ML072060561
| ML072060561 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 01/01/1989 |
| From: | Buckley J, Moran D Univ of Massachusetts - Amherst, US Dept of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, US Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835 | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML072060321 | List:
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| References | |
| TR EL-82-4 82(11.87) | |
| Download: ML072060561 (21) | |
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Coastal Ecology Group Fish and-Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Biological Report 82(11.87)
TR EL-82-4 January 1989 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (North Atlantic)
WINTER FLOUNDER by Jack Buckley Massachusetts Cooperative Fishery Research Unit Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA 01003 Project Officer David Moran U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Research Center 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 Performed for Coastal Ecology Group Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, MS .39180 and U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research and Development National Wetlands Research Center Washington, DC 20240
This series may be referenced as follows:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983-19 . Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4.
This profile may be cited as follows:
Buckley, J. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental require-ments of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic)--winter flounder.
U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.87). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. 12 pp.
PREFACE This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three-ring binder is used for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared.
This project is jointly planned and financed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to one of the following addresses.
Information Transfer Specialist National Wetlands Research Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 or U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Attention: WESER-C Post Office Box 631 Vicksburg, MS 39180 iii
CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S. Customary Multiply BY To Obtain millimeters (mm) 0.03937 inches centimeters (cm) 0.3937 inches meters (m) 3.281 feet meters (m) 0.5468 fathoms kilometers (km) 0.6214 statute miles kilometers (km) 0.5396 nautical miles square meters (m 2 ) 10.76 square feet square kilometers (km2 ) 0.3861 square miles hectares (ha) 2.471 acres liters (1) 0.2642 gallons 3
cubic meters (m ) 35.31 cubic feet 3
cubic meters (m ) 0.0008110 acre-feet milligrams (mg) 0.00003527 ounces grams (g) 0.03527 ounces kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds metric tons (t) 2205.0 pounds metric tons (t) 1.102 short tons 3.968 kilocalories (kcal) British thermal units Celsius degrees ('C) 1.8( 0 C) + 32 Fahrenheit degrees U.S. Customary to Metric inches 25.40 millimeters inches 2.54 centimeters feet (ft) 0.3048 meters fathoms 1.829 meters statute miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers nautical miles (nmi) 1.852 kilometers 2
square feet (ft ) 0.0929 square meters square miles (mi 2 ) 2.590 square kilometers acres 0.4047 hectares gallons (gal). 3. 785 liters 3
cubic feet (ft ) 0.02831 cubic meters acre-feet 1233.0 cubic meters ounces (oz) 28350.0 milligrams ounces (oz) 28.35 grams pounds (Ib) 0.4536 kilograms pounds (Ib) 0.00045 metric tons short tons (ton) 0.9072 metric tons British thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 kilocalories Fahrenheit degrees (OF) 0.5556 (OF - 32) Celsius degrees iv
CONTENTS Page PREFACE .. TABL.. ............................ ............ ............ ..... v CONVERSION TABLE ......................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE ............................................... 1 MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS ............................................. 1 SEPARATION FROM OTHER RIGHT-EYED FLATFISHES ............................... 3 REASONS FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES ........................................... 3 LIFE HISTORY .............................................................. 3 Spawning ................................................................. 3 Eggs ..... ............................................................... 4 Larvae .................................................................. 4 Juveniles ...................................................... 4 Adults .................................................................. 4 GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS .................................................... 5 Growth Rate ............................................................. 5 Length-Weight Relationships .............................................. 5 THE FISHERY ............................................................... 5 Commercial and Recreational .............................................. 5 Population Dynamics ..................................................... 6 ECOLOGICAL ROLE ........................................................... 6 Food Habits .............. ...............................................
I 6 Feeding Behavior ........................................................ 7 Competition ............................................................. 7 Predators ............................................................... 7 Parasites ............................................................... 7 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................ 8 Water Temperature ........................................................ 8 Salinity ................................................................ 8 Contaminants ............................................................ 8 Disease ................................................................. 8 LITERATURE CITED .......................................................... 9 v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for reviews by Wendy Gabriel, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Arnold Howe, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Sandwich, Massachusetts.
vi
Figure 1. Winter flounder.
WINTER FLOUNDER NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS Scientific name . . .. Pseudopleuro- The winter flounder, one of the nectes americanus (Walbaum) right-eyed flounders, is oval-shaped Preferred common name . . .. Winter and thick-bodied; the caudal fin and flounder (Figure 1) peduncle are broader than those of Other common names ....... Blackback other North Atlantic flounders. The flounder, lemon sole, black flounder anal fin is highest at its midpoint Class ..... .......... Osteichthyes and is preceded by a short sharp Order ........ Pleuronectiformes spine. The dorsal fin (60-76 rays)
Family ......... Pleuronectidae originates opposite the anterior edge of the eye, and is about equal in Geographic range: Winter flounder are height along its length. The mouth is found primarily in estuarine and small, not gaping to the eye. The coastal waters along the Atlantic left (under) half of the jaw is armed coast of North America from with a series of close-set incisors; Newfoundland to Georgia (Leim and the right (upper) half has only a few Scott 1966), except for off-shore teeth.
populations on Georges Bank and Nantucket Shoal (Figure 2; Bigelow The winter flounder, like other and Schroeder 1953). flatfishes, varies in color, depending 1
/ CANADA
/ MAINE JI CL.
PORTLAND
'U z
ATLANTIC OCEAJ v Coastal distribution MILES 0 so 100 0 so 100 KILOMETERS GEORGES BANK Figure 2. Distribution of winter flounder in the North Atlantic.
2
largely on the color of the surround- LIFE HISTORY ing substrate. Most adults tend to be reddish brown, olive-green, or Spawning blackish. Smaller fish generally are paler than larger fish. The The winter flounder spawns in coast-blind side is.white and, toward the al waters as early as December in the edge, translucent or occasionally Southern United States and as late as yellowish. June in Canada. Typically, eggs are deposited over a sandy substrate at depths of 2 to 80 m (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
SEPARATION FROM OTHER RIGHT-EYED FLATFISHES Most spawning takes place at salin-ities of 31 to 32.5 ppt in inshore Compared with the yellowtail floun- waters, and on Nantucket Shoal and der, Limanda ferruginea, the winter Georges Bank at slightly higher salin-flounder has a.much straighter lateral ities (32.7 to 33 ppt, respectively; line, a less concave dorsal head pro- Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Water file, and fewer fin rays. temperature during spawning is usually between 0 and 3 'C but may be as high as 6 'C (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
The winter flounder lacks the mucous The winter flounder spawns at slightly pits that are conspicuous on the left higher temperatures on Georges Bank (blind) side of the head of the witch than in inshore waters (Lux et al.
flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus); 1970).
it also has three times as many dorsal rays as the witch flounder.
The stage of maturity of the winter flounder is largely governed by size The scales between the eyes are rather than age. Flounders grow smooth in the smooth flounder (Liop- faster and mature at a younger age in setta putnami), but rough in the win- the south than in the north. In New-ter flounder. Between the two, the foundland, males mature at age VI and winter flounder also has the greater females at age VII (Kennedy and Steele number of anal fin rays. 1971); in New York, winter flounder-mature at age II or III (Perlmutter 1947).
Several morphological characteris-tics that distinguish larvae of winter The fecundity of winter flounder flounder from' those of the other reported by Bigelow and Schroeder flounders common in the western north (1953) ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 million Atlantic were given by La Roche eggs per female. Saila (1961)
(1980). reported that in Rhode Island waters 193,000 eggs were produced by a fish 249 mm total length (TL) and 1.34 mil-REASONS FOR INCLUSION IN THE SERIES lion by a fish 428 mm TL. In the Weweantic Estuary in Massachusetts, By virtue of its abundance in estua- numbers of eggs ranged from 435,000 rine and nearshore waters, the winter for a fish 350 mm TL to 3.3 million flounder is one of the most important for a fish 450 mm TL (Topp 1967).
commercial and sport fishes in the In Newfoundland, Kennedy and Steele Northeastern United States. In (1971) reported a fecundity range Massachusetts, it is considered a from 99,000 eggs for a. fish 220 mm major contributor to the commercial TL to 2.6 million for a fish 440 mm and sport fisheries (Pierce and Howe TL (mean = 0.59 million eggs. at 1977). a mean length of 340 mm. TL). The 3
following equations for estimating pigment cells dividing the postanal fecundity on the basis of weight have portion of the body. At a water tem-been published: perature of 3.9 0 C the larvae were about 5 mm TL, and the yolk sac was log F = 2.3894 + 1.2403 log W absorbed in 12 to 14 days. La Roche (Kennedy and Steele 1971) (1980) provides a detailed description of larval development.
log F = 0.0697 + 1.0659 log W (Topp 1967) Winter flounder undergo a rapid metamorphosis at a much smaller size log F = 2.6712 + 1.1383 log W than other flatfishes of the North (Saila 1961) Atlantic region (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Their metamorphosis is com-where F = fecundity in thousands of plete when the larvae are 8 to 9 mm TL eggs and W = total weight in grams. (Laurence 1975); this transformation took 80 days at a water temperature of 5 0 C and 49 days at 8 *C. No metamor-phosis was evident at 2 'C (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
Winter flounder eggs are demersal, adhesive, and 0.74 to 0.85 mm in diam- In aquaria, winter flounder larvae eter (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). engage in upward swimming bouts and They have no oil globule when depos- then sink to the bottom where they ited, but acquire one later (Breder remain for a short time (Sullivan 1924). Incubation time Was 15 to 18 1915; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).
days at 2.8 to 3.3 0 C (Bigelow and The larvae of other flatfish species Schroeder 1953), 25 days at 3 0 C, and are more pelagic. Winter flounder 7 days at 12 to 14 'C (Rogers 1976). larvae are continuous, visual, day-Incubation time was inversely related light feeders that cease feeding at to water temperature and salinity night (Laurence 1977).
(Rogers 1976).
Juveniles Winter flounder eggs seem to be most abundant in water with a salinity of After metamorphosis, winter flounder 10 to 30 ppt; at salinities below 5 are benthic and seldom lose contact ppt or above 40 ppt, some embryos sur- with the substrate. Most juveniles vive, but are usually deformed (Rogers spend much of their first 2 years in 1976). The optimal salinity for egg or near shallow natal waters, where survival is 15 to 35 ppt. they move in response to' extreme heat or cold (Topp 1967). After meta-Many embryos become inviable or ab- morphosis, the juveniles prefer a sub-normal at temperatures below freezing strate of sand or sand and silt
(-1.8 to 0 'C) and temperatures above (Clayton et al. 1978). Older juve-10 *C (Williams 1975). The optimum niles in estuaries gradually move sea-water temperature range for survival ward as they grow larger (Mulkana is 0 to 10 'C (Williams 1975). 1966).
Larvae Adults In studies by Bigelow and Schroeder The seasonal movements of winter (1953) and La Roche (1980), winter flounder differ between populations flounder larvae were 2.4 to 3.5 mm TL north and south of Cape Cod. A 5-year at the time of hatching. A major tagging study by Howe and Coates characteristic of the newly hatched (1975) showed that winter flounder larvae was the broad vertical band of north of Cape Cod moved about only 4
locally in inshore waters, while those the sexes are similar (Kennedy and south of Cape Cod dispersed more than Steele 1971).
3 mi offshore in a southwesterly direction. Adults from Martha's Vine- The growth rate also differs between yard and coastal populations from fish from areas relatively close geo-south of Cape Cod mixed in Nantucket graphically. Lengths of flounder at Sound (Pierce and Howe 1977). the same age were significantly dif-ferent among certain bays on Long Is-Water temperature seems to be the land (Lobell 1939; Poole 1966).
most important environmental factor Flounder grow to a larger size in the determining seasonal distribution Georges Bank population than in in-(McCracken 1963). In Rhode Island, shore populations (Bigelow and adult winter flounder lived in cooler Schroeder 1953). According to Berry offshore waters during summer and in et al. (1965), there is no typical shallow inshore waters in winter and growth rate for the winter flounder early spring (Saila 1961). In New- because the populations may be exposed foundland, winter flounder remained in to different rates of exploitation or shallow water during summer as long as live under different environmental food was available and water tem- conditions. In addition, the extended peratures did not exceed 15 'C (Van spawning period (up to 4 months) can Guelpen and Davis 1979). Temperature make comparisons difficult between age is a less important factor in the dis- groups and locations.
tribution of'juveniles, which tolerate higher temperatures than adults Lux (1973) gave the following von (Pearcy 1962). Bertalanffy growth equations for win-ter flounder from Georges Bank:
Indications are that a local popula-tion is defined by fish inhabiting. male I 550 [1 - -O.37(t-O.05)j several adjacent estuaries (Pierce and female 1 630 [1 - 0.31(t-0.05)
Howe 1977). Although a large percent-age of winter flounder in a tagging Lenqth-Weiqht Relationships study were recaptured at or near the original tagging locations, Saila The 1ength-weight relationships (1961) reported that the same breed- published for adults and larvae are ing area is not always reoccupied each presented in Table 1.
season. On a larger geographic scale, there is evidence that winter flounder.
north and south of Cape Cod and from THE FISHERY Georges Banks compose three separate groups (Lux et al. 1970; Pierce and Commercial and Recreational Howe 1977).
The winter flounder supports valu-able commercial and sport fisheries in GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS the coastal waters of New England.
The total commercial catch in the five Growth Rate coastal New England States was 15,500 metric tons (t) in 1983 (U.S. Depart-The rate of growth of the winter ment of Commerce 1983). From 1935 to flounder is rapid until age V or VI 1980, the annual commercial landings and then decreases, particularly in in New England ranged between 6,000 males (Lux 1973). After the first 2 and 15,000 t. The otter trawl is the years, females grow faster than males principal fishing gear.
(Briggs 1965; Lux 1973; Howe and Coates 1975). An exception is in New- The winter flounder is a highly foundland, where the growth rates of valued sport species because it is 5
Table 1. Published length-weight relationships for adult and larval winter flounder.
Equation Location Source Adults logj 0 W = 3.138 log 1 oL-5.239 Georges Bank Lux (1969) where W = g, L = mm logj 0 W = 3.1441 logloL-2.072 (female) logjoW = 2.9833 log 1 oL-1.9041 (male) Newfoundland Kennedy and where W = g, L = cm Steele (1971)
Larvae logjoW = 4.769 log 1 oL-1. 347 Laboratory-reared Laurence (1979) where W = mg, L = mm seasonally abundant in nearshore areas in one population, and 51% for males and easily captured from boat or and 58% for females in the other. The shore. In New England the sport catch instantaneous mortality rates of has been reported to surpass the com- winter flounder in Nova Scotia were mercial catch in some years (Deuel 0.321 (natural) and 0.475 (fishing) 1973). (Dickie and McCracken 1955). South of Cape Cod, Howe et al. (1976)
Population Dynamics reported instantaneous mortality rates of 0.1125 (natural) and 0.2445 The age and size of winter flounder (fishing).
recruited into the fishery varies with the location and the type of fishery. Two important factors affecting mor-Briggs (1965) reported that flounder tality are translocation of larvae out recruited into the sport fishery at of the estuary by drift (Pearcy 1962)
South Shore Bay, Long Island, were and predation (Dickie and McCracken from 200 to 260 mm TL. In Nova 1955). Jeffries and Johnson (1974)
Scotia, recruits into the commercial reported that winter flounder abun-fishery were 3 to 4 years old and dance in Narragansett Bay may be par-weighed an average of 363 g (Dickie tially governed by annual or seasonal and McCracken 1955). In Narragansett changes in climate. Because each Bay, Rhode Island, winter flounder population does not usually disperse were fully recruited into the commer- beyond local waters, the degradation cial catch at age II1 (250 mm TL; of an estuary may have a drastic Saila et al. 1965). effect on the abundance of recruits in nearby coastal waters.
Estimated natural mortality rates of winter.flounder ranged from 50% to 54%
and total annual mortality (natural ECOLOGICAL ROLE and fishing) ranged from 72% to 78%
(Poole 1969). Total annual mortality Food Habits rates estimated by Berry et al. (1965) on the basis of age composition for Larvae begin to feed 2 to 3 weeks two different Long Island populations after they hatch. They first feed on were 56% for males and 65% for females copepods and phytoplankton, but as 6
they reach metamorphosis, their diet remains motionless, pointing toward is composed of copepod nauplii, small the prey, and then lunges forward and polychaetes, nemerteans, and ostra- downward to capture it. If no prey is cods. For detailed descriptions of sighted, the fish moves to a new loca-the food habits of larval and juve- tion, changing position from four to nile winter flounder, see Pearcy five times per minute (Olla et al.
(1962). Laurence (1977), who studied 1969)..
the effects of food density on larval growth and survival, reported that the Competition larvae died from starvation in 2 weeks at prey (nauplius) densities of The winter flounder has relatively
<0.1/ml; critical prey density was few competitors for food and space.
about 0.5/ml. Plankton density in- In many estuaries it is the most abun-fluenced survival more than it did dant demersal species (Richards 1963; growth. Laurence (1977) demonstrated Oviatt and Nixon 1973). The highly that the density of prey was probably productive estuarine and coastal habi-the most important factor affecting tats it occupies, combined with its survival. omnivorous food habits, tend to reduce competition. Jeffries and Johnson Adult winter flounder fed largely on (1974) suspected that the early spawn-organisms of three phyla: Annelida, ing and the short period of time to Cnidaria, and Mollusca. In the study metamorphosis permit the larvae to by Langton and Bowman (1981), the per- reach the juvenile stage before po-centages of composition (numbers) of tential competitors enter the bays and prey in flounder stomachs were as fol- estuaries.
lows: Annelida 27% (mostly polychaete worms), Cnidaria 26%, Anthozoa 25%, Predators Mollusca 16%, and Hydrosoa 4%. The composition varied among geographic Adult winter flounder are the prey locations. Tyler and Dunn (1976) of many of the larger estuarine and reported that the maintenance ratio coastal predators such as striped bass was 7.9 cal/g. Detailed studies of (Morone saxatilis), bluefish (Pomato-the food of adult winter flounder were mus saltatrix), goosefish (T-*s made' by Langton and Bowman (1981), americanus), spiny dogfish (Squalus Wells et al. (1973), Kennedy and acanthias), oyster toadfish (Opsanus Steele (1971), Olla et al. (1969), tau), and sea raven (Hemitripterus Mulkana (1966), and Frame (1973). americanus) (Dickie and McCracken 1955; Grosslein and Azarovitz 1982).
Feeding Behavior Predation is a major cause of mor-Winter flounder primarily feed visu- tality in larval and juvenile winter ally and only during daylight (Olla et flounder. The larvae were heavily al. 1969; MacDonald 1983). In the Bay preyed upon by the small hydromedusa of Fundy, those in nearshore waters Saria tubulosa (Pearcy 1962). Tyler usually fed in the intertidal zone (1-971a) reported that the great (Wells et al. 1973). They moved cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), the inshore about 2 h after low tide and great blue heron (Ardea heFo-dis), and returned to the sublittoral zone about the osprey (Pand-io haliaetus) are 2 h before the next low tide (Tyler also predators of winter flounder.
1971b).
Parasites When feeding, the winter flounder lies motionless with its head raised The microsporidian parasite Glugea off the bottom, braced by the dorsal hertwigi is most common and may cause fin. When a prey is sighted, the fish high mortality among winter flounder 7
less than 30 mm long (TL) (Mulkana products (DDT, DDE, heptachlor, hep-1966). Klein-MacPhee (1978) provided tachlor epoxide, and dieldrin) were a detailed list of the principal para- found in various tissues of the winter sites of the winter flounder. flounder (Smith and Cole 1970; Smith 1973). Concentrations of DDT, DOE, and heptachlor epoxide were highest in ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ripening ovaries. Agricultural runoff was the major source of the con-Water Temperature taminants (Smith and Cole 1970). Topp (1967) reported that this contamina-Winter flounder are commonly found tion caused high mortality in the in water temperatures of 0 to 25 OC. Weweantic River.
Olla et al. (1969) reported that win-ter flounder fed at water tempera- In studies of the effects of silver tures as high as 22 0 C, but burrow on the eggs and larvae of winter into the bottom at higher tempera- flounder, Klein-MacPhee et al. (1984) tures. McCracken (1963) gave a pre- found that concentrations of silver ferred temperature range of 12 to greater than 54 pg/l sometimes caused 15 0 C. Huntsman and Sparks (1924) high mortality of the eggs and yolk-reported a maximum temperature toler- sac larvae, and that exposure to 92 ance of about 30 0 C. Under controlled pg/l significantly increased egg mor-conditions, winter flounder can accli- talities. In contrast, Voyer et al.
mate to higher temperature regimes; (1982) reported that silver in con-for example, Everich and Gonzalez centrations up to 166 pg/l did not (1977) reported that the critical increase egg mortality.
thermal maximum increased from 26 to 32 *C as the acclimation temperature Disease increased from 4 to 23 0 C. An extend-ed period of unusually hot weather About 14% of the winter flounder caused heavy mortality in coastal wa- examined from the New York Bight had ters of Long Island Sound (Nichols fin erosion (Ziskowski and Murchelano 1918). Juvenile winter flounder tend 1975). It is not known if the disease to be more tolerant of high tempera- is infectious or noninfectious, but it tures than adults. is not usually fatal. Although the precise cause of fin rot erosion is Salinity not known, its high incidence in asso-ciation with high sediment contamina-Adult winter flounder commonly live tion suggests that contact of the fins in salinities of 5 to.35 ppt (Bigelow with toxic sediment is an important and Schroeder 1953). Extremes in sa- factor in the development of the linity may lower egg and larval sur- disease (Sherwood 1982).
vival and hatching success (see the section on eggs and larvae). The microsporidian Glugea hertwigi, found in the digestive tract of winter Contaminants flounder, was described by Stunkard and Lux (1965). The -incidence of In-a study in the Weweantic River, infection in samples ranged from 54%
Massachusetts, chlorinated hydrocar- in Martha's Vineyard to zero on bon insecticides and their breakdown Georges Bank (Stunkard and Lux 1965).
8
LITERATURE CITED Berry, R.J., S.B. Saila, and D.B. habits, metabolism and food utili-Horton. 1965. Growth studies of zation. Ph.D. Thesis. University winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes of Massachusetts, Amherst. 109 pp.
americanus in Rhode Island. Trans.
Am. Fish. Soc. 94(3):259-264. Grosslein, M.D., and T.R. Azarovitz.
1982. Fish distribution. MESA New Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. York Bight Atlas Monogr. 15. New 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. York Sea Grant Institute, Albany, U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. N.Y. 182 pp.
- 53. 577 pp.
Howe, A.B., and P.G. Coates. 1975.
Breder, C.M. 1924. Some embryonic Winter flounder movements, growth, and larval stages of the winter and mortality off Massachusetts.
flounder. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104(1):13-19.
38:311-315.
Howe, A.B., P.G. Coates, and D.
Briggs, P. 1965. The . sports Pierce. 1976. Winter flounder fisheries for wint ter flounder in estuarine year-class abundance, mor-several bays of Long Island, N.Y. tality, and recruitment. Trans. Am.
Fish Game 12(1):48-7 70. Fish. Soc. 105(6):647-657.
Clayton, G., C.F. Cole, S.A'.,Murawski, Huntsman, A.G., and M.I. Sparks.
and J.D. Parrish. 1978. Common 1924. Limiting factors for marine marine fishes of coastal Massa- animals. 3. Relative resistance to chusetts. Univ. Mass. Inst. Manage. high temperatures. Contrib. Can.
Environ. Publ. R 76-16. 231 pp. Biol. New Ser. 2:97-114.
Deuel, D.G. 1973. 1970 salt-water Jeffries, H.P., and W.C. Johnson.
angling survey. U.S. Dep. Comm., 1974. Seasonal distribution of bot-NOAA, Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Stat. tom fishes in the Narrangansett Bay 6200. 54 pp. area: seven year variation in the abundance of winter flounder (Pseu-Dickie, L.M., and F.D. McCracken. dopleuronectes americanus). J.
1955. Isopleth diagrams to predict Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:369-372.
equilibrium yields of a-.small floun-der fishery. J. Fish. Res. Board Kennedy, V.S., and D.H. Steele. 1971.
Can. 12:187-209. The winter flounder (Pseudopleu-ronectes americanus in Long Pond, Everich, D., and J.G. Gonzalez. 1977. Conception Bay, Newfoundland. J.
Critical thermal maxima of two spe- Fish. Res. Board Can. 28:1153-1165.
cies of estuarine fish. Mar. Biol.
(Berl.) 41:141-146. Klein-MacPhee, G. 1978. Synopsis of biological data for the winter Frame, D.W. 1973. Biology of young flounder, Pseudopleuronectes ameri-winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes canus (Walbaum). NOAA Tech. Rep.
americanus (Walbaum): Feeding NMFS Circ. 414. 43 pp.
9 I
Klein-MacPhee, G., J.A. Cardin, and Lux, F.E. 1969. Length-weight rel a-W.J. Berry. 1984. Effects of tionships of six New England flat-silver on eggs and larvae of the fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
winter flounder. Trans. Am. Fish. 98(4):617-621.
Soc. 113:247-251.
Lux, F.E. 1973. Age and growth of Langton, R.W., and R.E. Bowman. 1981. the winter flounder, Pseudopleu-Food of eight northwest Atlantic ronectes americanus, on Georges pleuronectiform fishes. NOAA Tech. Bank. Fish. Bull. 71(2):505-512.
Rep. SSRF 749.
Lux, F.E., A.E. Peterson, and R.F.
Hutton. 1970. Geographic variation La Roche, W.A. 1980. Development of in fin ray numbers in winter floun-
'larval smooth flounder, Liopsetta putnami, with a redescription of der, Pseudopleuronectes ameri-canus, off Massachusetts. Trans.
development of winter flounder, Am. Fish. Soc. 99(3):483-488.
Pseudopleuronectes americanus (fami-ly Pleuronectes). Fish. Bull.
MacDonald, J.S. 1983. Laboratory 78(4):897-910.
observations of feeding behavior of the ocean pout (Macrozoarces ameri-Laurence, G.C. 1975. Laboratory growth and metabolism of the winter canus) and winter flounder (Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus) with ref-flounder (Pseudopleuronectes ameri-canus) from hatching through meta-erence to niche overlap of natural populations. Can. J. Zool.
morphosis at three temperatures. 61(3):539-546.
Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 32(3):223-229.
McCracken, F.D. 1963: Seasonal move-Laurence, G.C. 1977. A bioenergetic ments of the winter flounder, Pseu-model for the analyses of feeding doeleuronectes americanus, on t-e and survival potential of winter Atlantic coast. J. Fish. Res. Board flounder (Pseudopleuronectes ameri- Can. 20(2):551-585.
canus) larvae during the period from hatching to metamorphosis. U.S. Mulkana, M.S. 1966. The growth and Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull. feeding habits of juvenile fishes in 75(3):529-549. two Rhode Island estuaries. Gulf Res. Rep. 2:97-167.
Laurence, G.C. 1979. Larval length-weight relationship for seven spe- Nichols, J.T. 1918. An abnormal win-cies of northwest Atlantic fishes ter founder and others. Copeia reared in the laboratory. U.S. 55:36-39.
Natl. Mar. Fish. Serv. Fish: Bull.
76(4):890-895. Olla, B.L., R. Wicklund, and S. Wilk.
1969. Behavior of winter flounder Leim, A.H., and W.B. Scott. 1966. in a natural habitat. Trans. Am.
Fishes of the Atlantic coast of Can- Fish. Soc. 98(4):717-720.
ada. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull.
155. 485 pp. Oviatt, C.A.,. and S.W. Nixon. 1973.
The demersal fish of Narrangansett Lobell, M.J. 1939. A biological sur- Bay: an analysis of community vey of the salt waters of Long Is- structure, distribution and abun-land, 1938. Report on certain dance. Estuarine Coastal Mar. Sci.
fishes. Winter flounder (Pseudo- 1:361-378.
leuronectes americanus).
Annu. Rep. N.Y. Conserv. Dep., Part Pearcy, W.G. 1962. Ecology of an I. No. 14:63-96. estuarine population of winter 10 A
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78 pp.
Smith, R. 1973. Pesticide residues Perlmutter, A. 1947. The blackback as a possible factor in larval win-flounder and its fishery in New ter flounder mortality. Pages 173-England and New York. Bull. Bingham 180 in Proceedings of a workshop in Oceanogr. Collect. Yale Univ. 11(2). egg,7arval, and juvenile stages of 92 pp. fish in Atlantic coast estuaries.
NOAA Tech. Publ. No. 1.
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13(2):206-220.
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flounder movements. Limnol. Ocean-ogr. 6:292-298. Tyler, A.V. 1971a. Periodic and res-ident components in communities of Saila, S.B., D.B. Horton, and R.J. Atlantic fishes. J. Fish. Res.
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12
qn,,, .Ini 50272-1.,
REPORT DOCUMENTATION IL REPORT NO. 2-. 1. RCipiaft's Acession No.
PAGE Biological Report 82(11.87)*
- 4. Title and Subtitle S. Report Date Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements January 1989 of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (North Atlantic)--
Winter Flounder
- 7. Adthor(s) Jack Buckley 6. Perfor*ning Orgenizatlon Rapt. Na.
- 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Project/Task/Wortk Unit No.
- 11. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
(C)
(G)
- 12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address U.S. Department of the Interior Coastal Ecology Group I& Type o Report Priod Covered Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station Research and Development U.S. Army Corps of Engineers National Wetlands Research Center P.O. Box 631 14.
.Washington, DC '20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180 1I. Supplementary No"es
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4
-I&.Abstract (Limit: 200 worde)
Species profiles are literature summaries of the taxonomy, life history, and environ-mental requirements of coastal fishes and aquatic invertebrates. They are designed to assist with environmental impact assessments. From 1935 to 1980, the annual commercial landings of winter flounder in New England ranged from 6,000 to 15,000 t; the sport catch exceeded the commercial catch in some years. Winter flounder are found in waters with temperatures of 0 to 25 'C and they usually spawn at 0 to 3 'C. Reported fecundities are 0.5 to 1.5 million eggs per female. Metamorphosis from larva to juvenile is complete in 49-80 days, depending on temperature. Juveniles remain in or near shallow natal waters for much of their first 2 years. Adults of some populations move more than 3 miles offshore to cooler waters in summer. These adults live in shallow inshore waters in winter and early spring. Adult winter flounder feed largely on annelids, cnidariids, and mollusks.
- 17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors Estuaries Fishes Salinity Fisheries Life cycles Contaminants Feeding habits Temperature
- b. Identlfief/Op*en-End*d Terms Winter flounder, Environmental requirements Pseudopleuronectes americanus Ecological role C. COSATI Feld/Group I& Asailebillty Statement 19. Securty Class (This Report) 21. No. of Pages Unclassified 12 Release Unlimited
. SecurityClass (This Page) ZL Price Unclassified I (See ANSi-739.18) OPTIONAL FORM Z7Z (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-33)
DeIa*rt"Wet of Commemce
TAKE PRIDE iniAmerica DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has respon-sibility for most of our .nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving thsenvironmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department as-sesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island territories under U.S. administration.