ML19284A747
| ML19284A747 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Susquehanna  |
| Issue date: | 08/01/1977 |
| From: | Hoffman, Schmid PENNSYLVANIA POWER & LIGHT CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML17138A531 | List: |
| References | |
| R521-40-77, NUDOCS 7903150360 | |
| Download: ML19284A747 (63) | |
Text
Y PROPRIETARY INFORMATION This document has been made NON-PROPRIETARY by the deletion of that information which was classified as PROPRIETARY by KRAFTWERK UNION AG (KWU).
The PROPRIETARY information deletions are so noted throughout the report where indicated by a)
Use of the term KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION.
b)
Use of blocked out areas by cross hatch bands in the report text and figures / tables, e.g.
i)
" with a mats flow density of k%T Kg/n2s... ";
ii)
%%W mm iii)
" should be kept below
.atm."
- ")
VAE
=
8/17/78 77ol<r%3co
s Topic:
Working Report R 521/40/77 BrunsbGttel nuclear power Nu::c er plant I.ist of test parameters and Karlstein, 1 August 1977 sost important measurement Place, date results of the non-nuclear hot tests with the pressure Hoffmann R 521 337 relief system Schmid R 521 328 Authors Dept.
Tel.
Re fe rence :
KKB 2
/s/
Class Signature / Classifier R 521-Eff/1551-140 114 File no.
Su::=ary :
This report contains a su==ary of the most important measurement results cf the non-nuclear hot tests with the pressure relief system in the BrunsbGttel nuclear power plant (KKB).
The results are presented in the form of Tables and graphs.
The content of those documents are briefly described. In particular, the following subjects are discussed:
- test parameters
- pressure load on the structures of the suppression chamber
- loads on the structures of the pressure relief system.
A complete compilation of the instrumentation diagrams is not included. Reference is made to the Test Specification
/1/ for them.
The designations used for measurement points in this report correspond to that Test Specification.
/s/
/s/
/s/
/s/
Countersigned Author's 8
t Witt Dr. Becker g gfm Schmid Distribution list ( z. K. " = Su:nmary for in f o only ! ) :
3 x R 142 R1 1 x RT 14 R14 1 x R 52 R5 s.K.
4 x R 521 RS22 RS23 Kraftwerk Union 14-1
Brief description of contents
- 1. Abbreviations used 9*.FA D EOSllsh DAS PSS Pressure suppression system DES PRS Pressure relief system HV MV Main valve KK SC Suppression chamber KKB KKB Brunsbuttel nuclear power pla.:
max.
max.
maximc.
RDB RPV Reactor pressure vessel rel.
rel.
relative SEV SRV Safety / relief valve (= 4 MV)
W PV Pilot valve PD fD pWm 14-2
g_
.,e s*
b y
r.
y~
~
- 2. Introduction In accordance with the goals set in the Test Specification /1/,
primary emphasis in the KKB non-nuclear hot test was on pre-operational testing of
- the behavior of the cceponents of the pressure relief system and
- the magnitude and distribution of pressures in the suppression chamber.
- c The test results relevant to these su$jects are discussed separately in the following Sections. Comments are made only
?y when necessary to understand the Tables and Figures.
c,
- 3. Test parameters
^
We shall dispense here with a detailed description of the test "d
s arrangement and instrumentation, which are reported upon at o
length in /1/.
The overall arrangement of the pressure relief system inside the pressure suppression system is shown in Fig. 1.
The arrange-ment of the 7 SRV in the suppression chamber is shown in Fig.' 2.
The three blowdown quenchers A, B and C, with which the blowdown tests were performed, are en the 135' (A), 105* (D) and 35' (C) meridians.
The most important measurement transmitters for evaluating the l
I pressure relief system and their exact positions can be seen in.
Figs. 3-5.
Fig. 3 is an enlarged section of the suppression l
t chamber with the blowdown quenchers A, B and C and dhe positions I
of the pressure transducers.
Fig. 4 shows the arrangement of a
the pressure transducers in the meridian cross-section.
Fig. 5 14-3
.,1 1
shoss the pressure relief system with blowdown quencher B on the 105* meridian, on which most of the blowdown tests are concentra t ed.
For further identification of the measurement transmitters and their positions, we refer here once again to the Test Specification /1/.
A complete list of the test parameters is given in Tables 1-7 They include the relevant parameters for the blowdown tests:
- blowing SRV and quenchers (r.ain valves),
- control medium (P,
= nitrogen, - = steam),
- time between actuation of the control module on the control panel (tBE
- initial pressure in RPV (PArel)'
- final overpressure in RPV (PErel}'
- liquid level in RPV before switching off the axial-flow pumps (Hvor)'
- number of axial pumps actuated (A
-P),p
- initial liquid level in RPV (H ),
g
- max. liquid level in RPV during valve opening (Hmax}'
- final liquid level in RPV (H
),
g
- liquid level in RPV af ter connecting the axial-flow pumps NACH
- condition in blowdown pipe before the test CC = clean conditions yes = aerated no = not aerated pool tamperature before beginning of test (T ).
g 14-4
a..
- 4. Icad on the structures of the suppression charber The pressure values indicated in Tables 8 - 27 represent maxime values of the measured dynamic pressures during the vent clearing phase.
The following subdivision was made:
- Pressures in 135' meridian in Tables 8 - 12
- Pressures in 105' meridian in Tables 13 - 17
- Pressures on periphery of conical botton in Tables 18 - 22,
- Pressures on periphery of spherical shell in Tables 23 - 27.
To clarify the pressure distribution in the meridian cross-section at 135*, Fig. 6 shows as a representative example the distribution measured in vent clearing test no. 8 with quencher A at a reactor pressure of ca. 70 bar.
The raasured maximum values of the pressure amplitudes decrease approximately in proportion to the distance from the quencher.
This results in a distinctly reduced load on the spherical shell in comparison to the Specification values.
In addition, the absolute maxim = values measured by individual pressure transducers in all blowdown tests are entered in Fig. 6.
In Tables 18 - 22 for the sneasured pressures on the periphery of the conical bottom, pressure transducers DA 3 and DA 13 were recorded add.tionally and considered together with DA 4 and DA 14 as " unit *, i.e., as the pressure under the quencher.
Tables 28 - 32 contain the corresponding normalised values of 14-5
\\
the positive dynamic pressure amplitudes at the individual mea suramen t points. The normalization was made to the maximum value of DA 4 ( 3) and DA 14 (13). The max. positive pressure amplitudes themselves are indicated in the column " p
~
ux' The normalized values are listed separately in Table,33 for,the 16 tests having the highest positive pressure amplitudes at the conical bottom, namely % % % % % % % %1 For ecmparison, the specified values are listed too.
Table 34 shows as the result a co=parison of the specified values with the scatter band determined from the 16 tests mentioned above.
Figure 7 represents the norralized pressure distribution in the circum-ferential direction.
It also confirms the validity of the 1/R law.
- 5. Icad on the structures of the relief system The strains and deflections indicated in Tables 35 - 40 repre-the maximum values measured during the vent clearing phases.
sent This compilation is oriented toward the measurement points DS 26/27 on the cladding tube struts.
It includes all tests in which those measurement points were applied.
In particular, Tables 35 - 40 contain the measured dynamic strains and deflections of cladding tube, blowdown pipe, perforated-pipe quencher, bottom mount and cladding-tube struts.
The strains measured at the measurement fin welded to the inner cylinder are also indicated. For correlation purposes, the strain of the inner cylinder above the sandwich reinforcement 14-6
and also the deflection of the conical bottom below the quencher are indicated too.
The strains and deflections indicated in Tables 41 - 46 likewise represent maximu= measured values from the vant clearing phases.
In contrast to Tables 35 - 40, this list is oriented toward the measurement points DS 42/4 3 on one of the quencher ar=s.
It encompasses all testa in which those measurement points were applied.
In particular, Tables 41 - 46 contain the measured dynamic strains and deflections of the blowdown pipe and perforated-pipe quencher.
For correlation purposes, the vent clearing pressure and max. bottom pressure are also shown.
These results are analyzed and interpreted thorour'.'y in /2/.
- 6. References
/1/ KF2 Specification for the blowdown tests in the non-nuclear hot test Revision 1 of 4 October 1974.
/2/ Analysis of the loais zneasured on the relief system in the KKB non-nuclear hot test Technical Report KWU/R ll/R 31 - 3346 14-7
? 3 I
' '. Date Liquid level Tia*
V*1'*
l[
Pree m e (m)
FUllstand (n)
T l.1 'Datira
- e.ch Ventil K2 So Druck (14r II An-H H
H H
K He6' D.rzsit pr.
My St bef (s)
F(
PE vor Pp.
A EX E
NACH CC (*C) gruppe Bemerkungen menerke
- 20.10.
8
- ' 13.46 1 l5 1
10 20,17 19,4 12,3 7
12,5 ja 32 E
l*
ye8
( 20.10.
l
' 21.00 2.., A 1
70 19,83 ly,7et,12,0 7
12,3 13,2 ja 34 D
l 20.10
[
22.15 2a gA I
- j 70 20,03 19.01 12,0 7
12,2 13,3 ja 34 D
' 21.10.
10.59 3
A 1
10 45,17 43,4 12,0 6
12,3 13,4 ja 32 D
i 21.10.
\\l!!6.44 4
5 1
10 45,31 43,8Cl12,2 6
12,4 13,5 ja 35 E
l st '!21.10 p.17.44 4a l B
2 10 45,18 43,31 12,3 6
12,5 13,6 ja 35 E
~22.10 l
{
. '18.14 5
B 1
10 69,99 66,81 12,0 2
12,2 13,1 ja 34 E
E
. e 22.10 In
'p'19.22 Sa B
2 10 70,0 66,4 11,8 2
12,1 13,7 jq 34 E
g ;..
l
. 23.10.
I
{fl.04 6
B 2
10 70,36 67,51 12,2 2
12,4 12,9 ja 35 S
relier pipe 0.2 bar overpressure in
'f23.10.
1 0.2 bar overpressure in 2.00 y
.B 2
10 70,15' 66,99 11,8 3
12,1 12,5 ja 37 D
retter pipe
}. g 24.10.
I First clearing with extended 8.33 8a
'A 2
10 70,13 67,57 12,8 4
13,0 13,6
,ja 35 D
control line
'.. 24.10.
4 1
9.53 la 1
10 70,09 67,45 12,2 3
12,5 12,8 ja 35 D
Instead of pilot roller valve, the pliot safety valve was actuated j e {,.0 '
p,h.
l p 14.10.
i P,13.21 9
IA+B 2+2 5
71,00 67,75 12,3 3
12,5 13,3 ja 36 E
taneously, because lirt magnete nain valves have not opened simul.
... ?
{
l d
l,'
I O
actuated at valve 2 2.
l g
I e
uh.
L
- ef
,!~4
Date Test Time no.
- .}.
Yor-I valve s.
Liquid lovel Pressure (m)
Ft111stend (m)
T Jr up
. Datts such' Ventil X2 Se Druck (bar II An-II II H
H K
He8-Resorts l'or,, l
{ 3r: cit Nr.
NT St (s)
P( P(
vor rp.
A MAI E
MACll CC (*C) r,ruppe Bemerkungen
\\*[-
24.10 I
..f =
17.31 9e lA+B 2+2 yes Repetition of test 9, all 5
71,77 67,46 12,2 I
12,4 13,1 12,8 ja 35 E
control valves opened with i(
1 1 lifting sognet each 25.10.
{
8.14 IU sharp movenient of relief line, e
2 10 73,94 71,09 12,2 2
12,5 12,7 12,0 ja 35 E
probably caused by water l
,1 25.10 l'
{,
- 13. 35 11 iA+C 2+2 5
70,12 67,58 12,4 4
12,6 13,5 12.1 ja 35 E
valve C has no air connection 25.10.
16.32 12 A+8 2+2 5
70,19 6 7,24 12,7 4
12,8 13,5 ja 35 E
25.10.
13 s
I 67 22 70,50 69,74 12,5 12,8 ja 33 E
h
- l, g
25.10 14 Is I
73 2
71 1
ja 33 E
I'2&l0.
I 15 a
2 75 2
71,01 ja 33 E
T
= 23,8'c f,[{*26.10 Dsu i a 2
60 70 60 12,3 4
12,6 13,8 12,1 11,8 ja D 39 5
16
- s..
l
{., 26.10..
,, i a 2
75 2
71,04 69,5s 12,3 4
12,5 12,7 12,6 ja 33 s
}
26.10..
j g.
A 2
2 70,23 69,29 12,2 4
12,4 12,7 n"Eir 34 l
5 8
26.10.
2 70,06 l69,12 12,2 4
12,5 12,7 35 S
g, A
2 I
, " 27.10 20 L Y**
jy3.56
[a 2
2 70,00 68,98 12,9 4
13,1 13;3 ja 61 N
' 2 7 sto.
g I'tr i' 10.2 7 21 s
1 2
70,03 68,90 12,8 4
13,1 13,3 ja 62 N
T
= 22,5.C 10.27 y[l:
Dsw 2,.10..
l o 'a so:
- 10.3o 12 8
2 2
69,11 68,45 13,1 0
13,1 13,3 facir
- p 62 N
riectrie boiler on
,h,..*a
ys
- Date Test
- k'. Time
. rio.
Liquid level pleas
!$* oat..
l,Se pr.seur.
(=)
Fallstand (c) l T
9 roe
'*"~
tnirs el t Ventil
, 88 2 Druct. (tiar 11 Ax-
' 11 Il 11 11 8
K tic S-Reserk s each vor Pp.
A HAX E
MACH CC ('C),gruppe Remerkungen i-NY St ba[g (S)
P P(
27.10 no 10.34 23 5
2 2
68.50 67,84 13,1 0
13,1 13,2 netr 63 N
27.10 l
,*4 10.37 R
2 2
67,84 67,23 13,1 0
13,1 13.2 63 N
!7.10 lo. f.3 25 8
2 2
67,21 66,45 13,0 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
[1.10-10.52 - 12.00, 10.49 26 5
2 2
66,40 65,44 13,0 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
4 axial-flow p m + E boiler
,g, (stage 91 on
- "' 07.10
'yes
{
12.oo 27 5
2 2
65,33 64,21 12,9 4
13,1 13,2 ja 63 N
j a,
27.80 no
[:i 12.o6 2
64,18 63,24 0
13,0 13,2 pein 63 If 28 5
2 y
?
11.10 29 8
2 2
63,33 62,60 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
( 12.10 o
i
- 27.30 cuntrol-panel recorders
" MAX"'"j"3]hreiber 12.12 30 5
2 2
62,69 61,92 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
27.10
'l 4 12.22 31 B
2 2
61,87 60,81 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
v y 7 77.30 12.25 - 14.30:
g i 12.23 32 5
2 2
60,84 59,70 0
13,0 13,1 63 N
4 axial-flow pumpe + E butter b17.10 14.31 33 2
65,35 13,0 4
13,2 13,4
((3 63 M
l 5
2 j h,,...
no 34 8
2 2
64,05 0
13,4 13,6 icin 63 N
5 e after 33 m'
, g-35 8
2 2
63,40 0
13,4 13,*7 63 N
10 e after 34 f kb e T
5 2
2 62,70 0
13,4 13,6 364 N
15 e after 35 y,,
4 antal-flow pumps + E boiler Il 14.43 - 15.57 l,,,. '
5
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e
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~=
14-11
Test Liquid levet neas.
. j..{
o -
m.~e c.,
m istan8 <.3
..o.,
t
[': 'Darva Ventil
,K2
,Se Druck (Bar M
Ar-H H
H H
K MeS-steuerks y,,,
St her (s)
F
?
vor Pp.
A HAI E
NACH CC ('C) gruppe Beocrkunr,en 1.hrzelt lny i
i no is,oo 27.10.
l s
3'03" 44,55 29,9' O.
12,8 13,7 13,0 11,8 net 72 N
4 antal-flow pumps + t botter on
- 17. 5 t.
52 5
2 i
l i
27.10.
{
2 29,76 29,0 12,7 4
13,0 13,1 v 70 N
.i 19.31 3
2
'21.10.
after 3
2 2
29,29 28,7d 0
13,0 13,1 lN 5 e nach 53 54 l
I i
55 8
2 2
29.03 28,4 0
13,1 13,1 N
10 e $NUSy 8
2 30 28,98 27.,3 0
13,1 14,0 w 71 N
15 e n'ac5'55 i-56 l
l 6
j-27.10.
57 19.38: 4 antal-flow pumpe a
l'44" 27,82 22,91 0
13,0 13,8 N
+ E boiler on 19.35 3
2 p{-b l
g'4j27.10 q
2'l5' 23,05 12,6 4
13,0 13,9 3 74 N
h
,,20.15 Sit B
2 r
6 valve c on both valves closed l
- !, {g.
B*C 2x2
,1 19 18,51 13,6 14,0 N
6 beginning at 19 bar due to H = 14.0 m
[
gI ;* *
{[.
s 1.27.10.*
j
-)
2'16' 19.05 0
12.6 13,3 N
l
'[f20.25 59 3
2 e.
14,0(
13,0 13,7 13,0 12,2 M
3.
B*C 22
. g. 4.,,
73 t
,,' : 2 8.10.
3 2
2 13,78 13.1:
12,4 3
12,6 12,6 x
g9.43 60 1
,3 5 s Ecc*h 60 61 5
2 2
13.54,13.21 12,6 12.t5 N
74 auer f,f 2
13,44 l 13,02 12,6 12,6 N
10 e re.c'n M e,
62 l 8 2
gj h
.i.
il:l.3.'f n
.j'
- .5 i
.I Date Test Liquid level Tisse no.
j T
group
,Iteas.
valve Pressure (m)
TUIIstand (m) p :2 Be Druck (Nar 11 Au-II II 11 K
Mc6-menerks Daten T*'"
bar,l HAXl H Ventil 1
l.
,'"*h L'hr:e l t Ny St (s)
P.( F(
vor Pp.
A E
NACll CC (*C) gruppe Bemerkungen 2 8.10.,,
63 5
2
-] l 13,39 12,04 0
12,6 12,8 12,6 icin N
15 e nach 62 no 73 a f ter 77 B+A 2x2
- b 8'50" 12.04 10.00 12,6 13,0 12,6 N
valve A open from l'42" to i
3'36" i
e I
B 2
10,00 8,0')
12,6 11,8 N
After countdown
' l.
28.10.
I.
11.13 64 3
2
]
75 l
2 8,47 8,Il 12,1 3
12,3 12,4 76 N
DSW " 'O.
i' 65 a
2 2
8,34 8,09 12,5 12,5 N
5 s n[cY (,e
,l 66 8
2 2
8,31 8.03 12,5 12,5 N
10 e nach s.9 arter
',l '
67 3
2 8,29 7,06 12,5 12,5 12,4 N
15 s nach 66 arter
(!:'
07" 1.35 12,4 12,5 12,5 N
B+C 2x2
)
7,06 6
11.38 68 8'C 2x2 7'47" 6,80 4,01 12,3 0
12,3 12,5 12,0 O 4 29,10
'A 1 11.03 69 3
2 2
45,82 44,6 4
14,5 35 N
f i
e i
' {-
70 5
2 l
2 45,22,44,53 35 N
71 8
2 2
44,9 l44,27 35 N
72 E
2 2
44,73 44.1
-4 35 N
g7,
73 3
2 g
35 l N
2 44,6 43,87 m
19$
g, l'
l
- h. 3-
- ' Date Test Time no.
Liquid level 4eas.
,,,. _ 4 Pressure (a)
Fallstand (a)
T group Datus Ventti
,N2
,Be Druck (l>ar 11 Ax-X 11 H
H K
Heo-menarks le evch y,.,
NY St ba[g (s)
P P
vor Pp.
- A NAX E
NACH CC
(*C) gruppe Bemerkungen t?cacit m
30.10.
Miythm 3.42 74 l B 2
2 69,74 6 8,11 13,4 4
13,7 13,9 netr 34 N
10-5-10-10-15 e I" Ad I" I 1" * * *" I "
75 B
2 2
69,01 68,55 13,8 14,0 34 K
chast>er was ca.15 cm below l
normal at beginning 68,60 67.84 I 14.1 I4,15 34 H
B 2
- l2 l
76 1
7; a
2 2
68,18 67,51 14.13 14,2 34 N
f.
I 2
67,77 G7,05 14.1 14,15 13,5 34 N
8 2
78 j y9 l A.B 2r2 2
69,64 67,32 13,7 4
13,8 14,0 35 N
II.oS 80 A+3 2x2 2
67.48 65.62 14,0 14.4 35 N
I p ;.
f, , j ':
81 A+8 22 2
65,77 63,75 13,8 13,9 35 N
=
y :.
'; A+5 2x2 2
64,05 G2,02 13,6 13,7 13,6 35 N
gi ls, 82 P
l p {'!,14.49 83 A
2 I'l2' 64.39 53,99 14,4 5
14,5 15,4 15 13,7 36 N
Liquid level was read orr every 10 e ll.'-
a 2'l9' 14,2 82,0 13,2 6
13,5 I4.0 37 N
j 22.lo 64 l 3
2 4 ' l4' 12,0 to,0 13,5 i3,9 N
y(,
a+A 2
I I l ha 9'47' 10,0 4,0 13,4 13,9 12,8 12,7 42 N
2 u-4 85 8+C 2x2 10'50 7,77 4,0 I 12,4 6
12,4
13,3 12,4 12,4 45 N
r..'.'
22.44
.g-
.9,
4! ?.
en: :
KRAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION Table..,, 8,,through 46 14-15 through 54
M
- 1. Eafety/ relief valve 3.
Protective tube
- 2. Fitting with orifice plate 6.
Slowdown pipe
- 3. Raetraining structure 7.
- 4. Connection for enif ter valve Perforated-pipe quencher 8.
Bottoe mount (total of 2)
Ent!c s tene s- / Sicherheit s -
ventil
-+ 27,200 y
(C Formstuck rnit Rehrblende a
te (g) Einscennkenstruktion
[Q) Anschlull fur SchnUfh!ventil E
(insgesamt 2 Stuck i y> s /y
- ;,;r ",
Senutzrohr
' '.g P
g x
6 Abbic serehr WS?;NlN/
g 4
/
_ 1945 2000
_20,000
+
xv w
a
+18,89 0 o
( w in
@ I.ochrehrdUse
+14,915 WP (T) Beeenhelterun; W
4 M
c O
r w,
J 1
KKB Pressure Islief sy~ stem Figure 1 14-55
to
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1
- 1. Concrete-free zone under cone
- 2. Concrete-free
.c:'
- 3. Measurement fin
- 4. Steel support
- 5. Concrete column K KB-HeiGtest. A bblo seversuche
- Anordnung der AbblasedUsen in der Kondensationskommer
~
~
KKB hot test, blowdown tests Arrangement of blowdown quenchers Bit 2
in the suppression chamber
. Figure".2
~
14-56
KKB relief valve tests Pressure and temperature measurement points
~
?'[KKB-Entlastungsventiltons
.p%,... '. f -
_ _ Oruck und Tempvaturmeastenen s
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- 1. Concrete-t i N
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- 2. Measuremeny k
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- 3. Concrete f column r
- 4. Steel f
support 3
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Figure 3" 14-57
_. _ ~.
e>
_I*19_9fm M
1
_t 417750m gat 2 711 i
17666m Ud 7 _._T Measurement
' fin l*
X
}Icikkpe
. T 10~ -
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-1
~ 17m o,, x M
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o +195 y g,,g,,,
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=
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+ TUB 8_m N
T6
\\ 04 9/10/
17/19 0
7 Pressure sieasurement points m
3 s\\s Ortekmensletten J-Temperaturmeosfellen cut T7
- g Meridian 105*touner~ T13)
Y ~.
Temp. meas.
1
/- 'E*---
points on 105* meridian 6
z
- O-(except T 13) i e
' t-
~
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ce t g _ _ _ _ p.g f"tJ
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, *s tss tr o f!1A d,r.ti P,)- -
m V*c>7'cJ cs m a *
- r u.9 snitter valve (in cire. diree-
- * * ' ~ ~ ~
gy
-}
tion 120')
i oswzstesn i
i v
.. i Cs10!'1S *1 C$2 Sis 229
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KKB - Heif3 test -A bbloseversuche KK2 hot test Blowthwn tests gugesg
7' '
.......,.... c....r..T.. ~": 'e%..
.m a
.. ~ ~
i e
o s
9 e
o ERAFTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 6
Figure...,,,,
14-60
9 f
e e
m FJUTTWERK UNION AG PROPRIETARY INFORIiATION I
l s
9 9
Figure. 7.....
14-61
~
9