ML072060555
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| Site: | Oyster Creek |
| Issue date: | 02/01/1989 |
| From: | Moran D, Morton T US Dept of Interior, Fish & Wildlife Service, US Dept of the Army, Corps of Engineers |
| To: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835 | |
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| TR EL-82-4 82(11.97) | |
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Text
REFERENCE COPY Do Not Remove from the Library Repo. 8.
Biolgica W i-h.
i ,p W ild-life Service Biological Report 82(11.9r) National Wetlands Research Center TR EL-12-4 1700 Cajun Dome Boulevard Lafayette, Louisiana 70506 Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic)
BAY ANCHOVY Coastal Ecology Group Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Army Corps of Engineers OWIL 5\S
Biological Report 82(11.97)
TR EL-82-4 February 1989 Species Profile: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic)
BAY ANCHOVY by Timothy Morton Consulting Fisheries Biologist 2511 Farris Breaux Road Abbeville, LA 70510 Project Officer David Moran National Wetlands Research Center U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 Performed for Coastal Ecology Group Waterways Experiment Station U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Vicksburg, MS 39180 and U. S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research and Development National Wetlands Research Center Washington, DC 20240
This series may be referenced as follows:
U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1983-19 Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates. U. S.
Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11). U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4.
This profile may be cited as follows:
Morton, T. 1989. Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic)--bay anchovy.
U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 82(11.97). 13 pp.
PREFACE This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A three-ring binder is used for this series so that new profiles can be added as they are prepared.
This project is jointly planned and financed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Suggestions or questions regarding this report should be directed to one of the following addresses.
Information Transfer Specialist National Wetlands Research Center U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 or U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Attention: WESER-C Post Office Box 631 Vicksburg, MS 39180 iii
CONVERSION TABLE Metric to U.S. Customary Multiply By To Obtain millimeters (mm) 0.03937 inches centimeters (cm) 0.3937 inches meters (m) 3.281 feet meters (m) 0.5468 fathoms kilometers (km) 0.6214 statute miles kilometers (km) 0.5396 nautical miles 2
square meters (m ) 2 10.76 square feet square kilometers (km ) 0.3861 square miles hectares (ha) 2.471 acres liters (1) 0.2642 gallons 3
cubic meters (m ) 35.31 cubic feet 3
cubic meters (i ) 0.0008110 acre-feet milligrams (mg) 0.00003527 ounces grams (g) 0.03527 ounces kilograms (kg) 2.205 pounds metric tons (t) 2205.0 pounds metric tons (t) 1.102 short tons 3.968 kilocalories (kcal) British thermal units Celsius degrees ('C) 1.8( 0 C) + 32 Fahrenheit degrees U.S. Customary to Metric inches 25.40 millimeters inches 2.54 centimeters feet (ft) 0.3048 meters fathoms 1.829 meters statute miles (mi) 1.609 kilometers nautical miles (nmi) 1.852 kilometers 2
square feet (ft ) 0.0929 square meters 2
square miles (mi ) 2.590 square kilometers acres 0.4047 hectares gallons (gal) 3.785 liters 3
cubic feet (ft ) 0.02831 cubic meters acre-feet 1233.0 cubic meters ounces (oz) 28350.0 milligrams ounces (oz) 28.35 grams pounds (Ib) 0.4536 kilograms pounds (lb) 0.00045 metric tons short tons (ton) 0.9072 metric tons British thermal units (Btu) 0.2520 kilocalories Fahrenheit degrees ('F) 0. 5556 (-F - 32) Celsius degrees iv
CONTENTS Page PREFACE .................... . . ..................... iii CONVERSION FACTORS . ............ . .. ................. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................ ............................... .. vi NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE ............ ........................ . .. 1 MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS ............. ....................... 1 REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES ............ . ...... ............... 3 LIFE HISTORY ....................... ............................ 3 Spawning .... ...... . ............... ........................ 3 Eggs ...................... ................................... 4 Larvae ............................. ......... .............. 4 Juveniles ................... .............. . . .......... .... 4 GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS ............ ........................... 4 FOOD ............ . ..................... .. ............... 5 ANCHOVY POPULATIONS ...................................... 5 COMMERCIAL FISHERY VALUE . . .... . . ................. 5 ECOLOGICAL ROLE .. ............................. . ................. 6 ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS ............... ......................... 6 Temperature ................... ................................ 6 Salinity .................... .................................. 6 Habitats ............. . ........................... ...... ...... 8 Temporal and Spatial Distribution .............. .................... 8 LITERATURE CITED ............. . ............. ................... 11 v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The reviews by H. Dickson Hoese and Mark A. Konikoff of the University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, are gratefully acknowledged.
vi
Figure 1. Bay anchovy.
BAY ANCHOVY NOMENCLATURE/TAXONOMY/RANGE abundant at ma'ny localities off New Jersey, and in Chesapeake Bay Scientific name ............... Anchoa (Hildebrand 1963). It has also been mitchilli (Valenciennes) recorded from the waters of Preferred common name .... Bay anchovy Connecticut (Pearcy and Richards (Figure 1) 1962), New York (Richards 1976; Other common names .... Common anchovy, Ferraro 1980), Delaware (Derickson Mitchill's anchovy, whitebait, and Price 1973), and North Carolina little anchovy (Hildebrand and Cable 1930).
Class ................... Osteichthyes Order .................... Clupeiformes MORPHOLOGY/IDENTIFICATION AIDS Family ................... Engraulidae Anchovies are small, schooling Geographic range: The bay anchovy fish that resemble herring but have occurs along the Atlantic and Gulf proportionately larger mouths. Four of Mexico coasts, from Cape Cod, species of anchovies have been Massachusetts, to Yucatan, Mexico recorded from the Mid-Atlantic Region, (Hildebrand 1963), except for the one of which is known only from its Florida Keys where it is apparently type specimen (Jones et al. 1978).
absent (Daly 1970). In the The bay anchovy is by far the most Mid-Atlantic Region (Figure 2), it abundant (Ralph Andrews, Coastal is considered abundant off Specialist, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Massachusetts and Rhode Island, Service, Newton Corner, MA; pers.
common off New York, and most comm.). An adult bay anchovy 1
MASS, NEW YORK 0
I ATLANTIC OCEAN MARYLAND BALTIMORE Nub a I I
MILES 0 50 100 0 50 100 KILOMETERS a
U Coastal distribution ILE
,ýrTuND)
APE HATTERAS Figure 2. Distribution of the bay anchovy in the Mid-Atlantic Region.
2
(Anchoa mitchilli) can be readily of 100 mm (4 inches); the average size distinguished from the other anchovies approaches 75 mm (Hildebrand 1963; of the Mid-Atlantic by the origin of Hildebrand and Cable 1930).
its anal fin relative to its dorsal fin (Figure 1). In the bay anchovy, the anal fin originates under or REASON FOR INCLUSION IN SERIES slightly posterior to the dorsal fin origin. The bay anchovy has a rounded The bay anchovy, because of its protuberant snout, large mouth, abundance and widespread distribution enlarged maxillary, and a translucent in the Mid-Atlantic Region, is a very body with a silvery mid-lateral band important component of the food web of (Hildebrand 1963; Hoese and Moore many sport and commercial fishes 1977; and Jones et al. 1978). (Derickson and Price 1973; Richards 1976) as well as sea birds. Although The following description of the it has no apparent commercial value, morphological characteristics of the its indirect economic importance as bay anchovy was extracted from Daly food for recreationally and (1970), Hildebrand (1963), and Jones commercially important species is et al. (1978). Proportional significant. It is one of the most measurements expressed as a percentage abundant shallow-water, euryhaline of the standard length follow: body fishes.
depth 16 - 27, head length 22 - 28, eye diameter 5.8 - 9.0, and snout length 3.1 - 7.3. Meristic counts: LIFE HISTORY dorsal fin rays 13 - 17, anal fin rays 23 - 30, pectoral fin rays 10 -13, Spawning scales from upper angle of gill opening to base of caudal 38 - 44, The spawning period of the bay gill rakers 15 - 20 + 20 - 26, and anchovy is long. Hildebrand and Cable total vertebrae 38 - 44. (1930) collected the eggs of Anchoa mitchilli from late April to- a1t Body rather slender and September at Beaufort, North Carolina, moderately compressed. Snout short, and they postulated from the presence no more than one-fourth of its length of fry in December that spawning projecting beyond the tip of the continued even later. Hildebrand and mandible. Maxillary pointed, extended Schroeder (1928) and Pearson (1941) near margin of opercle. Cheek short found evidence of spawning from May and broad, about as long as eye. through September in Chesapeake Bay.
Dorsal fin rather low with a nearly Schauss (1977) collected larvae that straight margin. Anal fin origin were assumed to be Anchoa mitchilli under or slightly posterior to fifth from July through October in Lynnhaven or sixth dorsal ray. Pelvic fin Bay, Virginia.
small, not reaching halfway to origin of anal fin. Pectoral fin variable, In Long Island Sound, spawning fails to reach base of pelvic fin by typically occurs in water less than 20 distance equal to diameter of eye or m deep (Richards 1959). Jones et al.
greater. (1978) believed, however, that spawning may occur out to the edge of Live bay anchovies are greenish the continental shelf. Kuntz (1914) with bluish reflections above the and Hildebrand and Cable (1930) narrow silvery lateral band masked by concluded that bay anchovies spawn scales, and are pale below with between 1800 and 2100 h (13 to 16 h translucent abdominal walls after sunrise). This time of spawning (Hildebrand 1963; Jones et al. 1978). was verified more recently by Ferraro They seldom exceed a total length (TL) (1980), who concluded that Anchoa 3
mitchilli spawn primarily in the of the anal fin at lengths of 7.0 to evening or at night (16 h after 8.0 m (Kuntz 1914).
sunrise). In the Mid-Atlantic Region, spawning generally occurs in estuarine Juveniles waters where water temperatures are at least 12 eC and salinities are usually In general, the body of the bay over 10 ppt (Dovel 1981). Spawning anchovy becomes deeper with age, as may occasionally occur at 9 C (see evidenced by the following temperature section). Bay anchovies proportions: body depth is about that hatch early in the season may one-ninth of body length in specimens become sexually mature during their 20 mm in length and about one-fifth of first summer. Hildebrand (1963) took body length in 25 mm fish (Hildebrand bay anchovies 45-60 mm long TL with and Schroeder 1928). The terminal well developed roe in late July and mouth, the short rounded maxillary that early August at Beaufort, North does not reach the margin of the Carol ina. opercle, and the absence of a definite silvery band differentiate Juveniles from adults (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). The characteristic projecting The pelagic eggs of the bay snout is developed when the fish reach anchovy are found throughout the water lengths of about 20 - 25 mm column but tend to be concentrated (Hildebrand 1963). Adult near the surface, in salinities of 8 characteristics are acquired at a to 15 ppt (Hildebrand 1963; Jones et length of about 60 mm (Hildebrand and al. 1978). Fertilized eggs are Schroeder 1928).
slightly elongate (Kuntz 1914), highly transparent, and have no oil globules (Hildebrand 1963). The size of bay GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS anchovy eggs, measured along the major and minor axes, decreases with an Houde (1978) fed copepod nauplit increase in water salinity (Dovel and copepodids to bay anchovy larvae 1971). Bay anchovy eggs hatch in at known concentrations to determine about 24 h at temperatures of 27.2 to how survival, growth, and production 27.8 IC (Kuntz 1914). were related to food supply. At a concentration of 100 food Larvae organisms/bay anchovy, mean weight increased by 13.4 times from hatching Yolk-sac larvae are 1.8 to 2.0 mm to 16 days. In an earlier study, TL and have a pear-shaped yolk Houde (1974) concluded that mass tapering to a point posteriorly (Kuntz starvation of bay anchovy larvae could 1914; Hildebrand 1963). The yolk is occur at low food concentrations almost completely absorbed within 25 h normally found in subtropical marine after hatching (Houde 1974). At 2.7 ecosystems if the larvae did not
- TL, the body is long and slender encounter a "patch" of suitable food.
with a terminal mouth that is The "critical period" during which apparently functional (Jones et al. these larvae must feed was determined 1978). Dorsal and anal fins begin to to be within 2.5 days after hatching develop when larvae reach 5 mm TL, and (Houde 1974). Houde and Schekter some larvae may possess full ray (1978) found that bay anchovy larvae counts at 7 to 8 mm SL (Kuntz 1914). were most susceptible to starvation By 16 m TL, body depth is one-twelfth mortality during the first 6 days the total length (Hildebrand and after hatching. Their results implied Schroeder 1928). Larvae are highly that larval bay anchovies, because transparent but have some pigmentation they were not as successful as the in the thoracic region and at the base larvae of other species in using food 4
conditions to improve their rate of (1970), who found that bay anchovies survival, may require high and stable discriminantly selected copepod prey densities to survive and grow nauplii, copepodites, and adult under natural conditions. They copepods over other potential food postulated that, at low prey organisms.
concentrations, larval bay anchovies would be required to expend a ANCHOVY POPULATIONS relatively large amount of energy to obtain the minimum amount of food A search of the literature required for growth and maintenance, revealed no quantitative biomass data and would therefore be susceptible to for the bay anchovy in the starvation and predation. Mid-Atlantic Region. This species is, however, generally considered to be FOOD the most abundant fish in Chesapeake Bay (McHugh 1967; Musick 1972).
Hildebrand and Schroeder (1928) Hildebrand (1963) considered the bay examined the contents of 44 bay anchovy to be common in New York anchovy stomachs and found that nysids waters and exceedingly abundant from were the principal food of adults and New Jersey to North Carolina. It has that copepods were the principal food been recorded from all states in the of young. Reid (1954), McLane (1955), Mid-Atlantic Region.
and Springer and Woodburn (1960) conducted qualitative studies of the In ichthyoplankton samples bay anchovy food habits that indicated collected in lower Chesapeake Bay from that small crustaceans were the 1971 to 1976, bay anchovy eggs primary food, and that small mollusks accounted for 96% and larvae for 88%
and larval fish occasionally of all eggs and larvae taken (Olney contributed to the diet. Stevenson 1983). Olney's data revealed clearly (1958) found that copepods were the defined peaks of bay anchovy egg primary food of bay anchovies in abundance from May to August. The Delaware Bay. occurrence of larvae paralleled that of the eggs, but lagged temporarily, Darnell (1958, 1961) and Odum peaking in July and August (Olney (1971) conducted quantitative studies 1983).
of bay anchovy food. Darnel l found that bay anchovies 35 to 40 mm long Bay anchovy larvae and eggs have fed primarily on rotifers, copepods, also been found to be dominant in detritus, and undetermined organic Magothy River (Dovel 1967), upper matter; those 60 to 65 mm long fed Chesapeake Bay (Dovel 1971), Lynnhaven mostly on macrozooplankton (especially Bay (Schauss 1977), Long Island Sound mysids), small shrimp, and larval (Perlmutter 1939; Wheatland 1956),
fishes. Odum (1971) found planktonic lower Hudson Estuary (Dovel 1981), and copepods and copepod larvae to be the a Virginia estuary (Cowan and Birdsong primary food of bay anchovies less 1985). Data collected by Pearson than 25 mm long; larger specimens (1941), Dovel (1971), and Olney (1983) consumed an array of small benthic indicated that Chesapeake Bay is a crustaceans, especially amphipods, major spawning site for the bay mysids, harpacticoid copepods, anchovy.
ostracods, and small mollusks.
Odum (1971) believed that bay COMMERCIAL FISHERY VALUE anchovies selectively captured organisms, rather than non-selectively straining water for food. His belief Although the bay anchovy is was supported by Detwyler and Houde considered exceedingly abundant in 5
portions of the Mid-Atlantic Region, Carolina (Manooch 1973), and in the the species has little commercial surf waters of Long Island (Schaefer attractiveness, probably because of 1970).
its small size and fragile body tissues. It is used to a limited extent in the preparation of anchovy paste and as bait (Hildebrand 1963). ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS Bay anchovies are apparently not adversely affected by the commercial harvest of other species. In a study Temperature of the fish taken incidentally in the commercial menhaden purse seine The bay anchovy tolerates a wide fishery in the Gulf of Mexico, range of temperatures, as evidenced by Christmas et al. (1960) found that bay its extensive geographic range; anchovies were not taken. however, although it does not migrate to warmer latitudes in winter, all sizes vacate shallow water for deeper ECOLOGICAL ROLE bay waters in winter (Ralph Andrews, pers. comm.). In a study in the Lower Ecologically, the bay anchovy is Hudson Estuary, New York (Dovel 1981),
one of the most important species in bay anchovies were collected at water the Mid-Atlantic Region. It is of temperatures of 2.2 to 27.1 'C. In a enormous trophic importance as a study near the thermal discharge primary forage item for many outfall of a power plant in Galveston economically important predators and Bay, Texas, Gallaway and Strawn (1974) is an important link in the estuarine found that bay anchovies were food web (Figure 3). It is an apparently unaffected by water important source of nutrition for many temperatures exceeding 32 °C.
species of piscivorous birds. In a Spawning of bay anchovies occurs at study of the age, growth, and food of water temperatures of 9 to 31 0 C, and the bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) in peaks above 20 °C (Dovel 1971). Bay Long Island Sound, Richards (1976) anchovy eggs incubate in about 24 h at found that bay anchovies (5 - 20 mm water temperatures of 27.2 to 27.8 'C long) were frequently taken. They (Kuntz 1914).
were probably the most abundant source of food for the bluefish in 1987 (Ralph Andrews, pers. comm.). Salinity Derickson and Price (1973) noted that the bay anchovy was among five species Gunter (1945), Reid (1954), Kilby of fish that were ecologically (1955), and Springer and Woodburn important as food for many of the (1960) all agreed that salinity has commercially important species in little influence on the distribution Delaware coastal waters. It was also of the bay anchovy. Indeed, the bay an important food of young weakfish, anchovy has been taken from fresh Cynoscion regalis (Chao and Musick water (64 km above brackish water) in 1977; Merriner 1975; Thomas 1971). Virginia rivers (Massmann 1954) and Gardinier and Hoff (1982) found that from hypersaline waters (80 ppt) in striped bass (Morone saxatilis) in the Upper Laguna Madre, Texas (Simmons Hudson - River estuary were almost 1957). In the Mid-Atlantic Region, totally piscivorous by the time they salinities greater than 35 ppt are exceeded 200 mm in total length and rare (Ralph Andrews, pers. comm.). In that the bay anchovy was one of six Chesapeake Bay, bay anchovies spawned forage species consumed. It was also at salinities of 9 ppt or greater; an important prey species of striped spawning peaked between 13 and 15 ppt bass in Albemarle Sound, North (Dovel 1971).
6
ORGANIC DETRITUS AND PLANT LIFE Figure 3. Simplified food web, showing some pathways in a food pyramid involving the bay anchovy. Arrows point to the consumers (modified from Daiber 1959).
7
Habitats both systems at salinities of 4.2 to 6.0 ppt, at or shortly after the time Bay anchovies are ubiquitous of maximum water temperature.
inhabitants of the Mid-Atlantic Region. Adults inhabit shallow and A basic pattern of larval moderately deep offshore waters movement (Figure 4) was presented by (Hildebrand 1963), nearshore waters Dovel (1981). Juvenile and possibly off sand beaches (Reid 1954; Kilby some adult bay anchovies move to fresh 1955), open bays and muddy coves water to feed when estuarine waters (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928), begin to warm. Mature bay anchovies grassy areas along beaches (Hildebrand move downstream to spawn when water 1963), waters around the mouths of temperatures reach at least 12 °C and rivers (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953); salinities are generally 10 ppt or bayous and coastal waters (Springer greater. Newly hatched larvae then and Woodburn 1960), seagrass beds move upstream to waters of less than (Weinstein and Brooks 1983),* and 10 ppt salinity to feed. Larval and freshwater rivers (Massmann 1954). juvenile bay anchovies begin to move Derickson and Price (1973) found that into more saline waters in early fall.
substrate type and vegetation were of By late November, anchovies occur only little significance in the in salt water. The movement of the distribution of the bay anchovy. larvae to lower salinity nursery areas and the subsequent migration of Temporal and Spatial Distribution juveniles and adults toward the open sea are probably characteristic of Two studies by Dovel (1971, 1981) other engraulids (Dovel 1981).
yielded similar data on patterns of relative abundance and spatial For impact assessment purposes, distribution of estuarine fish with the temporal and spatial distribution respect to salinity gradients. The of a targeted species within the area following discussion of the temporal of potential impact would be useful to and spatial distribution of bay a project impact analyst. The anchovies was taken from Dovel (1981). information presented for the bay Distribution of larval bay anchovy in anchovy by Dovel (1981) may provide several Chesapeake Bay areas was found the resource planner with valuable to be identical to that in the Hudson insight into the population dynamics Estuary. Densities were highest in of the bay anchovy.
8
BAY ANCHOVY
/
to A. SPRING FEEDING MIGRATION OF JUVENILES AND POSSIBLY ADULTS INTO FRESHWATER AS WATER TEMPERATURES APPROACH 100C.
B. MATURE FISH MIGRATE TO SALINE WATERS (>IO.Oppl) TO SPAWN AS WATER TEMPERATURES APPROACH 150 C.
C. LARVAE MOVE UPSTREAM TO LOW SALINITY WATERS RICH IN ZOOPLANKTON.
D. LARGER JUVENILES MOVE FARTHER UPSTREAM INTO FRESHWATER, WHILE MOST OF THE 0 AGE GROUP REMAIN IN SALINE WATERS. THE LARGER JUVENILES MOVE DOWNSTREAM INTO SALINE WATERS AS WATER TEMPERATURES DROP BELOW 100 C WITH THE ONSET OF WINTER.
Figure 4. Basic seasonal movements of the bay anchovy in the Hudson River (modified from Dovel 1981).
LITERATURE CITED Bigelow, H.B., and W.C. Schroeder. Darnell, R.M. 1961. Trophic spectrum 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. of an estuarine community, based on U. S. Fish Wildi. Serv. Fish. Bull. studies of Lake Pontchartrain, 53:1-577. Louisiana. Ecology 42(3):553-568.
Chao, L.N., and J.A. Musick. 1977. Derickson, W.K., and K.S. Price, Jr.
Life history, feeding habits, and 1973. The fishes of the shore zone functional morphology of juvenile of Rehoboth and Indian River Bays, sciaenid fishes in the York River Delaware. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
estuary, Virginia. U. S. Natl. Mar. 102(3) :552-562.
Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull.
75(4):657-702. Detwyler, R., and E.D. Houde. 1970.
Food selection by laboratory-reared Christmas, J.Y., G. Gunter, and E.C. larvae of the scaled sardine, Whatley. 1960. Fishes taken in the Harengula pensacolae (Pisces, menhaden fishery of Alabama, Clupeidae) and the bay anchovy, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana. Anchoa mitchilli (Pisces, U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Spec. Scd. Engraulidae). Mar. Biol.
Rep. Fish. No. 339. 10 pp. 7(3):214-222.
Cowan, J.H., Jr., and R.S. Birdsong. Dovel, W.L. 1967. Fish eggs and 1985. Seasonal occurrence of larval larvae of the Magothy River, and juvenile fishes in a Virginia Maryland. Chesapeake Sci.
Atlantic Coast estuary with emphasis 8:125-129.
on drums family Sciaenidae.
Estuaries 8(l) :48-59. Dovel, W.L. 1971. Fish eggs and larvae of the upper Chesapeake Bay.
Daiber, F.C. 1959. Those hackle Univ. Md. Nat. Resour. Inst. Spec.
backs! Skates and estuarine Rep. 4. 71 pp.
productivity. Estuarine Bull.
4(1):11-15. Dovel, W.L. 1981. Ichthyoplankton of the lower Hudson Estuary, New York. N.Y. Fish Game J.
Daly, R.J. 1970. Systematics of 28(1) :21-39.
southern Florida anchovies (Pisces:
Engraulidae). Bull. Mar. Scd. Ferraro, S.P. 1980. Daily time of 20(1) :70-104. spawning of 12 fishes in the Peconic Bays, New York. U. S. Natl. Mar.
Darnell, R.M. 1958. Food habits of Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull.
fishes and larger invertebrates of 78(2) :455-464.
Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana, an estuarine community. Publ. Inst. Gallaway, B.J., and K. Strawn. 1974.
Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 5:353-416. Seasonal abundance and distribution 11
of marine fishes at a hot-water Fish. Serv. Fish. Bull.
discharge in Galveston Bay, Texas. 76(2):438-487.
Contrib. Mar. Scd. 18:71-137.
Jones, P.W., F.D. Martin, and J.D.
Gardinier, M.N., and T.B. Hoff. 1982. Hardy, Jr. 1978. Development of Diet of striped bass Morone fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight.
saxatills in the Hudson River An atlas of egg, larval, and Estuary. N.Y. Fish Game J. juvenile stages. Pages 158-163 in 29(2):152-165. Vol. 1: Acipenseridae through-Ictaluridae. U. S. Fish Wildl.
Gunter, G. 1945. Studies on the Serv. Blol. Serv. Program.
marine fishes of Texas. Pubi. Inst. FWS/OBS-78/12.
Mar. Sci. Univ. Tex. 1(1).
Kilby, J.D. 1955. The fishes of two Hildebrand, S.F. 1963. Family gulf coastal marsh areas of Florida.
Engraulldae. Pages 152-249 in Y. H. Tulane Stud. Zool. 2(8):175-247.
Olsen, ed. Fishes of the Western North Atlantic, Part 3. Memoir Kuntz, A. 1914. The embryology and Sears Foundation for Marine larval development of Bairdiella Research. chrysura and Anchoa mitchilli. U. S.
Bur. Fish. Bull. 33:1-19.
Hildebrand, S.F., and L.E. Cable.
1930. Development and life history McHugh, J.L. 1967. Estuarine of fourteen teleostean fishes at nekton. Pages 581-620 in G. Lauff, Beaufort, N.C. U. S. Bur. Fish. ed. Estuaries. Am. Assoc. Adv.
Bull. 46:383-488. Sci. Publ. No. 83.
Hildebrand, S.F., and W.C. Schroeder. McLane, W.M. 1955. The fishes of 1928. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. U. the St. Johns River system. Ph.D.
S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 43 Part 1. 388 Dissertation. University of pp. Florida, Gainesville. 361 pp.
Hoese, H.D., and R.H. Moore. 1977. Manooch, C.S., III. 1973. Food Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico:.Texas, habits of yearling and adult striped Louisiana, and adjacent waters. bass Morone saxatilis from Albemarle Texas A & M University Press, Sound, North Carolina. Chesapeake College Station. 327 pp. Scd. 14(2):73-86.
Houde, E.D. 1974. Effects of Massmann, W.H. 1954. Marine fishes temperature and delayed feeding on in fresh and brackish waters of growth and survival of larvae of Virginia rivers. Ecology three species of subtropical marine 35(1) :75-78.
fishes. Mar. Biol. 26:271-285.
Merriner, J.V. 1975. Food habits of Houde, E.D. 1978. Critical food the weakfish, Cynoscion regalls. in concentrations for larvae of 3 the North Carol ina waters.
species of subtropical marine Chesapeake Sci. 16:74-76.
fishes. Bull. Mar. Sci.
28(3):395-411. Musick, J.A. 1972. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay and the adjacent Houde, H.D., and R.C. Schekter. 1978. coastal plain. Pages 175-212 Jn M.
Simulated food patches and survival L. Wass, ed. A checklist of the of larval bay anchovy Anchoa biota of lower Chesapeake Bay. Va.
mitchilli and sea bream Archosargus Inst. Mar. Sci. Spec. Sci. Rep. No.
rhomboidalis. U. S. Natl. Mar. 65.
12
Odum, W.E. 1971. Pathways of energy Schaefer, R.H. 1970. Feeding habits flow in a south Florida estuary. of striped bass Morone saxatilis Ph.D. Dissertation. University of from the surf waters of Long Island.
Miami. 162 pp. N. Y. Fish Game J. 17(1):1-17.
Olney, J.E. 1983. Eggs and early Schauss, R.P., Jr. 1977. Seasonal larvae of the bay anchovy Anchoa occurrence of some larval and mitchilli and the weakfish Cynoscion Juvenile fishes in Lynnhaven Bay, regalis in lower Chesapeake Bay Virginia. Am. Midl. Nat. 98(2):
U.S.A. with notes on associated 275-282.
ichthyoplankton. Estuaries 6(1):20-35. Simnons, E.G. 1957. An ecological survey of the Upper Laguna Madre of Pearcy, W., and S.W. Richards. 1962. Texas. Publ. Inst. Mar. Scd. Univ.
Distribution and ecology of fishes Tex. 4(2):156-200.
of the Mystic River Estuary, Connecticut. Ecology 43:248-259. Springer, V.G., and K.D. Woodburn.
1960. An ecological study of the Pearson, J.C. 1941. The young of fishes of the Tampa Bay area. Fla.
some marine fishes taken in lower State Board Conserv. Prof. Pap. Ser.
Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, with 1.
special reference to the gray sea trout Cynoscion regalis (Bloch). U. Stevenson, R.A., Jr. 1958. The S. Bur. Fish. Bull. 50:79-102. biology of the anchovies Anchoa mitchilli mitchilli Cuvier and Valenciennes 1848 and Anchoa Perlmutter, A. 1939. An ecological hepsetus hepsetus Linnaeus 1758 in survey of young fish and eggs Delaware Bay. M. A. Thesis.
identified from tow-net collections. University of Delaware, Newark. 56 Suppl. 28th Annu. Rep. N. Y. PP.
Conserv. Dep. (1938):11-71.
Thomas, D.L. 1971. The early life Reid, G.K., Jr. 1954. An ecological history and ecology of six species study of the Gulf of Mexico fishes of drum (Sciaenidae) in the lower in the vicinity of Cedar Keys, Delaware River, a brackish tidal Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf estuary. Ichthyol. Assoc., Del.
Caribb. 4(1):1-94. Prog. Rep. 3 (Part 3). 247 pp.
Richards, S.W. 1959. Pelagic fish Weinstein, M.P., and H.A. Brooks.
eggs and larvae of Long Island 1983. Comparative ecology of nekton Sound. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. residing in a tidal creek and Collec. Yale Univ. 17(1):95-124. adjacent seagrass meadow: community composition and structure. Mar.
Ecol. Prog. Ser. 12:15-27.
Richards, S.W. 1976. Age, growth, and food of bluefish (Potomus Wheatland, S.B. 1956. Oceanography saltatrix) from east central Long of Long Island Sound, 1952-1954.
Island Sound from July through VII. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae.
November 1975. Trans. Am. Fish. Bull. Bingham Oceanogr. Collec. Yale Soc. 105(4) :523-525. Univ. 15:234-314.
13
REPORT DOCUMENTATION II REPONT @. L I. Cý' -. A ... ..
PAGEI Biological Report 82(11.97)*j
- 4. Tit"~ -d 11.04"k* ¶ .t Spaies Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of February 1989 Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid Atlantic)--Bay Anchovy y 14 8111 IPqwfdgmm Org.Aalit~.. R.Qt. fto.
Timothy Morton II. pl%, -&w'W ,gol as~l*htll N.-e,, and Add+*lI.l~*s'*I/~~ U.0l It,I Timothy Morton Consulting Fisheries Biologist L cw..catO s, ,(G s.
2511 Farris Breaux Rd. (C Abbeville, LA 70510 tL* Sv*a. mg O.sfesttonk Nora* 6ýd A~dres.
National Wetlands Research Center U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1. Type Vof RO Pe.dCaor A.&
Fish and Wildlife Service Waterways Experiment Station U. S. Department of the Interior P. 0. Box 631 ashington, DC 20240 Vicksburg, MS 39180 14.
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Report No. TR EL-82-4 Is Ababsct (LjUmt 20 "71d.3 Species profiles are literature summaries of the taxonomy, morphology, range, life history, and environmental requirements of coastal aquatic species. They are prepared to assist in environmental impact assessment. The bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, is one of the most important species in the Mid-Atlantic Region because it is a primary forage item for many economically important commercial and sport fishes. Bay anchovies are ubiquitous inhabitants of the Mid-Atlantic Region. In this area, spawning apparently occurs in estuarine waters when water temperatures are at least 12 °C and salinities are over 10 ppt.
Zooplankton constitutes the major portion of the diet of bay anchovies. They have been collected at water temperatures ranging from 2.2 to 27.1 °C and from water salinities ranging from 0.0 to 80 ppt.
- 0. secomee t Aaats a. Oecriw*tors Estuaries Fishes Populations Food habits
- b. Id"W 1s. 1l9..C4nEd Te-*
Bay anchovy Life history Anchoa mitchilli Embryology Spawning I& ^e0"awlll* *smo."M Is. S.eCwft tsC (Tlis M ftgset NO, at Unclassified 13 Unlimited 2&s.a,*c,,,lt Cls--l,,, ael Z c Unclassified (SeAssu,,..1'. D O~rIO04A& FORM 272 (4-771 (7,,..d 14T11-3s)
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As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoy-ment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Depart-ment also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island territories under U.S.
administration.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE It~u]JF 1
M AXJ t
&1VN1 TAKE PRIDE in America UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR POSTAGE AND FEES PAID U.. DEPARTMENT OF TH INTERIOR FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE INT423 National Wetlands Research Center NASA-Slidell Computer Complex 1010 Gause Boulevard Slidell, LA 70458 OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE. $300