARY by the deletion of that information which was classified as PROPRIETARY by KRAFTWERK UNION AG (KWU).
The PROPRIETARY information deletions are so noted throughout the report where indicated by a) Use of thy term KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION .
b) Use of blocked out areas by cross hatch bands in the'report text. and figures/tables, e.g.
...." with a mass flow density of4%~IKg/m2s...";
%%% mm iii) should be kept below ~r <Wi atm."
iv) 8/l7/78
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Kraftwerk Union Frankfurt (Main) 10 Ma 1973 ace ate Technical Report KWU/E 3 - 2594 File number E 3 E 1 GKK - Hff mu KWU/E 3/E 1 Authors Hoffmann epartment Dr. Melchior Countersignature~s/
Title:
Pages of text: 30 Condensation and vent clearing tests Figures: 31 in GKM with perforated pipes Circuit diagrams:
Key vords (max. 12) to identify Diagr./oscillogr.:
the report's content: Tables:
Large-scale tests, test set-up, Reference list:
tested perforated>>pipe versions, test results: loads during vent clearing and condensation, tem-peratu c mixing Summary:
the event of a reactor depressurization in a boiling-water reactor, sultss Zn steam for condensation is conducted directly into the water pool of the pressure suppression system. Pressure loads then occur in the sup-pression chamber due to the vent clearing immediately after the response of the relief valves and also due to the steady-state condensation.
These pressure loads are reduced distinctly by using quenchcrs at the ends of the relief pipes pro)ecting into the vater pool. Tests vith different quencher geometries vere performed in thc KWU condensation test stand in GKM to develop and try out such quenchers. From the test re-it is shown that it is possible to reliably respect the specified bottom loads during vent clearing and also during condensation by using an optimized perforated-,pipe quencher system.
/s/ (Hof fman)
/s/ (Knapp)
/s/ (Meyer)
/s/ (Waldohfer) s/ (Werlc) (Dr. Melchior) (Gra*bcncr)
Au ors szgnatuzc Examzner C asszfzer C ass For information Distribution list:
(cover sheet only): lx KWU/GA 19 Ezl lx /PSW 22 Ffm lx /E3/Library 2x /E3/El/LP Additional distribution accordin to attached list Transmxssxon or up cation o thzs ocument, exp oztatzon or communica-tion of its content not permitted unless expressly authorized. Znfringers liable to.pay damages. All rights to the award of patents pr registra-tion of utility patents rescrvcd.
4-1
NONLILBILITYCLAUSE This report is based on the current technical knowledge of KRAFTWERK UNION AG. However, KRAFTWERK UNION AG and all persons acting in its behalf make no guarantee. In particular, they are not liable for the correctness, accuracy and completeness of the data contained in this report nor for the observance of third-party rights.
,This rese~ation does not apply insofar as the report is delive"ed in fulfillment of contractual obligations, nor vith respect to licensing authorities or the experts appointed by them.
KRAFTWERK UNION AG reserves all rights to the technical informa-tion contained in. this report, particularly the right to apply for patents.
Fur'ther dissemination of this report and of the knowledge con-tained therein requires the written approval of XRAETWERK UNION AG.
Horoover, this report is communicated under the assumption that it vill be handled confidentially.
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DZSTRZBUTZON Ll'ST (external)
TUV North Germany TUV Baden TUV Bavaria ZRS, Cologne ZRS-FB, Dr. Lummerzheim, Cologne BMFT, Mr. Seipel, Bonn RKS - Members and subcommittee "Boiling Water Reactor" 22x Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, Baden-WurteWg., Stuttgart Ministry of Economics, Baden-WQrtemberg, Stuttg "t Ministry for Labor, Social Affairs and Distribution, Riel Ministry for Economics and Transportation, Riel Bavarian State Ministry for Agricultural Develapaent and Environ-mental Protection, Munich Austrian Study Company for Atomic Energy, Vienna Ministry for Health and Environmental Protectim, Vienna KKB HEW, Pro)ect Management, Nuclear Power Plants KKK KKZ GKT 4-4
TABLE OF CONTENTS Pacae Description of essential results 4-12
- 2. Introduction 4-13
- 3. Test set-up and instrumentation 4-15 3.1 Steam supply '4 "15 3.2 Test stand 4-16 3.3 Test instrumentation 4-17 3.4 Determination of. flow rate 18
- 4. PERFORATED PIPE configuratims '4-19 4.1 Design and operation of the PERFORATED-PIPE 4-19 quenchers 4.2 Tested versions of the,PERFORATED PIPE 4-20 4.2.1 Variation of geometrical parameters 4-21
- 5. Test results and discussion T
'4-26 5.1 Compilation of the tests'ith different '4-26 PERFORATED PIPE versions 5.2 Pressure oscillations during VENT CLElQUNG 4 26 5.2.1 Influence'of the most important parameters '4-27 on the air, oscillations 5.2.1.1 Valve, opening time 4-27 1
5.2.1.2 Submergence 4-28 5.2 '.3 Outlet geometry 4-32 5.2.1.4 Distance from bottom 4-33 5.2.2 Pressure profile in the test tank 4 33 5.2.3 Naximum pressures during vent clearing '4-34 5.2.4 Actual recording traces from VENT CLEARING 4-35 r
'5. 3 Pressure peaks at the tank bottom during 4'-3 5 CONDENSATION 5.3.1 Pressure peaks at lov mass flow densities 4-36 5.3.2 Pressure peaks at high mass flow densities 4-'3 6 5.3.3 Pressure peaks throughout the entire range" 4<<.'7 of mass flow rate . V 4-5
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Pace 5.3.4 Actual recording traces made during 4-39 CONDENSATION
- 6. Temperature mixing .4-41 6.1 Low mass flow density 4-42 6.2 Nedium mass flow density '4-42 6.3 High mass flow density 4-42 7 ~ Conclusion 4-44
- 8. Appendix 8.1 Tables 8.2 Figures 8.3 Nomenclature 8.4 References 4-6
LZST OF TABLES Table 1: f Characteristic features of the perforated pipe configurations Table 2: Area ratios of -the perforated pipe configurations Table 3: Designation of perforated pipe configurations Table': List of measurement points for perforated pipe configurations Table 5: Mass flow densities Table 6: List of GKN tests with perforated pipe configurations Table 7: Vent clearing tests in GEM with. perforated pipe configurations
LIST OF FIGURES
'Figure 1: Illustration of tested perforated pipe versions Figure 2: Hole distribution on the quencher arms Perforated pipe version 1 Figure 2.1: Ditto Perforated pipe versions 2-4 Figure 2.2: Ditto Perforated pipe versions 5-7 Figure 3: GKN test stand Figure 4: Arrangement and instrumentation in the GRN test tank Figure 5: Illustration of quencher and relief pipe to determine the enclosed volume of air Figure 6i Dependence of negative nnd positive pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom on the valve opening time:
Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 2 Figure 6.1: Ditto:
Vant clearing tests with perforated pipe version 3 Figure 6.2: Ditto:
Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 4 Figure 6.3: Ditto:
Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 5 Figure 6.4: Ditto:
Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 6 Figure 6.5: Ditto:
Vont clearing tests with perforated pipe version 7 4-8
Figure 7: Dependence cf maximum pressure amplitudes at the bottom on the valve opening time Vent clearing tests at+pm submergence with perforated pipe version 2 Figure 7.1: Ditto:
Perforated pipe version 3 Figure 7.2: Ditto:
Perforated pipe version 4 Figure 7.3 Ditto:
Perforated pipe version 5 Figure 7.4 Ditto:
Perforated pipe version 6 Figure 7.5 Ditto:
Porforated pipe version 7 Figure 8: Dopendence of negative and positive pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom on the valve opening time Vent clearing toots vith perforated pipe vorsions 1-5 Parameters submergence Figure 9: Dopendence of maximum negative and positive prcssure amplitudes at the tank bottom on the submergence Vent clearing tests vith perforated pipe vorsion 6 Parameter: valve opening time 4-9
Figure 10: ressure peaks in the tank during vent clearing Figure ll: Dependence of maximum pressures during vent clearing in the relief pipe on the submergence Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 5 Parameter: valve opening time Figure 11.1 Ditto:
Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 6 Parameter: valve opening time Figure 12: Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 5 (actual trace), submergence:gQ m Figure 12.1: Vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 5 (actual trace), oubmergence: gm Figure 12.2c Vont clearing toots with perforated pipe version 5 (actual trace), oubmergence:Q~
Figure 13: Naximumum nogative and positive pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom during condensation Iew mass flow density Figure 14> Max. negative and positive pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom during condensation:
High mass flow density Figure 15: Nax. negative'nd positive pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom during condensation:
Condensation tests with perforated pipe version 5 4-10
l Figure 16: Condensation test with perforated pipe versio 5 (Actual traces)
~w mass flow density Figure 16.1: Condensation test with perforated pipe version 5 (Actual, traces)
Medium mass flow density Figure 16.2: Condensation test with perforated pipe version 5 (Actual traces)
High mass flow density Figure 17: Temperature distribution in the tank during condensation:
Perforated pipe version 5; Low mass flow density Figure 17.1: Temperature distribution in the tank during condensation:
Perforated pipe version St Medium mass flow donsity Figure 17. 2 s Tomperature distribution in the tank during condensation:
Perforated pipe version 5; High mass flow density Figure 18> Temperature distribution in the tank during condensation:
Perforated pipe version 7; Medium mass flow density Figure 18.1i Temperature distribution in the tank during condensation: 1 Perforatedpipe version 7t High mass flow density 4-11
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Descri tion of essential results This roport illustrates the tost rosults for various PERFORATED-PIPE QUEHCHERS ~
Typical numerical values determined for reactor-specific sub-mergences vere:
Valve opening time Pressure amplitudes at the bottom of the test tank positive negative KRAFTNERK UNION AG P:COPRIETARY Ihr OH'is~.TIO'.t b) Condensation Bare the moasurod pressure poak valuos throughout the entire range of utilisation of the quencher system are limited vith respect to steam flow rate and water tcmpera-tore to a range of oggroxfoetalgP+~Q~Q~/Q~g/ao Sased on these results, the perforated-pipe quencher vas selected as a simple blow-out geometry vhose quality is suffi-cient to satisfy the roquiromonts imposed on the pressure relief system of a KNJ SWR.
4-12
Introduction When blowing down steam through the safety/relief valve it is necessary to distinguish between the initial load dec ay ing in a few oscillations during the clearing of the relief pipe
)ust after the opening of the valve and the load that occurs in the steady-state process during the condensation phase.
To reduce the pressure loads that occur then, a blow-out geometry was developed.
As indicated previously in [5), that blow<<out geanetry has to satisfy the following requirements:
- Clearing of the pipe and quencher with a cuaall initial shock
- Control of a large steam flow rate throu oug h '
ouch pe and quencher
- Assurance of a large range of flow rate
- Assurance of a calm condensation throughout the entire range of flow rate and temperature in the suppression chamber.
The quencher system was developed in several stages. First, several designs were tried out at laboratory scale in a model test stand to examine their applicability. Based on the results obtained in the model test stand ('6), experimental quenchers were prepared at a linear scale of approximately i<2.5 (with respect to 1/4 of the reactor flow zatel for 4 13
tests in the large>>scale test stand in CEN.
In the folloving Sections, the PERFORATED-PIPE QUENCHERS tested in GKM are described and the test results are illus-trated.
4-14
Test set-u and instrumentation The tost set>>up and instrumentation described in this Section i
includes all GKN tests that were perfo rme d n th e period from 6 February 1973 to 18 April 1973 with perforated-pipe versions 1-7.
The set-up of the test stand is shown in Figures 3 and 4 (see
[3)). The test stand is connected to the steam grid of GM via an NM 200 pipe line. Superheated steam at 20 kg/cm (gauge) and approximately 280' can be taken from that g id An NW 200 repair gate-valve, which is mounted directly on the steam header, represents the beginning of the axperimental section and simultaneously forms the boundary botwoen the test stand and the GEM. The connoction flange between the repair gate valve and the following pipe line simultaneously holds a so-called blanking disk for flow limitation in tests with flow rates smaller than the maximum. pressurized water (ca. 130 kglcm (gauge), l25') is added to the superheated steam via a set of nozzles adjusted to the particular super-heated steam flow rate after a path of approximately 3 m along the line against the direction of flow, tn order to obtain saturated steam conditions for the tests as, in the nuclear power plant.
Since the temperature of the superheated steam fluctuates, 4-15
I the residual superheating of the steam supplied to the test stand is different in the individual teats. A flow measuring orifice is installed approximately 8 m downstream. About 11 m after the measuring orifice there is an actual KKB safety/
relief valve.
The last pipe bend before the relief valve was constructed as a so-called water pocket through which drainage is accomplished from the pipe and relief valve during the heating process.
The pilot valve of the relief valve can be impinged upon op-tionally via two signal lines, one at 20 kg/cm (gauge) (Nw 25) 2 2 and the other at 100 kg/cm (gauge) (NM 15). The 100 kg/cm (gauge) signal line, including a pro<<throttle and bypass throttle, is used to obtain nhortor valvo~ing times.
3.2 Test stand The test stand itself comprises the relief valve, the relief pipe including all pipe connections and supports, and the test tank. Here also we refer to Figures 3 and 4.
The relief valve is mounted 1.98 m above the tank penetration flange (20.68 m above the lower odge of the tank) on the roof of the boiler house and is also actuated from the 'control panel" sot up at the same point. Directly below the relief valve there was installed a reducer into which the pipe con-nections for steam impingement, air admixture, venting and water admixture open out and in which a snifter valve is mounted (Piguze 5) .
4-16
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The hMM~mm-long relief pipe has an inside diameter of 8 mm and begins with an intermediate flange on the dome of the test tank. The same flange also serves as a suspension for the relief pipe which, after its penetration through the flange, is braced 5 times against radial deflection at the
'ank wall. The perforated-pipe quencher is welded to the lower end of the relief pipe and is also held in place in the region between the perforated arms and the perforated neck (Figures 4 and 5) .
The test tank is approved for operating conditions of 25 kg/cm (gauge) and 210' and has a capacity of 120 m . The inside dimensions are a diameter of 2940 mm and a height of 18,450 mm with a wall thickness of 30 mm.
3.3 Tost instrumentation The standard instrumentation, particularly
- for determination of flow rate,
- for recording the steam condition before and after the relief valve,
- for recording the control pressures, is illustrated in Figure 3. The pressure measurement points also indicated there at the bottom of the tank (P 5 ~ ~ ~ P )
8 and at the tank wall (P9) and also the temperature measurement points T 5 ... T 8 and T10 T12'espectively, wore present in all outlet geometries tested previously in GKH and can therefore be used for comparison purposes.
4-17
The instrumentation specially adapted to the perforated-pipe configuration can be seen in Figure 4 and is also listed in Table 4. Zn addition to the'ype of measurement point (tem-perature, pressure, strain, etc.) the measurement position
~
and special modifications or extensions.'of the measurement technique are also ontered there.
3.4 Determination of flow rate For the condensation tests, the flow rate was determined by a flow balance calculation from the measurements of liquid level in the GKN tank.
Since an exact determination of the liquid-level variations dotermined for those tosts by the orifice measurements in accordanco with the VDT (Association of Gorman Eaqineersj flow moasuroment rules.
The mass flow donsities calculated from the flow rates al-ways relate to the cross-sectional area of the relief pipe, unless otherwise indicated.
The mass flow densities relative to the relief pipe and the total cross-sectional area of the holes for the parforated-pipe versions 1-7 are indicated in Table 5.
4-18
PERFORATED PIPE confi urations Desi n and o eration of the PERFORATED>>PIPE uenchers Ne have already reported (ll upon the basic processes involved in mixed condensation when the'steam is introduced into the water, so that the perforated pipe will only be described briefly here.
According to Figure 1, this blow-out geometry consists of several pipe arms which are provided with many small bores.
The effect of a rforated collar and a erforated neck was also to be studied. They were described as follows in [2] s The purpose of the rforated collar at a relatively small submergence is to limit the prcssure build-up in the pipe during vent clearing by relaasing a partial opening for the emergence of air at an early time in the vent clearing process.
The purpose of the steam flowing from the rforated neck unilaterally in the power plant is to exert on the water in the suppression chamber an impulse which produces a gradual circulatory motion in the annular chamber and thus brings about a good temperature mixing in the circumferential direction.
The deep submergence of the arms bearing the main cross-sectional area of the holes provides for good vertical tem-perature mixing.
4-19
4.2 Tested versions of the PERFORATED PIPE The perforated pipe versions used in GKM were compared in Figure l.
Besides the 3 main components of the individual perforated-pipe versions (perforated collar, perforated neck, perforated arms), the following important geometrical parameters are also indicated in Figure 1:
- Diameter of the bores on the perforated colla
- Diameter-. of the bores on the perforated neck
- Diameter of the bores on the perforated arm
- Masking of the perforated arms - Underside Top Gusset
- Distance from bottom Figures 2-2.2 show the distribution of holes on the perforated arms and the arm areas having no holes:
Figure 2 for perforated pipe version 1 Figure 2.1 for perforated pipe versions 2-4 Figure 2.2 for perforated pip'e versions 5-7.
An informative supplement to Figures 1-2.2 can be found in Table 1 in which the characteristic features of the individual versions of the perforated pipe are summarized in detail.
Table 2 oxtends the overall picture by comparing .the surface area ratios:
4-20
l Total hole area ape cross-sectxona area Collar area ota o e area Neck area ota o e area The designations of the individual perforated-pipe versions are also listed in Table 3. They are identified by the general numbers which have also been used frequently in the documents put out previously.
4.2.1 Variation of eometrical arameters Using Figures 1-2.2 and Tables 1 and 2 as a basis, the geomet-rical changes from version to version for versions 2-7 are listed separately in the following and their purpose is described brieflys PERFORATED PIPE version 1 Initial data Surface area ratio: )
KRAFTWERK UN ION AG PROPRIETARY XNFORMATEON P erforated neck:
Perforated arms:
Arm masking:
Distance from bottom:
4-21
PERFORATED PIPE Version 2 Changes'elative to version 1 Surface area ratio Perforated collar: KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORAMTION Perforated neck:
Perforated arms:
Arm masking:
Distance from bottom:
The unsatisfactory behavior of version 1 in the condensation range, both at low and high mass flow densities, was to be improved by expanding the masking of the arm undersides from hRRMMQLW and increasing the bottom distance from g~1 mm
+Qmm. Thc mnaller surface-area ratio resulted neccs-oarily from the increased masking of the perforated arms.
PERFORATED PIPE version 3 Changes relative to version 2 Surface area ratio:
KRAFTWERK UNION Perforated collar: AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Perforated neck:
Perforated arms:
Both the vent clearing pressures and the pressures at the bot-tom were to be reduced by the larger cross-sectional area of the perforated collar and the associated greater partial release 4-22
of the enclosed air at the beginning of the clearing process.
PERFORATED PIPE version 4 Changes relative to version 3 Surface area ratio KRAFTWERK UNION Perforated collar: AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Perforated neck!
Perforated arms:
Since the doubling of the cross-sectional area of the perforated collar in version 3 did not result in the sought reduction of the clearing and bottom pressures, the effect of a missing per-forated collar vas to be investigated as a complement to that version.
PERFORATED PIPE varsion 5 Changes relative to version 4 Surface area ratio: KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Perforated collar:
Perforated neck:
Perforated arms:
Arm masking:
This fifth version +as designed vith the follcwing features:
a) Surface area ratio as in the version 1 4-23
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Cross-sectional area of relief ioe +P Rota cross-aect~onai r"ca o. o es h) Holt diameter egg nn c) Masking of the perforated collar as in version 4 d) Implementation of rovs of holes and enter lanes e) Quasi-a~etric outflow vith ~D.l award component by masking the arm undcrsides Chroaghg~g, as in versions 2, 3 and 4, and masking of the arm tops th"ough Q'.4 f) Ãasking of the arm gussets The features described above can b au~ized in terms of requirements: enlarge ent of Chc surface area ratio and tv'ain hnprovament of the eater supply. These ~ mquirements determined the larger diameter of ~~ ww So. 49m cru bores.
Measures d) and e) are based on inforrsatice that @as obtained from testa on optimization of the hole array in the model tost stand (6) . ~~~~~~~~~~~~Q
~~~~~~~~~~~3 The simultaneous nasking of the arm gusaets preventr impinge"ent of the stcam Qts onto one anothe" and thereby also improves the eater supply in that region.
PERFORATED PIPE version 6 Change's relative to version 5 4-2C
Surface area ratio KRAFTWERK UNION Perforated collar:
AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Perforated neck:
Perforated arms:
Zt was intended to study the influence of the perforated col-lar on the magnitude of the clearing pressure and the bottom pressures for different submergences as a function of valve opening time, especially for versions 5-7. As in version 2, the collar area fraction of the total hole area was to be approximately h~
PERFORATED PIPE version 7 E
Changes relative to vorsion 6 Surface area ratio KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Perforated collar:
Perforated nock:
Perforated arms:
This test series was meant to provide information concerning the.effect of the missing perforated collar on the pressure peaks in the relief pipe and at the bottom of the tank and concerning the effect of the missing perforated neck on the mixing of the water pool in comparison to versions 5 and 6.
4-25
5., Test results and discussion 5.1 Com ilation of the tests with different PERFORATED PIPE versions All vent clearing and condensation taste with perforated pipe versions 1-7 (test numbers 114-231) are compiled Ln Table 6.
For each test number and test date we have indicated:
- perforated'pipe version
- relief pipe diameter distance from bottom
- mass flow density in relief pipe
- submergence (always relative to the uppermost row of the perforated collar)
- water level in tost tank at beginning of test
- water temperature at beginning and ond of tost
- type of'est (vent clearing tost and/or condensation test, interrupted condensation tost, preliminary tost).
5.2 Pressure oscillations durin VENT CLEARING After opening tho rolLef valve, steam flows into the relief pipe and compresses the air situated there. The water column Ln the pipe is expelled and the air is blown into the sup-pression chamber water at an overpressuro. The air expands
- there so as to reach a pressure equalization with the sur-rounding water. There is overexpansion and renewed compression.
This process is described thoroughly Ln [3,4,5). The pressure loads that have to bo borne by the bottom and walls are ended 4-26
as soon as the air has risen to the water surface and has emerged into the air space of the suppression chamber.
All vent clearing tests with perforated pipe versions 1-7 are listed in Table 7. In addstion to the measured maximum posi-tive and negative pressure amplitudes, the last columns also "
contain the measurement positions where the "pressure maxima" and "pressure minima" were measured. For each test the Table also contains the submergence relative to the uppermost row of the perforated collar, the associated water level, the valve opening time and the steady-state mass flow density after the vent clearing process.
5.2.1 Influence of the most im rtant arameters on the air oscallatxons The'ifferences in the mass flow densities during vent clearing from test to test (min.~~Qikg/m s and max WMWkglm s) are of slight significance for the comparison of bottom pressures.
The valve opening time is of greater influence than the mass flow density reached in the steady state.
This fact becomes clear in Figures 6-6.5 and 7-7.5 in which the maximum pressure amplitudes listed in Table 7 are plotted as a function of valve opening time.
- 5. 2. 1. 1 Valve o enin time For short valve-opening times less than about 300 ms; i.e.,
less than the vont clearing time, the load is practically 4-27
independent of the opening time. Thiis property of the perfo-rated-pipe quencher prevents the possi.bil't x y of an extreme load case due to a hypothetical )amming of a reLief valve with subsequent short opening time. Zn con there is a ast th cont rast, clear decrease of the load for longer, opening times.
Ne note first that the indicated s ubm ergences always relapse fictitiously to the uppermost roww o f h o les on the perforated collar. Mhen the perforated collar is masked, cacparahle absolute liquid levels were ad)usted.
Since no unambiguous dependence of the maxim um hot tom pres-sures on the submergence can. be recognised fraa ~ g only the vent clearing tests with a submerg ergence n af 1 m were i.llustrated in Figures 7-7.5 and emphasis was placed on the submergence in Figure 8. In Figure 8 we considered only ver-sions 1-5 in order to retain some degree of clarity due to the multitude of measurement points. Neverth er e 1 ess, aaly very rough trends with respect to the influenc nce o f the submergence subm can be found. A pronounced influence of th e s ence on the magnitude of the pressure amplitudes can be seen from Figure 9 in which the maximum pressure amplit u d es vere plotted versus the submergence for version 6.
According to that, there um for a submergence of is a maximum approximately 2 m. There is obviously a critical ratio between 4-28
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the energy stored in the expelled air bubble (" spring" ) and the water mass lying above it. For a submergence of less than 2 m, this "spring/mass model" leads to smaller amplitudes due to the too small" mass. For submergences greater than 2 m, it leads to a damping due to the too "large" mass and therefore to a reduction of the maximum pressures at the bottom.
The combined pressure values for all submergences lie within a broad scatter band which is limited above by the kg/~
line up to an opening time of approximately 300 ms, but-drops steadily and clearly after that. One exception is version 3 with a submergence of 3 m. An explanation for that is given in Section 5.2.1.3.
In the following Table we first compare the results for the individual versions from Figures 6-6.5, i.e., the maximum pressure amplitudes as limiting values independently of the submergence.
4-29
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Maximum pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom
- in the submergence range<~pm Hax. Druckamplf tadoa am BohKltorbodaa ia ETT-Boroich /~~~3 m Valve opening time Hex. pteeeuze amplitude Version VoatilbX'iauagssoit posit'ogative.
kg/cm kg/cm 2
3
< 300 5
6 7
2 3
500 ... 600 5
6 7.
> 600 4-30
l
~
L 4
Zn contrast, for a submergence of I m ve get the fo1 lowing result from Figures 7-7.5:
Maximum pressure amplitudes at the tank bottom for a submergence of 1m Max. pressure aaplitude Valve opening time Version Yontiloffnungasoit positive, negative.
tg/cm 2
3 4
300 6
2 3
500 --. 600 5
6 2
2 3
4 > 600 5
6
. 7 4-31
1 4
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l
According to that, after 500 ms with a submergence of 1 m there are still only maximum pressure amplitudes of L~
P;~Yl kg/cm
/cm2 for versions 5 and 7 (without perforated collar)
~~4 kg/cm for version 6 (with perforated collar) .
These pressures are relativ'e to the hydrostatic pressure in the tank.
5.2.1.3 Outlet comet The influence of the different outlet geometries .from ve"sion r to version (see Figure 1) on the maximum pressure amplitudes at the bottom of the tank can be seen very 'well from the preceding Tables.
The higher values for version 3 with a submergence of 3 m and a valve opening time less than 300 ms can be explained as I follows: 'ue to the high fraction of the total hole area in the perforated collar, a quantity of air that resulted in a critical p rima ry b ubble size was already released in advance.
After completion of the clearing process, this primary bubble" probably oscillated in phase with the secondary bubble" that, was expelled from the perforated arms, so that elevated pres-sure amplitudes were produced. The effect described in Section 5.2.1.2 might have entered simultaneously: for a submergence of 3 m there is an optimal "spring/mass" ratio.
The most favorable values can be found for perforated pipe version 6 (Figure 6.4), but the differences relative to ver-sions 5 and 7 (Figures 6.3 and 6.5), especially with respect 4-32
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~
~
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to the negative pressure amplitudes, are not very great.
5.2.1.4 Distance from bottom The bottom distance was defined as in Figure 1. For version 1 it was g~gmm. In all other versions. it was g~Q mm. The magnitude of the influence on the reduction of the bottom pressures cannot be indicated separately,'since simultaneously with the increase of the bottom distanqe there was a consid-erable expansion of the masking of the arm undersides (from kMMM~Q). The latter measure might have been dominant, 5.2.2 Pressure rofile in the test tank To clarify the pressure distribution in the tank during vent clearing, the envelopes oi the measured positive and negative pressure maxima were plotted in Figure 10 as an example for a test with a submergence of 1 m and an extremely short valve-opening time of 110 ms.
Zn this Figure it must be taken into consideration that the illustrated pressure measurement points are actually located in three mutually displaced planes relative to the tank's axis. and are illustrated here in one plane for the sake of simplicity. Accordingly, the pressure in th'e entire tank beneath the quencher is nearly constant up to the height of the upper edge of the quencher.
4-33
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5.2.3 Maximum ressures duzin vent clearin In Figures ll and 11.1, the maxlmua pressures in the pipe Just below the relief valve during vent clearing are plotted versus the submergerice for versions 5 and 6. Ranges of short, medium and long valve-opening times vere selected as parameter. Because of the relatively large scatter of the measurement values, it @as attempted to, draw mean-value curves.
For comparable submergences, the fo?loving Table is obtained from the curves:
Haximum pressures during vent clearing Valve opening time Max. pressure during vent Version Voatil5f'fauagoseit clearing kg/cm (gauge) 100 o ~ ~ 130 6
Q 070 ~ ~ ~ 470 li5 o" w 525 ~ ~ ~ 850 HW tu R 100 ~ ~ ~ 130 270 o ~ ~ 470 5R5 ~ ~ ~ 850 5 100 "~ ~ ~ 1 )0 6'. 04 R70 ~ ~ ~ 470 52 5 ~ ~ ~ 850 4-34
4
'l 5'
To determine the volume of air enclosed as a function of the submergence, for later computational checks of the vent clearin pressures, the quencher together with the relief pipe up to the relief valve is illustrated in Figure 5 together with the necessary dimensional data.
5.2.4 Actual recordin traces from VENT CLEARING To be able to give some idea of the pressure variation during vent clearing, Figures 12-12.2 were compiled as an example.
They are copies of the actual traces from vent clearing tests with perforated pipe version 5. For technical reasons, reduced copies were prepared. The appropriately converted.
scale factor for the pressures is indicated on the Figures.
For almost identical mass flow density of approximately g~g 2
kg/m s and identical valve opening time of 110 ms, the sub-mergence varied between 1 m (Figure 12), 3 m (Figure 12.1) and 5 m (Figure 12.2}. In addition to the correlation between measured magnitude and measurement trace, the sero points aie 1
also recorded.
5.3 pressure eaks at the tank bottom durin CONDENSATZON The finely dispersed injection of steam and a water supply to the perforated-pipe quencher results in a calm and uniform condensation, making it possible to control the condensation process throughout a broad range of temperature and mass flow, rate.
4-35
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1
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S
5.3 .'1 Pressure eaks at low mass flow densities N
The positive and negative pressure amplitudes during steady-state condensation for comparable tests with the different versions of the perforated pipe are plotted versus water temperature in Figure 13. Selected as a representative tem-perature was Tll (see Figure 4) at the tank wall 2 m above the tank bottom. As during vent clearing, here also the maximum measured pressure amplitudes were recorded independently by a special bottom pressure transducer. However, the bottom pressure transducer with external membrane was preferred (see Section 5.3.2).
The envelopes exhibit a first maximum 'at a water temperature of approximately '30-40o C, then a'inimum at approximately 50-60' and a second maximum at approximately 80', and then fall off sharply again beyond that. However, the measured pressure peak values remain limited to a range of approximately
~@kg/cm 2 , e.g., for version 6.
5.3.2 Pressure eaks at hi h mass flow densities The pressure pulsations measured during steam'ondensation in the mass flow density range > g~g kg/m 2 s are illustrated in Figure 14. These measurements were made with membrane pres-sure transducers with external measuring membrane. These pressure transducers supply the values least affected by measurement falsifications; since they are pivoted practically 4-36
t
'l
without any liquid column and therefore form no intrinsically oscillatory system such as exists with pressure.transducers 3
having an internal measuring system (6) .
As a function of the water temperature, Figure 14 first shows the measurement results for the central bottom pressure transducer p5 in four tests with different perforated pipe vers).ons and then for the bottom pressure transducer p71
~
lying 500 mm off center for one test each with perforated pipe versions 5 and 7. Zn both cases, an envelope representation was selected.
.The measured central pressure peak values are limited to the range of approximatelyg~~+g/cm 2 except in the immediate vicinity of the boiling point. Zn contrast, the off-center transducer p71 only displays values lying in the range between Q~~~~~Q kg/cm 2 . However, the conditions are still more favorable for version 7, with which a maximum of ~~+kg/cm was,measured by both pressure,transducers throughout the entire temperature range.
5.3.3 Pressure eaks throu hout the entire ran e of mass flow rate Corresponding to the relief system's broad range of utiliza-tion with respect to steam flow rate and water temperature, a very"broad measurement range was covered.
Figure 15 shows the positive and negative p 5 pressure ampli-tudes as a function of water temperature in 6 condensation 4-37
l
~
~
~
~
~
~
i
~
~
tests with perforated pipe version 5 in the'mass flow rate range from++ kg/m 2, s= up toL~~kg/m 2 s. This mass flow rate range can be subdivided basically into three partial ranges:
1st range m/F 75 kg/m s 2nd range m/F 75 ... 300 kg/x
.2 s
2 3id range m/F 300 kg/m s (supercritical expansion into the outlet openings)
The amplitude envelopes display the following trends in the three partial ranges:
Range 1: Here the maximum of the pressure amplitudes occurs at hicih water temperatures.
Zn particular, we find a quasi~onstant variation of the pressures up to a water teaperature of approxi-mately 60', a slow rise up to ~~kg/cm at approximately 904 C, then a drop to the initial values of <+~~kg/cm 2 linear the boiling point.
Range 2: Here there are two maxima at approximately 40-..60' and at 80-90'.
The illustrated test with m/P < 100 kg/m s exhibited a first maximum of gQ+l kg/cm 2 and k%%%kg/cm
~
2 at about 40 C, followed by a minimnn at about 60' and .a second maximum of+~+kg/cm at about 90'>
and then a drop to+~Qkg/cm 2 at the boiling point.
4-38
l 1
'k
The test with m/F = 200 k g'm s yielded a first maximum of KMQkg/cm at, about 60', followed by a minimum at about 80' a nd a second maximum of, Q~Rynd~~3kg/cm at about 90', and then a drop to +~kg/cm at the boiling point.
Range 3: The maximum r of thee pressure amplitudes here was found a t a low water temperature.
The envelo p e exhi bits a steady drop from the initial hMMMMMQkg/cm to q~~lkg/cm at about 60' l followed by a constant behavior of the positive and negative amplitudes up t th e bo'iling point.
In the third range (m/F > 300 kg /mm s), i.e., at high mass flow densities, the perforated pipes (for examp exam 1 e, version 5 in Figure 15) exhibit the best es bee"avior over the entire tempera-ture range.
Actual recordin tra traces made durin CONDENSATION Figures 16-16.2 .2 show the variation of th e bo ttom pressures during the condensation phase with 1 ow (Fi F gure 16), medium (Figure 16.1) and hig h mass ma flow density (Figure 16.2) for perforated pipe version 5. Ass for vent clearing (see Section 5.2.4>), these are reduced co pies ie made from the actual traces.
The scale factor for thee pressures is indicated on the Figures.
~
It should also be noted that pressure transducer P6 is polar-
"ized inversely in Figures 16 and 16.2.
4-39
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Three tests were selected whose long-term evaluation was already shown in Figure 15. In Figures 16-16.2, the entire test duration was subdivided into three different ranges:
- just after vent clearing (decaying initial oscillations)
- water temperature Tll between 40' and 80'
- water temperature T ll 80'.
In regard to the frequencies shown in the Figures and:,the f;
1 amplitudes that can be read from them, it should'be noted, as already mentioned previously, that only the pressure trans-ducers P5 and P71 supply unfalsified values. Both cases involve pressure transducers having an external membrane.
ternal membrane form an 1 I The other pressure transducers (Pl, P , P 'and P 8 ) with in-intrinsically oscillatory system.
When suitably excited, they exhibit pressure values that can be a multiple of the pressure peaks that actually 'occur [6).
1 from 40 to 80', with res ect to the a
ressure transducers Pd and P>l, aze appznximately+~~mz (lnw mass flaw density) and LM~~4Hs (medium and high mass flow density)'. In the temperature range above 804 C, values of about ling Hx were recorded at low mass flow density and ~~~/ Hz at, medium and high mass flow density. Additional frequency data are entered in Figure 15.
4-40
l Tem erature mzxxn The arrangement of the temperature measurement points and the measurement planes is shown in Figure 4. Figures 17-17.2 show the temperatures of the individual measurement points at low, medium and high mass flow density for hole version 5, while Figures 18 and 18.1 show the temperatures at medium and high mass flow density for hole version 7. In each case, the temperatures entered were the average temperatures obtained from five arbitrarily selected time intervals during the con-densation phase, which were taken from the measurement traces for the individual temperature measurement points with T 11 as "control temperature". The temperature measurement values taken from the traces at the same instants of time are con-nected'y the same type of lines in Figures 17-18.2.
It can be assumed that deviations of the utilized thermocouple elements of +3' are within the measurement accuracy.
From these Figures it can be seen that there is a quite good temperature distribution in the vertical direction and that this quencher produces enough turbulence so that the supplied heat is also carried away circumferentially in the water.
No clear ohange of the temperature diatrihution eith per orated 17-18.1 (see Figure 4 for position of cut planes) . In particu-lar, we see no change of the nonuniformity, so that the 4-41
al
~
i
supplemental bores on the perforated collar and perforated neck appear to have no effect with respect to the mixing based on these tests.
6 ' Low mass flow densit At low mass flow density, temperature stratifications of ca. Q~QC occct vertically aod horitootally with per orated in the higher temperature range (',Q'Q C), which have a maxm~-..
bT of j~gC (Figure 17) .
6.2 Medium mass flow densit Temperature stratifications of ca. ~ C are found here throughout the entire temperature range. An especially uniform curve i's evident for erforated i e version 7 (Figures 17.1 and 18) .
6.3 Hi h mass flow densit As can be seen from Figure 17.2 for erforated i e version 5, maximum temperature differences of ca. )~3C occur at high mass flow density both in the medium and high temperature ranges. It is especially conspicuous that the wall tempera-tures T52 and T53 which are at the height of the perforated neck, markedly lead the wall temperature T55.
In contrast, erforated i e version 7 exhibits a maximum hT of ca. h~gC over the entire temperature range at high mass flow density (Figure 18.1).
4>>42
l l
The sometimes relatively large temperature differences might, be caused by the occurrance of secondary flows due to,the narrow tank in the vicinity of the quencher, by which:heated water is transported back into the region of the heat".-source and is heated further there.
4-43
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Conclusion The pressure loads during vent clearing are reduced in an extremely clear way by means of optimal perforated-pipe quenchers and the associated fine distribution of the steam flow when the steam is introduced into a water pool. Based on the test results described above, values of g~~~~~~+
kg/cm 2 can be indicated as load limits for the entire range of possible opening times of the relief valves in the boiling water reactor. It also turns out that a suitable .layout of the hole configuration makes possible a calm condensation throughout the entire temperature range of the water pool, practically up to the boiling point, and results in max'mum pressure amplitudes of g~g and 4~Qkg/cm 2 4hroughout the range of mass flow rate.
4-44
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KRAFTPJERK uNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 4-45, 46
5 l
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~
K.~F ~i" RK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 4-47
l 4
Designation of perforated pipe configuration Date 2 April 1973 K V U BEZEZCHNUNG Da tarn t E 3/E 1/GKK dor LOCHROHR - Konf igxrationon 2. 4.
Perforated pipe DESTGNATZOb B E Z E I C H N U N G Test No.
Version Perforated pipe LOCHBGHR 114 122 Masked perforated pipe Abgedecktoa LOCHROHR 123 140 Masked perforated pipe vith bored collar boles Abgedecktoa LOCHROHR ait auf'gebohrten Kragenlochern 141-154 Masked perforated pipe vith uasked perforated collar Abgodecktos LOCHROHR ait abgedecktem Lochkragen 155-170 sked perforated pipe vith bored am holes Abgodecktos LOCHROHR aait aufgebohrten Schonkellochern 171 192, Masked perforated pipe vith masked perforated neck and bored collar holes 193-221 Masked perforated pipe vith aasked perforated neck and oasked perforated collar 222-231 Table,3 4-48
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List of measurement points for perforated pipe configurations O'a~1'2 April-4973 v u Dct~ blctt 1 LISTS DL'R Kt55TYLLCR rUR LOCINVIlAROHIICVRATIONER 3/c I/GRx ss.t. ssn Sheet' Tebsperature Pressure Hiscellsneou Measuressent point Ressarks T~crctllr Drvck sollctSSO ~ Stcscrt Smc rttIIRS T(B) P(B) M P(B) Blendenssessaag QI P(X) Drack Versuchs-pz behalter T(1) P(1) Eatlastungsrohr 3
nach Voatil T(OE) P (DE) Mseneintrit t P(SA) Schonkel A Qtt P(SB) Schonkol B entiall'en ab P(SC) Scheakol C Versuch 171 p(so) Sc honks 1 D T(A1) Scheakel A T(A2) Scheakol A T(A3) Schenkol A T(5) P(5) Bodoa P(5) ab Versach 141 sit saSenlie- IO goador l4oabran T(6) P(6) Bodoa ab Vorsuch 193 s.
p(5)
T(7) P(7) Boden p(7) ontfKllt ab Vorsach 193 P(71) Bodoa ab Versach 171 T(a) p(a) Bodon ab Versach 193 siohe p(5)
T(56) Boden T(57) P(57) Bodoa T(58) Bo den P(9) L4tnxe Tab.4.1 Table 4.1 fSEE NEXT PAGE FOR KEY]
4-49
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KEY FOR TABLE 4.)
- l. Orifice measurement
- 2. Pressure in test tank
- 3. Relief pipe
- 4. After valve
- 5. Quencher inlet 6 ~ Arm A,
- 7. Bottom
- 8. Lance
- 9. Eliminated beginning with test 171
- 10. P(5) with external membrane beginning with test 141 ll. Beginning with test 193, see p(5)
- 12. p(7) eliminated beginning with test 193
- 13. Beginning with test 171
- 14. Beginning with test 193, see p(5) 4-50
~
l t
List of measurement points for perforated pipe configurations Oa lie I'M~Prz 1TI3 tvv LZsrt OCR IC55TCLLCII fva LOOIOlellRCONIZCURAtZORCs Oat~
sa.t.syZZ OZattg S $ /C $ /OZC Sheet 2
~
Tesaperature Pressure Miscellasseous Measurecsent poiot Result ks THppopa\lilr Seuttaeo Slart Soaoraluag T(ao) Lans o T(as)
,T(a'2) Lanse x'(13)
T(5a) P(5a)
T(53) '.($ 9) Wand T(55)
DHS (H1) DQsoaointritt Richtung Hanaloch DHS(Q) Q vorsotxt su H ~ ntiallen voa Gbor Schonlcel A Vers. asia .. 170 DHS (le) 5 Lochloisto Rich tuag Haanloch DHS (H7) C Bohalterbodea
~ uSoa atlischoa y(7) und y(7a) ab Vers. 171 nou OI3 DHS (HB) Bob@it erboden hiaxu auSoa bei y(B)
II eit (t) lgas Froqueas
'A Boa chl ounce.guards aufnobscer aa ab Vore 141 neu Bobkiltor 16%ss~04a Vers.
Io Hub dos Entla stuagsvoatiIe Table 4 '
[SEE NEXT PAGE FOR KEY) 4-51
KEY FOR TABLE 4.2
- 1. Lance
- 2. Wall
- 3. Quencher inlet, direction of manhole
- 4. Shifted by %~>relative to Nl above arm A
- 5. Perforated neck, direction of manhole
- 6. Tank bottom, outside between p(7) and p(71)
- 7. Tank bottom, outside at p(8) 8, g~Hz frequency.
'. Acceleration transducer at the tank
- 10. Lift of the relief valve ll. Time
- 12. Eliminated from test 141-170
- 13. Added beginning with test 171
,14. Added beginning with test 141 until 154 4-52
l KRAFTNERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Table. 5.1 through 7.6 4-.53 through 4;75
KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFOKIATION Figure.......
4 4-79
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8 EhtwQsswvng
~ap Enhbs8gaenb2 O~
SPeC tISOA NW25 lpga@.
@ m Isll
~Qr any@ 'ene nttI2ftu hW2 Ansch4%
rnogtchiieit ll'trtait alii Ro-se ichor
&hnancier PK 2m<
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Lanpe Ent astunpsrohr o bs oag+1mm
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,GKM-tootVersuchsstand-CRH Stand (SEE NEXT PACE FOR EE>) Bild 3 Figure 3 e-80
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KEY FOR FIGURE 3
- 1. i(ster injection
- 2. pipe blanking disk
- 3. Signal line, *2 20 kg/cm (gauge)
- 4. Signal line, 100 kg/cm 2 (gauge)
S. Steam header, 20 kg/cm 2 (gauge)
- 6. Repair gate valve
- 7. Drain
- 8. Relief valve
'9 Vent, inside diameter
~
Q$ mm
- 10. Connection capability for air
- 11. +~sea inside diameter
- 12. Long relief pipe from ~ to ~ ++essa 13 'epending on test condition (several struts)
aside dim Yi
~a lu upper roe of perfora collar p I
/yi Dorstellung von Diise und Entlostungsrohr zur Ermittlung des eingesohtossenen Luftvotumens Zllustration of quencher and relief pipe'to detersLine g j(d 5 the enclosed volume of air tiqure 5 e-8)
KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFOMIATION F3 gute ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~
6 ]g 4-84 4-.100
In i$ jb hP tl mm ii~-~e~~ -. 1 hP ff nvn hP-41 mm b
hP 5t mm
-~Q hP 40 mm hP ll nm hP Pt nvn hP II nrn
'Ig AP 5 Vent oleariny test vith perforated I pipe version 5
~st ~. lii.iLLLLLLL1 Valve opening tines Qj+
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V Id Vent olearlny teat with pertorated pl+ version S Id V st- no;-lnd%%%%%%%%
Valv ~nine tl~s i++++~%%%%4
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KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFOK4ATION Figure 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0
]3 18 4-104 4-114
axaanclature m ~eig Central Rover Plant'~
Suhmeryaece
~ Hase floe density, relative<to cross-4i section of relief pipe And.-Versuch ~ Condensation test
~ Sero poist
~ Preliminary test
~ Pressure eeppression system I-Vant il ~ Relief salve
~ .~
[1( NolLtor, CrCbener Nixed condensatLon Ln Qe conventional technique and tes't progranI for specific application Ln the pressure suppre ~
sion systen AEG E 3 2615> Novenber 1972 Slegeri, Sacker, SLeglovskL, Novotny, Qllricb Loads and,load reductions Ln the pressure suppression
~ ysten of the KKS, KKP 1 and KKK plants AEG E 3 2595
[3[ Serndt, proyer, Sacker, Schall, Vaida, trenkel Condensation tests Ln GKN with singl ~ pipe AEG E 3 230lg August 1972
)di Schnabel, Sacker Air oscillations during sant clearing vith single and double pipe AEG E 3 2327, August 1972
) 5I Slegers~ Nolitor, Soffaan Outlet yeaeetries for the pressure relief pipes Ln the boiling @Star reactors first develop%ant results AEG E 3 2665g Oecsssber 1972 (SJ Nelchior, Nerner Tests on RLRed condensation vith Nodal Ipleachers KNV E 3 2593g Nay 1973 6 116
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